الفضاء الخارجي: لجنة استخدام الفضاء الخارجي في الأغراض السلمية، الدورة الثامنة والستون، الجلسة 838 الجمعية العامة Date: 27 June 2025 Language: English Transcript: https://transcripts.un.org/ar/asset/k1t/k1tsulxnp9?lang=en Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations. --- COPUOS · Chair [25:55]: May I have your attention, please? Distinguished delegates, I now declare open the 838th meeting of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Distinguished delegates, this morning we will continue our consideration of agenda item 4, General Exchange of Views. We will continue and hopefully conclude our consideration of agenda item 9, Spinoff Benefits of Space Technology, Review of Current Status. And we will begin and hopefully conclude our consideration of agenda item 10, Space and Water. Time permitting, we will begin our consideration of agenda item 11, Space and Climate Change. Distinguished delegates, we have a dense agenda before us. Given the limited time remaining to us, I would urge all to ensure that we continue our work in a constructive and cooperative spirit. Distinguished delegates, are there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule? I see none. Distinguished delegates, I would now like to continue our consideration of agenda item 4, a general exchange of views. And the first speaker on my list is the distinguished delegate of Ghana. You have the floor. Ghana [28:10]: Thank you, Madam Chair. Thank you, Chair. Excellencies, distinguished delegates, allow me at the outset to congratulate you, Chair, on your assumption of the chairmanship of the 68th session of COPUS. We also wish to commend the efforts of the Director of UNOSA, Ms. Artie Olamani, and the entire Secretariat for their dedicated work in preparing for this important session. We recognize and appreciate the leadership of Director Oulamani in fostering international cooperation and support for emerging space actors. Ghana aligns itself with the statement delivered by the distinguished Ambassador of Kenya on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, as well as the distinguished Ambassador of Burkina Faso on behalf of the African Group. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Secretary-General. I am honored to be here with you, and I wish to make the following statement in my national capacity. The Republic of Ghana is honored to participate in this 68th session of the Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space. Since becoming a member of this committee in 2013, Ghana has remained deeply committed to advancing the peaceful, inclusive, and sustainable use of outer space for the benefit of all humanity. We believe that outer space should remain a global commons, guided by principles of cooperation, equity, and innovation. In this regard, we welcome the increased momentum toward capacity-building initiatives that are responsive to the evolving needs of developing countries. We commend the continued leadership of INOSA and its invaluable role in strengthening national institutions and promoting inclusive space governance. Chair, from 17th to 19th June 2023— 2025, Ghana hosted a technical advisory mission on space law supported by UNOSA and the Government of France. This mission reflects Ghana's transition from space policy to space legislation, laying the legal foundation for the establishment of a national space agency We wish to particularly acknowledge the generous support of the Government of France in this regard. The successful completion of this mission will position Ghana as a regional reference point and set a valuable benchmark for future technical cooperation across the region. Chair, we also underscore Ghana's involvement in the Common Space Initiative, A multi-taskholder partnership facilitated by UNOSA and the Commonwealth Secretariat. The project's pilot, centered on the use of digital twin of Accra for flood simulation, is a compelling example of how international cooperation and advanced technologies can directly enhance national resilience and early warning systems. We welcome the growing role of the Commonwealth in advancing such partnerships and call on developed countries as well as spacefaring nations to provide sustained support to this important initiative. Such collaborations exemplify the transformative power of space for sustainable development and climate adaptation. In conclusion, we look forward to space— to Unispace 4 and EDGE's preparatory process continue to prioritize equity, inclusion, and capacity transfer to developing countries. We reaffirm our support for the Space 2030 Agenda and its relevance to national and regional development frameworks, particularly the African Union's Agenda 2063. I thank you, Mr. Chair, for this opportunity. COPUOS · Chair [32:12]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Ghana. Thank you, Mr. President, for his statement. And the next speaker is the distinguished delegate of Armenia. Armenia [32:22]: Yeah, at the outset, we extend our congratulations on your successful leadership of this session and assure you of Armenia's full support and cooperation. We express our gratitude to the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs and its director, Ms. Arti Holamaini, for her dedicated leadership and the excellent preparation of this session. Mr. Chair, Armenia supports the mandate of the COPOS and its 2 subcommittees, recognizing them as unique platforms for advancing the peaceful use of outer space, strengthening international cooperation, and building national capacities in space science and technology. We welcome the recognition in the Pact of the Future of the importance of the safe, secure, and sustainable use of outer space and its contribution to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda. We recognize that the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals and Space 2030 Agenda is vital to harnessing the full potential of space technologies in support of sustainable and inclusive development worldwide. Armenia supports the proposal to convene a 4th UN Conference on Peaceful exploration of outer space in 2027. We believe that these important milestones should prioritize the needs of developing countries by promoting targeted capacity building, facilitating technology transfer, and ensuring equitable access to space-based solutions tailored to the sustainable development priorities. Mr. Chair, as a country which has recently initiated its own space activities, Armenia advocates for equitable access to space and its resources for all nations, including developing countries. We stress the importance of international cooperation, knowledge sharing, technical assistance to ensure that no nation is left behind and all nations have necessary and appropriate capabilities to benefit from the immense opportunities provided by outer space. Developing our national space capabilities is of great priority for Armenia. We see the space sector not only as a driver of scientific and technological advancement, but also as a critical tool for sustainable development. We are committed to ensuring that space technologies contribute meaningfully to addressing environmental and climate-related challenges and help shape targeted strategies for environmental preservation. Mr. Chair, Armenia welcomes the ongoing efforts toward operationalization of the ATLAS. This is an important endeavor to develop coordinated and cooperative international consultation Mechanisms for lunar activities among states. Armenia supports ATLAS objectives, particularly in promoting information sharing, capacity building, and equitable participation in lunar exploration for the benefit of all humankind. In conclusion, we look forward to engaging in productive discussions throughout this session. I thank you. COPUOS · Chair [35:20]: Je remercie la. I thank the distinguished representative of Armenia. Thank you, Madam Secretary-General, for her statement. Distinguished delegates, I have received a request for an exercise of right of reply from the United States of America. I would therefore like to invite the distinguished representative of the United States of America to take the floor. Thank you, Madam Secretary-General. United States of America [35:54]: Thank you very much, Chair. The United States would like to exercise our right of reply in response to statements made by the Iranian and Russian delegations under this agenda item. On June 21st, the United States conducted precision military strikes against the Iranian government's key nuclear facilities of Fordow, Natanz, and Esfahan. This issue is being discussed in the UN Security Council and other relevant UN fora. The intervention of Iran is outside the scope of the mandate of this organization and is an attempt to politicize the technical work of, uh, COPUS. This operation sought to eliminate a longstanding but rapidly escalating source of global insecurity and to aid our ally Israel in our inherent right of collective self-defense consistent with the UN Charter. For 40 years, the Iranian government has called for death to America and death to Israel, and posed a constant menace to the peace and security of its neighbors, the United States, and the entire world. Iran has attacked Israel with hundreds of ballistic missiles and through terrorist proxies. For decades, it's been responsible for misery and countless deaths across the Middle East. And Iran's government and its proxies have also killed numerous Americans, including American service members in Iraq and Afghanistan. Iran's leaders could have avoided this conflict had they agreed to a deal that would have prevented them from ever obtaining a nuclear weapon, but they refused to do so, instead choosing to delay and deny. That is unacceptable. Iran's leaders have nothing to gain by escalating their rhetoric, launching missiles at civilians, including those at southern Israel's largest hospitals, threatening neighbors, and pursuing nuclear weapons. Chair, the United States is also concerned about the effective functioning of this committee. Earlier in this session, one delegation threatened to block adoption of the committee report, because the Chair and Secretariat duly addressed a point of order when it was raised. The United States notes that under Article 71 of the UN General Assembly Rules of Procedure, a point of order has precedence over any other matter. The same article goes on to state that a point of order must be immediately decided by the presiding officer. Chair, these rules are very clear. Even if they are not, a threat to block our final report and therefore put at risk the continuing functioning of COPUOS, our subcommittees, and all of our important work Is deeply concerning. Thank you very much. COPUOS · Chair [38:17]: Je remercie le distinguished delegate of the United States for his statement. Distinguished delegates, je vois donc. I have a request to exercise right of reply from the Russian Federation. Distinguished delegate of the Russian Federation, you have the floor. Russian Federation [38:53]: Thank you very much, Chair. This right of reply because our delegation was mentioned without putting forward any sort of provisions in our position, and so I would like to instead make a note about the conduct of our meeting. In spite of the fact that the distinguished U.S. delegate raised important things, those are not included on the agenda, nor do they fall within the purview of the committee. In this regard, these type of statements violate the procedures for our work and waste time discussing things that don't have to do with the peaceful uses of outer space. And cannot be discussed. When it comes to the statement of our distinguished U.S. colleague regarding certain threats blocking the adoption of the final report, what I would say is that our delegation has always been respectful towards the U.S. and also requires respect towards it from all other delegations, independently of their level of social and economic development. And influence in the world. We are all equal and have equal rights. If we believe that during the work of the session issues were touched upon which do not fall within the mandate nor topics of the committee, we simply are unable to adopt that report. This is not a threat. This is simply a noting of facts. COPUOS · Chair [40:19]: Thank you. I thank the distinguished delegate of the Russian Federation for his statement. As no Spanish interpretation is currently available, I would ask you to kindly repeat once the interpretation service is available. Allow me to give the floor to the Secretary for further clarification. UN Secretariat · Secretary [41:21]: Mr. Chairman, I'm sorry, there is a technical problem with the interpretation in Spanish. So until that technical problem is solved, we would like to kindly suggest that we suspend the meeting for a few minutes until the problem is solved. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. COPUOS · Chair [49:41]: May I have your attention, please? Spanish interpretation is now available, and I would like to ask the distinguished delegate of the Russian Federation to take the floor. Russian Federation [50:11]: Thank you very much. Chairman, as I was saying, we are not using the right of reply, but rather are taking the floor as a rule of procedure. And again, recall that these statements by the distinguished delegate of the United States do not have to do with the agenda of our committee. He, of course, talked about An important thing, but it is not included on the agenda and thus cannot be discussed here. When it comes now to the so-called threat from one delegation to block the report, this is not a threat inasmuch as we saw an unprecedented case of interference in the statement, in the work of a delegation, and several statements made not on the agenda items. If these statements and practices continue, we will simply be unable to adopt the report because, as per fact, the work of the Committee is going beyond the adopted agenda. That is simply an observation of fact, that our work, to a great extent, is not in line— when we have those type of statements— in line with the agenda, and thus, in that case, The report cannot be adopted. I'd like to add something, and I'd like to point out that the Secretariat is supposed to react to those sort of violations as per the rules of procedure, and warn delegations that it is not admissible to make any statements that do not pertain to the agenda item that has been adopted. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [51:53]: I thank distinguished delegate of the Russian Federation for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of the United States. This is a right of reply. United States of America [52:15]: Thank you. I would just note the comment about our right of reply being inappropriate as not being pertinent to the agenda of this committee, although again, it was a right of reply. to an issue raised, and we did not hear any delegations commenting on the inappropriateness of the issue being raised in the first place. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [52:39]: I thank the distinguished delegate of the United States for that statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Iran. This is a right of reply. Iran (Islamic Republic of) [53:08]: Thank you, Chairman. I asked for the floor in exercise of my right of reply to what was mentioned as false and misleading. Leading allegations by the United States in this meeting. The fact that what we raised in our statement under this agenda item was not relevant is totally absurd because the bombing of the IRIB headquarters in Tehran, which operates through space-based infrastructure strictly for peaceful purposes, is absolutely in the context of the activities of this committee. The civilian functions are directly aligned with the objective of COPUOS, which seeks to preserve outer space for peaceful and beneficial uses. And in accordance with international humanitarian law, civilian infrastructure of this nature must be protected, particularly— Thank you. During armed conflict. The deliberate targeting of such facilities by Israeli regime constitutes a serious violation of these principles and must be categorically condemned as a breach of established international norms, both in the context of humanitarian law and the peaceful uses of outer space. Mr. Chairman, it is both surprising and deeply regrettable that despite the clear, overwhelming, and repeated condemnation by the vast majority of the participating member states in the last IAEA board meeting, who condemned the attack on Iran's nuclear facilities devoted to peaceful purposes as a grave violation of UN Charter and international law, a few countries which portrayed themselves as guardians of international law, legal order, and even Most international institutions have not only failed to take a clear and principled position, but have also refrained from condemning this flagrant act of aggression. We remind those few countries that politicizing and double standards on such sensitive issues will ultimately turn against them, undermining the credibility of their claims in the eyes of the international community. Iran firmly believes that the selective silence and double standards through which such grave violations have been enabled cannot and will not endure. The era of impunity is over, as is the illusion that participation in atrocities will remain without consequence. Iran has exercised strategic patience for years, but patience is not submission and restraint must never be mistaken for weakness. The era of unchecked impunity has come to an end. So long as the source of the threat endures, Iran will continue to take necessary, resolute, and forceful action to neutralize it at the time, place, and manner of its choosing, in accordance to its inherent right to self-defense, in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter. And let, let us be clear, Mr. Chairman, that Iran did not initiate this conflict. This was not a preemptive strike. It was a flagrant violation of international law, a reckless act of aggression by a rogue genocidal regime in coalition with the United States carried out against a sovereign nation in the midst of negotiations with deliberate strike against civilian infrastructure. This was an attempt to stop diplomacy, and of course they did whatever they wanted to do. I thank you, Mr. Chairman. COPUOS · Chair [57:10]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Iran for that statement. Distinguished delegates, we have a very busy agenda ahead of us. We have very little time left, and thus I would like to appeal to all. Let us move forward in our work in a constructive spirit of cooperation, and I request that everybody act in the spirit of Vienna. Thank you. Distinguished delegates, We will now move to statements by non-member states of COPUOS. I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Côte d'Ivoire. You have the floor. Côte d’Ivoire [57:57]: Thank you very much, Chairman. First, allow me to warmly congratulate you and your bureau on your appointment to the chairmanship of this session. I would also like to express my thanks to Madam Adimo Lamaini for her outstanding leadership and commitment to UNOSA. Distinguished member states, thank you for accepting my country's request from Côte d'Ivoire to participate as an ad hoc member in the 70— rather, 68th session of COPUOS. My delegation is honored to take part in this important meeting, which is an intergovernmental platform for discussion so as to better outline the challenges facing the sustainable and peaceful uses of outer space and states' national needs, and is fully in— and we fully endorse the statements made by the G7 and China and of the African Group. Mindful of the strategic importance of global governance and the need for shared responses to issues facing outer space, my country has decided to actively participate in COPUOS's activities, in particular by submitting an official request for accession. In this manner, we are seeking to develop technical and scientific partnerships with member states. Also, we hope to shore up achievements in space policy in a constantly changing world where space technology plays a key role. Over the past years, my country has taken great strides forward in outer space. One of the most noteworthy would have been the establishment of the Côte d'Ivoire Space Agency. This brought us to the level of other African nations who have decided to invest in the space sector. Thank you. This agency takes action in various areas, including Earth observation, space weather, astronomy, space exploration, and satellite navigation and communications. It works for sustainable development through industrialization and technology know-how. This will allow us to better respond to climate-related challenges as well as those in the agricultural security and environmental sectors. In this connection, I must note that Côte d'Ivoire intends to increase its presence in international events related to space. Along these lines, in April 2023, we hosted the 2nd edition of the New Space Africa Conference, and in May 2025, the first African Market for Space Solutions. This was organized by the African Union through the African Space Agency. We are a member of said agency. I would also like to note productive cooperation between Côte d'Ivoire and Tanzania through the National Polytechnical Institute Félix Houphouët-Boigny. in Yamoussoukro, and the Dar es Salaam Technology Institute. Together, they brought the 8th, the 8th Kibo Cube. This is for the deployment of nanosatellites. More generally speaking, the space sector in Côte d'Ivoire has the wind in its sails thanks to political will and a future-looking vision. However, we're very aware that numerous challenges remain, and for that reason, our space activities are but at a preliminary stage. I'm referring first and foremost to the use of space technologies in the monitoring of agricultural crops, the management of natural resources, and natural disasters through preventing floods and fires. Thank you. This also pertains first and foremost to security, namely border surveillance, cartography, and combating piracy at sea and terrorism. In this context, we necessarily will take part in COPUOS's work, as since its inception it has been working effectively to ensure safe, fair, and sustainable access to outer space for all states, including developing countries. By way of conclusion, Chairman, I would like to express my full gratitude on behalf of my government to you and USAID. Cooperation between Côte d'Ivoire and the latter has demonstrated the interest of my country, and we do hope that this session will be crowned with Côte d'Ivoire's Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:03:21]: Thank you to the distinguished delegate of Côte d'Ivoire for that statement. Distinguished delegates, we will continue consideration of Agenda Item 4, General Exchange of Views, this afternoon. Distinguished delegates, I now would like to continue and hopefully conclude our consideration of Agenda Item 9, Spin-off Mechanisms. Thank you, Madam Chair. benefits of space technology, review of the current status. The first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of the United States. You have the floor. United States of America [1:04:04]: Thank you, Chair. The United States continues to find new and innovative applications for space science and technology to our daily lives here on Earth. NASA is committed to making technology developed for space exploration available to the world. For nearly 50 years, NASA has tracked examples of successful commercialization in its annual Spinoff publication, documenting well over 2,000 space technologies that are improving life on Earth. Now I will highlight a few. Chair, we continue to find ways to turn seemingly esoteric concepts into practical and helpful solutions. For example, NASA funded experimental work using fungus as a building material for lunar or Martian habitats, which led to a program that produces fungus-based bricks for low-cost, rapidly built humanitarian and emergency housing. Binding dust and rocks from the lunar surface into bricks with root-like part of a mushroom would save the weight of transporting habitats and create a thermally insulative, fire-resistant, radiation-absorbing building material. On Earth, the concept provides many of the same benefits and can make use of biowaste for cheap, sturdy, and sustainable construction. Chair, another example dates back to the 1980s and '90s when a NASA technologist pioneered the idea of using air pressure to simulate gravity for astronauts exercising on treadmills in space. He then reversed the concept to offset gravity on an earthbound treadmill. Years later, his son co-founded a company to commercialize the idea, leading to the first anti-gravity treadmills for use in rehabilitation clinics and by professional sports teams, with uses for treating joint issues, obesity, and other common conditions. Lastly, Chair, the U.S. National Laboratory on the International Space Station is home to several platforms that are owned by companies and commercially available to customers for in-space science experiments. One of these is based on technology that has been in use since the 1990s, recently succeeded in bioprinting a human meniscus. Tearing this knee cartilage is a common injury, and the current treatment is to cut away the damaged tissue and stitch up what remains. The ability to produce new meniscus tissue would dramatically improve treatment options. The same platform was used last year to print and grow the first live human heart tissue in space, a process which benefits from the absence of gravity, allowing the tissue to grow more uniformly than in a petri dish on Earth. Chair, these are just a few examples of the ways we ensure innovations developed for space exploration are benefiting everyone by creating jobs, saving resources, and improving lives globally. NASA and the United States' investments in space science and exploration missions directly benefit so many lives around the globe, and we look forward to continuing these efforts. Additional information about these and other spinoffs can be found in the NASA— in the NASA publication Spinoff 2025, which can be found online. Thank you, Chair and distinguished delegates. COPUOS · Chair [1:07:47]: I thank the distinguished delegate of the United States for that statement. I now call upon the distinguished delegate of Argentina. You have the floor. Argentina [1:08:00]: Thank you very much, Chair. Chair, distinguished delegates and observers, Space education and capacity building are fundamental pillars in order to ensure the continuity and sustained growth of Argentina in the space arena. Based on this premise, the National Space Activity Commission, CONAIA, has promoted a broad range of educational initiatives addressing all levels of training. Through its training unit, the National Space Agency has undertaken activities for children up until postgraduate programs with the aim of promoting scientific and technical vocations as well as further strengthening professional development in strategic areas for our country. Furthermore, Konaë provides specialized training regarding the use and application of satellite imagery. These courses are promoted for professionals and individuals interested in this area without any need for prior experience. In so doing, we seek to broaden the knowledge of those already using this technology and thus contributing to greater sense of ownership and harnessing of space information in various areas of national development. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:09:17]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Argentina for that statement. I would now like to call upon the distinguished delegate of the Republic of Republic of Korea [1:09:27]: Thank you, Chair. The ultimate aim of space development lies in enhancing the quality of life for all humankind. It's our collective responsibility to ensure that the benefits of space technology translate into tangible advancements for industries and societies here on Earth. In this regard, the Republic of Korea is actively promoting programs for technology transfer and commercialization with the objective of expanding the application of space research and development to the private sector and to everyday life. We would like to share some of the examples of successful spin-off for space technologies in Korea. First, the connector valve system used in the propellant supply mechanism of the Korea Space Launch Vehicle, which features high-reliability fluid control technology, has been adapted for use in semiconductor industry. Private companies have commercialized this as a precision fluid valve used in semiconductor manufacturing equipment, which is an excellent example of launch vehicle components being integrated into high-precision industrial process. Second, cryogenic fluid manufacturing technology developed to improve fuel efficiency and maintain flow stability in extreme cold conditions for space applications has been transferred to the private sector. It is now being used to develop cryogenic centrifugal pumps for hydrogen energy storage and transport, thereby contributing to greater economic efficiency in the energy sector. Third, high-precision temperature sensor technology originally developed for satellite thermal vacuum testing has found applications in semiconductor manufacturing process, enabling accurate temperature measurements and control in vacuum environments. In addition, we are also participating in the KRADCube project, a CubeSat for space radiation measurement to be onboard Artemis 2, conducting performance tests of Korean semiconductor components in the space environment as part of efforts to evaluate in space-based conditions. These cases demonstrate how space technologies are being applied across a diverse range of advanced industries, including energy, semiconductors, and materials, contributing meaningfully to technological innovation and industrial competitiveness. The Republic of Korea continues to actively support the private sector's sector, particularly SMEs, in utilizing space technologies. Furthermore, we are committed to sharing these technologies with developing countries to foster inclusive innovation and to support the realization of the SDGs. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:11:49]: I thank the distinguished delegate of the Republic of Korea for that statement and would now call upon the distinguished delegate of the UK to take the floor. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [1:12:01]: Chair, distinguished delegates, the United Kingdom delegation recognizes the significance, value, the spin-off benefits of space technology. Space applications and hardware used on Earth demonstrates how space innovation can effectively address diverse sustainability and socioeconomic challenges. The UK takes pride in the development of innovation space application technologies that contribute not only to the space economy but deliver tangible benefits across sectors. A compelling example of innovation in the use of human spaceflight technology in healthcare in the UK: frameless monitors used in satellites and the Mars rover have been adapted for ventricular assist devices, or VADs. Using magnetic levitation, these VADs offer advantages over traditional models. They can be implemented without, without open-heart surgery, reducing risk and expanding access. This repurposing of reliable space technology highlights how advancements in one field can transfer outcomes in another. Another use of space technology spin-off is through the application of ion propulsion principles in the development of portable X-ray imaging devices for medical sector. Compact ionization tech developed for satellites have been adapted for portable X-ray devices. Portable X-ray provides healthcare sector With needed practicality and a cost-effective approach. This allows imaging to be done at a patient's bedside. They are practical for quick diagnosis, monitoring treatment progress, and use in remote or resource-limited settings such as field hospitals or care homes. In a similar vein, Electronic Propulsion is helping build vastly improved orthopedic joint implement improvements for neutral electron beam welding. There are several Formula 1 constructors who use heat exchange technology designed to cool the air for the Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine, or SABRE, to improve race performance. We are also seeing improved robotic autonomy to allow tunnel surveying deep below the ground based on software algorithms designed for space robotics. These are just a few examples. In conclusion, the UK will continue to support companies looking to take these challenges through the development of space applications and space technologies. Thank you very much. COPUOS · Chair [1:15:01]: I thank the distinguished delegate of the United Kingdom for that statement. I would now call upon the distinguished delegate of Colombia to take the floor. Colombia [1:15:13]: Thank you very much, Chair. My delegation aligns itself with the statement of the G77 and China, and in our national capacity, we wish to state the following. Colombia appeals for efforts to be redoubled to guarantee that all states can access and benefit from space activities, recognizing that as outer space lies beyond national jurisdiction, it must be used peacefully in support of global socioeconomic development. As such, we restate the need to further strengthen capacity building, the provision of technical assistance, and facilitating technology transfer as key elements to promote the more active participation of developing countries. Colombia sees great potential through space technologies for both urban and agricultural planning, for health, for energy, for food safety, for the management of natural resources, natural risks, for border control, illicit crop control, as well as control of illicit mining, logistics, for the construction sector, for tourism, and ecology. We are committed to further integrating space technology in key sectors such as agriculture, natural disaster management, and public health. For instance, remote sensing and Earth observation have helped prove— improve our capacity to monitor and respond to extreme climate events, providing better protection for vital communities and ecosystems. Furthermore, developments in satellite communication have been fundamental in order to uphold connectivity in the most remote regions of our country, providing educational and telemedicine opportunities. We also recognize the need for international cooperation in this area. The exchange of knowledge and technology is crucial in order to maximize the benefits of space technology. And finally, we wish to propose further broadening synergies between space and aeronautic technologies, including through the use of satellite centers. For air traffic management, advanced meteorological prediction, and critical infrastructure monitoring. Thank you very much. COPUOS · Chair [1:17:45]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Colombia for that statement. I now call upon the distinguished delegate of Italy to take the floor. Mr. Italy [1:17:55]: Chair, distinguished delegates, Italy recognizes the vital contribution of space to sustainable development. Space technologies support health, food security, energy, and infrastructure, both on Earth and in orbit. For example, satellite-based telemedicine brings care to remote areas, and Earth observation helps track disease outbreaks and improve public health responses. Human space exploration is a shared global goal, yet it presents major health challenges. Microgravity causes bodily deconditioning, including heart stress and impaired brain blood flow, increasing risk like thrombosis and vision disorders. To address these, the Italian Space Agency supports the Brain Brain 2.0 project led by the University of Ferrara. It is testing aboard the ISS a simple wearable device to monitor jugular venous pulse, a key indicator of cardiovascular and brain health. Astronauts can use it autonomously by wearing a neck strap and breathing normally. Japanese astronaut Takuya Onishi is among the first participants in this experiment. Aligned with the Sustainable Development Goal 3, good health and well-being, this technology also has Earth applications enabling low-cost remote cardiovascular monitoring via telemedicine, especially Useful in underserved regions. Drain Brain 2.0 is a clear example of how space research can improve health for both astronauts and people on Earth. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:19:59]: Je remercie la distinguée déléguée de l'Italie. I thank the distinguished delegate of Italy for that statement. I now like to call upon the distinguished delegate of France to take the floor. France [1:20:09]: Thank you very much, Chairman. Ladies and gentlemen, Earth observation data and geolocalization are accessible and often free. They have become indeed a driver of growth and development. They make many services possible and provide precise and constant as well as reliable indicators. Markets are constantly growing, and these services provide many areas, as was stated: environment, climate, territorial management, telemedicine, precision agriculture, and enhanced mobility. These benefits are quantified by the international community. In 2024, according to the Space Economy Report of Novaspace, the global market for the purchase of Earth observation space data accounted for $2.1 billion, the market generated by added-value services totaling $3.3 billion. In 2024, the management of natural resources, energy, and environment ranked amongst the main sectors for application of Earth observation. Furthermore, according to the Global Climate Observation System, more than 50% of climate— key climate variables depend on satellite data. Bad air quality warnings based on satellite data have saved millions of euros in hospitalization costs between now and 2035. Here are a few symbolic examples of a concrete application of space technologies nationally. The International Search and Rescue Distress Alert System through geolocation The COSPAS-SARSAT has perfectly demonstrated space technologies can save lives. On 18 May 2025, this system led to the saving of 4 passengers on an American catamaran, Pathfinder, who had capsized in the Marquesas waters in French Polynesia. The team— or the crew, rather— launched the distress beacon and the alert was received received by the French control mission in the CNES in Toulouse, which then referred the case to the Air-Sea Rescue Coordination Center in French Polynesia so as to save the shipwrecked persons. In 2024, the CNES re-engaged in cooperation with the French National Railway Society so as to develop and promote the use of space technologies in infrastructure management and railway services through Earth observation, connection, and localization by satellite. Cooperation between the CNES and the FNRS perfectly demonstrates the importance of space data in developing our societies and economies. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:22:59]: Je remercie la distinguée déléguée. Thank the distinguished delegate of France for her statement, and I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Chile. You have the floor. Chile [1:23:11]: Thank you very much, Chair. The Chilean space ecosystem combines national development with international cooperation. Applications derived from our space program, ranging from agricultural monitoring to urban analysis, are the outcome of a strategy that seeks to create shared public value. Our experience shows us that medium-sized countries can generate value by investing in specific capacity. Integrating satellites throughout our national territory, processing data through supercomputers, and training aerospace engineers alongside the air forces and regional universities builds our resilience and empowers international cooperation. In particular, we prize those efforts that are geared towards strengthening innovative ecosystems where cooperation between public institutions, research centers, and technological entrepreneurship make it possible to generate applications that have social impact and contribute to territorial equity. We stand ready to cooperate in initiatives that will promote the exchange of experience and help build programs for technological incubation. Proposals such as repositories of good practice or mentoring networks bringing together consolidated centers, as well as new initiatives, can help reduce entrance barriers and promote more structured cooperation. Moreover, it is important that we progress towards common indicators measuring not only economic return but equally social impact in terms of public services, territorial cohesion, and talent development. We reaffirm our commitment to a cooperation-based space ecosystem where knowledge is shared and where innovation is translated into social impact. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:25:03]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Chile for his statement and now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Slovenia. Slovenia [1:25:12]: Thank you, Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates. Slovenia is honored to take the floor as an emerging space country fully committed to the peaceful use of outer space for the benefit of all humankind. We are deeply aware of the many spin-off benefits that space technologies bring to life on Earth. One of the priorities of the Slovenian Space Office is to ensure that these benefits are felt in our everyday lives, across sectors, across communities. For us, the space sector is not only about innovation and business opportunities. It is also about driving the green and digital transitions, supporting climate resilience, and improving quality of life. Satellite data supports agriculture, monitors forests, predicts floods and fires, and enables better spatial planning, energy management, transport, and security. These applications are already making a real difference on the ground. We are particularly proud of our contributions to health research. In Planica, Slovenia hosts ESA's short-arm human centrifuge, where the Josef Stefan Institute leads bedrest studies that simulate the effects of microgravity on the human body. This research supports astronaut health but also has great potential to improve healthcare on Earth, offering insights into conditions like osteoporosis, muscle loss, cardiovascular issues that come with aging. The centrifuge generates artificial gravity by spinning participants at 35 revolutions per minute, more than doubling their body weight at the torso and quadrupling it at the feet. This helps researchers understand how to counteract the negative effects of weightlessness through controlled exercise environmental conditions. Slovenian innovation extends to the private sector as well. A miniature camera developed for satellite is now used in a smartwatch machine to sort laundry by color and fabric. Our researchers have also developed garments to help prevent thrombosis, an idea sparked by challenges in space medicine. Mr. Chair, Slovenia's growing space ecosystem reflects our strong belief in international cooperation, scientific excellence, and shared progress. We will continue working to ensure space technologies serve humanity both in and in orbit and on Earth. COPUOS · Chair [1:27:30]: Thank you. I thank the distinguished delegate of Slovenia for her statement, and I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Saudi Arabia. Mr. Saudi Arabia [1:27:49]: Chair, distinguished delegates, peace be upon you. My delegation thanks the Chair for the opportunity to share the Kingdom's perspective on the spin-off benefits of space technology, including satellite-based communication technologies, which have witnessed remarkable advancements over the past few years given the rapid technological progress and decreasing costs of satellite launches. These developments have attracted growing attention from regulatory and legislative bodies at both national and international levels. Among these technologies is direct-to-device communication, D2D, an emerging innovation that enables mobile devices to connect directly with satellites or aerial platforms. D2D technology is used in a range of applications, including emergency and public safety services, where it allows emergency alerts to be sent as warning messages to users in affected areas. This helps accelerate response. Response times and reduce associated risks. This technology also supports SMS through public communication networks and enables voice calls and data transmission such as web browsing and email access, enhancing connectivity continuity across various locations. The Kingdom, represented by the Communications Space and Technology Commission, hosted the International Forum on Non-Terrestrial Networks under the theme Connecting the Worlds from the Skies in collaboration with the ITU in 2024, which was concerned with discussing developments in non-terrestrial networks, with one of the key themes being D2D communication. As part of the forum's activities, a dedicated panel session was held bringing together satellite operators, international organizations, regulatory entities, and end users to discuss cooperation opportunities for integrating non-terrestrial and terrestrial network infrastructures. In addition, the forum showcased several technical demonstrations, including the first-of-its-kind D2D connectivity trial in the Middle East and North Africa region at the time. In closing, the Kingdom continues to closely monitor the rapid evolution of D2D technologies, recognizing their potential to enhance digital infrastructure by linking non- terrestrial and terrestrial networks, thereby expanding coverage to both populated and unpopulated areas and helping reduce the digital divide. In this context, the Commission invites all stakeholders interested in this technology to share their latest developments and experiences, to strengthen opportunities for international collaboration and knowledge exchange, and to ensure alignment in regulatory and technical efforts in this growing field. Thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair [1:30:31]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Saudi Arabia for his statement. Distinguished delegates, we have concluded our consideration of Agenda Item 9, Spin-off Benefits of Space Technology, Review of Current Status. Distinguished delegates, I would now like to begin and hopefully conclude our consideration of Agenda Item 10, 10, space and water. And the first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Thailand. You have the floor. Thailand [1:31:08]: Thank you, Chair. Distinguished delegates, water is essential resource for Thailand. It fuels our vital activities such as agriculture, food production, public health, and energy. Management of water is a major contributor to response disaster from flood and droughts that we face every year. As the situations are exacerbated by climate change, Thailand emphasizes on advancing space-based solutions in addressing water challenges and develop tools to cope with the issues. Space applications and solutions have been widely employed in diverse activities ranging from allocation and management of water resources by policymakers, seasonal climate forecasts for agricultural producers and cooperatives, near-real-time satellite data and direct emergency response for national disaster warning centers, including satellite imagery for urban and environmental planners. One of the flagship initiatives is Water Situation Awareness Platform. By integrating Earth observation data with AI to provide early warning and strategic insights, the initiative is focusing on transboundary river basin, particularly the Mekong River, where sharing of the water resource requires cooperative solution. The platform exemplifies the role of geospatial intelligence in fostering regional resilience and data transparency. Share— Thailand actively engaged in international partnerships for digital transformation and water governance, such as CEOS, UN SPIDER, GEOS, Space for Climate Observatory, and EBSCO, we would like to reiterate 3 important points which could promote space and water. First, ensuring transparent and equitable access to satellite data for all stakeholders. Second, advocating for interoperability and standardization to enhance data integration and usability. Third, enhancing capacity building initiative to empower users at all levels with the necessary skills to effectively utilize Earth observation technologies. In conclusion, Thailand stands ready to work with our partners to reinforce space and water, recognizing that the integration is the key to build more resilient inclusive and sustainable future. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:34:03]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Thailand for her statement. I now give the floor to distinguished delegate of Slovenia. Slovenia [1:34:12]: Thank you, Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates. Slovenia is pleased to take the floor on the vital topic of space and water, an issue of great national importance and one that enjoys strong support at the highest level of our political leadership. Given our geographical position, Slovenia is especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including increasingly frequent and severe floods and droughts. This makes the effective monitoring and sustainable management of water resources not only a priority but a necessity. In fact, access to clean and safe drinking water is enshrined as a constitutional constitutional right for all Slovenian citizens. I am also pleased to share that Slovenia took over the presidency to the Bureau of the Water Convention for the period of 2024 to 2027 and hosted the meeting of the parties to the Water Convention in October 2024. To meet these challenges, we have embraced advanced Earth observation technologies to monitor water bodies, track weather patterns, and sustainably manage natural resources. These tools are central to our national strategy for climate resilience and environmental protection. In practice, Slovenia has developed digital twins and integrated water management systems. These innovative tools allow us to monitor the stability of water reservoirs and predict and mitigate the impacts of floods, droughts, and other natural disasters. Our rich biodiversity is closely tied to a healthy water ecosystem. System, and through these technologies, we are ensuring their preservation. We firmly believe in the power of international collaboration and knowledge sharing. Slovenia is committed to contributing to the global efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly those related to water. Our companies are already active in successful water-related projects in India and across the African continent, applying innovative solutions that address real-world challenges. However, we cannot face these challenges alone. A coordinated and cooperative international approach is essential. We must work together to ensure water remains a source of life. Slovenia is committed to working closely with its neighbors, regional partners, and the broader international community to promote water diplomacy, resilience, and innovation. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, thank you for your kind attention. Slovenia looks forward to working with all of you to advance sustainable water management and ensure a water-secure future for all. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:36:42]: Je vous remercie. I thank the distinguished delegate of Slovenia and now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Argentina. You have the floor. Argentina [1:36:52]: Thank you very much, Chair. Chair, all are aware of the great benefits provided through the use of satellite technology for the care of our seas and oceans. That is why Argentina, given the significant breadth of its territorial water, has attached the utmost priority to this as part of its national space plan. This is reflected in the development of satellite capacity such as the SAOCOM-1A/1B mission, which comprises 2 twin satellites, each of which carries a polarimetric L-band operated SAR instrument. Among its various applications, we would note that using SAOCOM's invaluable information has made it possible to develop products that allow for systematic monitoring of vulnerable areas or at risk of being affected, for instance, such as by oil spills along the Argentine coasts. This satellite monitoring is deepening our understanding of the oceans. Furthermore, the Sabia Mar A satellite mission is already in the final phase of construction. It focuses on the observation of our seas and coasts, carrying a payload of optical instruments with differing features, one of which is of high sensitivity, capable of identifying nightlights. This is particularly useful for monitoring fishery vessels. A further instrument is able to acquire daytime data, which is used to generate information on our marine ecosystems as well as continental bodies of water, biodiversity, fisheries monitoring, and contributing to health by detecting toxic algae blooms. It has a space resolution between 200 and 400 meters in a coastal setting, as well as a resolution of 800 meters in a global setting. Both of these are examples of fruitful bilateral cooperation with Italy through SAOCOM, bringing on board the the Argentinian Satellite System for Emergency Readiness, comprising the Argentinian constellation SAOCOM under our National Space Agency, as well as COSMO-SKYMED, bringing together 4 SAR Band X satellites working with the Italian Space Agency. SABIA-MAR is cooperation with Brazil and CONAE for Argentina and the Brazilian Space Agency on behalf of Brazil, each of which developed one of the 2 satellites comprising a joint system for sea and ocean observation. Multilaterally, we are pleased to inform you that CONAIE has joined the Space for Oceans initiative promoted by the National Space Study Center, CNES, of France, promoting dialogue between maritime and space communities in order to harness the benefits of space technology for the monitoring and better care of our seas and oceans. Thank you very much. COPUOS · Chair [1:39:37]: I thank the distinguished representative of Argentina for her statement. I now give the floor to distinguished delegate of the Republic of Korea. Republic of Korea [1:39:46]: Thank you, Chair. The Republic of Korea is committed to leveraging space technology to advance marine environmental protection, water resource management, and disaster response. Through close international cooperation, we are expanding the scope and impact of our contributions in these critical areas. With respect to marine environmental change and ecosystem monitoring, the Republic of Korea utilizes multi-satellite data to precisely measure sea surface temperatures along the coastal waters of the Korean Peninsula. By identifying temperature-induced ecosystem changes, we are closely tracking medium and long-term transformations in marine ecosystems driven by climate change. A key milestone in these efforts is the Cheollyeon-2B, Korea's domestically produced geostationary satellite equipped with the GeoCi-2 ocean monitoring instrument. GeoCi-2 delivers real-time ocean observations not only around the Korean Peninsula but also cover the entire Earth. This capability enables the generation of region-specific high-resolution satellite data such as sea surface temperature and surface ocean currents that support domestic marine policy as well as regional cooperation, particularly within the Asia-Pacific. Looking ahead, beginning in 2026, the Republic of Korea plans to develop satellite-based products for large-scale ocean monitoring, enhancing the efficiency of ocean data services. These products will play a vital role in shaping marine policies and supporting disaster response. In the field of water resources management and disaster response, the Republic of Korea is preparing to launch its next-generation medium-sized satellite satellite, KMSAT-5, in 2027. This satellite will be equipped with an SAR technology to provide specialized data for monitoring flood, droughts, and water resources. This will significantly strengthen Korea's capacity to respond to climate-induced water shortages and extreme weather events while also contributing meaningfully to international disaster response cooperation. These satellite-based activities are more than technological progress. They represent Korea's ongoing commitment to achieving SDG 6, Clean Water and Sanitation, SDG 13, Climate Action, and SDG 14, Life Below Water, through responsible and sustainable space activities. The Republic of Korea will continue to promote the use of space technology for sustainable marine management and disaster preparedness and will work in close partnership with the United Nations and the international community to shape a safer and more sustainable space environment. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:42:21]: I thank the distinguished delegate of the Republic of Korea for their statement and now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Pakistan. Pakistan [1:42:32]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. We are delivering the following shortened remarks cognizant of the limited speaking time and request our full statement be reflected on the COPOS website for record. Mr. Chair, Pakistan reiterates its unwavering commitment to international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space and commends the Office for Outer Space Affairs for advancing dialogue on the vital nexus between space technology and water scarcity. The world faces an acute freshwater crisis. More than 2 billion people already live in water-stressed regions, and the United Nations projects this figure could double by 2050. Between 2001 and 2018, water-related events accounted for 74% of all recorded natural disasters. Groundwater, which supplies one half of humanity's drinking water, is being depleted 3 times faster than it can naturally recharge. Pakistan's vulnerability to these trends is severe. Ranked 14th among the most water-stricken countries, our per capita water availability has fallen from 5,260 cubic meters in 1951 to 908 cubic meters today, well below the scarcity threshold. The catastrophic floods of 2022 submerged one-third of our territory, affected 33 million people, and inflicted economic losses exceeding $30 billion United States dollars. Concurrently, accelerated glacial retreat in the Himalaya-Karakoram range threatens the Indus Basin, which sustains 90% of our agriculture. Guided by our national space policy and in pursuit of Sustainable Development Goal 6, Pakistan has placed satellite remote sensing at the heart of water governance. Through SuperCo, we, we maintain a dynamic National Glacier Event Inventory, operate real-time hydrological networks for river flow forecasting, map prospective dam and recharge sites in Balochistan, and digitize major irrigation assets to raise delivery efficiency. Since 2018, more than 300 officials, researchers, and practitioners have received specialized training in geospatial water applications, strengthening national expertise for evidence-based planning and disaster preparedness. International cooperation magnifies these efforts. Pakistan has been an active stakeholder in the UNOSA PSIPW Space for Water initiative since 2018 and collaborates with the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research and the Chinese Academy of Sciences to study transboundary glacier dynamics and river flow modeling. Data exchanges through APSCO and Sentinel Asia further enhance regional resilience. To bridge the technological divide, Pakistan calls for enhanced capacity building under the committee, equitable data sharing frameworks that give developing countries timely access to medium and high-resolution imagery, and sustainable financing mechanisms that convert political commitments into operational projects. The 2030 Agenda obliges us to ensure that no nation is left behind in harnessing space technology for water security. Let us translate our shared resolve into concrete partnerships that safeguard this most precious resource for present and future generations. I thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:45:59]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Pakistan for her statement and now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Italy. Italy [1:46:08]: Honorable Chair, distinguished delegates, Italy recognizes the crucial role of space technologies in the sustainable management of water resources. Satellite data provide essential tools for monitoring water availability, detecting changes in rivers, lakes, and aquifers, and managing extreme events such as droughts and floods. They also support agriculture, help control water quality, and assist in maritime traffic monitoring and integrated water basin planning. The Italian Space Agency is actively working in this domain through its downstream programme, which supports the development of space-based applications for societal benefits. One key line of activity focuses on agriculture and sustainable water use. Several pilot projects are underway to demonstrate the pre-operational value of satellite-derived products developed in close collaboration with the scientific community. An example is the TETI project, implemented with the National Research Council, the Council for Agricultural Research, the University and Polytechnic of Bari, and the Capitanata Reclamation Consortium. Operating in the Foggia irrigation district, TETI combines satellite data and water balance models to develop a spatial decision support system. This system helps farmers, water authorities, and irrigation consortia to optimize water use and increase resilience in the agricultural sector. Looking ahead, ASI is preparing the new Earth observation mission called Luce, which will significantly advance our understanding of the Earth system. Luce will carry the world's first spaceborne Raman elastic fluorescence lidar, providing new insights into the roles of aerosols and clouds in climate, weather, and air quality. Notably, Luce will also deliver unprecedented ocean profiling, offering new data on marine biological productivity such as phytoplankton and zooplankton, with implications for fisheries and the global carbon cycle. The mission will also provide new estimates of snow depth and related water availability, as well as key indicators of plant health. These initiatives reflect Italy's commitment to leveraging space technologies to address water-related challenges, promote sustainability, and support evidence-based decision-making at national and international levels. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:48:35]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Italy for that statement. I would now call upon the distinguished delegate of France. France [1:48:44]: Thank you, Chairman. Distinguished delegates, France is allocating significant financial, scientific, and technical resources so as to carry out international cooperation that is far-reaching in this sector. Here we would like to announce to delegations the follow-up to the recent 3rd UN Conference on Oceans, which was held 9th to 13th June in Nice. Co-convened with Costa Rica. At this time, the French President Emmanuel Macron announced the launch of a space mission on the oceans, CORSEIR. On the margins, 27 space agencies and organizations collectively acceded to the Space for Oceans Alliance, S4O, upon proposal from the French Space Agency. by signing a declaration of interest. This initiative was crucially supported by UNUSA, namely in strengthening ties with space actors and those in the maritime and marine sectors. We would particularly like to thank Director of UNUSA Arti Hulamaini and the Vice Director, Mr. Adani, And the founding members of the Alliance who made this ambition a reality. The Declaration of Accession to the Space Alliance for Oceans remains open for signature for space agencies and national bodies dealing with the marine environments. Chairman, France, through its French space agency, so— agency, CNS, has numerous missions and programs in close cooperation with its international partners, namely when it comes to the International Mercator Ocean. The entity providing general interest items on oceanography and on conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and seas and marine resources for the European Union includes the European Surveillance of Oceans and and the Copernicus Marine Service, as well as the European Digital Twin of the Ocean. The CNES furthermore works with its partners to carry out the UNESCO Global Portal on Water Quality and its applications on transporter basins across the globe. Chairman, following the Conference on Oceans, we reiterated our highest levels— Our commitment to make oceans a priority and encourage international cooperation to serve the sustainability of oceans and water management. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:51:32]: Thank you to the distinguished delegate of France for that statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Ecuador. Ecuador [1:51:41]: Distinguished Chair, Distinguished delegates, my country, Ecuador, is a country with variable geography facing significant challenges in order to guarantee universal access to clean, safe, and sustainable water, a situation which is further exacerbated by global climate change. Accordingly, satellites and satellite data are proving to be an innovative and effective tool in order to better protect our water resources. Satellite information is an effective input that can be used to monitor, control, and preserve our water resources. 67% of our national population has access to clean, risk-free water. However, there are still gaps in terms of quality and coverage, in particular in rural areas. When it comes to the origin of our water, 51% comes from groundwater sources and 49% comes from surface water sources. According to our territorial cadastral management, out of 221 municipalities in Ecuador, only 190 meet national quality standards. We note equally that the water intake per capita in certain areas is 6 times higher than what is recommended by the WHO, which clearly shows the poor conditions of infrastructure in some areas, operational inefficiencies, and also irresponsible use, amongst other factors. A further difficulty is that 82% of fresh water extracted in Ecuador is used in agriculture, which is why we must optimize its use in order to generate economic savings as well as substantial environmental improvements. To conclude, we believe that integrating space technologies for the Use of our national water resource will help modernize the management and use of our water resources and equally make it possible to identify critical areas and improve decision-taking based on real data. To that end, it is fundamental to guarantee timely access to geospatial information. Accordingly, access to outer space must be equitable for all countries, regardless of their size, or economic weight, so that all can benefit equally from technological and scientific progress. Chair, finally, we would underscore that water is a fundamental resource for life on Earth, and space plays a key role in water management and preservation. Through the use of space satellites and technology, we can monitor changes, climate changes, as well as changes to bodies of water, detect droughts in advance, and better manage access to this vital resource. In a world where water is increasingly valuable, making use of space technology resources is proving to be a crucial strategy for a sustainable future for humankind. COPUOS · Chair [1:54:45]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Ecuador for that statement. statement, and I'll give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Chile to take the floor. Chile [1:54:56]: Chair, distinguished delegates, for a number of years Chile has been dealing with a structural water-related crisis. Accordingly, we have developed management models based on the use of satellite data for monitoring our glaciers, calculating water balances and ensuring efficient risk management. Space is no longer an abstract; rather, it is making it possible to quantify existing bodies of water, anticipating where needs lie, and protecting us from what is to come. Investing in our national satellite system and in analytical platforms has made it possible to predict floods, runoff, and water deficits with greater accuracy, including in those areas where there is no ground-based infrastructure. Water stress has promoted the use of satellite solutions to manage water basins, monitor glaciers, and plan water resources in critical areas. Experience has demonstrated, thus, the potential of space technology to provide useful evidence to feed into territorial decision-taking, in particular to tackle climate change and extreme variabilities. As such, Chair, Chile expresses its readiness to cooperate with UNOSA and with its member States in multilateral strategies regarding the use of space in water management. And we stand ready to share our technical know-how, training modules, as well as methodological tools that can be used, such as analytical algorithms or validation models. Furthermore, we welcome the opportunity of cooperating in the further strengthening of capacity regionally through initiatives that are adapted to Andean and coastal realities. Our experience in glacier monitoring in both wetlands and in arid areas can provide inputs to data-based water governance. Finally, Chile is equally prepared to contribute satellite imagery and technical assistance to tackle future water emergencies based on our belief that these challenges require timely collective action that is based on scientific evidence. Chair, cooperation between our countries can help build more resilient collective capacity rather than depending merely on external solutions. And in this spirit, we ratify our commitment to a water governance that is based on quality satellite information. Thank you very much. COPUOS · Chair [1:57:24]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Chile for that statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Venezuela. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) [1:57:36]: Thank you, Chair. Chair, in keeping with Article 127 of our Constitution enshrining the state obligation to uphold the preservation of its Aquatic areas in strict compliance with the principles under international space law and in keeping with the SDGs of Agenda 2030, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, through the National Space Agency Abaye, has harnessed space technology as a strategic tool for the management and monitoring of our bodies of water. One key example of progress here would be our active participation in environmental remote. Sensing projects carried out together with the National Institute for Aquatic Space as well as the Bolivarian Ports Initiative, known as the Scientific Cruise Vessel, focusing on the detection of macroplastics in coastal and insular waters of Venezuela through the use of multi-scale data in order to optimize macroplastic recollection by building a platform made of microplastics in the areas surrounding the Isla de Aves, as well as a project for detecting sargassum in the Venezuelan Caribbean using satellite imagery in order to better identify patterns of sargasso distribution surrounding the Isla de Aves in order to evaluate their potential ecological impact on affected coastal areas. This study initiative is aimed to promote scientific research in in the island areas of Venezuela. Chair, we are pleased to share with you the progress that has been attained through our National Space Agency's involvement in the project known as Space for Water as a stakeholder, which was launched by UNOSA. We can present to you the research project entitled Detection of Changes in Ground Coverage Using Remote Sensing Data of those priority water basins in Venezuela. This is particularly valuable in strategic terms as these are pivotal areas for human water use. We would equally like to inform you that the work in the context of the project for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity in the Rio Caroni Basin, which is led by the Ministry of People's Power for Ecosocialism, with technical assistance received from the Food and Agricultural Organization, where our National Space Agency is a co-funder, is ongoing in order to meet the targets that have been established for this project. These are aimed at preserving biological diversity as well as sustainability of this river basin. Chair, in so doing, we would like to express our gratitude for all of the support that has been provided to developing countries, enabling us to Further build our capacity to tackle challenges related to water through the use of advanced space instruments. We restate our commitments to the international community when it comes to the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, recognizing its potential in tackling global challenges such as the sustainable management of our water resources. Thank you very much. COPUOS · Chair [2:00:45]: Je remercie la distinguée déléguée. I thank the distinguished delegate of Venezuela for that statement, and now call upon the distinguished delegate of India. India [2:00:55]: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Chair and distinguished delegates, India is enabling utilization of space technology for water resource management, development of decision support system, and planning mitigation measures for hydrological disasters. India has recently completed the development of geospatial products and services for water resource sector under National Hydrology Project. Which includes evaporative flux monitoring system, hydrological drought indices, glacial lake outburst flood risk modeling and assessment, snowmelt runoff modeling and forecast, and spatial flood early warning system. A decision support system, namely Irrigation Information System, IRIS, is designed and developed to enhance irrigation scheduling for major and medium command areas. Development of sustainability measures for urban aquifers is carried out using space and ground-based observation. Mr. Chair, surface, surface water spread information system is generated using satellite data on weekly basis for water bodies of area more than 1 hectare as water body information system with functionalities like water spread meter, elevation area capacity generation, and regional analytics. An indigenous operational algorithm was developed for generation of surface soil moisture product at 500-meter spatial resolution using Indian microwave satellite data. India initiated various activities to assess the extent of saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers through an integrated approach using space and ground observation. Mr. Chair, India is preparing inventory of rock glaciers and their kinematics in Himalaya using remote sensing data. India is also working with French National Space Agency to realize a joint satellite named Trishna, a thermal infrared imaging satellite to study crop water stress and for deriving inputs for improved crop advisories, irrigation scheduling, and drought management. Space inputs are used in India for managing natural hazards, including hydrological hazards like floods. Mr. Chair, India is open to share her experience with member nations on use of space technology towards conservation, management, and sustainable utilization of water resources. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. COPUOS · Chair [2:03:31]: I thank the distinguished delegate of India for that statement. I now call upon the distinguished delegate of the Netherlands. Netherlands (Kingdom of the) [2:03:40]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. Mr. Chair, as a low-lying delta country, we are aware of the importance of water as a source of life, as a driver of economic activity, and at times of threat, to safety and infrastructure. The Netherlands sees space-based data and services as a critical enabler for integrated water policy. Whether addressing issues of drought, salinization, flooding, or water quality, Earth observation provides essential insight that supports sustainable water management and effective climate adaptation strategies. We recognize water is a key societal challenge where space can deliver direct public value. We therefore invest in the development and the use of space-based instruments that provide critical data for water monitoring and decision-making. Satellite data plays an essential role in strengthening our country's resilience to water, uh, extreme weather. This includes applications that help monitor and manage water infrastructure such as dikes, dams, storm surge barriers, and pumping systems, elements that are the core of Dutch waterworks. We are working to integrate remote sensing with real-time sensor data and AI applications to enhance predictive capabilities and early warning systems. In densely populated and vulnerable regions like ours, water quality and water safety is inseparable. Satellite data contributes to regulatory compliance and protecting both ecosystems and public health. The Netherlands is strongly committed to international cooperation in the field of water and space. We actively contribute to European programs such as Copernicus, and we support collaborative development and satellite applications for sustainable water use and climate resilience worldwide. These efforts align with our ambition to promote strategic partnerships and shared innovations between governments, academia, and industry. In our experience, effective solutions emerge through multi-actor collaboration. That is why the Netherlands foster public-private partnerships and engages knowledge institutions and technology providers in developing actionable water-related space services. These partnerships are key to unlocking the full societal value of space infrastructure. Finally, we see great value in straight— strengthening data access, capacity building, and co-creation with users, Particularly in areas facing severe water challenges. Sustainable and secure water management is vital to our collective future. The Netherlands will continue to invest in responsible and innovative space-based solutions to support water resilience at home and abroad, guided by our long-term strategy and our commitment to international cooperation. Thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair [2:06:59]: I thank the distinguished delegate of the Netherlands for his statement, and now I give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Colombia. Colombia [2:07:11]: Chair, distinguished delegates, Colombia acknowledges that access to clean water, rational and sustainable water use and management are fundamental pillars in order to attain the Sustainable Development Goals, and in particular SDG 6. In a global context where water is increasingly a strategic and vulnerable resource, space technologies provide tangible solutions to preserve and manage this vital good. Satellite imagery, real-time monitoring, and artificial intelligence applied to geospatial analysis make it possible to identify water sources, monitor glaciers, highlands, as well as river basins, in addition to anticipating phenomena such as droughts, floods, or pollution of water bodies. Not only do these tools strengthen environmental planning, but they equally bolster our ability to respond to natural water-related disasters. Accordingly, we highlight the potential for transformation provided through space applications to guarantee water security in areas of high biodiversity such as South America. Colombia is known for its wealth of biodiversity and its abundant water resources, but still faces significant challenges in terms of water management and adapting to climate change. These challenges have environmental implications, but equally have deep socioeconomic consequences for all of our people. In particular, my country requires cooperation for the processing and access to space technology data in order to engage in research to better develop space technology applications for agricultural purposes, preventing disaster risks, climate change, monitoring sea and ocean levels, inter alia. And finally, in general terms, Colombia invites those states with consolidated space capacity to share data and to join in joint initiatives in order to provide access to these technologies. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [2:09:27]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Colombia for his statement. And I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Burkina Faso. You have the floor. Burkina Faso [2:09:41]: Thank you very much, Chair. Burkina Faso attaches the utmost importance to the use of space technologies for the sustainable management of water and for climate change adaptation in keeping with the priorities Our national water policy is aligned with Sustainable Development Goals and seeks to promote universal access to drinking water and to sanitation by 2030. In Burkina Faso, we are implementing a water resource integrated management framework reconciling environmental, agricultural, and household needs. This approach is implemented through land management models for water management and for the management of our watersheds, working together with water agencies and local collectivities. Water is a public good, and therefore there is a need to ensure equitable distribution, including with neighboring countries. In keeping with our international commitments. Groundwater is used in various fashions, and the mapping of groundwater resources is beneficial for scientific research, in particular at the physical chemical laboratory at the University of Joseph Ki-Zerbo in Ouagadougou. I am a researcher at that university, and also at the University of Norbert Zongo in Koudougou, which makes use of satellite imagery and geophysical methodologies. To tackle droughts and a decrease in rainfall, Burkina Faso is implementing adaptation strategies that are based on the use of geospatial data, thus improving our resource and sustainable infrastructure planning. Burkina Faso reaffirms its commitment to harnessing space technologies as a strategic tool put to the service of ensuring our water security, sustainable development, and combating climate change in keeping with the value of solidarity upheld by this committee. Thank you very much, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [2:12:00]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Burkina Faso for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Iran. Iran (Islamic Republic of) [2:12:16]: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Iran, due to its largely arid and semi-arid geography, has long encountered significant challenges in water resource management, drought, flooding, and the effects of climate climate change. We firmly believe that space technologies, particularly remote sensing, are essential for monitoring, forecasting, and managing these phenomena. In recent years, the operation of the Hayyan satellite and the development of indigenous algorithms to extract key environmental indices such as the normalized water Humidity Index and the Aquatic Vegetation Cover Index have enabled us to monitor aquatic ecosystems including Lake Urmia, the Hourul Azim Wetland, and groundwater resources in central Iran with high precision. These data not only contribute to analyzing water level fluctuations and water quality but also support decision-making efforts aimed at restoring wetlands and reducing evaporation in water bodies. In this regard, cooperation between the Iranian scientific and executive institutions has led to the development of systems that translate satellite data into actionable information for policymakers in the water, agriculture, and environmental sectors. Chair, recognizing the importance of monitoring water resources under cloudy conditions and during nighttime, the Islamic Republic of Iran has incorporated the development of domestic capacities for radar imaging systems into its medium-term space program. Achieving this capability will enable continuous observation of water bodies regardless of atmospheric conditions. To this end, Iran expresses its readiness to engage in technological, scientific, and operational cooperation with countries experienced in this field— in the field of radar satellite systems, flood early warning systems, and regional-scale water surface monitoring. Such cooperation could take the form of joint projects, training programs, technology transfer, and data sharing. Furthermore, Iran supports international initiatives aimed at facilitating developing countries' access to satellite data and services, as well as the establishment of systems to align satellite-derived information with the end-user needs, particularly in areas such as water management, climate change, and resilience to natural disasters. In conclusion, Islamic Republic of Iran proposes that UNOSA, in collaboration with relevant specialized entities, establish an effective platform for targeted dialogue among member states and stakeholders, including data providers and end users. This platform should promote knowledge transfer, capacity building, and synergetic use of space technologies for the protection of water resources, enhancement of climate resilience, and advancement of equitable and sustainable use use of shared water resources. Such cooperation can help prevent regional and international tensions over water and mitigate the risk of water-related conflicts. I thank you, Mr. Chairman. COPUOS · Chair [2:15:47]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Iran for that statement and now call upon the distinguished delegate of Paraguay to take the floor. Paraguay [2:15:55]: Thank you, Mr. President. Thank you, Chair. Chair, as this is the first time my delegation has taken the floor, allow me to warmly congratulate you upon assuming the chairmanship at this session and to restate our full support to you in order to ensure a successful outcome to our work. Chair, in keeping with the provisions of Part 2 of Resolution 79/87 of the General Assembly of the United Nations, Paraguay joins the crucial dialogue regarding the harnessing of space technology for sustainable development. As an action that is beneficial for the biodiversity of our planet, we understand that this— upholding the biodiversity depends on protecting our resources. Our national rivers, our watershed and river basins one of the largest groundwater freshwater sources, underpin the need for this. There are 2 significant resources. First of all, electrical power generation, 100% comes from national hydropower in Darseta and Taiku. This clean energy is sufficient for our people and equally sustains our interregional Regional interactions. Secondly, food production. We are the 4th largest global exporter of sugar, of beef, and a leader in maize production. Our agriculture depends on our water network and rainfall. This is essential for our food security and drives our export potentialities. Chair, against the backdrop of accelerated climate change, satellite observation and geospatial data are indispensable tools in order to monitor river basins and identify droughts in order to ensure the use of water in agriculture and to protect critical ecosystems such as the lowlands in our country. As such, we call on COPHUELOS and its members to prioritize technical cooperation in order to ensure access to high-quality high-resolution satellite imagery, building capacity in countries with water vulnerabilities, as well as pilot projects that harness space technologies for the sustainable development of water and agriculture. We restate our commitment to the peaceful uses of outer space, given that space and science are crucial to protecting the blue planet. And finally, We recognize the support that has been provided by NASA and CNES in the further development of tools for the monitoring and modeling of water resources. This is already being used by the universities in Paraguay to better understand the impact of climate change as well as extreme weather events affecting surface water resources in our country. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [2:18:58]: I thank the distinguished delegate. Thank you, Mr. President of Paraguay, for that statement. Distinguished delegates, we have concluded consideration of Agenda Item 10, Space and Water. Distinguished delegates, I will now begin and hopefully conclude our consideration of Agenda Item 11, Space and Climate Change. Speaker 72 [2:19:25]: Thank you, Madam Chair. COPUOS · Chair [2:19:26]: The first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Australia. Australia [2:19:37]: Thank you, Chair. Distinguished delegates, this is an abridged version of our statement. The full version will be available on the UNESA website. Thank you, Mr. President. Climate change is a defining global challenge, and space technologies are indispensable in the coordination and realization of our response to it. While the role of space in climate monitoring is well established, it is essential to recognize that space-based technologies like positioning and Earth observation are equally critical to climate climate action and climate security more broadly. Their potential to support both mitigation and adaptation is significant, but in many areas underutilised. Access to advanced satellite imagery and geospatial data can improve environmental monitoring and disaster response. Australia has a longstanding record of using space to support climate action domestically, regionally, and globally through initiatives such as AquaWatch, Global Forest Observations Initiative, the Copernicus Climate Change Service, and Early Warnings for All. We are active contributors to global efforts at home. Our national system of carbon accounting is underpinned by the use of satellite data through our full carbon accounting model methodology. We are continuing to invest in new capabilities through initiatives such as Geoscience Australia's Earth Observation Program Positioning Australia and CSIRO's Earth Analytics Science and Innovation Data Analytics Platform to further leverage space technologies in support of climate outcomes. And all our investments are with partnership in mind. For example, we continue to partner with the United States of America in our nearly 50-year partnership in Earth observation, unlocking new science and innovation through the Landsat satellite land imaging program. We also have deep partnerships with others, including Japan, India, and the European Union. Addressing climate change necessitates a global effort involving the collaboration of relevant organizations and expertise working in a coordinated manner to achieve consensus. This includes the United Nations system, of course, but critically depends on partnerships with world-leading expert bodies such as the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites, CEOS, the Group on Earth Observations, and the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites. These groups play a critical role in operationalizing strategies and delivering practical outcomes, and their work is supported including through political forums like the Conference of the Parties. Australia is honored to be assuming the chairmanship of CEOS in 2026, following the United Kingdom. CEOS plays a vital role in ensuring that space-based data is effectively applied to support climate action. Australia is committed to working with member states and partners to ensure that space technologies continue to serve as a powerful and practical tool in our shared response to climate change, resilience, and adaptation. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [2:23:23]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Australia for that statement. I now call upon the distinguished delegate of India. India [2:23:33]: Thank you, Mr. Chair and distinguished delegates. Addressing the global challenges of climate change and impact assessment necessitates global collaboration sustainable practices, and immediate action to reduce its effect. Mr. Chair, India operates the Oceansat and the 3rd generation of the INSAT satellites for monitoring the weather parameters. The Oceansat-3 satellite provides crucial information on chlorophyll distribution and global ocean surface wind vector data, which are essential for weather forecasting and cyclone tracking. The scatterometer data is utilized by Indian Weather Prediction Institute as well as international institutes of— in Europe. Mr. Chair, as the Himalayas are covered with vast snow and glaciers, their melting leads to the formation and expansion of glacial lakes in the Himalayan region, which pose significant risk including glacial lake outburst floods. Monitoring long-term challenges in glacial lakes is essential for understanding glacier retreat rates assessing risk, and gaining insight into climate change impacts. Satellite data of the Indian Himalaya river basins over, over the 40 years reveals significant change in glacial lakes, with one-fourth of the lakes expanding more than twice their original size. Long-term satellite-derived analysis provide valuable insight into glacial lake dynamics, crucial for assessing environmental impacts and developing strategies for glacial lake outburst flood risk management and climate change adaptation in glacial regions. Mr. Chair, India is actively promoting renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass, aiming to achieve 500 gigawatts of installed capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030. The country has developed a solar atlas using global horizontal Gradients data from the Indian geostationary satellites. India has also proposed a G20 satellite mission for environment and climate observation, which will be built by India and host payloads from G20 nations, with data to be made available to the global community. The NASA-Isro SAR mission will provide critical data on Earth's surface changes to monitor and understanding climate. impacts such as glacier melt, sea level rise, and ecosystem shifts. India remains committed to focusing on renewable energy solutions to mitigate global climate risk and will continue to work within a multilateral framework for environmental sustainability. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [2:26:13]: I thank the distinguished delegate of India for his statement, and I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of the Philippines [2:26:23]: Thank you, Chair. The Philippines is honored to deliver its first intervention under this agenda item. Outer space must be used not only peacefully but responsibly and equitably for the benefit of the Earth's climate, ecosystems, and people. As a climate-vulnerable country, we have relied on space science technology and its applications and space data in responding to the climate emergency and We have spoken about our national strategies in this regard in our interventions. We would like then to take this opportunity to broaden the conversation and consider the sustainability of outer space activities in the context of climate change. Not all space activities happen in outer space, and not all their consequences are reserved there. Long-term space sustainability must therefore include consideration of the climate and environmental impacts of space activities on Earth, not just in orbit. This includes the emissions footprint of launches, atmospheric reentry, ground infrastructure, fuel production, and industrial supply chains that support the space sector. If the space industry were to remain at today's level, current estimates suggest that its contribution to climate and ozone impacts may be limited. But as we know, the space sector is expanding rapidly in launch frequency, constellation size, and innovation, and the full extent of the climate implications of such growth remains under study. We are, for instance, unable to predict long-term impacts of scaled-up space flights. This knowledge gap poses a real governance challenge. Consistent with the principle of due regard, states must work together to ensure that the rapid development of outer space technologies does not outpace our understanding of their climate consequences. Sustainability must be embedded across the entire lifecycle of space activities, from design to launch to deorbit, and include the element of transparency and environmental reporting. We commend the work and contributions of the Working Group on Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities, but we also encourage the Committee and Member States to consider the climate footprint of space operations on Earth, in atmosphere, and in orbit, and how they may be integrated into existing and future frameworks under the COPUOS agenda. It is our view that sustainability is incomplete if it excludes the climate impact. The principle of due regard must extend beyond the safety of space operations to include their effects on the Earth's system, including the climate system, which is a shared interest of all humanity. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [2:29:03]: I thank the distinguished delegate of the Philippines for her statement, and I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Canada. Canada [2:29:12]: Thank you, Chair. Building from the 2022 Strategy for Satellite Earth Observation: Resourceful, Resilient, Ready, Canada is making significant investments in a wide range of Earth observation capabilities, including next-generation synthetic aperture radar, wildfire monitoring, climate modeling, and air quality forecasting. As the impact of climate change becomes more apparent every day, innovations in space technologies provide detailed, reliable, and timely information to enable science-based decision-making and to support countless services that can monitor and mitigate the effects of climate change while driving global economic growth. Domestically, Earth observation satellites have proven to be valuable tools to better understand climate processes and their impacts. Climate change requires urgent action. Earth observation data is integral to developing solutions and practical approaches to address this. In this regard, Canada is designing and developing a replenishment satellite for the radar Sat Constellation Mission, RCM, and identifying options for the successor to RCM. Moreover, Canada continues to develop the WildfireSat mission to provide daily monitoring of all active wildfires globally from space, to provide more precise information on fire intensity and air quality. The Canadian Space Agency was proud to chair CEOS in 2024. In October, we hosted the 28th Committee on Earth Observation Satellites plenary meeting. The CEOS plenary brought together the expertise of space agencies and government entities to maximize the benefits of satellite Earth observation initiatives, particularly related to preserving our planet's biodiversity. During CSA's chairmanship, the committee focused on supporting climate change mitigation, adaptation, and biodiversity monitoring. monitoring and protection. This includes advancing the collection and sharing of critical Earth observation data to help prevent global biodiversity loss. During the plenary, participants endorsed the establishment of a biodiversity study team and the Montreal Statement, which encourages cooperation to meet Earth observation users' needs, renews commitment to environmental monitoring and climate, and supports disaster risk management through coordinated space-based climate data. The Montreal Statement also pledged efforts to ensure interoperability and accessibility of data to maximize the benefits of the observations by integrating with other data types. Finally, the statement encourages that the activities of CEOS members be aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals where appropriate and practical. We wish to express our sincere appreciation for the work ongoing within the new chairmanship of the United Kingdom, and we can ensure you of Canada's full support. Canada remains focused on unlocking the full potential of space technology, recognizing social, economic, and environmental priorities on Earth. We remain committed to support scientific excellence, to monitor and adapt to climate change, and to advance technology development for the benefit of all humankind. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [2:32:14]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Canada for her statement, and I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate Of Singapore. Singapore [2:32:25]: Chair, Singapore is in Southeast Asia, a region which faces acute and growing threats from climate change. One of the pressing issues we face is the increasing unpredictability of weather patterns, which negatively impacts food security, water quality, and disaster resilience. These challenges are complex and require solutions that are scalable, data-driven, and collaborative. To address these challenges, Singapore has turned to space-based technologies, particularly Earth observation or EO. EO technologies offer a cost-effective way to monitor and manage resources and are increasingly recognized as a powerful tool to advance the Sustainable Development Goals. The Office for Space Technology and Industry, or OSTIN, therefore launched the Earth Observation Initiative in February 2025, Singapore's first collaborative platform dedicated to applying satellite technology to address pressing sustainability and humanitarian challenges in the Asia-Pacific region. The Earth Observation Initiative, or EOI, supports the Space 2030 Agenda, the SDGs, and is aligned with important work of UNOOSA. Singapore is uniquely placed to generate high-frequency, high-resolution data, capitalizing on our near-equatorial low Earth orbit capabilities. The EOI uses satellite data to support carbon credit efforts and to monitor risks such as food security, water quality, natural disasters, and land use. The EOI is a collaborative effort involving international and intergovernmental organizations, research institutions, and industry partners. Key partners such as UNUSA and the Mekong River Commission contribute regional insights and real-world use cases. Members like the National University of Singapore's Center for Remote Imaging Sensing and Processing and Nanyang Technological University's Earth Observatory of Singapore bring EO expertise to innovate viable and scalable solutions. Singapore also organized a side event titled Unlocking Regional Potential Through Earth Observation, a workshop on the EOI held at Corpus yesterday, Thursday 26th June. We were pleased that those who attended had the opportunity to see a technical demonstration of the platform, and we hope that it was educational. Chair, Singapore hopes to build a model for international and regional cooperation through the EOI, one that is collaborative, impact-driven, and adaptable in addressing present and future challenges. We are committed to harnessing space as a force for good in the global response response to the world's most pressing sustainability and humanitarian challenges. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [2:35:04]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Singapore, and I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of the Republic of Korea. Republic of Korea [2:35:13]: Thank you, Chair. In recent years, the world has witnessed a marked increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heat waves, heavy rainfall, severe snowstorms, causing profound socioeconomic consequences globally. The Republic of Korea operates the Cheollyang series of geostationary satellites, which provide real-time environmental monitoring over the Korean Peninsula and the broader Asia-Pacific region. These satellites serve as a vital tool for tracking severe weather phenomena, including torrential rain and typhoons, and for delivering essential data on climatic conditions such as yellow dust, droughts and heat waves. The Republic of Korea also plays an active role in international meteorological cooperation through its engagement with the WMO. The Korea Meteorological Administration is a member of the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites, CGMS, and contributes satellite data through international data sharing system. Through collaboration with WMO, the Republic of Korea supports the development of early warning systems of disasters and global climate observation. As part of the WMO-led Global Observing System, Korea is contributing to the integration and advancement of a global satellite-based weather monitoring network. Furthermore, the Republic of Korea will host the CGMS plenary session in 2026, following its successful hosting of the meeting in 2017. In addition, the Republic of Korea provides training and capacity-building support to countries in the Asia-Pacific region, including Australia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam, enabling them access and utilize data from the Cheollan satellite series. The Cheollan-2B satellite, equipped with the GMS payload, is being used to analyze air quality across Asia through the Pandora Asia network. Together with the United States' TEMPO mission and Europe's upcoming Sentinel-4, Korea will contribute the formation of a global geostationary air quality monitoring network. Since October 2024, the Republic of Korea has been providing real-time data on ground-level fine particulate matter concentrations. To enhance public accessibility to this data, we launched GMS application tool in April 2025, enabling users to easily track and monitor high concentrations of air pollutants. Climate change is a shared global challenge that poses a threat to the well-being of humanity, and continuous satellite-based monitoring combined with robust international collaboration and comprehensive data analysis is essential in addressing this pressing issue. The Republic of Korea remains committed to sharing satellite data and strengthening international partnerships in the area of climate change monitoring and disaster response. We will continue to actively contribute to global efforts at building a more sustainable and resilient future. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [2:38:00]: I thank the distinguished delegate of the Republic of Korea for her statement, and I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of China. China [2:38:12]: Mr. Chair, in the interest of time, I will only present a shortened version of the Chinese statement, and the full version will be uploaded to the Copio's website. China is committed to build a space-based monitoring system and strengthening its climate research capacity. And China will— in 2024, China successfully launched its first ocean salinity detection satellite and its terrestrial ecosystem carbon monitoring satellite and atmospheric environment monitoring satellite were formally put into operation. China's ability to monitor the weather with space technology has truly achieved full coverage of sea, land, and air, meeting the demand of comprehensive monitoring of global marine ecological forecasting and climate prediction, monitoring of carbon sinks in terrestrial forests, atmospheric fine In addition, China uses space technology to monitor atmospheric particles, greenhouse gases, and other environmental elements, offering solid data support for climate research and prediction, and providing key technologies for scientifically evaluating global carbon revenues and expenditures. China uses space technology in disaster prevention and mitigation, helping the world withstand climate Chinese space technology is an important force in international disaster mitigation and relief. In 2024, China provided civilian and commercial remote sensing satellite data for 79 international disasters through the mechanism of the International Charter of Space and Major Disasters, facilitated the role of the United Nations Platform for Space-Based information of disaster management and emergency response. In April this year, China, together with Brazil, France, and Thailand, co-hosted an international conference on expanding the global space partnership to address climate change, during which discussions were held on the applications of space technology capabilities to address Participants at home and abroad looked forward to more in-depth cooperation in space technology to address climate change in the future. Mr. Chair, space technology has potential and prospects for addressing climate change. The rapid development of China's space endeavors has provided new scientific and technological solutions and public goods for global climate governance. China is willing to continue to uphold the concept of community of human destiny and join hands with the international community. Thank you, Mr. Chair. Saudi Arabia [2:41:20]: Excellencies, good afternoon. The delegation of the The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia wishes to thank you for giving us this opportunity to share our perspective on the growing intersection between space and climate change and the vital role of space technologies. Remote sensing technologies and geospatial data analysis have proven effective in observing the Earth, tracking climate change, monitoring vegetation, detecting pollution, and supporting vital environmental applications. In this context, The Kingdom is devoted to launching initiatives that promote innovation in the field of space and climate. While this includes the organization of SpaceUp competition through the participation of SMEs from over 50 countries worldwide, this competition focused on technical challenges including monitoring green areas in Saudi Arabia, the expansion of urbanism, detecting palm tree diseases diseases using satellite data and maintaining infrastructure and roads. These tracks received over 600 submissions from around the world, reflecting our commitment to fostering international cooperation in space, stimulating innovation, promoting knowledge exchange, and empowering professionals in the space sector. These— this initiative included a number of tracks tracks. For example, Greening Saudi Arabia track, which focuses on monitoring afforestation efforts and tracking the number of trees to be planted over the next decade, approximating 10 billion trees. A mapping of urban trees track through the exploitation of space-based observation technologies and geospatial data analysis, monitoring urban Heat Islands track, which focuses on the development of advanced models for analyzing data and identifying peak heat times in Saudi Arabia through the exploitation of remote sensing satellite data. Finally, Monitoring Date Palms Pest and Disease track through the early detection of such diseases. To conclude, we reaffirm the importance of bolstering international efforts in harnessing space technologies to address climate-related changes. We call upon member states to further exchange expertise and broaden the scope of technical and scientific cooperation in pursuit of a more sustainable future. COPUOS · Chair [2:44:03]: I thank Saudi Arabia for their statement. And now I'll give the floor to the distinguished delegate of the United Kingdom. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [2:44:12]: Thank you, Chair. Chair, innovation is central to the UK's efforts to tackle the global climate and biodiversity crisis. Through our National Space Strategy, we are firmly committed to harnessing space technologies to address these global challenges. The UK is proud to play a leading role in the global global Earth observation ecosystem, having done so actively through the European Space Agency, EUMETSAT, GEO, various international missions, and our own national programs. In November, the UK was honored to assume the chair of CEOS, the international body that coordinates satellite missions worldwide. As chair of CEOS, the UK is leading international efforts to unlock Earth observation for society through 4 key priorities. These include unleashing the potential of EO data to enhance public services, championing the use of satellite data in future UNFCCC global stocktakes, inspiring the next generation through a dedicated CEOS youth pilot, and jointly leading the development of methane monitoring best practices with our colleagues at NASA. These are intended to be applied different satellites and ensure trust and transparency in the data to ultimately lead to decisive action being taken to tackle global methane emissions. The UK's space sector thrives on collaboration, which is key to unlocking the full potential of space for both people and businesses. That's why we're proud to champion Space for Climate, a UK-based partnership uniting government, industry, and academia to harness satellite data for climate action. Through this collaboration, we support the development of trusted climate services that monitor environmental change, guide sustainable development, and strengthen resilience to climate impacts worldwide. Finally, Chair, the UK continues to be at the forefront of developing the next generation of vital Earth observation missions. That will contribute to global capabilities and transform how EO data is used. From involvement in the European Space Agency's Truths mission to providing the scientific leadership for the recently launched Biomass mission, which will monitor global forests to help quantify carbon storage, and partnering with CNES on Microcarb, a pioneering satellite mission launching next month that will play a key role in tracking global carbon emissions. Before signing off, we would also like to take a moment to pass on our deepest condolences for the passing of Manfredi Caltagirone. He was a true pioneer and champion of the important work of IMEO. His legacy will continue to inspire those who will take forward this work. Thank you for your kind attention. COPUOS · Chair [2:47:03]: I thank the distinguished delegate of the United Kingdom for for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Colombia. You have the floor. Colombia [2:47:16]: Chair, distinguished delegates, space technology provides unprecedented opportunities for the monitoring and mitigation of the impact of climate change. In particular, Earth observation systems based on using geostationary orbit satellite imagery provide significant data in order to track environmental changes, predict natural disasters, and to manage our natural resources. Satellite information allows us to monitor phenomena such as sea level rise, decrease in polar ice caps, deforestation, the deterioration of our highlands, and the general status of our strategic ecosystems. This is invaluable data in order in order to take political decisions and develop strategies to improve our resilience to climate impact. Colombia wishes to highlight initiatives such as UN SPIDER, which have buttressed national capacity to respond to natural disasters through the use of satellite imagery by employing space technology to facilitate the early detection and coordination of an effective response, in so doing protecting the environment as well as our communities. For our part, we have developed national capacity through the deployment of the FACSAT-1 and FACSAT-2 satellites, which have made it possible to capture images of our territory through the use of a spectrometer for monitoring greenhouse gases such as methane and ozone. This has contributed to environmental research and investigation and equally has provided critical data feeding into the design of public policies. Moreover, we have been able to develop an artificial intelligence-based software to detect patterns of illegal mining and machinery in protected areas such as the Amazon. This contributes directly to the protection of our natural resources and to meeting the SDGs. In order to tackle forest fires, here too we use satellite images alongside artificial intelligence algorithms in order to identify hotspots early on, to prioritize critical areas, and to effectively coordinate mitigation efforts. Here we appeal for international cooperation to facilitate access to satellite data and tools, in particular for developing countries, so that together we can tackle global climate change. And this is because the challenge posed by climate change cannot be tackled in isolation. It requires robust international cooperation as well as the exchange of knowledge and resources in order to provide a more effective response. Chair, thank you very much. COPUOS · Chair [2:50:10]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Colombia for his statement, and I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Pakistan. Pakistan [2:50:21]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. I am delivering the following shortened remarks, being cognizant of the limited speaking time, and request our full statement be reflected on the corpus website for record. Mr. Chair, the catastrophic impacts of climate change are already reshaping economies and ecosystems worldwide. South Asia stands on the front line, confronting higher temperatures, sea level rise, and intensifying weather extremes that threaten hard-won development gains. For Pakistan, this crisis is no longer theoretical; The Global Climate Risk Index 2023 again places my country among the 10 most climate vulnerable. In June 2022, the city of Jacobabad registered 51 degrees Celsius beyond the threshold of human survivability, and our more than 7,000 glaciers are retreating by an average of 74 meters each year. The World Bank warns that if unchecked, Climate impacts and environmental degradation could erode 18 to 20% of Pakistan's GDP by 2050. Such hardship is deeply inequitable. Pakistan accounts for less than 1% of global carbon dioxide emissions, yet suffers disproportionate harm from transport, air pollution, to accelerated Himalayan melt that imperils our entire rivers. Ecosystem. In these circumstances, satellite technology has become an indispensable instrument of adaptation and risk reduction. Pakistan therefore places Earth observation and geospatial analytics at the heart of public sector decision-making. A flagship initiative is the natural catastrophe model developed by SPARCO and National Disaster Risk Management Fund, which fuses georeferenced satellite and socioeconomic data to deliver sub-district risk profile vulnerability maps and financial loss projections for both hydro-meteorological and geophysical hazards. SPARCO also provides real-time satellite and ground-based measurements that enable authorities to pinpoint smog sources and implement rapid countermeasures. International cooperation multiplies these efforts. Pakistan hosts the UN SPIDER Regional Support Office and under AFCO has completed joint projects on Forest Carbon Stock Assessment and Mangroves Watch from Space, advancing SDGs 13, 15, and 17. Since 2010, we have collaborated with the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research and the Chinese Academy of Sciences under the Third Pole Environment Framework. producing the first Glacier Atlas of Pakistan, and undertaking 10 joint field expeditions across the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya regions. Through APRSAF, particularly the SAFE Initiative and Sentinel Asia, we share satellite data on flood and wildfire in direct support of the Sendai Framework. Mr. Chair, our choice is stark. Persist with emission-heavy pathways that endanger us all, or harness space technology as an engine of climate justice and planetary stewardship. Pakistan stands ready to work with every member state to ensure that the benefits of space science protect communities, safeguard ecosystems, and promote equitable development. I thank you, Mr. Chair. Thank you, Mr. COPUOS · Chair [2:54:01]: Thank you to the distinguished delegate of Pakistan for that statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Italy. Italy [2:54:11]: Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, space technologies are essential for understanding and tackling climate change, thanks to satellites that provide global, continuous, and precise data supporting science, early warning systems, and evidence-based policies. As climate change has no borders, international cooperation through data sharing, joint missions, and capacity building is vital. Italy, through the Italian Space Agency, promotes open access to space data— space-based data and technologies to enhance global resilience and inclusive climate action. Italy Earth observation capability is rooted in innovation. The Cosmos SkyMed radar constellation provides high-resolution imagery in all weather conditions, supporting disaster response and environmental monitoring. The hyperspectral satellite PRISMA helps track pollution, land degradation, and methane emissions. Building on this foundation, Italy is implementing the Iride constellation, an ambitious government-funded program led by the Italian Space Agency with the European Space Agency, to be fully operational by June 2026. IRIDES will integrate 6 complementary constellations— radar, optical, hyperspectral, and multispectral— to deliver frequent, high-quality data on greenhouse gases, drought, urban heat, and land use, supporting national strategies and global frameworks such as the Sustainable Development Goals, especially 13, 11— sorry, 13 and 11. 8 satellites of the IRIDES EOS segment were recently launched on June 23rd from the Vandenberg launch site. In parallel, EASI is developing LUCE, a global interdisciplinary mission. LUCE will offer new insights into atmospheric particles, clouds, and ocean biology, and terrestrial ecosystems, delivering data on snow, water, and plant health. These observations will reduce uncertainties in climate models, inform policy and strengthen resilience. In May, Italy co-hosted the GEO Global Forum 2025 in Rome, including a ministerial segment advancing a politically supported agenda to use space data observations against climate change. GEO's post-2025 implementation plan prioritizes Earth intelligence for emissions monitoring, disaster management, ecosystem protection, water and food security, security and effective policy underpinned by international cooperation. To conclude, Italy remains strongly committed to advancing space-based climate solutions, leveraging innovation and inclusive partnerships to help all nations understand, adapt, and mitigate climate change. Thank you for your attention. COPUOS · Chair [2:56:54]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Italy for that speech. I now invite the distinguished delegate of France to take the floor. France [2:57:02]: Thank you very much, Chairman. Delegates, the CNES systems and its international cooperation activities have led to progress in the implementation of the SDGs pertaining to the resilience of societies and climate. The French-Chinese satellite for oceanography, CFOSAT, Thank you. The Copernicus mission has since 2018 been adding knowledge regarding wind and waves on the ocean surface, in particular with the use of wind and water power. The French-American SWOT mission, with the cooperation of the Canadian and UK space agencies, was launched at the end of 2022 from the US. Since then, it has been revolutionizing the areas of hydrology and oceanography. EU program in which France takes part is closely tracking climate change and mitigation and adaptation measures. In the years to come, the Trishna mission developed with the Indian Space Agency will provide better knowledge on thermal evolution, in particular in urban areas. The MicroCARB mission is conducted in cooperation with the UK, EnioMetsat. Its goal is to record and map sources and CO2 sinks globally. The French-German mission Merlin will be on the surveillance of methane in the atmosphere, which is the second most important GHG gas with greater warming potential. The The CNS is also a global driver in high-altitude weather balloons. This is a unique technology. It measures climate and weather variables in the upper atmosphere, which would be unreachable otherwise. The CNS regularly holds long-haul stratospheric flights under the Stratiol-2 program. Its objective is following the movements and And chemistry of the lower equatorial stratosphere. The 3rd and last campaign of 22 additional flights will take place winter 2026 to '27. It will fly over 95 states who will have access to scientific data during the campaign. I would also like to mention the Space for Climate Observatory, SCO, which keeps growing in importance with the entry into force since 1 September 2022 of the International Charter, with 53 signatories and 28 countries currently. To date, the SCO portfolio includes 123 operational applications in 50 countries. I'd like to also emphasize the active role played by UNOOSA in the SCO. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [3:00:02]: I thank the distinguished delegate of France for that statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Ghana. I invite the distinguished delegate of Kazakhstan to take the floor. Kazakhstan [3:00:24]: Distinguished Chair and delegates, Today, the use of space technologies to combat climate change is not merely a choice, but an objective necessity. Earth observation from space helps address critical environmental challenges, from monitoring carbon emissions to preventing natural disasters and protecting biodiversity. These approaches are fully aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, SDG 13, Climate Action, and SDG 15, Life on Land. One of the most serious and destructive threats linked to climate change remains wildfires. Every year, more than 400 million hectares of land burn globally, leading to massive carbon dioxide emissions and the loss of natural carbon sinks. Kazakhstan also faces this challenge. In 2022, a wildfire fire in Amankaragai destroyed over 40,000 hectares of forest, and 2023, the fire in Simi Ormana affected more than 100,000 hectares. Fires are becoming increasingly frequent, intense, and unpredictable, requiring new solutions and collective efforts. In response, The Institute of Ionosphere, with the support of our National Space Agency, has developed a regional wildfire monitoring system. This system combines space-based analytics, artificial intelligence algorithms, and integration with national and regional emergency response systems. It enables not only the detection of fires but also development of predictive models that support proactive actions and help minimize damage to people and nature. It is important to emphasize that effective action against climate, climate threats requires equal access to modern data and technologies for all. Kazakhstan strongly supports the need for enhanced international cooperation to expand access for developing countries to high-precision Earth observation data, analytical platforms, and advanced technologies. Such solutions should be promoted through UN mechanisms, including open data sharing platforms and the joint technology transfer initiatives. This is particularly vital for countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and the natural disasters. The National Space Agency's platform, fires.kz, is an example of an open solution aimed at regional cooperation and international partnership. We are ready to share our experience and technologies with neighboring countries to jointly build a more resilient future in Central Asia. Thank you for your attention and for, for your shared commitment to using space technologies for the protection of our planet and future generations. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [3:03:35]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Kazakhstan for his statement, and I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of Ecuador. Ecuador [3:03:47]: Chair, distinguished delegates, Ecuador restates its staunch commitment to the peaceful use of outer space. As the common province of humankind, given that its exploration and utilization for peaceful purposes must be geared towards upholding the well-being of all countries without distinction. Space technology, and in particular Earth observation, have proven to be an indispensable tool to tackle climate change. In our country, a country of rich biological and cultural diversity, We are located in 4 singular geographic regions, all of which are vulnerable to the impact of climate change. Accordingly, in our constitution, Ecuador has enshrined the rights of nature, guaranteeing protection for approximately 20% of our national territory using a national system of protected areas. And this is a firm and tangible action in keeping with our national priorities as well as with our multilateral commitments, in particular the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In order to make further progress here, we must do more to strengthen our scientific and technical capacity through active international cooperation and by facilitating access in a timely manner to geospatial information. will allow us to better analyze critical phenomena such as the decrease in Andean glaciers, land use changes in the Amazon, thermic dynamics in Galápagos, coastal erosion, inter alia. Chair, it is true that understanding and developing science-based strategies in order to tackle the impact of climate change is a priority. And as such, Ecuador is currently in the process of adopting the Organic Law on Restoration of Protected Areas and Promotion of Local Development, an initiative which will lead towards a more effective management of protected areas and which will promote private responsible investment in keeping with strict rules and standards under the environmental authority. In turn, this will address activities such as the following tourism, scientific research, environmental services and protection. Here, first and foremost, will be the need to implement technology and applications such as satellite observation for monitoring areas that it is difficult to access. Chair, in Ecuador, the study of climate change from space is not an option but rather a strategic and ethical need. in that it provides us with the instruments that we can use to protect our natural heritage as well as protecting areas of our common heritage such as the Galápagos Islands, protecting the lives of our communities and building a resilient and sustainable future for humankind. COPUOS · Chair [3:06:52]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Ecuador for his statement and now give the floor To the distinguished delegate of Chile. Chile [3:07:02]: Thank you very much, Chair. In Chile, the Framework Law on Climate Change makes obligatory the use of satellite imagery for monitoring greenhouse gases, ensuring risk management and adaptation. This framework is implemented by using imagery from the national satellite system alongside data from international sensors and open data sharing platforms. The future FASAT Echo-2 mission will include an infrared high-resolution sensor which can be used for detecting forest fires as well as methane emissions. This data will be supplemented by the use of models from the Mathematical Modeling Center as well as the observation network under the aegis of the Chilean Meteorological Directorate. We recognize that effective climate action requires timely, verifiable, and shared information, and accordingly, emerging space capacity, in particular on Earth observation, can support the efforts that this Commission is making to tackle climate change. We are ready to continue contributing to multilateral initiatives that are geared towards improving availability and use of space-derived climate data, and we prize the possibility of progressing towards shared repositories comprising products, algorithms, and standardized methodologies facilitating their inclusion in national and regional plans. It would be equally useful to explore mechanisms for regional cooperation to harmonize technical standards in terms of quality, licensing, and formats so that this data can be effectively integrated in various national policies and serve to help assess climate policy instruments. Finally, we stand ready to cooperate in the design of metrics to strengthen data traceability and verification, in particular in the context of monitoring, reporting, validation, and verification methodologies. These are essential essential instruments in order to ensure the necessary technical rigor supporting climate financing initiatives and to guarantee the transparency of environmental commitments made. Chair, diplomacy must facilitate climate transition by sharing data and ensuring interoperable capacity. We are ready to lend our experience based on our environmental institutions to support these emerging capacities. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [3:09:37]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Chile for that statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of the Netherlands. Netherlands (Kingdom of the) [3:09:47]: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Chairman, the Kingdom of the Netherlands welcomes the opportunity to address the agenda item Space and Climate Change. We underline the crucial role of space-based systems in supporting the global response to the climate crisis, from mitigation and adaptation to long-term resilience. The Netherlands is a low-lying country vulnerable to rising sea levels, extreme rainfall, and drought. As climate impacts intensify, we are witnessing increasing damage to our natural environment, infrastructure, and economy. In 2024 alone, global insured losses from climate-related related disasters exceeded approximately €126 billion, a stark reminder of the urgency of our shared challenge. We believe that climate change and environmental protection are among the core societal domains where space offers indispensable value. Satellite-based Earth observation is critical for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions, land use change, sea level rise and the degradation of ecosystems. The Netherlands invests in the development and operational use of space-based systems to monitor and protect our environment. Public institutions such as the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute use satellite data in combination with artificial intelligence-powered modeling to track weather extremes and long-term climate trends. The National Early Warning Center integrates satellite and radar data to provide high-resolution forecasts and hazard warnings that protect citizens and critical infrastructure. The Netherlands also supports the development of new climate observation missions, including small satellite constellations and hosted payloads that target methane emissions, coastal dynamics, and urban heat islands. Beyond national applications, We are strong supporters of the European and international climate cooperation. The Netherlands actively contributes to the Copernicus program, including through the development of downstream climate services. We also participate in international initiatives focused on space-based data for climate adaptation and nature-based solutions, as highlighted in our cooperation within ESA and and EU frameworks. Moreover, the Netherlands emphasizes the need for global access to climate-relevant satellite data, particularly for developing countries. Open data policies, technical assistance, and inclusive governance are essential to ensure that all countries can benefit from space-based knowledge in support of the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals. We stress the importance of public-private academic partnerships in creating effective climate services, for example, by linking Earth observations with artificial intelligence, in situ sensors, and socioeconomic models to inform policy decisions. We invite continued international cooperation in these fields. Addressing climate changes requires a coordinated, science-driven, and forward-looking approach. The Netherlands reaffirms its support for the work of COPOS and UNUSA in facilitating international dialogue and cooperation on climate-related space applications. Thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair [3:13:15]: Thank the distinguished delegate of the Netherlands for that statement. I now call upon the distinguished delegate of Burkina Faso. Burkina Faso [3:13:27]: Thank you, Chairman. Burkina Faso prioritizes the work of the committee, in particular when it comes to space and climate change. We're fully aware of the contribution of space technologies in bolstering climate resilience. Space technologies allow us to follow climate indicators, prevent natural disasters, guide mitigation and adaptation policies, and support strategic planning. As such, we launched in 2019 our first space project, BurkinaSat-1. Designed by Burkina experts. This was a major step in developing national capacity. Also, we've implemented several major initiatives in combating climate change. These include the Project for Strengthening Climate Information and Early Warning Systems, A 5-year plan on management of geospatial information, food security, and the resiliency of West African ecosystems. The National REDD+ Strategy. This is one of its kind in the Sahel. It seeks to reduce GHG emissions. While restoring environment and ground and soils. Implementation of adaptation technologies locally in rural areas in agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, and energy. Sustainable resource management, including that of water, soil, and forests. Building institutional and community capacity with efforts to raise awareness and management of climate risks. Integrating climate-related aspects in the national develop— development plan for the economy and socially, including the development of resilient infrastructure, sustainable management of resources, and promoting renewables by way of In conclusion, sir, we reiterate our commitment to mobilizing the tools offered by space technologies for sustainable development and combating climate change nationally, regionally, and internationally. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [3:16:19]: I thank the distinguished delegate of Burkina Faso for that statement. I now call upon the distinguished delegate of South Africa to take the floor. South Africa [3:16:33]: Thank you, Chairperson. Chairperson and distinguished delegates, South Africa reaffirms its strong commitment to leveraging space science, technology, and innovation to address the escalating global climate crisis. As a climate-vulnerable nation, we recognize the intrinsic link between environmental sustainability, disaster resilience, food and water security for inclusive socioeconomic development. Accordingly, we are advancing space-based capabilities to support climate adaptation, sustainable development, and evidence-based policy implementation. South Africa supports 29 research chairs under the South African Research Chair Initiative. And hosts a center of excellence, all focused on climate and environmental sustainability. Our national research infrastructure includes the South African Polar Research Infrastructure, the Square Kilometer Array Mid-Radio Astronomy Facility, and an expanding portfolio of Earth observation assets. The South African Environmental Observation Network, SAION, Their Risk and Vulnerability Atlas continues to serve as a vital tool for municipal-level climate adaptation planning. We underscore the importance of open access Earth observation data, interoperability standards, and digital transformation platforms to enable timely and equitable climate services. South Africa supports the development of globally accessible accessible climate data systems that prioritize the needs of vulnerable communities, particularly across the Global South. In alignment with our National Science, Technology, and Innovation Decadal Plan of 2021 to 2031, South Africa continues to strengthen its capability to deliver operational Earth observation services and climate intelligence to government, academia, and municipalities. The National Earth Observation and Space Secretariat, NEOS, serves as a central platform for coordinating satellite-based climate applications across agriculture, infrastructure, environmental management, and emergency services. The NEO Frontiers Innovation Fund, which was introduced in 2024, supports emerging enterprises developing Earth observation solutions for climate action with a strong emphasis on gender equity and inclusive participation in the space economy. International cooperation remains central to our efforts. The South African National Space Agency joined the Space for Climate Observatory initiative in 2023. Through this platform, South Africa is developing an integrated climate services roadmap that harmonizes national and global datasets and modeling tools to guide local adaptation strategies and policy interventions. Under the Space Infrastructure Hub, a flagship investment initiative, South Africa is advancing critical capabilities in satellite development and data services. Notably, through the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, the CSIR, we are developing a synthetic aperture radar system to enable high-resolution, day and night, all-weather imaging. SAR will provide essential data for flood mapping, soil moisture analysis, deforestation monitoring, and coastal surveillance, thereby supporting climate adaptation and emergency response efforts. The CSIR is further leading the development of the K-Line FireSat Precursor mission, a hyperspectral satellite payload designed to detect active fires based on potassium emission lines. This innovative system will enable early fire detection under cloud or smoke cover and distinguish between smoldering and flaming combustion. As wildfire events intensify under climate change, this technology will be vital for managing fire risks, monitoring carbon emissions, and assessing ecological impacts. Chairperson, in December 2024, South Africa assumed the G20 presidency, where we are foregrounding digital innovation for climate resilience. This includes the integration of space-derived data into early warning systems, precision agriculture, infrastructure planning, and transboundary water governance. The National Space Program is a key contributor to these efforts in line with our continental commitments under the African Union's Agenda 2063 and global frameworks such as the Global Framework for Climate Services. South Africa reiterates the urgent need for sustained investment in interoperable Earth observation platforms, open access data, and capacity building mechanisms. We emphasize the satellite— that satellite-derived information must be actionable inclusive, and equitably accessible to all, particularly the most vulnerable. International cooperation should also prioritize knowledge sharing and technology transfer to ensure that developing countries can meaningfully participate in the space economy and global climate response. In conclusion, South Africa underscores the strategic role of space technology as an enabler of climate action. We remain committed to fostering a peaceful, inclusive, and sustainable outer space regime that serves both people and planet. Thank you for your kind attention. COPUOS · Chair [3:22:06]: I thank the distinguished delegate of South Africa for that statement. Distinguished delegates, we will continue and hopefully conclude Agenda Item 11, Space and Climate Change, this afternoon. Distinguished delegates, I will shortly adjourn this meeting. Before doing so, I would like to inform delegates of our schedule of work for this afternoon. We will meet promptly at 3 PM. We will continue consideration of Agenda Item 4, General Exchange of Views. We will begin and hopefully conclude consideration of Item 11, Space and We will begin and hopefully conclude consideration of 12, Use of Space Technology in the UN System. We will begin and hopefully suspend our consideration of Agenda Item 13, Future Role and Methods of the Committee, pending the outcome of consultations on matters concerning UNISPACE IV and ATLAG. Time permitting, we will begin our consideration of item 14, Space Exploration and Innovation. I would also like to inform delegates that as per the agreement reached on the STSC during informal consultations on 23 June 2025, ADLOC will hold its meeting with interpretation Allow me to announce that the Working Group on the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities will hold its 2nd informal meeting from 2 to 3 PM in Conference Room M2. The informal meeting will also be available via the MS Teams link contained in the circular dispatched on 5 June 2025, CU/2025/187. Thank you. I would also like to inform delegates that informal consultations led by the Russian Federation on the draft resolution of the United Nations General Assembly entitled Space Science and Technology for Promoting Peace will be held during lunchtime from 1:00 to 1:30 in the press room of the The schedule of informal meetings is available on the webpage of the session. I would now like to give the floor to the Secretariat to provide information on side events. UN Secretariat · Secretary [3:24:49]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. First of all, I would like to thank the interpreters for staying beyond 1 PM, and from now on I just would like to make announcement in English only. Distinguished delegates, there will be 2 side events during lunchtime today. From 1:10 to 2:00 PM, there will be a side event organized by Germany entitled Perspectives on Improved Access to Space for All and Socioeconomic Benefits from Space Activities. This event will take place in Conference Room M2 of the VIC and via virtual connection. From 2:10 to 3:00 PM, there will be a side event organized by India entitled New Opportunities for Space Technology Partnerships. This event will take place in a press room in this M Building, and all delegations are invited. Thank you very much. COPUOS · Chair [3:25:51]: Nous reprendrons nos travaux à 15 heures cet après-midi. Speaker 113 [3:25:54]: Merci. COPUOS · Chair [3:26:00]: Thank you very much.