{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k1j/k1jz5z3dg8","kaltura_id":"1_jz5z3dg8","title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 64th session, 1081st meeting","clean_title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 64th session, 1081st meeting","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8","date":"2025-05-08T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2025-05-08T13:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"04:22:37","category":"General Assembly","body":"General Assembly","event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":"64th session","pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8"},"metadata":{"summary":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 64th session","description":null,"categories":["Meetings & Events","General Assembly","Subsidiary organs of the General Assembly","Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space"],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":[],"corporate_name":["UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS - UNOOSA"],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[{"title":"United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs","url":"https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/lsc/2025/index.html"}]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"assemblyai-universal-3-5-pro-74ea9d8f-453a-4027-b061-5beece752f78","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":1844.758,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=1845","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good afternoon, delegates.","start":1844.758,"end":1846.808,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":1844.758,"end":1845},{"text":"afternoon,","start":1845,"end":1845.694},{"text":"delegates.","start":1846.033,"end":1846.808}]},{"text":"We will begin this meeting.","start":1848.536,"end":1851.426,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1848.536,"end":1848.697},{"text":"will","start":1848.697,"end":1848.972},{"text":"begin","start":1850.312,"end":1850.881},{"text":"this","start":1850.881,"end":1851.013},{"text":"meeting.","start":1851.145,"end":1851.426}]},{"text":"Good afternoon, distinguished delegates.","start":1877.916,"end":1880.453,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":1877.916,"end":1878.317},{"text":"afternoon,","start":1878.397,"end":1879.056},{"text":"distinguished","start":1879.12,"end":1879.698},{"text":"delegates.","start":1879.698,"end":1880.453}]},{"text":"I now declare open the 1,081st meeting of the Legal Subcommittee.","start":1881.368,"end":1887.807,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1881.368,"end":1881.4},{"text":"now","start":1881.4,"end":1881.641},{"text":"declare","start":1881.769,"end":1882.267},{"text":"open","start":1882.267,"end":1882.556},{"text":"the","start":1883.07,"end":1883.198},{"text":"1,081st","start":1883.23,"end":1884.804},{"text":"meeting","start":1884.82,"end":1885.205},{"text":"of","start":1886.105,"end":1886.249},{"text":"the","start":1886.265,"end":1886.426},{"text":"Legal","start":1886.426,"end":1886.763},{"text":"Subcommittee.","start":1886.763,"end":1887.807}]},{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":1890.23,"end":1890.574,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1890.23,"end":1890.328},{"text":"you,","start":1890.328,"end":1890.361},{"text":"Madam","start":1890.377,"end":1890.475},{"text":"Chair.","start":1890.508,"end":1890.574}]},{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":1890.672,"end":1891.524,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1890.672,"end":1890.754},{"text":"you,","start":1890.754,"end":1890.803},{"text":"Madam","start":1890.95,"end":1891.213},{"text":"Chair.","start":1891.36,"end":1891.524}]},{"text":"Ladies and gentlemen, members of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.","start":1891.573,"end":1894.572,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Ladies","start":1891.573,"end":1891.704},{"text":"and","start":1891.721,"end":1891.819},{"text":"gentlemen,","start":1891.819,"end":1892.114},{"text":"members","start":1892.147,"end":1892.278},{"text":"of","start":1892.294,"end":1892.343},{"text":"the","start":1892.343,"end":1892.392},{"text":"Committee","start":1892.392,"end":1892.524},{"text":"on","start":1892.524,"end":1892.556},{"text":"the","start":1892.556,"end":1892.638},{"text":"Peaceful","start":1892.638,"end":1892.851},{"text":"Uses","start":1892.851,"end":1893.179},{"text":"of","start":1893.523,"end":1893.671},{"text":"Outer","start":1893.851,"end":1894.129},{"text":"Space.","start":1894.129,"end":1894.572}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, this afternoon we will continue our consideration of agenda item 3, General Exchange of Views.","start":1900.663,"end":1911.647,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":1900.663,"end":1901.568},{"text":"delegates,","start":1901.778,"end":1902.392},{"text":"this","start":1902.926,"end":1903.055},{"text":"afternoon","start":1903.168,"end":1903.864},{"text":"we","start":1905.189,"end":1905.319},{"text":"will","start":1905.351,"end":1905.48},{"text":"continue","start":1905.593,"end":1906.159},{"text":"our","start":1906.159,"end":1906.289},{"text":"consideration","start":1906.386,"end":1907.275},{"text":"of","start":1907.275,"end":1907.356},{"text":"agenda","start":1907.356,"end":1907.864},{"text":"item","start":1907.946,"end":1908.24},{"text":"3,","start":1908.339,"end":1908.699},{"text":"General","start":1910.075,"end":1910.501},{"text":"Exchange","start":1910.632,"end":1911.14},{"text":"of","start":1911.14,"end":1911.221},{"text":"Views.","start":1911.221,"end":1911.647}]},{"text":"I would like to inform delegates that currently there is only one member state registered in the list of speakers under this agenda item for this afternoon.","start":1915.173,"end":1926.705,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1915.173,"end":1915.221},{"text":"would","start":1915.253,"end":1915.398},{"text":"like","start":1915.414,"end":1915.719},{"text":"to","start":1915.719,"end":1915.944},{"text":"inform","start":1915.96,"end":1916.378},{"text":"delegates","start":1916.378,"end":1917.02},{"text":"that","start":1917.02,"end":1917.149},{"text":"currently","start":1917.261,"end":1917.792},{"text":"there","start":1918.627,"end":1918.804},{"text":"is","start":1918.868,"end":1918.916},{"text":"only","start":1919.093,"end":1919.318},{"text":"one","start":1919.43,"end":1919.639},{"text":"member","start":1919.736,"end":1920.073},{"text":"state","start":1920.073,"end":1920.636},{"text":"registered","start":1921.503,"end":1922.29},{"text":"in","start":1922.387,"end":1922.435},{"text":"the","start":1922.483,"end":1922.628},{"text":"list","start":1922.628,"end":1922.917},{"text":"of","start":1922.965,"end":1923.062},{"text":"speakers","start":1923.062,"end":1923.656},{"text":"under","start":1923.913,"end":1924.09},{"text":"this","start":1924.17,"end":1924.411},{"text":"agenda","start":1924.46,"end":1924.869},{"text":"item","start":1924.902,"end":1925.312},{"text":"for","start":1925.705,"end":1925.869},{"text":"this","start":1925.869,"end":1926},{"text":"afternoon.","start":1926.115,"end":1926.705}]},{"text":"I would therefore like to encourage member states who are ready to deliver their statements tomorrow morning or afternoon to reach out to the list of speakers.","start":1932.525,"end":1945.568,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1932.525,"end":1932.606},{"text":"would","start":1932.67,"end":1932.832},{"text":"therefore","start":1932.832,"end":1933.43},{"text":"like","start":1934.286,"end":1934.529},{"text":"to","start":1934.529,"end":1934.674},{"text":"encourage","start":1934.69,"end":1935.24},{"text":"member","start":1935.369,"end":1935.692},{"text":"states","start":1935.757,"end":1936.193},{"text":"who","start":1936.323,"end":1936.468},{"text":"are","start":1936.484,"end":1936.646},{"text":"ready","start":1936.646,"end":1936.937},{"text":"to","start":1937.761,"end":1937.939},{"text":"deliver","start":1937.939,"end":1938.472},{"text":"their","start":1938.488,"end":1938.602},{"text":"statements","start":1938.602,"end":1939.2},{"text":"tomorrow","start":1941.666,"end":1942.083},{"text":"morning","start":1942.083,"end":1942.597},{"text":"or","start":1943.031,"end":1943.255},{"text":"afternoon","start":1943.255,"end":1943.721},{"text":"to","start":1943.753,"end":1943.898},{"text":"reach","start":1943.914,"end":1944.123},{"text":"out","start":1944.219,"end":1944.412},{"text":"to","start":1944.46,"end":1944.604},{"text":"the","start":1944.62,"end":1944.717},{"text":"list","start":1944.717,"end":1944.974},{"text":"of","start":1944.974,"end":1945.086},{"text":"speakers.","start":1945.102,"end":1945.568}]},{"text":"The Secretariat informs me that there are no further requests from member states for this afternoon.","start":1946.306,"end":1951.027,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1946.306,"end":1946.387},{"text":"Secretariat","start":1946.387,"end":1947.141},{"text":"informs","start":1947.141,"end":1947.543},{"text":"me","start":1947.607,"end":1947.767},{"text":"that","start":1947.767,"end":1947.88},{"text":"there","start":1947.928,"end":1948.072},{"text":"are","start":1948.072,"end":1948.105},{"text":"no","start":1948.105,"end":1948.313},{"text":"further","start":1948.313,"end":1948.65},{"text":"requests","start":1948.65,"end":1949.116},{"text":"from","start":1949.116,"end":1949.212},{"text":"member","start":1949.212,"end":1949.534},{"text":"states","start":1949.55,"end":1949.967},{"text":"for","start":1950.015,"end":1950.112},{"text":"this","start":1950.112,"end":1950.288},{"text":"afternoon.","start":1950.401,"end":1951.027}]},{"text":"As I proposed this morning, we will proceed with statements by permanent observers under this agenda item to make efficient use of our time.","start":1952.167,"end":1965.237,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":1952.167,"end":1952.311},{"text":"I","start":1952.408,"end":1952.584},{"text":"proposed","start":1952.649,"end":1953.114},{"text":"this","start":1953.146,"end":1953.259},{"text":"morning,","start":1953.387,"end":1953.756},{"text":"we","start":1954.977,"end":1955.153},{"text":"will","start":1955.153,"end":1955.266},{"text":"proceed","start":1955.458,"end":1955.844},{"text":"with","start":1955.86,"end":1956.101},{"text":"statements","start":1956.101,"end":1956.839},{"text":"by","start":1956.839,"end":1957.144},{"text":"permanent","start":1957.144,"end":1957.642},{"text":"observers","start":1957.642,"end":1958.252},{"text":"under","start":1958.75,"end":1959.007},{"text":"this","start":1959.007,"end":1959.2},{"text":"agenda","start":1959.312,"end":1959.89},{"text":"item","start":1959.89,"end":1960.259},{"text":"to","start":1960.854,"end":1961.014},{"text":"make","start":1961.03,"end":1961.415},{"text":"efficient","start":1962.684,"end":1963.423},{"text":"use","start":1963.487,"end":1963.84},{"text":"of","start":1964.306,"end":1964.53},{"text":"our","start":1964.53,"end":1964.771},{"text":"time.","start":1964.771,"end":1965.237}]},{"text":"We will continue our consideration of agenda item 8, general exchange of views on potential legal models for activities in the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources, to discuss the composition of the Bureau of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities.","start":1967.407,"end":1995.095,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1967.407,"end":1967.553},{"text":"will","start":1967.553,"end":1967.779},{"text":"continue","start":1967.795,"end":1968.313},{"text":"our","start":1969.09,"end":1969.252},{"text":"consideration","start":1969.252,"end":1969.932},{"text":"of","start":1969.932,"end":1970.013},{"text":"agenda","start":1970.061,"end":1970.45},{"text":"item","start":1970.466,"end":1971.114},{"text":"8,","start":1971.114,"end":1971.373},{"text":"general","start":1973.056,"end":1973.477},{"text":"exchange","start":1973.477,"end":1974.043},{"text":"of","start":1974.043,"end":1974.124},{"text":"views","start":1974.124,"end":1974.497},{"text":"on","start":1974.675,"end":1974.723},{"text":"potential","start":1974.74,"end":1975.431},{"text":"legal","start":1975.881,"end":1976.315},{"text":"models","start":1976.315,"end":1976.749},{"text":"for","start":1977.167,"end":1977.344},{"text":"activities","start":1977.408,"end":1978.196},{"text":"in","start":1978.951,"end":1978.999},{"text":"the","start":1979.031,"end":1979.192},{"text":"exploration,","start":1979.192,"end":1980.108},{"text":"exploitation,","start":1980.623,"end":1981.491},{"text":"and","start":1981.668,"end":1981.845},{"text":"utilization","start":1981.909,"end":1982.938},{"text":"of","start":1983.195,"end":1983.259},{"text":"space","start":1983.34,"end":1983.856},{"text":"resources,","start":1983.856,"end":1984.664},{"text":"to","start":1986.828,"end":1986.989},{"text":"discuss","start":1986.989,"end":1987.587},{"text":"the","start":1988.12,"end":1988.217},{"text":"composition","start":1988.281,"end":1989.153},{"text":"of","start":1989.654,"end":1989.815},{"text":"the","start":1989.815,"end":1989.993},{"text":"Bureau","start":1989.993,"end":1990.445},{"text":"of","start":1990.881,"end":1991.011},{"text":"the","start":1991.043,"end":1991.204},{"text":"Working","start":1991.204,"end":1991.576},{"text":"Group","start":1991.592,"end":1991.85},{"text":"on","start":1991.85,"end":1991.947},{"text":"Legal","start":1991.98,"end":1992.307},{"text":"Aspects","start":1992.406,"end":1993.062},{"text":"of","start":1993.144,"end":1993.209},{"text":"Space","start":1993.259,"end":1993.685},{"text":"Resource","start":1993.898,"end":1994.357},{"text":"Activities.","start":1994.456,"end":1995.095}]},{"text":"And we will begin our consideration of agenda item 9, general exchange of information and views on legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and remediation measures, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.","start":1996.629,"end":2015.56,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1996.629,"end":1996.938},{"text":"we","start":1997.377,"end":1997.523},{"text":"will","start":1997.539,"end":1997.718},{"text":"begin","start":1997.718,"end":1998.059},{"text":"our","start":1998.092,"end":1998.238},{"text":"consideration","start":1998.271,"end":1999.084},{"text":"of","start":1999.084,"end":1999.165},{"text":"agenda","start":1999.165,"end":1999.474},{"text":"item","start":1999.49,"end":1999.897},{"text":"9,","start":1999.897,"end":2000.189},{"text":"general","start":2002.16,"end":2002.321},{"text":"exchange","start":2002.321,"end":2002.758},{"text":"of","start":2002.758,"end":2002.888},{"text":"information","start":2002.985,"end":2003.777},{"text":"and","start":2003.874,"end":2003.972},{"text":"views","start":2003.972,"end":2004.344},{"text":"on","start":2005.007,"end":2005.072},{"text":"legal","start":2005.169,"end":2005.508},{"text":"mechanisms","start":2005.508,"end":2006.366},{"text":"relating","start":2006.867,"end":2007.32},{"text":"to","start":2007.45,"end":2007.612},{"text":"space","start":2007.612,"end":2007.984},{"text":"debris","start":2008.081,"end":2008.485},{"text":"mitigation","start":2008.485,"end":2009.132},{"text":"and","start":2009.132,"end":2009.294},{"text":"remediation","start":2009.294,"end":2009.958},{"text":"measures,","start":2009.958,"end":2010.411},{"text":"taking","start":2010.944,"end":2011.187},{"text":"into","start":2011.397,"end":2011.736},{"text":"account","start":2011.736,"end":2012.236},{"text":"the","start":2012.688,"end":2012.849},{"text":"work","start":2012.849,"end":2013.188},{"text":"of","start":2013.188,"end":2013.333},{"text":"the","start":2013.333,"end":2013.382},{"text":"Scientific","start":2013.43,"end":2014.156},{"text":"and","start":2014.156,"end":2014.302},{"text":"Technical","start":2014.302,"end":2014.753},{"text":"Subcommittee.","start":2014.786,"end":2015.56}]},{"text":"We will then adjourn the plenary meeting so that the working group The Working Group on the Status and Application of the 5 United Nations Treaties on Outer Space can hold its 3rd meeting.","start":2016.399,"end":2028.042,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2016.399,"end":2016.561},{"text":"will","start":2016.561,"end":2016.722},{"text":"then","start":2016.722,"end":2016.867},{"text":"adjourn","start":2016.964,"end":2017.351},{"text":"the","start":2017.368,"end":2017.464},{"text":"plenary","start":2017.464,"end":2017.916},{"text":"meeting","start":2018.013,"end":2018.4},{"text":"so","start":2019.175,"end":2019.449},{"text":"that","start":2019.465,"end":2019.594},{"text":"the","start":2019.707,"end":2019.869},{"text":"working","start":2019.869,"end":2020.256},{"text":"group","start":2020.353,"end":2020.708},{"text":"The","start":2021.243,"end":2021.323},{"text":"Working","start":2021.323,"end":2021.532},{"text":"Group","start":2021.548,"end":2021.661},{"text":"on","start":2021.661,"end":2021.725},{"text":"the","start":2021.725,"end":2021.822},{"text":"Status","start":2021.822,"end":2021.966},{"text":"and","start":2021.966,"end":2022.111},{"text":"Application","start":2022.111,"end":2022.673},{"text":"of","start":2022.673,"end":2022.818},{"text":"the","start":2022.834,"end":2022.882},{"text":"5","start":2022.915,"end":2023.22},{"text":"United","start":2023.252,"end":2023.782},{"text":"Nations","start":2023.879,"end":2024.265},{"text":"Treaties","start":2024.377,"end":2024.827},{"text":"on","start":2024.924,"end":2025.149},{"text":"Outer","start":2025.181,"end":2025.438},{"text":"Space","start":2025.438,"end":2025.984},{"text":"can","start":2026.467,"end":2026.643},{"text":"hold","start":2026.772,"end":2027.093},{"text":"its","start":2027.093,"end":2027.334},{"text":"3rd","start":2027.334,"end":2027.64},{"text":"meeting.","start":2027.656,"end":2028.042}]},{"text":"There will be no technical presentations this afternoon.","start":2030.41,"end":2033.813,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"There","start":2030.41,"end":2030.604},{"text":"will","start":2030.604,"end":2030.782},{"text":"be","start":2030.831,"end":2031.042},{"text":"no","start":2031.09,"end":2031.333},{"text":"technical","start":2031.479,"end":2032.03},{"text":"presentations","start":2032.047,"end":2032.889},{"text":"this","start":2033.019,"end":2033.149},{"text":"afternoon.","start":2033.262,"end":2033.813}]},{"text":"Are there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule?","start":2036.07,"end":2039.278,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Are","start":2036.07,"end":2036.168},{"text":"there","start":2036.168,"end":2036.25},{"text":"any","start":2036.25,"end":2036.43},{"text":"questions","start":2036.43,"end":2036.921},{"text":"or","start":2036.986,"end":2037.134},{"text":"comments","start":2037.15,"end":2037.625},{"text":"on","start":2037.969,"end":2038.034},{"text":"this","start":2038.067,"end":2038.312},{"text":"proposed","start":2038.312,"end":2038.722},{"text":"schedule?","start":2038.722,"end":2039.278}]},{"text":"I see none.","start":2041.834,"end":2042.451,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2041.834,"end":2041.948},{"text":"see","start":2041.948,"end":2042.256},{"text":"none.","start":2042.256,"end":2042.451}]},{"text":"Therefore, distinguished delegates, We will go on to our consideration of agenda item three, general exchange of views.","start":2043.556,"end":2053.772,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":2043.556,"end":2044.14},{"text":"distinguished","start":2044.465,"end":2045.082},{"text":"delegates,","start":2045.082,"end":2045.683},{"text":"We","start":2046.84,"end":2047.034},{"text":"will","start":2047.421,"end":2047.551},{"text":"go","start":2047.809,"end":2047.987},{"text":"on","start":2047.987,"end":2048.116},{"text":"to","start":2048.698,"end":2048.924},{"text":"our","start":2049.991,"end":2050.087},{"text":"consideration","start":2050.087,"end":2050.669},{"text":"of","start":2050.669,"end":2050.75},{"text":"agenda","start":2050.798,"end":2051.105},{"text":"item","start":2051.122,"end":2051.429},{"text":"three,","start":2051.445,"end":2051.784},{"text":"general","start":2051.865,"end":2052.333},{"text":"exchange","start":2052.333,"end":2052.964},{"text":"of","start":2053.222,"end":2053.287},{"text":"views.","start":2053.319,"end":2053.772}]},{"text":"The first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Argentina.","start":2056.902,"end":2063.779,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2056.902,"end":2056.983},{"text":"first","start":2056.983,"end":2057.404},{"text":"speaker","start":2057.404,"end":2058.018},{"text":"on","start":2058.035,"end":2058.196},{"text":"my","start":2058.196,"end":2058.31},{"text":"list","start":2058.423,"end":2058.925},{"text":"is","start":2059.734,"end":2059.863},{"text":"the","start":2061.174,"end":2061.255},{"text":"distinguished","start":2061.255,"end":2061.967},{"text":"representative","start":2061.983,"end":2062.905},{"text":"of","start":2062.905,"end":2063.116},{"text":"Argentina.","start":2063.132,"end":2063.779}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Santiago Lippo Galula","affiliation":"COPUOS LSC","affiliation_full":"COPUOS LSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":2,"start":2064.735,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=2065","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Gracias, distinguida señora presidente.","start":2064.735,"end":2067.908,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Gracias,","start":2064.735,"end":2065.188},{"text":"distinguida","start":2066.531,"end":2066.936},{"text":"señora","start":2066.936,"end":2067.179},{"text":"presidente.","start":2067.179,"end":2067.908}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":2068.069,"end":2068.976,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2068.069,"end":2068.458},{"text":"you,","start":2068.458,"end":2068.636},{"text":"Chair.","start":2068.701,"end":2068.976}]},{"text":"This is our first.","start":2070.579,"end":2071.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2070.579,"end":2070.821},{"text":"is","start":2070.886,"end":2070.951},{"text":"our","start":2071.048,"end":2071.21},{"text":"first.","start":2071.21,"end":2071.55}]},{"text":"So I would like to thank the Secretariat for their work as well as the Chair.","start":2072.462,"end":2078.002,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2072.462,"end":2072.783},{"text":"I","start":2073.024,"end":2073.04},{"text":"would","start":2073.185,"end":2073.827},{"text":"like","start":2073.827,"end":2074.132},{"text":"to","start":2074.132,"end":2074.229},{"text":"thank","start":2074.229,"end":2074.534},{"text":"the","start":2074.534,"end":2074.566},{"text":"Secretariat","start":2074.566,"end":2075.481},{"text":"for","start":2075.979,"end":2076.252},{"text":"their","start":2076.252,"end":2076.412},{"text":"work","start":2076.46,"end":2076.782},{"text":"as","start":2076.862,"end":2076.926},{"text":"well","start":2077.038,"end":2077.247},{"text":"as","start":2077.279,"end":2077.327},{"text":"the","start":2077.504,"end":2077.665},{"text":"Chair.","start":2077.665,"end":2078.002}]},{"text":"We would like to take the opportunity to greet all delegations who are here, and we would like to thank all UN OUSA staff who have made it possible to hold this meeting, and we would also like to thank the interpreters.","start":2078.869,"end":2093.224,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2078.869,"end":2078.965},{"text":"would","start":2078.965,"end":2079.094},{"text":"like","start":2079.11,"end":2079.286},{"text":"to","start":2079.286,"end":2079.415},{"text":"take","start":2079.447,"end":2079.672},{"text":"the","start":2079.672,"end":2079.768},{"text":"opportunity","start":2079.768,"end":2080.459},{"text":"to","start":2081.149,"end":2081.293},{"text":"greet","start":2081.374,"end":2081.775},{"text":"all","start":2082.241,"end":2082.369},{"text":"delegations","start":2082.562,"end":2083.349},{"text":"who","start":2083.445,"end":2083.509},{"text":"are","start":2083.557,"end":2083.638},{"text":"here,","start":2083.702,"end":2084.039},{"text":"and","start":2084.569,"end":2084.826},{"text":"we","start":2084.826,"end":2084.906},{"text":"would","start":2084.906,"end":2085.067},{"text":"like","start":2085.067,"end":2085.308},{"text":"to","start":2085.308,"end":2085.404},{"text":"thank","start":2085.452,"end":2085.95},{"text":"all","start":2086.335,"end":2086.528},{"text":"UN","start":2086.672,"end":2086.945},{"text":"OUSA","start":2087.138,"end":2087.395},{"text":"staff","start":2087.395,"end":2087.861},{"text":"who","start":2088.278,"end":2088.39},{"text":"have","start":2088.503,"end":2088.647},{"text":"made","start":2088.679,"end":2088.872},{"text":"it","start":2088.92,"end":2089.065},{"text":"possible","start":2089.081,"end":2089.659},{"text":"to","start":2089.964,"end":2090.044},{"text":"hold","start":2090.109,"end":2090.349},{"text":"this","start":2090.349,"end":2090.558},{"text":"meeting,","start":2090.59,"end":2090.976},{"text":"and","start":2091.232,"end":2091.393},{"text":"we","start":2091.393,"end":2091.489},{"text":"would","start":2091.489,"end":2091.65},{"text":"also","start":2091.65,"end":2091.907},{"text":"like","start":2091.955,"end":2092.148},{"text":"to","start":2092.148,"end":2092.292},{"text":"thank","start":2092.292,"end":2092.533},{"text":"the","start":2092.533,"end":2092.694},{"text":"interpreters.","start":2092.694,"end":2093.224}]},{"text":"Chair, distinguished delegates, My delegation believes that Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development is a non-binding legal instrument, and therefore its framework will not be applicable or implemented in our nation.","start":2094.701,"end":2115.608,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2094.701,"end":2095.182},{"text":"distinguished","start":2095.279,"end":2095.825},{"text":"delegates,","start":2095.825,"end":2096.403},{"text":"My","start":2099.191,"end":2099.368},{"text":"delegation","start":2099.995,"end":2100.67},{"text":"believes","start":2103.032,"end":2103.482},{"text":"that","start":2103.498,"end":2103.739},{"text":"Agenda","start":2103.755,"end":2104.318},{"text":"2030","start":2104.382,"end":2105.041},{"text":"for","start":2105.041,"end":2105.218},{"text":"Sustainable","start":2105.218,"end":2106.053},{"text":"Development","start":2106.07,"end":2106.728},{"text":"is","start":2107.275,"end":2107.42},{"text":"a","start":2107.42,"end":2107.468},{"text":"non-binding","start":2107.68,"end":2108.396},{"text":"legal","start":2108.51,"end":2108.786},{"text":"instrument,","start":2108.982,"end":2109.519},{"text":"and","start":2109.958,"end":2110.121},{"text":"therefore","start":2110.121,"end":2110.576},{"text":"its","start":2110.723,"end":2110.869},{"text":"framework","start":2110.869,"end":2111.292},{"text":"will","start":2111.292,"end":2111.569},{"text":"not","start":2111.618,"end":2111.797},{"text":"be","start":2111.943,"end":2112.171},{"text":"applicable","start":2113.148,"end":2114.07},{"text":"or","start":2114.103,"end":2114.184},{"text":"implemented","start":2114.184,"end":2114.815},{"text":"in","start":2114.815,"end":2114.96},{"text":"our","start":2114.977,"end":2115.09},{"text":"nation.","start":2115.09,"end":2115.608}]},{"text":"We would like to see this regarding the Pact for the Future and under every other agenda item and working groups.","start":2116.045,"end":2125.545,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2116.045,"end":2116.174},{"text":"would","start":2116.206,"end":2116.368},{"text":"like","start":2116.368,"end":2116.692},{"text":"to","start":2116.708,"end":2117.016},{"text":"see","start":2118.003,"end":2118.245},{"text":"this","start":2118.245,"end":2118.537},{"text":"regarding","start":2118.537,"end":2118.99},{"text":"the","start":2119.184,"end":2119.378},{"text":"Pact","start":2119.427,"end":2119.766},{"text":"for","start":2119.766,"end":2119.88},{"text":"the","start":2119.88,"end":2120.009},{"text":"Future","start":2120.009,"end":2120.495},{"text":"and","start":2121.207,"end":2121.595},{"text":"under","start":2121.773,"end":2122.032},{"text":"every","start":2122.032,"end":2122.326},{"text":"other","start":2122.506,"end":2122.833},{"text":"agenda","start":2123.241,"end":2123.732},{"text":"item","start":2123.748,"end":2124.107},{"text":"and","start":2124.385,"end":2124.696},{"text":"working","start":2124.875,"end":2125.268},{"text":"groups.","start":2125.3,"end":2125.545}]},{"text":"Chair, distinguished delegates, Argentina is committed to the work of this legal subcommittee, as COPUOS and its subcommittees is the forum where we can deal with all matters regarding space, the Moon, and other celestial bodies for peaceful purposes in benefit and interest of all nations, regardless of their economic, technical, or scientific development, and in line with international law.","start":2127.728,"end":2155.798,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses and Non-Weaponization of Space","description":"Speakers repeatedly emphasized that outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. Related concerns included preventing conflict in space, avoiding an arms race, and condemning destructive anti-satellite behavior."},{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2127.728,"end":2127.971},{"text":"distinguished","start":2127.987,"end":2128.537},{"text":"delegates,","start":2128.537,"end":2129.103},{"text":"Argentina","start":2131.076,"end":2131.755},{"text":"is","start":2132.127,"end":2132.176},{"text":"committed","start":2132.305,"end":2132.758},{"text":"to","start":2132.871,"end":2133.033},{"text":"the","start":2133.033,"end":2133.162},{"text":"work","start":2133.178,"end":2133.437},{"text":"of","start":2133.437,"end":2133.534},{"text":"this","start":2133.534,"end":2133.761},{"text":"legal","start":2133.761,"end":2134.019},{"text":"subcommittee,","start":2134.019,"end":2134.699},{"text":"as","start":2136.24,"end":2136.32},{"text":"COPUOS","start":2136.353,"end":2136.725},{"text":"and","start":2136.902,"end":2136.999},{"text":"its","start":2136.999,"end":2137.145},{"text":"subcommittees","start":2137.145,"end":2137.937},{"text":"is","start":2138.535,"end":2138.665},{"text":"the","start":2139.085,"end":2139.182},{"text":"forum","start":2139.182,"end":2139.764},{"text":"where","start":2140.136,"end":2140.492},{"text":"we","start":2140.637,"end":2140.799},{"text":"can","start":2140.799,"end":2141.009},{"text":"deal","start":2141.041,"end":2141.284},{"text":"with","start":2141.284,"end":2141.559},{"text":"all","start":2141.753,"end":2141.801},{"text":"matters","start":2142.561,"end":2143.03},{"text":"regarding","start":2143.289,"end":2143.758},{"text":"space,","start":2143.968,"end":2144.469},{"text":"the","start":2145.412,"end":2145.508},{"text":"Moon,","start":2145.508,"end":2145.942},{"text":"and","start":2146.44,"end":2146.585},{"text":"other","start":2146.617,"end":2146.938},{"text":"celestial","start":2146.954,"end":2147.581},{"text":"bodies","start":2147.581,"end":2147.951},{"text":"for","start":2147.983,"end":2148.144},{"text":"peaceful","start":2148.144,"end":2148.545},{"text":"purposes","start":2148.545,"end":2149.076},{"text":"in","start":2149.269,"end":2149.317},{"text":"benefit","start":2149.494,"end":2149.911},{"text":"and","start":2149.911,"end":2150.056},{"text":"interest","start":2150.136,"end":2150.49},{"text":"of","start":2150.49,"end":2150.699},{"text":"all","start":2150.699,"end":2150.811},{"text":"nations,","start":2150.811,"end":2151.406},{"text":"regardless","start":2151.92,"end":2152.499},{"text":"of","start":2152.499,"end":2152.611},{"text":"their","start":2152.627,"end":2152.804},{"text":"economic,","start":2152.804,"end":2153.302},{"text":"technical,","start":2153.351,"end":2153.785},{"text":"or","start":2153.833,"end":2153.865},{"text":"scientific","start":2153.865,"end":2154.492},{"text":"development,","start":2154.493,"end":2155.086},{"text":"and","start":2155.171,"end":2155.222},{"text":"in","start":2155.222,"end":2155.256},{"text":"line","start":2155.256,"end":2155.307},{"text":"with","start":2155.391,"end":2155.493},{"text":"international","start":2155.493,"end":2155.764},{"text":"law.","start":2155.764,"end":2155.798}]},{"text":"This is without prejudice to the work carried out in other foreign areas of the United Nations to prevent an arms race in space.","start":2158.314,"end":2165.812,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses and Non-Weaponization of Space","description":"Speakers repeatedly emphasized that outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. Related concerns included preventing conflict in space, avoiding an arms race, and condemning destructive anti-satellite behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2158.314,"end":2158.555},{"text":"is","start":2158.555,"end":2158.684},{"text":"without","start":2158.7,"end":2159.021},{"text":"prejudice","start":2159.021,"end":2159.503},{"text":"to","start":2159.503,"end":2159.615},{"text":"the","start":2159.615,"end":2159.679},{"text":"work","start":2159.679,"end":2159.904},{"text":"carried","start":2159.904,"end":2160.305},{"text":"out","start":2160.305,"end":2160.562},{"text":"in","start":2160.562,"end":2160.691},{"text":"other","start":2160.787,"end":2160.948},{"text":"foreign","start":2161.75,"end":2162.136},{"text":"areas","start":2162.312,"end":2162.537},{"text":"of","start":2162.649,"end":2162.778},{"text":"the","start":2162.874,"end":2162.954},{"text":"United","start":2162.954,"end":2163.388},{"text":"Nations","start":2163.436,"end":2163.821},{"text":"to","start":2163.854,"end":2164.094},{"text":"prevent","start":2164.094,"end":2164.64},{"text":"an","start":2164.656,"end":2164.801},{"text":"arms","start":2164.801,"end":2164.945},{"text":"race","start":2165.042,"end":2165.299},{"text":"in","start":2165.299,"end":2165.395},{"text":"space.","start":2165.395,"end":2165.812}]},{"text":"Therefore, we reaffirm that we refer to the peaceful use of outer space and its non-weaponization.","start":2166.888,"end":2173.76,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses and Non-Weaponization of Space","description":"Speakers repeatedly emphasized that outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. Related concerns included preventing conflict in space, avoiding an arms race, and condemning destructive anti-satellite behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":2166.888,"end":2167.241},{"text":"we","start":2167.306,"end":2167.466},{"text":"reaffirm","start":2167.466,"end":2167.964},{"text":"that","start":2168.734,"end":2168.895},{"text":"we","start":2169.152,"end":2169.312},{"text":"refer","start":2169.312,"end":2169.634},{"text":"to","start":2169.634,"end":2169.762},{"text":"the","start":2169.794,"end":2170.035},{"text":"peaceful","start":2170.501,"end":2170.886},{"text":"use","start":2170.918,"end":2171.143},{"text":"of","start":2171.143,"end":2171.287},{"text":"outer","start":2171.384,"end":2171.56},{"text":"space","start":2171.576,"end":2171.93},{"text":"and","start":2172.186,"end":2172.283},{"text":"its","start":2172.283,"end":2172.54},{"text":"non-weaponization.","start":2172.54,"end":2173.76}]},{"text":"Delegates, this year once again we have an agenda full of substantive issues.","start":2174.434,"end":2179.877,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Delegates,","start":2174.434,"end":2175.012},{"text":"this","start":2175.333,"end":2175.446},{"text":"year","start":2175.558,"end":2175.67},{"text":"once","start":2175.735,"end":2176.056},{"text":"again","start":2176.056,"end":2176.265},{"text":"we","start":2176.923,"end":2177.115},{"text":"have","start":2177.324,"end":2177.645},{"text":"an","start":2177.645,"end":2177.693},{"text":"agenda","start":2177.742,"end":2178.207},{"text":"full","start":2178.207,"end":2178.4},{"text":"of","start":2178.4,"end":2178.48},{"text":"substantive","start":2178.48,"end":2179.315},{"text":"issues.","start":2179.411,"end":2179.877}]},{"text":"We are facing the challenge to achieve the best regulatory proposals to deal with current and future space activities, all in a sustainable, responsible way that promotes peace and international cooperation.","start":2180.632,"end":2196.977,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses and Non-Weaponization of Space","description":"Speakers repeatedly emphasized that outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. Related concerns included preventing conflict in space, avoiding an arms race, and condemning destructive anti-satellite behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2180.632,"end":2180.776},{"text":"are","start":2180.776,"end":2180.808},{"text":"facing","start":2180.808,"end":2181.242},{"text":"the","start":2181.756,"end":2181.996},{"text":"challenge","start":2182.542,"end":2183.136},{"text":"to","start":2183.746,"end":2183.939},{"text":"achieve","start":2184.87,"end":2185.336},{"text":"the","start":2185.753,"end":2185.962},{"text":"best","start":2186.01,"end":2186.492},{"text":"regulatory","start":2186.492,"end":2187.183},{"text":"proposals","start":2187.295,"end":2187.905},{"text":"to","start":2187.937,"end":2188.162},{"text":"deal","start":2188.162,"end":2188.29},{"text":"with","start":2188.403,"end":2188.531},{"text":"current","start":2188.579,"end":2188.965},{"text":"and","start":2188.965,"end":2189.029},{"text":"future","start":2189.061,"end":2189.382},{"text":"space","start":2189.382,"end":2189.655},{"text":"activities,","start":2189.848,"end":2190.474},{"text":"all","start":2191.132,"end":2191.261},{"text":"in","start":2191.373,"end":2191.486},{"text":"a","start":2191.486,"end":2191.662},{"text":"sustainable,","start":2191.807,"end":2192.561},{"text":"responsible","start":2192.818,"end":2193.541},{"text":"way","start":2193.541,"end":2193.798},{"text":"that","start":2193.798,"end":2194.023},{"text":"promotes","start":2194.023,"end":2194.504},{"text":"peace","start":2194.504,"end":2194.809},{"text":"and","start":2195.468,"end":2195.532},{"text":"international","start":2195.628,"end":2196.206},{"text":"cooperation.","start":2196.206,"end":2196.977}]},{"text":"Our delegation would like to say that no guideline, principle, or regulation promoted or approved here should ignore the precepts of international law for all nations regarding space technological and scientific development in access and use of space and its benefits in an inclusive and equitable fashion, especially developing countries.","start":2197.973,"end":2225.048,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. 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like to take this opportunity to thank Mr. Santiago Lippo Galula, chairperson of the Legal Subcommittee, for giving me this 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Ms. Arti Olamaini, Director of the Office of Outer Space Affairs, along with his— her team for their well-organized 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Chair, as you know, we are navigating a world marked by increasing uncertainty.","start":2414.624,"end":2422.446,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":2414.624,"end":2414.864},{"text":"Chair,","start":2414.944,"end":2415.361},{"text":"as","start":2416.211,"end":2416.275},{"text":"you","start":2416.307,"end":2416.403},{"text":"know,","start":2416.467,"end":2416.628},{"text":"we","start":2417.91,"end":2418.134},{"text":"are","start":2418.134,"end":2418.231},{"text":"navigating","start":2418.231,"end":2418.92},{"text":"a","start":2419.032,"end":2419.176},{"text":"world","start":2419.176,"end":2419.721},{"text":"marked","start":2420.058,"end":2420.539},{"text":"by","start":2420.555,"end":2420.667},{"text":"increasing","start":2420.795,"end":2421.485},{"text":"uncertainty.","start":2421.661,"end":2422.446}]},{"text":"Yet I firmly believe that space remains one of the most promising areas for the 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the icy worlds of Titan and Enceladus have organic chemistries with complex organic compounds detected in the plumes of Enceladus and in Titan's thick atmosphere, suggesting potential conditions for prebiotic chemistry and the building blocks for 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new policy was published in the COSPAR journal Space Research Today in July 2024.","start":3013.693,"end":3020.605,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3013.693,"end":3013.79},{"text":"new","start":3013.79,"end":3013.951},{"text":"policy","start":3014.016,"end":3014.644},{"text":"was","start":3014.66,"end":3014.789},{"text":"published","start":3014.821,"end":3015.482},{"text":"in","start":3015.482,"end":3015.611},{"text":"the","start":3015.611,"end":3015.707},{"text":"COSPAR","start":3015.707,"end":3016.271},{"text":"journal","start":3016.271,"end":3016.69},{"text":"Space","start":3016.916,"end":3017.383},{"text":"Research","start":3017.383,"end":3017.866},{"text":"Today","start":3017.866,"end":3018.204},{"text":"in","start":3018.752,"end":3018.817},{"text":"July","start":3019.091,"end":3019.348},{"text":"2024.","start":3019.493,"end":3020.605}]},{"text":"Comprehensive information about the panel and the policy are available in numerous recent publications and at the COSPAR 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hyperlink is provided in the statement.","start":3031.806,"end":3034.445,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"A","start":3031.806,"end":3031.823},{"text":"hyperlink","start":3031.823,"end":3032.621},{"text":"is","start":3032.621,"end":3032.686},{"text":"provided","start":3032.784,"end":3033.419},{"text":"in","start":3033.533,"end":3033.68},{"text":"the","start":3033.68,"end":3033.712},{"text":"statement.","start":3033.712,"end":3034.445}]},{"text":"Thank you for your 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though the return to the moon exposes far more than mere science or technological innovation, this nautical venture may properly represent our restored faith in a shared 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lunar UN flag will inspire future generations to envision a world where sustainable collaboration and enduring progress uplift all of 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Moon is the venue where humanity's highest ideals will continually shine.","start":3693.203,"end":3699.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3693.203,"end":3693.283},{"text":"Moon","start":3693.283,"end":3693.636},{"text":"is","start":3694.294,"end":3694.358},{"text":"the","start":3694.39,"end":3694.615},{"text":"venue","start":3694.615,"end":3695.128},{"text":"where","start":3695.176,"end":3695.353},{"text":"humanity's","start":3695.353,"end":3696.091},{"text":"highest","start":3696.155,"end":3696.78},{"text":"ideals","start":3696.78,"end":3697.406},{"text":"will","start":3697.583,"end":3697.711},{"text":"continually","start":3697.839,"end":3698.626},{"text":"shine.","start":3698.61,"end":3699.09}]},{"text":"Planting a United Nations flag by humanity and for humanity would demonstrate our capacity for unity in diversity, opening the way to a better 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Renaissance International has formally proposed this historic gesture to the leaders of the Artemis Accords and the 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platform and advocates for the inclusion of NGOs as observers in the transformative global lunar endeavor.","start":3724.532,"end":3734.53,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. 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Related concerns included preventing conflict in space, avoiding an arms race, and condemning destructive anti-satellite behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":3736.169,"end":3736.266},{"text":"this","start":3736.396,"end":3736.64},{"text":"critical","start":3736.64,"end":3737.224},{"text":"juncture,","start":3737.224,"end":3737.889},{"text":"we","start":3738.441,"end":3738.603},{"text":"affirm","start":3738.603,"end":3739.155},{"text":"that","start":3739.318,"end":3739.594},{"text":"all","start":3739.642,"end":3739.691},{"text":"societies","start":3739.837,"end":3740.843},{"text":"in","start":3740.957,"end":3741.168},{"text":"all","start":3741.265,"end":3741.314},{"text":"places","start":3741.509,"end":3741.996},{"text":"seek","start":3741.996,"end":3742.591},{"text":"a","start":3742.591,"end":3742.607},{"text":"stable,","start":3742.655,"end":3743.347},{"text":"peaceful,","start":3743.942,"end":3744.585},{"text":"and","start":3744.649,"end":3744.762},{"text":"secure","start":3744.762,"end":3745.373},{"text":"continuum.","start":3745.389,"end":3746.209}]},{"text":"The exponential information age has given us the ability to endow our future world and the generations to come with unprecedented opportunity.","start":3747.319,"end":3758.861,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3747.319,"end":3747.464},{"text":"exponential","start":3747.48,"end":3748.397},{"text":"information","start":3748.429,"end":3749.265},{"text":"age","start":3749.313,"end":3749.619},{"text":"has","start":3750.142,"end":3750.319},{"text":"given","start":3750.447,"end":3750.848},{"text":"us","start":3750.848,"end":3751.057},{"text":"the","start":3751.089,"end":3751.25},{"text":"ability","start":3751.25,"end":3751.876},{"text":"to","start":3751.988,"end":3752.197},{"text":"endow","start":3752.229,"end":3752.486},{"text":"our","start":3752.775,"end":3752.952},{"text":"future","start":3752.952,"end":3753.546},{"text":"world","start":3753.578,"end":3754.012},{"text":"and","start":3754.477,"end":3754.541},{"text":"the","start":3754.557,"end":3754.782},{"text":"generations","start":3754.782,"end":3755.489},{"text":"to","start":3755.601,"end":3755.697},{"text":"come","start":3755.762,"end":3756.163},{"text":"with","start":3756.163,"end":3756.372},{"text":"unprecedented","start":3756.629,"end":3757.705},{"text":"opportunity.","start":3757.833,"end":3758.861}]},{"text":"The United Nations lunar flag would state that the transformative realm of space development belongs to all of humanity, ensuring that its vast benefits remain accessible to everyone.","start":3759.92,"end":3776.675,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space 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thank you very much.","start":3777.298,"end":3778.331,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3777.298,"end":3777.314},{"text":"thank","start":3777.314,"end":3777.741},{"text":"you","start":3777.79,"end":3777.888},{"text":"very","start":3777.888,"end":3778.069},{"text":"much.","start":3778.069,"end":3778.331}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"Space Renaissance International","affiliation_full":"Space Renaissance International","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":11,"start":3780.86,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=3781","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchas gracias.","start":3780.86,"end":3781.44,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchas","start":3780.86,"end":3781.005},{"text":"gracias.","start":3781.005,"end":3781.44}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you to the distinguished representative of Space Renaissance 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to please join the list of speakers for 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we begin with the list of speakers, I would like to inform delegations on the results of the informal consultations held this lunchtime with interested delegations regarding the composition of the Working Group on the Legal Aspects of Space Resources 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for the chair of this working group on the legal aspects of space resource activities, Professor Freeland from 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the only nominee, and we also noted that within the people at the meet— meeting, there was broad support for Mr. Freeland to be the 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regards to changing The structure or composition of the Bureau, meaning that there is no need for a vice chair with a 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maintained.","start":4036.796,"end":4040.049,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":4036.796,"end":4037.087},{"text":"the","start":4037.346,"end":4037.556},{"text":"chair","start":4038.172,"end":4038.317},{"text":"and","start":4038.317,"end":4038.576},{"text":"vice","start":4038.576,"end":4038.9},{"text":"chair","start":4038.9,"end":4039.078},{"text":"should","start":4039.078,"end":4039.337},{"text":"be","start":4039.369,"end":4039.483},{"text":"maintained.","start":4039.483,"end":4040.049}]},{"text":"Other delegations were of the view that having a chair was sufficient, and other delegations expressed the view that the position of vice chair was not 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many delegations emphasized was that the substantive work should continue and move forward, and it should not be hindered by procedural issues related to the composition of the Bureau.","start":4060.445,"end":4075.148,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"What","start":4060.445,"end":4060.559},{"text":"many","start":4060.559,"end":4060.837},{"text":"delegations","start":4061.36,"end":4062.064},{"text":"emphasized","start":4062.325,"end":4062.914},{"text":"was","start":4063.448,"end":4063.594},{"text":"that","start":4063.707,"end":4063.949},{"text":"the","start":4063.949,"end":4064.03},{"text":"substantive","start":4064.03,"end":4064.804},{"text":"work","start":4064.837,"end":4065.095},{"text":"should","start":4065.095,"end":4065.288},{"text":"continue","start":4065.385,"end":4065.87},{"text":"and","start":4065.886,"end":4066.031},{"text":"move","start":4066.031,"end":4066.208},{"text":"forward,","start":4066.208,"end":4066.854},{"text":"and","start":4067.806,"end":4067.871},{"text":"it","start":4067.903,"end":4068.065},{"text":"should","start":4068.065,"end":4068.355},{"text":"not","start":4068.484,"end":4068.742},{"text":"be","start":4069.017,"end":4069.227},{"text":"hindered","start":4069.582,"end":4070.131},{"text":"by","start":4070.389,"end":4070.518},{"text":"procedural","start":4070.728,"end":4071.567},{"text":"issues","start":4071.777,"end":4072.229},{"text":"related","start":4072.342,"end":4072.922},{"text":"to","start":4073.31,"end":4073.471},{"text":"the","start":4073.471,"end":4073.568},{"text":"composition","start":4073.697,"end":4074.374},{"text":"of","start":4074.374,"end":4074.584},{"text":"the","start":4074.584,"end":4074.68},{"text":"Bureau.","start":4074.68,"end":4075.148}]},{"text":"In this connection, any delegations interested in nominating candidates for the Vice Chair of the Working Group should approach me by Monday the 12th of May at 1 PM.","start":4077.406,"end":4095.36,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4077.406,"end":4077.551},{"text":"this","start":4077.664,"end":4077.922},{"text":"connection,","start":4078.213,"end":4078.745},{"text":"any","start":4081.11,"end":4082.077},{"text":"delegations","start":4082.206,"end":4082.964},{"text":"interested","start":4083.222,"end":4083.899},{"text":"in","start":4084.367,"end":4084.415},{"text":"nominating","start":4084.528,"end":4085.222},{"text":"candidates","start":4085.335,"end":4086.109},{"text":"for","start":4086.447,"end":4086.625},{"text":"the","start":4086.625,"end":4086.705},{"text":"Vice","start":4086.786,"end":4087.076},{"text":"Chair","start":4087.254,"end":4087.576},{"text":"of","start":4087.592,"end":4087.721},{"text":"the","start":4087.754,"end":4087.979},{"text":"Working","start":4087.995,"end":4088.447},{"text":"Group","start":4088.544,"end":4088.802},{"text":"should","start":4089.896,"end":4090.346},{"text":"approach","start":4090.442,"end":4090.828},{"text":"me","start":4090.956,"end":4091.197},{"text":"by","start":4092.146,"end":4092.258},{"text":"Monday","start":4092.612,"end":4092.981},{"text":"the","start":4093.19,"end":4093.415},{"text":"12th","start":4093.415,"end":4093.801},{"text":"of","start":4093.898,"end":4093.962},{"text":"May","start":4094.074,"end":4094.171},{"text":"at","start":4094.54,"end":4094.717},{"text":"1","start":4094.717,"end":4094.846},{"text":"PM.","start":4094.958,"end":4095.36}]},{"text":"If any delegation has any interest in nominating a candidate for the vice chair of the working group, please let me know before Monday the 12th of May At 1 PM.","start":4097.433,"end":4116.433,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":4097.433,"end":4097.482},{"text":"any","start":4097.53,"end":4097.739},{"text":"delegation","start":4098.109,"end":4098.867},{"text":"has","start":4100.497,"end":4100.723},{"text":"any","start":4102.852,"end":4103.03},{"text":"interest","start":4103.094,"end":4103.626},{"text":"in","start":4103.723,"end":4103.788},{"text":"nominating","start":4105.191,"end":4105.885},{"text":"a","start":4105.901,"end":4105.998},{"text":"candidate","start":4105.998,"end":4106.53},{"text":"for","start":4106.546,"end":4106.708},{"text":"the","start":4106.708,"end":4106.804},{"text":"vice","start":4106.804,"end":4107.079},{"text":"chair","start":4107.272,"end":4107.611},{"text":"of","start":4107.611,"end":4107.66},{"text":"the","start":4107.66,"end":4107.772},{"text":"working","start":4107.772,"end":4108.144},{"text":"group,","start":4108.16,"end":4108.676},{"text":"please","start":4108.725,"end":4109.031},{"text":"let","start":4110.274,"end":4110.532},{"text":"me","start":4110.58,"end":4110.677},{"text":"know","start":4110.677,"end":4110.984},{"text":"before","start":4111.484,"end":4112.065},{"text":"Monday","start":4113.404,"end":4113.743},{"text":"the","start":4113.743,"end":4113.904},{"text":"12th","start":4113.904,"end":4114.292},{"text":"of","start":4114.292,"end":4114.356},{"text":"May","start":4114.453,"end":4114.663},{"text":"At","start":4115.207,"end":4115.401},{"text":"1","start":4115.449,"end":4115.578},{"text":"PM.","start":4115.788,"end":4116.433}]},{"text":"So, having explained the outcomes of the informal consultations, I would like to ask the subcommittee for its agreement on the following points for action to formally adopt these tomorrow afternoon under agenda item 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the board support for Mr. Freeland to be the chair of this working group, and in absence of any other nominations, I would like to know if the subcommittee agrees that Mr. Stephen Freeland of Australia be appointed as chair of the Working Group on the Legal Aspects of Space Resource 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seems there is agreement.","start":4170.576,"end":4172.918,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4170.576,"end":4170.723},{"text":"seems","start":4171.178,"end":4171.584},{"text":"there","start":4171.715,"end":4171.845},{"text":"is","start":4171.893,"end":4172.024},{"text":"agreement.","start":4172.284,"end":4172.918}]},{"text":"It seems we do have the support of the subcommittee.","start":4174.495,"end":4176.658,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4174.495,"end":4174.593},{"text":"seems","start":4174.642,"end":4174.902},{"text":"we","start":4174.967,"end":4175.065},{"text":"do","start":4175.065,"end":4175.211},{"text":"have","start":4175.211,"end":4175.39},{"text":"the","start":4175.39,"end":4175.471},{"text":"support","start":4175.471,"end":4175.878},{"text":"of","start":4175.878,"end":4176.024},{"text":"the","start":4176.024,"end":4176.057},{"text":"subcommittee.","start":4176.057,"end":4176.658}]},{"text":"We will take action on this matter, the chairmanship of the working group, tomorrow afternoon under agenda item 8 and 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bring this part to an end.","start":4191.962,"end":4195.161,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4191.962,"end":4192.01},{"text":"bring","start":4192.871,"end":4193.066},{"text":"this","start":4193.261,"end":4193.456},{"text":"part","start":4194.252,"end":4194.56},{"text":"to","start":4194.56,"end":4194.739},{"text":"an","start":4194.739,"end":4194.934},{"text":"end.","start":4194.966,"end":4195.161}]},{"text":"Any delegation interested in nominating candidates as vice chair of the working group, please approach me by Monday the 12th of May by 1 PM.","start":4195.616,"end":4217.015,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Any","start":4195.616,"end":4195.778},{"text":"delegation","start":4195.973,"end":4196.736},{"text":"interested","start":4197.321,"end":4198.198},{"text":"in","start":4199.351,"end":4199.416},{"text":"nominating","start":4199.659,"end":4200.384},{"text":"candidates","start":4201.206,"end":4201.915},{"text":"as","start":4206.121,"end":4206.185},{"text":"vice","start":4206.765,"end":4207.136},{"text":"chair","start":4207.168,"end":4207.571},{"text":"of","start":4207.652,"end":4207.797},{"text":"the","start":4207.845,"end":4207.958},{"text":"working","start":4208.04,"end":4208.362},{"text":"group,","start":4208.459,"end":4208.814},{"text":"please","start":4210.009,"end":4210.38},{"text":"approach","start":4210.558,"end":4210.945},{"text":"me","start":4211.058,"end":4211.3},{"text":"by","start":4212.511,"end":4212.624},{"text":"Monday","start":4213.415,"end":4213.883},{"text":"the","start":4213.883,"end":4214.061},{"text":"12th","start":4214.061,"end":4214.416},{"text":"of","start":4214.513,"end":4214.577},{"text":"May","start":4214.674,"end":4214.803},{"text":"by","start":4216.305,"end":4216.498},{"text":"1","start":4216.611,"end":4216.741},{"text":"PM.","start":4216.789,"end":4217.015}]},{"text":"Having said that, we will now go on to the list of speakers, and the first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Luxembourg.","start":4220.259,"end":4231.06,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Having","start":4220.259,"end":4220.532},{"text":"said","start":4220.596,"end":4220.837},{"text":"that,","start":4220.837,"end":4221.11},{"text":"we","start":4221.801,"end":4221.946},{"text":"will","start":4221.946,"end":4222.058},{"text":"now","start":4222.058,"end":4222.219},{"text":"go","start":4222.364,"end":4222.508},{"text":"on","start":4222.589,"end":4222.653},{"text":"to","start":4222.765,"end":4222.862},{"text":"the","start":4222.926,"end":4223.071},{"text":"list","start":4223.071,"end":4223.408},{"text":"of","start":4223.408,"end":4223.537},{"text":"speakers,","start":4223.553,"end":4224.099},{"text":"and","start":4224.838,"end":4224.935},{"text":"the","start":4224.935,"end":4225.031},{"text":"first","start":4225.031,"end":4225.449},{"text":"speaker","start":4225.658,"end":4226.301},{"text":"on","start":4226.365,"end":4226.51},{"text":"my","start":4226.622,"end":4226.735},{"text":"list","start":4226.929,"end":4227.268},{"text":"is","start":4227.671,"end":4227.8},{"text":"the","start":4227.897,"end":4228.107},{"text":"distinguished","start":4228.155,"end":4228.946},{"text":"representative","start":4228.946,"end":4230.027},{"text":"of","start":4230.027,"end":4230.14},{"text":"Luxembourg.","start":4230.237,"end":4231.06}]},{"text":"You 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observers.","start":4233.83,"end":4238.259,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Monsieur","start":4233.83,"end":4233.942},{"text":"le","start":4233.942,"end":4233.974},{"text":"Président,","start":4233.974,"end":4234.506},{"text":"thank","start":4234.57,"end":4234.683},{"text":"you","start":4234.683,"end":4234.764},{"text":"very","start":4234.764,"end":4234.876},{"text":"much,","start":4234.909,"end":4235.134},{"text":"Chairman,","start":4235.15,"end":4235.44},{"text":"delegates,","start":4237.163,"end":4237.663},{"text":"observers.","start":4237.727,"end":4238.259}]},{"text":"May I begin by first reiterating our condolences following the death of Mr. André Mistral, whose outstanding work continues to influence ours.","start":4240.127,"end":4250.693,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"May","start":4240.127,"end":4240.224},{"text":"I","start":4240.224,"end":4240.385},{"text":"begin","start":4240.385,"end":4240.755},{"text":"by","start":4240.852,"end":4240.965},{"text":"first","start":4240.965,"end":4241.367},{"text":"reiterating","start":4241.416,"end":4241.963},{"text":"our","start":4242.14,"end":4242.301},{"text":"condolences","start":4242.301,"end":4243.091},{"text":"following","start":4243.08,"end":4243.48},{"text":"the","start":4244.218,"end":4244.314},{"text":"death","start":4244.314,"end":4244.522},{"text":"of","start":4244.618,"end":4244.682},{"text":"Mr.","start":4244.714,"end":4244.907},{"text":"André","start":4244.955,"end":4245.276},{"text":"Mistral,","start":4245.276,"end":4245.917},{"text":"whose","start":4246.237,"end":4246.446},{"text":"outstanding","start":4246.622,"end":4247.183},{"text":"work","start":4247.279,"end":4247.584},{"text":"continues","start":4247.6,"end":4248.209},{"text":"to","start":4248.321,"end":4248.497},{"text":"influence","start":4248.642,"end":4249.299},{"text":"ours.","start":4250.469,"end":4250.693}]},{"text":"Here we reiterate our support to the nomination of Professor Freeland as the chair of the working group.","start":4251.367,"end":4256.656,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Here","start":4251.367,"end":4251.543},{"text":"we","start":4251.767,"end":4251.832},{"text":"reiterate","start":4252.008,"end":4252.521},{"text":"our","start":4252.521,"end":4252.729},{"text":"support","start":4252.729,"end":4253.29},{"text":"to","start":4253.29,"end":4253.418},{"text":"the","start":4253.45,"end":4253.595},{"text":"nomination","start":4253.595,"end":4254.14},{"text":"of","start":4254.156,"end":4254.22},{"text":"Professor","start":4254.236,"end":4254.717},{"text":"Freeland","start":4254.717,"end":4255.214},{"text":"as","start":4255.278,"end":4255.342},{"text":"the","start":4255.454,"end":4255.566},{"text":"chair","start":4255.598,"end":4255.791},{"text":"of","start":4255.855,"end":4255.951},{"text":"the","start":4255.951,"end":4256.063},{"text":"working","start":4256.079,"end":4256.352},{"text":"group.","start":4256.4,"end":4256.656}]},{"text":"Luxembourg is pleased that the work of the WG on the legal aspects of space resource activities are making specific progress.","start":4257.281,"end":4266.803,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"A central topic was the legal framework for exploring, extracting, and using space resources, especially on the Moon. 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organized as is the case every year by the European Space Resources Innovation Center, the Luxembourg Space Agency, and the Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, will be held from 19 to 21 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worldwide experts from scientific, technical, commercial, legal, political, and financial 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of space resources will be talked about during the first day during a panel, which will be about the regulation of lunar activities and space resources, most notably.","start":4332.517,"end":4342.099,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"A central topic was the legal framework for exploring, extracting, and using space resources, especially on the Moon. 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Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4569.968,"end":4570.096},{"text":"are","start":4570.176,"end":4570.273},{"text":"grateful","start":4570.273,"end":4570.785},{"text":"to","start":4570.833,"end":4570.913},{"text":"the","start":4570.913,"end":4570.994},{"text":"delegations","start":4571.058,"end":4571.763},{"text":"for","start":4571.875,"end":4572.115},{"text":"ensuring","start":4572.115,"end":4572.564},{"text":"that","start":4572.676,"end":4572.836},{"text":"the","start":4572.836,"end":4572.916},{"text":"interests","start":4573.141,"end":4573.638},{"text":"of","start":4573.638,"end":4573.718},{"text":"future","start":4573.718,"end":4574.118},{"text":"generations","start":4574.198,"end":4575.048},{"text":"are","start":4575.464,"end":4575.641},{"text":"duly","start":4575.641,"end":4576.009},{"text":"considered","start":4576.041,"end":4576.762},{"text":"in","start":4577.227,"end":4577.291},{"text":"various","start":4577.403,"end":4577.948},{"text":"national","start":4577.948,"end":4578.333},{"text":"contributions,","start":4578.429,"end":4579.294},{"text":"and","start":4579.711,"end":4579.791},{"text":"thank","start":4579.871,"end":4580.063},{"text":"to","start":4580.111,"end":4580.207},{"text":"the—","start":4580.207,"end":4580.448},{"text":"thank","start":4580.768,"end":4581.153},{"text":"to","start":4581.153,"end":4581.201},{"text":"the","start":4581.249,"end":4581.393},{"text":"Bureau","start":4581.393,"end":4581.81},{"text":"of","start":4581.89,"end":4582.13},{"text":"the","start":4582.13,"end":4582.21},{"text":"Working","start":4582.274,"end":4582.579},{"text":"Group","start":4582.611,"end":4583.092},{"text":"for","start":4583.317,"end":4583.493},{"text":"reflecting","start":4583.493,"end":4584.183},{"text":"the","start":4584.761,"end":4584.857},{"text":"importance","start":4584.857,"end":4585.563},{"text":"of","start":4585.579,"end":4585.676},{"text":"sustainable","start":4585.676,"end":4586.318},{"text":"and","start":4586.382,"end":4586.462},{"text":"inclusive","start":4586.462,"end":4586.959},{"text":"exploration","start":4587.088,"end":4587.874},{"text":"and","start":4588.372,"end":4588.468},{"text":"use","start":4588.468,"end":4588.773},{"text":"of","start":4588.773,"end":4588.837},{"text":"outer","start":4588.933,"end":4589.174},{"text":"space","start":4589.174,"end":4589.656},{"text":"in","start":4589.736,"end":4589.816},{"text":"the","start":4589.816,"end":4589.864},{"text":"first","start":4589.912,"end":4590.297},{"text":"draft","start":4590.297,"end":4590.474},{"text":"principles.","start":4590.474,"end":4591.084}]},{"text":"We encourage the working group to draft an initial set of principles that can serve as key pillars, providing solid foundation for the iterative development of policies, standards, and laws based upon evolving understanding of the technological and economic realities of space resources.","start":4592.159,"end":4611.225,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"A central topic was the legal framework for exploring, extracting, and using space resources, especially on the Moon. 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Speakers stressed consistency with the Outer Space Treaty, sustainability, transparency, benefit-sharing, and limits to avoid de facto appropriation."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4611.996,"end":4612.124},{"text":"this","start":4612.124,"end":4612.317},{"text":"regard,","start":4612.317,"end":4612.766},{"text":"we","start":4612.783,"end":4612.879},{"text":"suggest","start":4612.879,"end":4613.473},{"text":"for","start":4613.489,"end":4613.666},{"text":"consideration","start":4613.666,"end":4614.517},{"text":"by","start":4614.613,"end":4614.79},{"text":"the","start":4614.79,"end":4614.934},{"text":"working","start":4614.934,"end":4615.271},{"text":"group:","start":4615.271,"end":4615.528},{"text":"first,","start":4615.897,"end":4616.395},{"text":"any","start":4616.941,"end":4617.086},{"text":"set","start":4617.118,"end":4617.407},{"text":"of","start":4617.423,"end":4617.567},{"text":"principles","start":4617.599,"end":4618.29},{"text":"related","start":4618.322,"end":4618.804},{"text":"to","start":4618.804,"end":4618.884},{"text":"space","start":4618.884,"end":4619.269},{"text":"resources","start":4619.269,"end":4619.895},{"text":"should","start":4620.233,"end":4620.441},{"text":"be","start":4620.489,"end":4620.57},{"text":"consistent","start":4620.634,"end":4621.501},{"text":"with","start":4621.694,"end":4621.838},{"text":"the","start":4621.838,"end":4621.999},{"text":"Outer","start":4622.015,"end":4622.256},{"text":"Space","start":4622.256,"end":4622.561},{"text":"Treaty","start":4622.721,"end":4623.026},{"text":"and","start":4623.604,"end":4623.669},{"text":"other","start":4623.781,"end":4624.022},{"text":"applicable","start":4624.022,"end":4624.584},{"text":"instruments","start":4624.584,"end":4625.226},{"text":"of","start":4625.29,"end":4625.387},{"text":"international","start":4625.387,"end":4625.981},{"text":"space","start":4626.029,"end":4626.494},{"text":"law","start":4626.494,"end":4626.623},{"text":"and","start":4626.832,"end":4626.896},{"text":"should","start":4626.912,"end":4627.233},{"text":"balance","start":4627.233,"end":4627.699},{"text":"the","start":4627.699,"end":4627.859},{"text":"interests","start":4627.875,"end":4628.582},{"text":"of","start":4628.582,"end":4628.678},{"text":"the","start":4628.678,"end":4628.823},{"text":"scientific","start":4628.823,"end":4629.32},{"text":"community","start":4629.32,"end":4629.93},{"text":"and","start":4630.428,"end":4630.508},{"text":"the","start":4630.525,"end":4630.669},{"text":"commercial","start":4630.669,"end":4631.103},{"text":"sector","start":4631.103,"end":4631.729},{"text":"to","start":4631.793,"end":4631.889},{"text":"facilitate","start":4631.889,"end":4632.772},{"text":"long-term,","start":4633.077,"end":4633.736},{"text":"sustainable,","start":4633.896,"end":4634.715},{"text":"and","start":4634.86,"end":4634.924},{"text":"safe","start":4634.94,"end":4635.406},{"text":"use","start":4635.582,"end":4635.806},{"text":"of","start":4635.806,"end":4635.967},{"text":"outer","start":4635.967,"end":4636.223},{"text":"space.","start":4636.223,"end":4636.704}]},{"text":"We continue to believe that adopting an open and flexible concept of space resources would ensure that the principles can withstand the testing of time.","start":4637.586,"end":4646.947,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"A central topic was the legal framework for exploring, extracting, and using space resources, especially on the Moon. Speakers stressed consistency with the Outer Space Treaty, sustainability, transparency, benefit-sharing, and limits to avoid de facto appropriation."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4637.586,"end":4637.746},{"text":"continue","start":4637.746,"end":4638.195},{"text":"to","start":4638.227,"end":4638.307},{"text":"believe","start":4638.307,"end":4638.724},{"text":"that","start":4638.852,"end":4639.093},{"text":"adopting","start":4639.093,"end":4639.557},{"text":"an","start":4639.734,"end":4639.782},{"text":"open","start":4639.974,"end":4640.279},{"text":"and","start":4640.311,"end":4640.391},{"text":"flexible","start":4640.391,"end":4640.952},{"text":"concept","start":4640.952,"end":4641.529},{"text":"of","start":4641.593,"end":4641.673},{"text":"space","start":4641.673,"end":4642.074},{"text":"resources","start":4642.074,"end":4642.763},{"text":"would","start":4643.116,"end":4643.325},{"text":"ensure","start":4643.421,"end":4643.918},{"text":"that","start":4644.318,"end":4644.479},{"text":"the","start":4644.479,"end":4644.559},{"text":"principles","start":4644.559,"end":4645.168},{"text":"can","start":4645.2,"end":4645.328},{"text":"withstand","start":4645.441,"end":4645.889},{"text":"the","start":4645.921,"end":4646.066},{"text":"testing","start":4646.066,"end":4646.37},{"text":"of","start":4646.547,"end":4646.611},{"text":"time.","start":4646.707,"end":4646.947}]},{"text":"Complementarily, to enhance their practical impact, we recommend drafting them in 2 parts: a general set applicable to all space resource activities and a subset specific to those conducted on the Moon, given the fact that at least the first decades of the space resource activities will be conducted on our natural satellite.","start":4647.749,"end":4668.316,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Activities and Environmental Protection","description":"Several interventions addressed the rapid growth of lunar activity and the need for rules to manage it responsibly. Issues included protecting the lunar environment, coordinating operations, safeguarding heritage and scientific sites, and preventing interference among missions."}],"words":[{"text":"Complementarily,","start":4647.749,"end":4648.534},{"text":"to","start":4648.711,"end":4648.855},{"text":"enhance","start":4648.871,"end":4649.352},{"text":"their","start":4649.352,"end":4649.528},{"text":"practical","start":4649.528,"end":4650.089},{"text":"impact,","start":4650.089,"end":4650.634},{"text":"we","start":4650.891,"end":4651.051},{"text":"recommend","start":4651.051,"end":4651.66},{"text":"drafting","start":4651.676,"end":4652.061},{"text":"them","start":4652.157,"end":4652.286},{"text":"in","start":4652.478,"end":4652.558},{"text":"2","start":4652.654,"end":4652.782},{"text":"parts:","start":4652.975,"end":4653.408},{"text":"a","start":4654.161,"end":4654.177},{"text":"general","start":4654.241,"end":4654.658},{"text":"set","start":4654.658,"end":4654.947},{"text":"applicable","start":4655.059,"end":4655.508},{"text":"to","start":4655.604,"end":4655.716},{"text":"all","start":4655.924,"end":4655.973},{"text":"space","start":4656.101,"end":4656.502},{"text":"resource","start":4656.502,"end":4656.886},{"text":"activities","start":4656.886,"end":4657.431},{"text":"and","start":4658.008,"end":4658.153},{"text":"a","start":4658.185,"end":4658.201},{"text":"subset","start":4658.201,"end":4658.874},{"text":"specific","start":4659.082,"end":4659.708},{"text":"to","start":4659.724,"end":4659.836},{"text":"those","start":4659.868,"end":4660.156},{"text":"conducted","start":4660.429,"end":4660.974},{"text":"on","start":4660.974,"end":4661.038},{"text":"the","start":4661.134,"end":4661.166},{"text":"Moon,","start":4661.166,"end":4661.599},{"text":"given","start":4661.792,"end":4662.001},{"text":"the","start":4662.097,"end":4662.193},{"text":"fact","start":4662.193,"end":4662.611},{"text":"that","start":4662.691,"end":4662.9},{"text":"at","start":4662.9,"end":4662.997},{"text":"least","start":4662.997,"end":4663.222},{"text":"the","start":4663.254,"end":4663.382},{"text":"first","start":4663.382,"end":4663.656},{"text":"decades","start":4663.656,"end":4664.089},{"text":"of","start":4664.266,"end":4664.314},{"text":"the","start":4664.427,"end":4664.523},{"text":"space","start":4664.523,"end":4664.941},{"text":"resource","start":4664.941,"end":4665.391},{"text":"activities","start":4665.391,"end":4665.937},{"text":"will","start":4666.114,"end":4666.178},{"text":"be","start":4666.275,"end":4666.436},{"text":"conducted","start":4666.436,"end":4666.982},{"text":"on","start":4667.078,"end":4667.159},{"text":"our","start":4667.159,"end":4667.319},{"text":"natural","start":4667.319,"end":4667.705},{"text":"satellite.","start":4667.737,"end":4668.316}]},{"text":"Second, we suggest a reference to Article 1 OST and its province principle to encourage all states to cooperate and be inclusive in their exploration and use of the Moon, and to engage in capacity building and benefit sharing activities to the greatest extent practical taking into particular account the needs of developing countries.","start":4669.489,"end":4691.076,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":4669.489,"end":4670.163},{"text":"we","start":4670.549,"end":4670.71},{"text":"suggest","start":4670.71,"end":4671.128},{"text":"a","start":4671.256,"end":4671.272},{"text":"reference","start":4671.272,"end":4671.786},{"text":"to","start":4671.835,"end":4671.963},{"text":"Article","start":4672.06,"end":4672.509},{"text":"1","start":4672.638,"end":4672.927},{"text":"OST","start":4673.104,"end":4673.538},{"text":"and","start":4674.068,"end":4674.165},{"text":"its","start":4674.165,"end":4674.261},{"text":"province","start":4674.39,"end":4674.759},{"text":"principle","start":4674.872,"end":4675.434},{"text":"to","start":4675.434,"end":4675.595},{"text":"encourage","start":4675.611,"end":4676.061},{"text":"all","start":4676.237,"end":4676.286},{"text":"states","start":4676.414,"end":4676.848},{"text":"to","start":4676.977,"end":4677.105},{"text":"cooperate","start":4677.121,"end":4677.78},{"text":"and","start":4677.78,"end":4677.844},{"text":"be","start":4677.941,"end":4678.15},{"text":"inclusive","start":4678.166,"end":4678.76},{"text":"in","start":4678.905,"end":4678.953},{"text":"their","start":4679.049,"end":4679.162},{"text":"exploration","start":4679.307,"end":4680.158},{"text":"and","start":4680.255,"end":4680.335},{"text":"use","start":4680.351,"end":4680.576},{"text":"of","start":4680.576,"end":4680.737},{"text":"the","start":4680.737,"end":4680.801},{"text":"Moon,","start":4680.801,"end":4681.122},{"text":"and","start":4681.62,"end":4681.685},{"text":"to","start":4681.717,"end":4681.845},{"text":"engage","start":4681.942,"end":4682.327},{"text":"in","start":4682.44,"end":4682.52},{"text":"capacity","start":4682.52,"end":4683.083},{"text":"building","start":4683.163,"end":4683.501},{"text":"and","start":4683.565,"end":4683.677},{"text":"benefit","start":4683.725,"end":4684.127},{"text":"sharing","start":4684.127,"end":4684.416},{"text":"activities","start":4684.513,"end":4685.059},{"text":"to","start":4685.493,"end":4685.622},{"text":"the","start":4685.638,"end":4685.734},{"text":"greatest","start":4685.734,"end":4686.28},{"text":"extent","start":4686.28,"end":4686.746},{"text":"practical","start":4686.779,"end":4687.293},{"text":"taking","start":4687.742,"end":4688.111},{"text":"into","start":4688.207,"end":4688.447},{"text":"particular","start":4688.447,"end":4688.96},{"text":"account","start":4689.025,"end":4689.521},{"text":"the","start":4689.521,"end":4689.602},{"text":"needs","start":4689.602,"end":4690.034},{"text":"of","start":4690.05,"end":4690.099},{"text":"developing","start":4690.147,"end":4690.515},{"text":"countries.","start":4690.547,"end":4691.076}]},{"text":"With a view to Article 2 OST, no actor should be allowed to exercise permanent and exclusive control over the territories of celestial bodies in any manner that can be regarded as equivalent to their de facto appropriation.","start":4692.135,"end":4707.107,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"A central topic was the legal framework for exploring, extracting, and using space resources, especially on the Moon. Speakers stressed consistency with the Outer Space Treaty, sustainability, transparency, benefit-sharing, and limits to avoid de facto appropriation."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":4692.135,"end":4692.295},{"text":"a","start":4692.295,"end":4692.311},{"text":"view","start":4692.375,"end":4692.68},{"text":"to","start":4692.712,"end":4692.84},{"text":"Article","start":4692.872,"end":4693.305},{"text":"2","start":4693.513,"end":4693.706},{"text":"OST,","start":4693.994,"end":4694.267},{"text":"no","start":4695.036,"end":4695.261},{"text":"actor","start":4695.341,"end":4695.677},{"text":"should","start":4695.677,"end":4695.918},{"text":"be","start":4695.918,"end":4695.998},{"text":"allowed","start":4696.142,"end":4696.367},{"text":"to","start":4696.479,"end":4696.623},{"text":"exercise","start":4696.703,"end":4697.168},{"text":"permanent","start":4697.28,"end":4697.826},{"text":"and","start":4697.826,"end":4697.906},{"text":"exclusive","start":4697.938,"end":4698.579},{"text":"control","start":4698.643,"end":4699.156},{"text":"over","start":4699.348,"end":4699.445},{"text":"the","start":4699.445,"end":4699.605},{"text":"territories","start":4699.605,"end":4700.134},{"text":"of","start":4700.262,"end":4700.374},{"text":"celestial","start":4700.39,"end":4700.968},{"text":"bodies","start":4700.968,"end":4701.416},{"text":"in","start":4701.913,"end":4701.978},{"text":"any","start":4702.154,"end":4702.266},{"text":"manner","start":4702.266,"end":4702.651},{"text":"that","start":4702.971,"end":4703.196},{"text":"can","start":4703.196,"end":4703.372},{"text":"be","start":4703.372,"end":4703.452},{"text":"regarded","start":4703.452,"end":4704.078},{"text":"as","start":4704.078,"end":4704.142},{"text":"equivalent","start":4704.19,"end":4704.799},{"text":"to","start":4704.895,"end":4705.039},{"text":"their","start":4705.055,"end":4705.312},{"text":"de","start":4705.536,"end":4705.617},{"text":"facto","start":4705.617,"end":4706.097},{"text":"appropriation.","start":4706.242,"end":4707.107}]},{"text":"Therefore, we recommend that all space resource activities should be limited in time and size depending on the nature of the resource pursued and taking into account the legitimate interests of operators.","start":4707.941,"end":4720.738,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"A central topic was the legal framework for exploring, extracting, and using space resources, especially on the Moon. Speakers stressed consistency with the Outer Space Treaty, sustainability, transparency, benefit-sharing, and limits to avoid de facto appropriation."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":4707.941,"end":4708.374},{"text":"we","start":4708.582,"end":4708.727},{"text":"recommend","start":4708.727,"end":4709.191},{"text":"that","start":4709.304,"end":4709.544},{"text":"all","start":4709.608,"end":4709.656},{"text":"space","start":4709.704,"end":4709.993},{"text":"resource","start":4710.105,"end":4710.522},{"text":"activities","start":4710.522,"end":4711.115},{"text":"should","start":4711.292,"end":4711.468},{"text":"be","start":4711.468,"end":4711.612},{"text":"limited","start":4711.612,"end":4712.157},{"text":"in","start":4712.189,"end":4712.237},{"text":"time","start":4712.334,"end":4712.606},{"text":"and","start":4712.67,"end":4712.814},{"text":"size","start":4712.814,"end":4713.199},{"text":"depending","start":4713.648,"end":4714.097},{"text":"on","start":4714.338,"end":4714.434},{"text":"the","start":4714.434,"end":4714.531},{"text":"nature","start":4714.531,"end":4715.044},{"text":"of","start":4715.06,"end":4715.156},{"text":"the","start":4715.156,"end":4715.252},{"text":"resource","start":4715.252,"end":4716.552},{"text":"pursued","start":4716.584,"end":4717.161},{"text":"and","start":4717.707,"end":4717.803},{"text":"taking","start":4717.803,"end":4718.156},{"text":"into","start":4718.204,"end":4718.396},{"text":"account","start":4718.445,"end":4718.862},{"text":"the","start":4718.862,"end":4718.942},{"text":"legitimate","start":4718.942,"end":4719.471},{"text":"interests","start":4719.551,"end":4719.952},{"text":"of","start":4720.049,"end":4720.145},{"text":"operators.","start":4720.193,"end":4720.738}]},{"text":"Third, in line with Article 4, paragraph 2 OST, we urge the Working Group to firmly uphold the principle that the Moon and other celestial bodies, including their natural resources, shall be used exclusively for peaceful purposes.","start":4721.637,"end":4737.181,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses and Non-Weaponization of Space","description":"Speakers repeatedly emphasized that outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. Related concerns included preventing conflict in space, avoiding an arms race, and condemning destructive anti-satellite behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":4721.637,"end":4722.022},{"text":"in","start":4722.359,"end":4722.423},{"text":"line","start":4722.535,"end":4722.808},{"text":"with","start":4722.856,"end":4723.016},{"text":"Article","start":4723.016,"end":4723.417},{"text":"4,","start":4723.417,"end":4723.61},{"text":"paragraph","start":4723.738,"end":4724.203},{"text":"2","start":4724.524,"end":4724.636},{"text":"OST,","start":4725.102,"end":4725.519},{"text":"we","start":4726.064,"end":4726.305},{"text":"urge","start":4726.385,"end":4726.706},{"text":"the","start":4726.786,"end":4726.946},{"text":"Working","start":4726.946,"end":4727.315},{"text":"Group","start":4727.347,"end":4727.604},{"text":"to","start":4727.604,"end":4727.732},{"text":"firmly","start":4727.732,"end":4728.117},{"text":"uphold","start":4728.214,"end":4728.711},{"text":"the","start":4728.711,"end":4728.791},{"text":"principle","start":4728.791,"end":4729.401},{"text":"that","start":4729.77,"end":4729.93},{"text":"the","start":4729.93,"end":4730.074},{"text":"Moon","start":4730.074,"end":4730.443},{"text":"and","start":4730.54,"end":4730.7},{"text":"other","start":4730.7,"end":4730.812},{"text":"celestial","start":4730.812,"end":4731.406},{"text":"bodies,","start":4731.518,"end":4731.887},{"text":"including","start":4732.096,"end":4732.513},{"text":"their","start":4732.561,"end":4732.705},{"text":"natural","start":4732.705,"end":4733.154},{"text":"resources,","start":4733.186,"end":4733.812},{"text":"shall","start":4734.325,"end":4734.614},{"text":"be","start":4734.646,"end":4734.791},{"text":"used","start":4734.791,"end":4735.143},{"text":"exclusively","start":4735.143,"end":4736.09},{"text":"for","start":4736.09,"end":4736.33},{"text":"peaceful","start":4736.33,"end":4736.683},{"text":"purposes.","start":4736.731,"end":4737.181}]},{"text":"Fourth, building upon Article 5 OST, and rescue and return agreement, we suggest that the principles declare the protection of human life as absolute priority for every lunar operation, and that it provides the— for the states to render all possible assistance to astronauts in distress, no matter their nationalities.","start":4738.079,"end":4759.255,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"Fourth,","start":4738.079,"end":4738.544},{"text":"building","start":4738.817,"end":4739.09},{"text":"upon","start":4739.282,"end":4739.507},{"text":"Article","start":4739.539,"end":4739.843},{"text":"5","start":4739.843,"end":4740.196},{"text":"OST,","start":4740.325,"end":4740.597},{"text":"and","start":4741.143,"end":4741.304},{"text":"rescue","start":4741.304,"end":4741.77},{"text":"and","start":4741.77,"end":4741.85},{"text":"return","start":4741.85,"end":4742.155},{"text":"agreement,","start":4742.251,"end":4742.91},{"text":"we","start":4743.215,"end":4743.327},{"text":"suggest","start":4743.327,"end":4744.017},{"text":"that","start":4744.017,"end":4744.178},{"text":"the","start":4744.178,"end":4744.258},{"text":"principles","start":4744.258,"end":4744.965},{"text":"declare","start":4744.997,"end":4745.398},{"text":"the","start":4745.398,"end":4745.543},{"text":"protection","start":4745.543,"end":4746.105},{"text":"of","start":4746.105,"end":4746.217},{"text":"human","start":4746.217,"end":4746.57},{"text":"life","start":4746.587,"end":4746.827},{"text":"as","start":4747.068,"end":4747.132},{"text":"absolute","start":4747.389,"end":4747.951},{"text":"priority","start":4747.951,"end":4748.578},{"text":"for","start":4748.931,"end":4749.059},{"text":"every","start":4749.236,"end":4749.461},{"text":"lunar","start":4749.493,"end":4749.958},{"text":"operation,","start":4750.039,"end":4750.825},{"text":"and","start":4751.243,"end":4751.307},{"text":"that","start":4751.339,"end":4751.741},{"text":"it","start":4751.741,"end":4751.821},{"text":"provides","start":4751.821,"end":4752.351},{"text":"the—","start":4752.447,"end":4752.704},{"text":"for","start":4753.025,"end":4753.186},{"text":"the","start":4753.186,"end":4753.282},{"text":"states","start":4753.282,"end":4753.732},{"text":"to","start":4753.812,"end":4753.892},{"text":"render","start":4753.892,"end":4754.197},{"text":"all","start":4754.374,"end":4754.438},{"text":"possible","start":4754.47,"end":4754.936},{"text":"assistance","start":4754.936,"end":4755.594},{"text":"to","start":4755.594,"end":4755.723},{"text":"astronauts","start":4755.819,"end":4756.285},{"text":"in","start":4756.381,"end":4756.493},{"text":"distress,","start":4756.493,"end":4757.12},{"text":"no","start":4757.521,"end":4757.601},{"text":"matter","start":4757.762,"end":4758.179},{"text":"their","start":4758.244,"end":4758.404},{"text":"nationalities.","start":4758.404,"end":4759.255}]},{"text":"Member states may consider towards this end to develop interoperable human life support system based on open international standards.","start":4759.994,"end":4767.925,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"Member","start":4759.994,"end":4760.251},{"text":"states","start":4760.251,"end":4760.636},{"text":"may","start":4760.636,"end":4760.7},{"text":"consider","start":4760.797,"end":4761.23},{"text":"towards","start":4761.23,"end":4761.696},{"text":"this","start":4761.696,"end":4761.921},{"text":"end","start":4762.001,"end":4762.145},{"text":"to","start":4762.177,"end":4762.322},{"text":"develop","start":4762.322,"end":4762.804},{"text":"interoperable","start":4762.82,"end":4763.526},{"text":"human","start":4763.526,"end":4763.992},{"text":"life","start":4764.185,"end":4764.409},{"text":"support","start":4764.409,"end":4764.907},{"text":"system","start":4764.907,"end":4765.453},{"text":"based","start":4765.469,"end":4765.614},{"text":"on","start":4765.854,"end":4765.935},{"text":"open","start":4766.176,"end":4766.561},{"text":"international","start":4766.657,"end":4767.267},{"text":"standards.","start":4767.299,"end":4767.925}]},{"text":"Fifth, we suggest that the principles define a mechanism for identifying internationally recognized heritage sites on the Moon, inviting all states to refrain from altering them to the greatest extent feasible and practicable.","start":4768.038,"end":4781.797,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Activities and Environmental Protection","description":"Several interventions addressed the rapid growth of lunar activity and the need for rules to manage it responsibly. Issues included protecting the lunar environment, coordinating operations, safeguarding heritage and scientific sites, and preventing interference among missions."}],"words":[{"text":"Fifth,","start":4768.038,"end":4769.242},{"text":"we","start":4769.483,"end":4769.579},{"text":"suggest","start":4769.579,"end":4770.125},{"text":"that","start":4770.125,"end":4770.237},{"text":"the","start":4770.269,"end":4770.366},{"text":"principles","start":4770.366,"end":4770.896},{"text":"define","start":4770.928,"end":4771.297},{"text":"a","start":4771.393,"end":4771.409},{"text":"mechanism","start":4771.409,"end":4772.1},{"text":"for","start":4772.116,"end":4772.324},{"text":"identifying","start":4772.517,"end":4773.143},{"text":"internationally","start":4773.32,"end":4773.994},{"text":"recognized","start":4773.994,"end":4774.508},{"text":"heritage","start":4774.524,"end":4774.941},{"text":"sites","start":4774.941,"end":4775.407},{"text":"on","start":4775.407,"end":4775.503},{"text":"the","start":4775.503,"end":4775.584},{"text":"Moon,","start":4775.584,"end":4775.873},{"text":"inviting","start":4776.45,"end":4776.916},{"text":"all","start":4777.093,"end":4777.141},{"text":"states","start":4777.253,"end":4777.831},{"text":"to","start":4777.831,"end":4777.911},{"text":"refrain","start":4777.911,"end":4778.345},{"text":"from","start":4778.393,"end":4778.586},{"text":"altering","start":4778.778,"end":4779.083},{"text":"them","start":4779.18,"end":4779.324},{"text":"to","start":4779.356,"end":4779.437},{"text":"the","start":4779.437,"end":4779.533},{"text":"greatest","start":4779.581,"end":4780.031},{"text":"extent","start":4780.079,"end":4780.528},{"text":"feasible","start":4780.56,"end":4781.09},{"text":"and","start":4781.122,"end":4781.187},{"text":"practicable.","start":4781.283,"end":4781.797}]},{"text":"To this end, we recommend complementing the principles with an evolving list of space resources that are internationally recognized as scarce, including appropriate preservation measures.","start":4782.471,"end":4793.051,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"A central topic was the legal framework for exploring, extracting, and using space resources, especially on the Moon. Speakers stressed consistency with the Outer Space Treaty, sustainability, transparency, benefit-sharing, and limits to avoid de facto appropriation."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":4782.471,"end":4782.567},{"text":"this","start":4782.567,"end":4782.84},{"text":"end,","start":4782.953,"end":4783.017},{"text":"we","start":4783.209,"end":4783.354},{"text":"recommend","start":4783.354,"end":4783.82},{"text":"complementing","start":4783.932,"end":4784.558},{"text":"the","start":4784.654,"end":4784.735},{"text":"principles","start":4784.735,"end":4785.345},{"text":"with","start":4785.698,"end":4785.858},{"text":"an","start":4785.858,"end":4785.955},{"text":"evolving","start":4785.955,"end":4786.388},{"text":"list","start":4786.501,"end":4786.693},{"text":"of","start":4786.806,"end":4786.87},{"text":"space","start":4786.886,"end":4787.239},{"text":"resources","start":4787.239,"end":4787.913},{"text":"that","start":4788.331,"end":4788.427},{"text":"are","start":4788.491,"end":4788.54},{"text":"internationally","start":4788.668,"end":4789.39},{"text":"recognized","start":4789.39,"end":4790},{"text":"as","start":4790.017,"end":4790.049},{"text":"scarce,","start":4790.049,"end":4790.546},{"text":"including","start":4790.932,"end":4791.365},{"text":"appropriate","start":4791.542,"end":4792.104},{"text":"preservation","start":4792.104,"end":4792.65},{"text":"measures.","start":4792.682,"end":4793.051}]},{"text":"We suggest updating this list on regular cadence to ensure its continued relevance based upon latest scientific and technological advancements.","start":4793.789,"end":4802.391,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"A central topic was the legal framework for exploring, extracting, and using space resources, especially on the Moon. Speakers stressed consistency with the Outer Space Treaty, sustainability, transparency, benefit-sharing, and limits to avoid de facto appropriation."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4793.789,"end":4793.901},{"text":"suggest","start":4793.901,"end":4794.495},{"text":"updating","start":4794.672,"end":4795.105},{"text":"this","start":4795.153,"end":4795.33},{"text":"list","start":4795.33,"end":4795.651},{"text":"on","start":4795.651,"end":4795.811},{"text":"regular","start":4795.811,"end":4796.196},{"text":"cadence","start":4796.196,"end":4796.806},{"text":"to","start":4797.159,"end":4797.255},{"text":"ensure","start":4797.32,"end":4797.721},{"text":"its","start":4797.721,"end":4797.897},{"text":"continued","start":4797.897,"end":4798.395},{"text":"relevance","start":4798.395,"end":4799.053},{"text":"based","start":4799.085,"end":4799.293},{"text":"upon","start":4799.342,"end":4799.855},{"text":"latest","start":4800.048,"end":4800.385},{"text":"scientific","start":4800.385,"end":4800.93},{"text":"and","start":4800.93,"end":4801.027},{"text":"technological","start":4801.027,"end":4801.653},{"text":"advancements.","start":4801.669,"end":4802.391}]},{"text":"Finally, based upon Article 9 OST, we urge to ensure that space resources are used with due regard to the corresponding interests of others, and especially future generations and developing nations.","start":4802.776,"end":4816,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"A central topic was the legal framework for exploring, extracting, and using space resources, especially on the Moon. 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Issues included protecting the lunar environment, coordinating operations, safeguarding heritage and scientific sites, and preventing interference among missions."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4816.593,"end":4816.818},{"text":"is","start":4816.818,"end":4816.882},{"text":"particularly","start":4816.995,"end":4817.556},{"text":"significant","start":4817.556,"end":4818.214},{"text":"to","start":4818.262,"end":4818.343},{"text":"regard","start":4818.359,"end":4818.776},{"text":"to","start":4818.776,"end":4818.856},{"text":"scarce","start":4818.856,"end":4819.338},{"text":"resources","start":4819.29,"end":4819.691},{"text":"and","start":4819.803,"end":4819.868},{"text":"special","start":4819.884,"end":4820.253},{"text":"locations","start":4820.269,"end":4820.975},{"text":"to","start":4821.393,"end":4821.473},{"text":"ensure","start":4821.553,"end":4822.003},{"text":"their","start":4822.196,"end":4822.372},{"text":"fair","start":4822.372,"end":4822.565},{"text":"and","start":4822.677,"end":4822.725},{"text":"sustainable","start":4822.725,"end":4823.303},{"text":"uses.","start":4823.4,"end":4823.705}]},{"text":"We also suggest that the principles encourage all states to proactively share essential information on their lunar activities required under the Article 11 OST.","start":4824.363,"end":4835.024,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Activities and Environmental Protection","description":"Several interventions addressed the rapid growth of lunar activity and the need for rules to manage it responsibly. 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I wish to briefly introduce the Outer Space Institute to the LSE.","start":4884.101,"end":4888.129,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":4884.101,"end":4884.502},{"text":"I","start":4884.582,"end":4884.694},{"text":"wish","start":4884.727,"end":4884.983},{"text":"to","start":4884.983,"end":4885.032},{"text":"briefly","start":4885.128,"end":4885.433},{"text":"introduce","start":4885.545,"end":4886.027},{"text":"the","start":4886.027,"end":4886.171},{"text":"Outer","start":4886.171,"end":4886.348},{"text":"Space","start":4886.348,"end":4886.749},{"text":"Institute","start":4886.749,"end":4887.295},{"text":"to","start":4887.295,"end":4887.455},{"text":"the","start":4887.455,"end":4887.599},{"text":"LSE.","start":4887.616,"end":4888.129}]},{"text":"The OSI was founded in 2018 as a global network of space experts united by their commitment to highly innovative transdisciplinary research that addresses grand challenges facing the continued exploration and use of outer 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OSI has more than 40 fellows currently from 4 continents, including natural scientists, engineers, social scientists, lawyers, industry leaders, and 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Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."},{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Activities and Environmental Protection","description":"Several interventions addressed the rapid growth of lunar activity and the need for rules to manage it responsibly. Issues included protecting the lunar environment, coordinating operations, safeguarding heritage and scientific sites, and preventing interference among missions."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4984.066,"end":4984.163},{"text":"non-binding","start":4984.163,"end":4984.761},{"text":"document","start":4984.858,"end":4985.343},{"text":"identified","start":4985.343,"end":4986.087},{"text":"that","start":4986.087,"end":4986.314},{"text":"other","start":4986.395,"end":4986.492},{"text":"actors","start":4986.492,"end":4986.831},{"text":"should","start":4986.831,"end":4987.057},{"text":"be","start":4987.057,"end":4987.138},{"text":"promptly","start":4987.138,"end":4987.558},{"text":"notified","start":4987.558,"end":4988.237},{"text":"of","start":4988.334,"end":4988.382},{"text":"a","start":4988.43,"end":4988.447},{"text":"safety","start":4988.447,"end":4988.77},{"text":"zone,","start":4988.834,"end":4989.125},{"text":"that","start":4989.545,"end":4989.642},{"text":"it","start":4989.642,"end":4989.707},{"text":"should","start":4989.707,"end":4989.868},{"text":"be","start":4989.868,"end":4989.965},{"text":"temporary,","start":4989.965,"end":4990.579},{"text":"and","start":4991.015,"end":4991.08},{"text":"that","start":4991.08,"end":4991.193},{"text":"its","start":4991.193,"end":4991.29},{"text":"size","start":4991.338,"end":4991.71},{"text":"and","start":4991.742,"end":4991.823},{"text":"scope","start":4991.823,"end":4992.146},{"text":"should","start":4992.146,"end":4992.308},{"text":"reflect","start":4992.308,"end":4992.695},{"text":"the","start":4992.695,"end":4992.728},{"text":"nature","start":4992.728,"end":4993.18},{"text":"of","start":4993.196,"end":4993.277},{"text":"the","start":4993.277,"end":4993.422},{"text":"operations","start":4993.422,"end":4994.133},{"text":"and","start":4994.23,"end":4994.295},{"text":"change","start":4994.327,"end":4994.796},{"text":"over","start":4994.796,"end":4994.989},{"text":"time.","start":4994.989,"end":4995.248}]},{"text":"Safety zones have long been used in the maritime context.","start":4997.06,"end":4999.693,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Safety","start":4997.06,"end":4997.27},{"text":"zones","start":4997.27,"end":4997.641},{"text":"have","start":4997.641,"end":4997.803},{"text":"long","start":4997.803,"end":4997.948},{"text":"been","start":4998.045,"end":4998.11},{"text":"used","start":4998.207,"end":4998.384},{"text":"in","start":4998.384,"end":4998.465},{"text":"the","start":4998.465,"end":4998.546},{"text":"maritime","start":4998.546,"end":4998.982},{"text":"context.","start":4999.095,"end":4999.693}]},{"text":"The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea allows coastal states to establish reasonable safety zones around artificial islands, installations, and structures within their 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zones.","start":4999.903,"end":5011.407,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4999.903,"end":5000},{"text":"UN","start":5000,"end":5000.21},{"text":"Convention","start":5000.307,"end":5000.857},{"text":"on","start":5000.889,"end":5000.937},{"text":"the","start":5000.97,"end":5001.115},{"text":"Law","start":5001.115,"end":5001.277},{"text":"of","start":5001.277,"end":5001.309},{"text":"the","start":5001.309,"end":5001.438},{"text":"Sea","start":5001.438,"end":5001.713},{"text":"allows","start":5001.778,"end":5001.988},{"text":"coastal","start":5002.085,"end":5002.408},{"text":"states","start":5002.424,"end":5002.731},{"text":"to","start":5002.731,"end":5002.763},{"text":"establish","start":5002.763,"end":5003.41},{"text":"reasonable","start":5003.34,"end":5003.711},{"text":"safety","start":5003.711,"end":5004.098},{"text":"zones","start":5004.098,"end":5004.469},{"text":"around","start":5004.905,"end":5005.276},{"text":"artificial","start":5005.372,"end":5005.937},{"text":"islands,","start":5005.937,"end":5006.324},{"text":"installations,","start":5006.437,"end":5007.099},{"text":"and","start":5007.163,"end":5007.244},{"text":"structures","start":5007.244,"end":5007.776},{"text":"within","start":5008.131,"end":5008.373},{"text":"their","start":5008.373,"end":5008.535},{"text":"200-nautical-mile","start":5008.535,"end":5010.051},{"text":"exclusive","start":5010.051,"end":5010.6},{"text":"economic","start":5010.697,"end":5011.1},{"text":"zones.","start":5011.1,"end":5011.407}]},{"text":"It also specifies that a zone may extend no more than 500 meters, that due notice is required, and that no interference may be caused to the use of recognized sea lanes essential to international navigation.","start":5012.068,"end":5023.549,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5012.068,"end":5012.149},{"text":"also","start":5012.149,"end":5012.407},{"text":"specifies","start":5012.407,"end":5012.94},{"text":"that","start":5012.94,"end":5013.052},{"text":"a","start":5013.052,"end":5013.084},{"text":"zone","start":5013.132,"end":5013.405},{"text":"may","start":5013.454,"end":5013.598},{"text":"extend","start":5013.598,"end":5014},{"text":"no","start":5014,"end":5014.113},{"text":"more","start":5014.113,"end":5014.338},{"text":"than","start":5014.338,"end":5014.466},{"text":"500","start":5014.498,"end":5014.996},{"text":"meters,","start":5014.996,"end":5015.43},{"text":"that","start":5015.784,"end":5015.944},{"text":"due","start":5015.944,"end":5016.185},{"text":"notice","start":5016.185,"end":5016.475},{"text":"is","start":5016.523,"end":5016.603},{"text":"required,","start":5016.651,"end":5017.198},{"text":"and","start":5017.31,"end":5017.375},{"text":"that","start":5017.391,"end":5017.503},{"text":"no","start":5017.632,"end":5017.792},{"text":"interference","start":5017.792,"end":5018.435},{"text":"may","start":5018.435,"end":5018.596},{"text":"be","start":5018.596,"end":5018.676},{"text":"caused","start":5018.74,"end":5019.062},{"text":"to","start":5019.062,"end":5019.174},{"text":"the","start":5019.174,"end":5019.319},{"text":"use","start":5019.319,"end":5019.672},{"text":"of","start":5020.187,"end":5020.267},{"text":"recognized","start":5020.267,"end":5020.765},{"text":"sea","start":5020.765,"end":5020.99},{"text":"lanes","start":5020.99,"end":5021.311},{"text":"essential","start":5021.569,"end":5022.035},{"text":"to","start":5022.035,"end":5022.195},{"text":"international","start":5022.26,"end":5022.856},{"text":"navigation.","start":5022.856,"end":5023.549}]},{"text":"In the lunar context, the OSI emphasizes that there is a need for both long- and short-term coordination measures.","start":5024.387,"end":5030.143,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. 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Issues included protecting the lunar environment, coordinating operations, safeguarding heritage and scientific sites, and preventing interference among missions."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5024.387,"end":5024.436},{"text":"the","start":5024.468,"end":5024.613},{"text":"lunar","start":5024.613,"end":5024.871},{"text":"context,","start":5024.935,"end":5025.532},{"text":"the","start":5025.58,"end":5025.725},{"text":"OSI","start":5025.822,"end":5026.209},{"text":"emphasizes","start":5026.322,"end":5026.853},{"text":"that","start":5026.95,"end":5027.095},{"text":"there","start":5027.111,"end":5027.24},{"text":"is","start":5027.273,"end":5027.337},{"text":"a","start":5027.434,"end":5027.45},{"text":"need","start":5027.45,"end":5027.756},{"text":"for","start":5027.756,"end":5027.853},{"text":"both","start":5027.853,"end":5028.095},{"text":"long-","start":5028.159,"end":5028.385},{"text":"and","start":5028.498,"end":5028.578},{"text":"short-term","start":5028.578,"end":5029.142},{"text":"coordination","start":5029.26,"end":5029.773},{"text":"measures.","start":5029.773,"end":5030.143}]},{"text":"However, a single safety zone model that attempts to address all coordination challenges at once could easily exceed reasonable safety needs and unnecessarily encroach on the freedom of exploration and use of other space actors.","start":5030.64,"end":5043.469,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."},{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Activities and Environmental Protection","description":"Several interventions addressed the rapid growth of lunar activity and the need for rules to manage it responsibly. 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Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":5305.661,"end":5305.87},{"text":"signals,","start":5305.966,"end":5306.432},{"text":"even","start":5306.689,"end":5306.962},{"text":"when","start":5307.011,"end":5307.075},{"text":"unintentional,","start":5307.252,"end":5308.168},{"text":"can","start":5308.617,"end":5308.859},{"text":"create","start":5308.859,"end":5309.132},{"text":"significant","start":5309.132,"end":5309.903},{"text":"interference","start":5309.903,"end":5310.739},{"text":"that","start":5310.803,"end":5311.044},{"text":"undermines","start":5311.044,"end":5311.606},{"text":"our","start":5311.622,"end":5311.687},{"text":"ability","start":5311.687,"end":5312.217},{"text":"to","start":5312.49,"end":5312.635},{"text":"collect","start":5312.635,"end":5313.036},{"text":"clean","start":5313.036,"end":5313.326},{"text":"astronomical","start":5313.518,"end":5314.177},{"text":"data.","start":5314.177,"end":5314.611}]},{"text":"As the number of satellites and general level activity in space increases, it becomes increasingly important to ensure that their operations do not disrupt or negatively impact critical scientific infrastructure.","start":5315.945,"end":5330.404,"topics":[{"key":"science-protection","label":"Protection of Scientific Research and Astronomy","description":"Some speakers stressed the need to preserve outer space and the Moon as environments for scientific research. Concerns included planetary protection, biological contamination, radio-frequency interference, and the impact of satellites and lunar activities on astronomy and other scientific observations."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5315.945,"end":5316.073},{"text":"the","start":5316.089,"end":5316.138},{"text":"number","start":5316.138,"end":5316.33},{"text":"of","start":5316.411,"end":5316.507},{"text":"satellites","start":5316.507,"end":5317.391},{"text":"and","start":5317.391,"end":5317.536},{"text":"general","start":5317.536,"end":5317.857},{"text":"level","start":5317.857,"end":5318.307},{"text":"activity","start":5318.901,"end":5319.448},{"text":"in","start":5319.48,"end":5319.528},{"text":"space","start":5319.576,"end":5320.074},{"text":"increases,","start":5320.107,"end":5320.814},{"text":"it","start":5321.408,"end":5321.553},{"text":"becomes","start":5321.553,"end":5321.906},{"text":"increasingly","start":5322.18,"end":5322.663},{"text":"important","start":5322.696,"end":5323.583},{"text":"to","start":5323.647,"end":5323.728},{"text":"ensure","start":5323.744,"end":5324.083},{"text":"that","start":5324.147,"end":5324.26},{"text":"their","start":5324.292,"end":5324.453},{"text":"operations","start":5324.453,"end":5325.163},{"text":"do","start":5325.195,"end":5325.34},{"text":"not","start":5325.34,"end":5325.598},{"text":"disrupt","start":5325.598,"end":5326.34},{"text":"or","start":5326.792,"end":5326.824},{"text":"negatively","start":5326.824,"end":5327.453},{"text":"impact","start":5327.598,"end":5328.114},{"text":"critical","start":5328.179,"end":5328.679},{"text":"scientific","start":5328.679,"end":5329.469},{"text":"infrastructure.","start":5329.566,"end":5330.404}]},{"text":"This concern is not unique to SKAO but reflects a broader need to balance commercial and scientific uses of space.","start":5331.48,"end":5339.057,"topics":[{"key":"science-protection","label":"Protection of Scientific Research and Astronomy","description":"Some speakers stressed the need to preserve outer space and the Moon as environments for scientific research. Concerns included planetary protection, biological contamination, radio-frequency interference, and the impact of satellites and lunar activities on astronomy and other scientific observations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5331.48,"end":5331.593},{"text":"concern","start":5331.593,"end":5332.11},{"text":"is","start":5332.158,"end":5332.207},{"text":"not","start":5332.304,"end":5332.433},{"text":"unique","start":5332.546,"end":5333.047},{"text":"to","start":5333.047,"end":5333.192},{"text":"SKAO","start":5333.289,"end":5333.531},{"text":"but","start":5334.501,"end":5334.614},{"text":"reflects","start":5334.646,"end":5335.034},{"text":"a","start":5335.082,"end":5335.147},{"text":"broader","start":5335.147,"end":5335.551},{"text":"need","start":5335.551,"end":5335.874},{"text":"to","start":5335.874,"end":5335.955},{"text":"balance","start":5335.955,"end":5336.424},{"text":"commercial","start":5336.424,"end":5337.037},{"text":"and","start":5337.248,"end":5337.312},{"text":"scientific","start":5337.344,"end":5338.152},{"text":"uses","start":5338.201,"end":5338.621},{"text":"of","start":5338.621,"end":5338.669},{"text":"space.","start":5338.702,"end":5339.057}]},{"text":"We therefore propose that any legal models under consideration to govern the exploitation of space resources should acknowledge the growing impact of satellite-based emissions on passive scientific services, which include radio astronomy, and should incorporate safeguards and coordination mechanisms to minimize electromagnetic interference.","start":5340.7,"end":5363.9,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"A central topic was the legal framework for exploring, extracting, and using space resources, especially on the Moon. Speakers stressed consistency with the Outer Space Treaty, sustainability, transparency, benefit-sharing, and limits to avoid de facto appropriation."},{"key":"science-protection","label":"Protection of Scientific Research and Astronomy","description":"Some speakers stressed the need to preserve outer space and the Moon as environments for scientific research. Concerns included planetary protection, biological contamination, radio-frequency interference, and the impact of satellites and lunar activities on astronomy and other scientific observations."},{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5340.7,"end":5340.812},{"text":"therefore","start":5340.812,"end":5341.295},{"text":"propose","start":5341.295,"end":5341.826},{"text":"that","start":5342.422,"end":5342.647},{"text":"any","start":5342.647,"end":5342.824},{"text":"legal","start":5342.824,"end":5343.146},{"text":"models","start":5343.146,"end":5343.548},{"text":"under","start":5343.548,"end":5343.773},{"text":"consideration","start":5343.773,"end":5344.643},{"text":"to","start":5345.077,"end":5345.206},{"text":"govern","start":5345.222,"end":5345.447},{"text":"the","start":5345.463,"end":5345.608},{"text":"exploitation","start":5345.624,"end":5346.542},{"text":"of","start":5346.542,"end":5346.622},{"text":"space","start":5346.622,"end":5347.073},{"text":"resources","start":5347.073,"end":5347.379},{"text":"should","start":5348.222,"end":5348.527},{"text":"acknowledge","start":5348.527,"end":5349.072},{"text":"the","start":5349.264,"end":5349.345},{"text":"growing","start":5349.345,"end":5349.633},{"text":"impact","start":5349.729,"end":5350.242},{"text":"of","start":5350.387,"end":5350.467},{"text":"satellite-based","start":5350.467,"end":5351.348},{"text":"emissions","start":5351.348,"end":5351.877},{"text":"on","start":5352.054,"end":5352.15},{"text":"passive","start":5352.15,"end":5352.599},{"text":"scientific","start":5352.615,"end":5353.352},{"text":"services,","start":5353.352,"end":5353.961},{"text":"which","start":5354.458,"end":5354.522},{"text":"include","start":5354.635,"end":5355.116},{"text":"radio","start":5355.116,"end":5355.5},{"text":"astronomy,","start":5355.5,"end":5356.045},{"text":"and","start":5357.103,"end":5357.167},{"text":"should","start":5357.183,"end":5357.376},{"text":"incorporate","start":5357.424,"end":5358.033},{"text":"safeguards","start":5358.081,"end":5358.851},{"text":"and","start":5359.123,"end":5359.187},{"text":"coordination","start":5359.267,"end":5360.069},{"text":"mechanisms","start":5360.069,"end":5360.774},{"text":"to","start":5361.271,"end":5361.367},{"text":"minimize","start":5361.367,"end":5361.977},{"text":"electromagnetic","start":5362.249,"end":5363.227},{"text":"interference.","start":5363.275,"end":5363.9}]},{"text":"These could include a global framework to protect observations of international scientific value, the establishment of radio quiet zones in spaces such as the one in the shielded zone of the Moon, strengthened frequency coordination through the ITU, development of unintended emission limits and standards, and the introduction of impact assessments on dark and quiet skies as part of mission planning and approval processes.","start":5365.215,"end":5393.267,"topics":[{"key":"science-protection","label":"Protection of Scientific Research and Astronomy","description":"Some speakers stressed the need to preserve outer space and the Moon as environments for scientific research. Concerns included planetary protection, biological contamination, radio-frequency interference, and the impact of satellites and lunar activities on astronomy and other scientific observations."},{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Activities and Environmental Protection","description":"Several interventions addressed the rapid growth of lunar activity and the need for rules to manage it responsibly. Issues included protecting the lunar environment, coordinating operations, safeguarding heritage and scientific sites, and preventing interference among missions."},{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":5365.215,"end":5365.343},{"text":"could","start":5365.455,"end":5365.599},{"text":"include","start":5365.599,"end":5366.08},{"text":"a","start":5366.08,"end":5366.096},{"text":"global","start":5366.16,"end":5366.513},{"text":"framework","start":5366.513,"end":5367.218},{"text":"to","start":5367.218,"end":5367.315},{"text":"protect","start":5367.315,"end":5367.86},{"text":"observations","start":5367.86,"end":5368.709},{"text":"of","start":5368.902,"end":5368.998},{"text":"international","start":5368.998,"end":5369.559},{"text":"scientific","start":5369.559,"end":5370.2},{"text":"value,","start":5370.248,"end":5370.553},{"text":"the","start":5371.547,"end":5371.595},{"text":"establishment","start":5371.627,"end":5372.525},{"text":"of","start":5372.525,"end":5372.653},{"text":"radio","start":5372.653,"end":5373.054},{"text":"quiet","start":5373.07,"end":5373.39},{"text":"zones","start":5373.39,"end":5373.839},{"text":"in","start":5373.871,"end":5374.08},{"text":"spaces","start":5374.08,"end":5374.481},{"text":"such","start":5374.513,"end":5374.914},{"text":"as","start":5374.914,"end":5374.995},{"text":"the","start":5374.995,"end":5375.139},{"text":"one","start":5375.139,"end":5375.268},{"text":"in","start":5375.316,"end":5375.364},{"text":"the","start":5375.46,"end":5375.492},{"text":"shielded","start":5375.492,"end":5375.974},{"text":"zone","start":5375.974,"end":5376.311},{"text":"of","start":5376.343,"end":5376.392},{"text":"the","start":5376.44,"end":5376.52},{"text":"Moon,","start":5376.52,"end":5376.729},{"text":"strengthened","start":5377.885,"end":5378.527},{"text":"frequency","start":5378.527,"end":5379.089},{"text":"coordination","start":5379.169,"end":5379.94},{"text":"through","start":5379.988,"end":5380.213},{"text":"the","start":5380.213,"end":5380.358},{"text":"ITU,","start":5380.438,"end":5381.096},{"text":"development","start":5382.076,"end":5382.718},{"text":"of","start":5382.718,"end":5382.846},{"text":"unintended","start":5382.846,"end":5383.441},{"text":"emission","start":5383.441,"end":5383.906},{"text":"limits","start":5383.906,"end":5384.372},{"text":"and","start":5384.372,"end":5384.468},{"text":"standards,","start":5384.468,"end":5385.078},{"text":"and","start":5385.833,"end":5385.897},{"text":"the","start":5385.913,"end":5386.074},{"text":"introduction","start":5386.074,"end":5386.812},{"text":"of","start":5387.037,"end":5387.182},{"text":"impact","start":5387.182,"end":5387.615},{"text":"assessments","start":5387.615,"end":5388.354},{"text":"on","start":5388.547,"end":5388.611},{"text":"dark","start":5388.643,"end":5388.964},{"text":"and","start":5388.964,"end":5389.044},{"text":"quiet","start":5389.044,"end":5389.365},{"text":"skies","start":5389.365,"end":5389.895},{"text":"as","start":5390.329,"end":5390.377},{"text":"part","start":5390.409,"end":5390.73},{"text":"of","start":5390.73,"end":5390.81},{"text":"mission","start":5390.81,"end":5391.18},{"text":"planning","start":5391.196,"end":5391.501},{"text":"and","start":5392.079,"end":5392.175},{"text":"approval","start":5392.175,"end":5392.657},{"text":"processes.","start":5392.657,"end":5393.267}]},{"text":"Legal models should also permit— promote transparency in satellite operations Particularly with respect to frequency usage and emissions, which would allow for early identification and mitigation of potential interference.","start":5394.648,"end":5408.985,"topics":[{"key":"science-protection","label":"Protection of Scientific Research and Astronomy","description":"Some speakers stressed the need to preserve outer space and the Moon as environments for scientific research. Concerns included planetary protection, biological contamination, radio-frequency interference, and the impact of satellites and lunar activities on astronomy and other scientific observations."},{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."}],"words":[{"text":"Legal","start":5394.648,"end":5394.921},{"text":"models","start":5394.921,"end":5395.355},{"text":"should","start":5395.387,"end":5395.611},{"text":"also","start":5395.611,"end":5395.868},{"text":"permit—","start":5395.949,"end":5396.334},{"text":"promote","start":5396.671,"end":5397.153},{"text":"transparency","start":5397.153,"end":5398.004},{"text":"in","start":5398.261,"end":5398.325},{"text":"satellite","start":5398.357,"end":5398.919},{"text":"operations","start":5398.919,"end":5399.61},{"text":"Particularly","start":5400.203,"end":5400.749},{"text":"with","start":5400.749,"end":5400.862},{"text":"respect","start":5400.862,"end":5401.391},{"text":"to","start":5401.391,"end":5401.424},{"text":"frequency","start":5401.472,"end":5402.066},{"text":"usage","start":5402.194,"end":5402.66},{"text":"and","start":5403.157,"end":5403.238},{"text":"emissions,","start":5403.318,"end":5403.783},{"text":"which","start":5404.281,"end":5404.425},{"text":"would","start":5404.441,"end":5404.538},{"text":"allow","start":5404.538,"end":5404.714},{"text":"for","start":5404.779,"end":5405.084},{"text":"early","start":5405.084,"end":5405.324},{"text":"identification","start":5405.324,"end":5406.432},{"text":"and","start":5406.769,"end":5406.817},{"text":"mitigation","start":5406.817,"end":5407.572},{"text":"of","start":5407.572,"end":5407.636},{"text":"potential","start":5407.668,"end":5408.166},{"text":"interference.","start":5408.166,"end":5408.985}]},{"text":"These approaches could foster a culture of respect and coexistence between commercial actors and the scientific community, providing legal certainty to support the parallel developments of both sectors.","start":5410.237,"end":5422.565,"topics":[{"key":"science-protection","label":"Protection of Scientific Research and Astronomy","description":"Some speakers stressed the need to preserve outer space and the Moon as environments for scientific research. Concerns included planetary protection, biological contamination, radio-frequency interference, and the impact of satellites and lunar activities on astronomy and other scientific observations."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":5410.237,"end":5410.445},{"text":"approaches","start":5410.477,"end":5410.975},{"text":"could","start":5411.039,"end":5411.248},{"text":"foster","start":5411.264,"end":5411.601},{"text":"a","start":5411.601,"end":5411.746},{"text":"culture","start":5411.746,"end":5412.131},{"text":"of","start":5412.147,"end":5412.243},{"text":"respect","start":5412.243,"end":5412.853},{"text":"and","start":5413.11,"end":5413.287},{"text":"coexistence","start":5413.287,"end":5414.314},{"text":"between","start":5414.314,"end":5414.619},{"text":"commercial","start":5414.651,"end":5415.213},{"text":"actors","start":5415.277,"end":5415.663},{"text":"and","start":5416.096,"end":5416.16},{"text":"the","start":5416.241,"end":5416.273},{"text":"scientific","start":5416.273,"end":5416.963},{"text":"community,","start":5416.963,"end":5417.509},{"text":"providing","start":5418.183,"end":5418.632},{"text":"legal","start":5418.729,"end":5419.034},{"text":"certainty","start":5419.066,"end":5419.676},{"text":"to","start":5419.772,"end":5419.869},{"text":"support","start":5419.869,"end":5420.27},{"text":"the","start":5420.27,"end":5420.35},{"text":"parallel","start":5420.35,"end":5420.832},{"text":"developments","start":5420.832,"end":5421.49},{"text":"of","start":5421.57,"end":5421.683},{"text":"both","start":5421.715,"end":5421.923},{"text":"sectors.","start":5421.955,"end":5422.565}]},{"text":"Such measures will help ensure that the advancement of space research resources does not come at the cost of scientific discovery.","start":5423.978,"end":5430.193,"topics":[{"key":"science-protection","label":"Protection of Scientific Research and Astronomy","description":"Some speakers stressed the need to preserve outer space and the Moon as environments for scientific research. Concerns included planetary protection, biological contamination, radio-frequency interference, and the impact of satellites and lunar activities on astronomy and other scientific observations."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":5423.978,"end":5424.251},{"text":"measures","start":5424.283,"end":5424.652},{"text":"will","start":5424.749,"end":5424.829},{"text":"help","start":5424.829,"end":5425.086},{"text":"ensure","start":5425.086,"end":5425.503},{"text":"that","start":5425.503,"end":5425.648},{"text":"the","start":5425.648,"end":5425.744},{"text":"advancement","start":5425.744,"end":5426.322},{"text":"of","start":5426.37,"end":5426.45},{"text":"space","start":5426.45,"end":5426.659},{"text":"research","start":5426.659,"end":5427.06},{"text":"resources","start":5426.82,"end":5427.313},{"text":"does","start":5427.428,"end":5427.56},{"text":"not","start":5427.593,"end":5427.84},{"text":"come","start":5427.84,"end":5428.037},{"text":"at","start":5428.251,"end":5428.317},{"text":"the","start":5428.399,"end":5428.498},{"text":"cost","start":5428.498,"end":5428.86},{"text":"of","start":5428.893,"end":5428.975},{"text":"scientific","start":5428.975,"end":5429.65},{"text":"discovery.","start":5429.65,"end":5430.193}]},{"text":"In furtherance of the SKO's position regarding the need for practical legal frameworks, the Observatory, together with ENUSA, will be organizing a workshop in December this year here in Vienna.","start":5431.76,"end":5442.507,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5431.76,"end":5431.792},{"text":"furtherance","start":5431.792,"end":5432.357},{"text":"of","start":5432.357,"end":5432.437},{"text":"the","start":5432.437,"end":5432.599},{"text":"SKO's","start":5432.599,"end":5433.148},{"text":"position","start":5433.148,"end":5433.696},{"text":"regarding","start":5433.729,"end":5434.181},{"text":"the","start":5434.213,"end":5434.294},{"text":"need","start":5434.294,"end":5434.504},{"text":"for","start":5434.536,"end":5434.681},{"text":"practical","start":5434.697,"end":5435.149},{"text":"legal","start":5435.181,"end":5435.504},{"text":"frameworks,","start":5435.504,"end":5436.215},{"text":"the","start":5436.715,"end":5436.86},{"text":"Observatory,","start":5436.86,"end":5437.49},{"text":"together","start":5437.603,"end":5437.926},{"text":"with","start":5437.99,"end":5438.152},{"text":"ENUSA,","start":5438.152,"end":5438.733},{"text":"will","start":5438.894,"end":5439.055},{"text":"be","start":5439.055,"end":5439.12},{"text":"organizing","start":5439.281,"end":5439.83},{"text":"a","start":5439.863,"end":5439.927},{"text":"workshop","start":5439.927,"end":5440.444},{"text":"in","start":5440.444,"end":5440.508},{"text":"December","start":5440.508,"end":5440.896},{"text":"this","start":5440.912,"end":5441.026},{"text":"year","start":5441.156,"end":5441.417},{"text":"here","start":5441.563,"end":5441.824},{"text":"in","start":5441.889,"end":5442.035},{"text":"Vienna.","start":5442.035,"end":5442.507}]},{"text":"A day will be dedicated to legal and regulatory matters, and there will be additional sessions to enable capacity building in these areas.","start":5443.435,"end":5451.575,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. 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distinguished delegates, given the sad death of Chair Andres Mistral, my delegation would like to express its 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supports the continuity of this group in the hands of its Vice Chair, Professor Freeland.","start":5738.717,"end":5743.5,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5738.717,"end":5738.765},{"text":"supports","start":5738.765,"end":5739.168},{"text":"the","start":5739.2,"end":5739.377},{"text":"continuity","start":5739.377,"end":5740.311},{"text":"of","start":5740.488,"end":5740.633},{"text":"this","start":5740.649,"end":5740.778},{"text":"group","start":5740.907,"end":5741.1},{"text":"in","start":5741.294,"end":5741.358},{"text":"the","start":5741.374,"end":5741.455},{"text":"hands","start":5741.455,"end":5741.728},{"text":"of","start":5741.728,"end":5741.809},{"text":"its","start":5741.809,"end":5742.018},{"text":"Vice","start":5742.018,"end":5742.276},{"text":"Chair,","start":5742.276,"end":5742.501},{"text":"Professor","start":5742.517,"end":5742.936},{"text":"Freeland.","start":5743,"end":5743.5}]},{"text":"Thank 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Argentina.","start":5747.509,"end":5750.924,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5747.509,"end":5747.767},{"text":"you","start":5747.767,"end":5747.912},{"text":"to","start":5747.912,"end":5748.057},{"text":"the","start":5748.057,"end":5748.153},{"text":"distinguished","start":5748.153,"end":5748.862},{"text":"representative","start":5748.862,"end":5749.652},{"text":"of","start":5749.7,"end":5749.893},{"text":"Argentina.","start":5749.99,"end":5750.924}]},{"text":"That brings us to the end of Agenda Item 8 for today.","start":5751.778,"end":5758.337,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":5751.778,"end":5752.116},{"text":"brings","start":5752.165,"end":5752.471},{"text":"us","start":5752.648,"end":5752.713},{"text":"to","start":5753.695,"end":5753.953},{"text":"the","start":5753.953,"end":5754.146},{"text":"end","start":5754.42,"end":5754.807},{"text":"of","start":5754.984,"end":5755.129},{"text":"Agenda","start":5756.66,"end":5756.998},{"text":"Item","start":5757.079,"end":5757.369},{"text":"8","start":5757.482,"end":5757.724},{"text":"for","start":5757.724,"end":5757.966},{"text":"today.","start":5757.966,"end":5758.337}]},{"text":"So now We will start with agenda item 9, the exchange of views on legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and remediation measures, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.","start":5761.062,"end":5785.527,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5761.062,"end":5761.352},{"text":"now","start":5761.352,"end":5761.481},{"text":"We","start":5764.584,"end":5764.776},{"text":"will","start":5764.809,"end":5765.226},{"text":"start","start":5765.644,"end":5766.27},{"text":"with","start":5766.27,"end":5766.591},{"text":"agenda","start":5766.591,"end":5767.073},{"text":"item","start":5767.218,"end":5767.603},{"text":"9,","start":5768.358,"end":5768.727},{"text":"the","start":5770.189,"end":5770.398},{"text":"exchange","start":5771.088,"end":5771.779},{"text":"of","start":5772.213,"end":5772.341},{"text":"views","start":5772.373,"end":5772.662},{"text":"on","start":5773.722,"end":5773.787},{"text":"legal","start":5773.963,"end":5774.285},{"text":"mechanisms","start":5774.285,"end":5775.072},{"text":"relating","start":5775.168,"end":5775.634},{"text":"to","start":5775.746,"end":5775.907},{"text":"space","start":5775.907,"end":5776.453},{"text":"debris","start":5776.453,"end":5776.903},{"text":"mitigation","start":5777.288,"end":5778.027},{"text":"and","start":5778.621,"end":5778.926},{"text":"remediation","start":5779.199,"end":5780.131},{"text":"measures,","start":5780.163,"end":5780.613},{"text":"taking","start":5781.03,"end":5781.416},{"text":"into","start":5781.512,"end":5781.721},{"text":"account","start":5781.769,"end":5782.122},{"text":"the","start":5782.171,"end":5782.331},{"text":"work","start":5782.331,"end":5782.636},{"text":"of","start":5782.717,"end":5782.829},{"text":"the","start":5782.829,"end":5782.909},{"text":"Scientific","start":5782.909,"end":5783.761},{"text":"and","start":5783.841,"end":5784.001},{"text":"Technical","start":5784.001,"end":5784.58},{"text":"Subcommittee.","start":5784.58,"end":5785.527}]},{"text":"I will now go on to the list of speakers.","start":5786.411,"end":5788.097,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5786.411,"end":5786.491},{"text":"will","start":5786.491,"end":5786.587},{"text":"now","start":5786.587,"end":5786.7},{"text":"go","start":5786.748,"end":5786.876},{"text":"on","start":5786.892,"end":5786.941},{"text":"to","start":5786.989,"end":5787.133},{"text":"the","start":5787.133,"end":5787.23},{"text":"list","start":5787.23,"end":5787.535},{"text":"of","start":5787.535,"end":5787.631},{"text":"speakers.","start":5787.631,"end":5788.097}]},{"text":"The first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Kenya on behalf of G77 and 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Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":5801.102,"end":5801.522},{"text":"the","start":5801.733,"end":5801.797},{"text":"issue","start":5801.911,"end":5802.186},{"text":"of","start":5802.218,"end":5802.266},{"text":"space","start":5802.315,"end":5802.736},{"text":"debris,","start":5802.736,"end":5803.108},{"text":"its","start":5803.14,"end":5803.351},{"text":"proliferation,","start":5803.351,"end":5804.127},{"text":"and","start":5804.24,"end":5804.321},{"text":"challenges","start":5804.402,"end":5804.871},{"text":"posed","start":5805.049,"end":5805.357},{"text":"by","start":5805.47,"end":5805.583},{"text":"its","start":5805.632,"end":5805.988},{"text":"removal","start":5806.02,"end":5806.554},{"text":"are","start":5806.91,"end":5806.991},{"text":"a","start":5806.991,"end":5807.007},{"text":"growing","start":5807.152,"end":5807.379},{"text":"concern—","start":5807.492,"end":5808.025},{"text":"cause","start":5808.381,"end":5808.591},{"text":"for","start":5808.705,"end":5808.85},{"text":"concern","start":5808.85,"end":5809.303},{"text":"in","start":5809.432,"end":5809.513},{"text":"the","start":5809.513,"end":5809.594},{"text":"space","start":5809.594,"end":5809.949},{"text":"environment.","start":5810.079,"end":5810.823}]},{"text":"The group reiterates the need to take active measures to reduce pollution in the Earth's orbit and prevent accidents— accidental collisions of debris with space objects.","start":5811.291,"end":5821.761,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5836.436,"end":5836.5},{"text":"this","start":5836.533,"end":5836.773},{"text":"regard,","start":5836.773,"end":5837.223},{"text":"the","start":5837.496,"end":5837.656},{"text":"concept","start":5837.656,"end":5838.122},{"text":"of","start":5838.122,"end":5838.218},{"text":"mitigation","start":5838.218,"end":5838.877},{"text":"and","start":5838.925,"end":5839.085},{"text":"remediation","start":5839.085,"end":5839.76},{"text":"of","start":5839.76,"end":5839.872},{"text":"space","start":5839.888,"end":5840.209},{"text":"debris","start":5840.209,"end":5840.579},{"text":"in","start":5840.627,"end":5840.675},{"text":"the","start":5840.707,"end":5840.852},{"text":"form","start":5840.852,"end":5841.06},{"text":"of","start":5841.109,"end":5841.269},{"text":"removal","start":5841.269,"end":5841.815},{"text":"of","start":5841.815,"end":5841.96},{"text":"debris","start":5842.008,"end":5842.184},{"text":"appears","start":5842.954,"end":5843.323},{"text":"to","start":5843.435,"end":5843.564},{"text":"be","start":5843.596,"end":5843.788},{"text":"viable—","start":5843.917,"end":5844.526},{"text":"a","start":5845.345,"end":5845.361},{"text":"viable","start":5845.425,"end":5845.746},{"text":"method","start":5845.746,"end":5846.147},{"text":"of","start":5846.147,"end":5846.211},{"text":"preventing","start":5846.307,"end":5846.853},{"text":"such","start":5846.885,"end":5847.093},{"text":"collisions","start":5847.205,"end":5847.815},{"text":"in","start":5848.008,"end":5848.056},{"text":"space.","start":5848.104,"end":5848.441}]},{"text":"The group understands that there are some contentious issues before the LSC regarding this matter.","start":5849.211,"end":5854.505,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5849.211,"end":5849.291},{"text":"group","start":5849.355,"end":5849.628},{"text":"understands","start":5849.692,"end":5850.254},{"text":"that","start":5850.334,"end":5850.462},{"text":"there","start":5850.494,"end":5850.574},{"text":"are","start":5850.574,"end":5850.735},{"text":"some","start":5850.735,"end":5850.927},{"text":"contentious","start":5851.04,"end":5851.729},{"text":"issues","start":5851.762,"end":5852.066},{"text":"before","start":5852.098,"end":5852.371},{"text":"the","start":5852.403,"end":5852.484},{"text":"LSC","start":5852.564,"end":5853.141},{"text":"regarding","start":5853.366,"end":5853.911},{"text":"this","start":5853.943,"end":5854.056},{"text":"matter.","start":5854.184,"end":5854.505}]},{"text":"The group believes that it is important for all states to register all space objects launched into outer space.","start":5855.147,"end":5861.788,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5855.147,"end":5855.227},{"text":"group","start":5855.307,"end":5855.532},{"text":"believes","start":5855.548,"end":5856.157},{"text":"that","start":5856.254,"end":5856.526},{"text":"it","start":5856.574,"end":5856.687},{"text":"is","start":5856.687,"end":5856.783},{"text":"important","start":5857.232,"end":5857.762},{"text":"for","start":5857.778,"end":5858.018},{"text":"all","start":5858.018,"end":5858.066},{"text":"states","start":5858.131,"end":5858.596},{"text":"to","start":5858.596,"end":5858.74},{"text":"register","start":5858.756,"end":5859.302},{"text":"all","start":5859.382,"end":5859.558},{"text":"space","start":5859.558,"end":5859.943},{"text":"objects","start":5860.024,"end":5860.328},{"text":"launched","start":5860.521,"end":5860.922},{"text":"into","start":5860.922,"end":5861.114},{"text":"outer","start":5861.227,"end":5861.419},{"text":"space.","start":5861.467,"end":5861.788}]},{"text":"The group also believes that no space object should be removed or eliminated without prior consent of authorization of the registering state.","start":5862.366,"end":5871.851,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5862.366,"end":5862.446},{"text":"group","start":5862.542,"end":5862.783},{"text":"also","start":5862.847,"end":5863.104},{"text":"believes","start":5863.168,"end":5863.537},{"text":"that","start":5863.569,"end":5863.745},{"text":"no","start":5863.745,"end":5863.906},{"text":"space","start":5863.986,"end":5864.403},{"text":"object","start":5864.435,"end":5864.708},{"text":"should","start":5864.708,"end":5864.949},{"text":"be","start":5864.997,"end":5865.093},{"text":"removed","start":5865.093,"end":5865.671},{"text":"or","start":5865.719,"end":5865.879},{"text":"eliminated","start":5865.879,"end":5866.601},{"text":"without","start":5866.601,"end":5866.938},{"text":"prior","start":5866.938,"end":5867.179},{"text":"consent","start":5867.179,"end":5867.917},{"text":"of","start":5867.981,"end":5868.077},{"text":"authorization","start":5869.248,"end":5870.121},{"text":"of","start":5870.477,"end":5870.606},{"text":"the","start":5870.639,"end":5870.703},{"text":"registering","start":5870.703,"end":5871.318},{"text":"state.","start":5871.366,"end":5871.851}]},{"text":"On the issue of definition of space debris, the group acknowledges that COPOS is the proper forum for this discussion and supports consultative process involving all member states of the committee.","start":5873.209,"end":5884.728,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":5873.209,"end":5873.274},{"text":"the","start":5873.306,"end":5873.452},{"text":"issue","start":5873.468,"end":5873.71},{"text":"of","start":5873.71,"end":5873.92},{"text":"definition","start":5873.953,"end":5874.438},{"text":"of","start":5874.438,"end":5874.535},{"text":"space","start":5874.535,"end":5874.987},{"text":"debris,","start":5874.987,"end":5875.359},{"text":"the","start":5875.731,"end":5875.812},{"text":"group","start":5875.893,"end":5876.151},{"text":"acknowledges","start":5876.2,"end":5876.75},{"text":"that","start":5876.782,"end":5877.024},{"text":"COPOS","start":5877.024,"end":5877.396},{"text":"is","start":5877.445,"end":5877.558},{"text":"the","start":5877.655,"end":5877.833},{"text":"proper","start":5877.833,"end":5878.156},{"text":"forum","start":5878.156,"end":5878.528},{"text":"for","start":5878.625,"end":5878.722},{"text":"this","start":5878.722,"end":5878.947},{"text":"discussion","start":5878.947,"end":5879.575},{"text":"and","start":5879.913,"end":5879.978},{"text":"supports","start":5879.994,"end":5880.493},{"text":"consultative","start":5880.493,"end":5881.347},{"text":"process","start":5881.701,"end":5882.12},{"text":"involving","start":5882.281,"end":5882.796},{"text":"all","start":5882.973,"end":5883.086},{"text":"member","start":5883.086,"end":5883.472},{"text":"states","start":5883.472,"end":5883.987},{"text":"of","start":5884.036,"end":5884.132},{"text":"the","start":5884.181,"end":5884.277},{"text":"committee.","start":5884.277,"end":5884.728}]},{"text":"With regard to the decongestion of outer space through remediation, the group encourages member states to adopt common but differentiated responsibilities, with the actors largely responsible for creating space debris the most involved in space debris removal activities, and that those actors should make available their scientific, technical, and legal expertise to developing countries.","start":5885.55,"end":5909.108,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":5885.55,"end":5885.694},{"text":"regard","start":5885.727,"end":5886.129},{"text":"to","start":5886.129,"end":5886.339},{"text":"the","start":5886.355,"end":5886.516},{"text":"decongestion","start":5886.516,"end":5887.256},{"text":"of","start":5887.256,"end":5887.385},{"text":"outer","start":5887.418,"end":5887.659},{"text":"space","start":5887.659,"end":5888.013},{"text":"through","start":5888.046,"end":5888.224},{"text":"remediation,","start":5888.45,"end":5889.211},{"text":"the","start":5889.583,"end":5889.744},{"text":"group","start":5889.744,"end":5890.084},{"text":"encourages","start":5890.23,"end":5890.877},{"text":"member","start":5890.877,"end":5891.071},{"text":"states","start":5891.071,"end":5891.459},{"text":"to","start":5891.459,"end":5891.557},{"text":"adopt","start":5891.557,"end":5892.026},{"text":"common","start":5892.026,"end":5892.236},{"text":"but","start":5892.349,"end":5892.592},{"text":"differentiated","start":5892.592,"end":5895.342},{"text":"responsibilities,","start":5894.28,"end":5895.081},{"text":"with","start":5895.674,"end":5895.802},{"text":"the","start":5895.835,"end":5895.979},{"text":"actors","start":5896.059,"end":5896.444},{"text":"largely","start":5896.732,"end":5897.117},{"text":"responsible","start":5897.117,"end":5897.726},{"text":"for","start":5897.758,"end":5897.903},{"text":"creating","start":5897.919,"end":5898.48},{"text":"space","start":5898.496,"end":5898.88},{"text":"debris","start":5898.88,"end":5899.313},{"text":"the","start":5899.762,"end":5899.842},{"text":"most","start":5899.842,"end":5900.179},{"text":"involved","start":5900.179,"end":5900.628},{"text":"in","start":5900.708,"end":5900.804},{"text":"space","start":5900.804,"end":5901.189},{"text":"debris","start":5901.189,"end":5901.445},{"text":"removal","start":5901.445,"end":5901.991},{"text":"activities,","start":5901.991,"end":5902.616},{"text":"and","start":5903.193,"end":5903.289},{"text":"that","start":5903.289,"end":5903.449},{"text":"those","start":5903.449,"end":5903.658},{"text":"actors","start":5903.834,"end":5904.107},{"text":"should","start":5904.107,"end":5904.347},{"text":"make","start":5904.347,"end":5904.588},{"text":"available","start":5904.588,"end":5905.181},{"text":"their","start":5905.357,"end":5905.469},{"text":"scientific,","start":5905.469,"end":5906.159},{"text":"technical,","start":5906.175,"end":5906.64},{"text":"and","start":5906.72,"end":5906.88},{"text":"legal","start":5906.88,"end":5907.201},{"text":"expertise","start":5907.201,"end":5907.746},{"text":"to","start":5907.842,"end":5907.906},{"text":"developing","start":5908.098,"end":5908.627},{"text":"countries.","start":5908.66,"end":5909.108}]},{"text":"With regard to falling space debris, the group encourages launching states to provide advanced, proper, prompt, and adequate notification to other states, especially developing countries located along the drop zones of falling space debris, as applicable, to ensure that they are sufficiently prepared to mitigate and respond to such incidents.","start":5909.782,"end":5933.299,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":5909.782,"end":5909.894},{"text":"regard","start":5909.926,"end":5910.295},{"text":"to","start":5910.343,"end":5910.519},{"text":"falling","start":5910.663,"end":5911.513},{"text":"space","start":5911.545,"end":5911.898},{"text":"debris,","start":5912.01,"end":5912.379},{"text":"the","start":5912.812,"end":5912.876},{"text":"group","start":5912.924,"end":5913.1},{"text":"encourages","start":5913.164,"end":5913.757},{"text":"launching","start":5913.934,"end":5914.96},{"text":"states","start":5914.992,"end":5915.425},{"text":"to","start":5915.858,"end":5915.954},{"text":"provide","start":5915.954,"end":5916.403},{"text":"advanced,","start":5916.515,"end":5917.22},{"text":"proper,","start":5917.236,"end":5917.733},{"text":"prompt,","start":5917.797,"end":5918.358},{"text":"and","start":5919.224,"end":5919.368},{"text":"adequate","start":5919.465,"end":5921.741},{"text":"notification","start":5919.93,"end":5920.571},{"text":"to","start":5920.604,"end":5920.764},{"text":"other","start":5920.764,"end":5920.941},{"text":"states,","start":5920.941,"end":5921.486},{"text":"especially","start":5921.807,"end":5922.369},{"text":"developing","start":5922.433,"end":5922.979},{"text":"countries","start":5923.075,"end":5923.541},{"text":"located","start":5924.119,"end":5924.472},{"text":"along","start":5924.52,"end":5924.744},{"text":"the","start":5924.857,"end":5924.937},{"text":"drop","start":5925.001,"end":5925.435},{"text":"zones","start":5925.499,"end":5925.868},{"text":"of","start":5925.964,"end":5926.012},{"text":"falling","start":5926.045,"end":5926.43},{"text":"space","start":5926.542,"end":5926.815},{"text":"debris,","start":5926.943,"end":5927.345},{"text":"as","start":5927.569,"end":5927.633},{"text":"applicable,","start":5927.746,"end":5928.372},{"text":"to","start":5928.388,"end":5928.548},{"text":"ensure","start":5928.548,"end":5928.885},{"text":"that","start":5928.885,"end":5929.062},{"text":"they","start":5929.11,"end":5929.255},{"text":"are","start":5929.255,"end":5929.287},{"text":"sufficiently","start":5929.287,"end":5929.961},{"text":"prepared","start":5929.993,"end":5930.474},{"text":"to","start":5930.474,"end":5930.555},{"text":"mitigate","start":5930.555,"end":5931.229},{"text":"and","start":5931.261,"end":5931.357},{"text":"respond","start":5931.357,"end":5931.887},{"text":"to","start":5932.24,"end":5932.32},{"text":"such","start":5932.32,"end":5932.625},{"text":"incidents.","start":5932.721,"end":5933.299}]},{"text":"It is equally important to strengthen the capacities of developing countries in detecting and responding to falling space debris.","start":5934.326,"end":5941.613,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5934.326,"end":5934.471},{"text":"is","start":5934.471,"end":5934.519},{"text":"equally","start":5934.583,"end":5935.016},{"text":"important","start":5935.033,"end":5935.498},{"text":"to","start":5935.53,"end":5935.659},{"text":"strengthen","start":5935.771,"end":5936.252},{"text":"the","start":5936.252,"end":5936.397},{"text":"capacities","start":5936.397,"end":5937.039},{"text":"of","start":5937.039,"end":5937.103},{"text":"developing","start":5937.135,"end":5937.504},{"text":"countries","start":5937.601,"end":5937.986},{"text":"in","start":5938.082,"end":5938.178},{"text":"detecting","start":5938.178,"end":5938.788},{"text":"and","start":5938.885,"end":5938.997},{"text":"responding","start":5938.997,"end":5939.511},{"text":"to","start":5940.088,"end":5940.153},{"text":"falling","start":5940.185,"end":5940.714},{"text":"space","start":5940.811,"end":5941.228},{"text":"debris.","start":5941.228,"end":5941.613}]},{"text":"Pending the adoption of legal mechanisms related to space debris mitigation and remediation, the group takes note of the relevant non-legally binding and voluntary measures such as the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities and invites advanced spacefaring countries and other actors, especially those deploying megaconstellations, to pay due regard to their application.","start":5942.656,"end":5969.641,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Pending","start":5942.656,"end":5942.961},{"text":"the","start":5942.993,"end":5943.138},{"text":"adoption","start":5943.138,"end":5943.651},{"text":"of","start":5943.651,"end":5943.796},{"text":"legal","start":5943.86,"end":5944.053},{"text":"mechanisms","start":5944.053,"end":5944.727},{"text":"related","start":5944.759,"end":5945.16},{"text":"to","start":5945.16,"end":5945.256},{"text":"space","start":5945.256,"end":5945.513},{"text":"debris","start":5945.61,"end":5945.818},{"text":"mitigation","start":5945.818,"end":5946.508},{"text":"and","start":5946.508,"end":5946.652},{"text":"remediation,","start":5946.909,"end":5947.711},{"text":"the","start":5948.048,"end":5948.192},{"text":"group","start":5948.192,"end":5948.449},{"text":"takes","start":5948.449,"end":5948.658},{"text":"note","start":5948.754,"end":5949.075},{"text":"of","start":5949.075,"end":5949.187},{"text":"the","start":5949.187,"end":5949.331},{"text":"relevant","start":5949.331,"end":5949.957},{"text":"non-legally","start":5949.957,"end":5950.583},{"text":"binding","start":5950.615,"end":5951.064},{"text":"and","start":5951.16,"end":5951.24},{"text":"voluntary","start":5951.321,"end":5951.898},{"text":"measures","start":5951.898,"end":5952.267},{"text":"such","start":5952.315,"end":5952.556},{"text":"as","start":5952.62,"end":5952.748},{"text":"the","start":5952.845,"end":5953.021},{"text":"Space","start":5953.021,"end":5953.422},{"text":"Debris","start":5953.422,"end":5953.663},{"text":"Mitigation","start":5953.663,"end":5954.369},{"text":"Guidelines","start":5954.369,"end":5954.914},{"text":"and","start":5955.347,"end":5955.411},{"text":"the","start":5955.427,"end":5955.572},{"text":"Guidelines","start":5955.572,"end":5956.037},{"text":"for","start":5956.069,"end":5956.213},{"text":"the","start":5956.213,"end":5956.294},{"text":"Long-Term","start":5956.374,"end":5957.032},{"text":"Sustainability","start":5957.032,"end":5957.882},{"text":"of","start":5957.978,"end":5958.139},{"text":"Outer","start":5958.139,"end":5958.395},{"text":"Space","start":5958.395,"end":5958.716},{"text":"Activities","start":5958.716,"end":5959.326},{"text":"and","start":5959.823,"end":5959.935},{"text":"invites","start":5959.935,"end":5960.481},{"text":"advanced","start":5960.481,"end":5961.026},{"text":"spacefaring","start":5961.026,"end":5961.732},{"text":"countries","start":5961.764,"end":5962.293},{"text":"and","start":5962.55,"end":5962.695},{"text":"other","start":5962.727,"end":5962.935},{"text":"actors,","start":5963.031,"end":5963.416},{"text":"especially","start":5963.85,"end":5964.459},{"text":"those","start":5964.491,"end":5964.62},{"text":"deploying","start":5965.133,"end":5965.582},{"text":"megaconstellations,","start":5965.598,"end":5966.866},{"text":"to","start":5967.443,"end":5967.555},{"text":"pay","start":5967.844,"end":5967.972},{"text":"due","start":5968.085,"end":5968.197},{"text":"regard","start":5968.261,"end":5968.662},{"text":"to","start":5968.662,"end":5968.823},{"text":"their","start":5968.823,"end":5968.935},{"text":"application.","start":5968.967,"end":5969.641}]},{"text":"The group further underscores the importance of strengthening the capacity of developing countries for the voluntary implementation of these measures.","start":5970.427,"end":5977.17,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. 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Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":6001.271,"end":6001.594},{"text":"Chile","start":6002.402,"end":6002.708},{"text":"observes","start":6003.209,"end":6003.758},{"text":"with","start":6003.79,"end":6004.033},{"text":"concern","start":6004.033,"end":6004.727},{"text":"the","start":6005.244,"end":6005.438},{"text":"increase","start":6005.47,"end":6005.922},{"text":"in","start":6006.116,"end":6006.164},{"text":"space","start":6006.229,"end":6006.649},{"text":"debris","start":6006.762,"end":6007.198},{"text":"and","start":6007.505,"end":6007.618},{"text":"its","start":6007.666,"end":6007.941},{"text":"impact","start":6007.973,"end":6008.377},{"text":"on","start":6008.377,"end":6008.426},{"text":"the","start":6008.474,"end":6008.571},{"text":"sustainability","start":6008.571,"end":6009.734},{"text":"of","start":6009.75,"end":6009.896},{"text":"outer","start":6009.993,"end":6010.251},{"text":"space.","start":6010.267,"end":6010.736}]},{"text":"We reaffirm that any object launched into space must be registered and its removal can— needs the consent of the registering state.","start":6011.14,"end":6021.174,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6011.14,"end":6011.333},{"text":"reaffirm","start":6011.366,"end":6011.883},{"text":"that","start":6011.931,"end":6012.044},{"text":"any","start":6012.173,"end":6012.367},{"text":"object","start":6012.577,"end":6012.884},{"text":"launched","start":6012.981,"end":6013.385},{"text":"into","start":6013.466,"end":6013.66},{"text":"space","start":6013.66,"end":6014.063},{"text":"must","start":6014.451,"end":6014.645},{"text":"be","start":6014.693,"end":6014.79},{"text":"registered","start":6014.92,"end":6015.598},{"text":"and","start":6015.971,"end":6016.133},{"text":"its","start":6016.133,"end":6016.311},{"text":"removal","start":6016.311,"end":6016.862},{"text":"can—","start":6016.862,"end":6017.154},{"text":"needs","start":6017.77,"end":6018.029},{"text":"the","start":6018.159,"end":6018.256},{"text":"consent","start":6018.645,"end":6019.472},{"text":"of","start":6019.537,"end":6019.65},{"text":"the","start":6019.65,"end":6019.861},{"text":"registering","start":6019.861,"end":6020.477},{"text":"state.","start":6020.607,"end":6021.174}]},{"text":"We appreciate voluntary instruments such as the mitigation guidelines for space debris, but we believe it is urgent to have clear concepts and we have to have differentiated responsibilities depending on the contribution to space debris.","start":6022.227,"end":6042.895,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6022.227,"end":6022.373},{"text":"appreciate","start":6022.389,"end":6023.637},{"text":"voluntary","start":6023.556,"end":6023.973},{"text":"instruments","start":6024.053,"end":6024.615},{"text":"such","start":6024.615,"end":6024.92},{"text":"as","start":6024.92,"end":6024.984},{"text":"the","start":6025.016,"end":6025.113},{"text":"mitigation","start":6025.113,"end":6025.947},{"text":"guidelines","start":6026.3,"end":6026.958},{"text":"for","start":6027.087,"end":6027.183},{"text":"space","start":6027.183,"end":6027.648},{"text":"debris,","start":6027.648,"end":6028.082},{"text":"but","start":6028.531,"end":6028.66},{"text":"we","start":6028.772,"end":6028.884},{"text":"believe","start":6028.884,"end":6029.173},{"text":"it","start":6029.189,"end":6029.334},{"text":"is","start":6029.334,"end":6029.398},{"text":"urgent","start":6029.735,"end":6030.136},{"text":"to","start":6030.136,"end":6030.297},{"text":"have","start":6030.297,"end":6030.521},{"text":"clear","start":6031.597,"end":6032.014},{"text":"concepts","start":6032.303,"end":6033.041},{"text":"and","start":6033.667,"end":6033.972},{"text":"we","start":6034.405,"end":6034.566},{"text":"have","start":6034.566,"end":6034.774},{"text":"to","start":6034.807,"end":6034.903},{"text":"have","start":6034.967,"end":6035.336},{"text":"differentiated","start":6036.411,"end":6037.358},{"text":"responsibilities","start":6037.358,"end":6038.546},{"text":"depending","start":6039.3,"end":6039.83},{"text":"on","start":6040.087,"end":6040.231},{"text":"the","start":6040.247,"end":6040.424},{"text":"contribution","start":6040.424,"end":6041.114},{"text":"to","start":6041.21,"end":6041.435},{"text":"space","start":6041.852,"end":6042.591},{"text":"debris.","start":6042.591,"end":6042.895}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":6042.992,"end":6043.393,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6042.992,"end":6043.297},{"text":"you.","start":6043.297,"end":6043.393}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"CHL","affiliation_full":"Chile","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":25,"start":6043.618,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=6044","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the representative of Chile for that statement.","start":6043.618,"end":6049.267,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6043.618,"end":6043.634},{"text":"thank","start":6043.794,"end":6046.041},{"text":"the","start":6046.105,"end":6046.202},{"text":"representative","start":6046.202,"end":6047.165},{"text":"of","start":6047.165,"end":6047.373},{"text":"Chile","start":6047.389,"end":6047.775},{"text":"for","start":6048.192,"end":6048.384},{"text":"that","start":6048.384,"end":6048.561},{"text":"statement.","start":6048.673,"end":6049.267}]},{"text":"And now I give the floor to Canada.","start":6049.817,"end":6052.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6049.817,"end":6049.881},{"text":"now","start":6049.898,"end":6050.092},{"text":"I","start":6050.367,"end":6050.464},{"text":"give","start":6050.464,"end":6050.691},{"text":"the","start":6050.691,"end":6050.788},{"text":"floor","start":6050.788,"end":6051.209},{"text":"to","start":6052.084,"end":6052.294},{"text":"Canada.","start":6052.407,"end":6052.99}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Santiago Lippo Galula","affiliation":"COPUOS LSC","affiliation_full":"COPUOS LSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":26,"start":6057.657,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=6058","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, distinguished delegates, the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines elaborated by this committee were a much-needed initiative to address the growing challenge posed by space debris.","start":6057.657,"end":6066.952,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":6205.708,"end":6205.836},{"text":"innovative","start":6205.949,"end":6206.318},{"text":"processes","start":6206.35,"end":6206.896},{"text":"should","start":6206.992,"end":6207.153},{"text":"be","start":6207.153,"end":6207.249},{"text":"examined","start":6207.249,"end":6207.731},{"text":"by","start":6207.731,"end":6207.94},{"text":"COPUOS","start":6207.94,"end":6208.245},{"text":"and","start":6208.357,"end":6208.421},{"text":"its","start":6208.454,"end":6208.598},{"text":"subcommittees","start":6208.598,"end":6209.048},{"text":"to","start":6209.16,"end":6209.24},{"text":"determine","start":6209.24,"end":6209.626},{"text":"if","start":6209.706,"end":6209.802},{"text":"they","start":6209.802,"end":6209.883},{"text":"show","start":6209.883,"end":6210.123},{"text":"promise","start":6210.188,"end":6210.493},{"text":"for","start":6210.75,"end":6210.83},{"text":"improving","start":6210.83,"end":6211.135},{"text":"the","start":6211.167,"end":6211.247},{"text":"debris","start":6211.247,"end":6211.504},{"text":"situation","start":6211.504,"end":6212.098},{"text":"in","start":6212.612,"end":6212.66},{"text":"orbit,","start":6212.757,"end":6213.094},{"text":"and","start":6213.56,"end":6213.656},{"text":"because","start":6213.656,"end":6213.897},{"text":"of","start":6213.897,"end":6213.977},{"text":"the","start":6213.977,"end":6214.057},{"text":"high","start":6214.057,"end":6214.33},{"text":"level","start":6214.443,"end":6214.732},{"text":"of","start":6214.78,"end":6214.86},{"text":"international","start":6214.86,"end":6215.406},{"text":"coordination","start":6215.406,"end":6216.113},{"text":"these","start":6216.209,"end":6216.337},{"text":"activities","start":6216.45,"end":6216.996},{"text":"would","start":6217.253,"end":6217.349},{"text":"most","start":6217.413,"end":6217.654},{"text":"likely","start":6217.654,"end":6217.895},{"text":"require","start":6217.895,"end":6218.409},{"text":"in","start":6219.195,"end":6219.34},{"text":"testing","start":6219.34,"end":6219.806},{"text":"and","start":6220.544,"end":6220.64},{"text":"perhaps","start":6220.64,"end":6220.978},{"text":"one","start":6221.026,"end":6221.09},{"text":"day","start":6221.122,"end":6221.347},{"text":"employing","start":6221.427,"end":6221.813},{"text":"these","start":6221.909,"end":6222.037},{"text":"active","start":6222.15,"end":6222.407},{"text":"debris","start":6222.407,"end":6222.648},{"text":"removal","start":6222.648,"end":6223.145},{"text":"techniques,","start":6223.145,"end":6223.691},{"text":"it","start":6224.109,"end":6224.189},{"text":"is","start":6224.189,"end":6224.269},{"text":"important","start":6224.269,"end":6224.719},{"text":"to","start":6224.719,"end":6224.799},{"text":"recall","start":6224.815,"end":6225.281},{"text":"that","start":6225.618,"end":6225.698},{"text":"they","start":6225.698,"end":6225.843},{"text":"can","start":6225.843,"end":6226.019},{"text":"only","start":6226.084,"end":6226.244},{"text":"be","start":6226.26,"end":6226.341},{"text":"carried","start":6226.341,"end":6226.662},{"text":"out","start":6226.662,"end":6226.806},{"text":"with","start":6226.806,"end":6226.887},{"text":"the","start":6226.887,"end":6226.967},{"text":"consent","start":6226.967,"end":6227.448},{"text":"of","start":6227.481,"end":6227.561},{"text":"the","start":6227.609,"end":6227.641},{"text":"state","start":6227.641,"end":6227.882},{"text":"of","start":6227.882,"end":6227.946},{"text":"registration","start":6227.946,"end":6228.637},{"text":"The","start":6229.44,"end":6229.488},{"text":"launching","start":6229.552,"end":6229.841},{"text":"state","start":6229.873,"end":6230.21},{"text":"or","start":6230.274,"end":6230.338},{"text":"states,","start":6230.338,"end":6230.788},{"text":"and","start":6231.462,"end":6231.526},{"text":"the","start":6231.542,"end":6231.702},{"text":"owner","start":6231.702,"end":6232.023},{"text":"of","start":6232.104,"end":6232.248},{"text":"the","start":6232.344,"end":6232.425},{"text":"space","start":6232.425,"end":6232.746},{"text":"object.","start":6232.746,"end":6233.163}]},{"text":"There are significant liability considerations associated with attempts to remove debris from orbit.","start":6234.367,"end":6239.246,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"There","start":6234.367,"end":6234.479},{"text":"are","start":6234.527,"end":6234.559},{"text":"significant","start":6234.559,"end":6235.314},{"text":"liability","start":6235.314,"end":6235.875},{"text":"considerations","start":6235.875,"end":6236.662},{"text":"associated","start":6236.71,"end":6237.256},{"text":"with","start":6237.256,"end":6237.4},{"text":"attempts","start":6237.4,"end":6237.817},{"text":"to","start":6237.817,"end":6237.914},{"text":"remove","start":6237.914,"end":6238.363},{"text":"debris","start":6238.363,"end":6238.7},{"text":"from","start":6238.7,"end":6238.909},{"text":"orbit.","start":6239.005,"end":6239.246}]},{"text":"This is also the case with on-orbit servicing designed to extend the life of active satellites or one day to recycle space objects.","start":6240.145,"end":6247.287,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6240.145,"end":6240.289},{"text":"is","start":6240.289,"end":6240.353},{"text":"also","start":6240.53,"end":6240.706},{"text":"the","start":6240.706,"end":6240.787},{"text":"case","start":6240.787,"end":6241.091},{"text":"with","start":6241.091,"end":6241.204},{"text":"on-orbit","start":6241.332,"end":6241.669},{"text":"servicing","start":6241.669,"end":6242.119},{"text":"designed","start":6242.231,"end":6242.584},{"text":"to","start":6242.632,"end":6242.761},{"text":"extend","start":6242.809,"end":6243.226},{"text":"the","start":6243.274,"end":6243.37},{"text":"life","start":6243.419,"end":6243.691},{"text":"of","start":6243.756,"end":6243.836},{"text":"active","start":6243.836,"end":6244.093},{"text":"satellites","start":6244.093,"end":6244.719},{"text":"or","start":6244.783,"end":6244.831},{"text":"one","start":6244.943,"end":6245.072},{"text":"day","start":6245.12,"end":6245.312},{"text":"to","start":6245.521,"end":6245.65},{"text":"recycle","start":6245.762,"end":6246.292},{"text":"space","start":6246.5,"end":6246.869},{"text":"objects.","start":6246.869,"end":6247.287}]},{"text":"The Liability Convention provides the legal framework for damages caused by space objects, which is based on fault for damage caused in orbit to the space objects of other states.","start":6248.234,"end":6257.558,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6248.234,"end":6248.314},{"text":"Liability","start":6248.314,"end":6248.699},{"text":"Convention","start":6248.731,"end":6249.18},{"text":"provides","start":6249.293,"end":6249.903},{"text":"the","start":6249.919,"end":6249.999},{"text":"legal","start":6249.999,"end":6250.24},{"text":"framework","start":6250.24,"end":6250.641},{"text":"for","start":6250.641,"end":6250.737},{"text":"damages","start":6250.737,"end":6251.187},{"text":"caused","start":6251.219,"end":6251.508},{"text":"by","start":6251.604,"end":6251.716},{"text":"space","start":6251.716,"end":6251.989},{"text":"objects,","start":6252.182,"end":6252.471},{"text":"which","start":6253.145,"end":6253.273},{"text":"is","start":6253.321,"end":6253.434},{"text":"based","start":6253.466,"end":6253.706},{"text":"on","start":6253.706,"end":6253.771},{"text":"fault","start":6253.947,"end":6254.493},{"text":"for","start":6254.493,"end":6254.621},{"text":"damage","start":6254.653,"end":6254.958},{"text":"caused","start":6254.99,"end":6255.44},{"text":"in","start":6255.456,"end":6255.536},{"text":"orbit","start":6255.632,"end":6256.018},{"text":"to","start":6256.018,"end":6256.114},{"text":"the","start":6256.114,"end":6256.194},{"text":"space","start":6256.194,"end":6256.499},{"text":"objects","start":6256.499,"end":6256.772},{"text":"of","start":6256.772,"end":6256.9},{"text":"other","start":6256.9,"end":6257.141},{"text":"states.","start":6257.141,"end":6257.558}]},{"text":"A discussion of the liability issues and fault in the context of on-orbit servicing or active debris removal is warranted within this legal subcommittee.","start":6258.521,"end":6267.172,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":6258.521,"end":6258.601},{"text":"discussion","start":6258.601,"end":6259.035},{"text":"of","start":6259.067,"end":6259.147},{"text":"the","start":6259.147,"end":6259.227},{"text":"liability","start":6259.227,"end":6259.773},{"text":"issues","start":6259.805,"end":6260.094},{"text":"and","start":6260.511,"end":6260.64},{"text":"fault","start":6260.688,"end":6261.137},{"text":"in","start":6261.233,"end":6261.298},{"text":"the","start":6261.314,"end":6261.394},{"text":"context","start":6261.394,"end":6261.956},{"text":"of","start":6261.956,"end":6262.1},{"text":"on-orbit","start":6262.196,"end":6262.63},{"text":"servicing","start":6262.63,"end":6263.063},{"text":"or","start":6263.191,"end":6263.336},{"text":"active","start":6263.336,"end":6263.593},{"text":"debris","start":6263.593,"end":6263.882},{"text":"removal","start":6263.882,"end":6264.251},{"text":"is","start":6265.165,"end":6265.23},{"text":"warranted","start":6265.326,"end":6265.711},{"text":"within","start":6265.743,"end":6265.952},{"text":"this","start":6266.209,"end":6266.385},{"text":"legal","start":6266.385,"end":6266.61},{"text":"subcommittee.","start":6266.61,"end":6267.172}]},{"text":"Chair, distinguished delegates, space debris remains a challenge to the long-term sustainability of outer space activities.","start":6268.231,"end":6273.976,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":6268.231,"end":6268.423},{"text":"distinguished","start":6268.632,"end":6269.098},{"text":"delegates,","start":6269.098,"end":6269.627},{"text":"space","start":6270.157,"end":6270.478},{"text":"debris","start":6270.478,"end":6270.638},{"text":"remains","start":6270.638,"end":6270.959},{"text":"a","start":6270.959,"end":6271.023},{"text":"challenge","start":6271.023,"end":6271.473},{"text":"to","start":6271.505,"end":6271.585},{"text":"the","start":6271.585,"end":6271.746},{"text":"long-term","start":6271.746,"end":6272.115},{"text":"sustainability","start":6272.163,"end":6272.853},{"text":"of","start":6272.885,"end":6272.949},{"text":"outer","start":6272.949,"end":6273.126},{"text":"space","start":6273.126,"end":6273.447},{"text":"activities.","start":6273.447,"end":6273.976}]},{"text":"The work done regarding the development of the Guidelines on Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities and the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines are essential in order to implement commonly accepted and flexible standards that can be improved as technology develops.","start":6274.811,"end":6290.302,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6274.811,"end":6274.859},{"text":"work","start":6274.875,"end":6275.148},{"text":"done","start":6275.148,"end":6275.341},{"text":"regarding","start":6275.373,"end":6275.694},{"text":"the","start":6275.694,"end":6275.774},{"text":"development","start":6275.774,"end":6276.191},{"text":"of","start":6276.191,"end":6276.271},{"text":"the","start":6276.32,"end":6276.4},{"text":"Guidelines","start":6276.4,"end":6276.833},{"text":"on","start":6276.881,"end":6276.913},{"text":"Long-Term","start":6276.913,"end":6277.331},{"text":"Sustainability","start":6277.379,"end":6278.085},{"text":"of","start":6278.085,"end":6278.181},{"text":"Outer","start":6278.181,"end":6278.342},{"text":"Space","start":6278.342,"end":6278.615},{"text":"Activities","start":6278.727,"end":6279.273},{"text":"and","start":6279.77,"end":6279.85},{"text":"the","start":6279.866,"end":6279.931},{"text":"Space","start":6279.931,"end":6280.139},{"text":"Debris","start":6280.203,"end":6280.428},{"text":"Mitigation","start":6280.428,"end":6281.054},{"text":"Guidelines","start":6281.054,"end":6281.52},{"text":"are","start":6282.66,"end":6282.756},{"text":"essential","start":6282.756,"end":6283.125},{"text":"in","start":6283.238,"end":6283.318},{"text":"order","start":6283.318,"end":6283.494},{"text":"to","start":6283.494,"end":6283.687},{"text":"implement","start":6283.88,"end":6284.458},{"text":"commonly","start":6284.586,"end":6285.052},{"text":"accepted","start":6285.148,"end":6285.662},{"text":"and","start":6285.871,"end":6286.015},{"text":"flexible","start":6286.031,"end":6286.642},{"text":"standards","start":6286.85,"end":6287.46},{"text":"that","start":6287.653,"end":6287.798},{"text":"can","start":6287.814,"end":6287.974},{"text":"be","start":6287.974,"end":6288.135},{"text":"improved","start":6288.135,"end":6288.745},{"text":"as","start":6288.922,"end":6289.066},{"text":"technology","start":6289.114,"end":6289.708},{"text":"develops.","start":6289.74,"end":6290.302}]},{"text":"The Legal Subcommittee has an important role to play by promoting existing standards and advancing discussions on legal issues related to novel activities such as on-orbit servicing and active debris removal.","start":6291.266,"end":6303.292,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6291.266,"end":6291.346},{"text":"Legal","start":6291.346,"end":6291.571},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":6291.587,"end":6292.069},{"text":"has","start":6292.069,"end":6292.197},{"text":"an","start":6292.229,"end":6292.326},{"text":"important","start":6292.326,"end":6292.791},{"text":"role","start":6292.855,"end":6293.08},{"text":"to","start":6293.112,"end":6293.193},{"text":"play","start":6293.193,"end":6293.466},{"text":"by","start":6293.915,"end":6294.06},{"text":"promoting","start":6294.06,"end":6294.445},{"text":"existing","start":6294.574,"end":6295.087},{"text":"standards","start":6295.119,"end":6295.665},{"text":"and","start":6296.308,"end":6296.42},{"text":"advancing","start":6296.468,"end":6296.934},{"text":"discussions","start":6297.046,"end":6297.576},{"text":"on","start":6297.753,"end":6297.849},{"text":"legal","start":6297.849,"end":6298.058},{"text":"issues","start":6298.17,"end":6298.459},{"text":"related","start":6298.491,"end":6298.829},{"text":"to","start":6298.877,"end":6299.037},{"text":"novel","start":6299.037,"end":6299.374},{"text":"activities","start":6299.374,"end":6299.904},{"text":"such","start":6300.017,"end":6300.242},{"text":"as","start":6300.242,"end":6300.338},{"text":"on-orbit","start":6300.482,"end":6300.803},{"text":"servicing","start":6300.803,"end":6301.269},{"text":"and","start":6301.703,"end":6301.767},{"text":"active","start":6302.008,"end":6302.393},{"text":"debris","start":6302.489,"end":6302.859},{"text":"removal.","start":6302.891,"end":6303.292}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":6303.967,"end":6304.368,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6303.967,"end":6304.095},{"text":"thank","start":6304.095,"end":6304.272},{"text":"you.","start":6304.272,"end":6304.368}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":6305.62,"end":6306.086,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6305.62,"end":6305.797},{"text":"you.","start":6305.958,"end":6306.086}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"CAN","affiliation_full":"Canada","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":27,"start":6315.929,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=6316","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Microphone, please.","start":6315.929,"end":6316.716,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Microphone,","start":6315.929,"end":6316.347},{"text":"please.","start":6316.411,"end":6316.716}]},{"text":"Thank you very much to the distinguished representative of Canada for that statement.","start":6319.947,"end":6325.163,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6319.947,"end":6320.188},{"text":"you","start":6320.188,"end":6320.285},{"text":"very","start":6320.285,"end":6320.413},{"text":"much","start":6320.461,"end":6320.815},{"text":"to","start":6321.586,"end":6321.731},{"text":"the","start":6321.731,"end":6321.892},{"text":"distinguished","start":6321.892,"end":6322.47},{"text":"representative","start":6322.519,"end":6323.419},{"text":"of","start":6323.419,"end":6323.547},{"text":"Canada","start":6323.644,"end":6324.03},{"text":"for","start":6324.062,"end":6324.224},{"text":"that","start":6324.224,"end":6324.467},{"text":"statement.","start":6324.467,"end":6325.163}]},{"text":"And the next speaker is France.","start":6325.746,"end":6327.916,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6325.746,"end":6325.973},{"text":"the","start":6326.394,"end":6326.491},{"text":"next","start":6326.491,"end":6326.847},{"text":"speaker","start":6326.847,"end":6327.203},{"text":"is","start":6327.236,"end":6327.349},{"text":"France.","start":6327.446,"end":6327.916}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Santiago Lippo Galula","affiliation":"COPUOS LSC","affiliation_full":"COPUOS LSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":28,"start":6331.861,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=6332","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chairman.","start":6331.861,"end":6332.398,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6331.861,"end":6332.046},{"text":"you,","start":6332.046,"end":6332.113},{"text":"Chairman.","start":6332.129,"end":6332.398}]},{"text":"Ladies and gentlemen, colleagues, France fully supports any initiative seeking to strengthen the long-term sustainability of outer space activities.","start":6333.397,"end":6343.64,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Ladies","start":6333.397,"end":6333.701},{"text":"and","start":6333.733,"end":6333.845},{"text":"gentlemen,","start":6333.877,"end":6334.262},{"text":"colleagues,","start":6334.679,"end":6335.064},{"text":"France","start":6336.442,"end":6336.779},{"text":"fully","start":6336.779,"end":6336.987},{"text":"supports","start":6337.019,"end":6337.661},{"text":"any","start":6338.542,"end":6338.703},{"text":"initiative","start":6338.703,"end":6339.376},{"text":"seeking","start":6339.6,"end":6339.953},{"text":"to","start":6340.065,"end":6340.145},{"text":"strengthen","start":6340.145,"end":6340.594},{"text":"the","start":6340.706,"end":6340.851},{"text":"long-term","start":6340.851,"end":6341.219},{"text":"sustainability","start":6341.267,"end":6342.037},{"text":"of","start":6342.293,"end":6342.341},{"text":"outer","start":6342.47,"end":6342.646},{"text":"space","start":6342.646,"end":6343.015},{"text":"activities.","start":6343.015,"end":6343.64}]},{"text":"Mitigation first and foremost, as well as limitation— these are key components.","start":6344.954,"end":6349.603,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"France","start":6405.904,"end":6406.259},{"text":"has","start":6406.871,"end":6407.016},{"text":"also","start":6407.273,"end":6407.531},{"text":"supported","start":6407.628,"end":6408.143},{"text":"the","start":6408.176,"end":6408.433},{"text":"Working","start":6408.981,"end":6409.319},{"text":"Group","start":6409.384,"end":6409.706},{"text":"on","start":6409.77,"end":6409.835},{"text":"the","start":6409.867,"end":6409.947},{"text":"Long-Term","start":6410.012,"end":6410.189},{"text":"Sustainability","start":6410.189,"end":6410.447},{"text":"of","start":6410.447,"end":6410.479},{"text":"Space","start":6410.479,"end":6410.64},{"text":"sustainability","start":6410.58,"end":6411.157},{"text":"of","start":6411.157,"end":6411.238},{"text":"outer","start":6411.238,"end":6411.414},{"text":"space","start":6411.414,"end":6411.687},{"text":"activities,","start":6411.799,"end":6412.345},{"text":"leading","start":6412.522,"end":6412.794},{"text":"to","start":6413.324,"end":6413.549},{"text":"the","start":6413.982,"end":6414.223},{"text":"drafting","start":6414.287,"end":6414.752},{"text":"and","start":6415.009,"end":6415.314},{"text":"consensus-based","start":6415.651,"end":6416.518},{"text":"adoption","start":6416.534,"end":6416.919},{"text":"of","start":6417.016,"end":6417.08},{"text":"the","start":6417.112,"end":6417.192},{"text":"21","start":6417.192,"end":6417.609},{"text":"guidelines","start":6417.674,"end":6418.203},{"text":"during","start":6418.3,"end":6418.444},{"text":"the","start":6418.556,"end":6418.621},{"text":"62nd","start":6418.621,"end":6419.407},{"text":"COPRO","start":6419.439,"end":6419.696},{"text":"session","start":6419.776,"end":6420.193},{"text":"in","start":6420.322,"end":6420.37},{"text":"2019.","start":6420.466,"end":6421.333}]},{"text":"We'd like to see this specific and effective implementation of said guidelines by member states of the committee.","start":6421.991,"end":6426.87,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"We'd","start":6421.991,"end":6422.152},{"text":"like","start":6422.168,"end":6422.344},{"text":"to","start":6422.408,"end":6422.505},{"text":"see","start":6422.505,"end":6422.729},{"text":"this","start":6422.729,"end":6422.842},{"text":"specific","start":6422.89,"end":6423.371},{"text":"and","start":6423.371,"end":6423.452},{"text":"effective","start":6423.452,"end":6423.933},{"text":"implementation","start":6423.933,"end":6424.623},{"text":"of","start":6424.72,"end":6424.784},{"text":"said","start":6424.832,"end":6425.024},{"text":"guidelines","start":6425.057,"end":6425.554},{"text":"by","start":6425.618,"end":6425.843},{"text":"member","start":6425.843,"end":6426.1},{"text":"states","start":6426.1,"end":6426.421},{"text":"of","start":6426.421,"end":6426.501},{"text":"the","start":6426.501,"end":6426.581},{"text":"committee.","start":6426.581,"end":6426.87}]},{"text":"These are international mechanisms that are non-binding right now.","start":6428.251,"end":6432.375,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":6428.251,"end":6428.395},{"text":"are","start":6428.427,"end":6428.588},{"text":"international","start":6428.588,"end":6429.486},{"text":"mechanisms","start":6429.486,"end":6430.241},{"text":"that","start":6430.273,"end":6430.417},{"text":"are","start":6430.417,"end":6430.61},{"text":"non-binding","start":6431.011,"end":6431.91},{"text":"right","start":6432.022,"end":6432.151},{"text":"now.","start":6432.199,"end":6432.375}]},{"text":"They are, though, a first concrete Thank you.","start":6433.242,"end":6436.372,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"They","start":6433.242,"end":6433.387},{"text":"are,","start":6433.403,"end":6433.515},{"text":"though,","start":6433.643,"end":6433.868},{"text":"a","start":6434.189,"end":6434.269},{"text":"first","start":6434.269,"end":6434.799},{"text":"concrete","start":6435.714,"end":6436.308},{"text":"Thank","start":6436.26,"end":6436.34},{"text":"you.","start":6436.34,"end":6436.372}]},{"text":"What is the Commission's view on the need for a global step towards mitigating the generation of space debris?","start":6436.42,"end":6439.45,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"What","start":6436.42,"end":6436.468},{"text":"is","start":6436.468,"end":6436.5},{"text":"the","start":6436.5,"end":6436.532},{"text":"Commission's","start":6436.532,"end":6436.724},{"text":"view","start":6436.724,"end":6436.772},{"text":"on","start":6436.772,"end":6436.821},{"text":"the","start":6436.837,"end":6436.869},{"text":"need","start":6436.869,"end":6436.949},{"text":"for","start":6436.949,"end":6437.013},{"text":"a","start":6437.013,"end":6437.029},{"text":"global","start":6437.029,"end":6437.125},{"text":"step","start":6437.125,"end":6437.189},{"text":"towards","start":6437.189,"end":6437.301},{"text":"mitigating","start":6437.301,"end":6437.622},{"text":"the","start":6437.879,"end":6438.055},{"text":"generation","start":6438.055,"end":6438.68},{"text":"of","start":6438.68,"end":6438.744},{"text":"space","start":6438.76,"end":6438.985},{"text":"debris?","start":6439.081,"end":6439.45}]},{"text":"Sir, we believe that international regulations has led to considerable progress and should be built upon.","start":6440.556,"end":6448.587,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Sir,","start":6440.556,"end":6440.876},{"text":"we","start":6441.101,"end":6441.293},{"text":"believe","start":6441.325,"end":6441.71},{"text":"that","start":6441.966,"end":6442.111},{"text":"international","start":6442.159,"end":6443.233},{"text":"regulations","start":6443.425,"end":6444.163},{"text":"has","start":6444.451,"end":6444.595},{"text":"led","start":6444.692,"end":6444.868},{"text":"to","start":6444.868,"end":6445.028},{"text":"considerable","start":6445.028,"end":6447},{"text":"progress","start":6447.016,"end":6447.401},{"text":"and","start":6447.673,"end":6447.818},{"text":"should","start":6447.818,"end":6447.93},{"text":"be","start":6447.994,"end":6448.074},{"text":"built","start":6448.138,"end":6448.379},{"text":"upon.","start":6448.379,"end":6448.587}]},{"text":"However, internationally, efforts should be redoubled and go hand in hand with national ones.","start":6449.18,"end":6455.015,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":6449.18,"end":6449.709},{"text":"internationally,","start":6450.158,"end":6450.847},{"text":"efforts","start":6451.024,"end":6451.425},{"text":"should","start":6451.425,"end":6451.649},{"text":"be","start":6451.681,"end":6451.905},{"text":"redoubled","start":6451.905,"end":6452.531},{"text":"and","start":6453.364,"end":6453.428},{"text":"go","start":6453.444,"end":6453.589},{"text":"hand","start":6453.605,"end":6453.797},{"text":"in","start":6453.845,"end":6453.893},{"text":"hand","start":6453.925,"end":6454.102},{"text":"with","start":6454.15,"end":6454.31},{"text":"national","start":6454.31,"end":6454.727},{"text":"ones.","start":6454.727,"end":6455.015}]},{"text":"That is the reason that we support anything encouraging states to refrain from creating intentionally or intentionally debris with a long lifespan.","start":6455.592,"end":6465.681,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":6455.592,"end":6455.705},{"text":"is","start":6455.753,"end":6455.817},{"text":"the","start":6455.913,"end":6455.993},{"text":"reason","start":6456.009,"end":6456.394},{"text":"that","start":6456.394,"end":6456.49},{"text":"we","start":6456.49,"end":6456.586},{"text":"support","start":6456.634,"end":6457.035},{"text":"anything","start":6457.115,"end":6457.484},{"text":"encouraging","start":6457.693,"end":6458.302},{"text":"states","start":6458.43,"end":6458.895},{"text":"to","start":6459.44,"end":6459.552},{"text":"refrain","start":6460.402,"end":6460.786},{"text":"from","start":6460.818,"end":6460.995},{"text":"creating","start":6461.059,"end":6461.428},{"text":"intentionally","start":6461.476,"end":6462.149},{"text":"or","start":6462.181,"end":6462.454},{"text":"intentionally","start":6462.422,"end":6463.112},{"text":"debris","start":6463.208,"end":6463.578},{"text":"with","start":6464.429,"end":6464.605},{"text":"a","start":6464.605,"end":6464.734},{"text":"long","start":6464.734,"end":6464.958},{"text":"lifespan.","start":6465.151,"end":6465.681}]},{"text":"States bear international responsibility for national outer space activities as per Article 6 of the Space Treaty.","start":6466.211,"end":6472.424,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"States","start":6466.211,"end":6466.741},{"text":"bear","start":6466.741,"end":6467.014},{"text":"international","start":6467.078,"end":6467.72},{"text":"responsibility","start":6467.72,"end":6468.491},{"text":"for","start":6468.523,"end":6468.699},{"text":"national","start":6468.699,"end":6469.245},{"text":"outer","start":6469.309,"end":6469.47},{"text":"space","start":6469.47,"end":6469.807},{"text":"activities","start":6469.807,"end":6470.257},{"text":"as","start":6470.433,"end":6470.498},{"text":"per","start":6470.61,"end":6470.754},{"text":"Article","start":6470.835,"end":6471.108},{"text":"6","start":6471.108,"end":6471.557},{"text":"of","start":6471.573,"end":6471.686},{"text":"the","start":6471.734,"end":6471.814},{"text":"Space","start":6471.814,"end":6472.023},{"text":"Treaty.","start":6472.135,"end":6472.424}]},{"text":"It is also their responsibility to undertake any national measure required so as to ensure that space debris is effectively combated.","start":6473.259,"end":6482.106,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6473.259,"end":6473.388},{"text":"is","start":6473.404,"end":6473.548},{"text":"also","start":6474.287,"end":6474.688},{"text":"their","start":6474.784,"end":6474.897},{"text":"responsibility","start":6474.945,"end":6475.876},{"text":"to","start":6475.908,"end":6476.053},{"text":"undertake","start":6476.069,"end":6476.486},{"text":"any","start":6476.631,"end":6476.807},{"text":"national","start":6476.807,"end":6477.289},{"text":"measure","start":6477.289,"end":6477.674},{"text":"required","start":6477.674,"end":6478.204},{"text":"so","start":6478.638,"end":6478.927},{"text":"as","start":6479.184,"end":6479.328},{"text":"to","start":6479.505,"end":6479.697},{"text":"ensure","start":6479.697,"end":6480.083},{"text":"that","start":6480.083,"end":6480.243},{"text":"space","start":6480.243,"end":6480.645},{"text":"debris","start":6480.645,"end":6480.886},{"text":"is","start":6480.886,"end":6481.014},{"text":"effectively","start":6481.046,"end":6481.656},{"text":"combated.","start":6481.672,"end":6482.106}]},{"text":"It is thus crucial that states adopt technical national regulations that are binding and applicable to all of their national space activities, in particular those conducted by private operators.","start":6482.716,"end":6494.709,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6482.716,"end":6482.86},{"text":"is","start":6482.957,"end":6483.021},{"text":"thus","start":6483.133,"end":6483.47},{"text":"crucial","start":6484,"end":6484.466},{"text":"that","start":6484.643,"end":6484.819},{"text":"states","start":6484.819,"end":6485.156},{"text":"adopt","start":6485.156,"end":6485.526},{"text":"technical","start":6485.526,"end":6486.023},{"text":"national","start":6486.023,"end":6486.633},{"text":"regulations","start":6486.81,"end":6487.516},{"text":"that","start":6487.549,"end":6487.661},{"text":"are","start":6487.789,"end":6487.934},{"text":"binding","start":6487.934,"end":6488.383},{"text":"and","start":6488.432,"end":6488.497},{"text":"applicable","start":6488.658,"end":6489.127},{"text":"to","start":6489.225,"end":6489.37},{"text":"all","start":6489.548,"end":6489.645},{"text":"of","start":6489.645,"end":6489.742},{"text":"their","start":6489.742,"end":6489.904},{"text":"national","start":6489.904,"end":6490.503},{"text":"space","start":6490.632,"end":6490.891},{"text":"activities,","start":6491.02,"end":6491.635},{"text":"in","start":6492.153,"end":6492.201},{"text":"particular","start":6492.314,"end":6492.8},{"text":"those","start":6492.8,"end":6493.01},{"text":"conducted","start":6493.107,"end":6493.576},{"text":"by","start":6493.592,"end":6493.77},{"text":"private","start":6493.77,"end":6494.159},{"text":"operators.","start":6494.159,"end":6494.709}]},{"text":"Chairman, so as to continually strengthen its policy against space debris, we've updated our national technical regulation so as to address the new systems emerging and to limit the generation It provides a strengthening of requirements having to do with the mitigation of space debris, hand in hand with other measures, such as the non-production of debris during nominal operations of an object, limiting risk of accidental breakup, or the need for passivation or escape of protected orbits at the end of missions.","start":6496.84,"end":6536.384,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Chairman,","start":6496.84,"end":6496.985},{"text":"so","start":6497.696,"end":6498.083},{"text":"as","start":6498.228,"end":6498.293},{"text":"to","start":6498.406,"end":6498.6},{"text":"continually","start":6498.875,"end":6499.504},{"text":"strengthen","start":6499.537,"end":6500.07},{"text":"its","start":6500.118,"end":6500.28},{"text":"policy","start":6500.344,"end":6500.877},{"text":"against","start":6500.91,"end":6501.443},{"text":"space","start":6502.056,"end":6502.444},{"text":"debris,","start":6502.444,"end":6502.864},{"text":"we've","start":6503.332,"end":6503.558},{"text":"updated","start":6503.639,"end":6504.188},{"text":"our","start":6504.237,"end":6504.463},{"text":"national","start":6504.544,"end":6505.012},{"text":"technical","start":6505.012,"end":6505.432},{"text":"regulation","start":6505.432,"end":6506.044},{"text":"so","start":6506.318,"end":6506.511},{"text":"as","start":6506.946,"end":6507.172},{"text":"to","start":6507.687,"end":6507.8},{"text":"address","start":6507.865,"end":6508.219},{"text":"the","start":6508.719,"end":6508.896},{"text":"new","start":6508.896,"end":6509.154},{"text":"systems","start":6509.154,"end":6509.798},{"text":"emerging","start":6510.281,"end":6510.797},{"text":"and","start":6512.263,"end":6512.65},{"text":"to","start":6512.682,"end":6512.795},{"text":"limit","start":6512.988,"end":6513.278},{"text":"the","start":6513.552,"end":6513.713},{"text":"generation","start":6513.713,"end":6515.872},{"text":"It","start":6514.483,"end":6514.805},{"text":"provides","start":6514.805,"end":6517.022},{"text":"a","start":6517.07,"end":6517.086},{"text":"strengthening","start":6517.135,"end":6517.745},{"text":"of","start":6518.002,"end":6518.147},{"text":"requirements","start":6518.179,"end":6518.902},{"text":"having","start":6518.902,"end":6519.111},{"text":"to","start":6519.143,"end":6519.24},{"text":"do","start":6519.304,"end":6519.432},{"text":"with","start":6519.464,"end":6519.625},{"text":"the","start":6519.625,"end":6519.689},{"text":"mitigation","start":6519.689,"end":6520.22},{"text":"of","start":6520.252,"end":6520.3},{"text":"space","start":6520.348,"end":6520.67},{"text":"debris,","start":6520.67,"end":6521.087},{"text":"hand","start":6522.019,"end":6522.244},{"text":"in","start":6522.357,"end":6522.485},{"text":"hand","start":6522.501,"end":6522.63},{"text":"with","start":6522.662,"end":6522.774},{"text":"other","start":6522.823,"end":6522.999},{"text":"measures,","start":6522.999,"end":6523.449},{"text":"such","start":6523.578,"end":6523.883},{"text":"as","start":6523.883,"end":6524.012},{"text":"the","start":6524.044,"end":6524.188},{"text":"non-production","start":6524.188,"end":6524.815},{"text":"of","start":6524.912,"end":6524.976},{"text":"debris","start":6525.008,"end":6525.329},{"text":"during","start":6525.329,"end":6525.538},{"text":"nominal","start":6525.57,"end":6526.004},{"text":"operations","start":6526.117,"end":6526.663},{"text":"of","start":6526.695,"end":6526.775},{"text":"an","start":6526.775,"end":6526.92},{"text":"object,","start":6526.92,"end":6527.274},{"text":"limiting","start":6527.723,"end":6527.997},{"text":"risk","start":6528.061,"end":6528.463},{"text":"of","start":6528.607,"end":6528.752},{"text":"accidental","start":6529.17,"end":6529.62},{"text":"breakup,","start":6529.668,"end":6530.053},{"text":"or","start":6530.294,"end":6530.407},{"text":"the","start":6530.953,"end":6531.05},{"text":"need","start":6531.05,"end":6531.355},{"text":"for","start":6531.355,"end":6531.58},{"text":"passivation","start":6531.58,"end":6532.206},{"text":"or","start":6532.415,"end":6532.496},{"text":"escape","start":6532.56,"end":6533.058},{"text":"of","start":6533.508,"end":6533.556},{"text":"protected","start":6533.669,"end":6534.167},{"text":"orbits","start":6534.231,"end":6534.536},{"text":"at","start":6535.533,"end":6535.597},{"text":"the","start":6535.613,"end":6535.709},{"text":"end","start":6535.709,"end":6535.854},{"text":"of","start":6535.854,"end":6535.982},{"text":"missions.","start":6535.999,"end":6536.384}]},{"text":"It introduces, inter alia, a new definition of space debris.","start":6537.766,"end":6539.871,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6537.766,"end":6537.943},{"text":"introduces,","start":6537.943,"end":6538.393},{"text":"inter","start":6538.489,"end":6538.569},{"text":"alia,","start":6538.569,"end":6538.65},{"text":"a","start":6538.843,"end":6538.859},{"text":"new","start":6538.923,"end":6539.1},{"text":"definition","start":6539.1,"end":6539.389},{"text":"of","start":6539.389,"end":6539.517},{"text":"space","start":6539.582,"end":6539.646},{"text":"debris.","start":6539.646,"end":6539.871}]},{"text":"Restriction to certain extremely cluttered orbits for non-maneuverable objects, as well as a reduction of the residual orbital time following retirement, and increased chances for success for passivation and deorbiting operations, so as to limit the risk of debris generation before and after the mission of the object.","start":6540.417,"end":6563.073,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Restriction","start":6540.417,"end":6540.963},{"text":"to","start":6541.541,"end":6541.718},{"text":"certain","start":6541.718,"end":6542.071},{"text":"extremely","start":6542.906,"end":6543.371},{"text":"cluttered","start":6543.404,"end":6543.773},{"text":"orbits","start":6543.885,"end":6544.415},{"text":"for","start":6544.447,"end":6544.768},{"text":"non-maneuverable","start":6544.768,"end":6546.197},{"text":"objects,","start":6546.197,"end":6546.856},{"text":"as","start":6547.402,"end":6547.546},{"text":"well","start":6547.578,"end":6547.771},{"text":"as","start":6547.819,"end":6547.948},{"text":"a","start":6547.98,"end":6548.044},{"text":"reduction","start":6548.044,"end":6548.461},{"text":"of","start":6548.461,"end":6548.526},{"text":"the","start":6548.526,"end":6548.606},{"text":"residual","start":6549.088,"end":6549.569},{"text":"orbital","start":6549.65,"end":6550.019},{"text":"time","start":6550.067,"end":6550.42},{"text":"following","start":6551.014,"end":6551.4},{"text":"retirement,","start":6551.496,"end":6552.235},{"text":"and","start":6552.379,"end":6552.684},{"text":"increased","start":6552.797,"end":6553.76},{"text":"chances","start":6553.76,"end":6554.129},{"text":"for","start":6554.226,"end":6554.338},{"text":"success","start":6554.338,"end":6554.964},{"text":"for","start":6555.366,"end":6555.542},{"text":"passivation","start":6555.607,"end":6556.329},{"text":"and","start":6556.329,"end":6556.409},{"text":"deorbiting","start":6556.409,"end":6557.02},{"text":"operations,","start":6557.132,"end":6558.224},{"text":"so","start":6558.256,"end":6558.497},{"text":"as","start":6558.497,"end":6558.545},{"text":"to","start":6558.641,"end":6558.722},{"text":"limit","start":6558.722,"end":6558.978},{"text":"the","start":6558.978,"end":6559.123},{"text":"risk","start":6559.123,"end":6559.524},{"text":"of","start":6559.605,"end":6559.749},{"text":"debris","start":6560.022,"end":6560.263},{"text":"generation","start":6560.263,"end":6560.937},{"text":"before","start":6561.307,"end":6561.58},{"text":"and","start":6561.628,"end":6561.772},{"text":"after","start":6561.772,"end":6562.013},{"text":"the","start":6562.013,"end":6562.077},{"text":"mission","start":6562.077,"end":6562.431},{"text":"of","start":6562.431,"end":6562.575},{"text":"the","start":6562.575,"end":6562.655},{"text":"object.","start":6562.655,"end":6563.073}]},{"text":"This is an appropriate legal framework securing the long-term sustainability of outer space activities for constellations and servicing in orbit.","start":6563.795,"end":6570.489,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar 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is not for this subcommittee to discuss the technical developments required for the reduction of the creation of such human-made space debris as a result of space 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is very much for this subcommittee to develop the legal framework that induces compliance with our obligations in outer space, including towards future generations.","start":6704.616,"end":6715.484,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6704.616,"end":6704.664},{"text":"is","start":6704.858,"end":6704.922},{"text":"very","start":6705.115,"end":6705.405},{"text":"much","start":6705.437,"end":6705.727},{"text":"for","start":6705.92,"end":6706.114},{"text":"this","start":6706.226,"end":6706.355},{"text":"subcommittee","start":6706.404,"end":6706.983},{"text":"to","start":6707.466,"end":6707.547},{"text":"develop","start":6707.595,"end":6708.095},{"text":"the","start":6708.095,"end":6708.175},{"text":"legal","start":6708.239,"end":6708.481},{"text":"framework","start":6708.481,"end":6709.206},{"text":"that","start":6709.463,"end":6709.689},{"text":"induces","start":6709.689,"end":6710.156},{"text":"compliance","start":6710.253,"end":6711.09},{"text":"with","start":6711.154,"end":6711.299},{"text":"our","start":6711.299,"end":6711.444},{"text":"obligations","start":6711.46,"end":6712.088},{"text":"in","start":6712.121,"end":6712.266},{"text":"outer","start":6712.266,"end":6712.444},{"text":"space,","start":6712.444,"end":6712.799},{"text":"including","start":6713.317,"end":6713.786},{"text":"towards","start":6713.899,"end":6714.304},{"text":"future","start":6714.384,"end":6714.789},{"text":"generations.","start":6714.789,"end":6715.484}]},{"text":"It is also for this subcommittee to promote responsible behavior in outer space, to disseminate good practices, and to develop further norms and rules, including eventually legally binding instruments.","start":6717.199,"end":6731.659,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6717.199,"end":6717.312},{"text":"is","start":6717.312,"end":6717.393},{"text":"also","start":6717.603,"end":6718.185},{"text":"for","start":6718.509,"end":6718.687},{"text":"this","start":6718.816,"end":6718.946},{"text":"subcommittee","start":6719.14,"end":6719.706},{"text":"to","start":6720.135,"end":6720.263},{"text":"promote","start":6720.28,"end":6720.779},{"text":"responsible","start":6720.779,"end":6721.391},{"text":"behavior","start":6721.423,"end":6721.923},{"text":"in","start":6722.052,"end":6722.1},{"text":"outer","start":6722.213,"end":6722.422},{"text":"space,","start":6722.471,"end":6722.841},{"text":"to","start":6723.518,"end":6723.598},{"text":"disseminate","start":6723.598,"end":6724.323},{"text":"good","start":6724.323,"end":6724.533},{"text":"practices,","start":6724.565,"end":6725.097},{"text":"and","start":6725.612,"end":6725.677},{"text":"to","start":6725.693,"end":6725.854},{"text":"develop","start":6725.854,"end":6726.337},{"text":"further","start":6726.337,"end":6726.676},{"text":"norms","start":6726.676,"end":6727.03},{"text":"and","start":6727.062,"end":6727.207},{"text":"rules,","start":6727.207,"end":6727.433},{"text":"including","start":6727.868,"end":6728.4},{"text":"eventually","start":6728.738,"end":6729.287},{"text":"legally","start":6730.029,"end":6730.416},{"text":"binding","start":6730.449,"end":6730.804},{"text":"instruments.","start":6730.933,"end":6731.659}]},{"text":"It is time to take our obligation to ensure the peaceful, safe, and sustainable use of outer space also for future generations seriously.","start":6733.192,"end":6742.022,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses and Non-Weaponization of Space","description":"Speakers repeatedly emphasized that outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. Related concerns included preventing conflict in space, avoiding an arms race, and condemning destructive anti-satellite behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6733.192,"end":6733.337},{"text":"is","start":6733.337,"end":6733.402},{"text":"time","start":6733.579,"end":6733.999},{"text":"to","start":6734.015,"end":6734.16},{"text":"take","start":6734.16,"end":6734.466},{"text":"our","start":6734.466,"end":6734.531},{"text":"obligation","start":6734.628,"end":6735.257},{"text":"to","start":6735.677,"end":6735.741},{"text":"ensure","start":6735.773,"end":6736.258},{"text":"the","start":6736.258,"end":6736.419},{"text":"peaceful,","start":6736.419,"end":6736.838},{"text":"safe,","start":6736.855,"end":6737.193},{"text":"and","start":6737.242,"end":6737.322},{"text":"sustainable","start":6737.322,"end":6737.984},{"text":"use","start":6738.016,"end":6738.273},{"text":"of","start":6738.273,"end":6738.418},{"text":"outer","start":6738.418,"end":6738.676},{"text":"space","start":6738.676,"end":6739.03},{"text":"also","start":6739.705,"end":6740.043},{"text":"for","start":6740.043,"end":6740.204},{"text":"future","start":6740.204,"end":6740.622},{"text":"generations","start":6740.622,"end":6741.266},{"text":"seriously.","start":6741.266,"end":6742.022}]},{"text":"We must promote non-legally binding initiatives an instrument dedicating— dedicated to reducing space debris.","start":6742.601,"end":6750.189,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6742.601,"end":6742.698},{"text":"must","start":6742.698,"end":6743.068},{"text":"promote","start":6743.164,"end":6743.679},{"text":"non-legally","start":6743.679,"end":6744.306},{"text":"binding","start":6744.387,"end":6744.676},{"text":"initiatives","start":6744.773,"end":6745.32},{"text":"an","start":6745.436,"end":6745.581},{"text":"instrument","start":6745.597,"end":6746.239},{"text":"dedicating—","start":6746.239,"end":6746.865},{"text":"dedicated","start":6747.459,"end":6748.31},{"text":"to","start":6748.599,"end":6748.728},{"text":"reducing","start":6748.744,"end":6749.274},{"text":"space","start":6749.322,"end":6749.659},{"text":"debris.","start":6749.771,"end":6750.189}]},{"text":"These include the Artemis Accords, the Space Debris Compendium, and the Long-Term Sustainability Guidelines.","start":6750.911,"end":6757.382,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":6750.911,"end":6751.12},{"text":"include","start":6751.152,"end":6751.875},{"text":"the","start":6752.116,"end":6752.26},{"text":"Artemis","start":6752.34,"end":6752.629},{"text":"Accords,","start":6752.742,"end":6753.208},{"text":"the","start":6753.32,"end":6753.448},{"text":"Space","start":6753.448,"end":6753.753},{"text":"Debris","start":6753.802,"end":6754.123},{"text":"Compendium,","start":6754.123,"end":6754.813},{"text":"and","start":6755.15,"end":6755.231},{"text":"the","start":6755.247,"end":6755.391},{"text":"Long-Term","start":6755.407,"end":6755.889},{"text":"Sustainability","start":6755.905,"end":6756.772},{"text":"Guidelines.","start":6756.772,"end":6757.382}]},{"text":"Finally, Mr. Chair, my government would like to stress that it considers the intentional creation of space debris in this day and age and at this level of development to be irresponsible and frankly unlawful.","start":6758.603,"end":6772.204,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":6758.603,"end":6758.988},{"text":"Mr.","start":6760.481,"end":6760.786},{"text":"Chair,","start":6760.85,"end":6761.043},{"text":"my","start":6761.99,"end":6762.151},{"text":"government","start":6762.151,"end":6762.617},{"text":"would","start":6762.617,"end":6762.713},{"text":"like","start":6762.713,"end":6762.89},{"text":"to","start":6762.89,"end":6762.97},{"text":"stress","start":6762.97,"end":6763.468},{"text":"that","start":6763.516,"end":6763.676},{"text":"it","start":6763.676,"end":6763.821},{"text":"considers","start":6763.821,"end":6764.287},{"text":"the","start":6764.399,"end":6764.495},{"text":"intentional","start":6764.495,"end":6765.202},{"text":"creation","start":6765.202,"end":6765.7},{"text":"of","start":6765.7,"end":6765.764},{"text":"space","start":6765.764,"end":6766.101},{"text":"debris","start":6766.101,"end":6766.583},{"text":"in","start":6767.048,"end":6767.129},{"text":"this","start":6767.129,"end":6767.402},{"text":"day","start":6767.434,"end":6767.546},{"text":"and","start":6767.61,"end":6767.835},{"text":"age","start":6767.835,"end":6768.156},{"text":"and","start":6768.237,"end":6768.333},{"text":"at","start":6768.333,"end":6768.477},{"text":"this","start":6768.477,"end":6768.718},{"text":"level","start":6768.718,"end":6768.975},{"text":"of","start":6768.975,"end":6769.12},{"text":"development","start":6769.12,"end":6769.762},{"text":"to","start":6769.762,"end":6769.906},{"text":"be","start":6769.922,"end":6770.115},{"text":"irresponsible","start":6770.26,"end":6770.998},{"text":"and","start":6770.982,"end":6771.047},{"text":"frankly","start":6771.063,"end":6771.464},{"text":"unlawful.","start":6771.705,"end":6772.204}]},{"text":"The deliberate and unnecessary destruction of a space object in outer space is unlawful.","start":6773.296,"end":6778.968,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses and Non-Weaponization of Space","description":"Speakers repeatedly emphasized that outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. Related concerns included preventing conflict in space, avoiding an arms race, and condemning destructive anti-satellite behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6773.296,"end":6773.36},{"text":"deliberate","start":6773.393,"end":6773.907},{"text":"and","start":6774.662,"end":6774.726},{"text":"unnecessary","start":6774.903,"end":6775.69},{"text":"destruction","start":6775.723,"end":6776.446},{"text":"of","start":6776.446,"end":6776.526},{"text":"a","start":6776.526,"end":6776.59},{"text":"space","start":6776.59,"end":6776.88},{"text":"object","start":6777.008,"end":6777.394},{"text":"in","start":6777.394,"end":6777.538},{"text":"outer","start":6777.554,"end":6777.747},{"text":"space","start":6777.747,"end":6778.213},{"text":"is","start":6778.213,"end":6778.261},{"text":"unlawful.","start":6778.454,"end":6778.968}]},{"text":"My government has joined the growing number of states creating undeniable intentional consent— international consensus declaring a moratorium on ASAT tests and will continue to support similar initiatives.","start":6779.659,"end":6792.964,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses and Non-Weaponization of Space","description":"Speakers repeatedly emphasized that outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. Related concerns included preventing conflict in space, avoiding an arms race, and condemning destructive anti-satellite behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":6779.659,"end":6779.82},{"text":"government","start":6779.82,"end":6780.286},{"text":"has","start":6780.286,"end":6780.431},{"text":"joined","start":6780.543,"end":6780.897},{"text":"the","start":6780.945,"end":6781.025},{"text":"growing","start":6781.09,"end":6781.379},{"text":"number","start":6781.427,"end":6781.716},{"text":"of","start":6781.748,"end":6781.845},{"text":"states","start":6781.893,"end":6782.327},{"text":"creating","start":6782.777,"end":6783.243},{"text":"undeniable","start":6783.339,"end":6784.078},{"text":"intentional","start":6784.078,"end":6784.721},{"text":"consent—","start":6784.721,"end":6785.155},{"text":"international","start":6785.284,"end":6786.071},{"text":"consensus","start":6786.071,"end":6786.762},{"text":"declaring","start":6787.212,"end":6787.662},{"text":"a","start":6787.694,"end":6787.71},{"text":"moratorium","start":6787.71,"end":6788.465},{"text":"on","start":6788.562,"end":6788.626},{"text":"ASAT","start":6788.803,"end":6789.204},{"text":"tests","start":6789.204,"end":6789.638},{"text":"and","start":6790.024,"end":6790.104},{"text":"will","start":6790.104,"end":6790.217},{"text":"continue","start":6790.265,"end":6790.924},{"text":"to","start":6791.245,"end":6791.374},{"text":"support","start":6791.374,"end":6791.856},{"text":"similar","start":6791.856,"end":6792.257},{"text":"initiatives.","start":6792.273,"end":6792.964}]},{"text":"However, also the incidental but preventable permanent loss of control over a space object would be unlawful.","start":6793.784,"end":6800.883,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":6793.784,"end":6794.25},{"text":"also","start":6794.443,"end":6794.844},{"text":"the","start":6794.844,"end":6794.989},{"text":"incidental","start":6795.005,"end":6795.76},{"text":"but","start":6795.889,"end":6796.098},{"text":"preventable","start":6796.114,"end":6798.412},{"text":"permanent","start":6797.094,"end":6797.72},{"text":"loss","start":6797.72,"end":6797.977},{"text":"of","start":6797.977,"end":6798.105},{"text":"control","start":6798.121,"end":6798.49},{"text":"over","start":6798.683,"end":6798.924},{"text":"a","start":6798.924,"end":6798.956},{"text":"space","start":6798.956,"end":6799.293},{"text":"object","start":6799.486,"end":6799.871},{"text":"would","start":6799.903,"end":6800.032},{"text":"be","start":6800.064,"end":6800.289},{"text":"unlawful.","start":6800.305,"end":6800.883}]},{"text":"Such an object may become space debris itself or cause collisions that in turn create further long-lived space debris.","start":6801.445,"end":6809.714,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":6801.445,"end":6801.766},{"text":"an","start":6801.766,"end":6801.846},{"text":"object","start":6801.894,"end":6802.312},{"text":"may","start":6802.312,"end":6802.472},{"text":"become","start":6802.537,"end":6802.842},{"text":"space","start":6802.89,"end":6803.227},{"text":"debris","start":6803.275,"end":6803.661},{"text":"itself","start":6803.677,"end":6804.335},{"text":"or","start":6804.656,"end":6804.736},{"text":"cause","start":6804.865,"end":6805.09},{"text":"collisions","start":6805.186,"end":6805.892},{"text":"that","start":6806.229,"end":6806.406},{"text":"in","start":6806.406,"end":6806.535},{"text":"turn","start":6806.567,"end":6806.775},{"text":"create","start":6806.888,"end":6807.369},{"text":"further","start":6807.369,"end":6807.803},{"text":"long-lived","start":6808.317,"end":6808.895},{"text":"space","start":6808.895,"end":6809.296},{"text":"debris.","start":6809.296,"end":6809.714}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, as such, the issue of space debris is connected closely to that of space traffic management and cooperation.","start":6810.982,"end":6820.262,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."},{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":6810.982,"end":6811.239},{"text":"Chair,","start":6811.303,"end":6811.496},{"text":"as","start":6812.267,"end":6812.363},{"text":"such,","start":6812.363,"end":6812.636},{"text":"the","start":6813.15,"end":6813.31},{"text":"issue","start":6813.31,"end":6813.631},{"text":"of","start":6813.631,"end":6813.728},{"text":"space","start":6813.728,"end":6814.065},{"text":"debris","start":6814.177,"end":6814.595},{"text":"is","start":6814.675,"end":6814.803},{"text":"connected","start":6814.9,"end":6815.542},{"text":"closely","start":6815.542,"end":6816.024},{"text":"to","start":6816.537,"end":6816.682},{"text":"that","start":6816.682,"end":6816.923},{"text":"of","start":6816.923,"end":6816.987},{"text":"space","start":6817.003,"end":6817.276},{"text":"traffic","start":6817.405,"end":6817.902},{"text":"management","start":6818.111,"end":6818.769},{"text":"and","start":6818.834,"end":6819.139},{"text":"cooperation.","start":6819.492,"end":6820.262}]},{"text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands would therefore recommend that space traffic measures are taken also with a view to taking space debris mitigation measures.","start":6821.017,"end":6829.541,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."},{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6821.017,"end":6821.162},{"text":"Kingdom","start":6821.162,"end":6821.515},{"text":"of","start":6821.563,"end":6821.627},{"text":"the","start":6821.675,"end":6821.756},{"text":"Netherlands","start":6821.756,"end":6822.157},{"text":"would","start":6822.205,"end":6824.18},{"text":"therefore","start":6822.302,"end":6822.787},{"text":"recommend","start":6822.787,"end":6823.401},{"text":"that","start":6823.498,"end":6823.659},{"text":"space","start":6823.659,"end":6823.95},{"text":"traffic","start":6824.063,"end":6824.402},{"text":"measures","start":6824.419,"end":6824.774},{"text":"are","start":6825.21,"end":6825.372},{"text":"taken","start":6825.372,"end":6825.663},{"text":"also","start":6825.921,"end":6826.341},{"text":"with","start":6826.648,"end":6826.891},{"text":"a","start":6826.891,"end":6826.907},{"text":"view","start":6826.907,"end":6827.085},{"text":"to","start":6827.214,"end":6827.392},{"text":"taking","start":6827.392,"end":6827.731},{"text":"space","start":6827.731,"end":6828.119},{"text":"debris","start":6828.119,"end":6828.523},{"text":"mitigation","start":6828.523,"end":6829.169},{"text":"measures.","start":6829.169,"end":6829.541}]},{"text":"I thank you for your kind attention.","start":6829.977,"end":6831.399,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6829.977,"end":6830.058},{"text":"thank","start":6830.058,"end":6830.365},{"text":"you","start":6830.365,"end":6830.462},{"text":"for","start":6830.462,"end":6830.623},{"text":"your","start":6830.623,"end":6830.785},{"text":"kind","start":6830.785,"end":6831.092},{"text":"attention.","start":6831.092,"end":6831.399}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"NLD","affiliation_full":"Netherlands (Kingdom of the)","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":31,"start":6839.042,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=6840","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you to the representative of the Netherlands.","start":6839.042,"end":6843.965,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6839.042,"end":6841.06},{"text":"you","start":6841.06,"end":6841.286},{"text":"to","start":6841.786,"end":6842.077},{"text":"the","start":6842.19,"end":6842.335},{"text":"representative","start":6842.335,"end":6843.077},{"text":"of","start":6843.077,"end":6843.206},{"text":"the","start":6843.239,"end":6843.335},{"text":"Netherlands.","start":6843.335,"end":6843.965}]},{"text":"I will now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the United States.","start":6844.433,"end":6848.966,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6844.433,"end":6844.449},{"text":"will","start":6844.449,"end":6844.562},{"text":"now","start":6844.562,"end":6844.853},{"text":"give","start":6844.853,"end":6845.014},{"text":"the","start":6845.014,"end":6845.159},{"text":"floor","start":6845.159,"end":6845.595},{"text":"to","start":6846.047,"end":6846.192},{"text":"the","start":6846.305,"end":6846.402},{"text":"distinguished","start":6846.466,"end":6847.015},{"text":"representative","start":6847.015,"end":6847.935},{"text":"of","start":6847.935,"end":6848.048},{"text":"the","start":6848.08,"end":6848.21},{"text":"United","start":6848.21,"end":6848.579},{"text":"States.","start":6848.579,"end":6848.966}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Santiago Lippo Galula","affiliation":"COPUOS LSC","affiliation_full":"COPUOS LSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":32,"start":6851.163,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=6852","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, the United States welcomes the continued exchange of information regarding legal mechanisms related to space debris mitigation measures.","start":6851.163,"end":6859.095,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":6851.163,"end":6851.516},{"text":"the","start":6851.885,"end":6851.966},{"text":"United","start":6851.966,"end":6852.223},{"text":"States","start":6852.223,"end":6852.624},{"text":"welcomes","start":6852.688,"end":6853.074},{"text":"the","start":6853.17,"end":6853.25},{"text":"continued","start":6853.25,"end":6853.652},{"text":"exchange","start":6853.668,"end":6854.149},{"text":"of","start":6854.149,"end":6854.246},{"text":"information","start":6854.246,"end":6854.856},{"text":"regarding","start":6854.856,"end":6855.177},{"text":"legal","start":6855.338,"end":6855.578},{"text":"mechanisms","start":6855.578,"end":6856.221},{"text":"related","start":6856.221,"end":6856.638},{"text":"to","start":6856.638,"end":6856.735},{"text":"space","start":6856.735,"end":6857.12},{"text":"debris","start":6857.12,"end":6857.441},{"text":"mitigation","start":6857.441,"end":6858.067},{"text":"measures.","start":6858.71,"end":6859.095}]},{"text":"The United States has long recognized the importance of mitigating the creation and effects of space debris and supports efforts to evolve those practices to ensure continued safety of space operations in the future.","start":6859.207,"end":6870.463,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6925.224,"end":6925.305},{"text":"interagency","start":6925.385,"end":6925.914},{"text":"Space","start":6925.962,"end":6926.283},{"text":"Debris","start":6926.283,"end":6926.54},{"text":"Coordination","start":6926.604,"end":6927.327},{"text":"Committee,","start":6927.327,"end":6927.696},{"text":"IADC,","start":6928.114,"end":6928.66},{"text":"is","start":6929.013,"end":6929.061},{"text":"recognized","start":6929.157,"end":6929.735},{"text":"as","start":6929.735,"end":6929.864},{"text":"the","start":6929.88,"end":6930.073},{"text":"technical","start":6930.217,"end":6930.715},{"text":"authority","start":6930.715,"end":6931.148},{"text":"on","start":6931.245,"end":6931.293},{"text":"orbital","start":6931.421,"end":6931.71},{"text":"debris","start":6931.743,"end":6931.983},{"text":"by","start":6932.064,"end":6932.224},{"text":"the","start":6932.224,"end":6932.369},{"text":"international","start":6932.369,"end":6932.867},{"text":"community.","start":6932.867,"end":6933.396}]},{"text":"As a founding member of the IADC, the United States has actively participated in all major IADC activities in the past, including measurements, modeling, impact protection, and the development of orbital debris mitigation best practices.","start":6934.055,"end":6946.322,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6947.623,"end":6947.655},{"text":"United","start":6947.655,"end":6948.04},{"text":"States","start":6948.04,"end":6948.281},{"text":"is","start":6948.281,"end":6948.329},{"text":"committed","start":6948.425,"end":6948.875},{"text":"to","start":6948.907,"end":6949.068},{"text":"continuing","start":6949.068,"end":6949.517},{"text":"our","start":6949.549,"end":6949.71},{"text":"contributions","start":6949.71,"end":6950.416},{"text":"to","start":6950.449,"end":6950.609},{"text":"the","start":6950.609,"end":6950.721},{"text":"IADC.","start":6950.834,"end":6951.187}]},{"text":"To improve the characterization of the ever-changing orbital debris environment and to assess ways to improve the IADC space debris mitigation guidelines to better preserve the near-Earth space environment for the safe operations of future space missions.","start":6951.476,"end":6964.145,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":6951.476,"end":6951.572},{"text":"improve","start":6951.572,"end":6951.958},{"text":"the","start":6951.958,"end":6952.054},{"text":"characterization","start":6952.054,"end":6952.857},{"text":"of","start":6952.857,"end":6952.937},{"text":"the","start":6952.937,"end":6953.146},{"text":"ever-changing","start":6953.162,"end":6953.869},{"text":"orbital","start":6953.965,"end":6954.27},{"text":"debris","start":6954.302,"end":6954.704},{"text":"environment","start":6954.704,"end":6955.394},{"text":"and","start":6955.651,"end":6955.747},{"text":"to","start":6955.747,"end":6955.892},{"text":"assess","start":6955.924,"end":6956.309},{"text":"ways","start":6956.373,"end":6956.518},{"text":"to","start":6956.63,"end":6956.775},{"text":"improve","start":6956.775,"end":6957.112},{"text":"the","start":6957.112,"end":6957.321},{"text":"IADC","start":6957.337,"end":6957.754},{"text":"space","start":6957.931,"end":6958.316},{"text":"debris","start":6958.316,"end":6958.557},{"text":"mitigation","start":6958.557,"end":6959.071},{"text":"guidelines","start":6959.119,"end":6959.601},{"text":"to","start":6959.617,"end":6959.729},{"text":"better","start":6959.745,"end":6960.002},{"text":"preserve","start":6960.002,"end":6960.371},{"text":"the","start":6960.388,"end":6960.452},{"text":"near-Earth","start":6960.452,"end":6960.95},{"text":"space","start":6960.95,"end":6961.19},{"text":"environment","start":6961.287,"end":6961.72},{"text":"for","start":6961.768,"end":6961.913},{"text":"the","start":6961.913,"end":6961.993},{"text":"safe","start":6961.993,"end":6962.33},{"text":"operations","start":6962.33,"end":6962.908},{"text":"of","start":6962.908,"end":6962.973},{"text":"future","start":6962.973,"end":6963.358},{"text":"space","start":6963.358,"end":6963.695},{"text":"missions.","start":6963.695,"end":6964.145}]},{"text":"The United States continues to implement the UN COPUSS space debris mitigation guidelines and the long-term sustainability guidelines associated with minimizing and mitigating the effects of space debris because of our strong interest in the freedom to explore and use outer space, and our judgment that these practices represent sound approaches to debris mitigation.","start":6964.819,"end":6983.734,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6964.819,"end":6964.883},{"text":"United","start":6964.883,"end":6965.156},{"text":"States","start":6965.156,"end":6965.461},{"text":"continues","start":6965.461,"end":6965.911},{"text":"to","start":6966.007,"end":6966.072},{"text":"implement","start":6966.088,"end":6966.553},{"text":"the","start":6966.585,"end":6966.65},{"text":"UN","start":6966.666,"end":6966.955},{"text":"COPUSS","start":6966.987,"end":6967.436},{"text":"space","start":6967.469,"end":6967.774},{"text":"debris","start":6967.774,"end":6967.966},{"text":"mitigation","start":6967.966,"end":6968.592},{"text":"guidelines","start":6968.592,"end":6969.122},{"text":"and","start":6969.54,"end":6969.636},{"text":"the","start":6969.636,"end":6969.781},{"text":"long-term","start":6969.781,"end":6970.182},{"text":"sustainability","start":6970.198,"end":6970.921},{"text":"guidelines","start":6970.921,"end":6971.402},{"text":"associated","start":6971.402,"end":6971.964},{"text":"with","start":6971.964,"end":6972.205},{"text":"minimizing","start":6972.205,"end":6972.815},{"text":"and","start":6972.928,"end":6972.992},{"text":"mitigating","start":6973.008,"end":6973.538},{"text":"the","start":6973.57,"end":6973.715},{"text":"effects","start":6973.715,"end":6974.132},{"text":"of","start":6974.132,"end":6974.212},{"text":"space","start":6974.212,"end":6974.485},{"text":"debris","start":6974.549,"end":6974.935},{"text":"because","start":6975.256,"end":6975.497},{"text":"of","start":6975.497,"end":6975.561},{"text":"our","start":6975.561,"end":6975.657},{"text":"strong","start":6975.657,"end":6976.187},{"text":"interest","start":6976.3,"end":6976.717},{"text":"in","start":6976.717,"end":6976.749},{"text":"the","start":6976.749,"end":6976.797},{"text":"freedom","start":6976.862,"end":6977.183},{"text":"to","start":6977.183,"end":6977.311},{"text":"explore","start":6977.343,"end":6977.857},{"text":"and","start":6977.986,"end":6978.05},{"text":"use","start":6978.13,"end":6978.532},{"text":"outer","start":6978.532,"end":6978.708},{"text":"space,","start":6978.708,"end":6979.174},{"text":"and","start":6979.575,"end":6979.8},{"text":"our","start":6979.816,"end":6979.912},{"text":"judgment","start":6979.912,"end":6980.378},{"text":"that","start":6980.378,"end":6980.474},{"text":"these","start":6980.474,"end":6980.603},{"text":"practices","start":6980.699,"end":6981.213},{"text":"represent","start":6981.261,"end":6981.679},{"text":"sound","start":6981.695,"end":6982.08},{"text":"approaches","start":6982.08,"end":6982.61},{"text":"to","start":6982.706,"end":6982.803},{"text":"debris","start":6982.803,"end":6983.124},{"text":"mitigation.","start":6983.124,"end":6983.734}]},{"text":"Preventing the proliferation of space debris, especially through easily avoidable actions like conducting destructive direct ascent satellite missile testing, should be considered.","start":6984.97,"end":6995.503,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses and Non-Weaponization of Space","description":"Speakers repeatedly emphasized that outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. Related concerns included preventing conflict in space, avoiding an arms race, and condemning destructive anti-satellite behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"Preventing","start":6984.97,"end":6985.34},{"text":"the","start":6985.356,"end":6985.452},{"text":"proliferation","start":6985.452,"end":6986.11},{"text":"of","start":6986.11,"end":6986.174},{"text":"space","start":6986.174,"end":6986.447},{"text":"debris,","start":6986.512,"end":6986.929},{"text":"especially","start":6986.977,"end":6987.539},{"text":"through","start":6987.603,"end":6987.828},{"text":"easily","start":6988.262,"end":6988.551},{"text":"avoidable","start":6988.744,"end":6989.289},{"text":"actions","start":6989.37,"end":6989.835},{"text":"like","start":6990.012,"end":6990.173},{"text":"conducting","start":6990.173,"end":6990.718},{"text":"destructive","start":6990.831,"end":6991.537},{"text":"direct","start":6991.537,"end":6991.891},{"text":"ascent","start":6991.891,"end":6992.613},{"text":"satellite","start":6992.774,"end":6993.304},{"text":"missile","start":6993.304,"end":6993.56},{"text":"testing,","start":6993.56,"end":6993.994},{"text":"should","start":6994.428,"end":6994.733},{"text":"be","start":6994.765,"end":6994.909},{"text":"considered.","start":6994.909,"end":6995.503}]},{"text":"This is not solely a security issue, as these actions can have significant impacts on the long-term sustainability of outer space.","start":6996.113,"end":7002.279,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6996.113,"end":6996.226},{"text":"is","start":6996.226,"end":6996.338},{"text":"not","start":6996.354,"end":6996.531},{"text":"solely","start":6996.547,"end":6996.836},{"text":"a","start":6996.916,"end":6996.932},{"text":"security","start":6996.932,"end":6997.462},{"text":"issue,","start":6997.494,"end":6997.783},{"text":"as","start":6997.896,"end":6998.024},{"text":"these","start":6998.056,"end":6998.265},{"text":"actions","start":6998.361,"end":6998.747},{"text":"can","start":6998.779,"end":6998.923},{"text":"have","start":6998.923,"end":6999.212},{"text":"significant","start":6999.421,"end":7000.304},{"text":"impacts","start":7000.304,"end":7000.866},{"text":"on","start":7000.93,"end":7001.011},{"text":"the","start":7001.011,"end":7001.091},{"text":"long-term","start":7001.107,"end":7001.509},{"text":"sustainability","start":7001.509,"end":7002.087},{"text":"of","start":7002.087,"end":7002.119},{"text":"outer","start":7002.119,"end":7002.183},{"text":"space.","start":7002.183,"end":7002.279}]},{"text":"Outer space.","start":7002.36,"end":7003.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Outer","start":7002.36,"end":7002.488},{"text":"space.","start":7002.488,"end":7003.05}]},{"text":"Approaches to mitigation and object tracking and characterization are linked to evolving technologies.","start":7003.997,"end":7009.184,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."}],"words":[{"text":"Approaches","start":7003.997,"end":7004.399},{"text":"to","start":7004.399,"end":7004.495},{"text":"mitigation","start":7004.543,"end":7005.041},{"text":"and","start":7005.041,"end":7005.185},{"text":"object","start":7005.266,"end":7005.539},{"text":"tracking","start":7005.539,"end":7005.972},{"text":"and","start":7006.149,"end":7006.245},{"text":"characterization","start":7006.245,"end":7007.016},{"text":"are","start":7007.209,"end":7007.337},{"text":"linked","start":7007.353,"end":7007.594},{"text":"to","start":7007.594,"end":7007.658},{"text":"evolving","start":7007.706,"end":7008.3},{"text":"technologies.","start":7008.333,"end":7009.184}]},{"text":"As technologies change, so too do the available methods for debris mitigation and object tracking and characterization, as well as the cost-benefit trade-offs of doing so.","start":7009.778,"end":7018.93,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":7009.778,"end":7009.826},{"text":"technologies","start":7009.874,"end":7010.436},{"text":"change,","start":7010.564,"end":7010.95},{"text":"so","start":7010.966,"end":7011.383},{"text":"too","start":7011.383,"end":7011.704},{"text":"do","start":7011.721,"end":7011.833},{"text":"the","start":7011.849,"end":7011.961},{"text":"available","start":7011.961,"end":7012.411},{"text":"methods","start":7012.411,"end":7012.828},{"text":"for","start":7012.909,"end":7013.053},{"text":"debris","start":7013.053,"end":7013.374},{"text":"mitigation","start":7013.374,"end":7013.888},{"text":"and","start":7013.888,"end":7014.001},{"text":"object","start":7014.097,"end":7014.418},{"text":"tracking","start":7014.418,"end":7014.803},{"text":"and","start":7015.301,"end":7015.43},{"text":"characterization,","start":7015.462,"end":7016.297},{"text":"as","start":7016.441,"end":7016.489},{"text":"well","start":7016.602,"end":7016.73},{"text":"as","start":7016.843,"end":7016.923},{"text":"the","start":7016.923,"end":7017.067},{"text":"cost-benefit","start":7017.067,"end":7017.694},{"text":"trade-offs","start":7017.726,"end":7018.223},{"text":"of","start":7018.223,"end":7018.272},{"text":"doing","start":7018.368,"end":7018.577},{"text":"so.","start":7018.609,"end":7018.93}]},{"text":"For example, we are confident that our Department of Commerce's TRACS system will make avoiding collisions with debris easier for any operators who wish to avail themselves of this safety-focused service.","start":7019.556,"end":7030.523,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":7019.556,"end":7019.652},{"text":"example,","start":7019.652,"end":7019.99},{"text":"we","start":7020.038,"end":7020.118},{"text":"are","start":7020.134,"end":7020.214},{"text":"confident","start":7020.214,"end":7020.696},{"text":"that","start":7020.696,"end":7020.792},{"text":"our","start":7020.792,"end":7020.937},{"text":"Department","start":7020.937,"end":7021.354},{"text":"of","start":7021.354,"end":7021.467},{"text":"Commerce's","start":7021.499,"end":7022.157},{"text":"TRACS","start":7022.222,"end":7022.703},{"text":"system","start":7022.703,"end":7023.233},{"text":"will","start":7023.49,"end":7023.586},{"text":"make","start":7023.586,"end":7023.811},{"text":"avoiding","start":7023.891,"end":7024.213},{"text":"collisions","start":7024.309,"end":7024.887},{"text":"with","start":7025.096,"end":7025.176},{"text":"debris","start":7025.288,"end":7025.754},{"text":"easier","start":7025.834,"end":7026.236},{"text":"for","start":7026.236,"end":7026.477},{"text":"any","start":7026.477,"end":7026.685},{"text":"operators","start":7026.782,"end":7027.328},{"text":"who","start":7027.665,"end":7027.745},{"text":"wish","start":7027.761,"end":7028.098},{"text":"to","start":7027.906,"end":7028.018},{"text":"avail","start":7028.018,"end":7028.259},{"text":"themselves","start":7028.307,"end":7028.853},{"text":"of","start":7028.885,"end":7028.965},{"text":"this","start":7028.965,"end":7029.094},{"text":"safety-focused","start":7029.126,"end":7030.025},{"text":"service.","start":7030.025,"end":7030.523}]},{"text":"While we do not see the wisdom in codifying specific debris mitigation standards into international law at this time, given the evolving technical aspects, we support the continued implementation by member states and intergovernmental organizations of widely agreed debris mitigation guidelines and best practices.","start":7031.534,"end":7049.325,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":7031.534,"end":7031.647},{"text":"we","start":7031.695,"end":7031.92},{"text":"do","start":7031.92,"end":7032.032},{"text":"not","start":7032.032,"end":7032.257},{"text":"see","start":7032.257,"end":7032.417},{"text":"the","start":7032.417,"end":7032.498},{"text":"wisdom","start":7032.498,"end":7032.819},{"text":"in","start":7032.819,"end":7032.947},{"text":"codifying","start":7032.963,"end":7033.429},{"text":"specific","start":7033.477,"end":7034.007},{"text":"debris","start":7034.007,"end":7034.746},{"text":"mitigation","start":7035.147,"end":7035.645},{"text":"standards","start":7035.645,"end":7036.159},{"text":"into","start":7036.191,"end":7036.383},{"text":"international","start":7036.432,"end":7036.994},{"text":"law","start":7036.994,"end":7037.138},{"text":"at","start":7037.138,"end":7037.234},{"text":"this","start":7037.234,"end":7037.395},{"text":"time,","start":7037.395,"end":7037.604},{"text":"given","start":7037.716,"end":7037.925},{"text":"the","start":7037.957,"end":7038.118},{"text":"evolving","start":7038.118,"end":7038.471},{"text":"technical","start":7038.519,"end":7039.065},{"text":"aspects,","start":7039.065,"end":7039.45},{"text":"we","start":7040.044,"end":7040.125},{"text":"support","start":7040.125,"end":7040.51},{"text":"the","start":7040.51,"end":7040.59},{"text":"continued","start":7040.59,"end":7040.992},{"text":"implementation","start":7041.008,"end":7041.746},{"text":"by","start":7041.795,"end":7041.907},{"text":"member","start":7041.907,"end":7042.212},{"text":"states","start":7042.212,"end":7042.758},{"text":"and","start":7042.774,"end":7042.838},{"text":"intergovernmental","start":7042.854,"end":7043.962},{"text":"organizations","start":7043.978,"end":7044.829},{"text":"of","start":7045.182,"end":7045.311},{"text":"widely","start":7045.407,"end":7045.793},{"text":"agreed","start":7045.825,"end":7046.242},{"text":"debris","start":7046.29,"end":7046.547},{"text":"mitigation","start":7046.547,"end":7047.222},{"text":"guidelines","start":7047.832,"end":7048.362},{"text":"and","start":7048.394,"end":7048.458},{"text":"best","start":7048.538,"end":7048.715},{"text":"practices.","start":7048.715,"end":7049.325}]},{"text":"Safety and the right to explore and use space are paramount importance for the United States, and we will continue to support wholeheartedly international cooperation to further debris mitigation technology and techniques.","start":7050.626,"end":7061.639,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. 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Issues included protecting the lunar environment, coordinating operations, safeguarding heritage and scientific sites, and preventing interference among missions."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7291.978,"end":7292.106},{"text":"is","start":7292.155,"end":7292.267},{"text":"why","start":7292.299,"end":7292.411},{"text":"the","start":7292.524,"end":7292.604},{"text":"UK","start":7292.604,"end":7292.925},{"text":"is","start":7292.925,"end":7292.99},{"text":"developing","start":7293.022,"end":7293.535},{"text":"regulation","start":7293.584,"end":7294.081},{"text":"around","start":7294.13,"end":7294.258},{"text":"sustainability","start":7294.258,"end":7295.077},{"text":"in","start":7295.334,"end":7295.398},{"text":"the","start":7295.43,"end":7295.526},{"text":"lunar","start":7295.526,"end":7295.815},{"text":"environment","start":7295.815,"end":7296.361},{"text":"and","start":7296.779,"end":7296.939},{"text":"beyond","start":7296.939,"end":7297.261},{"text":"Earth","start":7297.261,"end":7297.405},{"text":"orbit.","start":7297.501,"end":7297.774}]},{"text":"The UK believes that the growing number of missions to the Moon means that beyond Earth orbit sustainability will become ever more salient.","start":7298.577,"end":7305.241,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Activities and Environmental Protection","description":"Several interventions addressed the rapid growth of lunar activity and the need for rules to manage it responsibly. 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The Russian Federation finds this approach unacceptable.","start":7489.2,"end":7495.339,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"From","start":7489.2,"end":7489.366},{"text":"outer","start":7489.4,"end":7489.6},{"text":"space.","start":7489.65,"end":7490.033},{"text":"The","start":7491.94,"end":7491.972},{"text":"Russian","start":7491.972,"end":7492.247},{"text":"Federation","start":7492.296,"end":7492.83},{"text":"finds","start":7493.493,"end":7493.801},{"text":"this","start":7493.833,"end":7493.947},{"text":"approach","start":7494.011,"end":7494.481},{"text":"unacceptable.","start":7494.788,"end":7495.339}]},{"text":"In this regard, we would point out the fact that only the registering state can declare a spacecraft malfunctioning.","start":7497.396,"end":7507.072,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7593.656,"end":7593.818},{"text":"stipulates","start":7593.818,"end":7594.528},{"text":"the","start":7594.528,"end":7594.576},{"text":"need","start":7594.576,"end":7594.835},{"text":"for","start":7594.867,"end":7595.028},{"text":"strict","start":7595.028,"end":7595.351},{"text":"compliance","start":7595.351,"end":7596.158},{"text":"with","start":7596.4,"end":7596.691},{"text":"the","start":7596.723,"end":7596.869},{"text":"life","start":7596.885,"end":7597.095},{"text":"cycle","start":7597.111,"end":7597.579},{"text":"of","start":7597.756,"end":7597.821},{"text":"spacecraft,","start":7598.015,"end":7598.757},{"text":"as","start":7598.822,"end":7598.87},{"text":"well","start":7598.983,"end":7599.161},{"text":"as","start":7599.161,"end":7599.242},{"text":"measures","start":7599.306,"end":7599.677},{"text":"to","start":7599.79,"end":7600.049},{"text":"limit","start":7600.097,"end":7600.452},{"text":"the","start":7600.581,"end":7600.791},{"text":"discharge","start":7600.985,"end":7601.55},{"text":"of","start":7601.55,"end":7601.615},{"text":"space","start":7601.647,"end":7602.002},{"text":"debris","start":7602.293,"end":7602.698},{"text":"into","start":7603.347,"end":7604.514},{"text":"protected","start":7604.724,"end":7605.259},{"text":"orbits","start":7605.357,"end":7605.843},{"text":"when","start":7605.843,"end":7605.972},{"text":"spacecraft,","start":7606.021,"end":7606.734},{"text":"spacecraft","start":7606.848,"end":7607.626},{"text":"are","start":7607.707,"end":7607.756},{"text":"retired.","start":7608.047,"end":7608.55}]},{"text":"Also, measures to prevent the formation of space debris.","start":7609.657,"end":7613.408,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Also,","start":7609.657,"end":7609.9},{"text":"measures","start":7609.916,"end":7610.45},{"text":"to","start":7610.724,"end":7610.902},{"text":"prevent","start":7611.129,"end":7611.743},{"text":"the","start":7612.099,"end":7612.147},{"text":"formation","start":7612.179,"end":7612.681},{"text":"of","start":7612.681,"end":7612.761},{"text":"space","start":7612.81,"end":7613.02},{"text":"debris.","start":7613.133,"end":7613.408}]},{"text":"Currently, when the number of Spacefaring nations, as well as groups of spacecraft in the near-Earth space, are constantly growing.","start":7616.177,"end":7624.449,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."}],"words":[{"text":"Currently,","start":7616.177,"end":7616.7},{"text":"when","start":7616.733,"end":7616.851},{"text":"the","start":7616.969,"end":7617.003},{"text":"number","start":7617.003,"end":7617.492},{"text":"of","start":7617.728,"end":7617.795},{"text":"Spacefaring","start":7617.948,"end":7618.546},{"text":"nations,","start":7618.66,"end":7619.193},{"text":"as","start":7619.371,"end":7619.436},{"text":"well","start":7619.614,"end":7619.743},{"text":"as","start":7619.872,"end":7619.921},{"text":"groups","start":7620.099,"end":7620.374},{"text":"of","start":7620.439,"end":7620.536},{"text":"spacecraft","start":7620.536,"end":7621.49},{"text":"in","start":7621.49,"end":7621.538},{"text":"the","start":7621.635,"end":7621.668},{"text":"near-Earth","start":7621.668,"end":7622.217},{"text":"space,","start":7622.234,"end":7622.573},{"text":"are","start":7623.414,"end":7623.511},{"text":"constantly","start":7623.511,"end":7624.142},{"text":"growing.","start":7624.142,"end":7624.449}]},{"text":"We must achieve compliance with international norms of space law, as well as the recommendations of COPUOS, by all states when they carry out space projects in international or national cooperation.","start":7626.613,"end":7640.884,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7626.613,"end":7626.742},{"text":"must","start":7626.758,"end":7627.049},{"text":"achieve","start":7627.097,"end":7627.468},{"text":"compliance","start":7627.484,"end":7628.081},{"text":"with","start":7628.372,"end":7628.533},{"text":"international","start":7628.533,"end":7629.13},{"text":"norms","start":7629.13,"end":7629.517},{"text":"of","start":7629.517,"end":7629.614},{"text":"space","start":7629.614,"end":7629.985},{"text":"law,","start":7630.082,"end":7630.162},{"text":"as","start":7630.808,"end":7630.937},{"text":"well","start":7630.969,"end":7631.163},{"text":"as","start":7631.211,"end":7631.26},{"text":"the","start":7631.372,"end":7631.405},{"text":"recommendations","start":7631.453,"end":7632.308},{"text":"of","start":7632.502,"end":7632.647},{"text":"COPUOS,","start":7632.647,"end":7633.115},{"text":"by","start":7634.341,"end":7634.486},{"text":"all","start":7634.664,"end":7634.777},{"text":"states","start":7634.857,"end":7635.406},{"text":"when","start":7635.47,"end":7635.535},{"text":"they","start":7635.632,"end":7635.68},{"text":"carry","start":7635.793,"end":7636.1},{"text":"out","start":7636.132,"end":7636.375},{"text":"space","start":7636.375,"end":7636.764},{"text":"projects","start":7636.764,"end":7637.446},{"text":"in","start":7638.483,"end":7638.532},{"text":"international","start":7638.727,"end":7639.781},{"text":"or","start":7639.781,"end":7639.846},{"text":"national","start":7639.846,"end":7640.267},{"text":"cooperation.","start":7640.267,"end":7640.884}]},{"text":"In conclusion, we would note the importance of making sure that the main treaties on outer space become universal.","start":7642.765,"end":7650.588,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7642.765,"end":7642.83},{"text":"conclusion,","start":7642.927,"end":7643.527},{"text":"we","start":7643.612,"end":7643.741},{"text":"would","start":7643.837,"end":7643.95},{"text":"note","start":7643.998,"end":7644.208},{"text":"the","start":7644.321,"end":7644.482},{"text":"importance","start":7644.482,"end":7645.094},{"text":"of","start":7645.69,"end":7645.867},{"text":"making","start":7645.867,"end":7646.206},{"text":"sure","start":7646.496,"end":7646.931},{"text":"that","start":7647.14,"end":7647.317},{"text":"the","start":7647.317,"end":7648.042},{"text":"main","start":7648.123,"end":7648.332},{"text":"treaties","start":7648.429,"end":7648.816},{"text":"on","start":7648.848,"end":7648.896},{"text":"outer","start":7649.009,"end":7649.186},{"text":"space","start":7649.186,"end":7649.573},{"text":"become","start":7649.573,"end":7649.847},{"text":"universal.","start":7649.96,"end":7650.588}]},{"text":"That is because outer space and any activities and spin-off benefits therein must be used to serve all countries and all of humanity.","start":7651.36,"end":7660.876,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":7651.36,"end":7651.489},{"text":"is","start":7651.489,"end":7651.521},{"text":"because","start":7651.537,"end":7651.811},{"text":"outer","start":7652.021,"end":7652.198},{"text":"space","start":7652.198,"end":7652.569},{"text":"and","start":7653.005,"end":7653.069},{"text":"any","start":7653.15,"end":7653.376},{"text":"activities","start":7653.472,"end":7654.263},{"text":"and","start":7654.295,"end":7654.456},{"text":"spin-off","start":7654.456,"end":7654.86},{"text":"benefits","start":7654.94,"end":7655.489},{"text":"therein","start":7655.489,"end":7655.876},{"text":"must","start":7656.489,"end":7656.827},{"text":"be","start":7657.037,"end":7657.263},{"text":"used","start":7657.279,"end":7657.73},{"text":"to","start":7658.489,"end":7658.585},{"text":"serve","start":7658.585,"end":7658.86},{"text":"all","start":7659.037,"end":7659.085},{"text":"countries","start":7659.134,"end":7659.585},{"text":"and","start":7659.86,"end":7659.924},{"text":"all","start":7660.085,"end":7660.198},{"text":"of","start":7660.198,"end":7660.279},{"text":"humanity.","start":7660.279,"end":7660.876}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian Federation","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":37,"start":7665.516,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=7666","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":7665.516,"end":7666.466,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7665.516,"end":7666.289},{"text":"you.","start":7666.37,"end":7666.466}]},{"text":"Thank the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation for her statement.","start":7667.111,"end":7671.719,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7667.111,"end":7667.352},{"text":"the","start":7667.352,"end":7667.514},{"text":"distinguished","start":7667.514,"end":7668.013},{"text":"representative","start":7668.077,"end":7668.963},{"text":"of","start":7668.963,"end":7669.125},{"text":"the","start":7669.125,"end":7669.27},{"text":"Russian","start":7669.27,"end":7669.495},{"text":"Federation","start":7669.608,"end":7670.14},{"text":"for","start":7670.828,"end":7671.198},{"text":"her","start":7671.248,"end":7671.366},{"text":"statement.","start":7671.366,"end":7671.719}]},{"text":"And the next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Japan.","start":7672.925,"end":7680.282,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7672.925,"end":7673.022},{"text":"the","start":7673.022,"end":7673.103},{"text":"next","start":7673.12,"end":7673.525},{"text":"speaker","start":7673.541,"end":7673.898},{"text":"on","start":7673.979,"end":7674.141},{"text":"my","start":7674.141,"end":7674.351},{"text":"list","start":7674.384,"end":7674.854},{"text":"is","start":7675.843,"end":7676.07},{"text":"the","start":7678.047,"end":7678.306},{"text":"distinguished","start":7678.468,"end":7679.019},{"text":"representative","start":7679.019,"end":7679.83},{"text":"of","start":7679.83,"end":7679.96},{"text":"Japan.","start":7679.96,"end":7680.282}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Santiago Lippo Galula","affiliation":"COPUOS LSC","affiliation_full":"COPUOS LSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":38,"start":7681.265,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=7682","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, before starting our statement, we would like to show our appreciation for attending the side event yesterday organized by UNOSA, United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Japan.","start":7681.265,"end":7693.839,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":7681.265,"end":7681.555},{"text":"before","start":7682.651,"end":7683.054},{"text":"starting","start":7683.054,"end":7683.537},{"text":"our","start":7683.602,"end":7683.714},{"text":"statement,","start":7683.714,"end":7684.311},{"text":"we","start":7684.649,"end":7684.81},{"text":"would","start":7684.81,"end":7684.971},{"text":"like","start":7684.971,"end":7685.229},{"text":"to","start":7685.229,"end":7685.326},{"text":"show","start":7685.326,"end":7685.616},{"text":"our","start":7685.648,"end":7685.874},{"text":"appreciation","start":7685.954,"end":7686.809},{"text":"for","start":7686.841,"end":7687.034},{"text":"attending","start":7687.066,"end":7687.534},{"text":"the","start":7687.63,"end":7687.663},{"text":"side","start":7687.663,"end":7688.049},{"text":"event","start":7688.049,"end":7688.34},{"text":"yesterday","start":7688.34,"end":7689.003},{"text":"organized","start":7689.488,"end":7689.973},{"text":"by","start":7689.973,"end":7690.232},{"text":"UNOSA,","start":7690.232,"end":7690.814},{"text":"United","start":7691.202,"end":7691.995},{"text":"Kingdom,","start":7691.995,"end":7692.367},{"text":"New","start":7692.658,"end":7692.82},{"text":"Zealand,","start":7692.82,"end":7693.273},{"text":"and","start":7693.45,"end":7693.548},{"text":"Japan.","start":7693.548,"end":7693.839}]},{"text":"Japan also would like to thank United Kingdom and New Zealand to have a fruitful collaboration.","start":7695.165,"end":7700.342,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":7695.165,"end":7695.618},{"text":"also","start":7695.715,"end":7695.974},{"text":"would","start":7695.974,"end":7696.119},{"text":"like","start":7696.119,"end":7696.346},{"text":"to","start":7696.378,"end":7696.523},{"text":"thank","start":7696.523,"end":7696.928},{"text":"United","start":7696.928,"end":7697.268},{"text":"Kingdom","start":7697.348,"end":7697.656},{"text":"and","start":7697.83,"end":7698.004},{"text":"New","start":7698.004,"end":7698.09},{"text":"Zealand","start":7698.177,"end":7698.61},{"text":"to","start":7698.61,"end":7698.784},{"text":"have","start":7698.69,"end":7698.935},{"text":"a","start":7699.033,"end":7699.05},{"text":"fruitful","start":7699.05,"end":7699.688},{"text":"collaboration.","start":7699.688,"end":7700.342}]},{"text":"Chair, distinguished delegates, space debris is a pressing issue that needs our immediate attention.","start":7702.39,"end":7708.976,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":7702.39,"end":7702.585},{"text":"distinguished","start":7702.682,"end":7703.349},{"text":"delegates,","start":7703.349,"end":7703.967},{"text":"space","start":7704.764,"end":7705.122},{"text":"debris","start":7705.122,"end":7705.609},{"text":"is","start":7705.756,"end":7705.886},{"text":"a","start":7705.918,"end":7706.065},{"text":"pressing","start":7706.065,"end":7706.374},{"text":"issue","start":7706.553,"end":7706.894},{"text":"that","start":7707.122,"end":7707.301},{"text":"needs","start":7707.366,"end":7707.593},{"text":"our","start":7707.772,"end":7707.821},{"text":"immediate","start":7707.951,"end":7708.504},{"text":"attention.","start":7708.52,"end":7708.976}]},{"text":"The problem of space debris is severe and poses significant risks to our current and future space activities.","start":7709.982,"end":7717.196,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7709.982,"end":7710.095},{"text":"problem","start":7710.095,"end":7710.336},{"text":"of","start":7710.53,"end":7710.626},{"text":"space","start":7710.626,"end":7710.948},{"text":"debris","start":7710.948,"end":7711.431},{"text":"is","start":7711.673,"end":7711.705},{"text":"severe","start":7711.705,"end":7712.188},{"text":"and","start":7712.623,"end":7712.688},{"text":"poses","start":7712.784,"end":7713.138},{"text":"significant","start":7713.138,"end":7714.008},{"text":"risks","start":7714.008,"end":7714.491},{"text":"to","start":7714.636,"end":7714.829},{"text":"our","start":7714.829,"end":7714.974},{"text":"current","start":7714.974,"end":7715.618},{"text":"and","start":7715.683,"end":7715.779},{"text":"future","start":7715.844,"end":7716.262},{"text":"space","start":7716.262,"end":7716.568},{"text":"activities.","start":7716.665,"end":7717.196}]},{"text":"It is a challenge that international community must tackle without delay.","start":7718.308,"end":7722.872,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":7718.308,"end":7718.388},{"text":"is","start":7718.388,"end":7718.534},{"text":"a","start":7718.566,"end":7718.583},{"text":"challenge","start":7718.712,"end":7719.182},{"text":"that","start":7719.457,"end":7719.667},{"text":"international","start":7719.699,"end":7720.347},{"text":"community","start":7720.347,"end":7720.962},{"text":"must","start":7721.156,"end":7721.544},{"text":"tackle","start":7721.544,"end":7721.901},{"text":"without","start":7722.111,"end":7722.467},{"text":"delay.","start":7722.532,"end":7722.872}]},{"text":"Japan strongly encourages all states to carry out their space activities in a cooperative and sustainable manner to prevent the creation, dissemination of long-lived orbital debris.","start":7724.252,"end":7737.384,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":7724.252,"end":7725.073},{"text":"strongly","start":7725.073,"end":7725.556},{"text":"encourages","start":7725.781,"end":7726.474},{"text":"all","start":7726.892,"end":7726.941},{"text":"states","start":7727.07,"end":7727.778},{"text":"to","start":7727.778,"end":7727.875},{"text":"carry","start":7727.875,"end":7728.245},{"text":"out","start":7728.342,"end":7728.535},{"text":"their","start":7728.535,"end":7728.696},{"text":"space","start":7728.696,"end":7729.034},{"text":"activities","start":7729.098,"end":7729.694},{"text":"in","start":7730.129,"end":7730.225},{"text":"a","start":7730.29,"end":7730.306},{"text":"cooperative","start":7730.37,"end":7731.224},{"text":"and","start":7731.642,"end":7731.723},{"text":"sustainable","start":7731.723,"end":7732.319},{"text":"manner","start":7732.319,"end":7732.786},{"text":"to","start":7733.108,"end":7733.269},{"text":"prevent","start":7733.269,"end":7733.703},{"text":"the","start":7733.72,"end":7733.816},{"text":"creation,","start":7733.816,"end":7734.527},{"text":"dissemination","start":7734.736,"end":7735.576},{"text":"of","start":7735.673,"end":7735.85},{"text":"long-lived","start":7735.85,"end":7736.545},{"text":"orbital","start":7736.561,"end":7736.964},{"text":"debris.","start":7736.964,"end":7737.384}]},{"text":"Space debris mitigation and remediation are 2 critical approaches that can effectively address this issue.","start":7739.16,"end":7746.187,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Space","start":7739.16,"end":7739.547},{"text":"debris","start":7739.563,"end":7739.886},{"text":"mitigation","start":7739.886,"end":7740.726},{"text":"and","start":7740.839,"end":7740.935},{"text":"remediation","start":7740.935,"end":7741.71},{"text":"are","start":7741.823,"end":7741.92},{"text":"2","start":7742.065,"end":7742.356},{"text":"critical","start":7742.372,"end":7742.792},{"text":"approaches","start":7742.792,"end":7743.409},{"text":"that","start":7743.831,"end":7744.075},{"text":"can","start":7744.075,"end":7744.254},{"text":"effectively","start":7744.254,"end":7745.098},{"text":"address","start":7745.131,"end":7745.586},{"text":"this","start":7745.618,"end":7745.781},{"text":"issue.","start":7745.862,"end":7746.187}]},{"text":"Japan has been taking a proactive and targeted approach to space debris mitigation.","start":7747.324,"end":7752.525,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":7747.324,"end":7747.616},{"text":"has","start":7747.746,"end":7747.925},{"text":"been","start":7748.054,"end":7748.201},{"text":"taking","start":7748.233,"end":7748.607},{"text":"a","start":7748.704,"end":7748.785},{"text":"proactive","start":7748.785,"end":7749.419},{"text":"and","start":7749.598,"end":7749.695},{"text":"targeted","start":7749.776,"end":7750.263},{"text":"approach","start":7750.41,"end":7751.011},{"text":"to","start":7751.016,"end":7751.112},{"text":"space","start":7751.112,"end":7751.514},{"text":"debris","start":7751.514,"end":7751.771},{"text":"mitigation.","start":7751.771,"end":7752.525}]},{"text":"Japan adheres to the space debris mitigation guidelines and the long-term sustainability guidelines by incorporating them into Japanese national guidelines and space activities.","start":7753.745,"end":7764.808,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":7753.745,"end":7754.147},{"text":"adheres","start":7754.243,"end":7754.773},{"text":"to","start":7754.869,"end":7755.014},{"text":"the","start":7755.03,"end":7755.126},{"text":"space","start":7755.126,"end":7755.592},{"text":"debris","start":7755.592,"end":7755.865},{"text":"mitigation","start":7755.865,"end":7756.539},{"text":"guidelines","start":7756.571,"end":7757.182},{"text":"and","start":7757.615,"end":7757.679},{"text":"the","start":7757.695,"end":7757.776},{"text":"long-term","start":7757.84,"end":7758.402},{"text":"sustainability","start":7758.418,"end":7759.365},{"text":"guidelines","start":7759.365,"end":7759.959},{"text":"by","start":7760.329,"end":7760.586},{"text":"incorporating","start":7760.65,"end":7761.356},{"text":"them","start":7761.469,"end":7761.661},{"text":"into","start":7761.854,"end":7762.111},{"text":"Japanese","start":7762.111,"end":7762.561},{"text":"national","start":7762.673,"end":7763.139},{"text":"guidelines","start":7763.139,"end":7763.685},{"text":"and","start":7763.797,"end":7763.861},{"text":"space","start":7763.893,"end":7764.279},{"text":"activities.","start":7764.279,"end":7764.808}]},{"text":"In February 2025, Japan implemented new guidelines specifically targeting the prevention of satellite collisions.","start":7766.189,"end":7776.209,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7766.189,"end":7766.334},{"text":"February","start":7766.35,"end":7766.96},{"text":"2025,","start":7766.992,"end":7767.94},{"text":"Japan","start":7768.614,"end":7769.063},{"text":"implemented","start":7769.16,"end":7770.509},{"text":"new","start":7770.605,"end":7770.782},{"text":"guidelines","start":7770.782,"end":7771.44},{"text":"specifically","start":7772.403,"end":7773.8},{"text":"targeting","start":7773.897,"end":7774.346},{"text":"the","start":7774.458,"end":7774.555},{"text":"prevention","start":7774.619,"end":7775.165},{"text":"of","start":7775.181,"end":7775.261},{"text":"satellite","start":7775.277,"end":7775.839},{"text":"collisions.","start":7775.839,"end":7776.209}]},{"text":"The guidelines call for the establishment of an organizational structure and decision-making criteria for collision risk management and call for the development of recommendations to advance collision avoidance.","start":7777.044,"end":7790.82,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7777.044,"end":7777.124},{"text":"guidelines","start":7777.204,"end":7777.814},{"text":"call","start":7778.007,"end":7778.248},{"text":"for","start":7778.248,"end":7778.569},{"text":"the","start":7778.569,"end":7778.713},{"text":"establishment","start":7778.713,"end":7779.613},{"text":"of","start":7779.613,"end":7779.677},{"text":"an","start":7779.757,"end":7779.821},{"text":"organizational","start":7779.998,"end":7780.833},{"text":"structure","start":7780.833,"end":7781.539},{"text":"and","start":7781.78,"end":7781.845},{"text":"decision-making","start":7781.941,"end":7782.792},{"text":"criteria","start":7782.824,"end":7783.627},{"text":"for","start":7783.627,"end":7783.819},{"text":"collision","start":7783.852,"end":7784.317},{"text":"risk","start":7784.349,"end":7784.638},{"text":"management","start":7784.654,"end":7785.377},{"text":"and","start":7785.794,"end":7785.859},{"text":"call","start":7785.955,"end":7786.148},{"text":"for","start":7786.196,"end":7786.453},{"text":"the","start":7786.453,"end":7786.533},{"text":"development","start":7786.581,"end":7787.368},{"text":"of","start":7787.625,"end":7787.737},{"text":"recommendations","start":7787.882,"end":7788.653},{"text":"to","start":7788.845,"end":7789.134},{"text":"advance","start":7789.311,"end":7789.809},{"text":"collision","start":7789.809,"end":7790.258},{"text":"avoidance.","start":7790.29,"end":7790.82}]},{"text":"The guidelines aim to raise the level of competence of operators, especially those with little experience in satellite operations, and thus contribute to the safety and facilitation of orbital use.","start":7791.88,"end":7805.039,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7791.88,"end":7791.976},{"text":"guidelines","start":7791.976,"end":7792.667},{"text":"aim","start":7792.924,"end":7792.988},{"text":"to","start":7793.18,"end":7793.341},{"text":"raise","start":7793.341,"end":7793.55},{"text":"the","start":7793.646,"end":7793.807},{"text":"level","start":7793.807,"end":7794.128},{"text":"of","start":7794.224,"end":7794.369},{"text":"competence","start":7794.449,"end":7795.107},{"text":"of","start":7795.172,"end":7795.493},{"text":"operators,","start":7795.493,"end":7796.119},{"text":"especially","start":7796.472,"end":7797.002},{"text":"those","start":7797.114,"end":7797.323},{"text":"with","start":7797.435,"end":7797.612},{"text":"little","start":7797.741,"end":7798.014},{"text":"experience","start":7798.014,"end":7798.816},{"text":"in","start":7798.865,"end":7798.961},{"text":"satellite","start":7798.961,"end":7799.443},{"text":"operations,","start":7799.443,"end":7800.053},{"text":"and","start":7800.647,"end":7800.711},{"text":"thus","start":7800.807,"end":7801.145},{"text":"contribute","start":7801.273,"end":7801.867},{"text":"to","start":7801.867,"end":7801.915},{"text":"the","start":7801.915,"end":7801.98},{"text":"safety","start":7802.012,"end":7802.514},{"text":"and","start":7802.886,"end":7803.048},{"text":"facilitation","start":7803.048,"end":7803.841},{"text":"of","start":7803.955,"end":7804.084},{"text":"orbital","start":7804.198,"end":7804.683},{"text":"use.","start":7804.683,"end":7805.039}]},{"text":"However, focusing solely on mitigation is not enough.","start":7806.707,"end":7810.917,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":7806.707,"end":7807.355},{"text":"focusing","start":7807.824,"end":7808.294},{"text":"solely","start":7808.407,"end":7808.941},{"text":"on","start":7809.281,"end":7809.427},{"text":"mitigation","start":7809.443,"end":7810.059},{"text":"is","start":7810.172,"end":7810.237},{"text":"not","start":7810.35,"end":7810.544},{"text":"enough.","start":7810.577,"end":7810.917}]},{"text":"International community must also invest in remediation efforts.","start":7812.051,"end":7816.748,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"International","start":7812.051,"end":7812.763},{"text":"community","start":7812.763,"end":7813.314},{"text":"must","start":7813.654,"end":7814.075},{"text":"also","start":7814.075,"end":7814.448},{"text":"invest","start":7814.464,"end":7814.983},{"text":"in","start":7815.031,"end":7815.112},{"text":"remediation","start":7815.371,"end":7816.068},{"text":"efforts.","start":7816.165,"end":7816.748}]},{"text":"In this regard, Japan has been exploring ways to remove large space debris for space environmental remediation.","start":7817.785,"end":7825.446,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7817.785,"end":7817.947},{"text":"this","start":7817.947,"end":7818.012},{"text":"regard,","start":7818.19,"end":7818.562},{"text":"Japan","start":7819.112,"end":7819.483},{"text":"has","start":7819.58,"end":7819.725},{"text":"been","start":7819.838,"end":7820.047},{"text":"exploring","start":7820.079,"end":7820.611},{"text":"ways","start":7820.724,"end":7821.095},{"text":"to","start":7821.272,"end":7821.369},{"text":"remove","start":7821.369,"end":7821.868},{"text":"large","start":7821.933,"end":7822.223},{"text":"space","start":7822.239,"end":7822.61},{"text":"debris","start":7822.658,"end":7823.141},{"text":"for","start":7823.141,"end":7823.399},{"text":"space","start":7823.399,"end":7823.851},{"text":"environmental","start":7824.012,"end":7824.753},{"text":"remediation.","start":7824.753,"end":7825.446}]},{"text":"JAXA and the Japanese startup, startup company Astroscale are collaborating to implement the Commercial Removal of Debris demonstration known as the CRD-2 project.","start":7826.96,"end":7839.278,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"JAXA","start":7826.96,"end":7827.184},{"text":"and","start":7827.542,"end":7827.702},{"text":"the","start":7827.702,"end":7827.783},{"text":"Japanese","start":7827.863,"end":7828.314},{"text":"startup,","start":7828.346,"end":7828.893},{"text":"startup","start":7829.134,"end":7829.552},{"text":"company","start":7829.552,"end":7830.002},{"text":"Astroscale","start":7830.276,"end":7831.031},{"text":"are","start":7831.546,"end":7831.642},{"text":"collaborating","start":7831.642,"end":7832.414},{"text":"to","start":7832.591,"end":7832.833},{"text":"implement","start":7832.833,"end":7833.411},{"text":"the","start":7833.411,"end":7833.46},{"text":"Commercial","start":7833.492,"end":7834.232},{"text":"Removal","start":7834.28,"end":7834.843},{"text":"of","start":7834.939,"end":7835.277},{"text":"Debris","start":7835.39,"end":7835.534},{"text":"demonstration","start":7835.534,"end":7836.354},{"text":"known","start":7836.932,"end":7837.141},{"text":"as","start":7837.334,"end":7837.398},{"text":"the","start":7837.511,"end":7837.591},{"text":"CRD-2","start":7837.591,"end":7838.845},{"text":"project.","start":7838.861,"end":7839.278}]},{"text":"So far, this project has successfully acquired images of the target space debris and successfully approached the target within 15 meters.","start":7840.323,"end":7849.806,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7840.323,"end":7840.628},{"text":"far,","start":7840.644,"end":7841.062},{"text":"this","start":7841.207,"end":7841.319},{"text":"project","start":7841.448,"end":7841.994},{"text":"has","start":7841.994,"end":7842.171},{"text":"successfully","start":7842.171,"end":7843.023},{"text":"acquired","start":7843.135,"end":7843.634},{"text":"images","start":7843.762,"end":7844.148},{"text":"of","start":7844.26,"end":7844.357},{"text":"the","start":7844.357,"end":7844.437},{"text":"target","start":7844.55,"end":7844.841},{"text":"space","start":7844.841,"end":7845.229},{"text":"debris","start":7845.229,"end":7845.665},{"text":"and","start":7846.183,"end":7846.264},{"text":"successfully","start":7846.264,"end":7846.975},{"text":"approached","start":7847.266,"end":7847.719},{"text":"the","start":7847.719,"end":7847.8},{"text":"target","start":7847.8,"end":7848.302},{"text":"within","start":7848.366,"end":7848.609},{"text":"15","start":7848.771,"end":7849.24},{"text":"meters.","start":7849.369,"end":7849.806}]},{"text":"Chair, despite advances that have been made in remediation technologies, the existing international guidelines do not appear to effectively govern the use of such technologies or establish international norms.","start":7851.601,"end":7866.112,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":7995.849,"end":7995.898},{"text":"one","start":7996.01,"end":7996.282},{"text":"of","start":7996.33,"end":7996.458},{"text":"initiators","start":7996.571,"end":7997.179},{"text":"of","start":7997.356,"end":7997.42},{"text":"the","start":7997.468,"end":7997.596},{"text":"Interagency","start":7997.676,"end":7998.349},{"text":"Space","start":7998.349,"end":7998.798},{"text":"Debris","start":7998.798,"end":7999.118},{"text":"Committee","start":7999.118,"end":7999.503},{"text":"coordination,","start":8000.08,"end":8000.737},{"text":"Ukraine","start":8001.458,"end":8001.826},{"text":"contributes","start":8001.922,"end":8002.419},{"text":"to","start":8002.419,"end":8002.563},{"text":"the","start":8002.563,"end":8002.676},{"text":"foundational","start":8002.676,"end":8003.909},{"text":"work","start":8004.022,"end":8004.502},{"text":"that","start":8004.502,"end":8004.807},{"text":"led","start":8004.807,"end":8004.999},{"text":"to","start":8005.079,"end":8005.191},{"text":"the","start":8005.303,"end":8005.544},{"text":"Space","start":8005.864,"end":8006.249},{"text":"Debris","start":8006.249,"end":8006.505},{"text":"Mitigation","start":8006.505,"end":8007.114},{"text":"Guidelines.","start":8007.146,"end":8007.675}]},{"text":"More recently, in January 2022, 2025, we took part in the update of this guidance, and we continue to incorporate the norms into national law and authorization procedures.","start":8008.508,"end":8020.895,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"More","start":8008.508,"end":8008.668},{"text":"recently,","start":8008.668,"end":8009.197},{"text":"in","start":8009.374,"end":8009.438},{"text":"January","start":8009.534,"end":8009.918},{"text":"2022,","start":8010.014,"end":8010.687},{"text":"2025,","start":8010.832,"end":8011.761},{"text":"we","start":8011.793,"end":8011.873},{"text":"took","start":8011.953,"end":8012.194},{"text":"part","start":8012.194,"end":8012.482},{"text":"in","start":8012.514,"end":8012.642},{"text":"the","start":8012.675,"end":8012.915},{"text":"update","start":8012.995,"end":8013.476},{"text":"of","start":8013.54,"end":8013.604},{"text":"this","start":8013.636,"end":8013.86},{"text":"guidance,","start":8013.876,"end":8014.469},{"text":"and","start":8014.678,"end":8014.774},{"text":"we","start":8014.838,"end":8015.062},{"text":"continue","start":8015.062,"end":8015.703},{"text":"to","start":8015.703,"end":8015.88},{"text":"incorporate","start":8015.88,"end":8016.585},{"text":"the","start":8016.585,"end":8016.921},{"text":"norms","start":8017.482,"end":8017.77},{"text":"into","start":8017.963,"end":8018.203},{"text":"national","start":8018.299,"end":8018.908},{"text":"law","start":8019.325,"end":8019.421},{"text":"and","start":8019.565,"end":8019.693},{"text":"authorization","start":8019.725,"end":8020.334},{"text":"procedures.","start":8020.431,"end":8020.895}]},{"text":"Ukraine supports the zero debris approach and has incorporated space debris mitigation measures into its national space activity authorization procedures.","start":8021.729,"end":8031.632,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Ukraine","start":8021.729,"end":8022.081},{"text":"supports","start":8022.834,"end":8023.331},{"text":"the","start":8023.331,"end":8023.411},{"text":"zero","start":8023.411,"end":8023.908},{"text":"debris","start":8024.052,"end":8024.437},{"text":"approach","start":8024.437,"end":8024.821},{"text":"and","start":8025.174,"end":8025.238},{"text":"has","start":8025.318,"end":8025.462},{"text":"incorporated","start":8025.575,"end":8026.264},{"text":"space","start":8026.296,"end":8026.696},{"text":"debris","start":8026.696,"end":8026.937},{"text":"mitigation","start":8026.937,"end":8027.465},{"text":"measures","start":8027.578,"end":8027.946},{"text":"into","start":8028.379,"end":8028.78},{"text":"its","start":8028.796,"end":8029.02},{"text":"national","start":8029.02,"end":8029.42},{"text":"space","start":8029.42,"end":8029.901},{"text":"activity","start":8029.901,"end":8030.398},{"text":"authorization","start":8030.462,"end":8031.071},{"text":"procedures.","start":8031.103,"end":8031.632}]},{"text":"These measures include improving launch vehicles and engines and spacecraft design, developing specialized software, passivation, end-of-flight operation, and responsible disposal practices.","start":8032.321,"end":8045.515,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":8032.321,"end":8032.513},{"text":"measures","start":8032.625,"end":8032.994},{"text":"include","start":8033.106,"end":8033.507},{"text":"improving","start":8033.507,"end":8033.956},{"text":"launch","start":8034.132,"end":8034.388},{"text":"vehicles","start":8034.452,"end":8034.837},{"text":"and","start":8035.189,"end":8035.638},{"text":"engines","start":8035.734,"end":8036.391},{"text":"and","start":8036.696,"end":8036.777},{"text":"spacecraft","start":8036.793,"end":8037.515},{"text":"design,","start":8037.515,"end":8038.527},{"text":"developing","start":8039.025,"end":8039.411},{"text":"specialized","start":8039.443,"end":8040.134},{"text":"software,","start":8040.166,"end":8040.824},{"text":"passivation,","start":8041.033,"end":8041.74},{"text":"end-of-flight","start":8041.917,"end":8042.479},{"text":"operation,","start":8042.479,"end":8043.025},{"text":"and","start":8043.282,"end":8043.346},{"text":"responsible","start":8043.635,"end":8044.294},{"text":"disposal","start":8044.406,"end":8044.888},{"text":"practices.","start":8044.969,"end":8045.515}]},{"text":"Ukrainian researchers have also conducted studies on the legal aspect of on-orbit servicing as a tool for debris remediation, particularly within the context of the future circular space economy.","start":8046.334,"end":8058.847,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Ukrainian","start":8046.334,"end":8046.88},{"text":"researchers","start":8046.912,"end":8047.442},{"text":"have","start":8047.474,"end":8048.021},{"text":"also","start":8048.021,"end":8048.518},{"text":"conducted","start":8049.065,"end":8049.595},{"text":"studies","start":8049.627,"end":8050.093},{"text":"on","start":8050.205,"end":8050.301},{"text":"the","start":8050.35,"end":8050.43},{"text":"legal","start":8050.43,"end":8050.912},{"text":"aspect","start":8050.912,"end":8051.346},{"text":"of","start":8051.41,"end":8051.586},{"text":"on-orbit","start":8051.651,"end":8052.117},{"text":"servicing","start":8052.117,"end":8052.582},{"text":"as","start":8053.096,"end":8053.145},{"text":"a","start":8053.257,"end":8053.273},{"text":"tool","start":8053.273,"end":8053.562},{"text":"for","start":8053.578,"end":8053.755},{"text":"debris","start":8053.755,"end":8054.14},{"text":"remediation,","start":8054.14,"end":8054.831},{"text":"particularly","start":8055.024,"end":8055.634},{"text":"within","start":8055.666,"end":8055.923},{"text":"the","start":8055.972,"end":8056.068},{"text":"context","start":8056.132,"end":8056.614},{"text":"of","start":8056.614,"end":8056.678},{"text":"the","start":8056.711,"end":8056.807},{"text":"future","start":8056.807,"end":8057.192},{"text":"circular","start":8057.208,"end":8057.851},{"text":"space","start":8057.851,"end":8058.188},{"text":"economy.","start":8058.317,"end":8058.847}]},{"text":"Second, we wish to draw attention to the growth area of concern.","start":8059.746,"end":8064.565,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":8059.746,"end":8060.293},{"text":"we","start":8061.208,"end":8061.369},{"text":"wish","start":8061.369,"end":8061.561},{"text":"to","start":8061.69,"end":8061.835},{"text":"draw","start":8061.835,"end":8062.027},{"text":"attention","start":8062.156,"end":8062.782},{"text":"to","start":8062.879,"end":8062.975},{"text":"the","start":8063.039,"end":8063.2},{"text":"growth","start":8063.2,"end":8063.585},{"text":"area","start":8063.682,"end":8064.099},{"text":"of","start":8064.099,"end":8064.228},{"text":"concern.","start":8064.324,"end":8064.565}]},{"text":"The harmful interference caused by non-functional or non-operational space objects and their fragments, particularly in the air and ocean environment.","start":8065.229,"end":8074.528,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8065.229,"end":8065.309},{"text":"harmful","start":8065.309,"end":8065.763},{"text":"interference","start":8065.795,"end":8066.459},{"text":"caused","start":8066.589,"end":8066.912},{"text":"by","start":8066.912,"end":8067.026},{"text":"non-functional","start":8067.026,"end":8068.046},{"text":"or","start":8068.127,"end":8068.159},{"text":"non-operational","start":8068.159,"end":8069.13},{"text":"space","start":8069.13,"end":8069.47},{"text":"objects","start":8069.665,"end":8070.248},{"text":"and","start":8070.555,"end":8070.717},{"text":"their","start":8070.717,"end":8070.976},{"text":"fragments,","start":8070.976,"end":8071.721},{"text":"particularly","start":8071.786,"end":8072.514},{"text":"in","start":8072.514,"end":8072.644},{"text":"the","start":8072.676,"end":8072.838},{"text":"air","start":8072.984,"end":8073.162},{"text":"and","start":8073.226,"end":8073.371},{"text":"ocean","start":8073.467,"end":8073.805},{"text":"environment.","start":8073.805,"end":8074.528}]},{"text":"While current space law addressed debris mitigation primarily through pre-launch and post-mission phases, there remains a legal gray area regarding the environmental impact of the space debris reentering the Earth's atmosphere and splash down in the oceans.","start":8075.236,"end":8093.165,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":8075.236,"end":8075.364},{"text":"current","start":8075.557,"end":8075.863},{"text":"space","start":8075.895,"end":8076.248},{"text":"law","start":8076.441,"end":8076.49},{"text":"addressed","start":8076.699,"end":8077.342},{"text":"debris","start":8077.342,"end":8077.647},{"text":"mitigation","start":8077.647,"end":8078.419},{"text":"primarily","start":8078.467,"end":8079.319},{"text":"through","start":8079.737,"end":8079.866},{"text":"pre-launch","start":8080.155,"end":8080.895},{"text":"and","start":8081.281,"end":8081.522},{"text":"post-mission","start":8081.522,"end":8082.624},{"text":"phases,","start":8082.738,"end":8083.241},{"text":"there","start":8083.954,"end":8084.068},{"text":"remains","start":8084.116,"end":8084.489},{"text":"a","start":8084.667,"end":8084.83},{"text":"legal","start":8084.846,"end":8085.105},{"text":"gray","start":8085.17,"end":8085.511},{"text":"area","start":8085.64,"end":8085.981},{"text":"regarding","start":8085.981,"end":8086.435},{"text":"the","start":8086.532,"end":8086.71},{"text":"environmental","start":8086.71,"end":8087.489},{"text":"impact","start":8087.667,"end":8088.024},{"text":"of","start":8088.089,"end":8088.137},{"text":"the","start":8088.17,"end":8088.267},{"text":"space","start":8088.267,"end":8088.802},{"text":"debris","start":8088.802,"end":8089.143},{"text":"reentering","start":8089.143,"end":8089.759},{"text":"the","start":8090.197,"end":8090.245},{"text":"Earth's","start":8090.278,"end":8092.483},{"text":"atmosphere","start":8090.596,"end":8091.194},{"text":"and","start":8091.339,"end":8091.404},{"text":"splash","start":8091.436,"end":8091.969},{"text":"down","start":8091.985,"end":8092.276},{"text":"in","start":8092.406,"end":8092.519},{"text":"the","start":8092.551,"end":8092.777},{"text":"oceans.","start":8092.777,"end":8093.165}]},{"text":"For instance, maritime law does not clearly classify whether such splashdowns constitute dumping, nor does it adequately address how space debris mitigation should be regulated to prevent the transfer of environmental harm from outer space to various components of the Earth's ecosystem.","start":8094.312,"end":8116.832,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":8094.312,"end":8094.442},{"text":"instance,","start":8094.49,"end":8094.991},{"text":"maritime","start":8095.46,"end":8095.88},{"text":"law","start":8095.945,"end":8096.139},{"text":"does","start":8096.349,"end":8096.478},{"text":"not","start":8096.591,"end":8096.753},{"text":"clearly","start":8096.753,"end":8097.157},{"text":"classify","start":8097.221,"end":8097.965},{"text":"whether","start":8098.045,"end":8098.288},{"text":"such","start":8098.304,"end":8098.66},{"text":"splashdowns","start":8098.66,"end":8099.306},{"text":"constitute","start":8099.436,"end":8101.053},{"text":"dumping,","start":8101.117,"end":8101.489},{"text":"nor","start":8102.185,"end":8102.444},{"text":"does","start":8102.557,"end":8102.702},{"text":"it","start":8103.365,"end":8103.543},{"text":"adequately","start":8104.19,"end":8104.724},{"text":"address","start":8105.16,"end":8105.597},{"text":"how","start":8106.13,"end":8106.308},{"text":"space","start":8106.454,"end":8106.923},{"text":"debris","start":8106.923,"end":8107.182},{"text":"mitigation","start":8107.182,"end":8107.845},{"text":"should","start":8107.893,"end":8108.152},{"text":"be","start":8108.152,"end":8108.345},{"text":"regulated","start":8108.393,"end":8109.165},{"text":"to","start":8109.197,"end":8109.277},{"text":"prevent","start":8109.277,"end":8109.776},{"text":"the","start":8109.776,"end":8109.953},{"text":"transfer","start":8109.985,"end":8110.564},{"text":"of","start":8110.564,"end":8110.692},{"text":"environmental","start":8110.805,"end":8111.561},{"text":"harm","start":8111.754,"end":8112.14},{"text":"from","start":8112.493,"end":8112.879},{"text":"outer","start":8112.879,"end":8113.217},{"text":"space","start":8113.217,"end":8113.571},{"text":"to","start":8113.7,"end":8113.844},{"text":"various","start":8113.844,"end":8114.343},{"text":"components","start":8114.343,"end":8114.954},{"text":"of","start":8115.372,"end":8115.485},{"text":"the","start":8115.485,"end":8115.613},{"text":"Earth's","start":8115.613,"end":8116.24},{"text":"ecosystem.","start":8116.174,"end":8116.832}]},{"text":"Conversely, the use of terrestrial resources such as nuclear power sources onboard spacecraft raises significant concerns when such objects are involved in the collision of the pre-fragmentation event, potentially causing further environmental and safety hazards to the Earth.","start":8117.651,"end":8136.501,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Conversely,","start":8117.651,"end":8118.357},{"text":"the","start":8118.807,"end":8118.935},{"text":"use","start":8118.951,"end":8119.192},{"text":"of","start":8119.273,"end":8119.401},{"text":"terrestrial","start":8119.433,"end":8119.995},{"text":"resources","start":8119.995,"end":8120.541},{"text":"such","start":8120.541,"end":8120.766},{"text":"as","start":8120.814,"end":8120.926},{"text":"nuclear","start":8120.974,"end":8121.52},{"text":"power","start":8121.52,"end":8121.842},{"text":"sources","start":8121.842,"end":8122.371},{"text":"onboard","start":8122.725,"end":8123.142},{"text":"spacecraft","start":8123.142,"end":8124.17},{"text":"raises","start":8124.732,"end":8125.053},{"text":"significant","start":8125.053,"end":8125.839},{"text":"concerns","start":8125.839,"end":8126.466},{"text":"when","start":8126.658,"end":8126.867},{"text":"such","start":8127.06,"end":8127.381},{"text":"objects","start":8127.525,"end":8127.943},{"text":"are","start":8127.959,"end":8128.103},{"text":"involved","start":8128.103,"end":8128.601},{"text":"in","start":8128.601,"end":8128.714},{"text":"the","start":8128.746,"end":8128.826},{"text":"collision","start":8128.906,"end":8129.356},{"text":"of","start":8129.532,"end":8129.677},{"text":"the","start":8129.789,"end":8129.934},{"text":"pre-fragmentation","start":8129.934,"end":8131.186},{"text":"event,","start":8131.315,"end":8131.716},{"text":"potentially","start":8132.198,"end":8132.888},{"text":"causing","start":8132.92,"end":8133.273},{"text":"further","start":8133.482,"end":8133.9},{"text":"environmental","start":8133.948,"end":8134.622},{"text":"and","start":8134.751,"end":8134.895},{"text":"safety","start":8134.943,"end":8135.409},{"text":"hazards","start":8135.489,"end":8135.939},{"text":"to","start":8136.051,"end":8136.212},{"text":"the","start":8136.212,"end":8136.356},{"text":"Earth.","start":8136.372,"end":8136.501}]},{"text":"As launch rates increase and orbital congestion grows, this issue will only become more urgent.","start":8137.56,"end":8144.641,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8137.56,"end":8137.625},{"text":"launch","start":8137.801,"end":8137.994},{"text":"rates","start":8138.138,"end":8138.62},{"text":"increase","start":8138.62,"end":8139.134},{"text":"and","start":8139.407,"end":8139.471},{"text":"orbital","start":8139.583,"end":8139.953},{"text":"congestion","start":8140.049,"end":8140.675},{"text":"grows,","start":8140.707,"end":8141.077},{"text":"this","start":8141.671,"end":8142.008},{"text":"issue","start":8141.88,"end":8142.249},{"text":"will","start":8142.474,"end":8142.602},{"text":"only","start":8142.859,"end":8143.26},{"text":"become","start":8143.26,"end":8143.63},{"text":"more","start":8143.678,"end":8144.015},{"text":"urgent.","start":8144.143,"end":8144.641}]},{"text":"The interconnectedness of space and terrestrial ecosystems and the reciprocal dependencies of their sustainability must be recognized in the future regulatory efforts.","start":8145.284,"end":8156.844,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8145.284,"end":8145.46},{"text":"interconnectedness","start":8145.589,"end":8146.52},{"text":"of","start":8146.568,"end":8146.745},{"text":"space","start":8146.745,"end":8147.178},{"text":"and","start":8147.371,"end":8147.435},{"text":"terrestrial","start":8147.515,"end":8148.174},{"text":"ecosystems","start":8148.174,"end":8148.912},{"text":"and","start":8149.844,"end":8149.908},{"text":"the","start":8150.02,"end":8150.277},{"text":"reciprocal","start":8150.406,"end":8151.064},{"text":"dependencies","start":8151.064,"end":8151.835},{"text":"of","start":8151.963,"end":8152.108},{"text":"their","start":8152.108,"end":8152.348},{"text":"sustainability","start":8152.348,"end":8153.392},{"text":"must","start":8153.777,"end":8154.099},{"text":"be","start":8154.099,"end":8154.179},{"text":"recognized","start":8154.179,"end":8154.805},{"text":"in","start":8154.901,"end":8154.998},{"text":"the","start":8154.998,"end":8155.078},{"text":"future","start":8155.078,"end":8155.479},{"text":"regulatory","start":8155.479,"end":8156.138},{"text":"efforts.","start":8156.427,"end":8156.844}]},{"text":"Therefore, Ukraine emphasized the importance of cross-sectoral consultation between relevant international organizations to align their respective mandates in addressing the protection of Earth's space environment as an interdependent socio-ecological system.","start":8157.47,"end":8176.147,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":8157.47,"end":8158.065},{"text":"Ukraine","start":8158.514,"end":8158.9},{"text":"emphasized","start":8159.076,"end":8159.959},{"text":"the","start":8159.959,"end":8160.072},{"text":"importance","start":8160.072,"end":8160.698},{"text":"of","start":8160.778,"end":8160.907},{"text":"cross-sectoral","start":8161.003,"end":8162.047},{"text":"consultation","start":8162.047,"end":8162.849},{"text":"between","start":8162.849,"end":8163.09},{"text":"relevant","start":8163.251,"end":8163.813},{"text":"international","start":8163.813,"end":8164.632},{"text":"organizations","start":8164.632,"end":8165.483},{"text":"to","start":8165.932,"end":8166.061},{"text":"align","start":8166.141,"end":8166.366},{"text":"their","start":8166.542,"end":8166.799},{"text":"respective","start":8166.799,"end":8167.41},{"text":"mandates","start":8167.442,"end":8168.371},{"text":"in","start":8168.868,"end":8169.013},{"text":"addressing","start":8169.029,"end":8169.494},{"text":"the","start":8169.606,"end":8169.798},{"text":"protection","start":8170.087,"end":8170.808},{"text":"of","start":8170.808,"end":8170.856},{"text":"Earth's","start":8170.968,"end":8171.562},{"text":"space","start":8171.61,"end":8172.155},{"text":"environment","start":8172.171,"end":8172.94},{"text":"as","start":8173.133,"end":8173.181},{"text":"an","start":8173.357,"end":8173.421},{"text":"interdependent","start":8173.614,"end":8174.399},{"text":"socio-ecological","start":8174.399,"end":8175.634},{"text":"system.","start":8175.634,"end":8176.147}]},{"text":"This consultation could contribute meaningfully to the development of new legal and policy instruments for space traffic coordination, debris governance, and environmental protection, in line with Action 36 of the UN Pact on the future.","start":8176.964,"end":8193.467,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."},{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8176.964,"end":8177.205},{"text":"consultation","start":8177.205,"end":8177.99},{"text":"could","start":8178.102,"end":8178.343},{"text":"contribute","start":8178.343,"end":8179},{"text":"meaningfully","start":8179,"end":8179.705},{"text":"to","start":8179.705,"end":8179.866},{"text":"the","start":8179.866,"end":8179.946},{"text":"development","start":8179.946,"end":8180.491},{"text":"of","start":8180.571,"end":8180.731},{"text":"new","start":8180.764,"end":8180.956},{"text":"legal","start":8181.068,"end":8181.405},{"text":"and","start":8181.469,"end":8181.597},{"text":"policy","start":8181.693,"end":8182.094},{"text":"instruments","start":8182.254,"end":8182.88},{"text":"for","start":8183.136,"end":8183.232},{"text":"space","start":8183.232,"end":8183.521},{"text":"traffic","start":8183.633,"end":8184.05},{"text":"coordination,","start":8184.178,"end":8184.884},{"text":"debris","start":8185.316,"end":8185.637},{"text":"governance,","start":8185.781,"end":8186.294},{"text":"and","start":8186.503,"end":8186.679},{"text":"environmental","start":8186.679,"end":8187.368},{"text":"protection,","start":8187.465,"end":8188.01},{"text":"in","start":8188.507,"end":8188.571},{"text":"line","start":8188.667,"end":8189.004},{"text":"with","start":8189.004,"end":8189.276},{"text":"Action","start":8189.869,"end":8190.142},{"text":"36","start":8190.607,"end":8191.44},{"text":"of","start":8191.713,"end":8191.761},{"text":"the","start":8191.825,"end":8192.034},{"text":"UN","start":8192.05,"end":8192.338},{"text":"Pact","start":8192.45,"end":8192.787},{"text":"on","start":8192.835,"end":8192.899},{"text":"the","start":8192.931,"end":8193.236},{"text":"future.","start":8193.289,"end":8193.467}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr.","start":8193.872,"end":8194.633,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8193.872,"end":8194.131},{"text":"you,","start":8194.131,"end":8194.196},{"text":"Mr.","start":8194.212,"end":8194.633}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair.","start":8198.651,"end":8199.412,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":8198.651,"end":8199.412}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"UKR","affiliation_full":"Ukraine","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":41,"start":8200.19,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=8201","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you to the distinguished representative of Ukraine.","start":8200.19,"end":8202.907,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8200.19,"end":8200.449},{"text":"you","start":8200.449,"end":8200.66},{"text":"to","start":8200.676,"end":8200.789},{"text":"the","start":8200.838,"end":8200.951},{"text":"distinguished","start":8200.951,"end":8201.583},{"text":"representative","start":8201.583,"end":8202.311},{"text":"of","start":8202.311,"end":8202.472},{"text":"Ukraine.","start":8202.472,"end":8202.907}]},{"text":"The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of the Philippines.","start":8203.987,"end":8209.448,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8203.987,"end":8204.019},{"text":"next","start":8204.019,"end":8204.438},{"text":"speaker","start":8204.438,"end":8204.808},{"text":"on","start":8204.873,"end":8204.937},{"text":"my","start":8204.969,"end":8205.131},{"text":"list","start":8205.131,"end":8205.549},{"text":"is","start":8206.081,"end":8206.226},{"text":"the","start":8206.806,"end":8206.967},{"text":"distinguished","start":8206.967,"end":8207.773},{"text":"representative","start":8207.773,"end":8208.675},{"text":"of","start":8208.675,"end":8208.82},{"text":"the","start":8208.82,"end":8208.868},{"text":"Philippines.","start":8208.9,"end":8209.448}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Santiago Lippo Galula","affiliation":"COPUOS LSC","affiliation_full":"COPUOS LSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":42,"start":8210.753,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=8211","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":8210.753,"end":8211.831,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8210.753,"end":8210.979},{"text":"you,","start":8210.979,"end":8211.155},{"text":"Mr.","start":8211.236,"end":8211.429},{"text":"Chair.","start":8211.477,"end":8211.831}]},{"text":"In line with our commitment to becoming a spacefaring and space-capable nation within the next decade, The Philippines upholds the foundational principle of due regard, not merely as a voluntary norm, but as a legal obligation of all spacefaring nations to ensure the long-term sustainability, safety, and security of space activities.","start":8212.796,"end":8232.719,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. 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Concerns included planetary protection, biological contamination, radio-frequency interference, and the impact of satellites and lunar activities on astronomy and other scientific observations."}],"words":[{"text":"Consistent","start":8233.585,"end":8234.13},{"text":"with","start":8234.13,"end":8234.37},{"text":"Article","start":8234.37,"end":8234.723},{"text":"9","start":8234.723,"end":8234.996},{"text":"of","start":8235.188,"end":8235.269},{"text":"the","start":8235.269,"end":8235.413},{"text":"Outer","start":8235.413,"end":8235.669},{"text":"Space","start":8235.669,"end":8235.942},{"text":"Treaty,","start":8236.07,"end":8236.439},{"text":"we","start":8236.952,"end":8237.033},{"text":"also","start":8237.097,"end":8237.353},{"text":"commit","start":8237.353,"end":8237.883},{"text":"to","start":8237.979,"end":8238.059},{"text":"avoiding","start":8238.059,"end":8238.444},{"text":"harmful","start":8238.476,"end":8238.957},{"text":"contamination","start":8238.957,"end":8239.807},{"text":"and","start":8240.336,"end":8240.545},{"text":"adverse","start":8240.545,"end":8240.769},{"text":"changes","start":8240.946,"end":8241.411},{"text":"to","start":8241.507,"end":8241.555},{"text":"the","start":8241.603,"end":8241.667},{"text":"Earth's","start":8241.748,"end":8242.068},{"text":"environment.","start":8242.068,"end":8242.79}]},{"text":"We are implementing space space debris mitigation and remediation measures to the greatest extent feasible.","start":8243.528,"end":8250.03,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8243.528,"end":8243.672},{"text":"are","start":8243.688,"end":8243.88},{"text":"implementing","start":8243.945,"end":8244.538},{"text":"space","start":8244.586,"end":8244.811},{"text":"space","start":8244.812,"end":8244.956},{"text":"debris","start":8244.956,"end":8245.358},{"text":"mitigation","start":8245.614,"end":8246.225},{"text":"and","start":8246.337,"end":8246.482},{"text":"remediation","start":8246.482,"end":8247.108},{"text":"measures","start":8247.204,"end":8247.509},{"text":"to","start":8248.087,"end":8248.184},{"text":"the","start":8248.184,"end":8248.328},{"text":"greatest","start":8248.328,"end":8248.906},{"text":"extent","start":8248.906,"end":8249.356},{"text":"feasible.","start":8249.468,"end":8250.03}]},{"text":"The proliferation of space debris poses real and growing threats to both the space environment and the Earth upon re-entry.","start":8251.154,"end":8258.267,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8251.154,"end":8251.234},{"text":"proliferation","start":8251.234,"end":8252.037},{"text":"of","start":8252.037,"end":8252.133},{"text":"space","start":8252.133,"end":8252.39},{"text":"debris","start":8252.455,"end":8252.84},{"text":"poses","start":8252.84,"end":8253.177},{"text":"real","start":8253.322,"end":8253.514},{"text":"and","start":8253.562,"end":8253.707},{"text":"growing","start":8253.707,"end":8253.932},{"text":"threats","start":8254.028,"end":8254.317},{"text":"to","start":8255.088,"end":8255.232},{"text":"both","start":8255.232,"end":8255.393},{"text":"the","start":8255.393,"end":8255.489},{"text":"space","start":8255.489,"end":8255.81},{"text":"environment","start":8255.81,"end":8256.549},{"text":"and","start":8256.677,"end":8256.79},{"text":"the","start":8256.79,"end":8256.934},{"text":"Earth","start":8256.934,"end":8257.143},{"text":"upon","start":8257.496,"end":8257.689},{"text":"re-entry.","start":8257.817,"end":8258.267}]},{"text":"To address these, the Philippines integrates the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities, or the LTS Guidelines, In the design, mission planning, and operations of our satellites.","start":8259.423,"end":8274.303,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":8259.423,"end":8259.552},{"text":"address","start":8259.568,"end":8259.857},{"text":"these,","start":8259.985,"end":8260.274},{"text":"the","start":8260.708,"end":8260.788},{"text":"Philippines","start":8260.788,"end":8261.238},{"text":"integrates","start":8261.35,"end":8261.912},{"text":"the","start":8261.912,"end":8261.992},{"text":"Space","start":8261.992,"end":8262.297},{"text":"Debris","start":8262.394,"end":8262.699},{"text":"Mitigation","start":8262.699,"end":8263.566},{"text":"Guidelines","start":8263.598,"end":8264.128},{"text":"and","start":8264.786,"end":8264.866},{"text":"the","start":8264.866,"end":8264.947},{"text":"Guidelines","start":8264.947,"end":8265.493},{"text":"for","start":8265.525,"end":8265.685},{"text":"the","start":8265.685,"end":8265.765},{"text":"Long-Term","start":8265.83,"end":8266.263},{"text":"Sustainability","start":8266.263,"end":8267.098},{"text":"of","start":8267.211,"end":8267.339},{"text":"Outer","start":8267.435,"end":8267.692},{"text":"Space","start":8267.692,"end":8268.013},{"text":"Activities,","start":8268.013,"end":8268.543},{"text":"or","start":8268.64,"end":8268.752},{"text":"the","start":8268.752,"end":8268.961},{"text":"LTS","start":8268.961,"end":8269.25},{"text":"Guidelines,","start":8269.378,"end":8269.828},{"text":"In","start":8270.437,"end":8270.501},{"text":"the","start":8270.501,"end":8270.597},{"text":"design,","start":8270.597,"end":8271.111},{"text":"mission","start":8271.463,"end":8271.736},{"text":"planning,","start":8271.832,"end":8272.153},{"text":"and","start":8272.41,"end":8272.49},{"text":"operations","start":8272.57,"end":8273.116},{"text":"of","start":8273.308,"end":8273.388},{"text":"our","start":8273.388,"end":8273.485},{"text":"satellites.","start":8273.485,"end":8274.303}]},{"text":"These include limiting debris release, minimizing potential for breakups during operational phases, limiting the probability of accidental collisions in orbit, and preventing intentional destruction consistent with the safe, secure, sustainable, and peaceful uses of outer space.","start":8275.297,"end":8293.648,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses and Non-Weaponization of Space","description":"Speakers repeatedly emphasized that outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. Related concerns included preventing conflict in space, avoiding an arms race, and condemning destructive anti-satellite behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":8275.297,"end":8275.522},{"text":"include","start":8275.554,"end":8275.955},{"text":"limiting","start":8276.019,"end":8276.34},{"text":"debris","start":8276.436,"end":8276.821},{"text":"release,","start":8276.821,"end":8277.27},{"text":"minimizing","start":8277.639,"end":8278.169},{"text":"potential","start":8278.265,"end":8278.746},{"text":"for","start":8278.987,"end":8279.147},{"text":"breakups","start":8279.147,"end":8279.741},{"text":"during","start":8279.885,"end":8280.094},{"text":"operational","start":8280.27,"end":8280.799},{"text":"phases,","start":8280.848,"end":8281.297},{"text":"limiting","start":8282.195,"end":8282.58},{"text":"the","start":8282.612,"end":8282.756},{"text":"probability","start":8282.756,"end":8283.462},{"text":"of","start":8283.559,"end":8283.719},{"text":"accidental","start":8283.719,"end":8284.28},{"text":"collisions","start":8284.361,"end":8284.874},{"text":"in","start":8285.002,"end":8285.147},{"text":"orbit,","start":8285.163,"end":8285.516},{"text":"and","start":8286.205,"end":8286.269},{"text":"preventing","start":8286.302,"end":8286.719},{"text":"intentional","start":8286.783,"end":8287.296},{"text":"destruction","start":8287.344,"end":8287.874},{"text":"consistent","start":8288.531,"end":8289.173},{"text":"with","start":8289.173,"end":8289.253},{"text":"the","start":8289.253,"end":8289.349},{"text":"safe,","start":8289.349,"end":8289.766},{"text":"secure,","start":8289.895,"end":8290.424},{"text":"sustainable,","start":8290.729,"end":8291.322},{"text":"and","start":8291.836,"end":8291.964},{"text":"peaceful","start":8291.996,"end":8292.349},{"text":"uses","start":8292.461,"end":8292.766},{"text":"of","start":8292.959,"end":8293.055},{"text":"outer","start":8293.103,"end":8293.296},{"text":"space.","start":8293.344,"end":8293.648}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, during our 62nd session, We informed this subcommittee about the establishment of a technical working group on orbital debris protocols.","start":8295.108,"end":8304.564,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":8295.108,"end":8295.317},{"text":"Chair,","start":8295.365,"end":8295.621},{"text":"during","start":8295.766,"end":8295.974},{"text":"our","start":8296.006,"end":8296.103},{"text":"62nd","start":8296.103,"end":8296.905},{"text":"session,","start":8296.905,"end":8297.322},{"text":"We","start":8298.093,"end":8298.254},{"text":"informed","start":8298.254,"end":8298.832},{"text":"this","start":8298.912,"end":8299.025},{"text":"subcommittee","start":8299.057,"end":8299.715},{"text":"about","start":8300.004,"end":8300.229},{"text":"the","start":8300.245,"end":8300.341},{"text":"establishment","start":8300.341,"end":8301.208},{"text":"of","start":8301.208,"end":8301.305},{"text":"a","start":8301.305,"end":8301.321},{"text":"technical","start":8301.385,"end":8301.818},{"text":"working","start":8301.867,"end":8302.156},{"text":"group","start":8302.188,"end":8302.509},{"text":"on","start":8302.991,"end":8303.039},{"text":"orbital","start":8303.215,"end":8303.601},{"text":"debris","start":8303.633,"end":8303.954},{"text":"protocols.","start":8304.018,"end":8304.564}]},{"text":"This technical working group coordinates the development of national strategies and protocols for launch and reentry risk management.","start":8305.399,"end":8314.551,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8305.399,"end":8305.672},{"text":"technical","start":8305.961,"end":8306.33},{"text":"working","start":8306.427,"end":8306.651},{"text":"group","start":8306.748,"end":8307.149},{"text":"coordinates","start":8307.149,"end":8307.695},{"text":"the","start":8307.792,"end":8307.888},{"text":"development","start":8307.888,"end":8308.707},{"text":"of","start":8308.835,"end":8308.899},{"text":"national","start":8308.932,"end":8309.317},{"text":"strategies","start":8309.349,"end":8310.023},{"text":"and","start":8310.216,"end":8310.28},{"text":"protocols","start":8310.361,"end":8310.826},{"text":"for","start":8311.645,"end":8311.725},{"text":"launch","start":8311.806,"end":8312.111},{"text":"and","start":8312.303,"end":8312.448},{"text":"reentry","start":8312.448,"end":8312.994},{"text":"risk","start":8313.492,"end":8313.829},{"text":"management.","start":8313.845,"end":8314.551}]},{"text":"As an update, we would like to inform that a workshop was recently conducted in the Philippines to assist the TWG.","start":8315.611,"end":8322.853,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8315.611,"end":8315.723},{"text":"an","start":8315.756,"end":8315.9},{"text":"update,","start":8315.9,"end":8316.478},{"text":"we","start":8316.88,"end":8317.024},{"text":"would","start":8317.024,"end":8317.136},{"text":"like","start":8317.185,"end":8317.361},{"text":"to","start":8317.361,"end":8317.425},{"text":"inform","start":8317.442,"end":8317.939},{"text":"that","start":8317.987,"end":8318.244},{"text":"a","start":8318.244,"end":8318.26},{"text":"workshop","start":8318.389,"end":8318.871},{"text":"was","start":8318.967,"end":8319.095},{"text":"recently","start":8319.192,"end":8319.657},{"text":"conducted","start":8319.689,"end":8320.251},{"text":"in","start":8320.251,"end":8320.332},{"text":"the","start":8320.332,"end":8320.364},{"text":"Philippines","start":8320.412,"end":8320.942},{"text":"to","start":8321.359,"end":8321.456},{"text":"assist","start":8321.456,"end":8321.937},{"text":"the","start":8321.937,"end":8322.018},{"text":"TWG.","start":8322.018,"end":8322.853}]},{"text":"In its work by identifying risks and mitigation measures and establishing a response mechanism for space vehicle launch and orbital debris reentry.","start":8323.527,"end":8333.866,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8323.527,"end":8323.591},{"text":"its","start":8323.687,"end":8323.928},{"text":"work","start":8323.928,"end":8324.249},{"text":"by","start":8324.426,"end":8324.587},{"text":"identifying","start":8324.587,"end":8325.277},{"text":"risks","start":8325.389,"end":8325.871},{"text":"and","start":8325.951,"end":8326.015},{"text":"mitigation","start":8326.031,"end":8326.545},{"text":"measures","start":8326.593,"end":8326.963},{"text":"and","start":8327.637,"end":8327.733},{"text":"establishing","start":8327.733,"end":8328.327},{"text":"a","start":8328.44,"end":8328.472},{"text":"response","start":8328.52,"end":8329.05},{"text":"mechanism","start":8329.162,"end":8329.82},{"text":"for","start":8330.446,"end":8330.591},{"text":"space","start":8330.607,"end":8330.96},{"text":"vehicle","start":8331.089,"end":8331.554},{"text":"launch","start":8331.554,"end":8331.859},{"text":"and","start":8332.052,"end":8332.18},{"text":"orbital","start":8332.293,"end":8332.758},{"text":"debris","start":8332.758,"end":8333.176},{"text":"reentry.","start":8333.336,"end":8333.866}]},{"text":"We also wish to share that regionally, under the ASEAN Subcommittee on Space Technology and Applications, the Philippines and Thailand are co-leading the ASEAN Space Situational Awareness and Space Traffic Management Project, a key initiative to build regional capacity and promote the role of regionalism alongside multilateralism in advancing space science and technology.","start":8335.343,"end":8363.958,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar missions."},{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space 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in line with the LTS guidelines, the Philippines adheres to the principle of intergenerational responsibility, a doctrine that is enshrined in no less than the Constitution of the Philippines and our jurisprudence.","start":8365.097,"end":8378.994,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":8365.097,"end":8365.482},{"text":"in","start":8365.675,"end":8365.723},{"text":"line","start":8365.835,"end":8366.124},{"text":"with","start":8366.236,"end":8366.348},{"text":"the","start":8366.381,"end":8366.477},{"text":"LTS","start":8366.477,"end":8366.846},{"text":"guidelines,","start":8366.958,"end":8367.488},{"text":"the","start":8368.081,"end":8368.161},{"text":"Philippines","start":8368.161,"end":8368.611},{"text":"adheres","start":8368.643,"end":8369.092},{"text":"to","start":8369.204,"end":8369.349},{"text":"the","start":8369.349,"end":8369.445},{"text":"principle","start":8369.445,"end":8370.135},{"text":"of","start":8370.167,"end":8370.343},{"text":"intergenerational","start":8370.391,"end":8371.402},{"text":"responsibility,","start":8371.514,"end":8372.381},{"text":"a","start":8373.311,"end":8373.44},{"text":"doctrine","start":8373.44,"end":8373.825},{"text":"that","start":8373.857,"end":8374.001},{"text":"is","start":8374.001,"end":8374.065},{"text":"enshrined","start":8374.242,"end":8374.996},{"text":"in","start":8375.06,"end":8375.14},{"text":"no","start":8375.14,"end":8375.365},{"text":"less","start":8375.365,"end":8375.541},{"text":"than","start":8375.541,"end":8377.514},{"text":"the","start":8376.023,"end":8376.103},{"text":"Constitution","start":8376.167,"end":8376.746},{"text":"of","start":8376.746,"end":8376.826},{"text":"the","start":8376.826,"end":8376.906},{"text":"Philippines","start":8376.906,"end":8377.436},{"text":"and","start":8377.774,"end":8377.854},{"text":"our","start":8377.934,"end":8378.191},{"text":"jurisprudence.","start":8378.191,"end":8378.994}]},{"text":"This doctrine affirms the right to a balanced and healthful ecology, including in outer space.","start":8379.782,"end":8384.825,"topics":[{"key":"science-protection","label":"Protection of Scientific Research and Astronomy","description":"Some speakers stressed the need to preserve outer space and the Moon as environments for scientific research. Concerns included planetary protection, biological contamination, radio-frequency interference, and the impact of satellites and lunar activities on astronomy and other scientific observations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8379.782,"end":8379.91},{"text":"doctrine","start":8379.974,"end":8380.36},{"text":"affirms","start":8380.36,"end":8380.697},{"text":"the","start":8380.697,"end":8380.842},{"text":"right","start":8380.842,"end":8381.147},{"text":"to","start":8381.147,"end":8381.195},{"text":"a","start":8381.243,"end":8381.275},{"text":"balanced","start":8381.324,"end":8381.87},{"text":"and","start":8381.886,"end":8382.03},{"text":"healthful","start":8382.03,"end":8382.384},{"text":"ecology,","start":8382.512,"end":8383.058},{"text":"including","start":8383.508,"end":8384.022},{"text":"in","start":8384.07,"end":8384.151},{"text":"outer","start":8384.279,"end":8384.472},{"text":"space.","start":8384.472,"end":8384.825}]},{"text":"It compels us to manage and utilize space resources sustainably, preserve the space environment, and ensure that its benefits are shared equitably across present and future generations.","start":8385.725,"end":8397.836,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"A central topic was the legal framework for exploring, extracting, and using space resources, especially on the Moon. Speakers stressed consistency with the Outer Space Treaty, sustainability, transparency, benefit-sharing, and limits to avoid de facto appropriation."},{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":8385.725,"end":8385.805},{"text":"compels","start":8385.805,"end":8386.271},{"text":"us","start":8386.367,"end":8386.576},{"text":"to","start":8386.608,"end":8386.64},{"text":"manage","start":8386.64,"end":8387.122},{"text":"and","start":8387.283,"end":8387.427},{"text":"utilize","start":8387.427,"end":8387.845},{"text":"space","start":8387.845,"end":8388.247},{"text":"resources","start":8388.247,"end":8388.809},{"text":"sustainably,","start":8388.809,"end":8389.483},{"text":"preserve","start":8390.142,"end":8390.56},{"text":"the","start":8390.56,"end":8390.64},{"text":"space","start":8390.64,"end":8390.961},{"text":"environment,","start":8390.961,"end":8391.78},{"text":"and","start":8392.343,"end":8392.423},{"text":"ensure","start":8392.423,"end":8392.76},{"text":"that","start":8393.033,"end":8393.146},{"text":"its","start":8393.146,"end":8393.355},{"text":"benefits","start":8393.371,"end":8393.869},{"text":"are","start":8394.093,"end":8394.174},{"text":"shared","start":8394.19,"end":8394.623},{"text":"equitably","start":8394.736,"end":8395.266},{"text":"across","start":8395.7,"end":8395.973},{"text":"present","start":8396.101,"end":8396.68},{"text":"and","start":8396.68,"end":8396.808},{"text":"future","start":8396.824,"end":8397.145},{"text":"generations.","start":8397.145,"end":8397.836}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, we believe that the critical aspect of intergenerational responsibility is mitigating space debris.","start":8398.993,"end":8405.352,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":8398.993,"end":8399.233},{"text":"Chair,","start":8399.314,"end":8399.458},{"text":"we","start":8399.474,"end":8399.635},{"text":"believe","start":8399.635,"end":8399.972},{"text":"that","start":8400.053,"end":8400.197},{"text":"the","start":8400.197,"end":8400.278},{"text":"critical","start":8400.278,"end":8400.792},{"text":"aspect","start":8400.824,"end":8402.655},{"text":"of","start":8401.402,"end":8401.546},{"text":"intergenerational","start":8401.546,"end":8402.51},{"text":"responsibility","start":8402.51,"end":8403.377},{"text":"is","start":8403.891,"end":8403.971},{"text":"mitigating","start":8404.035,"end":8404.517},{"text":"space","start":8404.549,"end":8404.934},{"text":"debris.","start":8404.934,"end":8405.352}]},{"text":"The Philippines recognizes that our proactive efforts today in debris mitigation and remediation are essential for the future of space exploration.","start":8406.604,"end":8416.142,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8406.604,"end":8406.685},{"text":"Philippines","start":8406.685,"end":8407.07},{"text":"recognizes","start":8407.166,"end":8407.873},{"text":"that","start":8408.13,"end":8408.242},{"text":"our","start":8408.242,"end":8408.387},{"text":"proactive","start":8408.387,"end":8409.173},{"text":"efforts","start":8409.173,"end":8409.527},{"text":"today","start":8409.655,"end":8409.912},{"text":"in","start":8410.634,"end":8410.683},{"text":"debris","start":8410.715,"end":8411.052},{"text":"mitigation","start":8411.052,"end":8411.726},{"text":"and","start":8411.774,"end":8411.903},{"text":"remediation","start":8411.903,"end":8412.69},{"text":"are","start":8413.204,"end":8413.284},{"text":"essential","start":8413.284,"end":8413.83},{"text":"for","start":8414.167,"end":8414.327},{"text":"the","start":8414.327,"end":8414.392},{"text":"future","start":8414.392,"end":8414.889},{"text":"of","start":8414.889,"end":8415.018},{"text":"space","start":8415.034,"end":8415.323},{"text":"exploration.","start":8415.435,"end":8416.142}]},{"text":"Through these initiatives, we contribute meaningfully to global dialogue on sustainable space practices and set an example of responsible orbital stewardship.","start":8416.977,"end":8426.627,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Through","start":8416.977,"end":8417.218},{"text":"these","start":8417.218,"end":8417.426},{"text":"initiatives,","start":8417.459,"end":8418.069},{"text":"we","start":8418.342,"end":8418.422},{"text":"contribute","start":8418.486,"end":8419.08},{"text":"meaningfully","start":8419.08,"end":8419.594},{"text":"to","start":8419.851,"end":8419.931},{"text":"global","start":8419.931,"end":8420.333},{"text":"dialogue","start":8420.333,"end":8420.846},{"text":"on","start":8421.216,"end":8421.312},{"text":"sustainable","start":8421.312,"end":8421.89},{"text":"space","start":8421.89,"end":8422.275},{"text":"practices","start":8422.275,"end":8422.805},{"text":"and","start":8423.48,"end":8423.608},{"text":"set","start":8423.624,"end":8423.801},{"text":"an","start":8423.801,"end":8423.849},{"text":"example","start":8423.897,"end":8424.556},{"text":"of","start":8424.604,"end":8424.684},{"text":"responsible","start":8424.684,"end":8425.358},{"text":"orbital","start":8425.567,"end":8425.969},{"text":"stewardship.","start":8425.969,"end":8426.627}]},{"text":"These foundational actions are crucial to ensuring that future generations can safely access and benefit from space, underscoring our commitment to intergenerational responsibility and the preservation of outer space for peaceful exploration and shared progress.","start":8427.66,"end":8445.563,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses and Non-Weaponization of Space","description":"Speakers repeatedly emphasized that outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. 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Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8470.567,"end":8470.712},{"text":"recent","start":8470.712,"end":8471.033},{"text":"years,","start":8471.033,"end":8471.258},{"text":"human","start":8471.515,"end":8471.772},{"text":"space","start":8471.772,"end":8472.094},{"text":"activities","start":8472.094,"end":8472.624},{"text":"have","start":8472.721,"end":8472.801},{"text":"grown","start":8472.881,"end":8473.09},{"text":"at","start":8473.138,"end":8473.235},{"text":"an","start":8473.235,"end":8473.315},{"text":"unprecedented","start":8473.363,"end":8473.878},{"text":"rate,","start":8474.007,"end":8474.346},{"text":"leading","start":8474.895,"end":8475.089},{"text":"to","start":8475.089,"end":8475.218},{"text":"an","start":8475.218,"end":8475.299},{"text":"increase","start":8475.299,"end":8475.719},{"text":"in","start":8475.719,"end":8475.816},{"text":"space","start":8475.816,"end":8476.074},{"text":"objects.","start":8476.203,"end":8476.623}]},{"text":"This in turn has.","start":8477.414,"end":8478.109,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8477.414,"end":8477.544},{"text":"in","start":8477.64,"end":8477.737},{"text":"turn","start":8477.737,"end":8477.947},{"text":"has.","start":8478.028,"end":8478.109}]},{"text":"Resulted in a significant rise in space debris, which now poses a considerable threat to the space environment.","start":8478.27,"end":8483.57,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Given","start":8484.469,"end":8484.614},{"text":"this","start":8484.646,"end":8484.759},{"text":"worrying","start":8484.871,"end":8485.096},{"text":"trajectory,","start":8485.112,"end":8485.658},{"text":"it","start":8485.787,"end":8485.931},{"text":"is","start":8485.931,"end":8485.979},{"text":"crucial","start":8486.172,"end":8486.509},{"text":"that","start":8486.574,"end":8486.67},{"text":"we","start":8486.67,"end":8486.798},{"text":"address","start":8486.815,"end":8487.2},{"text":"the","start":8487.2,"end":8487.361},{"text":"issue","start":8487.361,"end":8487.618},{"text":"of","start":8487.618,"end":8487.714},{"text":"space","start":8487.714,"end":8488.019},{"text":"debris","start":8488.019,"end":8488.421},{"text":"to","start":8488.581,"end":8488.742},{"text":"ensure","start":8488.758,"end":8489.063},{"text":"safety","start":8489.063,"end":8489.465},{"text":"and","start":8489.69,"end":8489.77},{"text":"sustainability","start":8489.786,"end":8490.637},{"text":"of","start":8491.055,"end":8491.135},{"text":"outer","start":8491.135,"end":8491.376},{"text":"space","start":8491.376,"end":8491.649},{"text":"exploration","start":8491.649,"end":8492.324},{"text":"and","start":8492.581,"end":8492.677},{"text":"utilization.","start":8492.677,"end":8493.529}]},{"text":"To minimize the generation of space debris, the Republic of Korea, along with many other countries, has committed to refraining from conducting destructive direct ascent anti- satellite missile testing.","start":8494.605,"end":8505.302,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Related concerns included preventing conflict in space, avoiding an arms race, and condemning destructive anti-satellite behavior."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":8494.605,"end":8494.685},{"text":"minimize","start":8494.685,"end":8495.135},{"text":"the","start":8495.151,"end":8495.199},{"text":"generation","start":8495.247,"end":8495.809},{"text":"of","start":8495.809,"end":8495.89},{"text":"space","start":8495.89,"end":8496.211},{"text":"debris,","start":8496.211,"end":8496.612},{"text":"the","start":8496.934,"end":8496.998},{"text":"Republic","start":8496.998,"end":8497.432},{"text":"of","start":8497.432,"end":8497.544},{"text":"Korea,","start":8497.576,"end":8497.865},{"text":"along","start":8497.881,"end":8498.267},{"text":"with","start":8498.283,"end":8498.347},{"text":"many","start":8498.379,"end":8498.572},{"text":"other","start":8498.62,"end":8498.781},{"text":"countries,","start":8498.845,"end":8499.311},{"text":"has","start":8499.343,"end":8499.504},{"text":"committed","start":8499.568,"end":8500.002},{"text":"to","start":8500.146,"end":8500.291},{"text":"refraining","start":8500.307,"end":8500.789},{"text":"from","start":8500.789,"end":8500.981},{"text":"conducting","start":8501.11,"end":8501.624},{"text":"destructive","start":8501.993,"end":8502.523},{"text":"direct","start":8502.636,"end":8503.053},{"text":"ascent","start":8503.053,"end":8503.599},{"text":"anti-","start":8503.599,"end":8503.873},{"text":"satellite","start":8504.13,"end":8504.531},{"text":"missile","start":8504.563,"end":8504.884},{"text":"testing.","start":8504.884,"end":8505.302}]},{"text":"In October 2024, we developed the 2nd Basic Plan for Preparation Against Dangers from Outer Space, which outlines our mid- to long-term strategy to systematically manage and mitigate the risks posed by space orbital debris.","start":8506.249,"end":8518.773,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8520.058,"end":8520.106},{"text":"line","start":8520.202,"end":8520.363},{"text":"with","start":8520.363,"end":8520.443},{"text":"the","start":8520.443,"end":8520.539},{"text":"COPUOS","start":8520.539,"end":8520.989},{"text":"Space","start":8521.021,"end":8521.374},{"text":"Debris","start":8521.374,"end":8521.679},{"text":"Mitigation","start":8521.679,"end":8522.225},{"text":"Guidelines,","start":8522.225,"end":8522.755},{"text":"the","start":8523.173,"end":8523.269},{"text":"Government","start":8523.269,"end":8523.622},{"text":"of","start":8523.67,"end":8523.751},{"text":"the","start":8523.751,"end":8523.831},{"text":"Republic","start":8523.831,"end":8524.313},{"text":"of","start":8524.313,"end":8524.393},{"text":"Korea","start":8524.393,"end":8524.859},{"text":"enacted","start":8524.875,"end":8525.292},{"text":"a","start":8525.292,"end":8525.34},{"text":"national","start":8525.34,"end":8525.758},{"text":"recommendation","start":8525.758,"end":8526.496},{"text":"on","start":8526.561,"end":8526.641},{"text":"space","start":8526.641,"end":8526.962},{"text":"debris","start":8526.962,"end":8527.203},{"text":"mitigation","start":8527.203,"end":8527.893},{"text":"in","start":8528.086,"end":8528.134},{"text":"July","start":8528.166,"end":8528.487},{"text":"2020.","start":8528.487,"end":8529.146}]},{"text":"We are committed to adhering to this recommendation in its future space activities, and progress is regularly reported to the COPUSS Scientific and Technical Subcommittee as well as the IADC.","start":8529.997,"end":8540.8,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. 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Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8567.884,"end":8567.949},{"text":"mitigation","start":8567.949,"end":8568.478},{"text":"of","start":8568.511,"end":8568.543},{"text":"space","start":8568.543,"end":8568.8},{"text":"debris","start":8568.8,"end":8569.089},{"text":"is","start":8569.169,"end":8569.217},{"text":"a","start":8569.313,"end":8569.329},{"text":"shared","start":8569.329,"end":8569.618},{"text":"global","start":8569.651,"end":8569.94},{"text":"concern","start":8569.972,"end":8570.421},{"text":"that","start":8570.534,"end":8570.63},{"text":"requires","start":8570.63,"end":8571.064},{"text":"cooperative","start":8571.16,"end":8571.658},{"text":"preparation","start":8571.658,"end":8572.348},{"text":"and","start":8572.782,"end":8572.926},{"text":"action","start":8572.926,"end":8573.183},{"text":"by","start":8573.183,"end":8573.344},{"text":"the","start":8573.344,"end":8573.424},{"text":"international","start":8573.424,"end":8573.906},{"text":"community.","start":8573.906,"end":8574.516}]},{"text":"The Republic of Korea firmly believes that our continued collaboration and discussions on space debris mitigation will establish a strong foundation for ensuring the safety and sustainability of outer space exploration, exploitation, and utilization.","start":8575.752,"end":8589.123,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal 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you, Chair.","start":8589.591,"end":8590.073,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8589.591,"end":8589.72},{"text":"you,","start":8589.72,"end":8589.8},{"text":"Chair.","start":8589.816,"end":8590.073}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"KOR","affiliation_full":"Republic of Korea","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":45,"start":8593.367,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=8594","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchas gracias.","start":8593.367,"end":8594.074,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchas","start":8593.367,"end":8593.495},{"text":"gracias.","start":8593.495,"end":8594.074}]},{"text":"Thank you to the distinguished representative of the Republic of Korea.","start":8594.395,"end":8598.107,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8594.395,"end":8594.652},{"text":"you","start":8594.652,"end":8594.893},{"text":"to","start":8594.958,"end":8595.054},{"text":"the","start":8595.054,"end":8595.215},{"text":"distinguished","start":8595.215,"end":8595.809},{"text":"representative","start":8595.857,"end":8596.821},{"text":"of","start":8596.821,"end":8596.982},{"text":"the","start":8596.982,"end":8597.127},{"text":"Republic","start":8597.127,"end":8597.561},{"text":"of","start":8597.609,"end":8597.753},{"text":"Korea.","start":8597.769,"end":8598.107}]},{"text":"The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Ecuador.","start":8598.991,"end":8604.312,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8598.991,"end":8599.2},{"text":"next","start":8599.2,"end":8599.505},{"text":"speaker","start":8599.505,"end":8599.859},{"text":"on","start":8599.939,"end":8600.003},{"text":"my","start":8600.035,"end":8600.228},{"text":"list","start":8600.341,"end":8600.759},{"text":"is","start":8601.386,"end":8601.45},{"text":"the","start":8601.563,"end":8601.74},{"text":"distinguished","start":8601.74,"end":8602.367},{"text":"representative","start":8602.367,"end":8603.395},{"text":"of","start":8603.395,"end":8603.54},{"text":"Ecuador.","start":8603.637,"end":8604.312}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Santiago Lippo Galula","affiliation":"COPUOS LSC","affiliation_full":"COPUOS LSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":46,"start":8606.611,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=8607","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":8606.611,"end":8607.447,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8606.611,"end":8606.948},{"text":"you,","start":8606.948,"end":8607.093},{"text":"Chair.","start":8607.173,"end":8607.447}]},{"text":"Ecuador is making the following comments on agenda— on Agenda Item 9.","start":8608.117,"end":8612.598,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Ecuador","start":8608.117,"end":8608.534},{"text":"is","start":8608.534,"end":8608.583},{"text":"making","start":8608.695,"end":8608.984},{"text":"the","start":8609.016,"end":8609.161},{"text":"following","start":8609.161,"end":8609.466},{"text":"comments","start":8609.579,"end":8610.141},{"text":"on","start":8610.285,"end":8610.43},{"text":"agenda—","start":8610.526,"end":8611.169},{"text":"on","start":8611.329,"end":8611.378},{"text":"Agenda","start":8611.57,"end":8611.988},{"text":"Item","start":8612.052,"end":8612.389},{"text":"9.","start":8612.389,"end":8612.598}]},{"text":"Chair, distinguished delegates, Ecuador observes with special attention the growing challenge of space debris.","start":8613.032,"end":8620.292,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":8613.032,"end":8613.401},{"text":"distinguished","start":8613.899,"end":8614.429},{"text":"delegates,","start":8614.429,"end":8614.879},{"text":"Ecuador","start":8615.345,"end":8615.763},{"text":"observes","start":8615.763,"end":8616.132},{"text":"with","start":8616.228,"end":8616.341},{"text":"special","start":8616.341,"end":8616.71},{"text":"attention","start":8616.71,"end":8617.256},{"text":"the","start":8617.674,"end":8617.835},{"text":"growing","start":8617.835,"end":8618.14},{"text":"challenge","start":8618.317,"end":8618.782},{"text":"of","start":8619.039,"end":8619.152},{"text":"space","start":8619.152,"end":8619.586},{"text":"debris.","start":8619.859,"end":8620.292}]},{"text":"The accelerated increase compromises not just the safety of current space operations but also the possibility of future and equitable access to outer space.","start":8621.706,"end":8633.319,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8621.706,"end":8621.963},{"text":"accelerated","start":8622.413,"end":8623.2},{"text":"increase","start":8623.296,"end":8623.746},{"text":"compromises","start":8624.276,"end":8625.047},{"text":"not","start":8625.095,"end":8625.304},{"text":"just","start":8625.32,"end":8625.561},{"text":"the","start":8625.561,"end":8625.657},{"text":"safety","start":8625.657,"end":8626.171},{"text":"of","start":8626.203,"end":8626.332},{"text":"current","start":8626.348,"end":8626.669},{"text":"space","start":8626.669,"end":8627.119},{"text":"operations","start":8627.151,"end":8627.778},{"text":"but","start":8628.195,"end":8628.372},{"text":"also","start":8628.436,"end":8628.773},{"text":"the","start":8628.773,"end":8628.934},{"text":"possibility","start":8628.934,"end":8629.673},{"text":"of","start":8629.737,"end":8629.946},{"text":"future","start":8629.978,"end":8630.46},{"text":"and","start":8630.46,"end":8630.556},{"text":"equitable","start":8630.685,"end":8631.183},{"text":"access","start":8631.408,"end":8631.857},{"text":"to","start":8631.97,"end":8632.195},{"text":"outer","start":8632.612,"end":8632.95},{"text":"space.","start":8632.95,"end":8633.319}]},{"text":"Whilst highlighting the progress made in the technical sphere of COPUOS, especially through the guidelines on mitigation, my country believes it is timely for the international community to move towards the development of a binding international legal framework for the prevention, mitigation, and elimination of space debris.","start":8634.074,"end":8655.326,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Ecuador","start":8656.442,"end":8657.46},{"text":"believes","start":8657.509,"end":8657.8},{"text":"it","start":8657.913,"end":8658.058},{"text":"is","start":8658.058,"end":8658.123},{"text":"necessary","start":8658.236,"end":8658.931},{"text":"to","start":8659.028,"end":8659.19},{"text":"establish","start":8659.19,"end":8659.723},{"text":"clear","start":8660.222,"end":8660.72},{"text":"obligations","start":8660.768,"end":8661.603},{"text":"and","start":8661.748,"end":8661.86},{"text":"principles","start":8661.973,"end":8662.599},{"text":"of","start":8662.711,"end":8662.84},{"text":"shared","start":8662.856,"end":8663.241},{"text":"responsibility","start":8663.337,"end":8664.365},{"text":"in","start":8665.184,"end":8665.232},{"text":"conformity","start":8665.345,"end":8665.939},{"text":"with","start":8666.003,"end":8666.163},{"text":"the","start":8666.163,"end":8666.244},{"text":"precepts","start":8666.308,"end":8666.886},{"text":"established","start":8666.886,"end":8667.528},{"text":"in","start":8667.528,"end":8667.576},{"text":"the","start":8667.609,"end":8667.817},{"text":"Outer","start":8667.914,"end":8668.17},{"text":"Space","start":8668.17,"end":8668.572},{"text":"Treaty","start":8668.572,"end":8668.941},{"text":"of","start":8668.957,"end":8669.07},{"text":"1967","start":8669.07,"end":8670.627},{"text":"and","start":8671.141,"end":8671.205},{"text":"the","start":8671.221,"end":8671.302},{"text":"Convention","start":8671.366,"end":8671.928},{"text":"on","start":8671.928,"end":8671.992},{"text":"International","start":8672.185,"end":8672.891},{"text":"Liability","start":8672.891,"end":8673.533},{"text":"of","start":8673.533,"end":8673.614},{"text":"1972.","start":8673.63,"end":8674.77}]},{"text":"The non-binding character of existing provisions generate legal uncertainty and limit the efficiency of protection measures for the space environment.","start":8675.717,"end":8686.796,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8675.717,"end":8675.813},{"text":"non-binding","start":8675.813,"end":8676.809},{"text":"character","start":8676.921,"end":8677.644},{"text":"of","start":8677.644,"end":8677.869},{"text":"existing","start":8677.869,"end":8678.495},{"text":"provisions","start":8679.073,"end":8679.779},{"text":"generate","start":8680.293,"end":8680.919},{"text":"legal","start":8680.919,"end":8681.257},{"text":"uncertainty","start":8681.257,"end":8681.947},{"text":"and","start":8682.124,"end":8682.236},{"text":"limit","start":8682.284,"end":8682.605},{"text":"the","start":8682.718,"end":8682.943},{"text":"efficiency","start":8683.007,"end":8683.633},{"text":"of","start":8683.89,"end":8684.034},{"text":"protection","start":8684.468,"end":8685.078},{"text":"measures","start":8685.11,"end":8685.48},{"text":"for","start":8685.48,"end":8685.592},{"text":"the","start":8685.592,"end":8685.672},{"text":"space","start":8685.672,"end":8686.073},{"text":"environment.","start":8686.073,"end":8686.796}]},{"text":"For my country, a multilateral instrument on space debris should guarantee the long-term sustainability of outer space as a shared asset of humanity.","start":8687.357,"end":8699.523,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":8687.357,"end":8687.47},{"text":"my","start":8687.47,"end":8687.775},{"text":"country,","start":8687.823,"end":8688.208},{"text":"a","start":8688.32,"end":8688.336},{"text":"multilateral","start":8688.336,"end":8689.428},{"text":"instrument","start":8689.508,"end":8690.07},{"text":"on","start":8690.15,"end":8690.214},{"text":"space","start":8690.246,"end":8690.712},{"text":"debris","start":8690.712,"end":8691.145},{"text":"should","start":8691.691,"end":8691.98},{"text":"guarantee","start":8692.012,"end":8692.75},{"text":"the","start":8693.119,"end":8693.296},{"text":"long-term","start":8693.296,"end":8693.857},{"text":"sustainability","start":8693.857,"end":8694.901},{"text":"of","start":8694.901,"end":8695.045},{"text":"outer","start":8695.125,"end":8695.398},{"text":"space","start":8695.462,"end":8695.831},{"text":"as","start":8696.409,"end":8696.554},{"text":"a","start":8696.81,"end":8696.987},{"text":"shared","start":8697.212,"end":8697.725},{"text":"asset","start":8698.094,"end":8698.576},{"text":"of","start":8698.656,"end":8698.801},{"text":"humanity.","start":8698.817,"end":8699.523}]},{"text":"Finally, Chair, Ecuador believes that dialogue for the progressive development of international space law should reflect current challenges and guarantee the preservation of space for future generations in order to assure fair, safe, and sustainable access to outer space.","start":8700.101,"end":8720.406,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":8700.101,"end":8700.502},{"text":"Chair,","start":8700.582,"end":8700.919},{"text":"Ecuador","start":8701.385,"end":8702.011},{"text":"believes","start":8702.027,"end":8702.492},{"text":"that","start":8702.524,"end":8702.845},{"text":"dialogue","start":8703.23,"end":8703.872},{"text":"for","start":8703.969,"end":8704.129},{"text":"the","start":8704.129,"end":8704.29},{"text":"progressive","start":8704.29,"end":8704.867},{"text":"development","start":8704.867,"end":8705.59},{"text":"of","start":8705.59,"end":8705.734},{"text":"international","start":8705.734,"end":8706.328},{"text":"space","start":8706.36,"end":8706.809},{"text":"law","start":8706.874,"end":8706.97},{"text":"should","start":8707.483,"end":8707.837},{"text":"reflect","start":8707.885,"end":8708.527},{"text":"current","start":8708.527,"end":8708.928},{"text":"challenges","start":8708.928,"end":8709.474},{"text":"and","start":8709.971,"end":8710.099},{"text":"guarantee","start":8710.148,"end":8710.693},{"text":"the","start":8710.693,"end":8710.79},{"text":"preservation","start":8710.79,"end":8713.245},{"text":"of","start":8711.576,"end":8711.64},{"text":"space","start":8711.672,"end":8712.073},{"text":"for","start":8712.073,"end":8712.233},{"text":"future","start":8712.233,"end":8712.633},{"text":"generations","start":8712.633,"end":8713.483},{"text":"in","start":8714.06,"end":8714.204},{"text":"order","start":8714.3,"end":8714.572},{"text":"to","start":8714.572,"end":8714.685},{"text":"assure","start":8714.717,"end":8715.278},{"text":"fair,","start":8716.303,"end":8716.88},{"text":"safe,","start":8717.745,"end":8718.146},{"text":"and","start":8718.386,"end":8718.467},{"text":"sustainable","start":8718.467,"end":8719.188},{"text":"access","start":8719.188,"end":8719.668},{"text":"to","start":8719.668,"end":8719.813},{"text":"outer","start":8719.829,"end":8720.021},{"text":"space.","start":8720.069,"end":8720.406}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":8720.47,"end":8720.934,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8720.47,"end":8720.726},{"text":"you.","start":8720.726,"end":8720.934}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"ECU","affiliation_full":"Ecuador","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":47,"start":8722.329,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=8723","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchas gracias, distinguida representante.","start":8722.329,"end":8723.931,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchas","start":8722.329,"end":8722.457},{"text":"gracias,","start":8722.489,"end":8723.114},{"text":"distinguida","start":8723.13,"end":8723.627},{"text":"representante.","start":8723.627,"end":8723.931}]},{"text":"Thank you to the distinguished representative of Ecuador, and I will now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Colombia.","start":8724.171,"end":8733.386,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8724.171,"end":8724.412},{"text":"you","start":8724.412,"end":8724.636},{"text":"to","start":8724.636,"end":8724.796},{"text":"the","start":8724.796,"end":8724.957},{"text":"distinguished","start":8724.957,"end":8725.534},{"text":"representative","start":8725.534,"end":8726.543},{"text":"of","start":8726.575,"end":8726.784},{"text":"Ecuador,","start":8726.96,"end":8727.617},{"text":"and","start":8728.322,"end":8728.466},{"text":"I","start":8728.642,"end":8728.659},{"text":"will","start":8728.723,"end":8728.819},{"text":"now","start":8728.819,"end":8729.011},{"text":"give","start":8729.139,"end":8729.267},{"text":"the","start":8729.364,"end":8729.444},{"text":"floor","start":8729.444,"end":8729.796},{"text":"to","start":8730.325,"end":8730.549},{"text":"the","start":8730.982,"end":8731.142},{"text":"distinguished","start":8731.142,"end":8731.783},{"text":"representative","start":8731.783,"end":8732.601},{"text":"of","start":8732.601,"end":8732.713},{"text":"Colombia.","start":8732.809,"end":8733.386}]},{"text":"Muchas gracias.","start":8734.508,"end":8735.309,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchas","start":8734.508,"end":8734.764},{"text":"gracias.","start":8734.812,"end":8735.309}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Santiago Lippo Galula","affiliation":"COPUOS LSC","affiliation_full":"COPUOS LSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":48,"start":8735.854,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1j/k1jz5z3dg8?lang=en&t=8736","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair. Distinguished delegates, Colombia acknowledges that the responsible management of space debris is one of the main current challenges for the sustainability of space activities.","start":8735.854,"end":8750.195,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8735.854,"end":8736.19},{"text":"you,","start":8736.19,"end":8736.415},{"text":"Chair.","start":8736.431,"end":8736.751},{"text":"Distinguished","start":8737.136,"end":8737.794},{"text":"delegates,","start":8737.794,"end":8738.371},{"text":"Colombia","start":8738.997,"end":8739.526},{"text":"acknowledges","start":8739.543,"end":8740.248},{"text":"that","start":8740.441,"end":8740.553},{"text":"the","start":8740.666,"end":8740.826},{"text":"responsible","start":8740.826,"end":8741.5},{"text":"management","start":8741.5,"end":8742.35},{"text":"of","start":8742.35,"end":8742.414},{"text":"space","start":8742.446,"end":8742.96},{"text":"debris","start":8742.992,"end":8743.265},{"text":"is","start":8743.954,"end":8744.019},{"text":"one","start":8744.211,"end":8744.404},{"text":"of","start":8744.452,"end":8744.548},{"text":"the","start":8744.676,"end":8744.885},{"text":"main","start":8745.35,"end":8745.703},{"text":"current","start":8746.12,"end":8746.586},{"text":"challenges","start":8746.682,"end":8747.388},{"text":"for","start":8747.805,"end":8747.901},{"text":"the","start":8747.901,"end":8747.997},{"text":"sustainability","start":8747.997,"end":8749.104},{"text":"of","start":8749.104,"end":8749.201},{"text":"space","start":8749.201,"end":8749.457},{"text":"activities.","start":8749.586,"end":8750.195}]},{"text":"The constant increase of objects in orbit, both operational as well as inactive fragments, represent a growing risk for the safety of space operations, the protection of the space environment and the preservation of outer space as a shared resource for humanity.","start":8751.11,"end":8769.696,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8751.11,"end":8751.19},{"text":"constant","start":8751.27,"end":8751.88},{"text":"increase","start":8751.912,"end":8752.361},{"text":"of","start":8752.409,"end":8752.618},{"text":"objects","start":8752.618,"end":8753.115},{"text":"in","start":8753.115,"end":8753.244},{"text":"orbit,","start":8753.34,"end":8753.629},{"text":"both","start":8753.757,"end":8753.966},{"text":"operational","start":8754.142,"end":8754.912},{"text":"as","start":8755.361,"end":8755.41},{"text":"well","start":8755.522,"end":8755.682},{"text":"as","start":8755.682,"end":8755.811},{"text":"inactive","start":8755.987,"end":8756.404},{"text":"fragments,","start":8756.404,"end":8757.126},{"text":"represent","start":8757.511,"end":8758.185},{"text":"a","start":8758.265,"end":8758.281},{"text":"growing","start":8758.394,"end":8758.698},{"text":"risk","start":8758.955,"end":8759.372},{"text":"for","start":8759.372,"end":8759.549},{"text":"the","start":8759.549,"end":8759.629},{"text":"safety","start":8759.629,"end":8760.19},{"text":"of","start":8760.19,"end":8760.303},{"text":"space","start":8760.319,"end":8760.72},{"text":"operations,","start":8760.72,"end":8761.426},{"text":"the","start":8761.859,"end":8761.939},{"text":"protection","start":8761.939,"end":8762.549},{"text":"of","start":8762.645,"end":8762.709},{"text":"the","start":8762.741,"end":8762.822},{"text":"space","start":8762.806,"end":8763.287},{"text":"environment","start":8763.287,"end":8764.091},{"text":"and","start":8764.348,"end":8764.412},{"text":"the","start":8764.428,"end":8764.588},{"text":"preservation","start":8764.588,"end":8765.311},{"text":"of","start":8765.311,"end":8765.52},{"text":"outer","start":8765.616,"end":8765.809},{"text":"space","start":8765.809,"end":8766.227},{"text":"as","start":8766.741,"end":8766.805},{"text":"a","start":8767.062,"end":8767.223},{"text":"shared","start":8767.544,"end":8768.09},{"text":"resource","start":8768.363,"end":8768.829},{"text":"for","start":8768.909,"end":8769.07},{"text":"humanity.","start":8769.07,"end":8769.696}]},{"text":"For those reasons, Colombia reaffirms its commitment to preserving the space environment for future generations and appeals to all states to strengthen international legal instruments in this sphere.","start":8771.158,"end":8783.638,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":8771.158,"end":8771.254},{"text":"those","start":8771.254,"end":8771.463},{"text":"reasons,","start":8771.495,"end":8771.945},{"text":"Colombia","start":8772.057,"end":8772.539},{"text":"reaffirms","start":8772.539,"end":8773.069},{"text":"its","start":8773.166,"end":8773.342},{"text":"commitment","start":8773.342,"end":8773.888},{"text":"to","start":8773.888,"end":8774.001},{"text":"preserving","start":8774.145,"end":8774.595},{"text":"the","start":8774.692,"end":8774.724},{"text":"space","start":8774.724,"end":8775.061},{"text":"environment","start":8775.173,"end":8775.8},{"text":"for","start":8775.816,"end":8775.976},{"text":"future","start":8775.976,"end":8776.394},{"text":"generations","start":8776.394,"end":8777.133},{"text":"and","start":8777.743,"end":8777.904},{"text":"appeals","start":8777.904,"end":8778.289},{"text":"to","start":8778.322,"end":8778.466},{"text":"all","start":8778.546,"end":8778.595},{"text":"states","start":8778.659,"end":8779.205},{"text":"to","start":8779.205,"end":8779.301},{"text":"strengthen","start":8779.301,"end":8779.896},{"text":"international","start":8780.072,"end":8780.875},{"text":"legal","start":8780.875,"end":8781.277},{"text":"instruments","start":8781.357,"end":8781.887},{"text":"in","start":8782.417,"end":8782.546},{"text":"this","start":8782.578,"end":8782.755},{"text":"sphere.","start":8783.285,"end":8783.638}]},{"text":"We would like to highlight that it is only through active cooperation transparency and shared responsibility can we guarantee outer space as a safe, sustainable, and accessible environment for the whole of humanity.","start":8784.907,"end":8799.728,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. Delegations and observers highlighted education, training, legal capacity-building, and inclusive participation as essential to fair and sustainable space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8784.907,"end":8785.052},{"text":"would","start":8785.052,"end":8785.132},{"text":"like","start":8785.132,"end":8785.244},{"text":"to","start":8785.309,"end":8785.437},{"text":"highlight","start":8785.453,"end":8786.015},{"text":"that","start":8786.015,"end":8786.256},{"text":"it","start":8786.256,"end":8786.417},{"text":"is","start":8786.417,"end":8786.481},{"text":"only","start":8786.577,"end":8786.802},{"text":"through","start":8786.915,"end":8787.22},{"text":"active","start":8787.381,"end":8787.686},{"text":"cooperation","start":8787.718,"end":8788.65},{"text":"transparency","start":8788.842,"end":8789.725},{"text":"and","start":8789.806,"end":8789.95},{"text":"shared","start":8789.95,"end":8790.416},{"text":"responsibility","start":8790.769,"end":8791.861},{"text":"can","start":8791.973,"end":8792.182},{"text":"we","start":8792.214,"end":8792.375},{"text":"guarantee","start":8792.375,"end":8793.049},{"text":"outer","start":8793.242,"end":8793.514},{"text":"space","start":8793.579,"end":8794.012},{"text":"as","start":8794.927,"end":8795.152},{"text":"a","start":8795.409,"end":8795.457},{"text":"safe,","start":8795.522,"end":8795.955},{"text":"sustainable,","start":8795.971,"end":8796.678},{"text":"and","start":8796.71,"end":8796.934},{"text":"accessible","start":8797.095,"end":8797.818},{"text":"environment","start":8797.898,"end":8798.556},{"text":"for","start":8798.556,"end":8798.717},{"text":"the","start":8798.717,"end":8798.829},{"text":"whole","start":8798.861,"end":8798.99},{"text":"of","start":8799.038,"end":8799.166},{"text":"humanity.","start":8799.182,"end":8799.728}]},{"text":"In this regard, Colombia is in favor of the establishment of regulations which will contribute to reducing space debris to achieve a better space and traffic environment, and which will facilitate the study of astronomy from Earth.","start":8800.788,"end":8819.442,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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Concerns included planetary protection, biological contamination, radio-frequency interference, and the impact of satellites and lunar activities on astronomy and other scientific observations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8800.788,"end":8800.852},{"text":"this","start":8800.884,"end":8801.013},{"text":"regard,","start":8801.125,"end":8801.494},{"text":"Colombia","start":8801.912,"end":8802.329},{"text":"is","start":8802.329,"end":8802.377},{"text":"in","start":8802.506,"end":8802.618},{"text":"favor","start":8802.65,"end":8803.132},{"text":"of","start":8803.132,"end":8803.261},{"text":"the","start":8803.839,"end":8804.047},{"text":"establishment","start":8804.673,"end":8805.621},{"text":"of","start":8805.862,"end":8805.958},{"text":"regulations","start":8806.006,"end":8806.713},{"text":"which","start":8806.745,"end":8806.873},{"text":"will","start":8806.969,"end":8807.13},{"text":"contribute","start":8807.226,"end":8807.933},{"text":"to","start":8807.933,"end":8808.109},{"text":"reducing","start":8808.109,"end":8808.704},{"text":"space","start":8809.169,"end":8809.587},{"text":"debris","start":8809.635,"end":8810.116},{"text":"to","start":8810.277,"end":8810.405},{"text":"achieve","start":8810.743,"end":8811.128},{"text":"a","start":8811.24,"end":8811.256},{"text":"better","start":8811.481,"end":8811.851},{"text":"space","start":8811.899,"end":8812.396},{"text":"and","start":8812.75,"end":8812.974},{"text":"traffic","start":8813.071,"end":8813.472},{"text":"environment,","start":8813.488,"end":8814.082},{"text":"and","start":8814.195,"end":8814.355},{"text":"which","start":8814.355,"end":8814.468},{"text":"will","start":8814.452,"end":8814.66},{"text":"facilitate","start":8814.933,"end":8815.687},{"text":"the","start":8815.719,"end":8815.768},{"text":"study","start":8815.816,"end":8816.185},{"text":"of","start":8816.522,"end":8816.666},{"text":"astronomy","start":8817.485,"end":8818.078},{"text":"from","start":8818.528,"end":8818.833},{"text":"Earth.","start":8819.17,"end":8819.442}]},{"text":"We believe that guidelines to reduce space debris and guidelines for the long-term sustainability of outer space can be the basis for agreements and measures to adopt in order to reduce and eliminate space debris.","start":8819.828,"end":8832.345,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8819.828,"end":8819.988},{"text":"believe","start":8820.052,"end":8820.373},{"text":"that","start":8820.373,"end":8820.534},{"text":"guidelines","start":8820.534,"end":8821.047},{"text":"to","start":8821.111,"end":8821.4},{"text":"reduce","start":8821.416,"end":8821.866},{"text":"space","start":8822.09,"end":8822.427},{"text":"debris","start":8822.475,"end":8822.861},{"text":"and","start":8822.861,"end":8822.957},{"text":"guidelines","start":8822.957,"end":8823.406},{"text":"for","start":8823.438,"end":8823.583},{"text":"the","start":8823.583,"end":8823.615},{"text":"long-term","start":8823.615,"end":8824.16},{"text":"sustainability","start":8824.16,"end":8824.963},{"text":"of","start":8824.963,"end":8825.091},{"text":"outer","start":8825.188,"end":8825.38},{"text":"space","start":8825.444,"end":8825.717},{"text":"can","start":8826.15,"end":8826.311},{"text":"be","start":8826.327,"end":8826.471},{"text":"the","start":8826.487,"end":8826.648},{"text":"basis","start":8826.648,"end":8827.081},{"text":"for","start":8827.21,"end":8827.547},{"text":"agreements","start":8827.595,"end":8828.172},{"text":"and","start":8828.172,"end":8828.253},{"text":"measures","start":8828.253,"end":8828.622},{"text":"to","start":8828.734,"end":8828.862},{"text":"adopt","start":8828.975,"end":8829.424},{"text":"in","start":8829.761,"end":8829.809},{"text":"order","start":8829.922,"end":8830.178},{"text":"to","start":8830.243,"end":8830.403},{"text":"reduce","start":8830.403,"end":8830.852},{"text":"and","start":8830.885,"end":8831.045},{"text":"eliminate","start":8831.045,"end":8831.559},{"text":"space","start":8831.559,"end":8831.944},{"text":"debris.","start":8831.944,"end":8832.345}]},{"text":"Colombia also suggests that in the discussion and negotiation of this matter, that we consider the principles of international environmental law, such as the polluter pays and shared but differentiated responsibilities, as criteria in the definition of possible obligations for states with regards to the reduction and elimination of space debris.","start":8832.746,"end":8856.699,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Colombia","start":8832.746,"end":8833.147},{"text":"also","start":8833.147,"end":8833.548},{"text":"suggests","start":8833.548,"end":8834.094},{"text":"that","start":8834.094,"end":8834.206},{"text":"in","start":8834.255,"end":8834.319},{"text":"the","start":8834.351,"end":8834.495},{"text":"discussion","start":8834.495,"end":8835.025},{"text":"and","start":8835.057,"end":8835.169},{"text":"negotiation","start":8835.169,"end":8835.907},{"text":"of","start":8835.956,"end":8836.084},{"text":"this","start":8836.1,"end":8836.357},{"text":"matter,","start":8836.357,"end":8836.758},{"text":"that","start":8837.464,"end":8837.56},{"text":"we","start":8837.56,"end":8837.801},{"text":"consider","start":8837.801,"end":8838.443},{"text":"the","start":8838.764,"end":8838.957},{"text":"principles","start":8838.989,"end":8839.614},{"text":"of","start":8839.663,"end":8839.855},{"text":"international","start":8839.887,"end":8840.609},{"text":"environmental","start":8840.609,"end":8841.348},{"text":"law,","start":8841.3,"end":8841.524},{"text":"such","start":8842.309,"end":8842.678},{"text":"as","start":8842.758,"end":8842.902},{"text":"the","start":8842.998,"end":8843.158},{"text":"polluter","start":8843.158,"end":8843.783},{"text":"pays","start":8843.799,"end":8844.104},{"text":"and","start":8844.601,"end":8844.937},{"text":"shared","start":8845.161,"end":8845.594},{"text":"but","start":8845.658,"end":8846.027},{"text":"differentiated","start":8846.059,"end":8847.229},{"text":"responsibilities,","start":8847.565,"end":8848.671},{"text":"as","start":8849.088,"end":8849.152},{"text":"criteria","start":8849.328,"end":8849.857},{"text":"in","start":8849.889,"end":8849.953},{"text":"the","start":8849.969,"end":8850.129},{"text":"definition","start":8850.129,"end":8850.834},{"text":"of","start":8850.93,"end":8851.075},{"text":"possible","start":8851.091,"end":8851.555},{"text":"obligations","start":8851.652,"end":8852.437},{"text":"for","start":8853.11,"end":8853.382},{"text":"states","start":8853.51,"end":8853.975},{"text":"with","start":8853.975,"end":8854.119},{"text":"regards","start":8854.151,"end":8854.52},{"text":"to","start":8854.584,"end":8854.696},{"text":"the","start":8854.696,"end":8854.728},{"text":"reduction","start":8854.728,"end":8855.097},{"text":"and","start":8855.097,"end":8855.193},{"text":"elimination","start":8855.193,"end":8855.77},{"text":"of","start":8855.77,"end":8855.85},{"text":"space","start":8855.85,"end":8856.235},{"text":"debris.","start":8856.235,"end":8856.699}]},{"text":"Additionally, this framework should take on board technological progress, promoting the adoption of good practices at international level.","start":8857.276,"end":8867.469,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Additionally,","start":8857.276,"end":8857.965},{"text":"this","start":8858.622,"end":8858.831},{"text":"framework","start":8859.263,"end":8859.984},{"text":"should","start":8860.305,"end":8860.738},{"text":"take","start":8861.587,"end":8861.907},{"text":"on","start":8862.148,"end":8862.292},{"text":"board","start":8862.388,"end":8862.693},{"text":"technological","start":8862.805,"end":8863.606},{"text":"progress,","start":8863.606,"end":8864.039},{"text":"promoting","start":8864.231,"end":8864.728},{"text":"the","start":8864.728,"end":8864.824},{"text":"adoption","start":8864.824,"end":8865.241},{"text":"of","start":8865.273,"end":8865.417},{"text":"good","start":8865.433,"end":8865.657},{"text":"practices","start":8865.673,"end":8866.218},{"text":"at","start":8866.33,"end":8866.442},{"text":"international","start":8866.491,"end":8867.164},{"text":"level.","start":8867.196,"end":8867.469}]},{"text":"In this context, Colombia highlights the need to strengthen and increase cooperation with— between space states and those who are developing space technology.","start":8868.095,"end":8882.674,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-access","label":"Equitable Access and Capacity-Building","description":"A recurring theme was that space activities and their benefits should remain accessible to all countries, especially developing states. 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Topics included collision avoidance, prior notification, due regard, information-sharing, and possible traffic management mechanisms for both orbital and lunar 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to conclude, my delegation would like to inform you that at national level it has adopted specific measures to align its space activities with environmental 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2302 of 2023 regarding the regulation of space activities establishes in its Article 3 the explicit commitment to protect both the Earth and the space 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law establishes that all space activities under Colombian jurisdiction have to aim for the minimization of adverse impacts, especially through the reduction of space debris, therefore avoiding pollution or anything that would damage the environment.","start":8930.524,"end":8951.289,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. 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doing so, I would like to inform delegates of our schedule of work For tomorrow morning, we will meet promptly at 10 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space resources to take action on the question on the chairmanship of the working group on the legal aspects of space resource 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permitting, we will begin our consideration of Agenda Item 10, General Exchange of Information on Non-Legally Binding Thank 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will now move to the discussion of the draft resolution on the adoption of the United Nations Instruments on Outer 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will then suspend the plenary meeting so that the Action Team on Lunar Activities Consultation can hold its first 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the adjournment of the Action Team meeting, we will then proceed with the discussions on organizational matters led by the delegation of India before turning to technical 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morning we will have 2 technical presentations.","start":9132.47,"end":9136.213,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Tomorrow","start":9132.47,"end":9132.665},{"text":"morning","start":9132.665,"end":9133.039},{"text":"we","start":9133.479,"end":9133.609},{"text":"will","start":9133.625,"end":9133.755},{"text":"have","start":9133.804,"end":9134.016},{"text":"2","start":9134.195,"end":9134.471},{"text":"technical","start":9134.699,"end":9135.269},{"text":"presentations.","start":9135.269,"end":9136.213}]},{"text":"Delegates are reminded that the full schedule of technical presentations is available on the session's 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will be tomorrow morning from 9 AM to 10 AM.","start":9166.749,"end":9169.569,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":9166.749,"end":9166.926},{"text":"will","start":9166.926,"end":9167.007},{"text":"be","start":9167.007,"end":9167.232},{"text":"tomorrow","start":9167.232,"end":9167.522},{"text":"morning","start":9167.522,"end":9167.861},{"text":"from","start":9167.958,"end":9168.103},{"text":"9","start":9168.199,"end":9168.457},{"text":"AM","start":9168.457,"end":9168.86},{"text":"to","start":9168.86,"end":9168.957},{"text":"10","start":9169.021,"end":9169.263},{"text":"AM.","start":9169.263,"end":9169.569}]},{"text":"The consultation will also be available via the MS Teams link contained in the Circular CU 2025/122 of the 15th of April 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schedule of the consultations is available on the webpage of the session.","start":9186.407,"end":9190.877,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9186.407,"end":9186.488},{"text":"schedule","start":9186.488,"end":9186.988},{"text":"of","start":9186.988,"end":9187.101},{"text":"the","start":9187.133,"end":9187.278},{"text":"consultations","start":9187.278,"end":9188.15},{"text":"is","start":9188.327,"end":9188.392},{"text":"available","start":9188.489,"end":9189.134},{"text":"on","start":9189.215,"end":9189.296},{"text":"the","start":9189.296,"end":9189.457},{"text":"webpage","start":9189.457,"end":9190.006},{"text":"of","start":9190.199,"end":9190.328},{"text":"the","start":9190.345,"end":9190.441},{"text":"session.","start":9190.441,"end":9190.877}]},{"text":"Are there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule?","start":9193.682,"end":9196.474,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Are","start":9193.682,"end":9193.714},{"text":"there","start":9193.714,"end":9193.843},{"text":"any","start":9193.843,"end":9193.989},{"text":"questions","start":9194.021,"end":9194.473},{"text":"or","start":9194.57,"end":9194.65},{"text":"comments","start":9194.667,"end":9195.232},{"text":"on","start":9195.232,"end":9195.28},{"text":"this","start":9195.377,"end":9195.441},{"text":"proposed","start":9195.554,"end":9195.958},{"text":"schedule?","start":9195.958,"end":9196.474}]},{"text":"I see none.","start":9198.137,"end":9198.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9198.137,"end":9198.25},{"text":"see","start":9198.298,"end":9198.541},{"text":"none.","start":9198.541,"end":9198.75}]},{"text":"Therefore, distinguished delegates, This meeting is adjourned until 10 AM tomorrow morning.","start":9199.332,"end":9208.571,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":9199.332,"end":9199.848},{"text":"distinguished","start":9200.946,"end":9201.527},{"text":"delegates,","start":9201.527,"end":9201.979},{"text":"This","start":9203.219,"end":9203.494},{"text":"meeting","start":9203.527,"end":9203.817},{"text":"is","start":9203.947,"end":9203.995},{"text":"adjourned","start":9204.125,"end":9204.61},{"text":"until","start":9205.224,"end":9205.596},{"text":"10","start":9207.358,"end":9207.649},{"text":"AM","start":9207.649,"end":9207.924},{"text":"tomorrow","start":9207.924,"end":9208.247},{"text":"morning.","start":9208.247,"end":9208.571}]},{"text":"I'd like to now ask the Working Group on the Status and Application of the Five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space to hold its third 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Related concerns included preventing conflict in space, avoiding an arms race, and condemning destructive anti-satellite behavior."},{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Many statements focused on preventing, reducing, and removing space debris, including debris that re-enters and threatens people and infrastructure on Earth. Delegations discussed registration, consent for removal, liability, active debris removal, and whether existing voluntary guidelines should evolve into stronger legal rules."},{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic and Operational Coordination","description":"Many statements raised the need for better coordination of space operations as Earth orbit and lunar activity become more congested. 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