{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k1z/k1z9zlolo2","kaltura_id":"1_z9zlolo2","title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 64th session, 1088th meeting","clean_title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 64th session, 1088th meeting","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2","date":"2025-05-14T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2025-05-14T08:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"04:23:50","category":"General Assembly","body":"General Assembly","event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":"64th session","pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2"},"metadata":{"summary":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 64th session","description":null,"categories":["Meetings & Events","General Assembly","Subsidiary organs of the General Assembly","Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space"],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":[],"corporate_name":["UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS - UNOOSA"],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[{"title":"United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs","url":"https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/lsc/2025/index.html"}]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"assemblyai-universal-3-5-pro-1e699b41-fd4f-443a-b2e8-0d19db1a49ba","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":2580.829,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=2581","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good morning, distinguished delegates.","start":2580.829,"end":2582.303,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":2580.829,"end":2580.941},{"text":"morning,","start":2580.989,"end":2581.277},{"text":"distinguished","start":2581.373,"end":2581.822},{"text":"delegates.","start":2581.822,"end":2582.303}]},{"text":"Good morning.","start":2582.992,"end":2583.444,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":2582.992,"end":2583.154},{"text":"morning.","start":2583.154,"end":2583.444}]},{"text":"I now declare open the 1088th meeting of the Legal Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.","start":2585.235,"end":2592.565,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2585.235,"end":2585.251},{"text":"now","start":2585.251,"end":2585.364},{"text":"declare","start":2585.429,"end":2585.816},{"text":"open","start":2585.816,"end":2586.139},{"text":"the","start":2586.139,"end":2586.268},{"text":"1088th","start":2586.284,"end":2587.478},{"text":"meeting","start":2587.51,"end":2587.801},{"text":"of","start":2587.898,"end":2587.962},{"text":"the","start":2587.994,"end":2588.075},{"text":"Legal","start":2588.075,"end":2588.333},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":2588.333,"end":2588.995},{"text":"of","start":2590.156,"end":2590.303},{"text":"the","start":2590.303,"end":2590.385},{"text":"Committee","start":2590.385,"end":2590.779},{"text":"on","start":2590.812,"end":2590.894},{"text":"the","start":2590.894,"end":2590.975},{"text":"Peaceful","start":2590.975,"end":2591.385},{"text":"Uses","start":2591.385,"end":2591.68},{"text":"of","start":2591.779,"end":2591.877},{"text":"Outer","start":2591.877,"end":2592.123},{"text":"Space.","start":2592.123,"end":2592.565}]},{"text":"We shall shortly begin the symposium organized by the International Institute of Space Law and the European Center for Space Law on the theme Due Regard in Outer Space: Current Legal Implications.","start":2595.852,"end":2610.155,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2595.852,"end":2595.949},{"text":"shall","start":2595.949,"end":2596.094},{"text":"shortly","start":2596.094,"end":2596.498},{"text":"begin","start":2596.498,"end":2596.853},{"text":"the","start":2597.047,"end":2597.16},{"text":"symposium","start":2597.16,"end":2597.902},{"text":"organized","start":2598.855,"end":2599.372},{"text":"by","start":2599.468,"end":2599.565},{"text":"the","start":2599.565,"end":2599.727},{"text":"International","start":2599.727,"end":2600.292},{"text":"Institute","start":2600.292,"end":2600.76},{"text":"of","start":2600.76,"end":2600.825},{"text":"Space","start":2600.841,"end":2601.261},{"text":"Law","start":2601.261,"end":2601.503},{"text":"and","start":2602.455,"end":2602.633},{"text":"the","start":2602.714,"end":2602.875},{"text":"European","start":2602.875,"end":2603.343},{"text":"Center","start":2603.343,"end":2603.666},{"text":"for","start":2603.666,"end":2603.844},{"text":"Space","start":2603.844,"end":2604.264},{"text":"Law","start":2604.264,"end":2604.409},{"text":"on","start":2605.365,"end":2605.43},{"text":"the","start":2605.463,"end":2605.544},{"text":"theme","start":2605.544,"end":2605.917},{"text":"Due","start":2607.151,"end":2607.33},{"text":"Regard","start":2607.33,"end":2607.752},{"text":"in","start":2607.752,"end":2607.882},{"text":"Outer","start":2607.882,"end":2608.06},{"text":"Space:","start":2608.06,"end":2608.417},{"text":"Current","start":2608.937,"end":2609.278},{"text":"Legal","start":2609.278,"end":2609.538},{"text":"Implications.","start":2609.538,"end":2610.155}]},{"text":"Before doing so, I would like to inform delegates of our schedule of work for this afternoon.","start":2612.231,"end":2616.417,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Before","start":2612.231,"end":2612.441},{"text":"doing","start":2612.554,"end":2612.764},{"text":"so,","start":2612.829,"end":2613.055},{"text":"I","start":2613.12,"end":2613.217},{"text":"would","start":2613.217,"end":2613.362},{"text":"like","start":2613.362,"end":2613.524},{"text":"to","start":2613.54,"end":2613.702},{"text":"inform","start":2613.702,"end":2614.025},{"text":"delegates","start":2614.025,"end":2614.461},{"text":"of","start":2614.51,"end":2614.607},{"text":"our","start":2614.607,"end":2614.752},{"text":"schedule","start":2614.752,"end":2615.237},{"text":"of","start":2615.237,"end":2615.366},{"text":"work","start":2615.383,"end":2615.625},{"text":"for","start":2615.625,"end":2615.754},{"text":"this","start":2615.754,"end":2615.964},{"text":"afternoon.","start":2615.964,"end":2616.417}]},{"text":"We will meet promptly at 3 PM.","start":2618.19,"end":2620.765,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2618.19,"end":2618.222},{"text":"will","start":2618.222,"end":2618.335},{"text":"meet","start":2618.368,"end":2618.627},{"text":"promptly","start":2618.627,"end":2619.161},{"text":"at","start":2619.664,"end":2619.842},{"text":"3","start":2619.988,"end":2620.279},{"text":"PM.","start":2620.312,"end":2620.765}]},{"text":"At the request of Venezuela, we will reopen and hopefully conclude our consideration of Agenda Item 3, General Exchange of Views.","start":2622.337,"end":2630.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":2622.337,"end":2622.369},{"text":"the","start":2622.369,"end":2622.45},{"text":"request","start":2622.45,"end":2622.855},{"text":"of","start":2622.855,"end":2622.904},{"text":"Venezuela,","start":2622.904,"end":2623.649},{"text":"we","start":2624.31,"end":2624.342},{"text":"will","start":2624.342,"end":2624.455},{"text":"reopen","start":2624.569,"end":2625.023},{"text":"and","start":2625.866,"end":2625.98},{"text":"hopefully","start":2625.98,"end":2626.353},{"text":"conclude","start":2626.353,"end":2626.985},{"text":"our","start":2627.342,"end":2627.504},{"text":"consideration","start":2627.504,"end":2628.088},{"text":"of","start":2628.088,"end":2628.169},{"text":"Agenda","start":2628.169,"end":2628.461},{"text":"Item","start":2628.477,"end":2628.866},{"text":"3,","start":2628.866,"end":2629.223},{"text":"General","start":2629.288,"end":2629.612},{"text":"Exchange","start":2629.612,"end":2630.002},{"text":"of","start":2630.002,"end":2630.05},{"text":"Views.","start":2630.05,"end":2630.31}]},{"text":"We will continue and hopefully conclude our consideration of Agenda Item 13, Proposals to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space for new items to be considered by the Legal Subcommittee at its 65th session.","start":2632.422,"end":2648.884,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2632.422,"end":2632.568},{"text":"will","start":2632.568,"end":2632.633},{"text":"continue","start":2632.73,"end":2633.33},{"text":"and","start":2634.108,"end":2634.27},{"text":"hopefully","start":2634.27,"end":2634.611},{"text":"conclude","start":2634.611,"end":2634.968},{"text":"our","start":2634.968,"end":2635.081},{"text":"consideration","start":2635.081,"end":2635.6},{"text":"of","start":2635.6,"end":2635.681},{"text":"Agenda","start":2635.681,"end":2635.973},{"text":"Item","start":2636.07,"end":2636.313},{"text":"13,","start":2636.313,"end":2636.865},{"text":"Proposals","start":2638.224,"end":2638.839},{"text":"to","start":2638.855,"end":2638.952},{"text":"the","start":2638.952,"end":2639.033},{"text":"Committee","start":2639.033,"end":2639.486},{"text":"on","start":2639.583,"end":2639.648},{"text":"the","start":2639.681,"end":2639.826},{"text":"Peaceful","start":2639.826,"end":2640.166},{"text":"Uses","start":2640.166,"end":2640.619},{"text":"of","start":2640.716,"end":2640.878},{"text":"Outer","start":2640.878,"end":2641.121},{"text":"Space","start":2641.121,"end":2641.574},{"text":"for","start":2642.432,"end":2643.549},{"text":"new","start":2643.549,"end":2643.695},{"text":"items","start":2643.792,"end":2644.261},{"text":"to","start":2645.33,"end":2645.443},{"text":"be","start":2645.508,"end":2645.67},{"text":"considered","start":2645.67,"end":2646.204},{"text":"by","start":2646.236,"end":2646.398},{"text":"the","start":2646.398,"end":2646.511},{"text":"Legal","start":2646.56,"end":2646.803},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":2646.803,"end":2647.482},{"text":"at","start":2647.531,"end":2647.596},{"text":"its","start":2647.596,"end":2647.694},{"text":"65th","start":2647.694,"end":2648.444},{"text":"session.","start":2648.444,"end":2648.884}]},{"text":"We will then suspend the plenary meeting so that the Action Team on Lunar Activities Consultation can hold its 3rd meeting.","start":2653.204,"end":2661.619,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2653.204,"end":2653.349},{"text":"will","start":2653.349,"end":2653.446},{"text":"then","start":2653.446,"end":2653.671},{"text":"suspend","start":2653.671,"end":2654.009},{"text":"the","start":2654.009,"end":2654.089},{"text":"plenary","start":2654.154,"end":2654.427},{"text":"meeting","start":2654.427,"end":2654.781},{"text":"so","start":2655.859,"end":2656.02},{"text":"that","start":2656.02,"end":2656.245},{"text":"the","start":2656.245,"end":2656.39},{"text":"Action","start":2656.406,"end":2656.631},{"text":"Team","start":2656.728,"end":2657.146},{"text":"on","start":2657.211,"end":2657.259},{"text":"Lunar","start":2657.452,"end":2657.758},{"text":"Activities","start":2657.79,"end":2658.321},{"text":"Consultation","start":2658.433,"end":2659.367},{"text":"can","start":2660.509,"end":2660.654},{"text":"hold","start":2660.67,"end":2660.863},{"text":"its","start":2660.863,"end":2661.088},{"text":"3rd","start":2661.088,"end":2661.329},{"text":"meeting.","start":2661.329,"end":2661.619}]},{"text":"We will then resume the plenary and continue our consideration of agenda item 6A, 6A, matters relating to the definition and delimitation of outer space, with a view to endorsing the report of the Working Group on the Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space.","start":2667.432,"end":2687.362,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2667.432,"end":2667.529},{"text":"will","start":2667.529,"end":2667.642},{"text":"then","start":2667.69,"end":2667.883},{"text":"resume","start":2668.319,"end":2668.722},{"text":"the","start":2668.722,"end":2668.819},{"text":"plenary","start":2668.819,"end":2669.19},{"text":"and","start":2669.932,"end":2670.029},{"text":"continue","start":2670.029,"end":2670.335},{"text":"our","start":2670.351,"end":2670.481},{"text":"consideration","start":2670.497,"end":2671.029},{"text":"of","start":2671.061,"end":2671.094},{"text":"agenda","start":2671.094,"end":2671.448},{"text":"item","start":2671.465,"end":2671.771},{"text":"6A,","start":2671.803,"end":2672.223},{"text":"6A,","start":2674.05,"end":2674.276},{"text":"matters","start":2675.778,"end":2676.068},{"text":"relating","start":2676.101,"end":2676.472},{"text":"to","start":2676.569,"end":2676.811},{"text":"the","start":2677.054,"end":2677.183},{"text":"definition","start":2677.312,"end":2677.942},{"text":"and","start":2677.942,"end":2678.103},{"text":"delimitation","start":2678.103,"end":2678.766},{"text":"of","start":2678.766,"end":2678.846},{"text":"outer","start":2678.846,"end":2679.072},{"text":"space,","start":2679.072,"end":2679.379},{"text":"with","start":2681.091,"end":2681.253},{"text":"a","start":2681.253,"end":2681.285},{"text":"view","start":2681.285,"end":2681.608},{"text":"to","start":2681.899,"end":2682.077},{"text":"endorsing","start":2682.077,"end":2682.529},{"text":"the","start":2682.561,"end":2682.61},{"text":"report","start":2682.61,"end":2683.067},{"text":"of","start":2684.341,"end":2684.406},{"text":"the","start":2684.439,"end":2684.488},{"text":"Working","start":2684.52,"end":2684.814},{"text":"Group","start":2684.847,"end":2685.092},{"text":"on","start":2685.092,"end":2685.19},{"text":"the","start":2685.239,"end":2685.337},{"text":"Definition","start":2685.337,"end":2685.892},{"text":"and","start":2685.892,"end":2685.974},{"text":"Delimitation","start":2685.974,"end":2686.578},{"text":"of","start":2686.578,"end":2686.709},{"text":"Outer","start":2686.709,"end":2686.954},{"text":"Space.","start":2686.954,"end":2687.362}]},{"text":"And we will hopefully conclude our consideration of this item.","start":2690.23,"end":2692.678,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2690.23,"end":2690.441},{"text":"we","start":2690.489,"end":2690.651},{"text":"will","start":2690.651,"end":2690.765},{"text":"hopefully","start":2690.797,"end":2691.138},{"text":"conclude","start":2691.138,"end":2691.527},{"text":"our","start":2691.527,"end":2691.624},{"text":"consideration","start":2691.624,"end":2692.175},{"text":"of","start":2692.175,"end":2692.224},{"text":"this","start":2692.256,"end":2692.435},{"text":"item.","start":2692.435,"end":2692.678}]},{"text":"And we will also reopen our consideration of agenda item 7, future role and method of work of the committee, to invite the co-chairs of the action team to report on the results of its meetings held during the session.","start":2694.472,"end":2714.058,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2694.472,"end":2694.797},{"text":"we","start":2694.96,"end":2695.155},{"text":"will","start":2695.269,"end":2695.399},{"text":"also","start":2695.594,"end":2695.984},{"text":"reopen","start":2696.179,"end":2696.635},{"text":"our","start":2697.415,"end":2697.562},{"text":"consideration","start":2697.562,"end":2698.212},{"text":"of","start":2698.212,"end":2698.31},{"text":"agenda","start":2698.31,"end":2698.684},{"text":"item","start":2698.7,"end":2698.993},{"text":"7,","start":2699.041,"end":2699.562},{"text":"future","start":2701.54,"end":2701.701},{"text":"role","start":2701.717,"end":2702.04},{"text":"and","start":2702.12,"end":2702.217},{"text":"method","start":2702.282,"end":2702.685},{"text":"of","start":2702.685,"end":2702.75},{"text":"work","start":2702.846,"end":2703.169},{"text":"of","start":2703.169,"end":2703.234},{"text":"the","start":2703.266,"end":2703.411},{"text":"committee,","start":2703.411,"end":2703.798},{"text":"to","start":2705.283,"end":2705.38},{"text":"invite","start":2705.428,"end":2705.912},{"text":"the","start":2705.912,"end":2706.041},{"text":"co-chairs","start":2706.074,"end":2706.703},{"text":"of","start":2706.88,"end":2706.945},{"text":"the","start":2706.993,"end":2707.203},{"text":"action","start":2707.284,"end":2707.574},{"text":"team","start":2707.687,"end":2707.913},{"text":"to","start":2710.366,"end":2710.511},{"text":"report","start":2710.527,"end":2710.995},{"text":"on","start":2710.995,"end":2711.06},{"text":"the","start":2711.06,"end":2711.092},{"text":"results","start":2711.092,"end":2711.53},{"text":"of","start":2711.902,"end":2712},{"text":"its","start":2712,"end":2712.194},{"text":"meetings","start":2712.292,"end":2712.762},{"text":"held","start":2712.956,"end":2713.361},{"text":"during","start":2713.361,"end":2713.653},{"text":"the","start":2713.686,"end":2713.767},{"text":"session.","start":2713.767,"end":2714.058}]},{"text":"And we will hopefully conclude our consideration of this item.","start":2715.997,"end":2718.329,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2715.997,"end":2716.126},{"text":"we","start":2716.159,"end":2716.24},{"text":"will","start":2716.305,"end":2716.385},{"text":"hopefully","start":2716.385,"end":2716.693},{"text":"conclude","start":2716.726,"end":2717.082},{"text":"our","start":2717.082,"end":2717.195},{"text":"consideration","start":2717.195,"end":2717.714},{"text":"of","start":2717.714,"end":2717.795},{"text":"this","start":2717.843,"end":2718.021},{"text":"item.","start":2718.021,"end":2718.329}]},{"text":"And then finally, we will continue our consideration of agenda item 8, general exchange of views on potential legal models for activities in the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources, with a view to endorsing the report of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource 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we will hopefully conclude our consideration of this item.","start":2745.078,"end":2748.529,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2745.078,"end":2745.355},{"text":"we","start":2746.462,"end":2746.543},{"text":"will","start":2746.543,"end":2746.657},{"text":"hopefully","start":2746.706,"end":2747.048},{"text":"conclude","start":2747.048,"end":2747.357},{"text":"our","start":2747.357,"end":2747.454},{"text":"consideration","start":2747.454,"end":2747.959},{"text":"of","start":2747.959,"end":2748.04},{"text":"this","start":2748.089,"end":2748.252},{"text":"item.","start":2748.252,"end":2748.529}]},{"text":"There will be no technical presentations this afternoon, and I would now like to give the floor to the Secretariat to provide information on side 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Director of the Office, allow me to begin my introduction to this year's IISL/ECSL Symposium by thanking you expressly for your interest in this traditional event and for anchoring it in the agenda of your 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this symposium, The International Institute of Space Law, IISL, and the European Centre for Space Law, ECSL, intend to be of service to 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identify and prepare topics of interest and relevance, in particular topics which are not already items on your 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further look at these topics from various perspectives, providing thorough, comprehensive, and inclusive analysis.","start":3136.012,"end":3147.025,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3136.012,"end":3136.093},{"text":"further","start":3136.093,"end":3136.581},{"text":"look","start":3136.971,"end":3137.134},{"text":"at","start":3137.215,"end":3137.394},{"text":"these","start":3137.394,"end":3137.606},{"text":"topics","start":3137.719,"end":3138.321},{"text":"from","start":3138.435,"end":3138.663},{"text":"various","start":3138.939,"end":3139.525},{"text":"perspectives,","start":3139.752,"end":3140.582},{"text":"providing","start":3141.782,"end":3142.075},{"text":"thorough,","start":3142.352,"end":3142.922},{"text":"comprehensive,","start":3143.573,"end":3144.29},{"text":"and","start":3145.039,"end":3145.201},{"text":"inclusive","start":3145.283,"end":3146.064},{"text":"analysis.","start":3146.422,"end":3147.025}]},{"text":"And with this, we would like to provide the Legal 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we are aware of the expectations of you, the Legal Subcommittee, since you are here seeing— sitting in this row 2 former chairs as moderators, Sergio Marchisio and 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additionally, for this event, 2 former chairs of the Legal Subcommittee, Setsuko Aoki on that end and Tarek Rissibel 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for these reasons I just outlined, the IISL and ECSL symposia have supported the legal subcommittee, inter alia, to develop agenda items as space traffic management or the registration practice, As well as activities like the joint UNOSA-ITU statement on regulatory aspects of small 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delegates, today's topic is part of the provisions in space law which are not particularly present, neither in the application of nor in the discourse of space 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topics I just mentioned, which are not so visible in the debates and in the discourse, encompass certainly a great usefulness, but still they have to be invoked on a broader 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today's topic is the principle of due regard.","start":3336.054,"end":3340.403,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":3336.054,"end":3336.102},{"text":"today's","start":3336.247,"end":3336.584},{"text":"topic","start":3336.792,"end":3337.29},{"text":"is","start":3337.9,"end":3337.964},{"text":"the","start":3338.076,"end":3338.156},{"text":"principle","start":3338.237,"end":3338.863},{"text":"of","start":3338.863,"end":3338.927},{"text":"due","start":3339.103,"end":3339.232},{"text":"regard.","start":3339.601,"end":3340.403}]},{"text":"It is part of this set of topics I have just 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as I understand, during your deliberations of last week, this topic and the term and the concept of due regard from time to time popped up in your discussions and 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Distinguished delegates, Director of UNOSA, it is a privilege to deliver these opening remarks on behalf of the European Center for Space Law, following those of Kai-Uwe Schröger, President of the International Institute of Space 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its educational programs, initiatives, conferences, and colloquia, the ECSL seeks to advance understanding and stimulate informed debate on the evolving legal frameworks governing outer space.","start":3455.596,"end":3470.383,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Through","start":3455.596,"end":3455.901},{"text":"its","start":3455.901,"end":3456.142},{"text":"educational","start":3456.142,"end":3456.913},{"text":"programs,","start":3456.929,"end":3457.555},{"text":"initiatives,","start":3457.667,"end":3458.358},{"text":"conferences,","start":3458.454,"end":3459.241},{"text":"and","start":3459.273,"end":3459.498},{"text":"colloquia,","start":3459.498,"end":3460.252},{"text":"the","start":3460.798,"end":3461.039},{"text":"ECSL","start":3461.135,"end":3461.601},{"text":"seeks","start":3461.601,"end":3462.082},{"text":"to","start":3462.082,"end":3462.243},{"text":"advance","start":3462.243,"end":3462.869},{"text":"understanding","start":3462.869,"end":3463.656},{"text":"and","start":3464.186,"end":3464.314},{"text":"stimulate","start":3464.314,"end":3464.972},{"text":"informed","start":3464.972,"end":3465.486},{"text":"debate","start":3465.518,"end":3466.192},{"text":"on","start":3466.337,"end":3466.465},{"text":"the","start":3466.497,"end":3466.578},{"text":"evolving","start":3466.578,"end":3467.188},{"text":"legal","start":3467.204,"end":3467.429},{"text":"frameworks","start":3467.461,"end":3468.183},{"text":"governing","start":3468.568,"end":3469.114},{"text":"outer","start":3469.692,"end":3469.901},{"text":"space.","start":3469.949,"end":3470.383}]},{"text":"This year, the symposium, co-organized annually with the IASL during the Legal Subcommittee, is focused on a particularly timely topic: Due Regard in Outer Space: Current Legal Implications.","start":3471.555,"end":3485.697,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3471.555,"end":3471.747},{"text":"year,","start":3471.94,"end":3472.181},{"text":"the","start":3472.197,"end":3472.373},{"text":"symposium,","start":3472.373,"end":3473.24},{"text":"co-organized","start":3473.321,"end":3474.011},{"text":"annually","start":3474.188,"end":3474.733},{"text":"with","start":3475.568,"end":3475.793},{"text":"the","start":3475.793,"end":3475.954},{"text":"IASL","start":3476.034,"end":3477.077},{"text":"during","start":3477.158,"end":3477.543},{"text":"the","start":3477.559,"end":3477.655},{"text":"Legal","start":3477.655,"end":3477.912},{"text":"Subcommittee,","start":3477.912,"end":3478.747},{"text":"is","start":3478.763,"end":3478.827},{"text":"focused","start":3478.94,"end":3480.128},{"text":"on","start":3479.567,"end":3479.728},{"text":"a","start":3479.728,"end":3479.744},{"text":"particularly","start":3479.744,"end":3480.44},{"text":"timely","start":3480.537,"end":3481.006},{"text":"topic:","start":3481.427,"end":3481.928},{"text":"Due","start":3482.009,"end":3482.235},{"text":"Regard","start":3482.235,"end":3482.591},{"text":"in","start":3482.591,"end":3482.802},{"text":"Outer","start":3482.802,"end":3482.996},{"text":"Space:","start":3482.996,"end":3483.432},{"text":"Current","start":3484.096,"end":3484.597},{"text":"Legal","start":3484.597,"end":3484.92},{"text":"Implications.","start":3484.92,"end":3485.697}]},{"text":"Let me brief outline some themes that will guide today's discussion.","start":3486.615,"end":3490.948,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":3486.615,"end":3486.729},{"text":"me","start":3486.729,"end":3486.827},{"text":"brief","start":3486.893,"end":3487.138},{"text":"outline","start":3487.22,"end":3487.858},{"text":"some","start":3488.07,"end":3488.414},{"text":"themes","start":3488.463,"end":3488.806},{"text":"that","start":3489.018,"end":3489.28},{"text":"will","start":3489.28,"end":3489.427},{"text":"guide","start":3489.444,"end":3489.852},{"text":"today's","start":3489.918,"end":3490.245},{"text":"discussion.","start":3490.261,"end":3490.948}]},{"text":"The concept of due regard is fundamental to fostering coordination and cooperation among States as outer space activities grow in scope, number, and 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its meaning and practical application remain underdeveloped.","start":3504.279,"end":3508.065,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yet","start":3504.279,"end":3504.843},{"text":"its","start":3504.843,"end":3505.02},{"text":"meaning","start":3505.02,"end":3505.31},{"text":"and","start":3505.423,"end":3505.584},{"text":"practical","start":3505.584,"end":3506.067},{"text":"application","start":3506.067,"end":3506.744},{"text":"remain","start":3506.857,"end":3507.276},{"text":"underdeveloped.","start":3507.276,"end":3508.065}]},{"text":"Consequently, clarifying the substance and the scope of this obligation is more urgent than ever.","start":3509.43,"end":3515.883,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Consequently,","start":3509.43,"end":3510.031},{"text":"clarifying","start":3510.096,"end":3510.486},{"text":"the","start":3510.584,"end":3510.681},{"text":"substance","start":3510.681,"end":3511.575},{"text":"and","start":3512.063,"end":3512.128},{"text":"the","start":3512.209,"end":3512.258},{"text":"scope","start":3512.307,"end":3512.794},{"text":"of","start":3512.794,"end":3512.876},{"text":"this","start":3512.876,"end":3513.168},{"text":"obligation","start":3513.51,"end":3514.176},{"text":"is","start":3514.176,"end":3514.306},{"text":"more","start":3514.323,"end":3514.453},{"text":"urgent","start":3514.648,"end":3515.152},{"text":"than","start":3515.233,"end":3515.444},{"text":"ever.","start":3515.623,"end":3515.883}]},{"text":"To that end, we must examine the legal, procedural, and operational elements that give effect to the principle of due regard: what it requires, when it is triggered, and how it can be implemented in practice.","start":3517.61,"end":3531.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":3517.61,"end":3517.69},{"text":"that","start":3517.722,"end":3518.029},{"text":"end,","start":3518.029,"end":3518.352},{"text":"we","start":3518.368,"end":3518.529},{"text":"must","start":3518.529,"end":3518.836},{"text":"examine","start":3518.836,"end":3519.303},{"text":"the","start":3519.4,"end":3519.578},{"text":"legal,","start":3519.578,"end":3520.126},{"text":"procedural,","start":3520.142,"end":3520.868},{"text":"and","start":3520.933,"end":3521.046},{"text":"operational","start":3521.046,"end":3521.836},{"text":"elements","start":3521.836,"end":3522.32},{"text":"that","start":3522.32,"end":3522.627},{"text":"give","start":3522.627,"end":3522.804},{"text":"effect","start":3522.804,"end":3523.272},{"text":"to","start":3523.272,"end":3523.369},{"text":"the","start":3523.369,"end":3523.53},{"text":"principle","start":3523.53,"end":3524.111},{"text":"of","start":3524.111,"end":3524.321},{"text":"due","start":3524.321,"end":3524.482},{"text":"regard:","start":3524.482,"end":3524.95},{"text":"what","start":3525.611,"end":3525.853},{"text":"it","start":3525.853,"end":3526.031},{"text":"requires,","start":3526.031,"end":3526.644},{"text":"when","start":3526.982,"end":3527.128},{"text":"it","start":3527.16,"end":3527.386},{"text":"is","start":3527.386,"end":3527.467},{"text":"triggered,","start":3527.467,"end":3528.067},{"text":"and","start":3528.456,"end":3528.618},{"text":"how","start":3528.618,"end":3528.796},{"text":"it","start":3528.958,"end":3529.169},{"text":"can","start":3529.169,"end":3529.315},{"text":"be","start":3529.348,"end":3529.591},{"text":"implemented","start":3529.591,"end":3530.402},{"text":"in","start":3530.402,"end":3530.531},{"text":"practice.","start":3530.564,"end":3531.31}]},{"text":"It is worth recalling that the notion of due regard was absent from the 1990 '62 draft Declaration of Legal Principles on the Activities of States in Outer Space submitted by the Soviet Union at the time.","start":3532.023,"end":3549.477,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3532.023,"end":3532.185},{"text":"is","start":3532.185,"end":3532.315},{"text":"worth","start":3532.412,"end":3533.563},{"text":"recalling","start":3533.563,"end":3534.179},{"text":"that","start":3534.358,"end":3534.536},{"text":"the","start":3534.536,"end":3534.617},{"text":"notion","start":3534.617,"end":3535.169},{"text":"of","start":3535.169,"end":3535.282},{"text":"due","start":3535.347,"end":3535.574},{"text":"regard","start":3535.574,"end":3536.077},{"text":"was","start":3536.32,"end":3536.449},{"text":"absent","start":3536.483,"end":3537.155},{"text":"from","start":3537.155,"end":3537.575},{"text":"the","start":3537.575,"end":3537.609},{"text":"1990","start":3537.609,"end":3538.297},{"text":"'62","start":3538.888,"end":3539.563},{"text":"draft","start":3539.579,"end":3539.996},{"text":"Declaration","start":3539.996,"end":3540.784},{"text":"of","start":3540.784,"end":3540.832},{"text":"Legal","start":3540.944,"end":3541.218},{"text":"Principles","start":3541.282,"end":3542.053},{"text":"on","start":3544.158,"end":3544.222},{"text":"the","start":3544.254,"end":3544.335},{"text":"Activities","start":3544.335,"end":3544.945},{"text":"of","start":3545.042,"end":3545.154},{"text":"States","start":3545.154,"end":3545.604},{"text":"in","start":3545.604,"end":3545.749},{"text":"Outer","start":3545.765,"end":3545.941},{"text":"Space","start":3545.958,"end":3546.359},{"text":"submitted","start":3546.809,"end":3547.548},{"text":"by","start":3547.548,"end":3547.789},{"text":"the","start":3547.789,"end":3547.886},{"text":"Soviet","start":3547.886,"end":3548.352},{"text":"Union","start":3548.352,"end":3548.818},{"text":"at","start":3548.818,"end":3548.882},{"text":"the","start":3548.914,"end":3548.995},{"text":"time.","start":3549.14,"end":3549.477}]},{"text":"Its first formal appearance was in principle one of the United Kingdom draft Declaration on Legal Principles.","start":3549.863,"end":3559.098,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Its","start":3549.863,"end":3550.764},{"text":"first","start":3550.828,"end":3551.23},{"text":"formal","start":3551.23,"end":3551.713},{"text":"appearance","start":3551.713,"end":3552.468},{"text":"was","start":3553.481,"end":3553.626},{"text":"in","start":3553.723,"end":3553.819},{"text":"principle","start":3553.819,"end":3554.495},{"text":"one","start":3554.527,"end":3554.784},{"text":"of","start":3554.784,"end":3555.09},{"text":"the","start":3555.09,"end":3555.25},{"text":"United","start":3555.25,"end":3555.797},{"text":"Kingdom","start":3555.829,"end":3556.312},{"text":"draft","start":3556.312,"end":3556.698},{"text":"Declaration","start":3556.698,"end":3557.487},{"text":"on","start":3557.906,"end":3558.019},{"text":"Legal","start":3558.019,"end":3558.389},{"text":"Principles.","start":3558.389,"end":3559.098}]},{"text":"Then Article 9 of the Outer Space Treaty refined and expanded this concept most notably by shifting the focus from strictly defined rights to broader interests.","start":3560,"end":3573.178,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Then","start":3560,"end":3560.225},{"text":"Article","start":3560.322,"end":3560.901},{"text":"9","start":3560.901,"end":3561.352},{"text":"of","start":3561.385,"end":3561.61},{"text":"the","start":3561.61,"end":3561.691},{"text":"Outer","start":3561.771,"end":3561.964},{"text":"Space","start":3561.964,"end":3562.222},{"text":"Treaty","start":3562.222,"end":3562.882},{"text":"refined","start":3563.14,"end":3563.865},{"text":"and","start":3563.865,"end":3564.026},{"text":"expanded","start":3564.026,"end":3564.847},{"text":"this","start":3564.847,"end":3564.96},{"text":"concept","start":3565.072,"end":3567.392},{"text":"most","start":3566.363,"end":3566.796},{"text":"notably","start":3566.844,"end":3567.453},{"text":"by","start":3567.726,"end":3567.886},{"text":"shifting","start":3567.886,"end":3568.48},{"text":"the","start":3568.592,"end":3568.688},{"text":"focus","start":3568.688,"end":3569.201},{"text":"from","start":3569.314,"end":3569.538},{"text":"strictly","start":3569.634,"end":3570.212},{"text":"defined","start":3570.212,"end":3570.693},{"text":"rights","start":3570.693,"end":3571.19},{"text":"to","start":3571.575,"end":3571.703},{"text":"broader","start":3571.735,"end":3572.136},{"text":"interests.","start":3572.377,"end":3573.178}]},{"text":"This marked a deliberate and meaningful evolution.","start":3573.659,"end":3576.706,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3573.659,"end":3573.772},{"text":"marked","start":3573.9,"end":3574.365},{"text":"a","start":3574.365,"end":3574.381},{"text":"deliberate","start":3574.525,"end":3575.247},{"text":"and","start":3575.247,"end":3575.391},{"text":"meaningful","start":3575.423,"end":3576.065},{"text":"evolution.","start":3576.065,"end":3576.706}]},{"text":"In this context, iuri gari extends beyond legal entitlements narrowly 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concerned.","start":3584.644,"end":3599.395,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3584.644,"end":3584.804},{"text":"encompasses","start":3584.869,"end":3585.654},{"text":"legitimate","start":3585.751,"end":3586.504},{"text":"interests","start":3586.552,"end":3587.017},{"text":"that,","start":3587.033,"end":3587.274},{"text":"while","start":3587.755,"end":3588.076},{"text":"not","start":3588.076,"end":3588.22},{"text":"necessarily","start":3588.348,"end":3589.022},{"text":"codified","start":3589.118,"end":3590.289},{"text":"in","start":3590.882,"end":3591.059},{"text":"law,","start":3591.123,"end":3591.171},{"text":"are","start":3591.379,"end":3591.62},{"text":"nonetheless","start":3591.62,"end":3592.213},{"text":"recognized","start":3592.582,"end":3593.466},{"text":"with","start":3593.466,"end":3593.595},{"text":"the","start":3593.627,"end":3593.707},{"text":"international","start":3593.707,"end":3594.43},{"text":"legal","start":3594.43,"end":3594.752},{"text":"order,","start":3594.752,"end":3595.089},{"text":"particularly","start":3595.555,"end":3596.246},{"text":"when","start":3596.439,"end":3596.648},{"text":"the","start":3596.68,"end":3596.889},{"text":"exercise","start":3596.905,"end":3597.612},{"text":"of","start":3597.708,"end":3597.756},{"text":"freedom","start":3597.789,"end":3598.447},{"text":"is","start":3598.672,"end":3598.737},{"text":"concerned.","start":3598.913,"end":3599.395}]},{"text":"An early interpretation of Article 9 was offered in 1967 by NASA legal scholars Paul Dembling and Daniel 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observed that Article 9 is anchored in the principles of international cooperation and due regard, and that its subsequent provision makes operative these 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interpretation remains relevant.","start":3627.587,"end":3629.594,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Their","start":3627.587,"end":3627.764},{"text":"interpretation","start":3627.764,"end":3628.566},{"text":"remains","start":3628.566,"end":3628.936},{"text":"relevant.","start":3629.064,"end":3629.594}]},{"text":"The principle is reflected in, first, the obligation to avoid harmful contamination; 2, the duty to engage in international consultation; the requirement for state planning potentially harmful interference to consult with others, and the right of a State to request consultation regarding such 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equity.","start":3699.891,"end":3712.831,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3699.891,"end":3699.988},{"text":"will","start":3700.037,"end":3700.215},{"text":"also","start":3700.215,"end":3700.603},{"text":"hear","start":3700.603,"end":3700.894},{"text":"regional","start":3700.942,"end":3701.508},{"text":"perspectives","start":3701.573,"end":3702.365},{"text":"from","start":3702.624,"end":3702.915},{"text":"emerging","start":3702.947,"end":3703.416},{"text":"spacefaring","start":3703.448,"end":3704.144},{"text":"nations","start":3704.176,"end":3704.629},{"text":"in","start":3704.726,"end":3704.79},{"text":"Latin","start":3704.823,"end":3705.211},{"text":"America","start":3705.211,"end":3705.874},{"text":"and","start":3706.181,"end":3706.424},{"text":"Africa,","start":3706.424,"end":3707.006},{"text":"as","start":3707.41,"end":3707.507},{"text":"well","start":3707.555,"end":3707.798},{"text":"as","start":3707.798,"end":3707.863},{"text":"reflections","start":3707.976,"end":3708.461},{"text":"on","start":3708.687,"end":3708.784},{"text":"the","start":3708.784,"end":3708.929},{"text":"principles'","start":3708.929,"end":3709.509},{"text":"implications","start":3709.509,"end":3710.202},{"text":"for","start":3710.396,"end":3710.735},{"text":"intergenerational","start":3710.799,"end":3712.218},{"text":"equity.","start":3712.315,"end":3712.831}]},{"text":"With that, let us turn to the Director of UNOOSA, Arti Olli-Mäni.","start":3713.379,"end":3719.435,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":3713.379,"end":3713.588},{"text":"that,","start":3713.605,"end":3713.911},{"text":"let","start":3714.104,"end":3714.411},{"text":"us","start":3714.411,"end":3714.459},{"text":"turn","start":3714.669,"end":3715.04},{"text":"to","start":3715.072,"end":3715.201},{"text":"the","start":3715.217,"end":3715.362},{"text":"Director","start":3715.378,"end":3716.039},{"text":"of","start":3716.12,"end":3716.33},{"text":"UNOOSA,","start":3716.33,"end":3716.831},{"text":"Arti","start":3716.912,"end":3717.381},{"text":"Olli-Mäni.","start":3717.656,"end":3719.435}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Sergio Marchisio","affiliation":"ECSL","affiliation_full":"ECSL","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":6,"start":3720.81,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=3721","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you so much, Kai-Uwe and Sergio, for your very kind words of introduction.","start":3720.81,"end":3726.467,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3720.81,"end":3721.715},{"text":"you","start":3721.715,"end":3721.796},{"text":"so","start":3721.796,"end":3722.023},{"text":"much,","start":3722.023,"end":3722.508},{"text":"Kai-Uwe","start":3722.589,"end":3723.058},{"text":"and","start":3723.058,"end":3723.365},{"text":"Sergio,","start":3723.398,"end":3724.061},{"text":"for","start":3724.125,"end":3724.319},{"text":"your","start":3724.433,"end":3724.788},{"text":"very","start":3724.837,"end":3725.063},{"text":"kind","start":3725.096,"end":3725.484},{"text":"words","start":3725.484,"end":3725.549},{"text":"of","start":3725.664,"end":3725.818},{"text":"introduction.","start":3725.818,"end":3726.467}]},{"text":"Um, I must say it feels like a great privilege to be sat amongst such space law greatness on the podium today, and all generations being 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COPUS is the place to develop this new content, the input, the input of distinguished experts such as those who will address you this morning can play a key role to ensure that your deliberations are solidly grounded and can withstand the test of 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our side at UNUSA, we work hard to facilitate this dialogue with experts.","start":3895.059,"end":3900.123,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"From","start":3895.059,"end":3895.268},{"text":"our","start":3895.444,"end":3895.62},{"text":"side","start":3895.62,"end":3895.989},{"text":"at","start":3896.085,"end":3896.261},{"text":"UNUSA,","start":3896.261,"end":3896.774},{"text":"we","start":3897.206,"end":3897.303},{"text":"work","start":3897.367,"end":3897.623},{"text":"hard","start":3897.623,"end":3897.944},{"text":"to","start":3897.944,"end":3898.104},{"text":"facilitate","start":3898.104,"end":3898.745},{"text":"this","start":3898.745,"end":3898.969},{"text":"dialogue","start":3898.969,"end":3899.386},{"text":"with","start":3899.386,"end":3899.498},{"text":"experts.","start":3899.546,"end":3900.123}]},{"text":"We work hard to build capacity and to promote frameworks that that help make the principle of due regard a reality.","start":3900.587,"end":3907.686,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3900.587,"end":3900.732},{"text":"work","start":3900.732,"end":3900.988},{"text":"hard","start":3900.988,"end":3901.212},{"text":"to","start":3901.228,"end":3901.357},{"text":"build","start":3901.389,"end":3901.613},{"text":"capacity","start":3901.613,"end":3902.318},{"text":"and","start":3902.815,"end":3902.911},{"text":"to","start":3902.975,"end":3903.039},{"text":"promote","start":3903.071,"end":3903.472},{"text":"frameworks","start":3903.472,"end":3904.273},{"text":"that","start":3904.273,"end":3904.513},{"text":"that","start":3904.754,"end":3904.978},{"text":"help","start":3904.978,"end":3905.234},{"text":"make","start":3905.234,"end":3905.475},{"text":"the","start":3905.475,"end":3905.619},{"text":"principle","start":3905.619,"end":3906.116},{"text":"of","start":3906.116,"end":3906.244},{"text":"due","start":3906.276,"end":3906.436},{"text":"regard","start":3906.436,"end":3906.965},{"text":"a","start":3907.061,"end":3907.141},{"text":"reality.","start":3907.141,"end":3907.686}]},{"text":"Before I leave you to an insightful morning of space law, I would like to reiterate once more why this topic demands our.","start":3908.856,"end":3916.499,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Before","start":3908.856,"end":3909.192},{"text":"I","start":3909.24,"end":3909.321},{"text":"leave","start":3909.385,"end":3909.641},{"text":"you","start":3909.641,"end":3909.785},{"text":"to","start":3909.785,"end":3909.897},{"text":"an","start":3909.897,"end":3910.026},{"text":"insightful","start":3910.026,"end":3910.699},{"text":"morning","start":3910.699,"end":3911.035},{"text":"of","start":3911.163,"end":3911.259},{"text":"space","start":3911.259,"end":3911.724},{"text":"law,","start":3911.724,"end":3911.836},{"text":"I","start":3912.846,"end":3912.894},{"text":"would","start":3912.99,"end":3913.102},{"text":"like","start":3913.15,"end":3913.294},{"text":"to","start":3913.327,"end":3913.423},{"text":"reiterate","start":3913.487,"end":3914.112},{"text":"once","start":3914.112,"end":3914.448},{"text":"more","start":3914.448,"end":3914.833},{"text":"why","start":3915.009,"end":3915.185},{"text":"this","start":3915.394,"end":3915.57},{"text":"topic","start":3915.57,"end":3915.954},{"text":"demands","start":3915.954,"end":3916.307},{"text":"our.","start":3916.435,"end":3916.499}]},{"text":"Full attention today and going forward.","start":3916.66,"end":3919.145,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Full","start":3916.66,"end":3916.788},{"text":"attention","start":3916.788,"end":3917.397},{"text":"today","start":3917.397,"end":3917.686},{"text":"and","start":3918.119,"end":3918.263},{"text":"going","start":3918.375,"end":3918.584},{"text":"forward.","start":3918.68,"end":3919.145}]},{"text":"While the concept of due regard is firmly embedded in the Outer Space Treaty, in practice its true meaning remains unclear and requires further discussion.","start":3920.444,"end":3929.938,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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am sure that you will find these discussions very interesting And I hope that they will contribute to your deliberations as we draw the Legal Subcommittee to a close and prepare for the upcoming Main Committee 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to the input of experts is crucial, but at the end of the day, it is up to you, distinguished delegates, to make progress on such pressing matters in a timely 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thanks once again to the organizers for bringing together the experts from all corners of the world.","start":4020.969,"end":4027.209,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":4020.969,"end":4021.13},{"text":"thanks","start":4021.13,"end":4021.466},{"text":"once","start":4021.466,"end":4021.723},{"text":"again","start":4021.723,"end":4021.996},{"text":"to","start":4022.028,"end":4022.188},{"text":"the","start":4022.188,"end":4022.333},{"text":"organizers","start":4022.413,"end":4023.038},{"text":"for","start":4023.215,"end":4023.552},{"text":"bringing","start":4023.552,"end":4023.921},{"text":"together","start":4024.835,"end":4025.172},{"text":"the","start":4025.172,"end":4025.3},{"text":"experts","start":4025.38,"end":4025.781},{"text":"from","start":4025.781,"end":4026.054},{"text":"all","start":4026.054,"end":4026.15},{"text":"corners","start":4026.359,"end":4026.647},{"text":"of","start":4026.776,"end":4026.856},{"text":"the","start":4026.904,"end":4027},{"text":"world.","start":4027,"end":4027.209}]},{"text":"We are very grateful for your contribution to this important event and are looking forward to hearing from all of you.","start":4027.805,"end":4033.459,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4027.805,"end":4027.886},{"text":"are","start":4027.95,"end":4028.047},{"text":"very","start":4028.047,"end":4028.257},{"text":"grateful","start":4028.354,"end":4028.823},{"text":"for","start":4028.92,"end":4029.081},{"text":"your","start":4029.081,"end":4029.162},{"text":"contribution","start":4029.178,"end":4029.792},{"text":"to","start":4029.824,"end":4029.937},{"text":"this","start":4029.97,"end":4030.147},{"text":"important","start":4030.147,"end":4030.777},{"text":"event","start":4030.777,"end":4031.246},{"text":"and","start":4031.44,"end":4031.553},{"text":"are","start":4031.585,"end":4031.666},{"text":"looking","start":4031.666,"end":4031.892},{"text":"forward","start":4031.989,"end":4032.328},{"text":"to","start":4032.328,"end":4032.457},{"text":"hearing","start":4032.473,"end":4032.7},{"text":"from","start":4032.796,"end":4032.893},{"text":"all","start":4032.974,"end":4033.087},{"text":"of","start":4033.152,"end":4033.281},{"text":"you.","start":4033.281,"end":4033.459}]},{"text":"Thank you very much for your attention, and I look forward to the symposium.","start":4033.863,"end":4036.835,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4033.863,"end":4034.105},{"text":"you","start":4034.105,"end":4034.25},{"text":"very","start":4034.266,"end":4034.493},{"text":"much","start":4034.493,"end":4034.67},{"text":"for","start":4034.67,"end":4034.767},{"text":"your","start":4034.767,"end":4034.945},{"text":"attention,","start":4034.993,"end":4035.446},{"text":"and","start":4035.543,"end":4035.639},{"text":"I","start":4035.639,"end":4035.72},{"text":"look","start":4035.72,"end":4035.882},{"text":"forward","start":4035.946,"end":4036.221},{"text":"to","start":4036.221,"end":4036.302},{"text":"the","start":4036.35,"end":4036.431},{"text":"symposium.","start":4036.431,"end":4036.835}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Arti Olli-Mäni","affiliation":"UNOOSA","affiliation_full":"UNOOSA","group":null,"function":"Director"}},{"statement_number":7,"start":4041.086,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=4042","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Director.","start":4041.086,"end":4043,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4041.086,"end":4041.394},{"text":"you,","start":4041.394,"end":4041.524},{"text":"Director.","start":4042.303,"end":4043}]},{"text":"Now we turn to the speakers.","start":4043.99,"end":4046.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now","start":4043.99,"end":4044.103},{"text":"we","start":4044.249,"end":4044.509},{"text":"turn","start":4044.817,"end":4045.222},{"text":"to","start":4045.222,"end":4045.384},{"text":"the","start":4045.384,"end":4045.53},{"text":"speakers.","start":4045.53,"end":4046.13}]},{"text":"The first speaker is Andrea Harrington, Co-Director, Institute of Aerospace Law, McGill University.","start":4047.35,"end":4055.748,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4047.35,"end":4047.382},{"text":"first","start":4047.382,"end":4047.882},{"text":"speaker","start":4048.044,"end":4048.755},{"text":"is","start":4049.885,"end":4050.014},{"text":"Andrea","start":4050.273,"end":4050.919},{"text":"Harrington,","start":4050.919,"end":4051.63},{"text":"Co-Director,","start":4052.308,"end":4053.196},{"text":"Institute","start":4053.212,"end":4053.858},{"text":"of","start":4053.858,"end":4053.923},{"text":"Aerospace","start":4053.923,"end":4054.634},{"text":"Law,","start":4054.634,"end":4054.763},{"text":"McGill","start":4054.876,"end":4055.247},{"text":"University.","start":4055.28,"end":4055.748}]},{"text":"And the title of his— her speech is, What Do We Owe to Each Other?","start":4056.789,"end":4062.341,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4056.789,"end":4056.87},{"text":"the","start":4056.87,"end":4057.049},{"text":"title","start":4057.049,"end":4057.635},{"text":"of","start":4057.684,"end":4057.733},{"text":"his—","start":4057.847,"end":4058.563},{"text":"her","start":4058.905,"end":4059.003},{"text":"speech","start":4059.101,"end":4059.54},{"text":"is,","start":4059.573,"end":4059.703},{"text":"What","start":4059.882,"end":4060.061},{"text":"Do","start":4060.061,"end":4060.322},{"text":"We","start":4060.794,"end":4061.054},{"text":"Owe","start":4061.103,"end":4061.282},{"text":"to","start":4061.689,"end":4061.787},{"text":"Each","start":4061.836,"end":4062.08},{"text":"Other?","start":4062.08,"end":4062.341}]},{"text":"You have the floor, Andrea.","start":4064.39,"end":4066.86,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":4064.39,"end":4064.422},{"text":"have","start":4064.422,"end":4064.65},{"text":"the","start":4064.65,"end":4064.731},{"text":"floor,","start":4064.731,"end":4065.267},{"text":"Andrea.","start":4065.803,"end":4066.86}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Sergio Marchisio","affiliation":"ECSL","affiliation_full":"ECSL","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":8,"start":4067.51,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=4068","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":4067.51,"end":4068.566,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4067.51,"end":4067.77},{"text":"you","start":4067.818,"end":4067.981},{"text":"very","start":4067.981,"end":4068.176},{"text":"much.","start":4068.176,"end":4068.566}]},{"text":"I'm waiting to see if the slides are appearing.","start":4068.663,"end":4071.052,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'm","start":4068.663,"end":4069.216},{"text":"waiting","start":4069.216,"end":4069.508},{"text":"to","start":4069.541,"end":4069.638},{"text":"see","start":4069.638,"end":4069.85},{"text":"if","start":4069.85,"end":4069.915},{"text":"the","start":4069.947,"end":4070.028},{"text":"slides","start":4070.028,"end":4070.483},{"text":"are","start":4070.743,"end":4070.792},{"text":"appearing.","start":4070.841,"end":4071.052}]},{"text":"Perfect.","start":4072.01,"end":4072.348,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Perfect.","start":4072.01,"end":4072.348}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":4072.428,"end":4073.137,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4072.428,"end":4072.67},{"text":"you","start":4072.67,"end":4072.734},{"text":"very","start":4072.75,"end":4072.863},{"text":"much.","start":4072.863,"end":4073.137}]},{"text":"I'm honored to speak today to the Legal Subcommittee delegates about operationalizing the due regard principle.","start":4074.618,"end":4080.753,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"I'm","start":4074.618,"end":4074.844},{"text":"honored","start":4074.844,"end":4075.101},{"text":"to","start":4075.101,"end":4075.198},{"text":"speak","start":4075.262,"end":4075.52},{"text":"today","start":4075.52,"end":4075.906},{"text":"to","start":4076.212,"end":4076.309},{"text":"the","start":4076.309,"end":4076.389},{"text":"Legal","start":4076.389,"end":4076.631},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":4076.631,"end":4077.227},{"text":"delegates","start":4077.275,"end":4077.726},{"text":"about","start":4077.919,"end":4078.257},{"text":"operationalizing","start":4078.306,"end":4079.256},{"text":"the","start":4079.352,"end":4079.449},{"text":"due","start":4079.449,"end":4079.61},{"text":"regard","start":4079.61,"end":4080.029},{"text":"principle.","start":4080.077,"end":4080.753}]},{"text":"I sincerely appreciate the invitation by the IISL and the ECSL today.","start":4081.301,"end":4087.067,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4081.301,"end":4081.349},{"text":"sincerely","start":4081.43,"end":4081.952},{"text":"appreciate","start":4082.099,"end":4082.735},{"text":"the","start":4082.833,"end":4082.915},{"text":"invitation","start":4082.931,"end":4083.388},{"text":"by","start":4083.845,"end":4083.928},{"text":"the","start":4083.928,"end":4084.077},{"text":"IISL","start":4084.176,"end":4085.101},{"text":"and","start":4085.25,"end":4085.316},{"text":"the","start":4085.332,"end":4085.481},{"text":"ECSL","start":4085.564,"end":4086.588},{"text":"today.","start":4086.836,"end":4087.067}]},{"text":"According to the 2021 report of the Secretary-General on reducing space threats through norms, rules, and principles of responsible behaviors, the normative and legal framework governing outer space is not sufficiently developed and finds it encouraging that the member states reaffirm that voluntary norms, rules, and principles including non-binding transparency and confidence-building measures, can form the basis for legal measures.","start":4089.17,"end":4116.605,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."},{"key":"transparency-consultation","label":"Transparency and Consultation","description":"Many interventions highlighted information sharing, notification, and consultations as essential mechanisms for giving practical effect to due regard. The discussion stressed that States and operators cannot avoid harmful interference if activities, risks, and intentions are not communicated clearly and in good faith."}],"words":[{"text":"According","start":4089.17,"end":4089.331},{"text":"to","start":4089.331,"end":4089.411},{"text":"the","start":4089.427,"end":4089.508},{"text":"2021","start":4089.508,"end":4090.2},{"text":"report","start":4090.313,"end":4090.957},{"text":"of","start":4090.957,"end":4091.053},{"text":"the","start":4091.053,"end":4091.134},{"text":"Secretary-General","start":4091.134,"end":4092.148},{"text":"on","start":4092.325,"end":4092.373},{"text":"reducing","start":4092.486,"end":4093.034},{"text":"space","start":4093.082,"end":4093.549},{"text":"threats","start":4093.549,"end":4094.064},{"text":"through","start":4094.209,"end":4094.45},{"text":"norms,","start":4094.45,"end":4094.885},{"text":"rules,","start":4094.982,"end":4095.449},{"text":"and","start":4095.545,"end":4095.626},{"text":"principles","start":4095.706,"end":4096.254},{"text":"of","start":4096.431,"end":4096.511},{"text":"responsible","start":4096.511,"end":4097.042},{"text":"behaviors,","start":4097.075,"end":4097.622},{"text":"the","start":4098.202,"end":4098.282},{"text":"normative","start":4098.282,"end":4098.926},{"text":"and","start":4098.926,"end":4099.088},{"text":"legal","start":4099.088,"end":4099.314},{"text":"framework","start":4099.411,"end":4099.911},{"text":"governing","start":4099.911,"end":4100.283},{"text":"outer","start":4100.46,"end":4100.638},{"text":"space","start":4100.638,"end":4100.928},{"text":"is","start":4101.138,"end":4101.251},{"text":"not","start":4101.284,"end":4101.59},{"text":"sufficiently","start":4101.59,"end":4102.22},{"text":"developed","start":4102.268,"end":4102.704},{"text":"and","start":4103.463,"end":4103.528},{"text":"finds","start":4103.544,"end":4103.818},{"text":"it","start":4103.867,"end":4103.915},{"text":"encouraging","start":4104.012,"end":4104.787},{"text":"that","start":4105.159,"end":4105.255},{"text":"the","start":4105.255,"end":4105.336},{"text":"member","start":4105.336,"end":4105.659},{"text":"states","start":4105.659,"end":4106.224},{"text":"reaffirm","start":4106.353,"end":4106.935},{"text":"that","start":4106.935,"end":4107.128},{"text":"voluntary","start":4107.161,"end":4107.742},{"text":"norms,","start":4107.759,"end":4108.251},{"text":"rules,","start":4108.546,"end":4108.858},{"text":"and","start":4108.89,"end":4109.038},{"text":"principles","start":4109.038,"end":4109.513},{"text":"including","start":4109.733,"end":4110.343},{"text":"non-binding","start":4110.375,"end":4111.13},{"text":"transparency","start":4111.483,"end":4112.189},{"text":"and","start":4112.302,"end":4112.43},{"text":"confidence-building","start":4112.462,"end":4113.297},{"text":"measures,","start":4113.345,"end":4113.715},{"text":"can","start":4114.148,"end":4114.357},{"text":"form","start":4114.389,"end":4114.855},{"text":"the","start":4114.855,"end":4115.031},{"text":"basis","start":4115.031,"end":4115.465},{"text":"for","start":4115.674,"end":4115.915},{"text":"legal","start":4115.915,"end":4116.171},{"text":"measures.","start":4116.171,"end":4116.605}]},{"text":"As the proliferation of space activities has accelerated, states are increasingly concerned about the lack of clear guidance for responsible behavior in space.","start":4117.906,"end":4126.705,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4117.906,"end":4117.97},{"text":"the","start":4117.986,"end":4118.034},{"text":"proliferation","start":4118.146,"end":4118.901},{"text":"of","start":4118.901,"end":4118.965},{"text":"space","start":4118.965,"end":4119.383},{"text":"activities","start":4119.431,"end":4119.897},{"text":"has","start":4119.929,"end":4120.137},{"text":"accelerated,","start":4120.17,"end":4120.78},{"text":"states","start":4121.213,"end":4121.534},{"text":"are","start":4121.534,"end":4121.679},{"text":"increasingly","start":4121.679,"end":4122.385},{"text":"concerned","start":4122.417,"end":4123.028},{"text":"about","start":4123.124,"end":4123.301},{"text":"the","start":4123.301,"end":4123.445},{"text":"lack","start":4123.461,"end":4123.798},{"text":"of","start":4123.798,"end":4123.943},{"text":"clear","start":4123.943,"end":4124.2},{"text":"guidance","start":4124.344,"end":4124.778},{"text":"for","start":4124.906,"end":4125.067},{"text":"responsible","start":4125.067,"end":4125.645},{"text":"behavior","start":4125.645,"end":4126.191},{"text":"in","start":4126.191,"end":4126.287},{"text":"space.","start":4126.335,"end":4126.705}]},{"text":"Risks due to accident, miscalculation, or misperception abound.","start":4127.78,"end":4132.228,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Risks","start":4127.78,"end":4128.069},{"text":"due","start":4128.262,"end":4128.439},{"text":"to","start":4128.439,"end":4128.599},{"text":"accident,","start":4128.663,"end":4129.209},{"text":"miscalculation,","start":4129.338,"end":4130.333},{"text":"or","start":4130.462,"end":4130.542},{"text":"misperception","start":4130.59,"end":4131.457},{"text":"abound.","start":4131.73,"end":4132.228}]},{"text":"Thus, calls have increased for development of norms of behavior at both the international and domestic levels.","start":4133.015,"end":4140.338,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thus,","start":4133.015,"end":4133.352},{"text":"calls","start":4133.416,"end":4133.786},{"text":"have","start":4133.802,"end":4133.93},{"text":"increased","start":4133.978,"end":4134.877},{"text":"for","start":4135.023,"end":4135.331},{"text":"development","start":4135.331,"end":4135.963},{"text":"of","start":4136.06,"end":4136.157},{"text":"norms","start":4136.157,"end":4136.498},{"text":"of","start":4136.498,"end":4136.611},{"text":"behavior","start":4136.627,"end":4137.211},{"text":"at","start":4137.308,"end":4137.454},{"text":"both","start":4137.454,"end":4137.745},{"text":"the","start":4137.762,"end":4137.891},{"text":"international","start":4137.924,"end":4138.556},{"text":"and","start":4138.977,"end":4139.155},{"text":"domestic","start":4139.155,"end":4139.787},{"text":"levels.","start":4139.966,"end":4140.338}]},{"text":"The principle of due regard enshrined in Article 9 of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is an underutilized space law tool that could, if embraced, play a significant role in establishing such norms and creating a more secure, safe, and sustainable environment for space activities.","start":4142.29,"end":4168.477,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4142.29,"end":4142.322},{"text":"principle","start":4142.322,"end":4142.693},{"text":"of","start":4142.725,"end":4142.854},{"text":"due","start":4142.87,"end":4143.032},{"text":"regard","start":4143.032,"end":4143.58},{"text":"enshrined","start":4143.919,"end":4144.5},{"text":"in","start":4144.5,"end":4144.661},{"text":"Article","start":4144.661,"end":4144.967},{"text":"9","start":4144.967,"end":4145.338},{"text":"of","start":4145.468,"end":4145.597},{"text":"the","start":4145.613,"end":4145.71},{"text":"Treaty","start":4145.71,"end":4146.081},{"text":"on","start":4146.194,"end":4146.242},{"text":"Principles","start":4146.355,"end":4146.887},{"text":"Governing","start":4146.984,"end":4147.371},{"text":"the","start":4147.468,"end":4147.565},{"text":"Activities","start":4147.565,"end":4148.178},{"text":"of","start":4148.307,"end":4148.371},{"text":"States","start":4148.371,"end":4148.936},{"text":"in","start":4149.017,"end":4149.081},{"text":"the","start":4149.081,"end":4149.226},{"text":"Exploration","start":4149.259,"end":4150.033},{"text":"and","start":4150.065,"end":4150.227},{"text":"Use","start":4150.227,"end":4150.469},{"text":"of","start":4150.469,"end":4150.549},{"text":"Outer","start":4150.549,"end":4150.727},{"text":"Space,","start":4150.727,"end":4151.082},{"text":"including","start":4151.678,"end":4152.082},{"text":"the","start":4152.082,"end":4152.162},{"text":"Moon","start":4152.162,"end":4152.437},{"text":"and","start":4152.647,"end":4152.711},{"text":"Other","start":4152.873,"end":4153.05},{"text":"Celestial","start":4153.05,"end":4153.551},{"text":"Bodies,","start":4153.599,"end":4153.986},{"text":"is","start":4154.358,"end":4154.503},{"text":"an","start":4154.503,"end":4154.551},{"text":"underutilized","start":4154.729,"end":4155.794},{"text":"space","start":4155.794,"end":4156.198},{"text":"law","start":4156.262,"end":4156.311},{"text":"tool","start":4156.44,"end":4156.731},{"text":"that","start":4157.166,"end":4157.392},{"text":"could,","start":4157.392,"end":4157.78},{"text":"if","start":4157.877,"end":4158.119},{"text":"embraced,","start":4158.135,"end":4159.023},{"text":"play","start":4159.265,"end":4159.539},{"text":"a","start":4159.668,"end":4159.684},{"text":"significant","start":4159.749,"end":4160.701},{"text":"role","start":4160.782,"end":4160.847},{"text":"in","start":4161.442,"end":4161.539},{"text":"establishing","start":4161.587,"end":4162.213},{"text":"such","start":4162.245,"end":4162.454},{"text":"norms","start":4162.566,"end":4162.936},{"text":"and","start":4163.193,"end":4163.273},{"text":"creating","start":4163.273,"end":4163.819},{"text":"a","start":4164.012,"end":4164.028},{"text":"more","start":4164.028,"end":4164.205},{"text":"secure,","start":4164.269,"end":4164.751},{"text":"safe,","start":4165.12,"end":4165.473},{"text":"and","start":4165.762,"end":4165.843},{"text":"sustainable","start":4165.843,"end":4166.614},{"text":"environment","start":4166.646,"end":4167.224},{"text":"for","start":4167.385,"end":4167.545},{"text":"space","start":4167.545,"end":4167.818},{"text":"activities.","start":4168.027,"end":4168.477}]},{"text":"I emphasize the full name of the treaty to highlight that it is a principles treaty, a robust and resilient framework upon which space governance mechanisms can continue to develop as activities and technologies evolve.","start":4169.697,"end":4185.019,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4169.697,"end":4169.713},{"text":"emphasize","start":4169.858,"end":4170.324},{"text":"the","start":4170.42,"end":4170.5},{"text":"full","start":4170.5,"end":4170.709},{"text":"name","start":4170.838,"end":4171.159},{"text":"of","start":4171.159,"end":4171.255},{"text":"the","start":4171.303,"end":4171.384},{"text":"treaty","start":4171.384,"end":4171.689},{"text":"to","start":4172.058,"end":4172.203},{"text":"highlight","start":4172.203,"end":4172.797},{"text":"that","start":4172.829,"end":4172.941},{"text":"it","start":4172.941,"end":4173.15},{"text":"is","start":4173.15,"end":4173.295},{"text":"a","start":4173.471,"end":4173.488},{"text":"principles","start":4173.568,"end":4174.178},{"text":"treaty,","start":4174.275,"end":4174.66},{"text":"a","start":4175.158,"end":4175.174},{"text":"robust","start":4175.351,"end":4176.057},{"text":"and","start":4176.121,"end":4176.266},{"text":"resilient","start":4176.298,"end":4177.005},{"text":"framework","start":4177.005,"end":4177.663},{"text":"upon","start":4177.92,"end":4178.257},{"text":"which","start":4178.386,"end":4178.595},{"text":"space","start":4178.787,"end":4179.141},{"text":"governance","start":4179.285,"end":4179.815},{"text":"mechanisms","start":4179.815,"end":4180.442},{"text":"can","start":4180.795,"end":4180.988},{"text":"continue","start":4181.036,"end":4181.614},{"text":"to","start":4181.839,"end":4181.935},{"text":"develop","start":4182,"end":4182.562},{"text":"as","start":4182.642,"end":4182.77},{"text":"activities","start":4182.867,"end":4183.413},{"text":"and","start":4183.59,"end":4183.67},{"text":"technologies","start":4183.686,"end":4184.377},{"text":"evolve.","start":4184.633,"end":4185.019}]},{"text":"It is, however, only useful to the extent that states implement it in their own practice.","start":4185.918,"end":4192.279,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4185.918,"end":4185.999},{"text":"is,","start":4185.999,"end":4186.143},{"text":"however,","start":4186.159,"end":4186.689},{"text":"only","start":4186.962,"end":4187.187},{"text":"useful","start":4187.283,"end":4187.653},{"text":"to","start":4187.943,"end":4188.057},{"text":"the","start":4188.106,"end":4188.235},{"text":"extent","start":4188.252,"end":4188.917},{"text":"that","start":4189.064,"end":4189.226},{"text":"states","start":4189.226,"end":4189.713},{"text":"implement","start":4189.827,"end":4190.444},{"text":"it","start":4190.444,"end":4190.752},{"text":"in","start":4191.012,"end":4191.077},{"text":"their","start":4191.272,"end":4191.385},{"text":"own","start":4191.58,"end":4191.645},{"text":"practice.","start":4191.759,"end":4192.279}]},{"text":"The Outer Space Treaty emphasizes the freedom of states to use and explore outer space as the most basic underlying principle of the international space law system.","start":4194.21,"end":4203.966,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space 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plainly encourages the further development of peaceful activities in space.","start":4204.902,"end":4208.76,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4204.902,"end":4205.063},{"text":"plainly","start":4205.063,"end":4205.531},{"text":"encourages","start":4205.644,"end":4206.258},{"text":"the","start":4206.371,"end":4206.419},{"text":"further","start":4206.452,"end":4206.839},{"text":"development","start":4206.839,"end":4207.323},{"text":"of","start":4207.323,"end":4207.42},{"text":"peaceful","start":4207.42,"end":4207.775},{"text":"activities","start":4207.807,"end":4208.276},{"text":"in","start":4208.308,"end":4208.356},{"text":"space.","start":4208.453,"end":4208.76}]},{"text":"Following the establishment of a right to use and explore, the treaty subsequently addresses limitations and restrictions on such use and exploration.","start":4209.68,"end":4217.96,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Following","start":4209.68,"end":4210.213},{"text":"the","start":4210.245,"end":4210.374},{"text":"establishment","start":4210.39,"end":4211.116},{"text":"of","start":4211.133,"end":4211.213},{"text":"a","start":4211.213,"end":4211.359},{"text":"right","start":4211.359,"end":4211.617},{"text":"to","start":4211.617,"end":4211.778},{"text":"use","start":4211.778,"end":4212.02},{"text":"and","start":4212.02,"end":4212.15},{"text":"explore,","start":4212.15,"end":4212.598},{"text":"the","start":4212.914,"end":4213.014},{"text":"treaty","start":4213.014,"end":4213.23},{"text":"subsequently","start":4213.39,"end":4213.951},{"text":"addresses","start":4213.983,"end":4214.512},{"text":"limitations","start":4214.624,"end":4215.394},{"text":"and","start":4215.506,"end":4215.571},{"text":"restrictions","start":4215.587,"end":4216.276},{"text":"on","start":4216.308,"end":4216.469},{"text":"such","start":4216.469,"end":4216.677},{"text":"use","start":4216.789,"end":4216.982},{"text":"and","start":4217.19,"end":4217.254},{"text":"exploration.","start":4217.335,"end":4217.96}]},{"text":"It creates obligations to which spacefaring states must adhere.","start":4218.618,"end":4221.953,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4218.618,"end":4218.698},{"text":"creates","start":4218.698,"end":4219.035},{"text":"obligations","start":4219.179,"end":4219.885},{"text":"to","start":4219.981,"end":4220.093},{"text":"which","start":4220.221,"end":4220.35},{"text":"spacefaring","start":4220.414,"end":4221.007},{"text":"states","start":4221.039,"end":4221.424},{"text":"must","start":4221.424,"end":4221.681},{"text":"adhere.","start":4221.681,"end":4221.953}]},{"text":"Surely the totally unlimited use and exploration of space would create conflict, increase risk, and ultimately stifle further development of space activities.","start":4222.627,"end":4232.153,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Surely","start":4222.627,"end":4223.092},{"text":"the","start":4223.188,"end":4223.284},{"text":"totally","start":4223.284,"end":4223.701},{"text":"unlimited","start":4223.83,"end":4224.391},{"text":"use","start":4224.391,"end":4224.68},{"text":"and","start":4224.728,"end":4224.792},{"text":"exploration","start":4224.888,"end":4225.497},{"text":"of","start":4225.53,"end":4225.578},{"text":"space","start":4225.61,"end":4225.898},{"text":"would","start":4226.396,"end":4226.492},{"text":"create","start":4226.492,"end":4226.893},{"text":"conflict,","start":4226.893,"end":4227.534},{"text":"increase","start":4227.839,"end":4228.256},{"text":"risk,","start":4228.256,"end":4228.641},{"text":"and","start":4228.978,"end":4229.09},{"text":"ultimately","start":4229.282,"end":4229.667},{"text":"stifle","start":4229.699,"end":4230.26},{"text":"further","start":4230.26,"end":4230.645},{"text":"development","start":4230.645,"end":4231.159},{"text":"of","start":4231.223,"end":4231.287},{"text":"space","start":4231.287,"end":4231.495},{"text":"activities.","start":4231.624,"end":4232.153}]},{"text":"The due regard principle can be employed to minimize conflict, reduce risk, and create optimal conditions for space development.","start":4232.923,"end":4241.967,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4232.923,"end":4233.083},{"text":"due","start":4233.083,"end":4233.291},{"text":"regard","start":4233.324,"end":4233.724},{"text":"principle","start":4233.773,"end":4234.398},{"text":"can","start":4234.655,"end":4234.943},{"text":"be","start":4235.056,"end":4235.216},{"text":"employed","start":4235.296,"end":4235.809},{"text":"to","start":4235.809,"end":4236.018},{"text":"minimize","start":4236.034,"end":4236.483},{"text":"conflict,","start":4236.579,"end":4237.172},{"text":"reduce","start":4237.557,"end":4238.022},{"text":"risk,","start":4238.022,"end":4238.487},{"text":"and","start":4238.76,"end":4238.824},{"text":"create","start":4238.904,"end":4239.482},{"text":"optimal","start":4239.466,"end":4239.931},{"text":"conditions","start":4239.947,"end":4240.572},{"text":"for","start":4240.748,"end":4240.892},{"text":"space","start":4240.925,"end":4241.197},{"text":"development.","start":4241.325,"end":4241.967}]},{"text":"Article 9 does the heavy lifting to balance the Article 1, Paragraph 2 freedom of exploration and use, maximizing the potential for space development and ensuring access to space by all countries.","start":4242.928,"end":4255.481,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. 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Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"State","start":4358.42,"end":4358.597},{"text":"practice","start":4358.597,"end":4359.192},{"text":"is","start":4359.241,"end":4359.305},{"text":"one","start":4359.418,"end":4359.546},{"text":"way","start":4359.724,"end":4359.933},{"text":"that","start":4360.126,"end":4360.384},{"text":"we","start":4360.384,"end":4360.528},{"text":"can","start":4360.528,"end":4360.883},{"text":"interpret","start":4361.108,"end":4361.833},{"text":"the","start":4361.833,"end":4361.977},{"text":"Outer","start":4362.058,"end":4362.171},{"text":"Space","start":4362.171,"end":4362.444},{"text":"Treaty,","start":4362.541,"end":4362.847},{"text":"but","start":4363.281,"end":4363.394},{"text":"to","start":4363.426,"end":4363.587},{"text":"do","start":4363.587,"end":4363.7},{"text":"so,","start":4363.7,"end":4363.974},{"text":"a","start":4364.167,"end":4364.183},{"text":"practice","start":4364.247,"end":4364.795},{"text":"must","start":4364.795,"end":4365.149},{"text":"establish","start":4365.213,"end":4365.986},{"text":"subsequent","start":4366.244,"end":4367.065},{"text":"agreement","start":4367.065,"end":4367.516},{"text":"by","start":4367.789,"end":4367.95},{"text":"the","start":4367.95,"end":4368.031},{"text":"states","start":4368.16,"end":4368.322},{"text":"parties","start":4368.355,"end":4368.729},{"text":"to","start":4368.827,"end":4368.909},{"text":"qualify.","start":4368.925,"end":4369.479}]},{"text":"To look at ordinary meaning as the first interpretive rule.","start":4370.798,"end":4375.59,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. 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Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."},{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"Illustrative","start":4377.239,"end":4377.805},{"text":"examples","start":4377.805,"end":4378.355},{"text":"of","start":4378.484,"end":4378.565},{"text":"ordinary","start":4378.694,"end":4379.001},{"text":"meaning:","start":4379.033,"end":4379.486},{"text":"due","start":4380.1,"end":4380.262},{"text":"regard","start":4380.262,"end":4380.699},{"text":"can","start":4380.796,"end":4380.957},{"text":"be","start":4380.974,"end":4381.135},{"text":"defined","start":4381.135,"end":4381.669},{"text":"as","start":4381.766,"end":4382.073},{"text":"with","start":4382.348,"end":4382.59},{"text":"the","start":4382.59,"end":4382.72},{"text":"proper","start":4382.72,"end":4382.961},{"text":"care","start":4382.993,"end":4383.169},{"text":"or","start":4383.459,"end":4383.555},{"text":"concern","start":4383.555,"end":4383.989},{"text":"for,","start":4384.037,"end":4384.31},{"text":"or","start":4384.985,"end":4385.033},{"text":"to","start":4385.146,"end":4385.29},{"text":"give","start":4385.322,"end":4385.612},{"text":"a","start":4385.644,"end":4385.676},{"text":"fair","start":4385.724,"end":4385.997},{"text":"consideration","start":4386.19,"end":4386.945},{"text":"and","start":4387.25,"end":4387.315},{"text":"give","start":4387.395,"end":4387.507},{"text":"sufficient","start":4387.507,"end":4388.214},{"text":"attention","start":4388.214,"end":4388.745},{"text":"to","start":4388.777,"end":4388.953},{"text":"all","start":4389.243,"end":4389.291},{"text":"of","start":4389.403,"end":4389.468},{"text":"the","start":4389.484,"end":4389.564},{"text":"facts.","start":4389.564,"end":4389.933}]},{"text":"It is important to note that the level of diligence required is qualified in both definitions— proper care, fair consideration or sufficient attention.","start":4390.881,"end":4401.43,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"Subsequent","start":4579.371,"end":4579.884},{"text":"practice,","start":4579.916,"end":4580.461},{"text":"as","start":4580.477,"end":4580.638},{"text":"I","start":4580.638,"end":4580.67},{"text":"mentioned,","start":4580.67,"end":4581.151},{"text":"can","start":4581.199,"end":4581.456},{"text":"also","start":4581.456,"end":4581.728},{"text":"be","start":4581.776,"end":4581.937},{"text":"demonstrated","start":4581.937,"end":4582.706},{"text":"through","start":4583.043,"end":4583.171},{"text":"an","start":4583.364,"end":4583.46},{"text":"agreement","start":4583.46,"end":4584.07},{"text":"that","start":4584.344,"end":4584.506},{"text":"term","start":4584.506,"end":4584.877},{"text":"is","start":4584.925,"end":4585.119},{"text":"not","start":4585.216,"end":4585.507},{"text":"limited","start":4585.539,"end":4586.007},{"text":"only","start":4586.104,"end":4586.411},{"text":"to","start":4586.508,"end":4586.605},{"text":"legally","start":4586.669,"end":4586.976},{"text":"binding","start":4587.008,"end":4587.299},{"text":"conventions.","start":4587.396,"end":4588.026}]},{"text":"Non-treaty agreements such as UN resolutions can serve as an intermediary option between traditional concepts of hard and soft law by tying explicitly to Article 9 of the Outer Space Treaty.","start":4588.623,"end":4601.958,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"Non-treaty","start":4588.623,"end":4589.156},{"text":"agreements","start":4589.269,"end":4589.996},{"text":"such","start":4589.996,"end":4590.174},{"text":"as","start":4590.303,"end":4590.367},{"text":"UN","start":4590.48,"end":4590.852},{"text":"resolutions","start":4590.965,"end":4591.691},{"text":"can","start":4591.772,"end":4591.95},{"text":"serve","start":4591.95,"end":4592.467},{"text":"as","start":4592.499,"end":4592.644},{"text":"an","start":4592.644,"end":4592.693},{"text":"intermediary","start":4592.79,"end":4593.679},{"text":"option","start":4593.776,"end":4594.164},{"text":"between","start":4594.665,"end":4595.215},{"text":"traditional","start":4595.247,"end":4595.959},{"text":"concepts","start":4595.959,"end":4596.412},{"text":"of","start":4596.525,"end":4596.622},{"text":"hard","start":4596.622,"end":4596.994},{"text":"and","start":4597.091,"end":4597.156},{"text":"soft","start":4597.188,"end":4597.576},{"text":"law","start":4597.576,"end":4597.786},{"text":"by","start":4598.239,"end":4598.401},{"text":"tying","start":4598.466,"end":4598.773},{"text":"explicitly","start":4598.886,"end":4599.581},{"text":"to","start":4599.694,"end":4599.824},{"text":"Article","start":4599.872,"end":4600.196},{"text":"9","start":4600.196,"end":4600.535},{"text":"of","start":4600.665,"end":4600.746},{"text":"the","start":4600.746,"end":4600.891},{"text":"Outer","start":4600.972,"end":4601.085},{"text":"Space","start":4601.085,"end":4601.425},{"text":"Treaty.","start":4601.635,"end":4601.958}]},{"text":"In order to be useful in this context, norms articulated in a subsequent agreement should be of a norm-creating character.","start":4603.29,"end":4610.136,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4603.29,"end":4603.322},{"text":"order","start":4603.322,"end":4603.565},{"text":"to","start":4603.565,"end":4603.71},{"text":"be","start":4603.71,"end":4603.791},{"text":"useful","start":4603.807,"end":4604.277},{"text":"in","start":4604.277,"end":4604.325},{"text":"this","start":4604.374,"end":4604.503},{"text":"context,","start":4604.601,"end":4605.248},{"text":"norms","start":4605.572,"end":4605.879},{"text":"articulated","start":4605.976,"end":4606.705},{"text":"in","start":4606.705,"end":4606.753},{"text":"a","start":4606.802,"end":4606.818},{"text":"subsequent","start":4606.818,"end":4607.433},{"text":"agreement","start":4607.433,"end":4607.983},{"text":"should","start":4608.242,"end":4608.501},{"text":"be","start":4608.501,"end":4608.663},{"text":"of","start":4608.663,"end":4608.76},{"text":"a","start":4608.76,"end":4608.825},{"text":"norm-creating","start":4608.825,"end":4609.651},{"text":"character.","start":4609.699,"end":4610.136}]},{"text":"Employing language that presents obligations such as shall or must rather than creating open-textured pledges.","start":4610.482,"end":4618.151,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"Employing","start":4610.482,"end":4610.931},{"text":"language","start":4611.044,"end":4611.445},{"text":"that","start":4611.445,"end":4611.605},{"text":"presents","start":4611.605,"end":4612.151},{"text":"obligations","start":4612.151,"end":4612.856},{"text":"such","start":4613.225,"end":4613.45},{"text":"as","start":4613.45,"end":4613.578},{"text":"shall","start":4613.755,"end":4614.108},{"text":"or","start":4614.316,"end":4614.493},{"text":"must","start":4614.493,"end":4614.974},{"text":"rather","start":4615.295,"end":4615.584},{"text":"than","start":4615.696,"end":4615.873},{"text":"creating","start":4615.921,"end":4616.466},{"text":"open-textured","start":4616.659,"end":4617.493},{"text":"pledges.","start":4617.621,"end":4618.151}]},{"text":"Agreed-upon due regard duties can serve as a helpful intermediary measure between binding law and traditional concepts of soft law.","start":4619.21,"end":4628.322,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"Agreed-upon","start":4619.21,"end":4620.156},{"text":"due","start":4620.349,"end":4620.573},{"text":"regard","start":4620.589,"end":4621.007},{"text":"duties","start":4621.007,"end":4621.44},{"text":"can","start":4621.857,"end":4622.033},{"text":"serve","start":4622.033,"end":4622.563},{"text":"as","start":4622.595,"end":4622.723},{"text":"a","start":4622.755,"end":4622.819},{"text":"helpful","start":4622.819,"end":4623.381},{"text":"intermediary","start":4623.381,"end":4624.039},{"text":"measure","start":4624.039,"end":4624.376},{"text":"between","start":4624.6,"end":4625.13},{"text":"binding","start":4625.322,"end":4625.691},{"text":"law","start":4625.804,"end":4625.884},{"text":"and","start":4626.509,"end":4626.59},{"text":"traditional","start":4626.59,"end":4627.167},{"text":"concepts","start":4627.167,"end":4627.665},{"text":"of","start":4627.745,"end":4627.809},{"text":"soft","start":4627.809,"end":4628.21},{"text":"law.","start":4628.21,"end":4628.322}]},{"text":"Use of due regard in official statements describing the conduct of space activities and inclusion of due regard in domestic legal policy and regulatory frameworks will add productively to the body of state practice and ensure that your state's voice is heard in the application of this legal rule.","start":4629.237,"end":4648.411,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."}],"words":[{"text":"Use","start":4629.237,"end":4629.494},{"text":"of","start":4629.558,"end":4629.622},{"text":"due","start":4629.654,"end":4629.83},{"text":"regard","start":4629.83,"end":4630.456},{"text":"in","start":4630.456,"end":4630.536},{"text":"official","start":4630.536,"end":4630.954},{"text":"statements","start":4630.954,"end":4631.579},{"text":"describing","start":4631.74,"end":4632.269},{"text":"the","start":4632.301,"end":4632.381},{"text":"conduct","start":4632.446,"end":4633.007},{"text":"of","start":4633.023,"end":4633.087},{"text":"space","start":4633.087,"end":4633.328},{"text":"activities","start":4633.424,"end":4634.034},{"text":"and","start":4634.451,"end":4634.531},{"text":"inclusion","start":4634.531,"end":4635.029},{"text":"of","start":4635.029,"end":4635.125},{"text":"due","start":4635.173,"end":4635.333},{"text":"regard","start":4635.333,"end":4635.718},{"text":"in","start":4635.895,"end":4635.943},{"text":"domestic","start":4636.12,"end":4636.648},{"text":"legal","start":4636.777,"end":4637.049},{"text":"policy","start":4637.273,"end":4637.802},{"text":"and","start":4637.978,"end":4638.059},{"text":"regulatory","start":4638.139,"end":4638.78},{"text":"frameworks","start":4638.78,"end":4639.421},{"text":"will","start":4639.757,"end":4639.917},{"text":"add","start":4640.062,"end":4640.238},{"text":"productively","start":4640.302,"end":4640.927},{"text":"to","start":4641.183,"end":4641.28},{"text":"the","start":4641.28,"end":4641.36},{"text":"body","start":4641.44,"end":4641.728},{"text":"of","start":4641.776,"end":4641.84},{"text":"state","start":4641.84,"end":4642.161},{"text":"practice","start":4642.161,"end":4642.61},{"text":"and","start":4643.122,"end":4643.187},{"text":"ensure","start":4643.267,"end":4643.763},{"text":"that","start":4643.763,"end":4643.924},{"text":"your","start":4643.924,"end":4644.1},{"text":"state's","start":4644.1,"end":4644.613},{"text":"voice","start":4644.645,"end":4645.029},{"text":"is","start":4645.11,"end":4645.174},{"text":"heard","start":4645.206,"end":4645.67},{"text":"in","start":4645.686,"end":4645.735},{"text":"the","start":4645.767,"end":4645.895},{"text":"application","start":4645.991,"end":4646.696},{"text":"of","start":4647.113,"end":4647.273},{"text":"this","start":4647.273,"end":4647.529},{"text":"legal","start":4647.529,"end":4647.946},{"text":"rule.","start":4648.074,"end":4648.411}]},{"text":"Due regard can be used in responding to individual instances of potentially irresponsible behavior demonstrating unjustified disregard, and also in formulating new norms of behavior for different activities and contexts.","start":4649.276,"end":4663.83,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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The discussion stressed that States and operators cannot avoid harmful interference if activities, risks, and intentions are not communicated clearly and in good faith."}],"words":[{"text":"Without","start":4683.298,"end":4683.683},{"text":"such","start":4683.683,"end":4684.004},{"text":"interactions,","start":4684.02,"end":4684.759},{"text":"norm","start":4684.919,"end":4685.144},{"text":"development","start":4685.144,"end":4685.77},{"text":"will","start":4685.77,"end":4685.866},{"text":"fall","start":4685.866,"end":4686.059},{"text":"short,","start":4686.107,"end":4686.653},{"text":"and","start":4686.99,"end":4687.054},{"text":"the","start":4687.07,"end":4687.214},{"text":"likelihood","start":4687.214,"end":4687.68},{"text":"of","start":4687.857,"end":4687.953},{"text":"impending","start":4687.953,"end":4688.451},{"text":"crisis","start":4688.58,"end":4689.094},{"text":"or","start":4689.094,"end":4689.222},{"text":"disaster","start":4689.222,"end":4689.768},{"text":"in","start":4689.801,"end":4689.897},{"text":"space","start":4689.897,"end":4690.25},{"text":"because","start":4691.006,"end":4691.295},{"text":"of","start":4691.327,"end":4691.423},{"text":"miscommunication,","start":4691.423,"end":4692.323},{"text":"misperception,","start":4692.773,"end":4693.528},{"text":"or","start":4693.881,"end":4694.026},{"text":"accident","start":4694.122,"end":4694.685},{"text":"will","start":4695.022,"end":4695.199},{"text":"increase.","start":4695.408,"end":4695.858}]},{"text":"The formulation of due regard offered in this presentation manages both negative externalities, the consequences on specific activities and actors, and potential inequity in uses of space overall.","start":4697.175,"end":4709.932,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. 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details, including an international relations assessment of how state interactions in the formulation of new norms shapes interests and outcomes in the international system, please see the article on which this presentation is based, with citation and link offered 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may also reach out to me by email for further information or discussion.","start":4765.29,"end":4770.024,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":4765.29,"end":4765.386},{"text":"may","start":4765.386,"end":4765.467},{"text":"also","start":4765.627,"end":4766.012},{"text":"reach","start":4766.092,"end":4766.268},{"text":"out","start":4766.332,"end":4766.445},{"text":"to","start":4766.445,"end":4766.669},{"text":"me","start":4766.669,"end":4766.91},{"text":"by","start":4766.99,"end":4767.214},{"text":"email","start":4767.295,"end":4767.487},{"text":"for","start":4767.631,"end":4767.888},{"text":"further","start":4767.792,"end":4768.18},{"text":"information","start":4768.196,"end":4768.876},{"text":"or","start":4769.426,"end":4769.474},{"text":"discussion.","start":4769.49,"end":4770.024}]},{"text":"Thank you very kindly for your 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Harrington.","start":4778.44,"end":4781.335,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4778.44,"end":4778.568},{"text":"you","start":4778.568,"end":4778.633},{"text":"very","start":4778.633,"end":4778.761},{"text":"much,","start":4778.777,"end":4779.163},{"text":"Professor","start":4779.34,"end":4780.096},{"text":"Harrington.","start":4780.627,"end":4781.335}]},{"text":"Now I give the floor to Professor Olavo de Bittencourt Neto from the Catholic University of Santos, Brazil, with regard to the interests of 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Marchisio.","start":4801.095,"end":4802.406,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4801.095,"end":4801.354},{"text":"you,","start":4801.354,"end":4801.435},{"text":"Professor","start":4801.5,"end":4801.823},{"text":"Marchisio.","start":4801.823,"end":4802.406}]},{"text":"Good morning, distinguished delegates, dear colleagues, ladies and gentlemen.","start":4802.875,"end":4806.496,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":4802.875,"end":4802.972},{"text":"morning,","start":4802.972,"end":4803.311},{"text":"distinguished","start":4803.36,"end":4803.861},{"text":"delegates,","start":4803.861,"end":4804.443},{"text":"dear","start":4805.057,"end":4805.186},{"text":"colleagues,","start":4805.219,"end":4805.607},{"text":"ladies","start":4805.72,"end":4806.027},{"text":"and","start":4806.027,"end":4806.124},{"text":"gentlemen.","start":4806.124,"end":4806.496}]},{"text":"As a member of the organizing committee of this year's ISL/SSL Space Law Symposium, I would like to thank each 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represent my colleagues from the Latin American and Caribbean Space Network, RELACA Espacio, which is currently holding its annual meeting in Bogotá, 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Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4856.998,"end":4857.063},{"text":"mentioned","start":4857.175,"end":4857.785},{"text":"in","start":4857.914,"end":4858.042},{"text":"our","start":4858.042,"end":4858.219},{"text":"program,","start":4858.219,"end":4858.604},{"text":"such","start":4859.005,"end":4859.246},{"text":"principle","start":4859.262,"end":4859.872},{"text":"is","start":4859.985,"end":4860.113},{"text":"of","start":4860.145,"end":4860.226},{"text":"fundamental","start":4860.226,"end":4860.852},{"text":"relevance","start":4860.852,"end":4861.334},{"text":"to","start":4861.334,"end":4861.478},{"text":"the","start":4861.494,"end":4861.574},{"text":"corpus","start":4861.574,"end":4861.928},{"text":"iuris","start":4861.928,"end":4862.345},{"text":"spatialis.","start":4862.554,"end":4863.212}]},{"text":"Article 9 of the Outer Space Treaty provides that all countries shall conduct their activities in outer space With due regard to the corresponding interests of others.","start":4864.224,"end":4874.101,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Spacefaring","start":4902.897,"end":4903.555},{"text":"nations","start":4903.555,"end":4903.956},{"text":"are","start":4903.956,"end":4904.037},{"text":"required","start":4904.037,"end":4904.518},{"text":"to","start":4904.518,"end":4904.727},{"text":"balance","start":4904.759,"end":4905.112},{"text":"their","start":4905.225,"end":4905.337},{"text":"rights","start":4905.401,"end":4905.739},{"text":"and","start":4905.947,"end":4906.06},{"text":"interests","start":4906.06,"end":4906.557},{"text":"with","start":4906.846,"end":4907.071},{"text":"those","start":4907.071,"end":4907.296},{"text":"of","start":4907.344,"end":4907.553},{"text":"other","start":4907.553,"end":4907.713},{"text":"countries,","start":4907.73,"end":4908.147},{"text":"including","start":4908.532,"end":4908.982},{"text":"from","start":4909.319,"end":4909.56},{"text":"the","start":4909.56,"end":4909.64},{"text":"Global","start":4909.64,"end":4909.913},{"text":"South.","start":4909.913,"end":4910.266}]},{"text":"To properly understand the legal implications of the due regard principle, one should follow a holistic approach towards space-related norms and regulations.","start":4911.647,"end":4921.908,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. 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Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4940.95,"end":4940.982},{"text":"that","start":4940.982,"end":4941.191},{"text":"undertaking,","start":4941.207,"end":4941.834},{"text":"the","start":4942.124,"end":4942.253},{"text":"Global","start":4942.269,"end":4942.591},{"text":"South","start":4942.591,"end":4942.961},{"text":"certainly","start":4943.089,"end":4943.765},{"text":"has","start":4944.039,"end":4944.28},{"text":"an","start":4944.28,"end":4944.361},{"text":"important","start":4944.361,"end":4944.924},{"text":"part","start":4944.924,"end":4945.229},{"text":"to","start":4945.229,"end":4945.374},{"text":"play.","start":4945.406,"end":4945.648}]},{"text":"Latin American nations have actively participated in the negotiation, drafting, and implementation of international space law treaties and other instruments right from the beginning.","start":4946.694,"end":4957.233,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"Latin","start":4946.694,"end":4946.951},{"text":"American","start":4946.951,"end":4947.353},{"text":"nations","start":4947.353,"end":4947.868},{"text":"have","start":4947.9,"end":4948.109},{"text":"actively","start":4948.42,"end":4948.66},{"text":"participated","start":4948.756,"end":4949.621},{"text":"in","start":4949.83,"end":4949.894},{"text":"the","start":4949.894,"end":4949.974},{"text":"negotiation,","start":4949.974,"end":4950.743},{"text":"drafting,","start":4951.24,"end":4951.705},{"text":"and","start":4951.977,"end":4952.073},{"text":"implementation","start":4952.073,"end":4952.842},{"text":"of","start":4952.842,"end":4952.922},{"text":"international","start":4952.922,"end":4953.435},{"text":"space","start":4953.435,"end":4953.804},{"text":"law","start":4953.804,"end":4953.9},{"text":"treaties","start":4953.964,"end":4954.269},{"text":"and","start":4954.845,"end":4954.942},{"text":"other","start":4954.942,"end":4955.07},{"text":"instruments","start":4955.086,"end":4955.823},{"text":"right","start":4956.127,"end":4956.384},{"text":"from","start":4956.384,"end":4956.624},{"text":"the","start":4956.624,"end":4956.704},{"text":"beginning.","start":4956.704,"end":4957.233}]},{"text":"Throughout the years, this legal subcommittee has been marked by representation from Latin America.","start":4958.707,"end":4963.835,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"Throughout","start":4958.707,"end":4959.092},{"text":"the","start":4959.092,"end":4959.252},{"text":"years,","start":4959.252,"end":4959.477},{"text":"this","start":4960.15,"end":4960.374},{"text":"legal","start":4960.374,"end":4960.55},{"text":"subcommittee","start":4960.55,"end":4961.175},{"text":"has","start":4961.175,"end":4961.32},{"text":"been","start":4961.416,"end":4961.56},{"text":"marked","start":4961.592,"end":4962.041},{"text":"by","start":4962.057,"end":4962.185},{"text":"representation","start":4962.233,"end":4962.954},{"text":"from","start":4962.954,"end":4963.114},{"text":"Latin","start":4963.114,"end":4963.355},{"text":"America.","start":4963.355,"end":4963.835}]},{"text":"Delegations from the region have frequently presented their concerns regarding autonomy in space technology, access to strategic space services, and active participation in multilateral space fora.","start":4964.557,"end":4978.395,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"Delegations","start":4964.557,"end":4965.165},{"text":"from","start":4965.198,"end":4965.358},{"text":"the","start":4965.358,"end":4965.454},{"text":"region","start":4965.502,"end":4965.887},{"text":"have","start":4966.143,"end":4966.271},{"text":"frequently","start":4966.303,"end":4966.848},{"text":"presented","start":4966.88,"end":4967.569},{"text":"their","start":4967.681,"end":4967.794},{"text":"concerns","start":4967.842,"end":4968.338},{"text":"regarding","start":4968.723,"end":4969.252},{"text":"autonomy","start":4969.668,"end":4970.149},{"text":"in","start":4970.309,"end":4970.39},{"text":"space","start":4970.39,"end":4970.598},{"text":"technology,","start":4970.662,"end":4971.335},{"text":"access","start":4971.912,"end":4972.361},{"text":"to","start":4972.633,"end":4972.745},{"text":"strategic","start":4972.745,"end":4973.306},{"text":"space","start":4973.306,"end":4973.627},{"text":"services,","start":4973.627,"end":4974.059},{"text":"and","start":4974.577,"end":4974.642},{"text":"active","start":4974.723,"end":4975.162},{"text":"participation","start":4975.211,"end":4975.925},{"text":"in","start":4976.348,"end":4976.413},{"text":"multilateral","start":4976.445,"end":4977.144},{"text":"space","start":4977.355,"end":4977.859},{"text":"fora.","start":4977.989,"end":4978.395}]},{"text":"Those considerations resulted in significant contributions to space law, as attested by regulatory proposals included in important international instruments.","start":4979.9,"end":4989.633,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"Those","start":4979.9,"end":4979.981},{"text":"considerations","start":4980.078,"end":4980.793},{"text":"resulted","start":4980.988,"end":4981.459},{"text":"in","start":4981.459,"end":4981.524},{"text":"significant","start":4981.54,"end":4982.19},{"text":"contributions","start":4982.19,"end":4982.872},{"text":"to","start":4983.18,"end":4983.294},{"text":"space","start":4983.343,"end":4983.733},{"text":"law,","start":4983.733,"end":4983.781},{"text":"as","start":4984.464,"end":4984.577},{"text":"attested","start":4984.577,"end":4985.13},{"text":"by","start":4985.13,"end":4985.292},{"text":"regulatory","start":4985.292,"end":4985.828},{"text":"proposals","start":4985.844,"end":4986.364},{"text":"included","start":4986.591,"end":4987.127},{"text":"in","start":4987.306,"end":4987.403},{"text":"important","start":4987.403,"end":4987.988},{"text":"international","start":4988.119,"end":4988.737},{"text":"instruments.","start":4989.177,"end":4989.633}]},{"text":"Notably, that can be observed in the Outer Space Treaty, which represents the cornerstone of space law.","start":4991.229,"end":4996.657,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"Notably,","start":4991.229,"end":4991.685},{"text":"that","start":4991.799,"end":4992.044},{"text":"can","start":4992.044,"end":4992.255},{"text":"be","start":4992.288,"end":4992.467},{"text":"observed","start":4992.516,"end":4993.086},{"text":"in","start":4993.086,"end":4993.167},{"text":"the","start":4993.167,"end":4993.249},{"text":"Outer","start":4993.33,"end":4993.428},{"text":"Space","start":4993.428,"end":4993.705},{"text":"Treaty,","start":4993.819,"end":4994.079},{"text":"which","start":4994.672,"end":4994.786},{"text":"represents","start":4994.786,"end":4995.177},{"text":"the","start":4995.177,"end":4995.242},{"text":"cornerstone","start":4995.307,"end":4996.007},{"text":"of","start":4996.055,"end":4996.202},{"text":"space","start":4996.202,"end":4996.609},{"text":"law.","start":4996.609,"end":4996.657}]},{"text":"The document contemplates standards of appropriate behavior designed to foster the rule of law in outer space.","start":4997.911,"end":5003.948,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."},{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"Its","start":5004.902,"end":5005.113},{"text":"principles","start":5005.113,"end":5005.582},{"text":"have","start":5005.614,"end":5005.841},{"text":"been","start":5005.857,"end":5006.083},{"text":"progressively","start":5006.083,"end":5006.957},{"text":"expanded","start":5007.232,"end":5008.009},{"text":"by","start":5008.446,"end":5008.575},{"text":"other","start":5008.672,"end":5008.785},{"text":"international","start":5008.785,"end":5009.481},{"text":"documents","start":5009.481,"end":5009.984},{"text":"and","start":5009.984,"end":5010.083},{"text":"embraced","start":5010.083,"end":5010.722},{"text":"by","start":5010.722,"end":5010.886},{"text":"states","start":5010.886,"end":5011.46},{"text":"through","start":5012.099,"end":5012.246},{"text":"domestic","start":5012.279,"end":5012.836},{"text":"legislations.","start":5012.836,"end":5013.558}]},{"text":"A specific provision is of great significance for the Global South, one which should be considered in connection with the due regard principle.","start":5015.926,"end":5024.896,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."},{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":5015.926,"end":5015.942},{"text":"specific","start":5015.958,"end":5016.828},{"text":"provision","start":5016.828,"end":5017.521},{"text":"is","start":5017.94,"end":5018.005},{"text":"of","start":5018.102,"end":5018.247},{"text":"great","start":5018.263,"end":5018.714},{"text":"significance","start":5018.762,"end":5019.584},{"text":"for","start":5019.794,"end":5019.907},{"text":"the","start":5019.907,"end":5020.036},{"text":"Global","start":5020.036,"end":5020.261},{"text":"South,","start":5020.294,"end":5020.664},{"text":"one","start":5021.422,"end":5021.615},{"text":"which","start":5021.744,"end":5021.954},{"text":"should","start":5022.163,"end":5022.469},{"text":"be","start":5022.469,"end":5022.614},{"text":"considered","start":5022.614,"end":5023.05},{"text":"in","start":5023.05,"end":5023.162},{"text":"connection","start":5023.179,"end":5023.743},{"text":"with","start":5023.743,"end":5023.92},{"text":"the","start":5023.92,"end":5024.113},{"text":"due","start":5024.13,"end":5024.211},{"text":"regard","start":5024.211,"end":5024.456},{"text":"principle.","start":5024.488,"end":5024.896}]},{"text":"At the first paragraph, of its introductory article, the Outer Space Treaty solemnly codifies that the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interest of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic and scientific development, and shall be the province of all mankind.","start":5025.956,"end":5048.525,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":5025.956,"end":5026.103},{"text":"the","start":5026.103,"end":5026.184},{"text":"first","start":5026.184,"end":5026.657},{"text":"paragraph,","start":5026.673,"end":5027.212},{"text":"of","start":5027.476,"end":5027.588},{"text":"its","start":5027.588,"end":5027.797},{"text":"introductory","start":5027.797,"end":5028.392},{"text":"article,","start":5028.441,"end":5028.859},{"text":"the","start":5029.421,"end":5029.485},{"text":"Outer","start":5029.566,"end":5029.646},{"text":"Space","start":5029.646,"end":5029.936},{"text":"Treaty","start":5030.048,"end":5030.354},{"text":"solemnly","start":5030.482,"end":5030.916},{"text":"codifies","start":5030.948,"end":5031.559},{"text":"that","start":5032.058,"end":5032.154},{"text":"the","start":5032.154,"end":5032.235},{"text":"exploration","start":5032.235,"end":5032.958},{"text":"and","start":5032.974,"end":5033.119},{"text":"use","start":5033.119,"end":5033.344},{"text":"of","start":5033.344,"end":5033.392},{"text":"outer","start":5033.44,"end":5033.585},{"text":"space,","start":5033.585,"end":5034.003},{"text":"including","start":5034.485,"end":5034.694},{"text":"the","start":5034.791,"end":5034.887},{"text":"Moon","start":5034.887,"end":5035.096},{"text":"and","start":5035.144,"end":5035.289},{"text":"other","start":5035.289,"end":5035.45},{"text":"celestial","start":5035.45,"end":5035.852},{"text":"bodies,","start":5035.852,"end":5036.142},{"text":"shall","start":5036.659,"end":5036.982},{"text":"be","start":5036.982,"end":5037.063},{"text":"carried","start":5037.127,"end":5037.531},{"text":"out","start":5037.531,"end":5037.886},{"text":"for","start":5038.096,"end":5038.29},{"text":"the","start":5038.354,"end":5038.516},{"text":"benefit","start":5038.516,"end":5039.21},{"text":"and","start":5039.404,"end":5039.468},{"text":"in","start":5039.501,"end":5039.646},{"text":"the","start":5039.646,"end":5039.904},{"text":"interest","start":5039.953,"end":5040.405},{"text":"of","start":5040.695,"end":5040.825},{"text":"all","start":5041.002,"end":5041.051},{"text":"countries,","start":5041.503,"end":5041.955},{"text":"irrespective","start":5042.617,"end":5043.359},{"text":"of","start":5043.359,"end":5043.456},{"text":"their","start":5043.505,"end":5043.618},{"text":"degree","start":5043.682,"end":5044.07},{"text":"of","start":5044.07,"end":5044.167},{"text":"economic","start":5044.167,"end":5044.586},{"text":"and","start":5044.586,"end":5044.7},{"text":"scientific","start":5044.7,"end":5045.126},{"text":"development,","start":5045.159,"end":5045.799},{"text":"and","start":5046.276,"end":5046.44},{"text":"shall","start":5046.44,"end":5046.768},{"text":"be","start":5046.768,"end":5046.867},{"text":"the","start":5046.867,"end":5046.949},{"text":"province","start":5047.031,"end":5047.523},{"text":"of","start":5047.671,"end":5047.835},{"text":"all","start":5047.835,"end":5047.934},{"text":"mankind.","start":5047.934,"end":5048.525}]},{"text":"Therefore, the exploration and use of outer space must be perceived as constructively beneficial to everyone, acknowledging different perspectives and demands.","start":5050.819,"end":5062.539,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":5050.819,"end":5051.34},{"text":"the","start":5052.4,"end":5052.449},{"text":"exploration","start":5052.449,"end":5052.921},{"text":"and","start":5052.954,"end":5053.101},{"text":"use","start":5053.101,"end":5053.264},{"text":"of","start":5053.264,"end":5053.362},{"text":"outer","start":5053.362,"end":5053.525},{"text":"space","start":5053.525,"end":5054.226},{"text":"must","start":5054.274,"end":5054.5},{"text":"be","start":5054.5,"end":5054.598},{"text":"perceived","start":5054.662,"end":5055.229},{"text":"as","start":5055.229,"end":5055.294},{"text":"constructively","start":5055.472,"end":5056.427},{"text":"beneficial","start":5056.848,"end":5057.625},{"text":"to","start":5057.916,"end":5058.191},{"text":"everyone,","start":5058.224,"end":5058.693},{"text":"acknowledging","start":5059.8,"end":5060.122},{"text":"different","start":5060.315,"end":5060.718},{"text":"perspectives","start":5060.718,"end":5061.411},{"text":"and","start":5061.943,"end":5062.088},{"text":"demands.","start":5062.088,"end":5062.539}]},{"text":"All nations, whether capable or not of performing autonomous space activities, are thus entitled to participate in the space age without discriminations of any kind.","start":5064.005,"end":5076.318,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"All","start":5064.005,"end":5064.054},{"text":"nations,","start":5064.118,"end":5064.634},{"text":"whether","start":5065.294,"end":5065.552},{"text":"capable","start":5065.617,"end":5066.02},{"text":"or","start":5066.02,"end":5066.132},{"text":"not","start":5066.132,"end":5066.616},{"text":"of","start":5066.761,"end":5066.89},{"text":"performing","start":5066.922,"end":5067.454},{"text":"autonomous","start":5067.47,"end":5068.034},{"text":"space","start":5068.034,"end":5068.26},{"text":"activities,","start":5068.26,"end":5068.742},{"text":"are","start":5069.401,"end":5069.562},{"text":"thus","start":5069.562,"end":5069.852},{"text":"entitled","start":5070.125,"end":5070.913},{"text":"to","start":5071.17,"end":5071.267},{"text":"participate","start":5071.267,"end":5072.103},{"text":"in","start":5072.216,"end":5072.28},{"text":"the","start":5072.312,"end":5072.392},{"text":"space","start":5072.392,"end":5072.811},{"text":"age","start":5072.811,"end":5073.004},{"text":"without","start":5074.242,"end":5074.708},{"text":"discriminations","start":5074.708,"end":5075.496},{"text":"of","start":5075.754,"end":5075.914},{"text":"any","start":5075.914,"end":5076.059},{"text":"kind.","start":5076.14,"end":5076.318}]},{"text":"But perhaps the most important legal implication of that provision is that it codified the global public interest in outer space and the inclusive perspectives of the international community as a whole.","start":5078.365,"end":5090.293,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. 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Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Consequently,","start":5091.287,"end":5092.138},{"text":"the","start":5092.571,"end":5092.651},{"text":"perspectives","start":5092.715,"end":5093.341},{"text":"of","start":5093.518,"end":5093.582},{"text":"every","start":5093.838,"end":5094.143},{"text":"stakeholder","start":5094.239,"end":5095.026},{"text":"shall","start":5095.298,"end":5095.748},{"text":"be","start":5095.78,"end":5095.94},{"text":"considered","start":5095.94,"end":5096.646},{"text":"as","start":5096.919,"end":5097.031},{"text":"far","start":5097.063,"end":5097.224},{"text":"as","start":5097.24,"end":5097.368},{"text":"the","start":5097.368,"end":5097.432},{"text":"exploration","start":5097.432,"end":5097.946},{"text":"and","start":5097.946,"end":5098.042},{"text":"use","start":5098.042,"end":5098.266},{"text":"of","start":5098.266,"end":5098.411},{"text":"outer","start":5098.411,"end":5098.523},{"text":"space","start":5098.523,"end":5098.86},{"text":"are","start":5099.454,"end":5099.534},{"text":"concerned.","start":5099.534,"end":5100.079}]},{"text":"Wide in its scope and comprehensive in its repercussions, the principle of exploration and use of outer space space for the benefit of all countries must be interpreted alongside other fundamental international space law principles, including the one concerning due regard to the corresponding interests of all states.","start":5101.299,"end":5121.301,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"Wide","start":5101.299,"end":5101.844},{"text":"in","start":5101.892,"end":5101.972},{"text":"its","start":5102.037,"end":5102.213},{"text":"scope","start":5102.213,"end":5102.839},{"text":"and","start":5103.079,"end":5103.144},{"text":"comprehensive","start":5103.224,"end":5104.042},{"text":"in","start":5104.042,"end":5104.122},{"text":"its","start":5104.122,"end":5104.283},{"text":"repercussions,","start":5104.283,"end":5104.94},{"text":"the","start":5105.55,"end":5105.646},{"text":"principle","start":5105.646,"end":5106.128},{"text":"of","start":5106.128,"end":5106.208},{"text":"exploration","start":5106.208,"end":5106.834},{"text":"and","start":5106.834,"end":5106.994},{"text":"use","start":5106.994,"end":5107.251},{"text":"of","start":5107.251,"end":5107.347},{"text":"outer","start":5107.347,"end":5107.443},{"text":"space","start":5107.443,"end":5107.844},{"text":"space","start":5107.54,"end":5107.766},{"text":"for","start":5108.203,"end":5108.381},{"text":"the","start":5108.381,"end":5108.462},{"text":"benefit","start":5108.526,"end":5108.963},{"text":"of","start":5109.012,"end":5109.173},{"text":"all","start":5109.173,"end":5109.222},{"text":"countries","start":5109.351,"end":5109.804},{"text":"must","start":5110.16,"end":5110.403},{"text":"be","start":5110.403,"end":5110.548},{"text":"interpreted","start":5110.548,"end":5111.212},{"text":"alongside","start":5111.762,"end":5112.393},{"text":"other","start":5112.748,"end":5112.975},{"text":"fundamental","start":5112.975,"end":5113.687},{"text":"international","start":5113.784,"end":5114.431},{"text":"space","start":5114.593,"end":5114.819},{"text":"law","start":5114.916,"end":5115.013},{"text":"principles,","start":5115.013,"end":5115.547},{"text":"including","start":5116.291,"end":5116.76},{"text":"the","start":5116.969,"end":5117.082},{"text":"one","start":5117.114,"end":5117.324},{"text":"concerning","start":5117.42,"end":5117.968},{"text":"due","start":5118.402,"end":5118.531},{"text":"regard","start":5118.564,"end":5118.918},{"text":"to","start":5118.966,"end":5119.063},{"text":"the","start":5119.063,"end":5119.208},{"text":"corresponding","start":5119.208,"end":5119.82},{"text":"interests","start":5119.852,"end":5120.383},{"text":"of","start":5120.56,"end":5120.721},{"text":"all","start":5120.721,"end":5120.834},{"text":"states.","start":5120.834,"end":5121.301}]},{"text":"The interplay between those legal tenets is of substantial magnitude.","start":5122.267,"end":5128.098,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5122.267,"end":5122.412},{"text":"interplay","start":5122.412,"end":5123.169},{"text":"between","start":5123.716,"end":5124.006},{"text":"those","start":5124.119,"end":5124.409},{"text":"legal","start":5124.457,"end":5124.715},{"text":"tenets","start":5124.763,"end":5125.278},{"text":"is","start":5125.794,"end":5125.858},{"text":"of","start":5126.1,"end":5126.213},{"text":"substantial","start":5126.213,"end":5127.042},{"text":"magnitude.","start":5127.416,"end":5128.098}]},{"text":"Now, please, let's consider how those international principles have been generally implemented through domestic regulation in Latin America.","start":5130.94,"end":5138.563,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."}],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":5130.94,"end":5130.988},{"text":"please,","start":5131.118,"end":5131.264},{"text":"let's","start":5131.361,"end":5131.67},{"text":"consider","start":5131.686,"end":5132.238},{"text":"how","start":5132.254,"end":5132.465},{"text":"those","start":5132.595,"end":5132.724},{"text":"international","start":5132.822,"end":5133.455},{"text":"principles","start":5133.552,"end":5134.023},{"text":"have","start":5134.055,"end":5134.298},{"text":"been","start":5134.298,"end":5134.428},{"text":"generally","start":5134.542,"end":5134.834},{"text":"implemented","start":5134.85,"end":5137.106},{"text":"through","start":5135.757,"end":5135.933},{"text":"domestic","start":5135.933,"end":5136.478},{"text":"regulation","start":5136.478,"end":5137.104},{"text":"in","start":5137.521,"end":5137.665},{"text":"Latin","start":5137.681,"end":5138.018},{"text":"America.","start":5138.018,"end":5138.563}]},{"text":"Around the globe, spacefaring and emerging spacefaring nations have enacted different national regulations regarding outer space.","start":5139.926,"end":5147.432,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."}],"words":[{"text":"Around","start":5139.926,"end":5140.103},{"text":"the","start":5140.103,"end":5140.247},{"text":"globe,","start":5140.247,"end":5140.712},{"text":"spacefaring","start":5140.728,"end":5141.434},{"text":"and","start":5141.546,"end":5141.626},{"text":"emerging","start":5141.626,"end":5141.835},{"text":"spacefaring","start":5141.867,"end":5142.38},{"text":"nations","start":5142.38,"end":5142.797},{"text":"have","start":5143.134,"end":5143.31},{"text":"enacted","start":5143.31,"end":5143.807},{"text":"different","start":5144.112,"end":5144.673},{"text":"national","start":5144.673,"end":5145.139},{"text":"regulations","start":5145.139,"end":5145.812},{"text":"regarding","start":5146.261,"end":5146.806},{"text":"outer","start":5146.903,"end":5147.063},{"text":"space.","start":5147.063,"end":5147.432}]},{"text":"The general reasoning is that an effective national space legal framework may clarify the applicable norms and procedures, internalize international obligations, and support the development of a law space industry.","start":5148.378,"end":5162.606,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5148.378,"end":5148.442},{"text":"general","start":5148.506,"end":5148.891},{"text":"reasoning","start":5148.907,"end":5149.292},{"text":"is","start":5149.645,"end":5149.709},{"text":"that","start":5149.741,"end":5149.95},{"text":"an","start":5149.95,"end":5149.998},{"text":"effective","start":5150.046,"end":5150.607},{"text":"national","start":5150.607,"end":5151.024},{"text":"space","start":5151.024,"end":5151.409},{"text":"legal","start":5151.409,"end":5151.65},{"text":"framework","start":5151.65,"end":5152.371},{"text":"may","start":5152.532,"end":5152.788},{"text":"clarify","start":5152.853,"end":5153.446},{"text":"the","start":5153.975,"end":5154.055},{"text":"applicable","start":5154.055,"end":5154.552},{"text":"norms","start":5154.552,"end":5154.953},{"text":"and","start":5154.953,"end":5155.098},{"text":"procedures,","start":5155.098,"end":5155.627},{"text":"internalize","start":5156.477,"end":5157.231},{"text":"international","start":5157.327,"end":5157.84},{"text":"obligations,","start":5157.84,"end":5158.434},{"text":"and","start":5159.011,"end":5159.091},{"text":"support","start":5159.091,"end":5159.749},{"text":"the","start":5159.813,"end":5159.909},{"text":"development","start":5159.909,"end":5160.566},{"text":"of","start":5160.631,"end":5160.791},{"text":"a","start":5160.791,"end":5160.935},{"text":"law","start":5160.935,"end":5160.967},{"text":"space","start":5161.53,"end":5161.867},{"text":"industry.","start":5162.076,"end":5162.606}]},{"text":"Those domestic instruments, although different in scope and detail, highlight a growing awareness among nations about the relevance of supervising and controlling space activities under their national jurisdiction, taking into account, taking into account international obligations, as well as local practices.","start":5168.085,"end":5190.426,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."}],"words":[{"text":"Those","start":5168.085,"end":5168.31},{"text":"domestic","start":5168.358,"end":5168.824},{"text":"instruments,","start":5168.824,"end":5169.466},{"text":"although","start":5170.029,"end":5170.238},{"text":"different","start":5170.414,"end":5170.736},{"text":"in","start":5170.736,"end":5170.8},{"text":"scope","start":5170.832,"end":5171.17},{"text":"and","start":5171.17,"end":5171.266},{"text":"detail,","start":5171.298,"end":5171.845},{"text":"highlight","start":5172.504,"end":5173.002},{"text":"a","start":5173.002,"end":5173.147},{"text":"growing","start":5173.147,"end":5173.452},{"text":"awareness","start":5173.806,"end":5174.336},{"text":"among","start":5174.85,"end":5175.043},{"text":"nations","start":5175.043,"end":5175.542},{"text":"about","start":5175.654,"end":5175.895},{"text":"the","start":5175.895,"end":5176.056},{"text":"relevance","start":5176.056,"end":5176.635},{"text":"of","start":5176.924,"end":5176.988},{"text":"supervising","start":5177.004,"end":5177.76},{"text":"and","start":5178.081,"end":5178.242},{"text":"controlling","start":5178.242,"end":5178.837},{"text":"space","start":5179.126,"end":5179.48},{"text":"activities","start":5179.48,"end":5180.046},{"text":"under","start":5180.548,"end":5180.904},{"text":"their","start":5180.969,"end":5181.195},{"text":"national","start":5181.471,"end":5181.924},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":5181.924,"end":5182.523},{"text":"taking","start":5183.089,"end":5183.365},{"text":"into","start":5183.397,"end":5183.591},{"text":"account,","start":5183.705,"end":5184.126},{"text":"taking","start":5185.518,"end":5185.744},{"text":"into","start":5185.744,"end":5185.939},{"text":"account","start":5185.971,"end":5186.408},{"text":"international","start":5186.642,"end":5187.107},{"text":"obligations,","start":5187.107,"end":5187.652},{"text":"as","start":5188.149,"end":5188.293},{"text":"well","start":5188.325,"end":5188.47},{"text":"as","start":5188.71,"end":5188.855},{"text":"local","start":5189.191,"end":5189.544},{"text":"practices.","start":5189.849,"end":5190.426}]},{"text":"However, as fundamental space law principles are gradually interpreted, internalized, and put into practice by different countries, it's important to acknowledge the growing risks of legal fragmentation.","start":5191.757,"end":5207.792,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."},{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5191.757,"end":5192.334},{"text":"as","start":5193.697,"end":5193.745},{"text":"fundamental","start":5193.858,"end":5194.579},{"text":"space","start":5194.579,"end":5194.932},{"text":"law","start":5195.044,"end":5195.14},{"text":"principles","start":5195.14,"end":5195.75},{"text":"are","start":5195.942,"end":5196.359},{"text":"gradually","start":5196.503,"end":5197.032},{"text":"interpreted,","start":5197.225,"end":5197.882},{"text":"internalized,","start":5198.572,"end":5199.358},{"text":"and","start":5199.791,"end":5199.919},{"text":"put","start":5199.951,"end":5200.207},{"text":"into","start":5200.207,"end":5200.432},{"text":"practice","start":5200.512,"end":5200.977},{"text":"by","start":5200.977,"end":5201.105},{"text":"different","start":5201.378,"end":5201.715},{"text":"countries,","start":5201.715,"end":5202.164},{"text":"it's","start":5202.741,"end":5202.901},{"text":"important","start":5202.901,"end":5203.398},{"text":"to","start":5203.398,"end":5203.623},{"text":"acknowledge","start":5203.623,"end":5204.104},{"text":"the","start":5204.505,"end":5204.665},{"text":"growing","start":5204.665,"end":5205.05},{"text":"risks","start":5205.467,"end":5205.82},{"text":"of","start":5206.205,"end":5206.301},{"text":"legal","start":5206.365,"end":5206.702},{"text":"fragmentation.","start":5206.926,"end":5207.792}]},{"text":"Reviewing the UNOOSA Astro Portal and its National Space Law and Policy Database, Collecting space-related regulation as submitted by states, one can notice that domestic legal models regarding space activities may vary considerably in scope and procedure.","start":5209.091,"end":5226.249,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."}],"words":[{"text":"Reviewing","start":5209.091,"end":5209.46},{"text":"the","start":5209.492,"end":5209.636},{"text":"UNOOSA","start":5209.716,"end":5210.277},{"text":"Astro","start":5210.358,"end":5210.614},{"text":"Portal","start":5210.678,"end":5211.143},{"text":"and","start":5211.48,"end":5211.56},{"text":"its","start":5211.576,"end":5211.801},{"text":"National","start":5211.801,"end":5212.234},{"text":"Space","start":5212.234,"end":5212.49},{"text":"Law","start":5212.603,"end":5212.731},{"text":"and","start":5212.763,"end":5212.923},{"text":"Policy","start":5212.923,"end":5213.196},{"text":"Database,","start":5213.26,"end":5213.773},{"text":"Collecting","start":5214.287,"end":5214.672},{"text":"space-related","start":5214.688,"end":5215.395},{"text":"regulation","start":5215.411,"end":5215.973},{"text":"as","start":5216.374,"end":5216.519},{"text":"submitted","start":5216.551,"end":5217.048},{"text":"by","start":5217.097,"end":5217.209},{"text":"states,","start":5217.209,"end":5217.755},{"text":"one","start":5218.237,"end":5218.365},{"text":"can","start":5218.461,"end":5218.622},{"text":"notice","start":5218.622,"end":5218.959},{"text":"that","start":5218.959,"end":5219.136},{"text":"domestic","start":5219.136,"end":5219.617},{"text":"legal","start":5219.682,"end":5219.907},{"text":"models","start":5219.907,"end":5220.372},{"text":"regarding","start":5220.629,"end":5221.095},{"text":"space","start":5221.111,"end":5221.432},{"text":"activities","start":5221.432,"end":5221.898},{"text":"may","start":5222.492,"end":5222.588},{"text":"vary","start":5222.732,"end":5223.086},{"text":"considerably","start":5223.278,"end":5223.985},{"text":"in","start":5224.418,"end":5224.467},{"text":"scope","start":5224.515,"end":5225.157},{"text":"and","start":5225.542,"end":5225.623},{"text":"procedure.","start":5225.623,"end":5226.249}]},{"text":"Based on a comparative assessment, different regulatory approaches have been observed.","start":5227.71,"end":5233.009,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."}],"words":[{"text":"Based","start":5227.71,"end":5228.095},{"text":"on","start":5228.095,"end":5228.192},{"text":"a","start":5228.192,"end":5228.208},{"text":"comparative","start":5228.272,"end":5228.85},{"text":"assessment,","start":5228.85,"end":5229.444},{"text":"different","start":5230.199,"end":5230.6},{"text":"regulatory","start":5230.6,"end":5231.21},{"text":"approaches","start":5231.259,"end":5231.772},{"text":"have","start":5231.885,"end":5232.254},{"text":"been","start":5232.286,"end":5232.463},{"text":"observed.","start":5232.463,"end":5233.009}]},{"text":"More specifically, when comparing regulation from major spacefaring nations with those related.","start":5233.731,"end":5239.399,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"More","start":5233.731,"end":5233.892},{"text":"specifically,","start":5233.892,"end":5234.502},{"text":"when","start":5234.679,"end":5234.743},{"text":"comparing","start":5234.839,"end":5235.385},{"text":"regulation","start":5235.722,"end":5236.268},{"text":"from","start":5236.3,"end":5236.461},{"text":"major","start":5236.541,"end":5236.862},{"text":"spacefaring","start":5236.862,"end":5237.424},{"text":"nations","start":5237.424,"end":5237.842},{"text":"with","start":5238.307,"end":5238.5},{"text":"those","start":5238.548,"end":5238.837},{"text":"related.","start":5239.255,"end":5239.399}]},{"text":"To the Global South.","start":5239.512,"end":5240.929,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":5239.512,"end":5239.592},{"text":"the","start":5240.172,"end":5240.301},{"text":"Global","start":5240.301,"end":5240.559},{"text":"South.","start":5240.559,"end":5240.929}]},{"text":"For instance, emerging spacefaring nations, including those from Latin America, tend to draft legislation towards securing autonomous and sustainable access to outer space and to space-related technology, arguably following a more utilitarian approach.","start":5243.039,"end":5259.845,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":5243.039,"end":5243.168},{"text":"instance,","start":5243.2,"end":5243.57},{"text":"emerging","start":5244.247,"end":5244.682},{"text":"spacefaring","start":5244.682,"end":5245.294},{"text":"nations,","start":5245.294,"end":5245.648},{"text":"including","start":5245.777,"end":5246.131},{"text":"those","start":5246.196,"end":5246.405},{"text":"from","start":5246.437,"end":5246.615},{"text":"Latin","start":5246.615,"end":5246.84},{"text":"America,","start":5246.84,"end":5247.372},{"text":"tend","start":5247.871,"end":5248.306},{"text":"to","start":5248.435,"end":5248.547},{"text":"draft","start":5248.58,"end":5248.935},{"text":"legislation","start":5248.935,"end":5249.631},{"text":"towards","start":5249.906,"end":5250.213},{"text":"securing","start":5250.213,"end":5250.682},{"text":"autonomous","start":5250.698,"end":5251.296},{"text":"and","start":5251.442,"end":5251.539},{"text":"sustainable","start":5251.539,"end":5252.169},{"text":"access","start":5252.169,"end":5252.525},{"text":"to","start":5252.881,"end":5253.027},{"text":"outer","start":5253.043,"end":5253.156},{"text":"space","start":5253.156,"end":5253.657},{"text":"and","start":5254.029,"end":5254.126},{"text":"to","start":5254.126,"end":5254.272},{"text":"space-related","start":5254.272,"end":5255.193},{"text":"technology,","start":5255.242,"end":5256.261},{"text":"arguably","start":5256.924,"end":5257.312},{"text":"following","start":5257.587,"end":5257.991},{"text":"a","start":5257.991,"end":5258.04},{"text":"more","start":5258.04,"end":5258.265},{"text":"utilitarian","start":5258.297,"end":5259.329},{"text":"approach.","start":5259.377,"end":5259.845}]},{"text":"The local space infrastructure, however limited, is usually deemed strategic to provide fundamental data and services, including for economic activities, land occupation, weather observation, frontier monitoring, and environmental protection.","start":5261.521,"end":5276.373,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5261.521,"end":5261.682},{"text":"local","start":5261.682,"end":5262.021},{"text":"space","start":5262.021,"end":5262.343},{"text":"infrastructure,","start":5262.343,"end":5263.036},{"text":"however","start":5263.052,"end":5263.552},{"text":"limited,","start":5263.552,"end":5264.036},{"text":"is","start":5264.423,"end":5264.487},{"text":"usually","start":5264.584,"end":5264.987},{"text":"deemed","start":5264.987,"end":5265.39},{"text":"strategic","start":5265.406,"end":5266.067},{"text":"to","start":5266.067,"end":5266.276},{"text":"provide","start":5266.242,"end":5266.775},{"text":"fundamental","start":5267.034,"end":5267.68},{"text":"data","start":5267.68,"end":5268.1},{"text":"and","start":5268.1,"end":5268.213},{"text":"services,","start":5268.262,"end":5268.682},{"text":"including","start":5269.312,"end":5269.668},{"text":"for","start":5269.7,"end":5269.862},{"text":"economic","start":5269.862,"end":5270.346},{"text":"activities,","start":5270.346,"end":5270.815},{"text":"land","start":5271.316,"end":5271.478},{"text":"occupation,","start":5271.478,"end":5272.108},{"text":"weather","start":5272.544,"end":5272.803},{"text":"observation,","start":5272.803,"end":5273.482},{"text":"frontier","start":5273.837,"end":5274.29},{"text":"monitoring,","start":5274.29,"end":5274.868},{"text":"and","start":5275.232,"end":5275.298},{"text":"environmental","start":5275.315,"end":5275.943},{"text":"protection.","start":5276.059,"end":5276.373}]},{"text":"Dear delegates, please allow me to take this opportunity to underline a relevant matter when reviewing domestic space-related regulation from Spanish speaking Latin American countries.","start":5279.07,"end":5294.113,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."}],"words":[{"text":"Dear","start":5279.07,"end":5279.248},{"text":"delegates,","start":5279.248,"end":5279.848},{"text":"please","start":5280.562,"end":5280.773},{"text":"allow","start":5280.805,"end":5280.983},{"text":"me","start":5281.065,"end":5281.211},{"text":"to","start":5281.292,"end":5281.389},{"text":"take","start":5281.535,"end":5281.794},{"text":"this","start":5281.794,"end":5282.021},{"text":"opportunity","start":5282.021,"end":5282.67},{"text":"to","start":5283.303,"end":5283.384},{"text":"underline","start":5283.384,"end":5283.822},{"text":"a","start":5283.822,"end":5283.952},{"text":"relevant","start":5283.968,"end":5284.487},{"text":"matter","start":5284.519,"end":5284.925},{"text":"when","start":5285.671,"end":5285.801},{"text":"reviewing","start":5286.06,"end":5286.449},{"text":"domestic","start":5286.45,"end":5286.955},{"text":"space-related","start":5286.955,"end":5288.016},{"text":"regulation","start":5288.016,"end":5290.284},{"text":"from","start":5290.872,"end":5290.953},{"text":"Spanish","start":5291.035,"end":5291.541},{"text":"speaking","start":5291.74,"end":5292.028},{"text":"Latin","start":5292.477,"end":5292.734},{"text":"American","start":5292.734,"end":5293.263},{"text":"countries.","start":5293.696,"end":5294.113}]},{"text":"The official UN Spanish version of the Outer Space Treaty has been subject to important studies, often observing issues with its wording and inconsistencies when compared to the other official versions.","start":5295.475,"end":5309.938,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5295.475,"end":5295.523},{"text":"official","start":5295.523,"end":5296.101},{"text":"UN","start":5296.405,"end":5296.726},{"text":"Spanish","start":5296.918,"end":5297.367},{"text":"version","start":5297.528,"end":5297.864},{"text":"of","start":5297.864,"end":5297.961},{"text":"the","start":5298.009,"end":5298.073},{"text":"Outer","start":5298.089,"end":5298.201},{"text":"Space","start":5298.201,"end":5298.458},{"text":"Treaty","start":5298.506,"end":5298.891},{"text":"has","start":5299.307,"end":5299.452},{"text":"been","start":5299.468,"end":5299.58},{"text":"subject","start":5299.628,"end":5300.254},{"text":"to","start":5300.254,"end":5300.51},{"text":"important","start":5300.51,"end":5301.055},{"text":"studies,","start":5301.055,"end":5301.44},{"text":"often","start":5302.418,"end":5302.755},{"text":"observing","start":5302.755,"end":5303.444},{"text":"issues","start":5303.701,"end":5304.086},{"text":"with","start":5304.278,"end":5304.519},{"text":"its","start":5304.519,"end":5304.679},{"text":"wording","start":5304.743,"end":5305.048},{"text":"and","start":5305.545,"end":5305.625},{"text":"inconsistencies","start":5305.625,"end":5306.619},{"text":"when","start":5307.148,"end":5307.212},{"text":"compared","start":5307.324,"end":5308.014},{"text":"to","start":5308.27,"end":5308.431},{"text":"the","start":5308.431,"end":5308.575},{"text":"other","start":5308.591,"end":5308.832},{"text":"official","start":5308.992,"end":5309.537},{"text":"versions.","start":5309.553,"end":5309.938}]},{"text":"One should consider a particular situation regarding Article 9, which may affect the implementation and interpretation of the due regard principle.","start":5311.173,"end":5321.314,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."},{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"One","start":5311.173,"end":5311.269},{"text":"should","start":5311.269,"end":5311.429},{"text":"consider","start":5311.477,"end":5311.894},{"text":"a","start":5311.958,"end":5312.054},{"text":"particular","start":5312.054,"end":5312.551},{"text":"situation","start":5312.551,"end":5313.385},{"text":"regarding","start":5314.299,"end":5314.812},{"text":"Article","start":5315.005,"end":5315.438},{"text":"9,","start":5315.438,"end":5315.79},{"text":"which","start":5316.849,"end":5316.993},{"text":"may","start":5317.089,"end":5317.185},{"text":"affect","start":5317.185,"end":5317.586},{"text":"the","start":5317.586,"end":5317.65},{"text":"implementation","start":5317.65,"end":5318.516},{"text":"and","start":5318.628,"end":5318.805},{"text":"interpretation","start":5319.254,"end":5319.959},{"text":"of","start":5320.307,"end":5320.41},{"text":"the","start":5320.41,"end":5320.495},{"text":"due","start":5320.495,"end":5320.597},{"text":"regard","start":5320.648,"end":5320.921},{"text":"principle.","start":5320.99,"end":5321.314}]},{"text":"In accordance with the phrasing employed therein, the Spanish version only covers backward harmful contamination by space activities to the environment of the Earth, not forward harmful contamination caused by space activities to outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies.","start":5323.06,"end":5342.749,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."},{"key":"intergenerational-equity","label":"Intergenerational Equity","description":"Multiple speakers argued that space governance must consider the interests of future generations, not only present-day operators and States. This included preserving orbital and lunar environments, avoiding irreversible harm, and designing rules that future users can still benefit from and live with."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5323.06,"end":5323.092},{"text":"accordance","start":5323.092,"end":5323.639},{"text":"with","start":5323.639,"end":5323.817},{"text":"the","start":5323.817,"end":5323.897},{"text":"phrasing","start":5323.897,"end":5324.509},{"text":"employed","start":5324.864,"end":5325.524},{"text":"therein,","start":5325.734,"end":5326.12},{"text":"the","start":5327.022,"end":5327.119},{"text":"Spanish","start":5327.119,"end":5327.538},{"text":"version","start":5327.747,"end":5328.214},{"text":"only","start":5328.311,"end":5328.537},{"text":"covers","start":5328.649,"end":5329.02},{"text":"backward","start":5329.294,"end":5329.986},{"text":"harmful","start":5330.244,"end":5330.663},{"text":"contamination","start":5330.663,"end":5331.436},{"text":"by","start":5331.791,"end":5331.903},{"text":"space","start":5331.92,"end":5332.274},{"text":"activities","start":5332.274,"end":5332.807},{"text":"to","start":5333.226,"end":5333.388},{"text":"the","start":5333.388,"end":5333.452},{"text":"environment","start":5333.452,"end":5334.146},{"text":"of","start":5334.275,"end":5334.34},{"text":"the","start":5334.437,"end":5334.55},{"text":"Earth,","start":5334.614,"end":5334.743},{"text":"not","start":5336.002,"end":5336.292},{"text":"forward","start":5336.292,"end":5336.809},{"text":"harmful","start":5336.809,"end":5337.18},{"text":"contamination","start":5337.18,"end":5337.89},{"text":"caused","start":5338.229,"end":5338.551},{"text":"by","start":5338.551,"end":5338.6},{"text":"space","start":5338.648,"end":5338.955},{"text":"activities","start":5339.068,"end":5339.487},{"text":"to","start":5339.487,"end":5339.778},{"text":"outer","start":5339.778,"end":5339.939},{"text":"space,","start":5339.939,"end":5340.294},{"text":"including","start":5340.907,"end":5341.197},{"text":"the","start":5341.23,"end":5341.375},{"text":"Moon","start":5341.472,"end":5341.603},{"text":"and","start":5341.816,"end":5341.914},{"text":"other","start":5341.947,"end":5342.061},{"text":"celestial","start":5342.061,"end":5342.438},{"text":"bodies.","start":5342.454,"end":5342.749}]},{"text":"Such a situation may impact initiatives related to the long-term sustainability of outer space, as well as orbital and lunar coordination.","start":5344.025,"end":5353.625,"topics":[{"key":"intergenerational-equity","label":"Intergenerational Equity","description":"Multiple speakers argued that space governance must consider the interests of future generations, not only present-day operators and States. This included preserving orbital and lunar environments, avoiding irreversible harm, and designing rules that future users can still benefit from and live with."},{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"The Moon was discussed as a fast-emerging arena requiring rules for peaceful, safe, and sustainable activities, including landings, resource use, and protection of the lunar environment. Speakers emphasized that due regard is especially important as lunar missions and long-term operations expand."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":5344.025,"end":5344.401},{"text":"a","start":5344.401,"end":5344.434},{"text":"situation","start":5344.434,"end":5345.04},{"text":"may","start":5345.682,"end":5345.778},{"text":"impact","start":5345.843,"end":5346.423},{"text":"initiatives","start":5346.423,"end":5347.132},{"text":"related","start":5347.132,"end":5347.535},{"text":"to","start":5347.535,"end":5347.631},{"text":"the","start":5347.696,"end":5347.841},{"text":"long-term","start":5347.841,"end":5348.356},{"text":"sustainability","start":5348.566,"end":5349.194},{"text":"of","start":5349.226,"end":5349.307},{"text":"outer","start":5349.307,"end":5349.452},{"text":"space,","start":5349.452,"end":5349.871},{"text":"as","start":5350.499,"end":5350.564},{"text":"well","start":5350.66,"end":5350.902},{"text":"as","start":5350.902,"end":5350.967},{"text":"orbital","start":5351.224,"end":5351.611},{"text":"and","start":5352.191,"end":5352.352},{"text":"lunar","start":5352.352,"end":5352.723},{"text":"coordination.","start":5352.997,"end":5353.625}]},{"text":"Spanish-speaking Latin American nations often draft their space legislations based on that official version of the Outer Space Treaty, therefore opening venue to different interpretations of the due regard principle when compared to domestic regulations from other regions of the globe.","start":5356.066,"end":5373.049,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."},{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."},{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Spanish-speaking","start":5356.066,"end":5356.855},{"text":"Latin","start":5356.871,"end":5357.113},{"text":"American","start":5357.113,"end":5357.483},{"text":"nations","start":5357.483,"end":5357.822},{"text":"often","start":5358.16,"end":5358.482},{"text":"draft","start":5358.482,"end":5358.997},{"text":"their","start":5359.062,"end":5359.159},{"text":"space","start":5359.159,"end":5359.465},{"text":"legislations","start":5359.465,"end":5360.109},{"text":"based","start":5360.592,"end":5360.914},{"text":"on","start":5360.914,"end":5361.011},{"text":"that","start":5361.059,"end":5361.236},{"text":"official","start":5361.236,"end":5361.623},{"text":"version","start":5361.703,"end":5362.042},{"text":"of","start":5362.042,"end":5362.138},{"text":"the","start":5362.186,"end":5362.251},{"text":"Outer","start":5362.267,"end":5362.38},{"text":"Space","start":5362.38,"end":5362.621},{"text":"Treaty,","start":5362.686,"end":5362.976},{"text":"therefore","start":5363.556,"end":5364.006},{"text":"opening","start":5364.039,"end":5364.345},{"text":"venue","start":5364.441,"end":5364.86},{"text":"to","start":5364.86,"end":5365.166},{"text":"different","start":5365.167,"end":5365.669},{"text":"interpretations","start":5365.669,"end":5366.528},{"text":"of","start":5366.965,"end":5367.062},{"text":"the","start":5367.111,"end":5367.208},{"text":"due","start":5367.208,"end":5367.354},{"text":"regard","start":5367.37,"end":5367.84},{"text":"principle","start":5367.84,"end":5368.359},{"text":"when","start":5368.65,"end":5368.796},{"text":"compared","start":5368.812,"end":5369.315},{"text":"to","start":5369.315,"end":5369.46},{"text":"domestic","start":5369.46,"end":5369.882},{"text":"regulations","start":5369.882,"end":5370.465},{"text":"from","start":5370.773,"end":5371.129},{"text":"other","start":5371.162,"end":5371.534},{"text":"regions","start":5371.674,"end":5372.094},{"text":"of","start":5372.305,"end":5372.451},{"text":"the","start":5372.467,"end":5372.629},{"text":"globe.","start":5372.629,"end":5373.049}]},{"text":"I've had the opportunity of noting that complicated situation firsthand while participating in a NUSA technical mission last year.","start":5374.328,"end":5382.301,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I've","start":5374.328,"end":5374.441},{"text":"had","start":5374.441,"end":5374.619},{"text":"the","start":5374.668,"end":5374.765},{"text":"opportunity","start":5374.765,"end":5375.364},{"text":"of","start":5375.38,"end":5375.444},{"text":"noting","start":5375.477,"end":5375.93},{"text":"that","start":5375.946,"end":5376.076},{"text":"complicated","start":5376.189,"end":5376.852},{"text":"situation","start":5376.852,"end":5377.484},{"text":"firsthand","start":5377.969,"end":5378.503},{"text":"while","start":5379.28,"end":5379.393},{"text":"participating","start":5379.442,"end":5380.202},{"text":"in","start":5380.251,"end":5380.3},{"text":"a","start":5380.3,"end":5380.348},{"text":"NUSA","start":5380.348,"end":5380.655},{"text":"technical","start":5380.719,"end":5381.139},{"text":"mission","start":5381.139,"end":5381.591},{"text":"last","start":5381.865,"end":5382.108},{"text":"year.","start":5382.108,"end":5382.301}]},{"text":"Those issues should be acknowledged by the international community as a whole when addressing the risks of fragmentation of space law, including on the implementation of Article 9 of the Outer Space Treaty.","start":5384.933,"end":5395.641,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."},{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"Those","start":5384.933,"end":5385.142},{"text":"issues","start":5385.255,"end":5385.546},{"text":"should","start":5385.724,"end":5385.933},{"text":"be","start":5385.982,"end":5386.127},{"text":"acknowledged","start":5386.127,"end":5386.515},{"text":"by","start":5386.547,"end":5386.579},{"text":"the","start":5386.628,"end":5386.708},{"text":"international","start":5386.708,"end":5387.16},{"text":"community","start":5387.193,"end":5387.58},{"text":"as","start":5387.596,"end":5387.758},{"text":"a","start":5387.758,"end":5387.822},{"text":"whole","start":5387.822,"end":5387.967},{"text":"when","start":5388.549,"end":5388.613},{"text":"addressing","start":5388.662,"end":5389.259},{"text":"the","start":5389.275,"end":5389.372},{"text":"risks","start":5389.372,"end":5389.757},{"text":"of","start":5389.757,"end":5389.934},{"text":"fragmentation","start":5389.934,"end":5390.642},{"text":"of","start":5390.642,"end":5390.69},{"text":"space","start":5390.722,"end":5390.931},{"text":"law,","start":5391.059,"end":5391.14},{"text":"including","start":5391.863,"end":5392.394},{"text":"on","start":5392.426,"end":5392.474},{"text":"the","start":5392.506,"end":5392.683},{"text":"implementation","start":5392.683,"end":5393.583},{"text":"of","start":5393.631,"end":5393.728},{"text":"Article","start":5393.776,"end":5394.114},{"text":"9","start":5394.114,"end":5394.403},{"text":"of","start":5394.676,"end":5394.773},{"text":"the","start":5394.773,"end":5394.901},{"text":"Outer","start":5394.901,"end":5395.014},{"text":"Space","start":5395.014,"end":5395.271},{"text":"Treaty.","start":5395.383,"end":5395.641}]},{"text":"In my humble opinion, Worldwide coordination is of the order to identify and harmonize common interpretations of the due regard principle.","start":5396.605,"end":5406.93,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."},{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5396.605,"end":5396.685},{"text":"my","start":5396.685,"end":5396.878},{"text":"humble","start":5397.087,"end":5397.377},{"text":"opinion,","start":5397.377,"end":5397.859},{"text":"Worldwide","start":5398.703,"end":5399.345},{"text":"coordination","start":5399.345,"end":5400.114},{"text":"is","start":5400.162,"end":5400.275},{"text":"of","start":5400.387,"end":5400.515},{"text":"the","start":5400.531,"end":5400.692},{"text":"order","start":5400.708,"end":5401.109},{"text":"to","start":5401.109,"end":5401.333},{"text":"identify","start":5401.349,"end":5401.942},{"text":"and","start":5402.472,"end":5402.6},{"text":"harmonize","start":5402.616,"end":5403.322},{"text":"common","start":5403.979,"end":5404.3},{"text":"interpretations","start":5404.3,"end":5405.166},{"text":"of","start":5405.503,"end":5405.551},{"text":"the","start":5405.599,"end":5405.743},{"text":"due","start":5405.743,"end":5405.871},{"text":"regard","start":5405.984,"end":5406.433},{"text":"principle.","start":5406.545,"end":5406.93}]},{"text":"Through open dialogue and cooperation, the international community may reach converged solutions to common problems as a joint effort designed to avoid complex conflicts of jurisdiction and international disputes.","start":5407.908,"end":5421.86,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-consultation","label":"Transparency and Consultation","description":"Many interventions highlighted information sharing, notification, and consultations as essential mechanisms for giving practical effect to due regard. The discussion stressed that States and operators cannot avoid harmful interference if activities, risks, and intentions are not communicated clearly and in good faith."},{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer 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would be glad to clarify my remarks.","start":5422.373,"end":5424.169,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5422.373,"end":5422.405},{"text":"would","start":5422.678,"end":5422.822},{"text":"be","start":5422.822,"end":5422.918},{"text":"glad","start":5422.918,"end":5423.175},{"text":"to","start":5423.175,"end":5423.239},{"text":"clarify","start":5423.239,"end":5423.576},{"text":"my","start":5423.576,"end":5423.752},{"text":"remarks.","start":5423.784,"end":5424.169}]},{"text":"During our debate.","start":5424.53,"end":5425.356,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"During","start":5424.53,"end":5424.778},{"text":"our","start":5424.844,"end":5424.894},{"text":"debate.","start":5424.927,"end":5425.356}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":5425.835,"end":5426.512,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5425.835,"end":5426.033},{"text":"you","start":5426.033,"end":5426.165},{"text":"very","start":5426.165,"end":5426.264},{"text":"much.","start":5426.264,"end":5426.512}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Olavo de Bittencourt Neto","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Professor"}},{"statement_number":11,"start":5431.65,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=5432","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Olavo.","start":5431.65,"end":5433.629,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5431.65,"end":5431.828},{"text":"you","start":5431.828,"end":5431.877},{"text":"very","start":5431.877,"end":5432.006},{"text":"much,","start":5432.006,"end":5432.331},{"text":"Olavo.","start":5432.639,"end":5433.629}]},{"text":"Now we have Tare Brisibe, Senior Legal and Regulatory Counsel, Asia-Pacific with CES, if I'm not wrong in interpreting the acronym.","start":5434.116,"end":5446.827,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now","start":5434.116,"end":5434.456},{"text":"we","start":5434.586,"end":5434.748},{"text":"have","start":5434.748,"end":5435.089},{"text":"Tare","start":5435.982,"end":5436.322},{"text":"Brisibe,","start":5436.371,"end":5437.215},{"text":"Senior","start":5437.279,"end":5437.864},{"text":"Legal","start":5437.928,"end":5438.318},{"text":"and","start":5438.318,"end":5438.399},{"text":"Regulatory","start":5438.399,"end":5438.918},{"text":"Counsel,","start":5438.967,"end":5439.856},{"text":"Asia-Pacific","start":5439.937,"end":5440.907},{"text":"with","start":5440.988,"end":5441.166},{"text":"CES,","start":5441.247,"end":5441.748},{"text":"if","start":5442.476,"end":5442.622},{"text":"I'm","start":5442.622,"end":5442.735},{"text":"not","start":5442.848,"end":5443.172},{"text":"wrong","start":5443.172,"end":5443.317},{"text":"in","start":5445.031,"end":5445.128},{"text":"interpreting","start":5445.128,"end":5445.905},{"text":"the","start":5446.018,"end":5446.147},{"text":"acronym.","start":5446.164,"end":5446.827}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Sergio Marchisio","affiliation":"ECSL","affiliation_full":"ECSL","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":12,"start":5449.78,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=5450","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, and good day to all the distinguished delegates present.","start":5449.78,"end":5460.505,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5449.78,"end":5449.988},{"text":"you","start":5450.037,"end":5450.535},{"text":"very","start":5450.551,"end":5455.644},{"text":"much,","start":5455.757,"end":5455.966},{"text":"Mr.","start":5456.142,"end":5456.705},{"text":"Chairman,","start":5456.865,"end":5457.315},{"text":"and","start":5457.588,"end":5457.91},{"text":"good","start":5458.472,"end":5458.569},{"text":"day","start":5458.569,"end":5458.729},{"text":"to","start":5458.729,"end":5458.89},{"text":"all","start":5458.89,"end":5458.938},{"text":"the","start":5459.26,"end":5459.292},{"text":"distinguished","start":5459.292,"end":5459.761},{"text":"delegates","start":5459.761,"end":5460.165},{"text":"present.","start":5460.165,"end":5460.505}]},{"text":"I have been asked to speak about Africa and common interests in outer space at this 2025 ISL/ECSL Symposium on Geo-Regarding Outer Space and Current legal implications.","start":5461.702,"end":5477.535,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5461.702,"end":5461.751},{"text":"have","start":5462.042,"end":5462.285},{"text":"been","start":5462.285,"end":5462.43},{"text":"asked","start":5462.43,"end":5463.077},{"text":"to","start":5463.077,"end":5463.191},{"text":"speak","start":5463.272,"end":5463.757},{"text":"about","start":5463.757,"end":5464.275},{"text":"Africa","start":5464.453,"end":5464.873},{"text":"and","start":5464.873,"end":5465.164},{"text":"common","start":5465.181,"end":5465.439},{"text":"interests","start":5465.439,"end":5465.925},{"text":"in","start":5465.925,"end":5466.006},{"text":"outer","start":5466.006,"end":5466.216},{"text":"space","start":5466.248,"end":5466.572},{"text":"at","start":5466.572,"end":5466.734},{"text":"this","start":5466.734,"end":5466.863},{"text":"2025","start":5468.496,"end":5469.774},{"text":"ISL/ECSL","start":5470.032,"end":5471.472},{"text":"Symposium","start":5471.488,"end":5472.199},{"text":"on","start":5472.943,"end":5473.558},{"text":"Geo-Regarding","start":5473.59,"end":5474.221},{"text":"Outer","start":5474.237,"end":5474.496},{"text":"Space","start":5474.496,"end":5474.932},{"text":"and","start":5475.207,"end":5475.547},{"text":"Current","start":5475.628,"end":5476.194},{"text":"legal","start":5476.668,"end":5476.86},{"text":"implications.","start":5476.86,"end":5477.535}]},{"text":"In this regard, I think it's important to set the scene with the notion that the due regard principle, as is provided for in Article 9 of the Outer Space Treaty, in fact contains multiple obligations, one of which is founded on the concept of protecting common interests.","start":5478.996,"end":5501.555,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."},{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5478.996,"end":5479.076},{"text":"this","start":5479.076,"end":5479.14},{"text":"regard,","start":5479.253,"end":5479.799},{"text":"I","start":5480.12,"end":5480.136},{"text":"think","start":5481.003,"end":5481.34},{"text":"it's","start":5481.34,"end":5481.501},{"text":"important","start":5481.501,"end":5482.127},{"text":"to","start":5482.127,"end":5482.319},{"text":"set","start":5483.331,"end":5483.54},{"text":"the","start":5483.572,"end":5483.652},{"text":"scene","start":5483.652,"end":5484.038},{"text":"with","start":5484.23,"end":5484.439},{"text":"the","start":5484.455,"end":5484.632},{"text":"notion","start":5484.632,"end":5485.242},{"text":"that","start":5485.434,"end":5485.772},{"text":"the","start":5486.558,"end":5486.639},{"text":"due","start":5486.703,"end":5486.847},{"text":"regard","start":5486.944,"end":5487.281},{"text":"principle,","start":5487.281,"end":5487.795},{"text":"as","start":5488.309,"end":5488.614},{"text":"is","start":5488.71,"end":5488.774},{"text":"provided","start":5488.871,"end":5489.352},{"text":"for","start":5489.352,"end":5489.706},{"text":"in","start":5489.914,"end":5489.978},{"text":"Article","start":5490.187,"end":5490.524},{"text":"9","start":5490.653,"end":5491.022},{"text":"of","start":5491.135,"end":5491.279},{"text":"the","start":5491.279,"end":5491.424},{"text":"Outer","start":5491.44,"end":5491.632},{"text":"Space","start":5491.632,"end":5491.889},{"text":"Treaty,","start":5492.002,"end":5492.259},{"text":"in","start":5493.704,"end":5493.768},{"text":"fact","start":5493.784,"end":5494.185},{"text":"contains","start":5494.185,"end":5494.715},{"text":"multiple","start":5494.908,"end":5495.309},{"text":"obligations,","start":5495.309,"end":5495.968},{"text":"one","start":5496.738,"end":5496.915},{"text":"of","start":5496.915,"end":5497.043},{"text":"which","start":5497.059,"end":5497.204},{"text":"is","start":5498.119,"end":5498.328},{"text":"founded","start":5498.505,"end":5498.97},{"text":"on","start":5499.067,"end":5499.211},{"text":"the","start":5499.307,"end":5499.468},{"text":"concept","start":5499.468,"end":5500.062},{"text":"of","start":5500.126,"end":5500.255},{"text":"protecting","start":5500.287,"end":5500.897},{"text":"common","start":5500.929,"end":5501.186},{"text":"interests.","start":5501.186,"end":5501.555}]},{"text":"Which suggests that there is a lot more at stake than the individual self-interest of states.","start":5502.627,"end":5509.116,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"Which","start":5502.627,"end":5503.032},{"text":"suggests","start":5503.048,"end":5503.695},{"text":"that","start":5503.825,"end":5504.003},{"text":"there","start":5504.003,"end":5504.181},{"text":"is","start":5504.181,"end":5504.294},{"text":"a","start":5504.488,"end":5504.569},{"text":"lot","start":5504.569,"end":5504.812},{"text":"more","start":5504.812,"end":5505.071},{"text":"at","start":5505.071,"end":5505.216},{"text":"stake","start":5505.216,"end":5505.686},{"text":"than","start":5506.009,"end":5506.236},{"text":"the","start":5506.43,"end":5506.576},{"text":"individual","start":5506.657,"end":5507.207},{"text":"self-interest","start":5507.239,"end":5508.226},{"text":"of","start":5508.437,"end":5508.55},{"text":"states.","start":5508.679,"end":5509.116}]},{"text":"In the context of this presentation, I will begin with some definitional issues I think are important because we will examine the various aspects of the outer space regime which preceding speakers have already touched on, but in particular detailing the established practice of protecting common interests, especially by differentiation, a differentiation that is based on the developing, if I may use the expression, or developed state dichotomy, and for which I will also give due consideration in particular to the role African states have played in arriving at this dichotomy, with examples of how the dichotomy or the differentiation has actually been put into effect, and we'll conclude the presentation with some remarks.","start":5510.72,"end":5568.182,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. 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Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5712.646,"end":5712.954},{"text":"importantly,","start":5713.164,"end":5713.844},{"text":"the","start":5714.589,"end":5714.751},{"text":"exploitation","start":5714.751,"end":5715.658},{"text":"of","start":5715.658,"end":5715.803},{"text":"these","start":5715.803,"end":5715.868},{"text":"common","start":5715.965,"end":5716.224},{"text":"spaces","start":5716.224,"end":5716.678},{"text":"by","start":5716.872,"end":5717.066},{"text":"individual","start":5717.115,"end":5717.584},{"text":"states.","start":5717.617,"end":5718.021}]},{"text":"And to be clear, there's a distinction between exploitation, use, and exploration.","start":5719.21,"end":5724.204,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5719.21,"end":5719.306},{"text":"to","start":5719.306,"end":5719.387},{"text":"be","start":5719.387,"end":5719.483},{"text":"clear,","start":5719.483,"end":5719.902},{"text":"there's","start":5720.273,"end":5720.434},{"text":"a","start":5720.434,"end":5720.515},{"text":"distinction","start":5720.515,"end":5721.143},{"text":"between","start":5721.159,"end":5721.578},{"text":"exploitation,","start":5722.126,"end":5723.028},{"text":"use,","start":5723.093,"end":5723.302},{"text":"and","start":5723.431,"end":5723.528},{"text":"exploration.","start":5723.528,"end":5724.204}]},{"text":"Secondly, that internationalization aims to ensure that not only do all states possibly share in the exploitation of these resources that are found in these common areas, whether it be direct or indirect, but importantly, as I have already alluded to, to protect the interests of future generations in these resources that may be finite.","start":5725.832,"end":5758.001,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. 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Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5779.11,"end":5779.206},{"text":"constitutes","start":5779.222,"end":5780.142},{"text":"probably","start":5780.998,"end":5781.24},{"text":"one","start":5781.24,"end":5781.401},{"text":"of","start":5781.401,"end":5781.466},{"text":"the","start":5781.466,"end":5781.676},{"text":"earliest","start":5781.708,"end":5782.224},{"text":"principles","start":5782.289,"end":5782.821},{"text":"of","start":5782.854,"end":5782.999},{"text":"international","start":5782.999,"end":5783.532},{"text":"space","start":5783.564,"end":5783.967},{"text":"law","start":5783.967,"end":5784.016},{"text":"commended","start":5784.694,"end":5785.178},{"text":"to","start":5785.178,"end":5785.258},{"text":"states,","start":5785.258,"end":5785.791},{"text":"along","start":5786.646,"end":5786.856},{"text":"with","start":5786.953,"end":5787.114},{"text":"the","start":5787.114,"end":5787.211},{"text":"obligation","start":5787.211,"end":5787.841},{"text":"to","start":5787.841,"end":5788.002},{"text":"register","start":5788.018,"end":5788.39},{"text":"space","start":5788.39,"end":5788.618},{"text":"objects.","start":5788.749,"end":5789.32}]},{"text":"We will recall is detailed in Resolution 1721.","start":5789.713,"end":5793.381,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5789.713,"end":5789.778},{"text":"will","start":5789.794,"end":5789.925},{"text":"recall","start":5789.974,"end":5790.349},{"text":"is","start":5790.853,"end":5790.902},{"text":"detailed","start":5790.934,"end":5791.594},{"text":"in","start":5791.884,"end":5791.964},{"text":"Resolution","start":5791.964,"end":5792.351},{"text":"1721.","start":5792.367,"end":5793.381}]},{"text":"It's also important to highlight the fact that this prohibition on the claims of sovereignty deriving from the non-appropriation principle is also featured in the Declaration of Friendly Relations, an instrument that without a doubt has assumed that customary international law status.","start":5796.65,"end":5819.422,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. 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having established what this protection of common interests seeks to achieve, and examples from provisions in the current international legal framework as is applicable to outer space activities, we can illustrate the effect of this differentiation or dichotomy with respect to developing countries Such as, for example, regarding the primacy of sovereignty in the receipt of direct broadcast satellite signals, or the prior consent and control that is required from sent states remotely And over the distribution of data retrieved over their territories.","start":6022.379,"end":6082.498,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. 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National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6399.945,"end":6400.074},{"text":"slide","start":6400.122,"end":6400.475},{"text":"shows","start":6400.508,"end":6400.813},{"text":"the","start":6400.845,"end":6400.925},{"text":"structure","start":6400.925,"end":6401.487},{"text":"of","start":6401.487,"end":6401.648},{"text":"Japan's","start":6401.648,"end":6402.13},{"text":"national","start":6402.146,"end":6402.548},{"text":"space","start":6402.596,"end":6402.885},{"text":"legislation.","start":6402.885,"end":6403.672}]},{"text":"Based on the Basic Space Act of 2008, 2 national space laws with licensing schemes were adopted in 2016.","start":6404.443,"end":6412.715,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. 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National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."}],"words":[{"text":"Today's","start":6459.024,"end":6459.427},{"text":"presentation","start":6459.427,"end":6460.201},{"text":"is","start":6460.217,"end":6460.33},{"text":"related","start":6460.459,"end":6461.023},{"text":"to","start":6461.023,"end":6461.232},{"text":"these","start":6461.281,"end":6461.49},{"text":"guidelines.","start":6461.925,"end":6462.505}]},{"text":"Next slide, please.","start":6462.892,"end":6463.747,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":6462.892,"end":6463.166},{"text":"slide,","start":6463.166,"end":6463.424},{"text":"please.","start":6463.456,"end":6463.747}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Setsuko Aoki","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Professor"}},{"statement_number":27,"start":6466.105,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=6467","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Yeah.","start":6466.105,"end":6466.265,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yeah.","start":6466.105,"end":6466.265}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Sergio Marchisio","affiliation":"ECSL","affiliation_full":"ECSL","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":28,"start":6467.213,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=6468","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Focus is placed on the in-orbit servicing guidelines and the collision avoidance guidelines today.","start":6467.213,"end":6473.33,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. 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The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6589.633,"end":6589.779},{"text":"space","start":6590.135,"end":6590.459},{"text":"traffic","start":6590.459,"end":6590.848},{"text":"management","start":6590.848,"end":6591.415},{"text":"itself","start":6591.415,"end":6591.933},{"text":"is","start":6591.933,"end":6592.095},{"text":"a","start":6592.095,"end":6592.225},{"text":"broad","start":6592.225,"end":6592.532},{"text":"concept,","start":6592.63,"end":6593.067},{"text":"and","start":6593.286,"end":6593.447},{"text":"the","start":6593.447,"end":6593.591},{"text":"development","start":6593.607,"end":6594.265},{"text":"phase","start":6594.265,"end":6594.554},{"text":"of","start":6594.667,"end":6594.795},{"text":"relevant","start":6594.827,"end":6595.517},{"text":"technologies","start":6595.71,"end":6596.416},{"text":"and","start":6596.416,"end":6596.593},{"text":"business","start":6596.593,"end":6596.946},{"text":"activities","start":6597.058,"end":6597.652},{"text":"widely","start":6597.781,"end":6598.166},{"text":"differ,","start":6598.343,"end":6598.776},{"text":"the","start":6599.322,"end":6599.482},{"text":"task","start":6599.482,"end":6599.884},{"text":"force","start":6599.884,"end":6600.156},{"text":"decided","start":6600.349,"end":6600.975},{"text":"to","start":6601.007,"end":6601.2},{"text":"take","start":6601.232,"end":6601.505},{"text":"a","start":6601.553,"end":6601.569},{"text":"prioritized","start":6601.633,"end":6602.612},{"text":"rulemaking","start":6602.677,"end":6603.335},{"text":"method,","start":6603.351,"end":6603.704},{"text":"which","start":6604.523,"end":6604.683},{"text":"is","start":6604.683,"end":6604.747},{"text":"to","start":6604.86,"end":6604.956},{"text":"make","start":6604.956,"end":6605.277},{"text":"specific","start":6605.277,"end":6605.983},{"text":"guidelines","start":6605.983,"end":6606.561},{"text":"on","start":6606.77,"end":6606.818},{"text":"some","start":6606.866,"end":6607.075},{"text":"aspects","start":6607.332,"end":6607.813},{"text":"of","start":6607.813,"end":6607.861},{"text":"STM","start":6607.99,"end":6608.52},{"text":"where","start":6609.017,"end":6609.146},{"text":"Japan","start":6609.419,"end":6609.804},{"text":"has","start":6609.836,"end":6610.045},{"text":"technological","start":6610.237,"end":6610.96},{"text":"capabilities","start":6610.96,"end":6611.81},{"text":"and","start":6612.228,"end":6612.452},{"text":"Japanese","start":6612.468,"end":6612.854},{"text":"companies","start":6612.95,"end":6613.416},{"text":"plan","start":6613.528,"end":6613.737},{"text":"to","start":6613.849,"end":6613.945},{"text":"start","start":6613.945,"end":6614.395},{"text":"a","start":6614.395,"end":6614.411},{"text":"business.","start":6614.491,"end":6614.973}]},{"text":"As a result, on with servicing collision avoidance and further debris mitigation, were selected, which are reflected in the guidelines as of today.","start":6615.679,"end":6625.413,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6615.679,"end":6615.775},{"text":"a","start":6615.775,"end":6615.855},{"text":"result,","start":6615.855,"end":6616.417},{"text":"on","start":6617.124,"end":6617.22},{"text":"with","start":6617.22,"end":6617.316},{"text":"servicing","start":6617.316,"end":6617.83},{"text":"collision","start":6618.183,"end":6618.568},{"text":"avoidance","start":6618.568,"end":6619.21},{"text":"and","start":6619.291,"end":6619.451},{"text":"further","start":6619.531,"end":6619.868},{"text":"debris","start":6619.949,"end":6620.254},{"text":"mitigation,","start":6620.254,"end":6620.735},{"text":"were","start":6620.912,"end":6621.089},{"text":"selected,","start":6621.153,"end":6621.796},{"text":"which","start":6622.52,"end":6622.696},{"text":"are","start":6622.825,"end":6622.905},{"text":"reflected","start":6622.905,"end":6623.645},{"text":"in","start":6623.645,"end":6623.725},{"text":"the","start":6623.725,"end":6623.806},{"text":"guidelines","start":6623.886,"end":6624.449},{"text":"as","start":6624.593,"end":6624.738},{"text":"of","start":6624.77,"end":6624.931},{"text":"today.","start":6625.011,"end":6625.413}]},{"text":"The next one, please.","start":6626.201,"end":6627.069,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6626.201,"end":6626.281},{"text":"next","start":6626.281,"end":6626.587},{"text":"one,","start":6626.587,"end":6626.715},{"text":"please.","start":6626.763,"end":6627.069}]},{"text":"The Orbit Servicing Guidelines covers technical, legal, and administrative aspects of transparency measures for all phases of the mission.","start":6628.869,"end":6638.045,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-consultation","label":"Transparency and Consultation","description":"Many interventions highlighted information sharing, notification, and consultations as essential mechanisms for giving practical effect to due regard. The discussion stressed that States and operators cannot avoid harmful interference if activities, risks, and intentions are not communicated clearly and in good faith."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6628.869,"end":6628.982},{"text":"Orbit","start":6629.32,"end":6629.53},{"text":"Servicing","start":6629.594,"end":6630.03},{"text":"Guidelines","start":6630.079,"end":6630.661},{"text":"covers","start":6630.79,"end":6631.258},{"text":"technical,","start":6631.452,"end":6632.05},{"text":"legal,","start":6632.179,"end":6632.551},{"text":"and","start":6632.809,"end":6633.052},{"text":"administrative","start":6633.149,"end":6633.94},{"text":"aspects","start":6633.94,"end":6634.603},{"text":"of","start":6634.829,"end":6634.991},{"text":"transparency","start":6634.991,"end":6635.75},{"text":"measures","start":6635.75,"end":6636.186},{"text":"for","start":6636.283,"end":6636.703},{"text":"all","start":6636.703,"end":6636.768},{"text":"phases","start":6636.768,"end":6637.236},{"text":"of","start":6637.414,"end":6637.56},{"text":"the","start":6637.56,"end":6637.608},{"text":"mission.","start":6637.608,"end":6638.045}]},{"text":"That is rendezvous, proximity operations, final approach and capture, servicing, and separation.","start":6638.627,"end":6646.378,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":6638.627,"end":6638.951},{"text":"is","start":6638.951,"end":6639.016},{"text":"rendezvous,","start":6639.453,"end":6640.019},{"text":"proximity","start":6640.585,"end":6641.2},{"text":"operations,","start":6641.249,"end":6642.009},{"text":"final","start":6642.446,"end":6642.786},{"text":"approach","start":6642.834,"end":6643.271},{"text":"and","start":6643.401,"end":6643.562},{"text":"capture,","start":6643.579,"end":6644.145},{"text":"servicing,","start":6644.485,"end":6645.083},{"text":"and","start":6645.585,"end":6645.747},{"text":"separation.","start":6645.747,"end":6646.378}]},{"text":"There are 17 requirements in total.","start":6647.279,"end":6650.272,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"There","start":6647.279,"end":6647.425},{"text":"are","start":6647.425,"end":6647.602},{"text":"17","start":6647.602,"end":6648.298},{"text":"requirements","start":6648.411,"end":6649.301},{"text":"in","start":6649.56,"end":6649.673},{"text":"total.","start":6649.77,"end":6650.272}]},{"text":"Next one, please.","start":6650.676,"end":6651.42,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":6650.676,"end":6650.967},{"text":"one,","start":6650.967,"end":6651.064},{"text":"please.","start":6651.08,"end":6651.42}]},{"text":"Let me touch upon a few examples among the 17 requirements.","start":6653.04,"end":6656.646,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":6653.04,"end":6653.136},{"text":"me","start":6653.152,"end":6653.233},{"text":"touch","start":6653.297,"end":6653.539},{"text":"upon","start":6653.539,"end":6653.845},{"text":"a","start":6653.845,"end":6653.861},{"text":"few","start":6653.861,"end":6654.183},{"text":"examples","start":6654.183,"end":6654.811},{"text":"among","start":6654.988,"end":6655.213},{"text":"the","start":6655.262,"end":6655.342},{"text":"17","start":6655.342,"end":6655.938},{"text":"requirements.","start":6655.97,"end":6656.646}]},{"text":"The first example is that a service operator must obtain a proof that the client has completed the proper procedures with the state of registry of the client object that is to be interfered with by a service object.","start":6657.242,"end":6673.019,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-consultation","label":"Transparency and Consultation","description":"Many interventions highlighted information sharing, notification, and consultations as essential mechanisms for giving practical effect to due regard. The discussion stressed that States and operators cannot avoid harmful interference if activities, risks, and intentions are not communicated clearly and in good faith."},{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6657.242,"end":6657.339},{"text":"first","start":6657.339,"end":6657.806},{"text":"example","start":6657.806,"end":6658.546},{"text":"is","start":6658.546,"end":6658.675},{"text":"that","start":6658.772,"end":6659.174},{"text":"a","start":6659.174,"end":6659.19},{"text":"service","start":6659.19,"end":6659.625},{"text":"operator","start":6659.818,"end":6660.462},{"text":"must","start":6660.784,"end":6661.123},{"text":"obtain","start":6661.123,"end":6661.541},{"text":"a","start":6661.541,"end":6661.557},{"text":"proof","start":6661.606,"end":6662.105},{"text":"that","start":6662.395,"end":6662.54},{"text":"the","start":6662.54,"end":6662.653},{"text":"client","start":6662.734,"end":6663.364},{"text":"has","start":6663.364,"end":6663.51},{"text":"completed","start":6663.607,"end":6664.237},{"text":"the","start":6664.269,"end":6664.415},{"text":"proper","start":6664.512,"end":6664.9},{"text":"procedures","start":6664.9,"end":6665.611},{"text":"with","start":6665.805,"end":6665.967},{"text":"the","start":6665.967,"end":6666.064},{"text":"state","start":6666.064,"end":6666.452},{"text":"of","start":6666.452,"end":6666.533},{"text":"registry","start":6666.533,"end":6667.147},{"text":"of","start":6667.584,"end":6667.729},{"text":"the","start":6667.729,"end":6667.907},{"text":"client","start":6667.907,"end":6668.457},{"text":"object","start":6668.538,"end":6669.039},{"text":"that","start":6669.443,"end":6669.67},{"text":"is","start":6669.67,"end":6669.734},{"text":"to","start":6669.847,"end":6670.009},{"text":"be","start":6670.009,"end":6670.203},{"text":"interfered","start":6670.252,"end":6671.141},{"text":"with","start":6671.141,"end":6671.432},{"text":"by","start":6671.529,"end":6671.691},{"text":"a","start":6671.707,"end":6671.723},{"text":"service","start":6671.723,"end":6672.483},{"text":"object.","start":6672.586,"end":6673.019}]},{"text":"In case no registration was made for a client object, the service operator must obtain relevant information such as the launching states and the nationality of owners or operators so that potentially affected states could request consultation to Japan prior to the service mission.","start":6674.047,"end":6695.284,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-consultation","label":"Transparency and Consultation","description":"Many interventions highlighted information sharing, notification, and consultations as essential mechanisms for giving practical effect to due regard. The discussion stressed that States and operators cannot avoid harmful interference if activities, risks, and intentions are not communicated clearly and in good faith."},{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6674.047,"end":6674.143},{"text":"case","start":6674.207,"end":6674.608},{"text":"no","start":6674.608,"end":6674.689},{"text":"registration","start":6674.705,"end":6675.491},{"text":"was","start":6675.491,"end":6675.62},{"text":"made","start":6675.732,"end":6676.133},{"text":"for","start":6676.214,"end":6676.455},{"text":"a","start":6676.455,"end":6676.631},{"text":"client","start":6676.76,"end":6677.257},{"text":"object,","start":6677.321,"end":6677.819},{"text":"the","start":6678.301,"end":6678.397},{"text":"service","start":6678.397,"end":6678.943},{"text":"operator","start":6678.943,"end":6679.665},{"text":"must","start":6679.906,"end":6680.243},{"text":"obtain","start":6680.243,"end":6680.869},{"text":"relevant","start":6680.869,"end":6681.286},{"text":"information","start":6681.334,"end":6682.041},{"text":"such","start":6682.41,"end":6682.715},{"text":"as","start":6682.779,"end":6682.843},{"text":"the","start":6682.876,"end":6682.956},{"text":"launching","start":6683.02,"end":6683.373},{"text":"states","start":6683.437,"end":6684.112},{"text":"and","start":6684.304,"end":6684.401},{"text":"the","start":6684.401,"end":6684.481},{"text":"nationality","start":6684.481,"end":6685.251},{"text":"of","start":6685.428,"end":6685.572},{"text":"owners","start":6685.669,"end":6685.974},{"text":"or","start":6686.231,"end":6686.359},{"text":"operators","start":6686.552,"end":6687.178},{"text":"so","start":6687.788,"end":6687.964},{"text":"that","start":6687.996,"end":6688.35},{"text":"potentially","start":6688.655,"end":6689.265},{"text":"affected","start":6689.521,"end":6689.971},{"text":"states","start":6690.083,"end":6690.741},{"text":"could","start":6690.806,"end":6690.918},{"text":"request","start":6691.046,"end":6691.688},{"text":"consultation","start":6691.688,"end":6692.475},{"text":"to","start":6692.587,"end":6692.748},{"text":"Japan","start":6692.748,"end":6693.197},{"text":"prior","start":6693.615,"end":6694.08},{"text":"to","start":6694.112,"end":6694.337},{"text":"the","start":6694.337,"end":6694.433},{"text":"service","start":6694.433,"end":6694.787},{"text":"mission.","start":6694.851,"end":6695.284}]},{"text":"A service operator must also contain— obtain a proof that all stages of the mission are in conformity with national laws to which the client is subject, and all preventive measures are taken with respect to a client object to avoid harmful interference to the third party's space objects after the mission.","start":6696.456,"end":6718.231,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. 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National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6768.42,"end":6768.693},{"text":"latest","start":6768.693,"end":6769.095},{"text":"guidelines","start":6769.175,"end":6769.866},{"text":"was","start":6770.043,"end":6770.187},{"text":"made","start":6770.3,"end":6770.605},{"text":"in","start":6770.605,"end":6770.75},{"text":"February","start":6770.766,"end":6771.232},{"text":"this","start":6771.345,"end":6771.457},{"text":"year,","start":6771.73,"end":6771.971},{"text":"which","start":6772.309,"end":6772.518},{"text":"provides","start":6772.63,"end":6773.161},{"text":"obligations","start":6773.273,"end":6774.141},{"text":"of","start":6774.238,"end":6774.334},{"text":"the","start":6774.382,"end":6774.623},{"text":"operator","start":6774.623,"end":6775.186},{"text":"of","start":6775.266,"end":6775.363},{"text":"the","start":6775.363,"end":6775.459},{"text":"primary","start":6775.459,"end":6776.054},{"text":"object.","start":6776.166,"end":6776.664}]},{"text":"That is capable of changing orbits towards the operators of secondary objects, SSA service providers, and also the international society in general.","start":6776.889,"end":6787.815,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. 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The discussion stressed that States and operators cannot avoid harmful interference if activities, risks, and intentions are not communicated clearly and in good faith."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":6776.889,"end":6777.195},{"text":"is","start":6777.195,"end":6777.259},{"text":"capable","start":6777.37,"end":6777.888},{"text":"of","start":6777.888,"end":6778.017},{"text":"changing","start":6778.05,"end":6778.584},{"text":"orbits","start":6778.779,"end":6779.265},{"text":"towards","start":6779.508,"end":6779.88},{"text":"the","start":6779.994,"end":6780.124},{"text":"operators","start":6780.156,"end":6780.69},{"text":"of","start":6780.739,"end":6780.82},{"text":"secondary","start":6780.885,"end":6782.067},{"text":"objects,","start":6782.165,"end":6782.667},{"text":"SSA","start":6783.088,"end":6783.493},{"text":"service","start":6783.493,"end":6783.947},{"text":"providers,","start":6783.947,"end":6784.579},{"text":"and","start":6785.182,"end":6785.343},{"text":"also","start":6785.489,"end":6785.828},{"text":"the","start":6785.828,"end":6785.989},{"text":"international","start":6785.989,"end":6786.587},{"text":"society","start":6786.587,"end":6787.249},{"text":"in","start":6787.265,"end":6787.33},{"text":"general.","start":6787.362,"end":6787.815}]},{"text":"Secondary object means any object belonging to the third parties.","start":6788.412,"end":6793.064,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Secondary","start":6788.412,"end":6789.026},{"text":"object","start":6789.123,"end":6789.721},{"text":"means","start":6789.721,"end":6790.076},{"text":"any","start":6790.254,"end":6790.641},{"text":"object","start":6790.738,"end":6791.287},{"text":"belonging","start":6791.304,"end":6791.691},{"text":"to","start":6791.804,"end":6792.047},{"text":"the","start":6792.047,"end":6792.143},{"text":"third","start":6792.143,"end":6792.531},{"text":"parties.","start":6792.612,"end":6793.064}]},{"text":"Next slide, please.","start":6795.404,"end":6796.262,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":6795.404,"end":6795.647},{"text":"slide,","start":6795.647,"end":6795.938},{"text":"please.","start":6795.971,"end":6796.262}]},{"text":"A primary object operator shall meet all requirements on the slide to obtain a license control a spacecraft.","start":6797.024,"end":6804.877,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":6797.024,"end":6797.04},{"text":"primary","start":6797.429,"end":6797.963},{"text":"object","start":6798.158,"end":6798.79},{"text":"operator","start":6799.211,"end":6799.778},{"text":"shall","start":6799.778,"end":6799.972},{"text":"meet","start":6800.021,"end":6800.393},{"text":"all","start":6800.491,"end":6800.523},{"text":"requirements","start":6800.523,"end":6801.414},{"text":"on","start":6801.544,"end":6801.592},{"text":"the","start":6801.641,"end":6801.722},{"text":"slide","start":6801.738,"end":6802.273},{"text":"to","start":6802.273,"end":6802.386},{"text":"obtain","start":6802.451,"end":6802.807},{"text":"a","start":6802.921,"end":6802.937},{"text":"license","start":6803.002,"end":6803.261},{"text":"control","start":6803.583,"end":6803.939},{"text":"a","start":6804.052,"end":6804.068},{"text":"spacecraft.","start":6804.084,"end":6804.877}]},{"text":"These are to establish organizational structure for risk assessment, notification of all stages of operations to a person who may be caused harmful interference, and technical capabilities of collision avoidance.","start":6805.605,"end":6820.95,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."},{"key":"transparency-consultation","label":"Transparency and Consultation","description":"Many interventions highlighted information sharing, notification, and consultations as essential mechanisms for giving practical effect to due regard. The discussion stressed that States and operators cannot avoid harmful interference if activities, risks, and intentions are not communicated clearly and in good faith."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. 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you very much for your kind attention.","start":6903.181,"end":6905.172,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6903.181,"end":6903.358},{"text":"you","start":6903.358,"end":6903.438},{"text":"very","start":6903.438,"end":6903.663},{"text":"much","start":6903.663,"end":6903.808},{"text":"for","start":6903.92,"end":6904.081},{"text":"your","start":6904.081,"end":6904.289},{"text":"kind","start":6904.305,"end":6904.562},{"text":"attention.","start":6904.627,"end":6905.172}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Setsuko Aoki","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Professor"}},{"statement_number":29,"start":6909.297,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=6910","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, 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first 3 presentations were overview and specific perspectives which were laid out you.","start":6925.662,"end":6932.978,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6925.662,"end":6925.742},{"text":"first","start":6925.742,"end":6926.304},{"text":"3","start":6926.32,"end":6926.544},{"text":"presentations","start":6926.544,"end":6927.507},{"text":"were","start":6927.652,"end":6927.908},{"text":"overview","start":6928.245,"end":6928.662},{"text":"and","start":6929.176,"end":6929.673},{"text":"specific","start":6930.058,"end":6930.764},{"text":"perspectives","start":6930.796,"end":6931.646},{"text":"which","start":6931.903,"end":6932.048},{"text":"were","start":6932.08,"end":6932.224},{"text":"laid","start":6932.224,"end":6932.481},{"text":"out","start":6932.481,"end":6932.689},{"text":"you.","start":6932.866,"end":6932.978}]},{"text":"And now we are looking in the next 3, um, topics, presentations, uh, into concrete issues.","start":6933.844,"end":6941.987,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6933.844,"end":6933.908},{"text":"now","start":6934.004,"end":6934.084},{"text":"we","start":6934.565,"end":6934.709},{"text":"are","start":6934.789,"end":6934.998},{"text":"looking","start":6935.206,"end":6935.479},{"text":"in","start":6935.543,"end":6935.607},{"text":"the","start":6935.671,"end":6935.751},{"text":"next","start":6935.751,"end":6936.232},{"text":"3,","start":6936.232,"end":6936.649},{"text":"um,","start":6937.274,"end":6937.643},{"text":"topics,","start":6937.851,"end":6938.396},{"text":"presentations,","start":6938.412,"end":6939.422},{"text":"uh,","start":6939.615,"end":6939.631},{"text":"into","start":6939.855,"end":6940.128},{"text":"concrete","start":6940.576,"end":6941.378},{"text":"issues.","start":6941.618,"end":6941.987}]},{"text":"Uh, the first now was, uh, linked with the issue area of space traffic, and this is where we now continue with the second one in this 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this is Tim Flore, uh, from the European Space Operations Center, ESOC, from ESA, who will introduce us to the, let's say, practitioner's perspective also to these issues and will make the bridge also to what was just said by Professor 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you have the floor.","start":6976.915,"end":6977.692,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Tim,","start":6976.915,"end":6977.027},{"text":"you","start":6977.14,"end":6977.226},{"text":"have","start":6977.226,"end":6977.312},{"text":"the","start":6977.347,"end":6977.433},{"text":"floor.","start":6977.433,"end":6977.692}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Kai-Uwe Schröger","affiliation":"IISL","affiliation_full":"IISL","group":null,"function":"President"}},{"statement_number":30,"start":6980.04,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=6981","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Yeah, thank you very much for having me here today, distinguished delegates.","start":6980.04,"end":6984.126,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yeah,","start":6980.04,"end":6980.153},{"text":"thank","start":6980.169,"end":6980.395},{"text":"you","start":6980.395,"end":6980.476},{"text":"very","start":6980.476,"end":6980.589},{"text":"much","start":6980.589,"end":6980.847},{"text":"for","start":6981.687,"end":6981.913},{"text":"having","start":6981.913,"end":6982.172},{"text":"me","start":6982.172,"end":6982.333},{"text":"here","start":6982.333,"end":6982.495},{"text":"today,","start":6982.495,"end":6982.77},{"text":"distinguished","start":6983.141,"end":6983.61},{"text":"delegates.","start":6983.61,"end":6984.126}]},{"text":"Dear Director and UNOSA colleagues, dear IISL and ECSL, thanks for inviting me.","start":6984.699,"end":6991.048,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Dear","start":6984.699,"end":6984.828},{"text":"Director","start":6984.828,"end":6985.247},{"text":"and","start":6985.247,"end":6985.489},{"text":"UNOSA","start":6985.489,"end":6986.004},{"text":"colleagues,","start":6986.198,"end":6986.584},{"text":"dear","start":6987.003,"end":6988.002},{"text":"IISL","start":6988.631,"end":6989.211},{"text":"and","start":6989.275,"end":6989.372},{"text":"ECSL,","start":6989.372,"end":6990.049},{"text":"thanks","start":6990.162,"end":6990.403},{"text":"for","start":6990.403,"end":6990.484},{"text":"inviting","start":6990.484,"end":6990.854},{"text":"me.","start":6990.887,"end":6991.048}]},{"text":"As said by Kai-Uwe, let me introduce to you some thoughts on due regard and the need for space traffic coordination from the more technical perspective.","start":6993.77,"end":7003.787,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."},{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6993.77,"end":6993.802},{"text":"said","start":6993.802,"end":6994.091},{"text":"by","start":6994.123,"end":6994.316},{"text":"Kai-Uwe,","start":6994.991,"end":6995.345},{"text":"let","start":6995.409,"end":6995.57},{"text":"me","start":6995.57,"end":6995.65},{"text":"introduce","start":6995.65,"end":6996.1},{"text":"to","start":6996.373,"end":6996.582},{"text":"you","start":6996.598,"end":6996.647},{"text":"some","start":6996.775,"end":6997.016},{"text":"thoughts","start":6997.016,"end":6997.482},{"text":"on","start":6997.482,"end":6997.547},{"text":"due","start":6998.061,"end":6998.206},{"text":"regard","start":6998.206,"end":6998.833},{"text":"and","start":6999.251,"end":6999.331},{"text":"the","start":6999.331,"end":6999.411},{"text":"need","start":6999.411,"end":6999.636},{"text":"for","start":6999.652,"end":6999.829},{"text":"space","start":6999.829,"end":7000.151},{"text":"traffic","start":7000.151,"end":7000.472},{"text":"coordination","start":7000.472,"end":7001.099},{"text":"from","start":7001.581,"end":7001.774},{"text":"the","start":7001.838,"end":7001.919},{"text":"more","start":7001.919,"end":7002.176},{"text":"technical","start":7002.627,"end":7003.101},{"text":"perspective.","start":7003.199,"end":7003.787}]},{"text":"I will address here 3 points.","start":7006.203,"end":7007.981,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7006.203,"end":7006.251},{"text":"will","start":7006.284,"end":7006.381},{"text":"address","start":7006.429,"end":7006.801},{"text":"here","start":7006.995,"end":7007.238},{"text":"3","start":7007.238,"end":7007.48},{"text":"points.","start":7007.48,"end":7007.981}]},{"text":"What are the major trends in space traffic?","start":7008.37,"end":7011.253,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"What","start":7008.37,"end":7008.531},{"text":"are","start":7008.531,"end":7008.628},{"text":"the","start":7008.628,"end":7008.693},{"text":"major","start":7008.693,"end":7009.146},{"text":"trends","start":7009.178,"end":7009.453},{"text":"in","start":7009.518,"end":7009.566},{"text":"space","start":7009.615,"end":7009.873},{"text":"traffic?","start":7010.945,"end":7011.253}]},{"text":"What are the main challenges that we see today?","start":7011.382,"end":7013.454,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"What","start":7011.382,"end":7011.544},{"text":"are","start":7011.544,"end":7011.641},{"text":"the","start":7011.641,"end":7011.722},{"text":"main","start":7011.722,"end":7011.933},{"text":"challenges","start":7012.03,"end":7012.58},{"text":"that","start":7012.694,"end":7012.855},{"text":"we","start":7012.855,"end":7012.953},{"text":"see","start":7012.953,"end":7013.179},{"text":"today?","start":7013.179,"end":7013.454}]},{"text":"And do we have examples?","start":7014.232,"end":7015.025,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7014.232,"end":7014.296},{"text":"do","start":7014.377,"end":7014.474},{"text":"we","start":7014.474,"end":7014.571},{"text":"have","start":7014.571,"end":7014.782},{"text":"examples?","start":7014.782,"end":7015.025}]},{"text":"Spoiler, yes, we have.","start":7016.28,"end":7017.171,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Spoiler,","start":7016.28,"end":7016.506},{"text":"yes,","start":7016.62,"end":7016.782},{"text":"we","start":7016.879,"end":7016.976},{"text":"have.","start":7016.976,"end":7017.171}]},{"text":"And in summary then, what do we understand as due regard in spacecraft operations?","start":7018.808,"end":7025.592,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."},{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7018.808,"end":7019.083},{"text":"in","start":7019.31,"end":7019.391},{"text":"summary","start":7019.391,"end":7019.683},{"text":"then,","start":7019.796,"end":7019.91},{"text":"what","start":7020.833,"end":7020.996},{"text":"do","start":7020.996,"end":7021.158},{"text":"we","start":7021.158,"end":7021.239},{"text":"understand","start":7021.239,"end":7022},{"text":"as","start":7022.454,"end":7022.519},{"text":"due","start":7022.632,"end":7022.794},{"text":"regard","start":7022.794,"end":7023.248},{"text":"in","start":7023.913,"end":7023.977},{"text":"spacecraft","start":7024.269,"end":7024.963},{"text":"operations?","start":7024.963,"end":7025.592}]},{"text":"So in the technical community today.","start":7026.108,"end":7028.368,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7026.108,"end":7026.27},{"text":"in","start":7026.27,"end":7026.318},{"text":"the","start":7026.35,"end":7026.431},{"text":"technical","start":7026.431,"end":7027.125},{"text":"community","start":7027.222,"end":7027.851},{"text":"today.","start":7027.948,"end":7028.368}]},{"text":"But let me start from a broader international perspective on the status of the environment.","start":7029.659,"end":7034.175,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":7029.659,"end":7029.755},{"text":"let","start":7029.755,"end":7029.917},{"text":"me","start":7029.917,"end":7029.981},{"text":"start","start":7029.981,"end":7030.304},{"text":"from","start":7030.304,"end":7030.498},{"text":"a","start":7030.546,"end":7030.562},{"text":"broader","start":7030.772,"end":7031.272},{"text":"international","start":7031.434,"end":7031.999},{"text":"perspective","start":7031.999,"end":7032.693},{"text":"on","start":7032.806,"end":7032.886},{"text":"the","start":7032.886,"end":7032.918},{"text":"status","start":7032.967,"end":7033.338},{"text":"of","start":7033.451,"end":7033.5},{"text":"the","start":7033.5,"end":7033.55},{"text":"environment.","start":7033.55,"end":7034.175}]},{"text":"There, to have an overview on the ongoing global debris mitigation efforts and to raise the awareness of the space activities in general, the IADC report on the status of the environment has been prepared, and its already 3rd edition was presented very recently to UN COPUSS.","start":7036.017,"end":7056.01,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."},{"key":"transparency-consultation","label":"Transparency and Consultation","description":"Many interventions highlighted information sharing, notification, and consultations as essential mechanisms for giving practical effect to due regard. The discussion stressed that States and operators cannot avoid harmful interference if activities, risks, and intentions are not communicated clearly and in good faith."}],"words":[{"text":"There,","start":7036.017,"end":7036.146},{"text":"to","start":7036.34,"end":7036.436},{"text":"have","start":7036.436,"end":7036.549},{"text":"an","start":7036.598,"end":7036.646},{"text":"overview","start":7036.743,"end":7037.178},{"text":"on","start":7037.387,"end":7037.436},{"text":"the","start":7037.565,"end":7037.823},{"text":"ongoing","start":7038.274,"end":7038.741},{"text":"global","start":7038.757,"end":7039.08},{"text":"debris","start":7039.08,"end":7039.45},{"text":"mitigation","start":7039.483,"end":7040.256},{"text":"efforts","start":7040.289,"end":7040.804},{"text":"and","start":7041.514,"end":7041.578},{"text":"to","start":7041.594,"end":7041.723},{"text":"raise","start":7041.755,"end":7042.045},{"text":"the","start":7042.094,"end":7042.19},{"text":"awareness","start":7042.239,"end":7042.626},{"text":"of","start":7042.626,"end":7042.69},{"text":"the","start":7042.722,"end":7042.787},{"text":"space","start":7042.787,"end":7043.125},{"text":"activities","start":7043.125,"end":7043.818},{"text":"in","start":7044.495,"end":7044.544},{"text":"general,","start":7044.64,"end":7045.172},{"text":"the","start":7045.714,"end":7045.875},{"text":"IADC","start":7045.875,"end":7046.506},{"text":"report","start":7046.829,"end":7047.347},{"text":"on","start":7047.347,"end":7047.412},{"text":"the","start":7047.412,"end":7047.492},{"text":"status","start":7047.492,"end":7047.897},{"text":"of","start":7047.897,"end":7047.994},{"text":"the","start":7047.994,"end":7048.058},{"text":"environment","start":7048.058,"end":7048.527},{"text":"has","start":7048.527,"end":7048.64},{"text":"been","start":7048.77,"end":7048.996},{"text":"prepared,","start":7049.433,"end":7049.983},{"text":"and","start":7049.999,"end":7050.403},{"text":"its","start":7051.276,"end":7051.47},{"text":"already","start":7051.842,"end":7052.117},{"text":"3rd","start":7052.117,"end":7052.522},{"text":"edition","start":7052.522,"end":7052.958},{"text":"was","start":7053.395,"end":7053.605},{"text":"presented","start":7053.637,"end":7054.09},{"text":"very","start":7054.122,"end":7054.414},{"text":"recently","start":7054.446,"end":7054.98},{"text":"to","start":7055.189,"end":7055.334},{"text":"UN","start":7055.334,"end":7055.559},{"text":"COPUSS.","start":7055.559,"end":7056.01}]},{"text":"Different key findings of the report capture the progress with respect to to space debris mitigation, such as minimizing the potential for on-orbit breakups, limitation of space debris release during normal operations, and implementation of post-mission disposal strategies.","start":7057.668,"end":7076.008,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."},{"key":"intergenerational-equity","label":"Intergenerational Equity","description":"Multiple speakers argued that space governance must consider the interests of future generations, not only present-day operators and States. 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The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7235.472,"end":7235.81},{"text":"in","start":7235.81,"end":7235.907},{"text":"recent","start":7235.907,"end":7236.212},{"text":"years,","start":7236.212,"end":7236.421},{"text":"we","start":7236.517,"end":7236.598},{"text":"also","start":7236.678,"end":7236.871},{"text":"see","start":7236.919,"end":7237.161},{"text":"here","start":7237.161,"end":7237.418},{"text":"massive","start":7237.418,"end":7237.868},{"text":"changes.","start":7237.9,"end":7238.431}]},{"text":"We have gone from having one large intact object, so a payload, payload or rocket body reentering every 2 weeks, to now having 3 or 4 intact objects reentering every single day.","start":7239.009,"end":7250.745,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. 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this is also a trend that we need to observe.","start":7253.34,"end":7257.213,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7253.34,"end":7253.452},{"text":"this","start":7254.647,"end":7254.76},{"text":"is","start":7254.76,"end":7254.84},{"text":"also","start":7254.97,"end":7255.405},{"text":"a","start":7255.454,"end":7255.47},{"text":"trend","start":7255.551,"end":7255.954},{"text":"that","start":7256.196,"end":7256.358},{"text":"we","start":7256.358,"end":7256.438},{"text":"need","start":7256.438,"end":7256.6},{"text":"to","start":7256.6,"end":7256.761},{"text":"observe.","start":7256.761,"end":7257.213}]},{"text":"And by the way, on the right we have 2 images of ESA objects that we followed up closely.","start":7258.133,"end":7262.507,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7258.133,"end":7258.197},{"text":"by","start":7258.214,"end":7258.375},{"text":"the","start":7258.375,"end":7258.472},{"text":"way,","start":7258.472,"end":7258.682},{"text":"on","start":7258.698,"end":7258.746},{"text":"the","start":7258.778,"end":7258.924},{"text":"right","start":7258.924,"end":7259.263},{"text":"we","start":7259.263,"end":7259.408},{"text":"have","start":7259.408,"end":7259.472},{"text":"2","start":7259.569,"end":7259.682},{"text":"images","start":7259.747,"end":7260.118},{"text":"of","start":7260.231,"end":7260.36},{"text":"ESA","start":7260.457,"end":7260.57},{"text":"objects","start":7260.699,"end":7261.183},{"text":"that","start":7261.183,"end":7261.296},{"text":"we","start":7261.345,"end":7261.393},{"text":"followed","start":7261.425,"end":7261.829},{"text":"up","start":7261.829,"end":7261.942},{"text":"closely.","start":7262.071,"end":7262.507}]},{"text":"This is ERS-2 on top with a broken solar array, quite interesting.","start":7263.14,"end":7268.285,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7263.14,"end":7263.35},{"text":"is","start":7263.479,"end":7263.625},{"text":"ERS-2","start":7263.657,"end":7264.013},{"text":"on","start":7265.259,"end":7265.356},{"text":"top","start":7265.356,"end":7265.615},{"text":"with","start":7265.826,"end":7265.939},{"text":"a","start":7265.939,"end":7266.068},{"text":"broken","start":7266.23,"end":7266.586},{"text":"solar","start":7266.651,"end":7267.056},{"text":"array,","start":7267.056,"end":7267.298},{"text":"quite","start":7267.46,"end":7267.784},{"text":"interesting.","start":7267.784,"end":7268.285}]},{"text":"And on bottom, this is cluster as it was observed from a dedicated airborne campaign.","start":7268.997,"end":7274.119,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7268.997,"end":7269.078},{"text":"on","start":7269.158,"end":7269.222},{"text":"bottom,","start":7269.254,"end":7269.623},{"text":"this","start":7269.8,"end":7269.912},{"text":"is","start":7269.912,"end":7270.025},{"text":"cluster","start":7270.057,"end":7270.619},{"text":"as","start":7271.325,"end":7271.422},{"text":"it","start":7271.422,"end":7271.502},{"text":"was","start":7271.502,"end":7271.631},{"text":"observed","start":7271.727,"end":7272.241},{"text":"from","start":7272.289,"end":7272.401},{"text":"a","start":7272.449,"end":7272.546},{"text":"dedicated","start":7272.546,"end":7273.156},{"text":"airborne","start":7273.333,"end":7273.638},{"text":"campaign.","start":7273.67,"end":7274.119}]},{"text":"So quite interesting work done here.","start":7275.34,"end":7279.049,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7275.34,"end":7276.175},{"text":"quite","start":7277.282,"end":7277.604},{"text":"interesting","start":7277.604,"end":7277.989},{"text":"work","start":7278.069,"end":7278.422},{"text":"done","start":7278.567,"end":7278.808},{"text":"here.","start":7278.808,"end":7279.049}]},{"text":"So disposal practices are a major driver to space traffic too, as it avoids that we leave behind satellites after their end of mission.","start":7279.755,"end":7289.293,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. 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The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7290.272,"end":7290.353},{"text":"have","start":7290.353,"end":7290.497},{"text":"here","start":7290.593,"end":7290.69},{"text":"some","start":7290.69,"end":7290.915},{"text":"statistics","start":7290.915,"end":7291.444},{"text":"for","start":7291.557,"end":7291.653},{"text":"the","start":7291.653,"end":7291.733},{"text":"disposal","start":7291.733,"end":7292.215},{"text":"of","start":7292.215,"end":7292.344},{"text":"payloads","start":7292.376,"end":7292.777},{"text":"on","start":7292.793,"end":7292.873},{"text":"the","start":7292.873,"end":7293.002},{"text":"left","start":7293.002,"end":7293.355},{"text":"and","start":7293.355,"end":7293.468},{"text":"rocket","start":7293.58,"end":7293.789},{"text":"bodies","start":7293.821,"end":7294.11},{"text":"On","start":7294.74,"end":7294.839},{"text":"the","start":7294.839,"end":7294.988},{"text":"right,","start":7294.988,"end":7295.418},{"text":"from","start":7296.228,"end":7296.394},{"text":"the","start":7296.394,"end":7296.559},{"text":"low","start":7296.559,"end":7296.625},{"text":"Earth","start":7296.724,"end":7296.873},{"text":"orbit.","start":7296.973,"end":7297.287}]},{"text":"For payloads, interestingly, we see that the number of objects which are naturally compliant due to the atmosphere has increased.","start":7298.61,"end":7307.134,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":7298.61,"end":7299.208},{"text":"payloads,","start":7299.208,"end":7299.709},{"text":"interestingly,","start":7299.952,"end":7300.502},{"text":"we","start":7300.567,"end":7300.599},{"text":"see","start":7300.599,"end":7300.987},{"text":"that","start":7300.987,"end":7301.23},{"text":"the","start":7301.23,"end":7301.408},{"text":"number","start":7301.408,"end":7301.861},{"text":"of","start":7301.861,"end":7301.925},{"text":"objects","start":7302.023,"end":7302.637},{"text":"which","start":7302.767,"end":7302.896},{"text":"are","start":7302.993,"end":7303.074},{"text":"naturally","start":7303.09,"end":7303.462},{"text":"compliant","start":7303.494,"end":7304.142},{"text":"due","start":7304.142,"end":7304.303},{"text":"to","start":7304.303,"end":7304.4},{"text":"the","start":7304.4,"end":7304.53},{"text":"atmosphere","start":7304.53,"end":7305.144},{"text":"has","start":7306.228,"end":7306.374},{"text":"increased.","start":7306.568,"end":7307.134}]},{"text":"So this is due to guidelines and regulation, and so such orbits have become more popular.","start":7308.395,"end":7313.326,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7308.395,"end":7308.54},{"text":"this","start":7308.54,"end":7308.653},{"text":"is","start":7308.653,"end":7308.765},{"text":"due","start":7308.798,"end":7308.894},{"text":"to","start":7308.959,"end":7309.088},{"text":"guidelines","start":7309.104,"end":7309.523},{"text":"and","start":7309.523,"end":7309.668},{"text":"regulation,","start":7309.668,"end":7310.216},{"text":"and","start":7310.796,"end":7310.86},{"text":"so","start":7310.989,"end":7311.312},{"text":"such","start":7311.312,"end":7311.602},{"text":"orbits","start":7311.682,"end":7312.005},{"text":"have","start":7312.005,"end":7312.15},{"text":"become","start":7312.182,"end":7312.456},{"text":"more","start":7312.585,"end":7312.746},{"text":"popular.","start":7312.746,"end":7313.326}]},{"text":"So we can say traffic adapts.","start":7314.213,"end":7315.986,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7314.213,"end":7314.358},{"text":"we","start":7314.358,"end":7314.503},{"text":"can","start":7314.503,"end":7314.68},{"text":"say","start":7314.68,"end":7314.873},{"text":"traffic","start":7315.067,"end":7315.55},{"text":"adapts.","start":7315.55,"end":7315.986}]},{"text":"And the unintended consequence is now that these orbits are becoming more congested.","start":7319.027,"end":7322.805,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7319.027,"end":7319.172},{"text":"the","start":7319.172,"end":7319.253},{"text":"unintended","start":7319.253,"end":7319.818},{"text":"consequence","start":7319.818,"end":7320.399},{"text":"is","start":7320.399,"end":7320.448},{"text":"now","start":7320.48,"end":7320.593},{"text":"that","start":7320.722,"end":7320.851},{"text":"these","start":7320.948,"end":7321.094},{"text":"orbits","start":7321.19,"end":7321.546},{"text":"are","start":7321.61,"end":7321.675},{"text":"becoming","start":7321.675,"end":7322.062},{"text":"more","start":7322.095,"end":7322.417},{"text":"congested.","start":7322.417,"end":7322.805}]},{"text":"So guidelines will evolve.","start":7324.127,"end":7325.139,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."},{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7324.127,"end":7324.271},{"text":"guidelines","start":7324.271,"end":7324.657},{"text":"will","start":7324.689,"end":7324.85},{"text":"evolve.","start":7324.85,"end":7325.139}]},{"text":"This is clear.","start":7325.476,"end":7326.055,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7325.476,"end":7325.589},{"text":"is","start":7325.589,"end":7325.701},{"text":"clear.","start":7325.733,"end":7326.055}]},{"text":"And if you focus now on higher altitudes, we can unfortunately say only that not enough spacecraft are attempting to clear their valuable orbits at the end of life.","start":7327.26,"end":7337.976,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7327.26,"end":7327.324},{"text":"if","start":7327.404,"end":7327.484},{"text":"you","start":7327.484,"end":7327.549},{"text":"focus","start":7327.581,"end":7327.902},{"text":"now","start":7327.902,"end":7328.015},{"text":"on","start":7328.063,"end":7328.111},{"text":"higher","start":7328.143,"end":7328.384},{"text":"altitudes,","start":7328.529,"end":7329.075},{"text":"we","start":7329.814,"end":7329.91},{"text":"can","start":7329.91,"end":7330.119},{"text":"unfortunately","start":7330.312,"end":7330.939},{"text":"say","start":7332.063,"end":7332.385},{"text":"only","start":7332.385,"end":7332.61},{"text":"that","start":7332.706,"end":7332.899},{"text":"not","start":7332.899,"end":7333.108},{"text":"enough","start":7333.108,"end":7333.3},{"text":"spacecraft","start":7333.3,"end":7334.072},{"text":"are","start":7334.072,"end":7334.168},{"text":"attempting","start":7334.168,"end":7334.618},{"text":"to","start":7335.116,"end":7335.261},{"text":"clear","start":7335.293,"end":7335.614},{"text":"their","start":7335.678,"end":7335.807},{"text":"valuable","start":7336.016,"end":7336.385},{"text":"orbits","start":7336.482,"end":7336.98},{"text":"at","start":7337.205,"end":7337.253},{"text":"the","start":7337.301,"end":7337.446},{"text":"end","start":7337.446,"end":7337.606},{"text":"of","start":7337.606,"end":7337.767},{"text":"life.","start":7337.767,"end":7337.976}]},{"text":"And we are still far from the targets.","start":7338.104,"end":7340.289,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7338.104,"end":7338.201},{"text":"we","start":7338.265,"end":7338.41},{"text":"are","start":7338.41,"end":7338.683},{"text":"still","start":7338.827,"end":7339.132},{"text":"far","start":7339.132,"end":7339.341},{"text":"from","start":7339.406,"end":7339.598},{"text":"the","start":7339.631,"end":7339.727},{"text":"targets.","start":7339.775,"end":7340.289}]},{"text":"We are around 60% today.","start":7340.498,"end":7343.422,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7340.498,"end":7340.578},{"text":"are","start":7340.659,"end":7340.707},{"text":"around","start":7340.98,"end":7341.237},{"text":"60%","start":7341.237,"end":7341.687},{"text":"today.","start":7341.703,"end":7343.422}]},{"text":"On the other hand, for rocket bodies, right-hand side, there has been real improvement in the last years.","start":7344.547,"end":7349.238,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":7344.547,"end":7344.627},{"text":"the","start":7344.627,"end":7344.756},{"text":"other","start":7344.756,"end":7344.916},{"text":"hand,","start":7344.916,"end":7345.27},{"text":"for","start":7345.559,"end":7345.688},{"text":"rocket","start":7345.72,"end":7346.041},{"text":"bodies,","start":7346.041,"end":7346.346},{"text":"right-hand","start":7346.539,"end":7346.941},{"text":"side,","start":7346.941,"end":7347.326},{"text":"there","start":7347.583,"end":7347.68},{"text":"has","start":7347.68,"end":7347.792},{"text":"been","start":7347.824,"end":7347.985},{"text":"real","start":7347.985,"end":7348.162},{"text":"improvement","start":7348.162,"end":7348.853},{"text":"in","start":7348.853,"end":7348.901},{"text":"the","start":7348.933,"end":7349.013},{"text":"last","start":7349.013,"end":7349.142},{"text":"years.","start":7349.142,"end":7349.238}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":7349.335,"end":7349.495,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7349.335,"end":7349.415},{"text":"you.","start":7349.415,"end":7349.495}]},{"text":"With now over 90% compliance being achieved and over half of these reentering in a controlled way.","start":7349.977,"end":7356.608,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":7349.977,"end":7350.073},{"text":"now","start":7350.073,"end":7350.186},{"text":"over","start":7350.314,"end":7350.491},{"text":"90%","start":7350.491,"end":7350.844},{"text":"compliance","start":7351.358,"end":7352.032},{"text":"being","start":7352.482,"end":7352.61},{"text":"achieved","start":7352.707,"end":7353.285},{"text":"and","start":7353.285,"end":7353.654},{"text":"over","start":7353.943,"end":7354.152},{"text":"half","start":7354.152,"end":7354.473},{"text":"of","start":7354.473,"end":7354.537},{"text":"these","start":7354.569,"end":7354.698},{"text":"reentering","start":7354.81,"end":7355.324},{"text":"in","start":7355.709,"end":7355.789},{"text":"a","start":7355.838,"end":7355.854},{"text":"controlled","start":7355.918,"end":7356.432},{"text":"way.","start":7356.432,"end":7356.608}]},{"text":"And we should say that this is, of course, dominated by very few designs that launch very often.","start":7357.219,"end":7362.565,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7357.219,"end":7357.283},{"text":"we","start":7357.299,"end":7357.379},{"text":"should","start":7357.379,"end":7357.604},{"text":"say","start":7357.604,"end":7357.941},{"text":"that","start":7358.246,"end":7358.342},{"text":"this","start":7358.342,"end":7358.503},{"text":"is,","start":7358.503,"end":7358.567},{"text":"of","start":7358.583,"end":7358.712},{"text":"course,","start":7358.744,"end":7359.033},{"text":"dominated","start":7359.563,"end":7360.317},{"text":"by","start":7360.35,"end":7360.51},{"text":"very","start":7360.51,"end":7360.751},{"text":"few","start":7360.751,"end":7360.992},{"text":"designs","start":7360.992,"end":7361.441},{"text":"that","start":7361.538,"end":7361.682},{"text":"launch","start":7361.698,"end":7362.019},{"text":"very","start":7362.019,"end":7362.244},{"text":"often.","start":7362.26,"end":7362.565}]},{"text":"But it's clearly a positive trend.","start":7363.721,"end":7365.327,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":7363.721,"end":7363.898},{"text":"it's","start":7363.898,"end":7364.043},{"text":"clearly","start":7364.043,"end":7364.364},{"text":"a","start":7364.364,"end":7364.38},{"text":"positive","start":7364.444,"end":7364.894},{"text":"trend.","start":7364.91,"end":7365.327}]},{"text":"And there are still explosions in space.","start":7366.21,"end":7367.527,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7366.21,"end":7366.274},{"text":"there","start":7366.29,"end":7366.355},{"text":"are","start":7366.355,"end":7366.451},{"text":"still","start":7366.451,"end":7366.644},{"text":"explosions","start":7366.676,"end":7367.174},{"text":"in","start":7367.174,"end":7367.254},{"text":"space.","start":7367.254,"end":7367.527}]},{"text":"Here we see a plot on the number of fragmentation events over time and with their root cause in color.","start":7368.121,"end":7374.865,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"Here","start":7368.121,"end":7368.298},{"text":"we","start":7368.298,"end":7368.378},{"text":"see","start":7368.378,"end":7368.731},{"text":"a","start":7369.502,"end":7369.582},{"text":"plot","start":7369.582,"end":7369.919},{"text":"on","start":7369.984,"end":7370.032},{"text":"the","start":7370.064,"end":7370.144},{"text":"number","start":7370.144,"end":7370.529},{"text":"of","start":7370.529,"end":7370.562},{"text":"fragmentation","start":7370.562,"end":7371.3},{"text":"events","start":7371.332,"end":7371.637},{"text":"over","start":7372.617,"end":7372.874},{"text":"time","start":7372.874,"end":7373.307},{"text":"and","start":7373.339,"end":7373.42},{"text":"with","start":7373.5,"end":7373.564},{"text":"their","start":7373.58,"end":7373.709},{"text":"root","start":7373.821,"end":7373.998},{"text":"cause","start":7373.998,"end":7374.287},{"text":"in","start":7374.319,"end":7374.367},{"text":"color.","start":7374.399,"end":7374.865}]},{"text":"For example, we can see in red that explosions due to propulsion systems are still a significant and overall driver.","start":7375.603,"end":7382.909,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. 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The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7390.713,"end":7390.873},{"text":"it's","start":7390.873,"end":7391.082},{"text":"clear","start":7391.082,"end":7391.467},{"text":"we","start":7391.74,"end":7391.901},{"text":"must","start":7391.901,"end":7392.093},{"text":"passivate","start":7392.142,"end":7392.72},{"text":"objects","start":7392.768,"end":7393.378},{"text":"in","start":7393.651,"end":7393.699},{"text":"order","start":7393.812,"end":7393.988},{"text":"to","start":7393.988,"end":7394.117},{"text":"control","start":7394.133,"end":7394.486},{"text":"space","start":7394.486,"end":7394.807},{"text":"traffic","start":7394.855,"end":7395.208},{"text":"as","start":7395.353,"end":7395.401},{"text":"well.","start":7395.497,"end":7395.77}]},{"text":"So explosions remain one of the primary drivers.","start":7396.718,"end":7400.379,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7396.718,"end":7396.846},{"text":"explosions","start":7397.199,"end":7397.761},{"text":"remain","start":7397.761,"end":7398.115},{"text":"one","start":7398.564,"end":7398.693},{"text":"of","start":7398.982,"end":7399.094},{"text":"the","start":7399.11,"end":7399.207},{"text":"primary","start":7399.207,"end":7399.624},{"text":"drivers.","start":7399.993,"end":7400.379}]},{"text":"For the long term.","start":7400.735,"end":7401.524,"topics":[{"key":"intergenerational-equity","label":"Intergenerational Equity","description":"Multiple speakers argued that space governance must consider the interests of future generations, not only present-day operators and States. This included preserving orbital and lunar environments, avoiding irreversible harm, and designing rules that future users can still benefit from and live with."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":7400.735,"end":7400.932},{"text":"the","start":7400.965,"end":7401.047},{"text":"long","start":7401.064,"end":7401.195},{"text":"term.","start":7401.31,"end":7401.524}]},{"text":"So let's look into the future.","start":7411.098,"end":7413.812,"topics":[{"key":"intergenerational-equity","label":"Intergenerational Equity","description":"Multiple speakers argued that space governance must consider the interests of future generations, not only present-day operators and States. This included preserving orbital and lunar environments, avoiding irreversible harm, and designing rules that future users can still benefit from and live with."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7411.098,"end":7411.341},{"text":"let's","start":7411.744,"end":7411.987},{"text":"look","start":7411.987,"end":7412.148},{"text":"into","start":7412.148,"end":7412.342},{"text":"the","start":7412.342,"end":7412.471},{"text":"future.","start":7412.471,"end":7413.812}]},{"text":"Here we show when we predict the environment as it will evolve if we carry on as we do today.","start":7414.571,"end":7420.516,"topics":[{"key":"intergenerational-equity","label":"Intergenerational Equity","description":"Multiple speakers argued that space governance must consider the interests of future generations, not only present-day operators and States. 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The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7429.131,"end":7429.195},{"text":"we","start":7429.211,"end":7429.356},{"text":"can","start":7429.356,"end":7429.468},{"text":"see","start":7429.516,"end":7429.693},{"text":"that","start":7429.693,"end":7429.854},{"text":"the","start":7429.854,"end":7429.934},{"text":"current","start":7429.934,"end":7430.512},{"text":"adoption","start":7430.576,"end":7431.01},{"text":"of","start":7431.042,"end":7431.138},{"text":"space","start":7431.138,"end":7431.347},{"text":"debris","start":7431.459,"end":7431.62},{"text":"mitigation","start":7431.62,"end":7432.166},{"text":"guidelines","start":7432.182,"end":7432.712},{"text":"is","start":7433.145,"end":7433.274},{"text":"not","start":7433.45,"end":7433.627},{"text":"enough","start":7433.627,"end":7433.98},{"text":"to","start":7434.044,"end":7434.125},{"text":"stop","start":7434.125,"end":7434.494},{"text":"the","start":7434.494,"end":7434.558},{"text":"increase","start":7434.574,"end":7435.024},{"text":"of","start":7435.152,"end":7435.329},{"text":"space","start":7435.377,"end":7435.698},{"text":"debris","start":7435.698,"end":7435.955},{"text":"in","start":7435.955,"end":7436.003},{"text":"the","start":7436.1,"end":7436.18},{"text":"long","start":7436.196,"end":7436.405},{"text":"term,","start":7436.421,"end":7436.597},{"text":"in","start":7436.613,"end":7436.694},{"text":"either","start":7436.742,"end":7436.999},{"text":"case.","start":7436.999,"end":7437.207}]},{"text":"So even in case of no further launches to orbit, it is expected that collisions among the space debris objects will lead to a further growth in the space debris population.","start":7438.267,"end":7448.046,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7438.267,"end":7438.428},{"text":"even","start":7438.428,"end":7438.636},{"text":"in","start":7438.909,"end":7439.006},{"text":"case","start":7439.006,"end":7439.391},{"text":"of","start":7439.391,"end":7439.455},{"text":"no","start":7439.552,"end":7439.648},{"text":"further","start":7439.712,"end":7440.049},{"text":"launches","start":7440.049,"end":7440.419},{"text":"to","start":7440.451,"end":7440.579},{"text":"orbit,","start":7440.676,"end":7441.013},{"text":"it","start":7441.093,"end":7441.173},{"text":"is","start":7441.173,"end":7441.334},{"text":"expected","start":7441.334,"end":7442.105},{"text":"that","start":7442.217,"end":7442.474},{"text":"collisions","start":7442.522,"end":7442.988},{"text":"among","start":7443.1,"end":7443.309},{"text":"the","start":7443.421,"end":7443.518},{"text":"space","start":7443.518,"end":7443.839},{"text":"debris","start":7443.839,"end":7444.128},{"text":"objects","start":7444.144,"end":7444.497},{"text":"will","start":7444.545,"end":7444.706},{"text":"lead","start":7444.706,"end":7444.915},{"text":"to","start":7445.027,"end":7445.188},{"text":"a","start":7445.188,"end":7445.252},{"text":"further","start":7445.252,"end":7445.637},{"text":"growth","start":7445.653,"end":7445.926},{"text":"in","start":7446.617,"end":7446.649},{"text":"the","start":7446.649,"end":7446.729},{"text":"space","start":7446.729,"end":7447.098},{"text":"debris","start":7447.098,"end":7447.355},{"text":"population.","start":7447.355,"end":7448.046}]},{"text":"And when we extrapolate the current launch traffic combined With the continued fragmentation event happening and the limited post-mission disposal success rate, we could indeed see a cascade of collision events unfolding in the next years.","start":7448.881,"end":7465.88,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. 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The discussion linked growing traffic and debris risks to the practical application of due regard in day-to-day space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"Space","start":7473.093,"end":7473.446},{"text":"is","start":7473.446,"end":7473.51},{"text":"getting","start":7473.575,"end":7473.719},{"text":"more","start":7473.751,"end":7473.912},{"text":"crowded,","start":7473.912,"end":7474.314},{"text":"and","start":7474.78,"end":7475.037},{"text":"active","start":7475.583,"end":7475.824},{"text":"satellites","start":7475.824,"end":7476.402},{"text":"and","start":7476.402,"end":7476.482},{"text":"debris","start":7476.482,"end":7476.916},{"text":"of","start":7477.029,"end":7477.173},{"text":"various","start":7477.43,"end":7477.671},{"text":"sources","start":7477.671,"end":7478.089},{"text":"dominating","start":7478.169,"end":7478.619},{"text":"the","start":7479.638,"end":7479.784},{"text":"congested","start":7479.784,"end":7480.447},{"text":"environment","start":7480.447,"end":7481.175},{"text":"at","start":7481.968,"end":7482.146},{"text":"more","start":7482.712,"end":7482.858},{"text":"or","start":7482.858,"end":7482.939},{"text":"less","start":7482.939,"end":7483.084},{"text":"equal","start":7483.214,"end":7483.424},{"text":"level","start":7483.424,"end":7483.602},{"text":"in","start":7483.602,"end":7483.747},{"text":"some","start":7483.747,"end":7484.039},{"text":"areas.","start":7484.071,"end":7484.378}]},{"text":"So we see here how much a representative satellite has to do in collision avoidance.","start":7484.977,"end":7492.805,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. 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shift towards commercial operators, and this will accelerate.","start":7592.149,"end":7598.353,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several statements focused on collision avoidance, orbital congestion, re-entry traffic, and the need for better coordination of spacecraft operations. 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you very much, The Key Role of Due Regard for Peaceful, Safe, and Sustainable Lunar Activities.","start":7845.505,"end":7852.082,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7845.505,"end":7845.649},{"text":"you","start":7845.649,"end":7845.874},{"text":"very","start":7845.874,"end":7845.954},{"text":"much,","start":7845.954,"end":7846.163},{"text":"The","start":7846.614,"end":7846.695},{"text":"Key","start":7846.695,"end":7847.018},{"text":"Role","start":7847.018,"end":7847.293},{"text":"of","start":7847.342,"end":7847.471},{"text":"Due","start":7847.503,"end":7847.6},{"text":"Regard","start":7847.73,"end":7848.296},{"text":"for","start":7848.296,"end":7848.506},{"text":"Peaceful,","start":7848.781,"end":7849.154},{"text":"Safe,","start":7849.364,"end":7849.639},{"text":"and","start":7849.849,"end":7849.914},{"text":"Sustainable","start":7849.995,"end":7850.626},{"text":"Lunar","start":7850.965,"end":7851.305},{"text":"Activities.","start":7851.305,"end":7852.082}]},{"text":"You have the floor, Antonino.","start":7852.357,"end":7853.554,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":7852.357,"end":7852.421},{"text":"have","start":7852.421,"end":7852.551},{"text":"the","start":7852.583,"end":7852.68},{"text":"floor,","start":7852.68,"end":7852.874},{"text":"Antonino.","start":7853.085,"end":7853.554}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Kai-Uwe Schröger","affiliation":"IISL","affiliation_full":"IISL","group":null,"function":"President"}},{"statement_number":38,"start":7855.5,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=7856","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":7855.5,"end":7855.715,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7855.5,"end":7855.616},{"text":"you.","start":7855.616,"end":7855.715}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, dear Kayue.","start":7855.948,"end":7857.824,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7855.948,"end":7856.114},{"text":"you","start":7856.114,"end":7856.147},{"text":"very","start":7856.147,"end":7856.296},{"text":"much,","start":7856.296,"end":7856.496},{"text":"dear","start":7857.01,"end":7857.492},{"text":"Kayue.","start":7857.508,"end":7857.824}]},{"text":"Good morning, distinguished delegates.","start":7859.156,"end":7860.827,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":7859.156,"end":7859.268},{"text":"morning,","start":7859.268,"end":7859.59},{"text":"distinguished","start":7859.975,"end":7860.377},{"text":"delegates.","start":7860.377,"end":7860.827}]},{"text":"It is a tremendous honor for me to address you today on the key role of due regard for peaceful, safe, and sustainable lunar activities.","start":7861.261,"end":7870.083,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"The Moon was discussed as a fast-emerging arena requiring rules for 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this presentation, we will touch upon 3 main aspects.","start":7907.35,"end":7910.602,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7907.35,"end":7907.382},{"text":"this","start":7907.382,"end":7907.543},{"text":"presentation,","start":7907.543,"end":7908.203},{"text":"we","start":7908.976,"end":7909.04},{"text":"will","start":7909.056,"end":7909.153},{"text":"touch","start":7909.153,"end":7909.33},{"text":"upon","start":7909.33,"end":7909.604},{"text":"3","start":7909.636,"end":7909.797},{"text":"main","start":7909.797,"end":7910.103},{"text":"aspects.","start":7910.103,"end":7910.602}]},{"text":"In the first 2 parts, I will provide focus context information on lunar activities and the legal framework for due regard.","start":7911.166,"end":7917.95,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"The Moon was discussed as a fast-emerging arena requiring rules for peaceful, safe, and sustainable activities, including landings, resource use, and protection of 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Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":8238.075,"end":8238.237},{"text":"we","start":8238.237,"end":8238.479},{"text":"enable","start":8238.802,"end":8239.674},{"text":"and","start":8239.674,"end":8239.787},{"text":"operationalize","start":8239.787,"end":8240.465},{"text":"due","start":8240.562,"end":8240.658},{"text":"regard,","start":8240.658,"end":8241.127},{"text":"we","start":8241.288,"end":8241.385},{"text":"can","start":8241.385,"end":8241.563},{"text":"ensure","start":8241.563,"end":8241.902},{"text":"and","start":8241.95,"end":8242.015},{"text":"preserve","start":8242.112,"end":8242.644},{"text":"the","start":8242.757,"end":8242.822},{"text":"freedom","start":8242.822,"end":8243.129},{"text":"of","start":8243.161,"end":8243.258},{"text":"use,","start":8243.306,"end":8243.532},{"text":"we","start":8244.049,"end":8244.21},{"text":"can","start":8244.21,"end":8244.404},{"text":"ensure","start":8244.453,"end":8244.711},{"text":"the","start":8244.711,"end":8244.856},{"text":"peaceful","start":8244.856,"end":8245.405},{"text":"and","start":8245.405,"end":8245.567},{"text":"exclusively","start":8245.567,"end":8246.116},{"text":"peaceful","start":8246.148,"end":8246.471},{"text":"purposes","start":8246.471,"end":8247.001},{"text":"depending","start":8247.611,"end":8247.965},{"text":"on","start":8248.061,"end":8248.126},{"text":"the","start":8248.158,"end":8248.286},{"text":"part","start":8248.479,"end":8248.72},{"text":"of","start":8248.72,"end":8248.817},{"text":"space,","start":8248.817,"end":8249.315},{"text":"and","start":8249.749,"end":8249.829},{"text":"we","start":8250.086,"end":8250.231},{"text":"can","start":8250.231,"end":8250.44},{"text":"ensure","start":8250.729,"end":8251.082},{"text":"as","start":8251.275,"end":8251.42},{"text":"well","start":8251.452,"end":8251.58},{"text":"that","start":8252.352,"end":8252.496},{"text":"there","start":8252.496,"end":8252.609},{"text":"is","start":8252.641,"end":8252.866},{"text":"information","start":8253.139,"end":8253.685},{"text":"sharing,","start":8253.685,"end":8253.91},{"text":"which","start":8254.023,"end":8254.151},{"text":"is","start":8254.183,"end":8254.232},{"text":"a","start":8254.344,"end":8254.408},{"text":"key","start":8254.408,"end":8254.521},{"text":"aspect","start":8254.649,"end":8255.244},{"text":"to","start":8255.244,"end":8255.356},{"text":"enable","start":8255.389,"end":8256.031},{"text":"due","start":8256.031,"end":8256.136},{"text":"regard.","start":8256.136,"end":8256.661}]},{"text":"And now, before I move to specific issues related to lunar activities, it is important, again, to further zoom out and think about due regard under international law.","start":8258.495,"end":8267.719,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."},{"key":"lunar-governance","label":"Lunar Governance","description":"The Moon was discussed as a fast-emerging arena requiring rules for peaceful, safe, and sustainable activities, including landings, resource use, and protection of the lunar environment. Speakers emphasized that due regard is especially important as lunar missions and long-term operations expand."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8258.495,"end":8258.544},{"text":"now,","start":8258.544,"end":8258.625},{"text":"before","start":8258.836,"end":8259.178},{"text":"I","start":8259.325,"end":8259.422},{"text":"move","start":8259.422,"end":8259.715},{"text":"to","start":8259.715,"end":8259.927},{"text":"specific","start":8259.959,"end":8260.464},{"text":"issues","start":8260.464,"end":8260.675},{"text":"related","start":8260.708,"end":8261.098},{"text":"to","start":8261.114,"end":8261.212},{"text":"lunar","start":8261.277,"end":8261.603},{"text":"activities,","start":8261.603,"end":8262.14},{"text":"it","start":8263.051,"end":8263.165},{"text":"is","start":8263.165,"end":8263.279},{"text":"important,","start":8263.299,"end":8263.605},{"text":"again,","start":8263.653,"end":8263.799},{"text":"to","start":8263.895,"end":8263.976},{"text":"further","start":8263.976,"end":8264.396},{"text":"zoom","start":8264.396,"end":8264.654},{"text":"out","start":8264.686,"end":8265.186},{"text":"and","start":8265.493,"end":8265.589},{"text":"think","start":8265.589,"end":8265.767},{"text":"about","start":8265.767,"end":8266.057},{"text":"due","start":8266.057,"end":8266.219},{"text":"regard","start":8266.219,"end":8266.703},{"text":"under","start":8266.703,"end":8266.945},{"text":"international","start":8266.961,"end":8267.671},{"text":"law.","start":8267.671,"end":8267.719}]},{"text":"This was already mentioned by colleagues, and particularly Andrea.","start":8268.009,"end":8271.301,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8268.009,"end":8268.171},{"text":"was","start":8268.171,"end":8268.332},{"text":"already","start":8268.332,"end":8268.574},{"text":"mentioned","start":8268.574,"end":8268.913},{"text":"by","start":8268.913,"end":8269.09},{"text":"colleagues,","start":8269.203,"end":8269.51},{"text":"and","start":8270.091,"end":8270.236},{"text":"particularly","start":8270.429,"end":8270.978},{"text":"Andrea.","start":8270.978,"end":8271.301}]},{"text":"Due regard, in fact, was first established in 1947 by the Chicago Convention.","start":8272.459,"end":8277.461,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."},{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":8370.194,"end":8370.372},{"text":"we","start":8370.372,"end":8370.517},{"text":"can","start":8370.517,"end":8370.614},{"text":"see","start":8370.614,"end":8370.776},{"text":"that","start":8370.776,"end":8370.921},{"text":"there","start":8370.921,"end":8371.018},{"text":"is","start":8371.018,"end":8371.148},{"text":"a","start":8371.18,"end":8371.196},{"text":"twofold","start":8371.326,"end":8371.956},{"text":"aspect","start":8372.053,"end":8373.088},{"text":"discussed","start":8373.201,"end":8373.734},{"text":"in","start":8373.751,"end":8373.815},{"text":"the","start":8373.847,"end":8373.912},{"text":"Panama","start":8373.928,"end":8374.203},{"text":"case","start":8374.252,"end":8374.527},{"text":"of","start":8374.898,"end":8374.995},{"text":"due","start":8374.995,"end":8375.157},{"text":"regard.","start":8375.157,"end":8375.594}]},{"text":"There is an aspect of consideration, and there is an aspect of operations, when we actually conduct the activities.","start":8375.933,"end":8382.57,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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This included preserving orbital and lunar environments, avoiding irreversible harm, and designing rules that future users can still benefit from and live with."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8664.211,"end":8664.275},{"text":"on","start":8664.307,"end":8664.387},{"text":"that,","start":8664.387,"end":8664.724},{"text":"both","start":8665.109,"end":8665.237},{"text":"of","start":8665.35,"end":8665.446},{"text":"them","start":8665.446,"end":8665.622},{"text":"is","start":8666.087,"end":8666.167},{"text":"a","start":8666.216,"end":8666.232},{"text":"key","start":8666.296,"end":8666.408},{"text":"aspect","start":8666.472,"end":8666.873},{"text":"of","start":8666.953,"end":8667.082},{"text":"capacity","start":8667.098,"end":8667.515},{"text":"building","start":8667.579,"end":8667.883},{"text":"and","start":8668.14,"end":8668.22},{"text":"awareness","start":8668.22,"end":8668.605},{"text":"raising.","start":8668.701,"end":8669.022}]},{"text":"Now, on all these 3 elements, we are conducting consultations at LPP with different member states.","start":8669.359,"end":8674.715,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-consultation","label":"Transparency and Consultation","description":"Many interventions highlighted information sharing, notification, and consultations as essential mechanisms for giving practical effect to due regard. 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would love to invite, you know, feedback and discussion also with our fellow 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with that, I would like to thank you for your kind attention.","start":8681.205,"end":8684.875,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8681.205,"end":8681.35},{"text":"with","start":8681.382,"end":8681.462},{"text":"that,","start":8681.462,"end":8681.766},{"text":"I","start":8681.926,"end":8681.942},{"text":"would","start":8681.942,"end":8682.023},{"text":"like","start":8682.023,"end":8682.199},{"text":"to","start":8682.263,"end":8682.391},{"text":"thank","start":8682.423,"end":8682.664},{"text":"you","start":8682.664,"end":8682.824},{"text":"for","start":8682.824,"end":8682.968},{"text":"your","start":8682.968,"end":8683.064},{"text":"kind","start":8683.064,"end":8683.224},{"text":"attention.","start":8683.224,"end":8684.875}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Antonino Salmeri","affiliation":"LPP","affiliation_full":"LPP","group":null,"function":"Director"}},{"statement_number":39,"start":8685.852,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=8686","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank 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Isi, the floor is yours.","start":8737.946,"end":8739.637,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So,","start":8737.946,"end":8738.242},{"text":"Isi,","start":8738.422,"end":8738.652},{"text":"the","start":8738.997,"end":8739.079},{"text":"floor","start":8739.079,"end":8739.276},{"text":"is","start":8739.325,"end":8739.391},{"text":"yours.","start":8739.44,"end":8739.637}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Kai-Uwe Schröger","affiliation":"IISL","affiliation_full":"IISL","group":null,"function":"President"}},{"statement_number":40,"start":8743.165,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=8744","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you so much.","start":8743.165,"end":8743.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8743.165,"end":8743.278},{"text":"you","start":8743.31,"end":8743.342},{"text":"so","start":8743.342,"end":8743.504},{"text":"much.","start":8743.504,"end":8743.81}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates and dear colleagues, I don't know if good morning or good afternoon at this point, 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the business development officer of SJC, and I'm happy here to represent the voice of the youth today on building a better tomorrow.","start":8751.413,"end":8761.273,"topics":[{"key":"intergenerational-equity","label":"Intergenerational Equity","description":"Multiple speakers argued that space governance must consider the interests of future generations, not only present-day operators and States. 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we mentioned at that time, many of these laws and regulations made sense in their historic context, but now we're already struggling with the challenges presented by our new activities, our new actors, our new space markets, the technological advances, and possible possibilities.","start":8891.486,"end":8910.531,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. 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This included preserving orbital and lunar environments, avoiding irreversible harm, and designing rules that future users can still benefit from and live with."}],"words":[{"text":"Rather,","start":9360.344,"end":9360.634},{"text":"they","start":9360.666,"end":9360.875},{"text":"emphasize","start":9360.972,"end":9361.358},{"text":"the","start":9361.455,"end":9361.536},{"text":"urgency","start":9361.616,"end":9362.083},{"text":"of","start":9362.196,"end":9362.341},{"text":"building","start":9362.341,"end":9362.647},{"text":"a","start":9362.84,"end":9362.985},{"text":"better","start":9362.985,"end":9363.163},{"text":"framework","start":9363.163,"end":9363.726},{"text":"before","start":9364.532,"end":9364.806},{"text":"behaviors","start":9364.854,"end":9365.305},{"text":"become","start":9365.402,"end":9365.692},{"text":"entrenched.","start":9366.126,"end":9366.819}]},{"text":"So the path forward.","start":9370.5,"end":9371.624,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":9370.5,"end":9370.532},{"text":"the","start":9370.532,"end":9370.679},{"text":"path","start":9370.679,"end":9370.988},{"text":"forward.","start":9371.021,"end":9371.624}]},{"text":"What do we need?","start":9372.324,"end":9373.107,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"What","start":9372.324,"end":9372.487},{"text":"do","start":9372.487,"end":9372.585},{"text":"we","start":9372.585,"end":9372.667},{"text":"need?","start":9372.667,"end":9373.107}]},{"text":"We need clear enforcement mechanisms.","start":9373.954,"end":9375.763,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. 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Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9375.828,"end":9375.893},{"text":"need","start":9375.893,"end":9376.202},{"text":"system","start":9376.39,"end":9376.759},{"text":"legal","start":9376.823,"end":9377.032},{"text":"interpretations.","start":9377.144,"end":9378.108}]},{"text":"And we need to be cautious and very conscious of the customary practices that are forming.","start":9378.509,"end":9384.097,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. 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This included preserving orbital and lunar environments, avoiding irreversible harm, and designing rules that future users can still benefit from and live with."},{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. 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The discussion stressed that States and operators cannot avoid harmful interference if activities, risks, and intentions are not communicated clearly and in good faith."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9404.198,"end":9404.278},{"text":"can","start":9404.342,"end":9404.519},{"text":"promote","start":9404.519,"end":9405.113},{"text":"consultative","start":9405.145,"end":9405.722},{"text":"mechanism","start":9405.787,"end":9406.412},{"text":"before","start":9406.605,"end":9406.91},{"text":"we","start":9406.91,"end":9407.006},{"text":"even","start":9407.006,"end":9407.231},{"text":"launch","start":9407.247,"end":9407.487},{"text":"a","start":9407.487,"end":9407.503},{"text":"new","start":9407.503,"end":9407.824},{"text":"megaproject","start":9408.129,"end":9408.707},{"text":"or","start":9408.707,"end":9408.771},{"text":"even","start":9408.771,"end":9409.092},{"text":"the","start":9409.092,"end":9409.172},{"text":"smallest","start":9409.172,"end":9409.637},{"text":"projects.","start":9409.637,"end":9410.039}]},{"text":"We support efforts to involve developing nations and the youth voices in governance discussion.","start":9410.6,"end":9416.826,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. 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universities, supported by universities or the ECSL.","start":9639.525,"end":9643.221,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"By","start":9639.525,"end":9639.718},{"text":"universities,","start":9639.75,"end":9640.537},{"text":"supported","start":9640.585,"end":9641.067},{"text":"by","start":9641.116,"end":9641.196},{"text":"universities","start":9641.212,"end":9642.064},{"text":"or","start":9642.16,"end":9642.256},{"text":"the","start":9642.256,"end":9642.497},{"text":"ECSL.","start":9642.722,"end":9643.221}]},{"text":"So these are all the ingredients also for this intergenerational approach which is indeed 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presentations.","start":9652.46,"end":9655.835,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":9652.46,"end":9652.54},{"text":"this","start":9652.605,"end":9652.781},{"text":"closes","start":9652.781,"end":9653.231},{"text":"the","start":9654.083,"end":9654.308},{"text":"presentations.","start":9654.935,"end":9655.835}]},{"text":"We have 45 minutes still for discussions and I would first have 2 small rounds on the podium before we open to questions by you, the delegations, so you can still prepare your questions which you then can address to either the podium as a whole or to specific 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first is Andrea's categorization of due regard as not being total regard, but optimal regard.","start":9692.298,"end":9704.946,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9692.298,"end":9692.395},{"text":"first","start":9692.395,"end":9692.924},{"text":"is","start":9692.924,"end":9692.989},{"text":"Andrea's","start":9693.566,"end":9694.417},{"text":"categorization","start":9694.786,"end":9695.813},{"text":"of","start":9696.375,"end":9696.519},{"text":"due","start":9697.515,"end":9697.643},{"text":"regard","start":9697.82,"end":9698.445},{"text":"as","start":9698.943,"end":9699.007},{"text":"not","start":9699.36,"end":9699.762},{"text":"being","start":9700.323,"end":9700.532},{"text":"total","start":9700.805,"end":9701.158},{"text":"regard,","start":9701.607,"end":9702.169},{"text":"but","start":9702.314,"end":9702.667},{"text":"optimal","start":9703.132,"end":9703.582},{"text":"regard.","start":9704.416,"end":9704.946}]},{"text":"And the second point I would like to discuss on the 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let's start with due regard as optimal regard, and I would ask Tarek first and then Olavo second of how you judge with your approaches, which were very dedicated and precise the comprehensiveness of the approach, also the space benefits, and alluding to Article 1 and the Space Benefits Declaration, I guess, of 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does that fit, and how can this be operationalized in view of what you have been presenting?","start":9753.386,"end":9760.722,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"How","start":9753.386,"end":9753.629},{"text":"does","start":9753.808,"end":9753.938},{"text":"that","start":9754.116,"end":9754.36},{"text":"fit,","start":9754.36,"end":9754.603},{"text":"and","start":9754.62,"end":9754.766},{"text":"how","start":9754.766,"end":9754.879},{"text":"can","start":9755.009,"end":9755.237},{"text":"this","start":9755.334,"end":9755.545},{"text":"be","start":9755.594,"end":9755.691},{"text":"operationalized","start":9755.756,"end":9756.698},{"text":"in","start":9757.12,"end":9757.396},{"text":"view","start":9758.41,"end":9758.571},{"text":"of","start":9759.072,"end":9759.137},{"text":"what","start":9759.234,"end":9759.477},{"text":"you","start":9759.477,"end":9759.541},{"text":"have","start":9759.574,"end":9759.784},{"text":"been","start":9759.881,"end":9760.027},{"text":"presenting?","start":9760.221,"end":9760.722}]},{"text":"Maybe, Tage, you could 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question.","start":9769.11,"end":9771.224,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":9769.11,"end":9769.225},{"text":"there","start":9769.258,"end":9769.536},{"text":"are","start":9769.766,"end":9769.831},{"text":"several","start":9769.831,"end":9770.175},{"text":"elements","start":9770.175,"end":9770.65},{"text":"to","start":9770.65,"end":9770.749},{"text":"your","start":9770.749,"end":9770.978},{"text":"question.","start":9770.978,"end":9771.224}]},{"text":"Firstly, with regards to the '96 Declaration and how that's been operationalized, I think the aspect to highlight the most is the freedom that states have.","start":9775.81,"end":9796.164,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. 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Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."},{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. 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Thank you very much, Tave.","start":10017.269,"end":10018.909,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Absolutely.","start":10017.269,"end":10017.751},{"text":"Thank","start":10017.816,"end":10018.041},{"text":"you","start":10018.041,"end":10018.089},{"text":"very","start":10018.121,"end":10018.298},{"text":"much,","start":10018.298,"end":10018.427},{"text":"Tave.","start":10018.62,"end":10018.909}]},{"text":"I now would like to ask Olavo.","start":10019.424,"end":10022.303,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10019.424,"end":10019.536},{"text":"now","start":10019.89,"end":10019.922},{"text":"would","start":10020.132,"end":10020.244},{"text":"like","start":10020.292,"end":10020.55},{"text":"to","start":10020.55,"end":10020.887},{"text":"ask","start":10021.579,"end":10021.772},{"text":"Olavo.","start":10021.852,"end":10022.303}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Kai-Uwe Schröger","affiliation":"IISL","affiliation_full":"IISL","group":null,"function":"President"}},{"statement_number":54,"start":10024.26,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=10025","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Caio. First of all, I'd like to thank all the participants of this symposium.","start":10024.26,"end":10029.154,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10024.26,"end":10024.39},{"text":"you,","start":10024.39,"end":10024.455},{"text":"Caio.","start":10024.52,"end":10025.918},{"text":"First","start":10025.983,"end":10026.227},{"text":"of","start":10026.227,"end":10026.325},{"text":"all,","start":10026.325,"end":10026.422},{"text":"I'd","start":10026.471,"end":10026.536},{"text":"like","start":10026.552,"end":10026.715},{"text":"to","start":10026.715,"end":10026.943},{"text":"thank","start":10027.382,"end":10027.723},{"text":"all","start":10027.788,"end":10027.886},{"text":"the","start":10027.886,"end":10028.016},{"text":"participants","start":10028.016,"end":10028.585},{"text":"of","start":10028.585,"end":10028.732},{"text":"this","start":10028.764,"end":10028.911},{"text":"symposium.","start":10028.911,"end":10029.154}]},{"text":"Your presentations are so interesting, so relevant today.","start":10029.908,"end":10032.447,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":10029.908,"end":10030.005},{"text":"presentations","start":10030.005,"end":10030.583},{"text":"are","start":10030.583,"end":10030.663},{"text":"so","start":10030.663,"end":10030.92},{"text":"interesting,","start":10030.969,"end":10031.451},{"text":"so","start":10031.467,"end":10031.659},{"text":"relevant","start":10031.756,"end":10032.157},{"text":"today.","start":10032.157,"end":10032.447}]},{"text":"We were able to notice different aspects involving the concept of due regard.","start":10033.041,"end":10037.202,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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that's why I believe this discussion is relevant today.","start":10176.971,"end":10179.701,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":10176.971,"end":10177.18},{"text":"that's","start":10177.276,"end":10177.437},{"text":"why","start":10177.437,"end":10177.485},{"text":"I","start":10177.517,"end":10177.613},{"text":"believe","start":10177.613,"end":10177.902},{"text":"this","start":10178.256,"end":10178.449},{"text":"discussion","start":10178.449,"end":10178.947},{"text":"is","start":10178.947,"end":10179.027},{"text":"relevant","start":10179.123,"end":10179.461},{"text":"today.","start":10179.461,"end":10179.701}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Olavo de Bittencourt Neto","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Professor"}},{"statement_number":55,"start":10181.131,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=10182","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much for that 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Kaijuven.","start":10610.231,"end":10611.997,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thanks","start":10610.231,"end":10610.375},{"text":"so","start":10610.407,"end":10610.488},{"text":"much,","start":10610.488,"end":10610.696},{"text":"Kaijuven.","start":10611.531,"end":10611.997}]},{"text":"It's a great question.","start":10612.093,"end":10613.073,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":10612.093,"end":10612.189},{"text":"a","start":10612.254,"end":10612.27},{"text":"great","start":10612.318,"end":10612.478},{"text":"question.","start":10612.478,"end":10613.073}]},{"text":"I love everyone's presentations.","start":10613.201,"end":10614.983,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10613.201,"end":10613.217},{"text":"love","start":10613.281,"end":10613.506},{"text":"everyone's","start":10614.084,"end":10614.405},{"text":"presentations.","start":10614.405,"end":10614.983}]},{"text":"I wanted to join Olavo, as a member also of the organizing committee, in thanking all the speakers, because I 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my perspective, the idea of optimal due regard needs to be encapsulated in what is the legal nature of the obligation of due regard.","start":10625.95,"end":10632.613,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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Now I turn to Andrea for assessing the inputs which we just heard in reaction to your proposed conceptualization of due regard as optimum regard.","start":10910.976,"end":10926.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10910.976,"end":10911.218},{"text":"you,","start":10911.218,"end":10911.299},{"text":"Isi.","start":10911.315,"end":10911.509},{"text":"Now","start":10912.603,"end":10912.763},{"text":"I","start":10912.763,"end":10912.907},{"text":"turn","start":10912.907,"end":10913.132},{"text":"to","start":10913.164,"end":10913.292},{"text":"Andrea","start":10913.725,"end":10914.189},{"text":"for","start":10914.189,"end":10914.75},{"text":"assessing","start":10914.75,"end":10915.295},{"text":"the","start":10916.128,"end":10916.352},{"text":"inputs","start":10916.352,"end":10916.785},{"text":"which","start":10917.57,"end":10917.778},{"text":"we","start":10917.795,"end":10917.891},{"text":"just","start":10917.891,"end":10918.275},{"text":"heard","start":10918.275,"end":10918.612},{"text":"in","start":10918.612,"end":10918.66},{"text":"reaction","start":10918.852,"end":10919.461},{"text":"to","start":10920.198,"end":10920.422},{"text":"your","start":10920.615,"end":10920.935},{"text":"proposed","start":10920.935,"end":10921.8},{"text":"conceptualization","start":10922.121,"end":10923.307},{"text":"of","start":10923.403,"end":10923.483},{"text":"due","start":10923.819,"end":10924.044},{"text":"regard","start":10924.06,"end":10924.62},{"text":"as","start":10925.005,"end":10925.069},{"text":"optimum","start":10925.341,"end":10925.742},{"text":"regard.","start":10925.742,"end":10926.03}]},{"text":"Andrea, please.","start":10926.287,"end":10926.832,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Andrea,","start":10926.287,"end":10926.623},{"text":"please.","start":10926.687,"end":10926.832}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Kai-Uwe Schröger","affiliation":"IISL","affiliation_full":"IISL","group":null,"function":"President"}},{"statement_number":68,"start":10928.226,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=10929","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":10928.226,"end":10928.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10928.226,"end":10928.466},{"text":"you.","start":10928.466,"end":10928.61}]},{"text":"So in listening to this discussion that we're having here, one important thing that comes to mind is that we're not only interpreting due regard, we're also Interpreting corresponding interests, because that is part of the due regard obligation.","start":10928.787,"end":10944.984,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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delegates.","start":11098.195,"end":11101.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":11098.195,"end":11098.324},{"text":"now","start":11098.357,"end":11098.437},{"text":"we","start":11099.002,"end":11099.164},{"text":"can","start":11099.309,"end":11099.583},{"text":"turn","start":11099.712,"end":11100.051},{"text":"to","start":11100.067,"end":11100.325},{"text":"the","start":11100.358,"end":11100.519},{"text":"delegates.","start":11100.519,"end":11101.31}]},{"text":"Please, distinguished delegates, if you have any comment, any question for the panelists, the floor is 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Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":11319.77,"end":11320.307},{"text":"would","start":11320.601,"end":11320.829},{"text":"be","start":11320.862,"end":11321.188},{"text":"how","start":11321.253,"end":11321.351},{"text":"our","start":11321.823,"end":11321.954},{"text":"constitution","start":11322.247,"end":11322.948},{"text":"reflects","start":11323.617,"end":11324.155},{"text":"the","start":11324.269,"end":11324.35},{"text":"principle","start":11324.35,"end":11324.693},{"text":"of","start":11324.693,"end":11324.774},{"text":"due","start":11324.774,"end":11325.019},{"text":"regard.","start":11325.019,"end":11325.491}]},{"text":"However, I'd like to note that in our understanding, There's due regard to a person, to a participant, and then there is another approach, due regard to problems, phenomena, threats, challenges.","start":11326.878,"end":11348.129,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":11350.239,"end":11350.529},{"text":"here","start":11350.642,"end":11351.077},{"text":"we","start":11351.608,"end":11351.689},{"text":"have","start":11351.689,"end":11351.85},{"text":"a","start":11351.85,"end":11351.866},{"text":"different","start":11352.043,"end":11352.784},{"text":"understanding","start":11352.819,"end":11353.547},{"text":"of","start":11353.646,"end":11353.795},{"text":"the","start":11353.828,"end":11353.977},{"text":"term.","start":11353.977,"end":11354.391}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Threat phenomena is consideration of the sources of the problem and all possible and accessible measures and means of solving it and reducing the expected negative consequences of its impact.","start":11356.93,"end":11374.347,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Threat","start":11356.93,"end":11357.46},{"text":"phenomena","start":11357.669,"end":11358.344},{"text":"is","start":11358.954,"end":11359.018},{"text":"consideration","start":11359.372,"end":11360.127},{"text":"of","start":11360.416,"end":11360.561},{"text":"the","start":11360.561,"end":11360.834},{"text":"sources","start":11360.898,"end":11361.509},{"text":"of","start":11361.702,"end":11361.798},{"text":"the","start":11361.798,"end":11361.943},{"text":"problem","start":11361.943,"end":11362.521},{"text":"and","start":11363.389,"end":11363.775},{"text":"all","start":11363.775,"end":11363.903},{"text":"possible","start":11364.257,"end":11364.626},{"text":"and","start":11364.899,"end":11365.076},{"text":"accessible","start":11365.221,"end":11365.687},{"text":"measures","start":11365.815,"end":11366.33},{"text":"and","start":11366.443,"end":11366.685},{"text":"means","start":11366.685,"end":11367.138},{"text":"of","start":11368.043,"end":11368.35},{"text":"solving","start":11368.399,"end":11368.835},{"text":"it","start":11369.207,"end":11369.433},{"text":"and","start":11369.433,"end":11369.983},{"text":"reducing","start":11369.983,"end":11370.532},{"text":"the","start":11370.904,"end":11371.114},{"text":"expected","start":11371.114,"end":11371.696},{"text":"negative","start":11371.696,"end":11372.278},{"text":"consequences","start":11372.343,"end":11373.038},{"text":"of","start":11373.232,"end":11373.361},{"text":"its","start":11373.539,"end":11373.668},{"text":"impact.","start":11373.814,"end":11374.347}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"So as you can see, with respect to the subject and with respect to the phenomenon, we have different construents of the term due regard.","start":11378.553,"end":11390.622,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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The discussion stressed that States and operators cannot avoid harmful interference if activities, risks, and intentions are not communicated clearly and in good faith."},{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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I fully support that concept, but either we would be awaiting a response in that case, or if we are to exercise that principle at the first 2 phases of a mission, then we have to have transparency, we have to have exchange of information.","start":11423.063,"end":11442.437,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Well,","start":11423.063,"end":11423.273},{"text":"I","start":11423.289,"end":11423.338},{"text":"fully","start":11423.387,"end":11423.758},{"text":"support","start":11424.292,"end":11424.68},{"text":"that","start":11424.68,"end":11424.907},{"text":"concept,","start":11424.907,"end":11425.408},{"text":"but","start":11426.281,"end":11426.75},{"text":"either","start":11428.465,"end":11428.917},{"text":"we","start":11429.128,"end":11429.289},{"text":"would","start":11429.289,"end":11429.403},{"text":"be","start":11429.451,"end":11429.532},{"text":"awaiting","start":11429.532,"end":11429.904},{"text":"a","start":11429.936,"end":11429.953},{"text":"response","start":11429.953,"end":11430.519},{"text":"in","start":11430.519,"end":11430.583},{"text":"that","start":11430.583,"end":11430.713},{"text":"case,","start":11430.745,"end":11431.02},{"text":"or","start":11434.466,"end":11434.582},{"text":"if","start":11434.913,"end":11435.344},{"text":"we","start":11435.476,"end":11435.559},{"text":"are","start":11435.559,"end":11435.758},{"text":"to","start":11435.791,"end":11435.841},{"text":"exercise","start":11435.874,"end":11436.354},{"text":"that","start":11436.371,"end":11436.536},{"text":"principle","start":11436.536,"end":11436.834},{"text":"at","start":11436.834,"end":11436.868},{"text":"the","start":11436.868,"end":11436.967},{"text":"first","start":11436.967,"end":11437.398},{"text":"2","start":11437.457,"end":11437.746},{"text":"phases","start":11438.18,"end":11438.726},{"text":"of","start":11438.903,"end":11438.999},{"text":"a","start":11438.999,"end":11439.015},{"text":"mission,","start":11439.063,"end":11439.369},{"text":"then","start":11439.802,"end":11439.947},{"text":"we","start":11439.947,"end":11440.027},{"text":"have","start":11440.043,"end":11440.252},{"text":"to","start":11440.284,"end":11440.445},{"text":"have","start":11440.445,"end":11440.574},{"text":"transparency,","start":11440.686,"end":11441.136},{"text":"we","start":11441.152,"end":11441.232},{"text":"have","start":11441.232,"end":11441.409},{"text":"to","start":11441.409,"end":11441.473},{"text":"have","start":11441.473,"end":11441.634},{"text":"exchange","start":11441.634,"end":11441.907},{"text":"of","start":11441.907,"end":11441.971},{"text":"information.","start":11441.971,"end":11442.437}]},{"text":"And here I would welcome the creation of the ATLAS group.","start":11443,"end":11446.486,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":11443,"end":11443.176},{"text":"here","start":11443.176,"end":11443.514},{"text":"I","start":11443.562,"end":11443.594},{"text":"would","start":11443.594,"end":11443.819},{"text":"welcome","start":11443.819,"end":11444.269},{"text":"the","start":11444.381,"end":11444.526},{"text":"creation","start":11444.526,"end":11444.911},{"text":"of","start":11445.184,"end":11445.393},{"text":"the","start":11445.425,"end":11445.666},{"text":"ATLAS","start":11445.731,"end":11446.132},{"text":"group.","start":11446.132,"end":11446.486}]},{"text":"Another point I'd like to make, the experts mentioned Article 9 in construence of due regard, but I would draw attention to Article 1.","start":11451.1,"end":11462.282,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and 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The discussion stressed that States and operators cannot avoid harmful interference if activities, risks, and intentions are not communicated clearly and in good faith."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":11622.26,"end":11622.293},{"text":"need","start":11622.293,"end":11622.487},{"text":"to","start":11622.519,"end":11622.859},{"text":"consult","start":11622.907,"end":11625.997},{"text":"with","start":11625.997,"end":11627.194},{"text":"each","start":11627.696,"end":11627.777},{"text":"other","start":11627.793,"end":11628.116},{"text":"in","start":11628.504,"end":11628.601},{"text":"advance.","start":11628.601,"end":11629.102}]},{"text":"And that means that we should make our decisions in consequence of what we find out in terms of the resources and the means that we use.","start":11629.377,"end":11638.612,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":11629.377,"end":11629.523},{"text":"that","start":11629.62,"end":11629.878},{"text":"means","start":11629.878,"end":11630.218},{"text":"that","start":11630.347,"end":11630.703},{"text":"we","start":11630.767,"end":11630.961},{"text":"should","start":11631.576,"end":11632.19},{"text":"make","start":11632.885,"end":11633.208},{"text":"our","start":11633.208,"end":11633.516},{"text":"decisions","start":11633.516,"end":11634.049},{"text":"in","start":11634.647,"end":11634.825},{"text":"consequence","start":11634.89,"end":11635.52},{"text":"of","start":11635.52,"end":11635.746},{"text":"what","start":11635.86,"end":11636.021},{"text":"we","start":11636.021,"end":11636.102},{"text":"find","start":11636.102,"end":11636.409},{"text":"out","start":11636.409,"end":11636.571},{"text":"in","start":11636.571,"end":11636.652},{"text":"terms","start":11636.652,"end":11636.878},{"text":"of","start":11636.91,"end":11637.04},{"text":"the","start":11637.056,"end":11637.153},{"text":"resources","start":11637.153,"end":11637.654},{"text":"and","start":11637.702,"end":11637.783},{"text":"the","start":11637.783,"end":11637.864},{"text":"means","start":11637.864,"end":11638.01},{"text":"that","start":11638.01,"end":11638.124},{"text":"we","start":11638.124,"end":11638.27},{"text":"use.","start":11638.27,"end":11638.612}]},{"text":"So in that connection, I would like to mention a trend that we are quite concerned about, a trend towards erroneous interpretation of the notion of free access to outer space.","start":11638.938,"end":11655.077,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."},{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":11638.938,"end":11639.15},{"text":"in","start":11639.492,"end":11639.558},{"text":"that","start":11639.672,"end":11640.063},{"text":"connection,","start":11640.063,"end":11640.454},{"text":"I","start":11640.715,"end":11640.731},{"text":"would","start":11640.731,"end":11640.894},{"text":"like","start":11640.894,"end":11641.187},{"text":"to","start":11641.204,"end":11641.562},{"text":"mention","start":11641.79,"end":11642.328},{"text":"a","start":11643.476,"end":11643.492},{"text":"trend","start":11643.492,"end":11643.936},{"text":"that","start":11643.968,"end":11644.133},{"text":"we","start":11644.133,"end":11644.215},{"text":"are","start":11644.215,"end":11644.313},{"text":"quite","start":11644.313,"end":11644.51},{"text":"concerned","start":11644.543,"end":11644.888},{"text":"about,","start":11644.888,"end":11645.298},{"text":"a","start":11647.248,"end":11647.264},{"text":"trend","start":11647.377,"end":11647.924},{"text":"towards","start":11648.182,"end":11648.488},{"text":"erroneous","start":11648.617,"end":11649.245},{"text":"interpretation","start":11649.245,"end":11651.34},{"text":"of","start":11651.34,"end":11651.468},{"text":"the","start":11651.501,"end":11651.726},{"text":"notion","start":11652.789,"end":11653.16},{"text":"of","start":11653.337,"end":11653.418},{"text":"free","start":11653.434,"end":11653.675},{"text":"access","start":11653.82,"end":11654.126},{"text":"to","start":11654.223,"end":11654.384},{"text":"outer","start":11654.465,"end":11654.577},{"text":"space.","start":11654.577,"end":11655.077}]},{"text":"In a number of statements by countries, we hear the principle of free exploration and use of outer space.","start":11655.673,"end":11667.649,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."},{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":11655.673,"end":11655.802},{"text":"a","start":11656.011,"end":11656.06},{"text":"number","start":11656.06,"end":11656.237},{"text":"of","start":11656.881,"end":11657.944},{"text":"statements","start":11658.443,"end":11659.087},{"text":"by","start":11659.152,"end":11659.345},{"text":"countries,","start":11660.102,"end":11660.489},{"text":"we","start":11660.601,"end":11660.682},{"text":"hear","start":11660.779,"end":11661.97},{"text":"the","start":11662.856,"end":11663.098},{"text":"principle","start":11663.259,"end":11663.871},{"text":"of","start":11664.129,"end":11664.435},{"text":"free","start":11664.547,"end":11665.047},{"text":"exploration","start":11665.258,"end":11665.902},{"text":"and","start":11666.083,"end":11666.248},{"text":"use","start":11666.248,"end":11666.479},{"text":"of","start":11666.742,"end":11666.808},{"text":"outer","start":11666.99,"end":11667.105},{"text":"space.","start":11667.105,"end":11667.649}]},{"text":"Substantially, substituted with the notion of freedom of action in outer space, which means there would be no limitations or self-limitations.","start":11667.732,"end":11679.377,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."},{"key":"equitable-space-access","label":"Equitable Access to Space","description":"A major concern was ensuring that outer space remains accessible and beneficial to all countries, including developing States and those of the Global South. Speakers connected due regard with non-discrimination, common interests, and the need to protect the rights of less-capable actors in the space domain."}],"words":[{"text":"Substantially,","start":11667.732,"end":11668.721},{"text":"substituted","start":11669.177,"end":11670.62},{"text":"with","start":11670.652,"end":11671.43},{"text":"the","start":11671.528,"end":11671.657},{"text":"notion","start":11671.868,"end":11672.209},{"text":"of","start":11672.273,"end":11672.403},{"text":"freedom","start":11672.581,"end":11672.954},{"text":"of","start":11672.987,"end":11673.133},{"text":"action","start":11673.473,"end":11673.992},{"text":"in","start":11674.041,"end":11674.187},{"text":"outer","start":11674.219,"end":11674.381},{"text":"space,","start":11674.381,"end":11674.77},{"text":"which","start":11674.786,"end":11674.916},{"text":"means","start":11674.949,"end":11675.159},{"text":"there","start":11675.176,"end":11675.257},{"text":"would","start":11675.257,"end":11675.354},{"text":"be","start":11675.354,"end":11675.5},{"text":"no","start":11675.5,"end":11675.759},{"text":"limitations","start":11676.7,"end":11677.43},{"text":"or","start":11678.03,"end":11678.128},{"text":"self-limitations.","start":11678.257,"end":11679.377}]},{"text":"There would be no self-limitation on countries' conduct in outer space.","start":11679.426,"end":11683.418,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"There","start":11679.426,"end":11679.507},{"text":"would","start":11679.507,"end":11679.653},{"text":"be","start":11679.653,"end":11679.685},{"text":"no","start":11679.734,"end":11679.815},{"text":"self-limitation","start":11679.912,"end":11680.902},{"text":"on","start":11681.259,"end":11681.487},{"text":"countries'","start":11681.519,"end":11681.892},{"text":"conduct","start":11681.99,"end":11682.72},{"text":"in","start":11682.72,"end":11682.768},{"text":"outer","start":11682.882,"end":11683.044},{"text":"space.","start":11683.044,"end":11683.418}]},{"text":"That is at direct variance with the principle of due regard.","start":11685.567,"end":11690.107,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. Speakers discussed its legal meaning, its binding character, and how it can guide safe, peaceful, and cooperative conduct in outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":11685.567,"end":11686.361},{"text":"is","start":11686.361,"end":11686.507},{"text":"at","start":11686.848,"end":11687.788},{"text":"direct","start":11688.08,"end":11688.356},{"text":"variance","start":11688.404,"end":11688.793},{"text":"with","start":11688.793,"end":11688.874},{"text":"the","start":11688.874,"end":11688.955},{"text":"principle","start":11688.955,"end":11689.312},{"text":"of","start":11689.312,"end":11689.393},{"text":"due","start":11689.442,"end":11689.604},{"text":"regard.","start":11689.604,"end":11690.107}]},{"text":"I thank you for your attention.","start":11692.665,"end":11694.468,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":11692.665,"end":11692.846},{"text":"thank","start":11693.337,"end":11693.583},{"text":"you","start":11693.583,"end":11693.665},{"text":"for","start":11693.73,"end":11693.796},{"text":"your","start":11693.812,"end":11693.927},{"text":"attention.","start":11693.976,"end":11694.468}]},{"text":"I apologize for taking so much time, but I I feel that this is an important point and I would like to hear the views of the distinguished experts with respect to the position that I've just outlined.","start":11694.55,"end":11705.477,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":11694.55,"end":11694.648},{"text":"apologize","start":11694.648,"end":11695.074},{"text":"for","start":11695.074,"end":11695.221},{"text":"taking","start":11695.221,"end":11695.451},{"text":"so","start":11695.451,"end":11695.549},{"text":"much","start":11695.549,"end":11695.779},{"text":"time,","start":11695.779,"end":11696.09},{"text":"but","start":11696.123,"end":11696.434},{"text":"I","start":11696.434,"end":11696.614},{"text":"I","start":11696.59,"end":11696.606},{"text":"feel","start":11696.606,"end":11696.784},{"text":"that","start":11696.784,"end":11696.897},{"text":"this","start":11696.929,"end":11697.108},{"text":"is","start":11697.108,"end":11697.188},{"text":"an","start":11697.188,"end":11697.286},{"text":"important","start":11697.286,"end":11697.804},{"text":"point","start":11697.82,"end":11697.998},{"text":"and","start":11697.998,"end":11698.208},{"text":"I","start":11698.548,"end":11698.629},{"text":"would","start":11698.629,"end":11698.726},{"text":"like","start":11698.726,"end":11698.953},{"text":"to","start":11698.953,"end":11699.018},{"text":"hear","start":11699.05,"end":11699.325},{"text":"the","start":11699.617,"end":11699.698},{"text":"views","start":11699.698,"end":11700.07},{"text":"of","start":11700.264,"end":11700.361},{"text":"the","start":11700.426,"end":11700.507},{"text":"distinguished","start":11700.507,"end":11701.058},{"text":"experts","start":11701.058,"end":11701.738},{"text":"with","start":11701.867,"end":11702.045},{"text":"respect","start":11702.045,"end":11702.709},{"text":"to","start":11702.757,"end":11703.114},{"text":"the","start":11704.376,"end":11704.473},{"text":"position","start":11704.473,"end":11704.797},{"text":"that","start":11704.797,"end":11704.878},{"text":"I've","start":11704.878,"end":11704.991},{"text":"just","start":11705.04,"end":11705.202},{"text":"outlined.","start":11705.202,"end":11705.477}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":11705.526,"end":11706.029,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":11705.526,"end":11705.769},{"text":"you.","start":11705.769,"end":11706.029}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Vassili","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":null}},{"statement_number":72,"start":11707.617,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=11708","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Vassili, and I give the floor now to Guoyu from China.","start":11707.617,"end":11712.577,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":11707.617,"end":11707.86},{"text":"you,","start":11707.86,"end":11707.974},{"text":"Vassili,","start":11708.022,"end":11708.622},{"text":"and","start":11709.4,"end":11709.611},{"text":"I","start":11710.064,"end":11710.081},{"text":"give","start":11710.129,"end":11710.372},{"text":"the","start":11710.372,"end":11710.47},{"text":"floor","start":11710.47,"end":11710.794},{"text":"now","start":11710.794,"end":11710.891},{"text":"to","start":11711.199,"end":11711.312},{"text":"Guoyu","start":11711.426,"end":11711.734},{"text":"from","start":11711.993,"end":11712.204},{"text":"China.","start":11712.317,"end":11712.577}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Sergio Marchisio","affiliation":"ECSL","affiliation_full":"ECSL","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":73,"start":11714.286,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=11715","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Sergio.","start":11714.286,"end":11715.347,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":11714.286,"end":11714.531},{"text":"you,","start":11714.531,"end":11714.727},{"text":"Sergio.","start":11714.857,"end":11715.347}]},{"text":"Thank you all for the wonderful presentation.","start":11716.343,"end":11718.204,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":11716.343,"end":11716.816},{"text":"you","start":11716.816,"end":11716.914},{"text":"all","start":11716.914,"end":11717.078},{"text":"for","start":11717.078,"end":11717.257},{"text":"the","start":11717.257,"end":11717.421},{"text":"wonderful","start":11717.486,"end":11717.878},{"text":"presentation.","start":11717.878,"end":11718.204}]},{"text":"So I have maybe 2 questions to address here.","start":11719.679,"end":11722.554,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":11719.679,"end":11720.007},{"text":"I","start":11720.155,"end":11720.303},{"text":"have","start":11720.303,"end":11720.451},{"text":"maybe","start":11720.813,"end":11721.043},{"text":"2","start":11721.043,"end":11721.207},{"text":"questions","start":11721.207,"end":11721.601},{"text":"to","start":11721.799,"end":11721.914},{"text":"address","start":11721.963,"end":11722.242},{"text":"here.","start":11722.357,"end":11722.554}]},{"text":"The first one is regarding the relation between so-called soft law approach and legal, always say law interpretation or treaty interpretation.","start":11723.725,"end":11734.996,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. Speakers also debated how soft-law instruments, guidelines, and proposals may influence the development of legal meaning over time."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11723.725,"end":11723.805},{"text":"first","start":11723.805,"end":11724.126},{"text":"one","start":11724.126,"end":11724.287},{"text":"is","start":11724.287,"end":11724.415},{"text":"regarding","start":11724.784,"end":11725.298},{"text":"the","start":11725.635,"end":11725.828},{"text":"relation","start":11726.037,"end":11726.454},{"text":"between","start":11726.454,"end":11727.064},{"text":"so-called","start":11727.434,"end":11727.899},{"text":"soft","start":11727.915,"end":11728.333},{"text":"law","start":11728.365,"end":11728.461},{"text":"approach","start":11728.606,"end":11729.152},{"text":"and","start":11729.569,"end":11729.842},{"text":"legal,","start":11730.308,"end":11730.773},{"text":"always","start":11730.87,"end":11731.062},{"text":"say","start":11731.062,"end":11731.367},{"text":"law","start":11731.737,"end":11731.833},{"text":"interpretation","start":11731.913,"end":11732.604},{"text":"or","start":11732.941,"end":11733.053},{"text":"treaty","start":11733.358,"end":11734.289},{"text":"interpretation.","start":11734.338,"end":11734.996}]},{"text":"So, it's the common understanding that due regard need— we need more specific rules to articulate the meaning of due regard.","start":11736.329,"end":11746.171,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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useful thoughts about how to define due regard, because that's the two sides of the coin.","start":11898.588,"end":11904.954,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-interpretation","label":"Treaty Interpretation and Norm Development","description":"A recurring topic was how to interpret Article 9 and related treaty language using tools such as the Vienna Convention, State practice, court analogies, and multilingual treaty texts. 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I don't think we could go to the panelists once again because we should conclude at 1 o'clock 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I have still 3 speakers on my list, the Indonesian delegate, You have the floor.","start":11929.171,"end":11937.538,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":11929.171,"end":11929.332},{"text":"I","start":11929.348,"end":11929.46},{"text":"have","start":11930.134,"end":11930.359},{"text":"still","start":11930.472,"end":11930.873},{"text":"3","start":11930.889,"end":11931.371},{"text":"speakers","start":11931.451,"end":11932.045},{"text":"on","start":11932.141,"end":11932.222},{"text":"my","start":11932.222,"end":11932.27},{"text":"list,","start":11932.463,"end":11932.976},{"text":"the","start":11933.041,"end":11933.233},{"text":"Indonesian","start":11934.068,"end":11935.032},{"text":"delegate,","start":11935.032,"end":11935.899},{"text":"You","start":11936.879,"end":11936.959},{"text":"have","start":11936.959,"end":11937.104},{"text":"the","start":11937.136,"end":11937.232},{"text":"floor.","start":11937.232,"end":11937.538}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Sergio Marchisio","affiliation":"ECSL","affiliation_full":"ECSL","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":75,"start":11938.421,"pageUrl":"/ar/asset/k1z/k1z9zlolo2?lang=en&t=11939","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chair.","start":11938.421,"end":11939.482,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":11938.421,"end":11938.582},{"text":"you","start":11938.582,"end":11938.727},{"text":"very","start":11938.727,"end":11938.888},{"text":"much,","start":11938.888,"end":11939.112},{"text":"Chair.","start":11939.209,"end":11939.482}]},{"text":"Good afternoon to you all, and congratulations for all presenters before us.","start":11940.43,"end":11944.689,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":11940.43,"end":11940.575},{"text":"afternoon","start":11940.575,"end":11940.993},{"text":"to","start":11940.993,"end":11941.041},{"text":"you","start":11941.057,"end":11941.202},{"text":"all,","start":11941.218,"end":11941.443},{"text":"and","start":11941.459,"end":11941.619},{"text":"congratulations","start":11941.619,"end":11942.439},{"text":"for","start":11942.519,"end":11942.696},{"text":"all","start":11942.825,"end":11942.969},{"text":"presenters","start":11943.001,"end":11943.612},{"text":"before","start":11944.03,"end":11944.384},{"text":"us.","start":11944.432,"end":11944.689}]},{"text":"First of all, Indonesia— I myself am not speaking now on behalf of the Indonesian government, but in my personal capacity as a student of international law.","start":11945.075,"end":11955.916,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"First","start":11945.075,"end":11945.335},{"text":"of","start":11945.335,"end":11945.442},{"text":"all,","start":11945.495,"end":11945.727},{"text":"Indonesia—","start":11947.468,"end":11948.323},{"text":"I","start":11948.323,"end":11948.371},{"text":"myself","start":11948.742,"end":11949.403},{"text":"am","start":11949.532,"end":11949.79},{"text":"not","start":11949.79,"end":11949.968},{"text":"speaking","start":11949.968,"end":11950.322},{"text":"now","start":11950.355,"end":11950.516},{"text":"on","start":11950.596,"end":11950.758},{"text":"behalf","start":11950.758,"end":11950.983},{"text":"of","start":11950.983,"end":11951.048},{"text":"the","start":11951.161,"end":11951.354},{"text":"Indonesian","start":11951.387,"end":11951.935},{"text":"government,","start":11951.951,"end":11952.386},{"text":"but","start":11952.854,"end":11953.015},{"text":"in","start":11953.015,"end":11953.16},{"text":"my","start":11953.16,"end":11953.321},{"text":"personal","start":11953.321,"end":11953.741},{"text":"capacity","start":11953.741,"end":11954.369},{"text":"as","start":11954.386,"end":11954.515},{"text":"a","start":11954.563,"end":11954.579},{"text":"student","start":11954.611,"end":11955.031},{"text":"of","start":11955.031,"end":11955.16},{"text":"international","start":11955.16,"end":11955.803},{"text":"law.","start":11955.82,"end":11955.916}]},{"text":"Secondly, it seems very clear in international law that the due regards principle is recognized and it is applicable.","start":11956.383,"end":11964.872,"topics":[{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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Speakers emphasized that due regard is especially important as lunar missions and long-term operations expand."},{"key":"national-space-laws","label":"National Space Legislation","description":"Delegates and experts repeatedly examined how States implement international space obligations through domestic licensing, regulation, and guidelines. National laws were presented both as tools for operationalizing due regard and as potential sources of fragmented interpretation if not harmonized internationally."},{"key":"due-regard-principle","label":"Due Regard Principle","description":"A central theme was how to understand and operationalize the Article 9 obligation to act with due regard to the corresponding interests of other States. 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