{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k18/k182ev1xdi","kaltura_id":"1_82ev1xdi","title":"(5th meeting) Plenary Session, Global Mechanism on ICTs in the Context of International Security (20-24 July)","clean_title":"(5th meeting) Plenary Session, Global Mechanism on ICTs in the Context of International Security (20-24 July)","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi","date":"2026-07-22T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2026-07-22T14:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"02:55:29","category":"Meetings & Events","body":null,"event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":null,"pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k18/k182ev1xdi"},"metadata":{"summary":"Substantive Plenary Session of the new Global Mechanism on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Security.","description":"Discussions on the five pillars of the framework for responsible State behaviour in the use of information and communications technologies in accordance with annex C of A/79/214 and annex I of A/80/257 (continued)\nInternational law","categories":["Meetings & Events"],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":["INTERNATIONAL SECURITY","TECHNOLOGY","DEVELOPMENT"],"corporate_name":[],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[{"title":"Event Page","url":"https://meetings.unoda.org/-/global-mechanism-on-icts-in-the-context-of-international-security-plenary-2026"},{"title":"Programme","url":"https://docs-library.unoda.org/Global_Mechanism_on_ICTs_in_the_Context_of_International_Security_-Plenary_(2026)/2026.06.29_GMech06_Letter_from_the_Chair._Cofacilitation_DTGs_and_POW_susbtantive_plenary_session_0571.pdf"}]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"scheduled-6691e0c7-547d-4f85-aa24-1ab8bc0b57d6","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":0.147,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=1","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good morning.","start":0.147,"end":0.758,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":0.147,"end":0.276},{"text":"morning.","start":0.308,"end":0.758}]},{"text":"Good morning.","start":1.047,"end":3.407,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":1.047,"end":1.56},{"text":"morning.","start":1.994,"end":3.407}]},{"text":"We're about to begin.","start":7.326,"end":8.181,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We're","start":7.326,"end":7.439},{"text":"about","start":7.439,"end":7.745},{"text":"to","start":7.745,"end":7.826},{"text":"begin.","start":7.826,"end":8.181}]},{"text":"The fifth meeting of the substantive plenary session of the 2026 Global Mechanism on Development in the Field of Information and Communication Technologies in the Context of International Security and Advancing Responsible State Behavior in the Use of ICTs is called to order.","start":16.489,"end":37.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":16.489,"end":16.684},{"text":"fifth","start":16.928,"end":17.333},{"text":"meeting","start":17.561,"end":17.934},{"text":"of","start":19.574,"end":19.72},{"text":"the","start":19.753,"end":19.915},{"text":"substantive","start":19.915,"end":20.857},{"text":"plenary","start":20.873,"end":21.262},{"text":"session","start":21.555,"end":22.237},{"text":"of","start":22.253,"end":22.399},{"text":"the","start":22.513,"end":22.756},{"text":"2026","start":22.821,"end":24.834},{"text":"Global","start":24.864,"end":25.3},{"text":"Mechanism","start":25.494,"end":26.284},{"text":"on","start":27.268,"end":27.332},{"text":"Development","start":27.445,"end":28.01},{"text":"in","start":28.01,"end":28.091},{"text":"the","start":28.091,"end":28.171},{"text":"Field","start":28.171,"end":28.784},{"text":"of","start":29.123,"end":29.43},{"text":"Information","start":29.996,"end":30.509},{"text":"and","start":30.557,"end":30.654},{"text":"Communication","start":30.654,"end":31.263},{"text":"Technologies","start":31.359,"end":31.824},{"text":"in","start":31.856,"end":31.904},{"text":"the","start":31.92,"end":32.001},{"text":"Context","start":32.001,"end":32.353},{"text":"of","start":32.353,"end":32.434},{"text":"International","start":32.434,"end":32.899},{"text":"Security","start":32.899,"end":33.524},{"text":"and","start":33.524,"end":33.7},{"text":"Advancing","start":33.7,"end":34.31},{"text":"Responsible","start":34.342,"end":34.855},{"text":"State","start":34.855,"end":35.128},{"text":"Behavior","start":35.128,"end":35.464},{"text":"in","start":35.464,"end":35.512},{"text":"the","start":35.609,"end":35.689},{"text":"Use","start":35.689,"end":35.929},{"text":"of","start":35.929,"end":36.009},{"text":"ICTs","start":36.009,"end":36.507},{"text":"is","start":37.068,"end":37.116},{"text":"called","start":37.212,"end":37.469},{"text":"to","start":37.469,"end":37.613},{"text":"order.","start":37.613,"end":37.87}]},{"text":"I would like once again to thank all delegations for their very substantive contributions under the topic voluntary 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for a right of reply.","start":50.041,"end":56.263,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":50.041,"end":50.185},{"text":"you","start":50.297,"end":50.442},{"text":"will","start":50.522,"end":50.794},{"text":"recall,","start":51.42,"end":52.206},{"text":"under","start":52.286,"end":52.59},{"text":"this","start":52.606,"end":52.863},{"text":"same","start":52.863,"end":53.232},{"text":"agenda","start":53.408,"end":53.953},{"text":"item,","start":53.986,"end":54.483},{"text":"there","start":54.771,"end":54.932},{"text":"was","start":54.932,"end":55.028},{"text":"a","start":55.028,"end":55.092},{"text":"request","start":55.092,"end":55.349},{"text":"for","start":55.413,"end":55.493},{"text":"a","start":55.493,"end":55.509},{"text":"right","start":55.509,"end":55.765},{"text":"of","start":55.765,"end":55.91},{"text":"reply.","start":55.91,"end":56.263}]},{"text":"And so I will give the floor to the delegation of Ukraine.","start":57.261,"end":60.909,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":57.261,"end":57.567},{"text":"so","start":57.696,"end":58.068},{"text":"I","start":58.229,"end":58.294},{"text":"will","start":58.326,"end":58.455},{"text":"give","start":58.568,"end":58.859},{"text":"the","start":58.972,"end":59.053},{"text":"floor","start":59.117,"end":59.537},{"text":"to","start":59.537,"end":59.779},{"text":"the","start":59.779,"end":59.86},{"text":"delegation","start":59.86,"end":60.296},{"text":"of","start":60.36,"end":60.473},{"text":"Ukraine.","start":60.489,"end":60.909}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":2,"start":66.765,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=67","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good morning, everyone. Madam Chair, I would like to take the floor for exercising the right of reply in relation to yesterday's intervention by the representative of the Russian Federation.","start":66.765,"end":77.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":66.765,"end":66.926},{"text":"morning,","start":66.926,"end":67.217},{"text":"everyone.","start":67.346,"end":67.798},{"text":"Madam","start":69.363,"end":69.653},{"text":"Chair,","start":69.75,"end":70.17},{"text":"I","start":70.315,"end":70.363},{"text":"would","start":70.396,"end":70.492},{"text":"like","start":70.492,"end":70.67},{"text":"to","start":70.718,"end":70.815},{"text":"take","start":70.815,"end":71.122},{"text":"the","start":71.122,"end":71.202},{"text":"floor","start":71.202,"end":71.412},{"text":"for","start":71.525,"end":71.719},{"text":"exercising","start":71.848,"end":72.445},{"text":"the","start":72.509,"end":72.542},{"text":"right","start":72.574,"end":72.832},{"text":"of","start":72.832,"end":72.977},{"text":"reply","start":72.977,"end":73.3},{"text":"in","start":73.381,"end":73.429},{"text":"relation","start":73.478,"end":73.849},{"text":"to","start":73.945,"end":74.042},{"text":"yesterday's","start":74.042,"end":74.591},{"text":"intervention","start":74.607,"end":75.14},{"text":"by","start":75.253,"end":75.366},{"text":"the","start":75.658,"end":75.901},{"text":"representative","start":75.917,"end":76.629},{"text":"of","start":76.629,"end":76.759},{"text":"the","start":76.775,"end":76.808},{"text":"Russian","start":76.808,"end":77.099},{"text":"Federation.","start":77.099,"end":77.65}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, distinguished delegates, yesterday and the day before, we had a profound discussion on the existing and potential threats, where many delegations expressed their concerns about the growing threat of disinformation and information manipulation.","start":78.265,"end":93.044,"topics":[{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":78.265,"end":78.621},{"text":"Chair,","start":78.637,"end":78.929},{"text":"distinguished","start":79.123,"end":79.625},{"text":"delegates,","start":79.625,"end":80.257},{"text":"yesterday","start":80.662,"end":81.196},{"text":"and","start":81.39,"end":81.471},{"text":"the","start":81.488,"end":81.585},{"text":"day","start":81.633,"end":81.812},{"text":"before,","start":81.812,"end":82.362},{"text":"we","start":82.443,"end":82.524},{"text":"had","start":82.524,"end":82.637},{"text":"a","start":82.686,"end":82.702},{"text":"profound","start":82.767,"end":83.188},{"text":"discussion","start":83.188,"end":83.641},{"text":"on","start":84.102,"end":84.23},{"text":"the","start":84.262,"end":84.486},{"text":"existing","start":84.486,"end":84.887},{"text":"and","start":85.047,"end":85.127},{"text":"potential","start":85.143,"end":85.624},{"text":"threats,","start":85.624,"end":86.089},{"text":"where","start":86.425,"end":86.586},{"text":"many","start":86.586,"end":86.922},{"text":"delegations","start":86.922,"end":87.595},{"text":"expressed","start":87.707,"end":88.108},{"text":"their","start":88.108,"end":88.3},{"text":"concerns","start":88.3,"end":88.957},{"text":"about","start":89.31,"end":89.63},{"text":"the","start":89.63,"end":89.71},{"text":"growing","start":89.71,"end":89.999},{"text":"threat","start":90.031,"end":90.352},{"text":"of","start":90.352,"end":90.448},{"text":"disinformation","start":90.496,"end":91.281},{"text":"and","start":91.457,"end":91.634},{"text":"information","start":91.714,"end":92.275},{"text":"manipulation.","start":92.275,"end":93.044}]},{"text":"It is ironic that right after that, the Russian Federation intervenes with a speech that qualifies for an act of intentional disinformation and information manipulation.","start":93.781,"end":103.22,"topics":[{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":93.781,"end":93.941},{"text":"is","start":93.941,"end":94.005},{"text":"ironic","start":94.101,"end":94.598},{"text":"that","start":94.919,"end":95.063},{"text":"right","start":95.063,"end":95.4},{"text":"after","start":95.464,"end":95.784},{"text":"that,","start":95.784,"end":96.025},{"text":"the","start":96.105,"end":96.137},{"text":"Russian","start":96.137,"end":96.489},{"text":"Federation","start":96.505,"end":97.034},{"text":"intervenes","start":97.146,"end":97.691},{"text":"with","start":97.867,"end":97.98},{"text":"a","start":97.98,"end":98.044},{"text":"speech","start":98.044,"end":98.332},{"text":"that","start":98.669,"end":98.845},{"text":"qualifies","start":98.845,"end":99.374},{"text":"for","start":99.486,"end":99.63},{"text":"an","start":99.63,"end":99.678},{"text":"act","start":99.726,"end":99.951},{"text":"of","start":99.951,"end":100.095},{"text":"intentional","start":100.127,"end":100.768},{"text":"disinformation","start":100.768,"end":101.521},{"text":"and","start":101.633,"end":101.874},{"text":"information","start":101.874,"end":102.451},{"text":"manipulation.","start":102.451,"end":103.22}]},{"text":"Let's see why.","start":103.637,"end":104.133,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let's","start":103.637,"end":103.829},{"text":"see","start":103.877,"end":104.037},{"text":"why.","start":104.037,"end":104.133}]},{"text":"Even the AI suggests that in the process of countering disinformation, every piece of information should be evaluated for excessive appeal to emotions, Fact-checked, and if inconsistent, reported and not disseminated.","start":105.095,"end":120.248,"topics":[{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. 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to the fact-checking.","start":132.13,"end":133.302,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now","start":132.13,"end":132.243},{"text":"to","start":132.371,"end":132.5},{"text":"the","start":132.516,"end":132.564},{"text":"fact-checking.","start":132.612,"end":133.302}]},{"text":"The International Criminal Court has issued a number of warrants of arrest for Russian top officials, inclusive of Putin, crime of 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Ukraine temporarily cannot exercise the effective governance on the— on these territories, Also the fact, 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you, Madam Chair.","start":330.171,"end":331.293,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":330.171,"end":330.511},{"text":"you,","start":330.511,"end":330.579},{"text":"Madam","start":330.63,"end":330.936},{"text":"Chair.","start":330.953,"end":331.293}]},{"text":"I have the honour to deliver this statement on behalf of Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Czechia, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and my own delegation.","start":332.196,"end":366.431,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":332.196,"end":332.26},{"text":"have","start":332.276,"end":332.42},{"text":"the","start":332.452,"end":332.58},{"text":"honour","start":332.677,"end":332.933},{"text":"to","start":332.997,"end":333.093},{"text":"deliver","start":333.093,"end":333.478},{"text":"this","start":333.478,"end":333.574},{"text":"statement","start":333.574,"end":334.119},{"text":"on","start":334.119,"end":334.215},{"text":"behalf","start":334.215,"end":334.68},{"text":"of","start":334.68,"end":334.824},{"text":"Austria,","start":334.92,"end":335.513},{"text":"Belgium,","start":335.737,"end":336.266},{"text":"Brazil,","start":336.522,"end":337.067},{"text":"Bulgaria,","start":337.66,"end":338.317},{"text":"Canada,","start":338.622,"end":339.247},{"text":"Chile,","start":339.503,"end":339.872},{"text":"Colombia,","start":340.384,"end":341.041},{"text":"Croatia,","start":341.186,"end":341.763},{"text":"Czechia,","start":342.227,"end":342.852},{"text":"Egypt,","start":343.253,"end":343.67},{"text":"Estonia,","start":344.15,"end":344.807},{"text":"Finland,","start":345.176,"end":345.721},{"text":"France,","start":345.977,"end":346.554},{"text":"Germany,","start":347.019,"end":347.403},{"text":"Ghana,","start":347.916,"end":348.349},{"text":"Hungary,","start":348.701,"end":349.166},{"text":"Italy,","start":349.583,"end":349.935},{"text":"Ireland,","start":350.464,"end":350.929},{"text":"Latvia,","start":351.345,"end":351.922},{"text":"Lithuania,","start":352.387,"end":353.124},{"text":"Luxembourg,","start":353.589,"end":354.246},{"text":"Mexico,","start":354.663,"end":355.304},{"text":"Kingdom","start":355.768,"end":356.025},{"text":"of","start":356.073,"end":356.137},{"text":"the","start":356.169,"end":356.265},{"text":"Netherlands,","start":356.265,"end":356.826},{"text":"Norway,","start":357.13,"end":357.531},{"text":"Poland,","start":357.932,"end":358.461},{"text":"Portugal,","start":358.814,"end":359.375},{"text":"Romania,","start":359.68,"end":360.097},{"text":"Senegal,","start":360.481,"end":361.139},{"text":"Slovakia,","start":361.604,"end":362.278},{"text":"Slovenia,","start":362.598,"end":363.143},{"text":"Spain,","start":363.705,"end":364.074},{"text":"Sweden,","start":364.667,"end":365.116},{"text":"and","start":365.453,"end":365.517},{"text":"my","start":365.549,"end":365.629},{"text":"own","start":365.709,"end":365.821},{"text":"delegation.","start":365.87,"end":366.431}]},{"text":"Our states, spanning all regional groups represented in this room, share a common conviction: clarifying the concrete application of international law to conduct in cyberspace will be central to the work of this global mechanism.","start":367.618,"end":382.515,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":367.618,"end":367.666},{"text":"states,","start":367.714,"end":368.275},{"text":"spanning","start":368.435,"end":368.804},{"text":"all","start":368.9,"end":368.981},{"text":"regional","start":368.981,"end":369.349},{"text":"groups","start":369.398,"end":369.718},{"text":"represented","start":369.718,"end":370.424},{"text":"in","start":370.504,"end":370.552},{"text":"this","start":370.6,"end":370.729},{"text":"room,","start":370.841,"end":371.113},{"text":"share","start":371.627,"end":371.835},{"text":"a","start":371.883,"end":371.899},{"text":"common","start":371.963,"end":372.332},{"text":"conviction:","start":372.348,"end":372.813},{"text":"clarifying","start":373.711,"end":374.337},{"text":"the","start":374.449,"end":374.529},{"text":"concrete","start":374.529,"end":375.09},{"text":"application","start":375.09,"end":375.796},{"text":"of","start":375.796,"end":375.908},{"text":"international","start":375.956,"end":376.694},{"text":"law","start":376.694,"end":376.806},{"text":"to","start":377.432,"end":377.544},{"text":"conduct","start":377.56,"end":378.137},{"text":"in","start":378.201,"end":378.249},{"text":"cyberspace","start":378.298,"end":379.099},{"text":"will","start":379.58,"end":379.725},{"text":"be","start":379.725,"end":379.821},{"text":"central","start":379.821,"end":380.398},{"text":"to","start":380.543,"end":380.639},{"text":"the","start":380.639,"end":380.831},{"text":"work","start":380.847,"end":381.12},{"text":"of","start":381.264,"end":381.36},{"text":"this","start":381.36,"end":381.521},{"text":"global","start":381.585,"end":381.922},{"text":"mechanism.","start":381.922,"end":382.515}]},{"text":"We must continue building on the common understandings established by previous GGEs and the OEWGs.","start":383.269,"end":390.844,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":383.269,"end":383.365},{"text":"must","start":383.365,"end":383.654},{"text":"continue","start":383.654,"end":384.199},{"text":"building","start":384.712,"end":385.065},{"text":"on","start":385.354,"end":385.402},{"text":"the","start":385.451,"end":385.595},{"text":"common","start":385.595,"end":385.804},{"text":"understandings","start":385.9,"end":386.687},{"text":"established","start":387.2,"end":387.858},{"text":"by","start":387.923,"end":388.083},{"text":"previous","start":388.083,"end":388.709},{"text":"GGEs","start":388.709,"end":389.367},{"text":"and","start":389.913,"end":390.058},{"text":"the","start":390.25,"end":390.379},{"text":"OEWGs.","start":390.395,"end":390.844}]},{"text":"The key built in the consensus reports of the GGEs of 2010, 2013, 2015, and 2021, and the final reports of the 2019 to 2021 and the 2021 to 2025 OEWGs is clear.","start":392.257,"end":411.761,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":392.257,"end":392.337},{"text":"key","start":392.562,"end":392.835},{"text":"built","start":392.883,"end":393.3},{"text":"in","start":393.381,"end":393.461},{"text":"the","start":393.461,"end":393.541},{"text":"consensus","start":393.541,"end":394.247},{"text":"reports","start":394.247,"end":394.809},{"text":"of","start":395.243,"end":395.355},{"text":"the","start":395.387,"end":395.548},{"text":"GGEs","start":395.548,"end":396.19},{"text":"of","start":396.848,"end":396.96},{"text":"2010,","start":396.992,"end":397.747},{"text":"2013,","start":398.18,"end":399.127},{"text":"2015,","start":399.32,"end":400.251},{"text":"and","start":400.749,"end":400.813},{"text":"2021,","start":400.861,"end":402.001},{"text":"and","start":402.691,"end":402.755},{"text":"the","start":402.787,"end":402.916},{"text":"final","start":402.916,"end":403.253},{"text":"reports","start":403.253,"end":403.879},{"text":"of","start":404.521,"end":404.585},{"text":"the","start":404.682,"end":404.778},{"text":"2019","start":405.115,"end":405.966},{"text":"to","start":405.966,"end":406.062},{"text":"2021","start":406.062,"end":407.073},{"text":"and","start":407.587,"end":407.667},{"text":"the","start":407.667,"end":407.812},{"text":"2021","start":407.812,"end":408.759},{"text":"to","start":408.952,"end":409.096},{"text":"2025","start":409.096,"end":410.043},{"text":"OEWGs","start":410.22,"end":410.637},{"text":"is","start":411.183,"end":411.247},{"text":"clear.","start":411.343,"end":411.761}]},{"text":"International law applies to the use of ICTs.","start":412.467,"end":415.614,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":416.658,"end":416.803},{"text":"task","start":416.803,"end":417.14},{"text":"before","start":417.14,"end":417.493},{"text":"us","start":417.686,"end":417.782},{"text":"is","start":418.344,"end":418.392},{"text":"to","start":418.424,"end":418.649},{"text":"deepen","start":418.649,"end":418.986},{"text":"our","start":419.05,"end":419.227},{"text":"common","start":419.227,"end":419.516},{"text":"understanding","start":419.612,"end":420.239},{"text":"of","start":420.496,"end":420.56},{"text":"how","start":421.058,"end":421.186},{"text":"exactly","start":421.314,"end":421.925},{"text":"it","start":422.278,"end":422.374},{"text":"applies.","start":422.374,"end":422.808}]},{"text":"Rich and substantive discussions on the application of international law, including IHL, took place in the GGEs, OEWG, and other fora.","start":424.269,"end":434.545,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Rich","start":424.269,"end":424.494},{"text":"and","start":424.686,"end":424.751},{"text":"substantive","start":424.831,"end":425.409},{"text":"discussions","start":425.409,"end":426.019},{"text":"on","start":426.115,"end":426.147},{"text":"the","start":426.147,"end":426.276},{"text":"application","start":426.276,"end":426.87},{"text":"of","start":426.87,"end":427.015},{"text":"international","start":427.015,"end":427.721},{"text":"law,","start":427.721,"end":427.849},{"text":"including","start":428.283,"end":428.749},{"text":"IHL,","start":429.166,"end":429.616},{"text":"took","start":430.242,"end":430.451},{"text":"place","start":430.467,"end":430.884},{"text":"in","start":430.948,"end":431.029},{"text":"the","start":431.029,"end":431.173},{"text":"GGEs,","start":431.173,"end":431.832},{"text":"OEWG,","start":432.458,"end":432.843},{"text":"and","start":433.758,"end":433.823},{"text":"other","start":433.919,"end":434.079},{"text":"fora.","start":434.079,"end":434.545}]},{"text":"These discussions were facilitated by numerous capacity-building initiatives that enabled a growing number of states to contribute.","start":438.575,"end":448.431,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":553.154,"end":553.298},{"text":"complementary","start":553.41,"end":554.132},{"text":"processes","start":554.196,"end":554.902},{"text":"reinforce","start":555.255,"end":555.881},{"text":"our","start":555.961,"end":556.105},{"text":"understandings","start":556.282,"end":557.036},{"text":"and","start":557.501,"end":557.565},{"text":"can","start":557.646,"end":557.774},{"text":"provide","start":557.886,"end":558.432},{"text":"an","start":558.704,"end":558.752},{"text":"invaluable","start":558.929,"end":559.49},{"text":"basis","start":559.587,"end":560.164},{"text":"for","start":560.533,"end":560.629},{"text":"the","start":560.629,"end":560.71},{"text":"work","start":560.79,"end":561.207},{"text":"of","start":561.255,"end":561.319},{"text":"this","start":561.351,"end":561.48},{"text":"mechanism.","start":561.576,"end":562.153}]},{"text":"We wish to be clear on one point: applying IHL does not increase the risk of armed conflict in cyberspace.","start":563.356,"end":570.623,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":563.356,"end":563.437},{"text":"wish","start":563.437,"end":563.661},{"text":"to","start":563.661,"end":563.757},{"text":"be","start":563.757,"end":563.902},{"text":"clear","start":563.902,"end":564.191},{"text":"on","start":564.319,"end":564.367},{"text":"one","start":564.463,"end":564.527},{"text":"point:","start":564.64,"end":565.121},{"text":"applying","start":565.763,"end":566.292},{"text":"IHL","start":566.388,"end":566.838},{"text":"does","start":567.351,"end":567.463},{"text":"not","start":567.543,"end":567.72},{"text":"increase","start":567.768,"end":568.249},{"text":"the","start":568.249,"end":568.394},{"text":"risk","start":568.394,"end":568.747},{"text":"of","start":568.827,"end":568.907},{"text":"armed","start":569.035,"end":569.276},{"text":"conflict","start":569.276,"end":569.837},{"text":"in","start":569.837,"end":569.885},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":569.934,"end":570.623}]},{"text":"Failing to apply it leaves that risk unaddressed and civilians and other protected persons and objects less protected.","start":571.522,"end":580.176,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Failing","start":571.522,"end":571.907},{"text":"to","start":571.939,"end":572.051},{"text":"apply","start":572.099,"end":572.452},{"text":"it","start":572.581,"end":572.869},{"text":"leaves","start":573.209,"end":573.355},{"text":"that","start":573.469,"end":573.615},{"text":"risk","start":573.697,"end":574.119},{"text":"unaddressed","start":574.281,"end":575.158},{"text":"and","start":575.337,"end":575.402},{"text":"civilians","start":575.483,"end":576.165},{"text":"and","start":576.392,"end":576.457},{"text":"other","start":576.555,"end":576.782},{"text":"protected","start":576.782,"end":577.302},{"text":"persons","start":577.367,"end":577.87},{"text":"and","start":578.016,"end":578.146},{"text":"objects","start":578.26,"end":578.731},{"text":"less","start":579.316,"end":579.462},{"text":"protected.","start":579.64,"end":580.176}]},{"text":"Building on this bedrock, we are committed to advancing focused discussions on international law, including IHL.","start":581.51,"end":588.579,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Building","start":581.51,"end":581.815},{"text":"on","start":581.863,"end":581.911},{"text":"this","start":581.959,"end":582.072},{"text":"bedrock,","start":582.184,"end":582.65},{"text":"we","start":582.988,"end":583.068},{"text":"are","start":583.132,"end":583.18},{"text":"committed","start":583.293,"end":583.759},{"text":"to","start":584.048,"end":584.177},{"text":"advancing","start":584.193,"end":584.643},{"text":"focused","start":584.739,"end":585.157},{"text":"discussions","start":585.157,"end":585.848},{"text":"on","start":586.346,"end":586.394},{"text":"international","start":586.442,"end":587.165},{"text":"law,","start":587.165,"end":587.262},{"text":"including","start":587.567,"end":587.985},{"text":"IHL.","start":588.049,"end":588.579}]},{"text":"Indeed, important questions on the concrete application remain open and need to be discussed.","start":589.334,"end":595.472,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Indeed,","start":589.334,"end":589.623},{"text":"important","start":590.122,"end":590.539},{"text":"questions","start":590.539,"end":591.07},{"text":"on","start":591.247,"end":591.311},{"text":"the","start":591.344,"end":591.424},{"text":"concrete","start":591.424,"end":591.908},{"text":"application","start":591.908,"end":592.521},{"text":"remain","start":592.956,"end":593.714},{"text":"open","start":593.908,"end":594.134},{"text":"and","start":594.569,"end":594.634},{"text":"need","start":594.65,"end":594.795},{"text":"to","start":594.795,"end":594.892},{"text":"be","start":594.892,"end":594.972},{"text":"discussed.","start":594.972,"end":595.472}]},{"text":"We therefore propose addressing, among others, the following 5 areas of international law in a structured and inclusive manner by the mechanism.","start":598.237,"end":607.762,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."},{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":598.237,"end":598.345},{"text":"therefore","start":598.345,"end":598.832},{"text":"propose","start":599.17,"end":599.571},{"text":"addressing,","start":599.619,"end":600.133},{"text":"among","start":600.631,"end":600.856},{"text":"others,","start":600.952,"end":601.177},{"text":"the","start":601.466,"end":601.595},{"text":"following","start":601.595,"end":601.9},{"text":"5","start":602.012,"end":602.382},{"text":"areas","start":602.558,"end":602.864},{"text":"of","start":603.458,"end":603.586},{"text":"international","start":603.619,"end":604.261},{"text":"law","start":604.261,"end":604.454},{"text":"in","start":604.663,"end":604.711},{"text":"a","start":604.743,"end":604.807},{"text":"structured","start":604.807,"end":605.434},{"text":"and","start":605.53,"end":605.626},{"text":"inclusive","start":605.626,"end":606.204},{"text":"manner","start":606.204,"end":606.574},{"text":"by","start":606.911,"end":607.072},{"text":"the","start":607.072,"end":607.168},{"text":"mechanism.","start":607.168,"end":607.762}]},{"text":"First, sovereignty and the prohibition of intervention.","start":608.983,"end":612.356,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":608.983,"end":609.561},{"text":"sovereignty","start":610.043,"end":610.654},{"text":"and","start":610.846,"end":610.91},{"text":"the","start":610.991,"end":611.087},{"text":"prohibition","start":611.087,"end":611.649},{"text":"of","start":611.649,"end":611.746},{"text":"intervention.","start":611.794,"end":612.356}]},{"text":"Second, state responsibility and due diligence.","start":613.416,"end":616.918,"topics":[{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":613.416,"end":614.059},{"text":"state","start":614.444,"end":614.781},{"text":"responsibility","start":614.781,"end":615.713},{"text":"and","start":616.05,"end":616.13},{"text":"due","start":616.211,"end":616.387},{"text":"diligence.","start":616.387,"end":616.918}]},{"text":"Third, the prohibition of the use of force and the right of self-defense recognized under Article 51 of the UN Charter.","start":617.978,"end":626.281,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":617.978,"end":618.283},{"text":"the","start":618.957,"end":619.038},{"text":"prohibition","start":619.038,"end":619.728},{"text":"of","start":619.841,"end":619.969},{"text":"the","start":620.001,"end":620.066},{"text":"use","start":620.082,"end":620.323},{"text":"of","start":620.323,"end":620.387},{"text":"force","start":620.387,"end":620.772},{"text":"and","start":621.029,"end":621.11},{"text":"the","start":621.142,"end":621.27},{"text":"right","start":621.27,"end":621.591},{"text":"of","start":621.591,"end":621.64},{"text":"self-defense","start":621.672,"end":622.651},{"text":"recognized","start":622.957,"end":623.695},{"text":"under","start":623.76,"end":623.92},{"text":"Article","start":624.017,"end":624.418},{"text":"51","start":624.418,"end":625.029},{"text":"of","start":625.382,"end":625.478},{"text":"the","start":625.478,"end":625.623},{"text":"UN","start":625.623,"end":625.816},{"text":"Charter.","start":625.928,"end":626.281}]},{"text":"Fourth, IHL as it applies to cyber operations in situations of armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity, as well as the protection of protected persons and objects.","start":627.534,"end":644.72,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Fourth,","start":627.534,"end":627.92},{"text":"IHL","start":628.658,"end":629.108},{"text":"as","start":629.397,"end":629.558},{"text":"it","start":629.558,"end":629.638},{"text":"applies","start":629.638,"end":630.008},{"text":"to","start":630.04,"end":630.12},{"text":"cyber","start":630.12,"end":630.441},{"text":"operations","start":630.441,"end":631.164},{"text":"in","start":631.244,"end":631.293},{"text":"situations","start":631.325,"end":632.096},{"text":"of","start":632.128,"end":632.256},{"text":"armed","start":632.433,"end":632.545},{"text":"conflict,","start":632.61,"end":633.156},{"text":"including","start":633.734,"end":634.119},{"text":"the","start":634.135,"end":634.28},{"text":"principles","start":634.28,"end":634.955},{"text":"of","start":634.955,"end":635.067},{"text":"distinction,","start":635.099,"end":635.79},{"text":"proportionality,","start":636.223,"end":637.235},{"text":"precaution,","start":637.749,"end":638.36},{"text":"necessity,","start":638.729,"end":639.484},{"text":"and","start":640.078,"end":640.142},{"text":"humanity,","start":640.159,"end":640.849},{"text":"as","start":641.267,"end":641.331},{"text":"well","start":641.427,"end":641.556},{"text":"as","start":641.781,"end":641.893},{"text":"the","start":641.909,"end":642.006},{"text":"protection","start":642.006,"end":642.632},{"text":"of","start":642.632,"end":642.696},{"text":"protected","start":642.728,"end":643.21},{"text":"persons","start":643.21,"end":643.708},{"text":"and","start":644.094,"end":644.158},{"text":"objects.","start":644.238,"end":644.72}]},{"text":"And fifth, the application of international human rights law to state conduct in cyberspace.","start":645.941,"end":651.209,"topics":[{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. 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Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Including","start":651.402,"end":651.867},{"text":"privacy,","start":651.964,"end":652.494},{"text":"freedom","start":653.152,"end":653.425},{"text":"of","start":653.473,"end":653.57},{"text":"expression,","start":653.57,"end":654.1},{"text":"non-discrimination,","start":654.517,"end":655.545},{"text":"and","start":655.738,"end":655.802},{"text":"the","start":655.883,"end":655.947},{"text":"freedom","start":655.963,"end":656.268},{"text":"of","start":656.3,"end":656.461},{"text":"association.","start":656.461,"end":657.151}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, we welcome the integrated, policy-oriented, and cross-cutting nature of DTG 1, which draws on the 5 pillars of the framework, including international law.","start":658.228,"end":668.362,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":658.228,"end":658.468},{"text":"Chair,","start":658.533,"end":658.725},{"text":"we","start":659.737,"end":659.866},{"text":"welcome","start":659.898,"end":660.283},{"text":"the","start":660.38,"end":660.476},{"text":"integrated,","start":660.476,"end":661.167},{"text":"policy-oriented,","start":661.279,"end":662.291},{"text":"and","start":662.403,"end":662.468},{"text":"cross-cutting","start":662.548,"end":663.174},{"text":"nature","start":663.206,"end":663.496},{"text":"of","start":663.512,"end":663.624},{"text":"DTG","start":663.688,"end":664.106},{"text":"1,","start":664.17,"end":664.315},{"text":"which","start":664.973,"end":665.102},{"text":"draws","start":665.198,"end":665.503},{"text":"on","start":665.6,"end":665.68},{"text":"the","start":665.68,"end":665.76},{"text":"5","start":665.76,"end":665.985},{"text":"pillars","start":666.017,"end":666.274},{"text":"of","start":666.338,"end":666.419},{"text":"the","start":666.419,"end":666.499},{"text":"framework,","start":666.499,"end":667.125},{"text":"including","start":667.141,"end":667.559},{"text":"international","start":667.607,"end":668.25},{"text":"law.","start":668.25,"end":668.362}]},{"text":"This approach offers a valuable opportunity to examine specific challenges in ICT security.","start":669.213,"end":675.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":669.213,"end":669.39},{"text":"approach","start":669.39,"end":670.37},{"text":"offers","start":670.498,"end":670.739},{"text":"a","start":670.932,"end":670.948},{"text":"valuable","start":670.996,"end":671.558},{"text":"opportunity","start":671.558,"end":672.329},{"text":"to","start":672.763,"end":672.859},{"text":"examine","start":672.859,"end":673.389},{"text":"specific","start":673.389,"end":673.951},{"text":"challenges","start":673.951,"end":674.497},{"text":"in","start":674.69,"end":674.738},{"text":"ICT","start":674.77,"end":675.108},{"text":"security.","start":675.236,"end":675.83}]},{"text":"We encourage the co-facilitators of DTG I to ensure that international law, including IHL, features prominently in the substantive work of DTG I. This mechanism was created to continue and deepen the work of its predecessors.","start":676.778,"end":693.425,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":676.778,"end":676.923},{"text":"encourage","start":676.923,"end":677.388},{"text":"the","start":677.902,"end":677.983},{"text":"co-facilitators","start":678.047,"end":679.236},{"text":"of","start":679.429,"end":679.573},{"text":"DTG","start":679.573,"end":679.927},{"text":"I","start":680.136,"end":680.152},{"text":"to","start":680.297,"end":680.393},{"text":"ensure","start":680.393,"end":680.746},{"text":"that","start":681.1,"end":681.325},{"text":"international","start":681.518,"end":682.161},{"text":"law,","start":682.161,"end":682.337},{"text":"including","start":682.482,"end":682.932},{"text":"IHL,","start":683.028,"end":683.398},{"text":"features","start":684.073,"end":684.362},{"text":"prominently","start":684.491,"end":685.181},{"text":"in","start":685.535,"end":685.583},{"text":"the","start":685.631,"end":685.712},{"text":"substantive","start":685.712,"end":686.387},{"text":"work","start":686.483,"end":686.756},{"text":"of","start":687.126,"end":687.222},{"text":"DTG","start":687.222,"end":687.672},{"text":"I.","start":687.785,"end":687.801},{"text":"This","start":688.749,"end":688.909},{"text":"mechanism","start":688.909,"end":689.568},{"text":"was","start":689.697,"end":689.841},{"text":"created","start":689.938,"end":690.484},{"text":"to","start":690.597,"end":690.677},{"text":"continue","start":690.677,"end":691.207},{"text":"and","start":691.239,"end":691.336},{"text":"deepen","start":691.464,"end":691.786},{"text":"the","start":691.786,"end":691.882},{"text":"work","start":691.946,"end":692.22},{"text":"of","start":692.22,"end":692.364},{"text":"its","start":692.364,"end":692.653},{"text":"predecessors.","start":692.686,"end":693.425}]},{"text":"Continuity on international law, including IHL, is not optional, and we stand ready to support you in your endeavors to do so.","start":694.196,"end":703.275,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Continuity","start":694.196,"end":694.935},{"text":"on","start":694.935,"end":695.064},{"text":"international","start":695.08,"end":695.739},{"text":"law,","start":695.739,"end":695.835},{"text":"including","start":696.317,"end":696.751},{"text":"IHL,","start":696.783,"end":697.217},{"text":"is","start":698.069,"end":698.197},{"text":"not","start":698.229,"end":698.454},{"text":"optional,","start":698.454,"end":698.985},{"text":"and","start":699.274,"end":699.338},{"text":"we","start":699.434,"end":699.515},{"text":"stand","start":699.515,"end":699.772},{"text":"ready","start":699.82,"end":700.125},{"text":"to","start":700.495,"end":700.624},{"text":"support","start":700.624,"end":701.106},{"text":"you","start":701.106,"end":701.218},{"text":"in","start":701.684,"end":701.732},{"text":"your","start":701.829,"end":701.957},{"text":"endeavors","start":701.989,"end":702.455},{"text":"to","start":702.712,"end":702.809},{"text":"do","start":702.809,"end":702.986},{"text":"so.","start":702.986,"end":703.275}]},{"text":"For that purpose, we encourage you, Madam Chair, in coordination with the co-facilitators of DTG I, to initiate dedicated discussions on the application of the aforementioned rules of international law in real-world scenarios, including the protection of critical infrastructure such as hospitals, water systems, and energy networks from malicious ICT operations both in times of peace and in armed conflict.","start":704.014,"end":733.1,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"critical-infrastructure","label":"Protection of Critical Infrastructure","description":"Protecting critical infrastructure such as hospitals, energy systems, water networks, transport, and other essential services was a major practical concern. Delegations treated these sectors as concrete scenarios for applying international law and for reducing harm to civilians from malicious cyber 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on international law, the Pacific Islands Forum continues to support a principled approach grounded in the Charter of the United Nations and other relevant obligations under international law.","start":778.153,"end":792.293,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":778.153,"end":778.571},{"text":"on","start":779.261,"end":779.309},{"text":"international","start":779.357,"end":780.144},{"text":"law,","start":780.144,"end":780.273},{"text":"the","start":781.108,"end":781.188},{"text":"Pacific","start":781.204,"end":781.605},{"text":"Islands","start":781.67,"end":781.894},{"text":"Forum","start":781.991,"end":782.216},{"text":"continues","start":782.328,"end":783.018},{"text":"to","start":783.615,"end":783.712},{"text":"support","start":783.712,"end":784.247},{"text":"a","start":784.263,"end":784.344},{"text":"principled","start":784.344,"end":785.056},{"text":"approach","start":785.073,"end":785.526},{"text":"grounded","start":786.19,"end":786.66},{"text":"in","start":786.773,"end":786.822},{"text":"the","start":786.854,"end":787},{"text":"Charter","start":787,"end":787.389},{"text":"of","start":787.405,"end":787.567},{"text":"the","start":787.567,"end":787.664},{"text":"United","start":787.664,"end":788.442},{"text":"Nations","start":788.474,"end":788.976},{"text":"and","start":789.527,"end":789.592},{"text":"other","start":789.754,"end":789.932},{"text":"relevant","start":789.932,"end":790.418},{"text":"obligations","start":790.418,"end":791.163},{"text":"under","start":791.309,"end":791.487},{"text":"international","start":791.52,"end":792.18},{"text":"law.","start":792.18,"end":792.293}]},{"text":"We reaffirmed that international law applies to state conduct in cyberspace.","start":793.872,"end":798.688,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":793.872,"end":793.968},{"text":"reaffirmed","start":793.968,"end":794.58},{"text":"that","start":794.613,"end":794.725},{"text":"international","start":794.838,"end":795.563},{"text":"law","start":795.563,"end":795.66},{"text":"applies","start":795.74,"end":796.191},{"text":"to","start":796.707,"end":796.804},{"text":"state","start":796.852,"end":797.271},{"text":"conduct","start":797.271,"end":797.996},{"text":"in","start":797.996,"end":798.076},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":798.076,"end":798.688}]},{"text":"We also reaffirmed the applicability of international humanitarian law to cyber activities in situations of armed conflict, and the importance of protecting human rights, which apply online as they do offline.","start":800.235,"end":815.055,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. 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Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":800.235,"end":800.283},{"text":"also","start":800.316,"end":800.542},{"text":"reaffirmed","start":800.639,"end":801.188},{"text":"the","start":801.947,"end":801.995},{"text":"applicability","start":802.011,"end":802.916},{"text":"of","start":802.916,"end":803.045},{"text":"international","start":803.142,"end":803.949},{"text":"humanitarian","start":803.949,"end":804.789},{"text":"law","start":804.838,"end":804.886},{"text":"to","start":805.645,"end":805.742},{"text":"cyber","start":805.742,"end":806.129},{"text":"activities","start":806.129,"end":806.759},{"text":"in","start":807.098,"end":807.179},{"text":"situations","start":807.179,"end":807.938},{"text":"of","start":808.003,"end":808.1},{"text":"armed","start":808.229,"end":808.471},{"text":"conflict,","start":808.471,"end":808.907},{"text":"and","start":809.631,"end":809.695},{"text":"the","start":809.711,"end":809.776},{"text":"importance","start":809.792,"end":810.438},{"text":"of","start":810.438,"end":810.535},{"text":"protecting","start":810.535,"end":811.148},{"text":"human","start":811.164,"end":811.471},{"text":"rights,","start":811.568,"end":811.843},{"text":"which","start":812.214,"end":812.375},{"text":"apply","start":812.472,"end":812.747},{"text":"online","start":813.021,"end":813.409},{"text":"as","start":813.925,"end":814.054},{"text":"they","start":814.087,"end":814.248},{"text":"do","start":814.248,"end":814.361},{"text":"offline.","start":814.555,"end":815.055}]},{"text":"The global mechanism should build on the progress made in the OEWG and reflect the depth of legal discussions that have already taken place.","start":816.382,"end":826.337,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":816.382,"end":816.528},{"text":"global","start":816.528,"end":816.867},{"text":"mechanism","start":816.867,"end":817.448},{"text":"should","start":817.512,"end":817.754},{"text":"build","start":817.835,"end":818.109},{"text":"on","start":818.174,"end":818.303},{"text":"the","start":818.303,"end":818.4},{"text":"progress","start":818.4,"end":818.916},{"text":"made","start":819.449,"end":819.852},{"text":"in","start":819.852,"end":819.901},{"text":"the","start":819.933,"end":820.143},{"text":"OEWG","start":820.159,"end":820.82},{"text":"and","start":821.708,"end":821.773},{"text":"reflect","start":821.869,"end":822.483},{"text":"the","start":822.515,"end":822.596},{"text":"depth","start":822.676,"end":822.918},{"text":"of","start":823.08,"end":823.209},{"text":"legal","start":823.306,"end":823.628},{"text":"discussions","start":823.645,"end":824.338},{"text":"that","start":824.919,"end":825.081},{"text":"have","start":825.081,"end":825.242},{"text":"already","start":825.323,"end":825.63},{"text":"taken","start":825.726,"end":826.015},{"text":"place.","start":826.128,"end":826.337}]},{"text":"It should acknowledge the areas where there is a broad convergence while also providing space for states to continue building common understandings on how international law applies.","start":827.591,"end":839.477,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":827.591,"end":827.671},{"text":"should","start":827.671,"end":827.976},{"text":"acknowledge","start":827.976,"end":828.523},{"text":"the","start":828.716,"end":828.861},{"text":"areas","start":828.941,"end":829.246},{"text":"where","start":829.359,"end":829.52},{"text":"there","start":829.52,"end":829.616},{"text":"is","start":829.616,"end":829.809},{"text":"a","start":829.857,"end":830.002},{"text":"broad","start":830.002,"end":830.372},{"text":"convergence","start":830.548,"end":831.159},{"text":"while","start":831.931,"end":832.059},{"text":"also","start":832.172,"end":832.493},{"text":"providing","start":832.493,"end":832.992},{"text":"space","start":833.056,"end":833.57},{"text":"for","start":833.619,"end":833.779},{"text":"states","start":833.779,"end":834.551},{"text":"to","start":834.788,"end":834.933},{"text":"continue","start":834.933,"end":835.463},{"text":"building","start":835.559,"end":835.945},{"text":"common","start":836.041,"end":836.426},{"text":"understandings","start":836.442,"end":837.149},{"text":"on","start":837.566,"end":837.615},{"text":"how","start":837.727,"end":837.936},{"text":"international","start":838.048,"end":838.771},{"text":"law","start":838.771,"end":838.819},{"text":"applies.","start":839.028,"end":839.477}]},{"text":"For the Pacific, further discussion of state responsibility and the peaceful settlement of disputes remains important to our understanding of responsible state behavior in cyberspace and to preventing escalation.","start":840.698,"end":855.536,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":840.698,"end":840.875},{"text":"the","start":840.875,"end":841.019},{"text":"Pacific,","start":841.019,"end":841.678},{"text":"further","start":842.224,"end":842.577},{"text":"discussion","start":842.577,"end":843.091},{"text":"of","start":843.187,"end":843.283},{"text":"state","start":843.283,"end":843.669},{"text":"responsibility","start":843.669,"end":844.584},{"text":"and","start":845.13,"end":845.291},{"text":"the","start":845.291,"end":845.371},{"text":"peaceful","start":845.435,"end":845.853},{"text":"settlement","start":845.853,"end":846.495},{"text":"of","start":846.495,"end":846.624},{"text":"disputes","start":846.656,"end":847.394},{"text":"remains","start":847.86,"end":848.31},{"text":"important","start":848.422,"end":849.049},{"text":"to","start":849.049,"end":849.209},{"text":"our","start":849.289,"end":849.434},{"text":"understanding","start":849.45,"end":850.237},{"text":"of","start":850.767,"end":850.879},{"text":"responsible","start":850.911,"end":851.714},{"text":"state","start":851.714,"end":852.084},{"text":"behavior","start":852.1,"end":852.517},{"text":"in","start":852.533,"end":852.614},{"text":"cyberspace","start":852.678,"end":853.368},{"text":"and","start":853.963,"end":854.027},{"text":"to","start":854.107,"end":854.203},{"text":"preventing","start":854.203,"end":854.814},{"text":"escalation.","start":854.91,"end":855.536}]},{"text":"At the same time, legal discussions must be accessible to all states.","start":857.014,"end":861.815,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":857.014,"end":857.11},{"text":"the","start":857.158,"end":857.19},{"text":"same","start":857.19,"end":857.463},{"text":"time,","start":857.576,"end":857.913},{"text":"legal","start":858.684,"end":858.925},{"text":"discussions","start":859.005,"end":859.631},{"text":"must","start":859.744,"end":860.065},{"text":"be","start":860.065,"end":860.209},{"text":"accessible","start":860.242,"end":861.012},{"text":"to","start":861.044,"end":861.157},{"text":"all","start":861.333,"end":861.43},{"text":"states.","start":861.43,"end":861.815}]},{"text":"Many countries require support to build the legal capacity needed to engage meaningfully in these conversations, including support for officials who are not specialist international lawyers.","start":862.699,"end":875.054,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Many","start":862.699,"end":862.924},{"text":"countries","start":862.956,"end":863.406},{"text":"require","start":863.502,"end":863.856},{"text":"support","start":863.856,"end":864.579},{"text":"to","start":864.579,"end":864.691},{"text":"build","start":864.804,"end":865.045},{"text":"the","start":865.045,"end":865.189},{"text":"legal","start":865.189,"end":865.527},{"text":"capacity","start":865.527,"end":866.137},{"text":"needed","start":866.234,"end":866.539},{"text":"to","start":867.198,"end":867.278},{"text":"engage","start":867.358,"end":867.744},{"text":"meaningfully","start":867.937,"end":868.547},{"text":"in","start":868.676,"end":868.804},{"text":"these","start":868.82,"end":869.029},{"text":"conversations,","start":869.061,"end":869.913},{"text":"including","start":870.652,"end":871.07},{"text":"support","start":871.07,"end":871.696},{"text":"for","start":871.696,"end":871.873},{"text":"officials","start":871.873,"end":872.403},{"text":"who","start":872.66,"end":872.821},{"text":"are","start":872.837,"end":872.934},{"text":"not","start":872.934,"end":873.142},{"text":"specialist","start":873.142,"end":874.026},{"text":"international","start":874.026,"end":874.749},{"text":"lawyers.","start":874.749,"end":875.054}]},{"text":"Legal capacity building should therefore be a practical and cross-cutting priority of the global mechanism.","start":876.452,"end":882.654,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Legal","start":876.452,"end":876.757},{"text":"capacity","start":876.757,"end":877.304},{"text":"building","start":877.336,"end":877.625},{"text":"should","start":877.657,"end":877.882},{"text":"therefore","start":877.962,"end":878.268},{"text":"be","start":878.38,"end":878.525},{"text":"a","start":878.541,"end":878.685},{"text":"practical","start":878.685,"end":879.344},{"text":"and","start":879.408,"end":879.489},{"text":"cross-cutting","start":879.585,"end":880.276},{"text":"priority","start":880.308,"end":880.999},{"text":"of","start":881.417,"end":881.481},{"text":"the","start":881.513,"end":881.561},{"text":"global","start":881.594,"end":882.027},{"text":"mechanism.","start":882.076,"end":882.654}]},{"text":"Scenario-based training, regional workshops, peer exchanges, and accessible expert briefings can help states develop national views and participate on a more equal footing.","start":883.522,"end":897.204,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."},{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Scenario-based","start":883.522,"end":884.405},{"text":"training,","start":884.405,"end":884.855},{"text":"regional","start":885.514,"end":885.948},{"text":"workshops,","start":885.996,"end":886.51},{"text":"peer","start":887.281,"end":887.522},{"text":"exchanges,","start":887.522,"end":888.149},{"text":"and","start":888.665,"end":888.73},{"text":"accessible","start":888.827,"end":890.008},{"text":"expert","start":890.105,"end":890.671},{"text":"briefings","start":890.671,"end":891.107},{"text":"can","start":891.253,"end":891.366},{"text":"help","start":891.479,"end":891.722},{"text":"states","start":891.722,"end":892.094},{"text":"develop","start":892.223,"end":892.805},{"text":"national","start":893.274,"end":893.76},{"text":"views","start":893.76,"end":894.051},{"text":"and","start":894.714,"end":894.795},{"text":"participate","start":894.876,"end":895.7},{"text":"on","start":895.765,"end":895.878},{"text":"a","start":895.927,"end":895.943},{"text":"more","start":895.943,"end":896.363},{"text":"equal","start":896.428,"end":896.735},{"text":"footing.","start":896.735,"end":897.204}]},{"text":"The Pacific also continues to caution against moving too quickly towards discussions of additional legally binding obligations before states have had the capacity and opportunity to engage with how existing international law applies.","start":899.09,"end":915.909,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."},{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Cameroon.","start":973.255,"end":987.174,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":973.255,"end":973.287},{"text":"now","start":973.287,"end":973.433},{"text":"give","start":973.497,"end":973.642},{"text":"the","start":973.675,"end":973.82},{"text":"floor","start":973.82,"end":974.256},{"text":"to","start":974.32,"end":974.53},{"text":"the","start":974.95,"end":975.079},{"text":"European","start":975.531,"end":975.902},{"text":"Union,","start":975.999,"end":976.225},{"text":"to","start":976.725,"end":976.822},{"text":"be","start":976.822,"end":976.984},{"text":"followed","start":976.984,"end":977.76},{"text":"by","start":977.938,"end":978.067},{"text":"Australia,","start":978.52,"end":979.086},{"text":"South","start":979.587,"end":979.781},{"text":"Africa,","start":979.878,"end":980.444},{"text":"Uruguay,","start":980.767,"end":981.22},{"text":"Costa","start":981.98,"end":982.384},{"text":"Rica,","start":982.384,"end":982.805},{"text":"and","start":984.244,"end":984.551},{"text":"Italy,","start":985.068,"end":985.44},{"text":"and","start":985.618,"end":985.683},{"text":"then","start":985.715,"end":985.844},{"text":"Portugal","start":985.958,"end":986.519},{"text":"and","start":986.519,"end":986.674},{"text":"Cameroon.","start":986.709,"end":987.174}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":8,"start":988.731,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=989","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, 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Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Georgia, and the EFTA country Norway, member of the European Economic Area, as well as San Marino, aligned themselves with this 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increasing number of cyber threats poses a major challenge to the functioning of our societies, our economies, and our way of 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. 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Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1056.556,"end":1056.717},{"text":"EU","start":1056.797,"end":1057.005},{"text":"and","start":1057.198,"end":1057.294},{"text":"its","start":1057.294,"end":1057.439},{"text":"member","start":1057.439,"end":1057.696},{"text":"states","start":1057.696,"end":1057.968},{"text":"reaffirm","start":1058.017,"end":1058.498},{"text":"their","start":1058.498,"end":1058.626},{"text":"full","start":1058.658,"end":1059.028},{"text":"commitment","start":1059.044,"end":1059.782},{"text":"to","start":1059.782,"end":1059.878},{"text":"the","start":1059.878,"end":1060.023},{"text":"application","start":1060.023,"end":1060.568},{"text":"of","start":1060.568,"end":1060.616},{"text":"international","start":1060.665,"end":1061.291},{"text":"law,","start":1061.291,"end":1061.387},{"text":"in","start":1062.029,"end":1062.077},{"text":"particular","start":1062.173,"end":1062.735},{"text":"the","start":1062.735,"end":1062.831},{"text":"UN","start":1062.831,"end":1063.04},{"text":"Charter,","start":1063.152,"end":1063.634},{"text":"international","start":1063.955,"end":1064.597},{"text":"human","start":1064.597,"end":1064.821},{"text":"rights","start":1064.918,"end":1065.174},{"text":"law,","start":1065.303,"end":1065.431},{"text":"international","start":1065.961,"end":1066.587},{"text":"humanitarian","start":1066.587,"end":1067.213},{"text":"law,","start":1067.325,"end":1067.518},{"text":"and","start":1067.951,"end":1068.144},{"text":"the","start":1068.192,"end":1068.272},{"text":"Law","start":1068.288,"end":1068.4},{"text":"on","start":1068.609,"end":1068.657},{"text":"State","start":1068.689,"end":1068.994},{"text":"Responsibility","start":1068.994,"end":1069.797},{"text":"in","start":1069.957,"end":1070.005},{"text":"Cyberspace.","start":1070.053,"end":1070.663}]},{"text":"We underscore that respect for international law should be at the core of the efforts of the international community.","start":1071.899,"end":1077.613,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1071.899,"end":1072.06},{"text":"underscore","start":1072.204,"end":1072.734},{"text":"that","start":1072.942,"end":1073.103},{"text":"respect","start":1073.103,"end":1073.664},{"text":"for","start":1073.664,"end":1073.793},{"text":"international","start":1073.809,"end":1074.371},{"text":"law","start":1074.371,"end":1074.499},{"text":"should","start":1074.547,"end":1074.756},{"text":"be","start":1074.852,"end":1075.013},{"text":"at","start":1075.029,"end":1075.109},{"text":"the","start":1075.109,"end":1075.269},{"text":"core","start":1075.269,"end":1075.526},{"text":"of","start":1075.751,"end":1075.879},{"text":"the","start":1075.911,"end":1076.216},{"text":"efforts","start":1075.992,"end":1076.457},{"text":"of","start":1076.457,"end":1076.553},{"text":"the","start":1076.553,"end":1076.634},{"text":"international","start":1076.634,"end":1077.179},{"text":"community.","start":1077.179,"end":1077.613}]},{"text":"And to this end, we should continue to work, including in the DTGs, to further enhance our common understanding on how international law applies and build also global capacities to this end.","start":1078.399,"end":1090.035,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":1091.238,"end":1091.383},{"text":"better","start":1091.383,"end":1091.752},{"text":"global","start":1091.8,"end":1092.201},{"text":"common","start":1092.201,"end":1092.506},{"text":"understanding","start":1092.506,"end":1093.052},{"text":"of","start":1093.1,"end":1093.18},{"text":"how","start":1093.228,"end":1093.357},{"text":"international","start":1093.469,"end":1093.999},{"text":"applies—","start":1094.031,"end":1094.544},{"text":"law","start":1094.689,"end":1094.785},{"text":"applies","start":1095.026,"end":1095.299},{"text":"to","start":1095.331,"end":1095.427},{"text":"cyberspace","start":1095.427,"end":1096.133},{"text":"is","start":1096.133,"end":1096.181},{"text":"necessary","start":1096.278,"end":1096.823},{"text":"to","start":1097.176,"end":1097.305},{"text":"contribute","start":1097.321,"end":1097.995},{"text":"to","start":1098.043,"end":1098.155},{"text":"global","start":1098.364,"end":1098.637},{"text":"cyber","start":1098.637,"end":1098.958},{"text":"resilience","start":1098.958,"end":1099.648},{"text":"and","start":1099.664,"end":1099.728},{"text":"further","start":1099.808,"end":1100.129},{"text":"transparency,","start":1100.129,"end":1100.916},{"text":"predictability,","start":1101.108,"end":1101.879},{"text":"and","start":1102.232,"end":1102.296},{"text":"accountability","start":1102.328,"end":1103.243},{"text":"for","start":1103.275,"end":1103.436},{"text":"states'","start":1103.436,"end":1103.901},{"text":"conduct","start":1103.901,"end":1104.318},{"text":"in","start":1104.318,"end":1104.415},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":1104.463,"end":1104.992}]},{"text":"In that vein, the EU and its member states continue to support third countries through training and capacity building on the implementation of the UN framework, including on how to develop a national position on the application of international law in cyberspace.","start":1106.325,"end":1120.577,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1121.412,"end":1121.476},{"text":"we","start":1121.556,"end":1121.652},{"text":"acknowledge","start":1121.652,"end":1122.118},{"text":"that","start":1122.118,"end":1122.23},{"text":"an","start":1122.23,"end":1122.359},{"text":"increasing","start":1122.359,"end":1122.84},{"text":"number","start":1122.856,"end":1123.161},{"text":"of","start":1123.161,"end":1123.257},{"text":"states","start":1123.257,"end":1123.61},{"text":"have","start":1123.659,"end":1123.835},{"text":"already","start":1123.883,"end":1124.156},{"text":"developed","start":1124.156,"end":1124.686},{"text":"and","start":1124.686,"end":1124.766},{"text":"put","start":1124.782,"end":1124.943},{"text":"forward","start":1124.943,"end":1125.472},{"text":"their","start":1125.809,"end":1125.922},{"text":"national","start":1125.922,"end":1126.467},{"text":"and","start":1126.467,"end":1126.596},{"text":"regional","start":1126.628,"end":1127.029},{"text":"positions","start":1127.029,"end":1127.479},{"text":"on","start":1127.591,"end":1127.639},{"text":"this","start":1127.671,"end":1128.12},{"text":"issue.","start":1127.832,"end":1128.152}]},{"text":"To support finding further common understanding, we have in 2024 ourselves presented our common understanding on a non-exhaustive set of legal elements on the application of international law.","start":1129.611,"end":1141.537,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. 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Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1142.499,"end":1142.563},{"text":"in","start":1142.595,"end":1142.675},{"text":"conjunction","start":1142.739,"end":1143.268},{"text":"with","start":1143.445,"end":1143.605},{"text":"our","start":1143.685,"end":1143.797},{"text":"declaration,","start":1143.797,"end":1144.551},{"text":"as","start":1144.984,"end":1145.08},{"text":"well","start":1145.128,"end":1145.24},{"text":"as","start":1145.24,"end":1145.352},{"text":"the","start":1145.384,"end":1145.512},{"text":"African","start":1145.529,"end":1145.849},{"text":"Union's","start":1145.929,"end":1146.33},{"text":"common","start":1146.33,"end":1146.635},{"text":"position,","start":1146.667,"end":1147.115},{"text":"over","start":1147.693,"end":1147.805},{"text":"100","start":1147.805,"end":1148.286},{"text":"states","start":1148.286,"end":1148.734},{"text":"have","start":1148.734,"end":1148.831},{"text":"now","start":1148.831,"end":1149.023},{"text":"either","start":1149.215,"end":1149.456},{"text":"individually","start":1149.472,"end":1150.049},{"text":"or","start":1150.354,"end":1150.434},{"text":"collectively","start":1150.434,"end":1151.043},{"text":"published","start":1151.155,"end":1151.556},{"text":"their","start":1151.556,"end":1151.668},{"text":"positions","start":1151.716,"end":1152.277},{"text":"on","start":1152.437,"end":1152.534},{"text":"international","start":1152.582,"end":1153.159},{"text":"law,","start":1153.159,"end":1153.239},{"text":"which","start":1153.399,"end":1153.527},{"text":"is","start":1153.576,"end":1153.688},{"text":"a","start":1153.88,"end":1153.896},{"text":"real","start":1154.024,"end":1154.169},{"text":"achievement.","start":1154.217,"end":1154.585}]},{"text":"This increasing understanding shows that international law is fit for purpose in this digital age, and that the application of and compliance with fundamental principles and rules of international law to cyberspace, such as state sovereignty, the principle of non-intervention, the prohibition of the threat of or use of force, due diligence, as well as international human rights law and international humanitarian law, Are essential to ensure security and stability.","start":1155.725,"end":1183.437,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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you very much.","start":1285.769,"end":1286.315,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1285.769,"end":1285.93},{"text":"you","start":1285.93,"end":1285.962},{"text":"very","start":1285.962,"end":1286.074},{"text":"much.","start":1286.106,"end":1286.315}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"EU","affiliation_full":"EU","group":"EU","function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":9,"start":1287.777,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=1288","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchísimas gracias.","start":1287.777,"end":1288.644,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchísimas","start":1287.777,"end":1288.162},{"text":"gracias.","start":1288.194,"end":1288.644}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":1289.303,"end":1289.881,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1289.303,"end":1289.463},{"text":"you","start":1289.463,"end":1289.544},{"text":"very","start":1289.544,"end":1289.656},{"text":"much.","start":1289.656,"end":1289.881}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Consideration","start":1433.288,"end":1433.93},{"text":"should","start":1433.93,"end":1434.139},{"text":"also","start":1434.235,"end":1434.492},{"text":"be","start":1434.492,"end":1434.652},{"text":"given","start":1434.652,"end":1434.893},{"text":"to","start":1434.893,"end":1435.021},{"text":"how","start":1435.038,"end":1435.134},{"text":"capacity-building","start":1435.134,"end":1435.904},{"text":"efforts,","start":1436.017,"end":1436.498},{"text":"including","start":1437.124,"end":1437.526},{"text":"those","start":1437.542,"end":1437.75},{"text":"advanced","start":1437.783,"end":1438.136},{"text":"through","start":1438.136,"end":1438.2},{"text":"the","start":1438.2,"end":1438.28},{"text":"second","start":1438.28,"end":1438.666},{"text":"dedicated","start":1438.666,"end":1439.211},{"text":"thematic","start":1439.211,"end":1439.532},{"text":"group,","start":1439.532,"end":1439.805},{"text":"can","start":1440.271,"end":1440.415},{"text":"better","start":1440.431,"end":1440.656},{"text":"enable","start":1440.672,"end":1441.073},{"text":"states","start":1441.073,"end":1441.459},{"text":"to","start":1441.635,"end":1441.764},{"text":"meaningfully","start":1441.78,"end":1442.326},{"text":"participate","start":1442.358,"end":1442.887},{"text":"in","start":1443,"end":1443.08},{"text":"these","start":1443.08,"end":1443.209},{"text":"conversations,","start":1443.305,"end":1444.059},{"text":"develop","start":1444.669,"end":1444.926},{"text":"their","start":1444.926,"end":1445.231},{"text":"own","start":1445.231,"end":1445.295},{"text":"national","start":1445.408,"end":1445.777},{"text":"positions,","start":1445.889,"end":1446.467},{"text":"and","start":1446.997,"end":1447.077},{"text":"enhance","start":1447.077,"end":1447.559},{"text":"the","start":1447.559,"end":1447.655},{"text":"implementation","start":1447.655,"end":1448.265},{"text":"of","start":1448.522,"end":1448.602},{"text":"international","start":1448.618,"end":1449.18},{"text":"law.","start":1449.18,"end":1449.212}]},{"text":"The cross-regional group on behalf of which I speak today, comprising states of various sizes from all regions, calls in particular for this mechanism to draw on work such as the cross-regional working paper on the application of international law in the use of ICTs, and the working paper on the application of international humanitarian law to ICT operations that were produced in the context of the OEWG 2021 to 2025.","start":1450.624,"end":1475.279,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1450.624,"end":1450.768},{"text":"cross-regional","start":1450.768,"end":1451.345},{"text":"group","start":1451.409,"end":1451.666},{"text":"on","start":1451.666,"end":1451.73},{"text":"behalf","start":1451.746,"end":1452.082},{"text":"of","start":1452.082,"end":1452.211},{"text":"which","start":1452.211,"end":1452.371},{"text":"I","start":1452.451,"end":1452.499},{"text":"speak","start":1452.547,"end":1452.788},{"text":"today,","start":1452.788,"end":1453.172},{"text":"comprising","start":1453.589,"end":1454.07},{"text":"states","start":1454.07,"end":1454.471},{"text":"of","start":1454.471,"end":1454.551},{"text":"various","start":1454.551,"end":1454.904},{"text":"sizes","start":1454.952,"end":1455.401},{"text":"from","start":1455.497,"end":1455.641},{"text":"all","start":1455.818,"end":1455.962},{"text":"regions,","start":1456.058,"end":1456.555},{"text":"calls","start":1457.116,"end":1457.405},{"text":"in","start":1457.421,"end":1457.485},{"text":"particular","start":1457.517,"end":1458.046},{"text":"for","start":1458.078,"end":1458.158},{"text":"this","start":1458.158,"end":1458.334},{"text":"mechanism","start":1458.334,"end":1458.847},{"text":"to","start":1459.024,"end":1459.088},{"text":"draw","start":1459.12,"end":1459.28},{"text":"on","start":1459.344,"end":1459.441},{"text":"work","start":1459.441,"end":1459.697},{"text":"such","start":1459.697,"end":1459.889},{"text":"as","start":1459.938,"end":1460.05},{"text":"the","start":1460.066,"end":1460.162},{"text":"cross-regional","start":1460.162,"end":1460.771},{"text":"working","start":1460.803,"end":1461.092},{"text":"paper","start":1461.124,"end":1461.589},{"text":"on","start":1461.99,"end":1462.038},{"text":"the","start":1462.07,"end":1462.15},{"text":"application","start":1462.23,"end":1462.743},{"text":"of","start":1462.823,"end":1462.951},{"text":"international","start":1462.951,"end":1463.512},{"text":"law","start":1463.512,"end":1463.641},{"text":"in","start":1463.849,"end":1463.897},{"text":"the","start":1463.929,"end":1463.993},{"text":"use","start":1463.993,"end":1464.186},{"text":"of","start":1464.186,"end":1464.314},{"text":"ICTs,","start":1464.314,"end":1464.651},{"text":"and","start":1465.757,"end":1465.821},{"text":"the","start":1465.837,"end":1465.901},{"text":"working","start":1465.917,"end":1466.222},{"text":"paper","start":1466.254,"end":1466.639},{"text":"on","start":1466.655,"end":1466.703},{"text":"the","start":1466.735,"end":1466.863},{"text":"application","start":1466.879,"end":1467.424},{"text":"of","start":1467.536,"end":1467.616},{"text":"international","start":1467.681,"end":1468.177},{"text":"humanitarian","start":1468.177,"end":1468.963},{"text":"law","start":1468.963,"end":1469.091},{"text":"to","start":1469.46,"end":1469.604},{"text":"ICT","start":1469.604,"end":1469.941},{"text":"operations","start":1470.021,"end":1470.598},{"text":"that","start":1471.063,"end":1471.143},{"text":"were","start":1471.143,"end":1471.175},{"text":"produced","start":1471.223,"end":1471.704},{"text":"in","start":1471.704,"end":1471.752},{"text":"the","start":1471.8,"end":1471.929},{"text":"context","start":1471.929,"end":1472.362},{"text":"of","start":1472.362,"end":1472.442},{"text":"the","start":1472.49,"end":1472.554},{"text":"OEWG","start":1472.65,"end":1472.826},{"text":"2021","start":1472.826,"end":1474.061},{"text":"to","start":1474.269,"end":1474.414},{"text":"2025.","start":1474.414,"end":1475.279}]},{"text":"The first of these working papers, produced by many members of this group, reflected emerging common understandings on the application of international law to cyber activities in a few areas, including in relation to state responsibility, human rights obligations, and the application of IHL to states' use of ICTs in the context of armed conflict, which were reached through rich and substantive dialogue between states throughout the OEWG.","start":1476.435,"end":1501.016,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."},{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1476.435,"end":1476.515},{"text":"first","start":1476.579,"end":1476.852},{"text":"of","start":1476.901,"end":1476.981},{"text":"these","start":1476.981,"end":1477.125},{"text":"working","start":1477.157,"end":1477.479},{"text":"papers,","start":1477.479,"end":1477.928},{"text":"produced","start":1478.201,"end":1478.602},{"text":"by","start":1478.602,"end":1478.699},{"text":"many","start":1478.699,"end":1479.068},{"text":"members","start":1479.068,"end":1479.421},{"text":"of","start":1479.486,"end":1479.63},{"text":"this","start":1479.63,"end":1479.871},{"text":"group,","start":1479.871,"end":1480.144},{"text":"reflected","start":1480.593,"end":1480.979},{"text":"emerging","start":1481.011,"end":1481.46},{"text":"common","start":1481.573,"end":1481.83},{"text":"understandings","start":1481.894,"end":1482.632},{"text":"on","start":1482.697,"end":1482.745},{"text":"the","start":1482.777,"end":1482.921},{"text":"application","start":1482.937,"end":1483.435},{"text":"of","start":1483.435,"end":1483.548},{"text":"international","start":1483.58,"end":1484.11},{"text":"law","start":1484.142,"end":1484.382},{"text":"to","start":1484.543,"end":1484.671},{"text":"cyber","start":1484.688,"end":1484.928},{"text":"activities","start":1484.928,"end":1485.394},{"text":"in","start":1485.506,"end":1485.587},{"text":"a","start":1485.587,"end":1485.651},{"text":"few","start":1485.651,"end":1485.892},{"text":"areas,","start":1485.972,"end":1486.277},{"text":"including","start":1487.032,"end":1487.465},{"text":"in","start":1487.594,"end":1487.674},{"text":"relation","start":1487.674,"end":1488.043},{"text":"to","start":1488.059,"end":1488.156},{"text":"state","start":1488.156,"end":1488.348},{"text":"responsibility,","start":1488.38,"end":1489.087},{"text":"human","start":1489.986,"end":1490.179},{"text":"rights","start":1490.227,"end":1490.435},{"text":"obligations,","start":1490.484,"end":1491.174},{"text":"and","start":1491.672,"end":1491.752},{"text":"the","start":1491.752,"end":1491.832},{"text":"application","start":1491.848,"end":1492.41},{"text":"of","start":1492.474,"end":1492.523},{"text":"IHL","start":1492.635,"end":1493.213},{"text":"to","start":1493.213,"end":1493.341},{"text":"states'","start":1493.358,"end":1493.647},{"text":"use","start":1493.695,"end":1493.871},{"text":"of","start":1493.871,"end":1494},{"text":"ICTs","start":1494.016,"end":1494.353},{"text":"in","start":1494.979,"end":1495.075},{"text":"the","start":1495.075,"end":1495.204},{"text":"context","start":1495.204,"end":1495.573},{"text":"of","start":1495.605,"end":1495.702},{"text":"armed","start":1495.766,"end":1495.926},{"text":"conflict,","start":1495.926,"end":1496.424},{"text":"which","start":1496.745,"end":1496.874},{"text":"were","start":1496.906,"end":1496.938},{"text":"reached","start":1497.05,"end":1497.307},{"text":"through","start":1497.307,"end":1497.436},{"text":"rich","start":1497.532,"end":1497.676},{"text":"and","start":1497.853,"end":1497.933},{"text":"substantive","start":1497.949,"end":1498.56},{"text":"dialogue","start":1498.592,"end":1499.073},{"text":"between","start":1499.378,"end":1499.635},{"text":"states","start":1499.635,"end":1500.021},{"text":"throughout","start":1500.021,"end":1500.358},{"text":"the","start":1500.358,"end":1500.502},{"text":"OEWG.","start":1500.518,"end":1501.016}]},{"text":"We consider this global mechanism must further these discussions on the application of international law in the use of ICTs, and that emerging common understandings reached during these discussions must be reflected in the reporting of this mechanism.","start":1502.508,"end":1514.205,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1502.508,"end":1502.605},{"text":"consider","start":1502.605,"end":1502.942},{"text":"this","start":1503.006,"end":1503.166},{"text":"global","start":1503.166,"end":1503.423},{"text":"mechanism","start":1503.423,"end":1503.856},{"text":"must","start":1503.968,"end":1504.354},{"text":"further","start":1504.37,"end":1504.61},{"text":"these","start":1504.61,"end":1504.739},{"text":"discussions","start":1504.787,"end":1505.284},{"text":"on","start":1505.332,"end":1505.461},{"text":"the","start":1505.477,"end":1505.557},{"text":"application","start":1505.557,"end":1505.974},{"text":"of","start":1505.974,"end":1506.07},{"text":"international","start":1506.118,"end":1506.664},{"text":"law","start":1506.68,"end":1506.937},{"text":"in","start":1507.097,"end":1507.145},{"text":"the","start":1507.177,"end":1507.322},{"text":"use","start":1507.322,"end":1507.498},{"text":"of","start":1507.498,"end":1507.643},{"text":"ICTs,","start":1507.643,"end":1508.076},{"text":"and","start":1508.942,"end":1509.006},{"text":"that","start":1509.022,"end":1509.167},{"text":"emerging","start":1509.167,"end":1509.552},{"text":"common","start":1509.648,"end":1509.857},{"text":"understandings","start":1509.889,"end":1510.514},{"text":"reached","start":1510.611,"end":1510.9},{"text":"during","start":1510.9,"end":1511.06},{"text":"these","start":1511.108,"end":1511.236},{"text":"discussions","start":1511.285,"end":1511.878},{"text":"must","start":1511.894,"end":1512.231},{"text":"be","start":1512.231,"end":1512.327},{"text":"reflected","start":1512.327,"end":1512.857},{"text":"in","start":1512.857,"end":1512.921},{"text":"the","start":1512.953,"end":1513.033},{"text":"reporting","start":1513.033,"end":1513.402},{"text":"of","start":1513.451,"end":1513.531},{"text":"this","start":1513.531,"end":1513.675},{"text":"mechanism.","start":1513.675,"end":1514.205}]},{"text":"We express our shared conviction that the substantive work of states on international law from preceding fora remain valuable and highly relevant.","start":1515.039,"end":1522.66,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1515.039,"end":1515.119},{"text":"express","start":1515.119,"end":1515.504},{"text":"our","start":1515.504,"end":1515.6},{"text":"shared","start":1515.6,"end":1515.937},{"text":"conviction","start":1515.937,"end":1516.451},{"text":"that","start":1516.483,"end":1516.627},{"text":"the","start":1516.627,"end":1516.708},{"text":"substantive","start":1516.708,"end":1517.301},{"text":"work","start":1517.349,"end":1517.542},{"text":"of","start":1517.542,"end":1517.67},{"text":"states","start":1517.67,"end":1518.039},{"text":"on","start":1518.087,"end":1518.135},{"text":"international","start":1518.248,"end":1518.793},{"text":"law","start":1518.793,"end":1518.97},{"text":"from","start":1518.97,"end":1519.114},{"text":"preceding","start":1519.13,"end":1519.563},{"text":"fora","start":1519.612,"end":1520.093},{"text":"remain","start":1520.398,"end":1520.622},{"text":"valuable","start":1520.719,"end":1521.184},{"text":"and","start":1521.28,"end":1521.441},{"text":"highly","start":1521.441,"end":1521.697},{"text":"relevant.","start":1521.761,"end":1522.66}]},{"text":"Reaching more common understandings on how international law applies to states' use of ICTs is critical to maintaining peace and stability, including by increasing the predictability of state behavior, lowering the risk of miscalculation, and clarifying the consequences of unlawful state behavior.","start":1523.847,"end":1539.799,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Chairperson,","start":1629.436,"end":1630.093},{"text":"with","start":1630.638,"end":1630.75},{"text":"regards","start":1630.863,"end":1631.327},{"text":"to","start":1631.423,"end":1631.568},{"text":"breaches","start":1631.584,"end":1631.936},{"text":"of","start":1631.984,"end":1632.064},{"text":"sovereignty,","start":1632.064,"end":1632.689},{"text":"South","start":1633.218,"end":1633.378},{"text":"Africa","start":1633.426,"end":1633.763},{"text":"understands","start":1633.907,"end":1634.452},{"text":"that","start":1634.644,"end":1634.869},{"text":"a","start":1634.869,"end":1634.901},{"text":"cyber","start":1634.901,"end":1635.349},{"text":"operation","start":1635.365,"end":1635.894},{"text":"is","start":1636.151,"end":1636.215},{"text":"deemed","start":1636.311,"end":1636.727},{"text":"internationally—","start":1636.727,"end":1637.497},{"text":"an","start":1637.769,"end":1637.817},{"text":"internationally","start":1637.913,"end":1638.538},{"text":"wrongful","start":1638.57,"end":1639.035},{"text":"act","start":1639.115,"end":1639.42},{"text":"when","start":1640.014,"end":1640.142},{"text":"it","start":1640.335,"end":1640.56},{"text":"is","start":1640.576,"end":1640.624},{"text":"attributable","start":1640.672,"end":1641.33},{"text":"to","start":1641.459,"end":1641.683},{"text":"a","start":1641.7,"end":1641.716},{"text":"State","start":1641.716,"end":1642.181},{"text":"under","start":1642.245,"end":1642.486},{"text":"international","start":1642.502,"end":1643.225},{"text":"law","start":1643.225,"end":1643.305},{"text":"and","start":1644.028,"end":1644.092},{"text":"involves","start":1644.172,"end":1644.638},{"text":"a","start":1644.831,"end":1644.847},{"text":"breach","start":1644.911,"end":1645.28},{"text":"of","start":1645.537,"end":1645.649},{"text":"an","start":1645.649,"end":1645.714},{"text":"international","start":1645.714,"end":1646.484},{"text":"obligation","start":1646.517,"end":1647.207},{"text":"of","start":1647.319,"end":1647.464},{"text":"the","start":1647.464,"end":1647.528},{"text":"State.","start":1647.544,"end":1647.962}]},{"text":"States should not knowingly allow their territory to be used for internationally wrongful acts using ICTs.","start":1648.909,"end":1658.414,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"States","start":1648.909,"end":1649.487},{"text":"should","start":1649.487,"end":1649.68},{"text":"not","start":1649.712,"end":1649.84},{"text":"knowingly","start":1649.953,"end":1650.418},{"text":"allow","start":1650.45,"end":1650.643},{"text":"their","start":1650.772,"end":1650.868},{"text":"territory","start":1650.868,"end":1651.414},{"text":"to","start":1651.558,"end":1651.655},{"text":"be","start":1651.655,"end":1651.799},{"text":"used","start":1651.879,"end":1652.136},{"text":"for","start":1652.136,"end":1652.441},{"text":"internationally","start":1652.441,"end":1654.834},{"text":"wrongful","start":1654.93,"end":1655.348},{"text":"acts","start":1655.412,"end":1657.676},{"text":"using","start":1657.74,"end":1657.885},{"text":"ICTs.","start":1657.981,"end":1658.414}]},{"text":"It follows that if a State is notified of harmful activity emanating from its territory, it must take reasonable steps to address such activity.","start":1659.538,"end":1668.587,"topics":[{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":1659.538,"end":1659.667},{"text":"follows","start":1659.667,"end":1660.052},{"text":"that","start":1660.149,"end":1660.261},{"text":"if","start":1660.261,"end":1660.341},{"text":"a","start":1660.341,"end":1660.422},{"text":"State","start":1660.422,"end":1660.935},{"text":"is","start":1661.048,"end":1661.096},{"text":"notified","start":1661.192,"end":1661.818},{"text":"of","start":1661.867,"end":1661.947},{"text":"harmful","start":1661.995,"end":1662.38},{"text":"activity","start":1662.413,"end":1662.942},{"text":"emanating","start":1663.119,"end":1663.585},{"text":"from","start":1663.681,"end":1663.826},{"text":"its","start":1663.874,"end":1664.034},{"text":"territory,","start":1664.034,"end":1664.548},{"text":"it","start":1665.047,"end":1665.257},{"text":"must","start":1665.273,"end":1665.548},{"text":"take","start":1665.548,"end":1665.871},{"text":"reasonable","start":1665.871,"end":1666.307},{"text":"steps","start":1666.356,"end":1666.922},{"text":"to","start":1666.922,"end":1667.051},{"text":"address","start":1667.084,"end":1667.488},{"text":"such","start":1667.488,"end":1667.779},{"text":"activity.","start":1668.054,"end":1668.587}]},{"text":"Chairperson, the implementation of the UN Charter includes reference to— in Article 1 to international human rights law.","start":1670.05,"end":1680.67,"topics":[{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Chairperson,","start":1670.05,"end":1670.534},{"text":"the","start":1670.89,"end":1671.035},{"text":"implementation","start":1671.052,"end":1672.652},{"text":"of","start":1672.652,"end":1672.716},{"text":"the","start":1672.813,"end":1672.894},{"text":"UN","start":1672.975,"end":1673.201},{"text":"Charter","start":1673.233,"end":1673.751},{"text":"includes","start":1674.365,"end":1674.834},{"text":"reference","start":1674.834,"end":1675.399},{"text":"to—","start":1677.774,"end":1677.903},{"text":"in","start":1678.176,"end":1678.224},{"text":"Article","start":1678.401,"end":1678.707},{"text":"1","start":1678.803,"end":1678.948},{"text":"to","start":1679.061,"end":1679.206},{"text":"international","start":1679.222,"end":1679.865},{"text":"human","start":1679.865,"end":1680.123},{"text":"rights","start":1680.187,"end":1680.573},{"text":"law.","start":1680.573,"end":1680.67}]},{"text":"One of the stated purposes of the UN stated in its Charter is to encourage respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all.","start":1681.94,"end":1690.468,"topics":[{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"One","start":1681.94,"end":1682.005},{"text":"of","start":1682.101,"end":1682.182},{"text":"the","start":1682.182,"end":1682.278},{"text":"stated","start":1682.278,"end":1682.648},{"text":"purposes","start":1682.68,"end":1683.211},{"text":"of","start":1683.324,"end":1683.453},{"text":"the","start":1683.485,"end":1683.726},{"text":"UN","start":1684.128,"end":1684.402},{"text":"stated","start":1684.546,"end":1685.013},{"text":"in","start":1685.013,"end":1685.11},{"text":"its","start":1685.11,"end":1685.319},{"text":"Charter","start":1685.319,"end":1685.833},{"text":"is","start":1686.38,"end":1686.429},{"text":"to","start":1686.461,"end":1686.59},{"text":"encourage","start":1686.59,"end":1686.994},{"text":"respect","start":1687.026,"end":1687.543},{"text":"for","start":1687.656,"end":1687.753},{"text":"human","start":1687.753,"end":1688.06},{"text":"rights","start":1688.06,"end":1688.448},{"text":"and","start":1688.723,"end":1688.787},{"text":"for","start":1688.868,"end":1688.965},{"text":"fundamental","start":1688.965,"end":1689.611},{"text":"freedoms","start":1689.611,"end":1690.064},{"text":"for","start":1690.161,"end":1690.226},{"text":"all.","start":1690.403,"end":1690.468}]},{"text":"Without distinction as to race, gender, language, or religion.","start":1691.259,"end":1695.926,"topics":[{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Without","start":1691.259,"end":1691.598},{"text":"distinction","start":1691.598,"end":1692.293},{"text":"as","start":1692.567,"end":1692.616},{"text":"to","start":1692.729,"end":1692.858},{"text":"race,","start":1692.89,"end":1693.31},{"text":"gender,","start":1693.778,"end":1694.392},{"text":"language,","start":1694.731,"end":1695.312},{"text":"or","start":1695.457,"end":1695.506},{"text":"religion.","start":1695.522,"end":1695.926}]},{"text":"There is no doubt that women and vulnerable groups, such as the disabled and the LGBTQI+ community, are particularly affected by breaches of ICT security, as well as online misinformation and disinformation campaigns led by state and non-state actors.","start":1696.927,"end":1715.758,"topics":[{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"There","start":1696.927,"end":1697.088},{"text":"is","start":1697.153,"end":1697.266},{"text":"no","start":1697.266,"end":1697.476},{"text":"doubt","start":1697.492,"end":1697.993},{"text":"that","start":1698.122,"end":1698.267},{"text":"women","start":1698.364,"end":1698.671},{"text":"and","start":1699.026,"end":1699.091},{"text":"vulnerable","start":1699.187,"end":1699.672},{"text":"groups,","start":1699.672,"end":1700.157},{"text":"such","start":1700.706,"end":1700.964},{"text":"as","start":1700.964,"end":1701.013},{"text":"the","start":1701.126,"end":1701.207},{"text":"disabled","start":1701.207,"end":1701.982},{"text":"and","start":1702.079,"end":1702.16},{"text":"the","start":1702.176,"end":1702.322},{"text":"LGBTQI+","start":1702.403,"end":1703.631},{"text":"community,","start":1703.954,"end":1704.568},{"text":"are","start":1705.166,"end":1705.246},{"text":"particularly","start":1705.246,"end":1705.941},{"text":"affected","start":1705.974,"end":1706.491},{"text":"by","start":1706.539,"end":1706.765},{"text":"breaches","start":1706.765,"end":1707.153},{"text":"of","start":1707.185,"end":1707.331},{"text":"ICT","start":1707.331,"end":1707.767},{"text":"security,","start":1707.832,"end":1708.449},{"text":"as","start":1709.537,"end":1709.586},{"text":"well","start":1709.765,"end":1709.895},{"text":"as","start":1710.008,"end":1710.106},{"text":"online","start":1710.252,"end":1710.642},{"text":"misinformation","start":1710.821,"end":1711.6},{"text":"and","start":1711.73,"end":1711.795},{"text":"disinformation","start":1711.876,"end":1712.672},{"text":"campaigns","start":1712.705,"end":1713.371},{"text":"led","start":1713.598,"end":1713.728},{"text":"by","start":1713.76,"end":1713.923},{"text":"state","start":1713.923,"end":1714.41},{"text":"and","start":1714.816,"end":1714.881},{"text":"non-state","start":1714.897,"end":1715.45},{"text":"actors.","start":1715.45,"end":1715.758}]},{"text":"Member States disagree on how the applicability of international law should be treated over the longer term.","start":1716.707,"end":1722.025,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Member","start":1716.707,"end":1716.948},{"text":"States","start":1716.948,"end":1717.366},{"text":"disagree","start":1717.366,"end":1717.912},{"text":"on","start":1717.928,"end":1717.976},{"text":"how","start":1718.073,"end":1718.281},{"text":"the","start":1718.33,"end":1718.426},{"text":"applicability","start":1718.426,"end":1719.197},{"text":"of","start":1719.197,"end":1719.294},{"text":"international","start":1719.358,"end":1720},{"text":"law","start":1720,"end":1720.177},{"text":"should","start":1720.177,"end":1720.418},{"text":"be","start":1720.418,"end":1720.579},{"text":"treated","start":1720.579,"end":1721.029},{"text":"over","start":1721.125,"end":1721.286},{"text":"the","start":1721.286,"end":1721.366},{"text":"longer","start":1721.366,"end":1721.687},{"text":"term.","start":1721.687,"end":1722.025}]},{"text":"The global mechanism should therefore engage in a good-faith discussion in the DTGs on how the applicability of international law, including international humanitarian law, could be strengthened.","start":1722.812,"end":1734.573,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1722.812,"end":1722.876},{"text":"global","start":1722.908,"end":1723.326},{"text":"mechanism","start":1723.326,"end":1723.856},{"text":"should","start":1724.033,"end":1724.242},{"text":"therefore","start":1724.274,"end":1724.676},{"text":"engage","start":1724.676,"end":1725.286},{"text":"in","start":1725.64,"end":1725.72},{"text":"a","start":1725.72,"end":1725.784},{"text":"good-faith","start":1725.8,"end":1726.331},{"text":"discussion","start":1726.363,"end":1726.893},{"text":"in","start":1727.246,"end":1727.327},{"text":"the","start":1727.327,"end":1727.407},{"text":"DTGs","start":1727.407,"end":1728.066},{"text":"on","start":1728.291,"end":1728.419},{"text":"how","start":1728.435,"end":1728.724},{"text":"the","start":1728.853,"end":1729.014},{"text":"applicability","start":1729.014,"end":1729.624},{"text":"of","start":1729.737,"end":1729.801},{"text":"international","start":1729.817,"end":1730.54},{"text":"law,","start":1730.54,"end":1730.733},{"text":"including","start":1731.424,"end":1731.873},{"text":"international","start":1731.986,"end":1732.629},{"text":"humanitarian","start":1732.629,"end":1733.319},{"text":"law,","start":1733.432,"end":1733.528},{"text":"could","start":1733.673,"end":1733.817},{"text":"be","start":1733.834,"end":1733.93},{"text":"strengthened.","start":1733.93,"end":1734.573}]},{"text":"These discussions, held informally with experts from civil society and academia in DTG I, could identify the capacity-building needs of member states, which could be addressed in the discussions of DTG II.","start":1735.424,"end":1748.451,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":1735.424,"end":1735.617},{"text":"discussions,","start":1735.617,"end":1736.292},{"text":"held","start":1736.549,"end":1736.87},{"text":"informally","start":1736.886,"end":1737.497},{"text":"with","start":1737.609,"end":1737.77},{"text":"experts","start":1737.77,"end":1738.236},{"text":"from","start":1738.236,"end":1738.412},{"text":"civil","start":1738.412,"end":1738.686},{"text":"society","start":1738.718,"end":1739.344},{"text":"and","start":1739.36,"end":1739.425},{"text":"academia","start":1739.521,"end":1740.292},{"text":"in","start":1740.726,"end":1740.774},{"text":"DTG","start":1740.822,"end":1741.449},{"text":"I,","start":1741.61,"end":1741.77},{"text":"could","start":1741.867,"end":1742.092},{"text":"identify","start":1742.092,"end":1742.67},{"text":"the","start":1743.232,"end":1743.312},{"text":"capacity-building","start":1743.312,"end":1744.163},{"text":"needs","start":1744.196,"end":1744.485},{"text":"of","start":1744.581,"end":1744.677},{"text":"member","start":1744.677,"end":1744.934},{"text":"states,","start":1744.934,"end":1745.4},{"text":"which","start":1745.544,"end":1745.609},{"text":"could","start":1745.721,"end":1745.882},{"text":"be","start":1745.882,"end":1746.106},{"text":"addressed","start":1746.122,"end":1746.572},{"text":"in","start":1746.604,"end":1746.684},{"text":"the","start":1746.684,"end":1746.781},{"text":"discussions","start":1746.829,"end":1747.455},{"text":"of","start":1747.567,"end":1747.664},{"text":"DTG","start":1747.664,"end":1748.21},{"text":"II.","start":1748.21,"end":1748.451}]},{"text":"The GM is an action-oriented mechanism, and we should use it to build consensus in areas where this is possible.","start":1749.478,"end":1756.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1749.478,"end":1749.575},{"text":"GM","start":1749.575,"end":1749.864},{"text":"is","start":1750.056,"end":1750.137},{"text":"an","start":1750.137,"end":1750.265},{"text":"action-oriented","start":1750.361,"end":1751.277},{"text":"mechanism,","start":1751.277,"end":1751.935},{"text":"and","start":1752.625,"end":1752.69},{"text":"we","start":1752.786,"end":1752.866},{"text":"should","start":1752.866,"end":1753.171},{"text":"use","start":1753.171,"end":1753.364},{"text":"it","start":1753.364,"end":1753.476},{"text":"to","start":1753.524,"end":1753.637},{"text":"build","start":1753.669,"end":1753.878},{"text":"consensus","start":1753.974,"end":1754.6},{"text":"in","start":1754.793,"end":1754.841},{"text":"areas","start":1755.018,"end":1755.371},{"text":"where","start":1755.435,"end":1755.596},{"text":"this","start":1755.596,"end":1755.772},{"text":"is","start":1755.772,"end":1755.885},{"text":"possible.","start":1755.917,"end":1756.35}]},{"text":"Chairperson, South Africa's national position on how international law applies to cyberspace is still developing as we consider the fast-paced developments of malicious actors, using new and emerging technologies to spread divisive information that is contrary to the UN Charter itself.","start":1757.587,"end":1775.59,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber 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collective gaps as an international community should first be ventilated by member states in the context of the global mechanism, and then we could chart a way forward if 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Kosovo.","start":1792.579,"end":1795.824,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1792.579,"end":1792.611},{"text":"now","start":1792.611,"end":1792.79},{"text":"give","start":1792.92,"end":1793.131},{"text":"the","start":1793.163,"end":1793.212},{"text":"floor","start":1793.244,"end":1793.715},{"text":"to","start":1793.715,"end":1794.055},{"text":"Uruguay,","start":1794.282,"end":1794.656},{"text":"who","start":1794.866,"end":1794.964},{"text":"will","start":1795.012,"end":1795.11},{"text":"be","start":1795.11,"end":1795.191},{"text":"followed","start":1795.256,"end":1795.58},{"text":"by","start":1795.58,"end":1795.629},{"text":"Kosovo.","start":1795.629,"end":1795.824}]},{"text":"Costa Rica, and then 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congratulating you on your stewardship of this process, and I'd like to express our appreciation for your dedication and also for the tireless work of your 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can count on us to work constructively.","start":1816.451,"end":1820.027,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":1816.451,"end":1816.548},{"text":"can","start":1816.548,"end":1816.677},{"text":"count","start":1816.71,"end":1817.163},{"text":"on","start":1817.664,"end":1817.81},{"text":"us","start":1817.988,"end":1818.182},{"text":"to","start":1818.409,"end":1818.733},{"text":"work","start":1818.894,"end":1819.153},{"text":"constructively.","start":1819.218,"end":1820.027}]},{"text":"Uruguay reaffirms that international law is the foundation for preserving international peace, security, and stability, including in the use of ICTs.","start":1820.89,"end":1830.524,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Uruguay","start":1820.89,"end":1821.118},{"text":"reaffirms","start":1821.168,"end":1821.789},{"text":"that","start":1821.887,"end":1822.165},{"text":"international","start":1822.214,"end":1822.803},{"text":"law","start":1822.803,"end":1822.983},{"text":"is","start":1823.212,"end":1823.261},{"text":"the","start":1823.359,"end":1823.408},{"text":"foundation","start":1823.441,"end":1824.03},{"text":"for","start":1824.03,"end":1824.177},{"text":"preserving","start":1824.259,"end":1824.733},{"text":"international","start":1824.67,"end":1825.155},{"text":"peace,","start":1825.171,"end":1825.688},{"text":"security,","start":1826.093,"end":1826.643},{"text":"and","start":1826.788,"end":1826.885},{"text":"stability,","start":1826.885,"end":1827.661},{"text":"including","start":1827.839,"end":1828.389},{"text":"in","start":1828.486,"end":1828.519},{"text":"the","start":1828.519,"end":1828.648},{"text":"use","start":1828.648,"end":1828.939},{"text":"of","start":1829.133,"end":1829.36},{"text":"ICTs.","start":1829.699,"end":1830.524}]},{"text":"We value the significant progress made in the OEWG and the GGE and also in other relevant processes.","start":1832.788,"end":1841.842,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1832.788,"end":1832.966},{"text":"value","start":1832.966,"end":1833.694},{"text":"the","start":1833.904,"end":1834.05},{"text":"significant","start":1834.05,"end":1834.644},{"text":"progress","start":1834.644,"end":1835.062},{"text":"made","start":1835.126,"end":1835.576},{"text":"in","start":1835.753,"end":1835.897},{"text":"the","start":1835.929,"end":1836.122},{"text":"OEWG","start":1836.235,"end":1836.99},{"text":"and","start":1838.243,"end":1838.484},{"text":"the","start":1838.484,"end":1838.581},{"text":"GGE","start":1838.806,"end":1839.641},{"text":"and","start":1839.77,"end":1840.075},{"text":"also","start":1840.091,"end":1840.38},{"text":"in","start":1840.428,"end":1840.573},{"text":"other","start":1840.573,"end":1840.75},{"text":"relevant","start":1840.75,"end":1841.135},{"text":"processes.","start":1841.135,"end":1841.842}]},{"text":"These have made it possible to deepen our common understandings on the application of international law to the use of ICTs and has helped to strengthen trust between states.","start":1842.132,"end":1851.885,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"International","start":2107.23,"end":2107.73},{"text":"law","start":2107.73,"end":2107.988},{"text":"includes","start":2108.553,"end":2109.085},{"text":"the","start":2109.198,"end":2109.343},{"text":"UN","start":2109.343,"end":2109.553},{"text":"Charter,","start":2109.666,"end":2110.166},{"text":"the","start":2110.876,"end":2110.957},{"text":"law","start":2110.973,"end":2111.134},{"text":"of","start":2111.134,"end":2111.264},{"text":"state","start":2111.28,"end":2111.554},{"text":"responsibility,","start":2111.554,"end":2112.393},{"text":"international","start":2112.587,"end":2113.232},{"text":"human","start":2113.232,"end":2113.523},{"text":"rights","start":2113.619,"end":2113.91},{"text":"law,","start":2114.023,"end":2114.184},{"text":"and","start":2114.382,"end":2114.446},{"text":"international","start":2114.462,"end":2115.088},{"text":"humanitarian","start":2115.088,"end":2115.811},{"text":"law.","start":2115.811,"end":2115.939}]},{"text":"Italy publicly shared its national position on this matter in 2021, and we encourage other States to continue to do the same.","start":2117.175,"end":2124.963,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Italy","start":2117.175,"end":2117.561},{"text":"publicly","start":2117.737,"end":2118.171},{"text":"shared","start":2118.171,"end":2118.685},{"text":"its","start":2118.958,"end":2119.134},{"text":"national","start":2119.134,"end":2119.504},{"text":"position","start":2119.52,"end":2119.953},{"text":"on","start":2120.001,"end":2120.082},{"text":"this","start":2120.082,"end":2120.242},{"text":"matter","start":2120.242,"end":2120.563},{"text":"in","start":2120.563,"end":2120.611},{"text":"2021,","start":2120.708,"end":2121.494},{"text":"and","start":2122.089,"end":2122.153},{"text":"we","start":2122.233,"end":2122.313},{"text":"encourage","start":2122.313,"end":2122.859},{"text":"other","start":2122.972,"end":2123.132},{"text":"States","start":2123.132,"end":2123.598},{"text":"to","start":2123.598,"end":2123.694},{"text":"continue","start":2123.694,"end":2124.192},{"text":"to","start":2124.352,"end":2124.481},{"text":"do","start":2124.481,"end":2124.577},{"text":"the","start":2124.577,"end":2124.674},{"text":"same.","start":2124.674,"end":2124.963}]},{"text":"This year, we are also planning an update of our national position paper, and we look forward to the outcomes of this global mechanism as valuable inputs to our work.","start":2125.942,"end":2134.998,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2125.942,"end":2126.183},{"text":"year,","start":2126.183,"end":2126.359},{"text":"we","start":2126.568,"end":2126.632},{"text":"are","start":2126.665,"end":2126.745},{"text":"also","start":2126.745,"end":2126.986},{"text":"planning","start":2126.986,"end":2127.355},{"text":"an","start":2127.387,"end":2127.435},{"text":"update","start":2127.532,"end":2128.077},{"text":"of","start":2128.19,"end":2128.27},{"text":"our","start":2128.27,"end":2128.366},{"text":"national","start":2128.366,"end":2128.752},{"text":"position","start":2128.752,"end":2129.121},{"text":"paper,","start":2129.233,"end":2129.603},{"text":"and","start":2129.876,"end":2130.02},{"text":"we","start":2130.02,"end":2130.068},{"text":"look","start":2130.181,"end":2130.341},{"text":"forward","start":2130.357,"end":2130.887},{"text":"to","start":2130.984,"end":2131.08},{"text":"the","start":2131.08,"end":2131.176},{"text":"outcomes","start":2131.224,"end":2131.69},{"text":"of","start":2131.802,"end":2131.883},{"text":"this","start":2131.883,"end":2132.043},{"text":"global","start":2132.043,"end":2132.348},{"text":"mechanism","start":2132.348,"end":2132.846},{"text":"as","start":2133.007,"end":2133.055},{"text":"valuable","start":2133.231,"end":2133.713},{"text":"inputs","start":2133.809,"end":2134.227},{"text":"to","start":2134.355,"end":2134.5},{"text":"our","start":2134.516,"end":2134.757},{"text":"work.","start":2134.757,"end":2134.998}]},{"text":"Promoting transparency by publishing national and regional positions is in the collective interest, as it reduces uncertainty and the risk of miscalculation in interstate relations.","start":2136.057,"end":2147.62,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Promoting","start":2136.057,"end":2136.427},{"text":"transparency","start":2136.459,"end":2137.31},{"text":"by","start":2137.727,"end":2137.888},{"text":"publishing","start":2137.888,"end":2138.353},{"text":"national","start":2138.402,"end":2138.803},{"text":"and","start":2138.851,"end":2138.947},{"text":"regional","start":2139.028,"end":2139.477},{"text":"positions","start":2139.493,"end":2140.039},{"text":"is","start":2140.378,"end":2140.458},{"text":"in","start":2140.636,"end":2140.684},{"text":"the","start":2140.781,"end":2140.878},{"text":"collective","start":2140.878,"end":2141.378},{"text":"interest,","start":2141.378,"end":2141.975},{"text":"as","start":2142.394,"end":2142.459},{"text":"it","start":2142.571,"end":2142.717},{"text":"reduces","start":2142.717,"end":2143.249},{"text":"uncertainty","start":2143.297,"end":2144.072},{"text":"and","start":2144.265,"end":2144.33},{"text":"the","start":2144.346,"end":2144.427},{"text":"risk","start":2144.427,"end":2144.814},{"text":"of","start":2144.91,"end":2145.04},{"text":"miscalculation","start":2145.056,"end":2145.927},{"text":"in","start":2146.282,"end":2146.33},{"text":"interstate","start":2146.524,"end":2147.153},{"text":"relations.","start":2147.153,"end":2147.62}]},{"text":"Furthermore, it establishes a global baseline for the application of international law in cyberspace.","start":2148.604,"end":2153.683,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":2148.604,"end":2149.105},{"text":"it","start":2149.201,"end":2149.33},{"text":"establishes","start":2149.33,"end":2149.96},{"text":"a","start":2149.976,"end":2150.057},{"text":"global","start":2150.057,"end":2150.364},{"text":"baseline","start":2150.461,"end":2151.012},{"text":"for","start":2151.271,"end":2151.433},{"text":"the","start":2151.433,"end":2151.497},{"text":"application","start":2151.514,"end":2152.015},{"text":"of","start":2152.015,"end":2152.096},{"text":"international","start":2152.096,"end":2152.695},{"text":"law","start":2152.728,"end":2152.938},{"text":"in","start":2152.987,"end":2153.035},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":2153.068,"end":2153.683}]},{"text":"The EU Common Understanding of the Application of International Law to Cyberspace demonstrates that it is possible to agree on principles such as state sovereignty, the principle of non-intervention, the prohibition on the use of force, and compliance with international humanitarian law, international human rights law, and state responsibility law.","start":2155.156,"end":2174.411,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."},{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."},{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2155.156,"end":2155.399},{"text":"EU","start":2155.48,"end":2155.69},{"text":"Common","start":2155.966,"end":2156.192},{"text":"Understanding","start":2156.225,"end":2156.84},{"text":"of","start":2157.034,"end":2157.131},{"text":"the","start":2157.131,"end":2157.212},{"text":"Application","start":2157.212,"end":2157.762},{"text":"of","start":2157.762,"end":2157.843},{"text":"International","start":2157.843,"end":2158.41},{"text":"Law","start":2158.41,"end":2158.54},{"text":"to","start":2158.54,"end":2158.572},{"text":"Cyberspace","start":2158.572,"end":2159.119},{"text":"demonstrates","start":2159.683,"end":2160.295},{"text":"that","start":2160.665,"end":2160.842},{"text":"it","start":2160.842,"end":2160.971},{"text":"is","start":2160.971,"end":2161.035},{"text":"possible","start":2161.148,"end":2161.583},{"text":"to","start":2161.631,"end":2161.728},{"text":"agree","start":2161.728,"end":2162.13},{"text":"on","start":2162.194,"end":2162.243},{"text":"principles","start":2162.355,"end":2162.967},{"text":"such","start":2163.322,"end":2163.547},{"text":"as","start":2163.547,"end":2163.611},{"text":"state","start":2163.724,"end":2164.046},{"text":"sovereignty,","start":2164.046,"end":2164.658},{"text":"the","start":2165.012,"end":2165.093},{"text":"principle","start":2165.093,"end":2165.479},{"text":"of","start":2165.56,"end":2165.608},{"text":"non-intervention,","start":2165.656,"end":2166.429},{"text":"the","start":2166.792,"end":2166.937},{"text":"prohibition","start":2166.937,"end":2167.405},{"text":"on","start":2167.664,"end":2167.712},{"text":"the","start":2167.744,"end":2167.825},{"text":"use","start":2167.825,"end":2168.019},{"text":"of","start":2168.019,"end":2168.083},{"text":"force,","start":2168.083,"end":2168.568},{"text":"and","start":2168.89,"end":2168.955},{"text":"compliance","start":2169.052,"end":2169.762},{"text":"with","start":2169.762,"end":2169.827},{"text":"international","start":2169.843,"end":2170.424},{"text":"humanitarian","start":2170.424,"end":2171.15},{"text":"law,","start":2171.15,"end":2171.344},{"text":"international","start":2171.715,"end":2172.28},{"text":"human","start":2172.28,"end":2172.603},{"text":"rights","start":2172.603,"end":2172.862},{"text":"law,","start":2172.926,"end":2173.12},{"text":"and","start":2173.168,"end":2173.233},{"text":"state","start":2173.249,"end":2173.653},{"text":"responsibility","start":2173.653,"end":2174.379},{"text":"law.","start":2174.379,"end":2174.411}]},{"text":"In this regard, we also greatly value the common African position on the application of international law to ICTs and would welcome the recognition of the importance of regional perspectives by this global mechanism.","start":2175.59,"end":2188.803,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2175.59,"end":2175.638},{"text":"this","start":2175.67,"end":2175.816},{"text":"regard,","start":2175.816,"end":2176.204},{"text":"we","start":2176.399,"end":2176.545},{"text":"also","start":2176.707,"end":2177.112},{"text":"greatly","start":2177.112,"end":2177.662},{"text":"value","start":2177.841,"end":2178.246},{"text":"the","start":2178.505,"end":2178.651},{"text":"common","start":2178.651,"end":2179.039},{"text":"African","start":2179.137,"end":2179.558},{"text":"position","start":2179.558,"end":2180.011},{"text":"on","start":2180.449,"end":2180.53},{"text":"the","start":2180.53,"end":2180.611},{"text":"application","start":2180.611,"end":2181.097},{"text":"of","start":2181.097,"end":2181.178},{"text":"international","start":2181.178,"end":2181.745},{"text":"law","start":2181.745,"end":2181.907},{"text":"to","start":2181.907,"end":2182.036},{"text":"ICTs","start":2182.053,"end":2182.571},{"text":"and","start":2183.268,"end":2183.332},{"text":"would","start":2183.446,"end":2183.575},{"text":"welcome","start":2183.608,"end":2183.98},{"text":"the","start":2184.418,"end":2184.564},{"text":"recognition","start":2184.564,"end":2185.195},{"text":"of","start":2185.455,"end":2185.503},{"text":"the","start":2185.52,"end":2185.552},{"text":"importance","start":2185.569,"end":2186.238},{"text":"of","start":2186.287,"end":2186.418},{"text":"regional","start":2186.434,"end":2186.859},{"text":"perspectives","start":2186.859,"end":2187.561},{"text":"by","start":2187.659,"end":2187.757},{"text":"this","start":2187.757,"end":2187.888},{"text":"global","start":2187.986,"end":2188.264},{"text":"mechanism.","start":2188.264,"end":2188.803}]},{"text":"Italy would also like to stress the importance of supporting capacity-building efforts including with the aim of ensuring that all states are able to participate on an equal footing on the development of common understandings of how international law applies in the use of ICTs.","start":2190.334,"end":2206.427,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Italy","start":2190.334,"end":2190.625},{"text":"would","start":2190.641,"end":2190.738},{"text":"also","start":2190.802,"end":2190.996},{"text":"like","start":2190.996,"end":2191.157},{"text":"to","start":2191.222,"end":2191.351},{"text":"stress","start":2191.367,"end":2191.577},{"text":"the","start":2191.851,"end":2191.884},{"text":"importance","start":2191.884,"end":2192.465},{"text":"of","start":2192.659,"end":2192.723},{"text":"supporting","start":2192.739,"end":2193.288},{"text":"capacity-building","start":2193.32,"end":2194.095},{"text":"efforts","start":2194.144,"end":2194.902},{"text":"including","start":2195.027,"end":2195.492},{"text":"with","start":2195.524,"end":2195.605},{"text":"the","start":2195.605,"end":2195.749},{"text":"aim","start":2195.83,"end":2195.974},{"text":"of","start":2196.102,"end":2196.183},{"text":"ensuring","start":2196.183,"end":2196.664},{"text":"that","start":2196.713,"end":2196.97},{"text":"all","start":2197.034,"end":2197.082},{"text":"states","start":2197.13,"end":2197.644},{"text":"are","start":2197.917,"end":2197.965},{"text":"able","start":2198.158,"end":2198.383},{"text":"to","start":2198.479,"end":2198.575},{"text":"participate","start":2198.575,"end":2199.474},{"text":"on","start":2199.635,"end":2199.731},{"text":"an","start":2199.779,"end":2199.924},{"text":"equal","start":2199.924,"end":2200.133},{"text":"footing","start":2200.181,"end":2200.63},{"text":"on","start":2201.064,"end":2201.128},{"text":"the","start":2201.128,"end":2201.225},{"text":"development","start":2201.225,"end":2201.931},{"text":"of","start":2201.947,"end":2202.043},{"text":"common","start":2202.108,"end":2202.413},{"text":"understandings","start":2202.413,"end":2203.087},{"text":"of","start":2203.553,"end":2203.649},{"text":"how","start":2203.697,"end":2203.89},{"text":"international","start":2203.938,"end":2204.596},{"text":"law","start":2204.596,"end":2204.837},{"text":"applies","start":2204.837,"end":2205.287},{"text":"in","start":2205.319,"end":2205.367},{"text":"the","start":2205.48,"end":2205.56},{"text":"use","start":2205.56,"end":2205.801},{"text":"of","start":2205.801,"end":2205.897},{"text":"ICTs.","start":2205.897,"end":2206.427}]},{"text":"With this regard, we particularly appreciate the precious work done by organizations like UNIDIR.","start":2207.567,"end":2212.625,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":2207.567,"end":2207.711},{"text":"this","start":2207.711,"end":2207.872},{"text":"regard,","start":2207.872,"end":2208.225},{"text":"we","start":2208.273,"end":2208.434},{"text":"particularly","start":2208.434,"end":2208.98},{"text":"appreciate","start":2208.996,"end":2209.622},{"text":"the","start":2209.654,"end":2209.735},{"text":"precious","start":2209.735,"end":2210.136},{"text":"work","start":2210.2,"end":2210.441},{"text":"done","start":2210.778,"end":2210.907},{"text":"by","start":2210.939,"end":2211.099},{"text":"organizations","start":2211.099,"end":2211.87},{"text":"like","start":2211.982,"end":2212.159},{"text":"UNIDIR.","start":2212.207,"end":2212.625}]},{"text":"Based on the OAWG recommendations, it is now important to continue discussions at the Global Mechanism on how international law applies in the use of ICTs.","start":2213.99,"end":2222.839,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Based","start":2213.99,"end":2214.407},{"text":"on","start":2214.535,"end":2214.616},{"text":"the","start":2214.616,"end":2214.808},{"text":"OAWG","start":2215.017,"end":2215.29},{"text":"recommendations,","start":2215.435,"end":2216.286},{"text":"it","start":2216.478,"end":2216.623},{"text":"is","start":2216.623,"end":2216.687},{"text":"now","start":2216.735,"end":2216.88},{"text":"important","start":2216.96,"end":2217.602},{"text":"to","start":2217.602,"end":2217.731},{"text":"continue","start":2217.747,"end":2218.228},{"text":"discussions","start":2218.228,"end":2218.855},{"text":"at","start":2218.967,"end":2219.047},{"text":"the","start":2219.047,"end":2219.128},{"text":"Global","start":2219.128,"end":2219.449},{"text":"Mechanism","start":2219.449,"end":2219.979},{"text":"on","start":2220.252,"end":2220.3},{"text":"how","start":2220.412,"end":2220.589},{"text":"international","start":2220.669,"end":2221.36},{"text":"law","start":2221.36,"end":2221.521},{"text":"applies","start":2221.553,"end":2222.019},{"text":"in","start":2222.019,"end":2222.1},{"text":"the","start":2222.1,"end":2222.164},{"text":"use","start":2222.164,"end":2222.341},{"text":"of","start":2222.341,"end":2222.421},{"text":"ICTs.","start":2222.421,"end":2222.839}]},{"text":"Such discussions would greatly benefit from briefings of experts, for instance, from the International Law Commission and academia.","start":2224.655,"end":2232.418,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":2361.362,"end":2361.914},{"text":"when","start":2362.985,"end":2363.114},{"text":"we","start":2363.163,"end":2363.423},{"text":"reaffirm","start":2363.471,"end":2364.072},{"text":"the","start":2364.202,"end":2364.283},{"text":"applicability","start":2364.283,"end":2365.029},{"text":"of","start":2365.029,"end":2365.175},{"text":"international","start":2365.175,"end":2365.759},{"text":"law","start":2365.759,"end":2365.873},{"text":"in","start":2365.922,"end":2366.003},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":2366.003,"end":2366.587},{"text":"we","start":2367.44,"end":2367.52},{"text":"also","start":2367.537,"end":2367.877},{"text":"mean","start":2367.877,"end":2368.152},{"text":"the","start":2368.524,"end":2368.605},{"text":"binding","start":2368.686,"end":2369.075},{"text":"state","start":2369.172,"end":2369.544},{"text":"duty","start":2369.576,"end":2369.981},{"text":"to","start":2369.981,"end":2370.143},{"text":"protect","start":2370.143,"end":2370.693},{"text":"freedom","start":2370.693,"end":2371.05},{"text":"of","start":2371.05,"end":2371.163},{"text":"digital","start":2371.276,"end":2371.794},{"text":"expression","start":2371.859,"end":2372.458},{"text":"of","start":2373.057,"end":2373.154},{"text":"their","start":2373.203,"end":2373.332},{"text":"citizens","start":2373.381,"end":2374.158},{"text":"across","start":2374.255,"end":2374.546},{"text":"borders,","start":2374.741,"end":2375.21},{"text":"including","start":2375.469,"end":2376.02},{"text":"anonymous","start":2376.52,"end":2377.246},{"text":"expression.","start":2377.246,"end":2377.795}]},{"text":"State responsibility, sovereignty, peaceful settlement of disputes, non-intervention, and the right of self-defense are, of course, pillars of international peace and security, also in cyberspace.","start":2378.553,"end":2390.14,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"State","start":2378.553,"end":2378.94},{"text":"responsibility,","start":2378.94,"end":2379.893},{"text":"sovereignty,","start":2380.022,"end":2380.78},{"text":"peaceful","start":2380.893,"end":2381.28},{"text":"settlement","start":2381.313,"end":2381.797},{"text":"of","start":2381.797,"end":2381.91},{"text":"disputes,","start":2381.942,"end":2382.588},{"text":"non-intervention,","start":2382.668,"end":2383.524},{"text":"and","start":2384.266,"end":2384.363},{"text":"the","start":2384.363,"end":2384.508},{"text":"right","start":2384.508,"end":2384.766},{"text":"of","start":2384.766,"end":2384.863},{"text":"self-defense","start":2384.863,"end":2385.331},{"text":"are,","start":2385.826,"end":2385.922},{"text":"of","start":2385.986,"end":2386.13},{"text":"course,","start":2386.163,"end":2386.467},{"text":"pillars","start":2386.547,"end":2386.852},{"text":"of","start":2386.9,"end":2386.996},{"text":"international","start":2387.045,"end":2387.686},{"text":"peace","start":2387.686,"end":2387.911},{"text":"and","start":2387.911,"end":2387.991},{"text":"security,","start":2387.991,"end":2388.536},{"text":"also","start":2389.194,"end":2389.482},{"text":"in","start":2389.514,"end":2389.562},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":2389.611,"end":2390.14}]},{"text":"But states, according to precedent and jurisprudence, must also uphold and protect the freedom of expression across borders of their citizens, including anonymous expression, because that is part of their binding obligations under international law.","start":2390.958,"end":2407.653,"topics":[{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":2390.958,"end":2391.07},{"text":"states,","start":2391.07,"end":2391.695},{"text":"according","start":2391.84,"end":2392.225},{"text":"to","start":2392.257,"end":2392.385},{"text":"precedent","start":2392.401,"end":2393.043},{"text":"and","start":2393.123,"end":2393.203},{"text":"jurisprudence,","start":2393.283,"end":2394.181},{"text":"must","start":2394.326,"end":2394.566},{"text":"also","start":2394.646,"end":2394.871},{"text":"uphold","start":2394.887,"end":2395.464},{"text":"and","start":2395.544,"end":2395.609},{"text":"protect","start":2395.689,"end":2396.266},{"text":"the","start":2396.747,"end":2396.827},{"text":"freedom","start":2396.827,"end":2397.244},{"text":"of","start":2397.293,"end":2397.389},{"text":"expression","start":2397.389,"end":2397.966},{"text":"across","start":2397.966,"end":2398.592},{"text":"borders","start":2398.592,"end":2399.121},{"text":"of","start":2399.458,"end":2399.57},{"text":"their","start":2399.57,"end":2399.746},{"text":"citizens,","start":2399.778,"end":2400.452},{"text":"including","start":2400.917,"end":2401.446},{"text":"anonymous","start":2401.639,"end":2402.344},{"text":"expression,","start":2402.344,"end":2402.89},{"text":"because","start":2403.403,"end":2403.692},{"text":"that","start":2403.788,"end":2404.542},{"text":"is","start":2404.606,"end":2404.734},{"text":"part","start":2404.846,"end":2405.167},{"text":"of","start":2405.167,"end":2405.247},{"text":"their","start":2405.247,"end":2405.472},{"text":"binding","start":2405.472,"end":2405.905},{"text":"obligations","start":2405.905,"end":2406.578},{"text":"under","start":2406.755,"end":2407.011},{"text":"international","start":2407.011,"end":2407.573},{"text":"law.","start":2407.573,"end":2407.653}]},{"text":"Therefore, in our view, scenario-based discussions by the 2 cross-cutting dedicated thematic groups of the global mechanism namely on how binding state obligations apply to particular situations in cyberspace, should give adequate attention to the duty to protect freedom of expression, including anonymous expression, and regardless of borders.","start":2408.455,"end":2431.349,"topics":[{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."},{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":2408.455,"end":2408.888},{"text":"in","start":2409.241,"end":2409.385},{"text":"our","start":2409.401,"end":2409.529},{"text":"view,","start":2409.641,"end":2409.834},{"text":"scenario-based","start":2410.395,"end":2411.181},{"text":"discussions","start":2411.181,"end":2411.79},{"text":"by","start":2411.887,"end":2412.047},{"text":"the","start":2412.047,"end":2412.207},{"text":"2","start":2412.207,"end":2412.432},{"text":"cross-cutting","start":2412.448,"end":2413.057},{"text":"dedicated","start":2413.106,"end":2413.747},{"text":"thematic","start":2413.747,"end":2414.212},{"text":"groups","start":2414.212,"end":2414.485},{"text":"of","start":2414.485,"end":2414.597},{"text":"the","start":2414.629,"end":2414.709},{"text":"global","start":2414.709,"end":2414.998},{"text":"mechanism","start":2415.046,"end":2415.688},{"text":"namely","start":2416.201,"end":2416.75},{"text":"on","start":2416.928,"end":2416.993},{"text":"how","start":2417.171,"end":2417.268},{"text":"binding","start":2417.349,"end":2417.72},{"text":"state","start":2417.817,"end":2418.092},{"text":"obligations","start":2418.092,"end":2418.739},{"text":"apply","start":2418.739,"end":2419.046},{"text":"to","start":2419.046,"end":2419.208},{"text":"particular","start":2419.208,"end":2419.693},{"text":"situations","start":2419.693,"end":2420.307},{"text":"in","start":2420.339,"end":2420.388},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":2420.485,"end":2421.099},{"text":"should","start":2421.778,"end":2422.231},{"text":"give","start":2423.007,"end":2423.217},{"text":"adequate","start":2423.476,"end":2423.896},{"text":"attention","start":2423.896,"end":2424.43},{"text":"to","start":2424.72,"end":2424.818},{"text":"the","start":2424.931,"end":2425.092},{"text":"duty","start":2425.092,"end":2425.432},{"text":"to","start":2425.432,"end":2425.592},{"text":"protect","start":2425.592,"end":2426.075},{"text":"freedom","start":2426.075,"end":2426.397},{"text":"of","start":2426.413,"end":2426.557},{"text":"expression,","start":2426.557,"end":2427.088},{"text":"including","start":2427.747,"end":2428.374},{"text":"anonymous","start":2428.567,"end":2429.146},{"text":"expression,","start":2429.146,"end":2429.741},{"text":"and","start":2429.999,"end":2430.111},{"text":"regardless","start":2430.159,"end":2430.835},{"text":"of","start":2430.835,"end":2430.947},{"text":"borders.","start":2430.98,"end":2431.349}]},{"text":"Thank you, Miss Madam Chairman.","start":2431.526,"end":2432.974,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2431.526,"end":2431.768},{"text":"you,","start":2431.768,"end":2431.8},{"text":"Miss","start":2431.848,"end":2432.121},{"text":"Madam","start":2432.491,"end":2432.797},{"text":"Chairman.","start":2432.813,"end":2432.974}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"PRT","affiliation_full":"Portugal","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":21,"start":2434.58,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=2435","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchas gracias.","start":2434.58,"end":2435.096,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchas","start":2434.58,"end":2434.741},{"text":"gracias.","start":2434.773,"end":2435.096}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":2435.403,"end":2435.969,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2435.403,"end":2435.581},{"text":"you","start":2435.581,"end":2435.613},{"text":"very","start":2435.613,"end":2435.759},{"text":"much.","start":2435.759,"end":2435.969}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the delegation of Cameroon.","start":2436.292,"end":2438.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2436.292,"end":2436.308},{"text":"now","start":2436.308,"end":2436.55},{"text":"give","start":2436.55,"end":2436.728},{"text":"the","start":2436.776,"end":2436.825},{"text":"floor","start":2436.873,"end":2437.616},{"text":"to","start":2437.665,"end":2437.73},{"text":"the","start":2437.762,"end":2437.826},{"text":"delegation","start":2437.826,"end":2438.15},{"text":"of","start":2438.15,"end":2438.214},{"text":"Cameroon.","start":2438.23,"end":2438.65}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":22,"start":2440.5,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=2441","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Madame la Présidente. Madam Chair, the history of international law is one of a constant search for balance between the enduring principles that underpin the international legal order and the need to accompany the profound transformations of international society.","start":2440.5,"end":2459.005,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Madame","start":2440.5,"end":2440.7},{"text":"la","start":2440.7,"end":2440.733},{"text":"Présidente.","start":2440.783,"end":2441.283},{"text":"Madam","start":2442.048,"end":2442.289},{"text":"Chair,","start":2442.305,"end":2442.644},{"text":"the","start":2444.158,"end":2444.238},{"text":"history","start":2444.238,"end":2444.576},{"text":"of","start":2444.576,"end":2444.705},{"text":"international","start":2444.705,"end":2445.462},{"text":"law","start":2445.591,"end":2445.704},{"text":"is","start":2446.251,"end":2446.38},{"text":"one","start":2447.056,"end":2447.25},{"text":"of","start":2447.701,"end":2447.862},{"text":"a","start":2447.862,"end":2448.007},{"text":"constant","start":2448.007,"end":2448.409},{"text":"search","start":2448.409,"end":2448.764},{"text":"for","start":2448.909,"end":2449.118},{"text":"balance","start":2449.134,"end":2449.504},{"text":"between","start":2449.778,"end":2450.165},{"text":"the","start":2450.278,"end":2450.39},{"text":"enduring","start":2450.986,"end":2451.535},{"text":"principles","start":2451.648,"end":2452.116},{"text":"that","start":2452.116,"end":2452.277},{"text":"underpin","start":2452.277,"end":2452.696},{"text":"the","start":2452.696,"end":2452.745},{"text":"international","start":2452.761,"end":2453.342},{"text":"legal","start":2453.342,"end":2453.584},{"text":"order","start":2453.584,"end":2453.939},{"text":"and","start":2454.455,"end":2454.632},{"text":"the","start":2454.729,"end":2454.81},{"text":"need","start":2454.81,"end":2455.246},{"text":"to","start":2455.278,"end":2455.391},{"text":"accompany","start":2455.6,"end":2456.133},{"text":"the","start":2456.165,"end":2456.31},{"text":"profound","start":2456.31,"end":2456.794},{"text":"transformations","start":2456.794,"end":2457.666},{"text":"of","start":2457.698,"end":2457.859},{"text":"international","start":2457.859,"end":2458.424},{"text":"society.","start":2458.424,"end":2459.005}]},{"text":"And in every period of major change, law has been called upon not only to regulate new realities, but also to preserve the fundamental values that make peaceful coexistence among nations possible.","start":2459.553,"end":2471.624,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2459.553,"end":2459.618},{"text":"in","start":2459.65,"end":2459.795},{"text":"every","start":2459.795,"end":2460.005},{"text":"period","start":2460.037,"end":2460.457},{"text":"of","start":2460.457,"end":2460.57},{"text":"major","start":2460.57,"end":2460.907},{"text":"change,","start":2460.907,"end":2461.405},{"text":"law","start":2462.032,"end":2462.161},{"text":"has","start":2462.289,"end":2462.418},{"text":"been","start":2462.45,"end":2462.562},{"text":"called","start":2462.691,"end":2463.237},{"text":"upon","start":2463.253,"end":2463.543},{"text":"not","start":2463.575,"end":2463.816},{"text":"only","start":2463.816,"end":2463.944},{"text":"to","start":2463.977,"end":2464.105},{"text":"regulate","start":2464.137,"end":2464.7},{"text":"new","start":2464.7,"end":2464.78},{"text":"realities,","start":2464.78,"end":2465.391},{"text":"but","start":2466.066,"end":2466.291},{"text":"also","start":2466.291,"end":2466.886},{"text":"to","start":2467.014,"end":2467.239},{"text":"preserve","start":2467.271,"end":2467.898},{"text":"the","start":2467.898,"end":2468.027},{"text":"fundamental","start":2468.059,"end":2468.621},{"text":"values","start":2468.637,"end":2469.087},{"text":"that","start":2469.361,"end":2469.521},{"text":"make","start":2469.782,"end":2470.189},{"text":"peaceful","start":2470.418,"end":2470.793},{"text":"coexistence","start":2470.793,"end":2471.135},{"text":"among","start":2471.135,"end":2471.249},{"text":"nations","start":2471.249,"end":2471.347},{"text":"possible.","start":2471.347,"end":2471.624}]},{"text":"Cyberspace is today one of such major transformations.","start":2473.698,"end":2477.856,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Cyberspace","start":2473.698,"end":2474.548},{"text":"is","start":2475.062,"end":2475.207},{"text":"today","start":2475.383,"end":2475.801},{"text":"one","start":2475.865,"end":2476.09},{"text":"of","start":2476.347,"end":2476.491},{"text":"such","start":2476.507,"end":2476.748},{"text":"major","start":2476.764,"end":2477.069},{"text":"transformations.","start":2477.069,"end":2477.856}]},{"text":"It has become an essential space for cooperation, innovation, economic development, and social progress.","start":2478.691,"end":2485.049,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2478.691,"end":2478.835},{"text":"has","start":2478.835,"end":2478.98},{"text":"become","start":2479.012,"end":2479.542},{"text":"an","start":2479.959,"end":2480.28},{"text":"essential","start":2480.28,"end":2480.698},{"text":"space","start":2480.698,"end":2481.083},{"text":"for","start":2481.083,"end":2481.179},{"text":"cooperation,","start":2481.26,"end":2481.854},{"text":"innovation,","start":2482.062,"end":2482.576},{"text":"economic","start":2483.283,"end":2483.732},{"text":"development,","start":2483.732,"end":2484.166},{"text":"and","start":2484.214,"end":2484.294},{"text":"social","start":2484.294,"end":2484.615},{"text":"progress.","start":2484.696,"end":2485.049}]},{"text":"However, it has also become a domain in which complex challenges to international peace and security, the stability of states, and trust among nations are 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in light of this reality, Our collective responsibility is to ensure that the digital revolution remains a force serving humanity rather than an additional source of 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that is why international law must remain our common reference point, not as a constraint opposed to technological progress, but as the indispensable framework of trust that enables us to harness its benefits, prevent its risks, Madam Chair, for Cameroon, international law is a basis for peaceful coexistence and a way to resolve differences.","start":2509.5,"end":2540.972,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2596.533,"end":2596.79},{"text":"have","start":2596.998,"end":2597.432},{"text":"always","start":2597.48,"end":2597.704},{"text":"supported","start":2597.72,"end":2598.266},{"text":"the","start":2598.619,"end":2598.699},{"text":"progressive","start":2598.699,"end":2599.1},{"text":"development","start":2599.1,"end":2599.55},{"text":"codification","start":2599.646,"end":2600.769},{"text":"of","start":2600.769,"end":2600.866},{"text":"international","start":2600.866,"end":2601.427},{"text":"law","start":2601.491,"end":2601.62},{"text":"through","start":2601.989,"end":2602.374},{"text":"including","start":2603.032,"end":2603.513},{"text":"the","start":2603.513,"end":2603.722},{"text":"ICT","start":2603.754,"end":2604.252},{"text":"because","start":2604.701,"end":2605.006},{"text":"we","start":2605.182,"end":2605.279},{"text":"think","start":2605.359,"end":2605.856},{"text":"that","start":2605.856,"end":2606.081},{"text":"it","start":2606.081,"end":2606.338},{"text":"help","start":2606.29,"end":2606.9},{"text":"improve","start":2608.329,"end":2608.698},{"text":"legal","start":2609.196,"end":2609.581},{"text":"certainty","start":2609.999,"end":2611.026},{"text":"and","start":2612.166,"end":2612.311},{"text":"the","start":2612.568,"end":2612.744},{"text":"implementation","start":2612.744,"end":2613.354},{"text":"of","start":2613.387,"end":2613.451},{"text":"relevant","start":2613.451,"end":2613.932},{"text":"obligations.","start":2613.949,"end":2614.527}]},{"text":"However, this reflection must be conducted with caution, objectivity, and legal rigor.","start":2614.575,"end":2618.685,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":2614.575,"end":2614.864},{"text":"this","start":2614.896,"end":2615.056},{"text":"reflection","start":2615.056,"end":2615.442},{"text":"must","start":2615.538,"end":2615.715},{"text":"be","start":2615.715,"end":2615.859},{"text":"conducted","start":2615.859,"end":2616.325},{"text":"with","start":2616.357,"end":2616.55},{"text":"caution,","start":2616.582,"end":2616.967},{"text":"objectivity,","start":2617.16,"end":2617.69},{"text":"and","start":2617.706,"end":2617.882},{"text":"legal","start":2617.882,"end":2618.22},{"text":"rigor.","start":2618.348,"end":2618.685}]},{"text":"It cannot proceed from the assumption that the existing international legal framework is insufficient, nor presume that there are normative gaps that exist.","start":2620.13,"end":2628.255,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Rather,","start":2628.56,"end":2628.801},{"text":"it","start":2628.865,"end":2628.929},{"text":"should","start":2628.961,"end":2629.106},{"text":"be","start":2629.122,"end":2629.267},{"text":"based","start":2629.267,"end":2629.684},{"text":"on","start":2629.748,"end":2629.796},{"text":"a","start":2629.925,"end":2630.005},{"text":"methodological","start":2630.005,"end":2630.952},{"text":"analysis","start":2630.969,"end":2631.707},{"text":"grounded","start":2632.494,"end":2633.024},{"text":"in","start":2633.201,"end":2633.297},{"text":"state","start":2633.297,"end":2633.843},{"text":"practices,","start":2633.859,"end":2634.711},{"text":"applicable","start":2635.61,"end":2635.916},{"text":"principles","start":2635.948,"end":2636.317},{"text":"of","start":2636.333,"end":2636.43},{"text":"international","start":2636.43,"end":2637.056},{"text":"law,","start":2637.056,"end":2637.184},{"text":"and","start":2637.795,"end":2637.859},{"text":"operational","start":2638.02,"end":2638.63},{"text":"realities","start":2638.678,"end":2639.449},{"text":"associated","start":2639.546,"end":2640.285},{"text":"with","start":2640.285,"end":2640.445},{"text":"digital","start":2640.445,"end":2640.879},{"text":"technologies.","start":2640.927,"end":2641.666}]},{"text":"In this regard, we remain open to continuing discussion on the possible evolution of international legal framework.","start":2642.035,"end":2647.497,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. 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a digital environment where vulnerabilities of states— and we are all interdependent— our work, not just an expression of international community, but an expression of a joint 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Chair, allow me to conclude by recalling an African proverb which says that the strength of a river comes from the meeting of its 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this recalls a fundamental reality that a state alone cannot meet the complex challenges on their own.","start":2727.048,"end":2735.354,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2727.048,"end":2727.112},{"text":"this","start":2727.128,"end":2727.256},{"text":"recalls","start":2728.09,"end":2728.94},{"text":"a","start":2729.052,"end":2729.068},{"text":"fundamental","start":2729.116,"end":2729.774},{"text":"reality","start":2729.774,"end":2730.383},{"text":"that","start":2730.896,"end":2731.008},{"text":"a","start":2731.201,"end":2731.217},{"text":"state","start":2731.233,"end":2731.906},{"text":"alone","start":2732.019,"end":2732.468},{"text":"cannot","start":2732.58,"end":2732.852},{"text":"meet","start":2733.077,"end":2733.382},{"text":"the","start":2733.382,"end":2733.478},{"text":"complex","start":2733.606,"end":2734.247},{"text":"challenges","start":2734.247,"end":2734.793},{"text":"on","start":2734.969,"end":2735.033},{"text":"their","start":2735.049,"end":2735.178},{"text":"own.","start":2735.306,"end":2735.354}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":2735.546,"end":2736.605,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2735.546,"end":2735.594},{"text":"thank","start":2735.61,"end":2736.011},{"text":"you.","start":2736.508,"end":2736.605}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"CMR","affiliation_full":"Cameroon","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":23,"start":2737.31,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=2738","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":2737.31,"end":2738.834,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2737.31,"end":2738.577},{"text":"you.","start":2738.577,"end":2738.834}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the delegation of Kiribati.","start":2739.539,"end":2742.409,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2739.539,"end":2739.571},{"text":"now","start":2739.571,"end":2739.748},{"text":"give","start":2739.876,"end":2740.084},{"text":"the","start":2740.116,"end":2740.261},{"text":"floor","start":2740.261,"end":2740.758},{"text":"to","start":2740.758,"end":2740.918},{"text":"the","start":2740.918,"end":2741.078},{"text":"delegation","start":2741.078,"end":2741.608},{"text":"of","start":2741.64,"end":2741.768},{"text":"Kiribati.","start":2741.864,"end":2742.409}]},{"text":"be followed by Austria.","start":2742.49,"end":2743.471,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"be","start":2742.49,"end":2742.523},{"text":"followed","start":2742.591,"end":2742.828},{"text":"by","start":2742.845,"end":2743.014},{"text":"Austria.","start":2743.116,"end":2743.471}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":24,"start":2745.99,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=2746","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Madam Chair, Kiribati aligns itself with the statement delivered by the Kingdom of Tonga on behalf of the Pacific Island Forum members and with the cross-regional statements on the application of international law delivered by Australia.","start":2745.99,"end":2760.572,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. 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speak now in our national capacity.","start":2761.698,"end":2763.711,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2761.698,"end":2761.795},{"text":"speak","start":2761.795,"end":2762.165},{"text":"now","start":2762.165,"end":2762.294},{"text":"in","start":2762.423,"end":2762.552},{"text":"our","start":2762.648,"end":2762.761},{"text":"national","start":2762.761,"end":2763.147},{"text":"capacity.","start":2763.147,"end":2763.711}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, let me begin with the reason this pillar matters Most to all states like mine.","start":2764.71,"end":2769.754,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":2764.71,"end":2764.89},{"text":"Chair,","start":2764.89,"end":2765.235},{"text":"let","start":2765.465,"end":2765.58},{"text":"me","start":2765.58,"end":2765.793},{"text":"begin","start":2765.793,"end":2766.04},{"text":"with","start":2766.056,"end":2766.204},{"text":"the","start":2766.204,"end":2766.368},{"text":"reason","start":2766.368,"end":2766.762},{"text":"this","start":2766.861,"end":2767.008},{"text":"pillar","start":2767.189,"end":2767.386},{"text":"matters","start":2767.386,"end":2767.83},{"text":"Most","start":2768.132,"end":2768.453},{"text":"to","start":2768.453,"end":2768.598},{"text":"all","start":2768.758,"end":2768.823},{"text":"states","start":2768.871,"end":2769.337},{"text":"like","start":2769.337,"end":2769.497},{"text":"mine.","start":2769.497,"end":2769.754}]},{"text":"Kiribati is a large ocean state of small islands, a nation of 120,000 people spread across an ocean the size of a 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have no army to speak of.","start":2782.426,"end":2783.952,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2782.426,"end":2782.523},{"text":"have","start":2782.523,"end":2782.683},{"text":"no","start":2782.731,"end":2782.828},{"text":"army","start":2783.053,"end":2783.277},{"text":"to","start":2783.31,"end":2783.406},{"text":"speak","start":2783.406,"end":2783.775},{"text":"of.","start":2783.775,"end":2783.952}]},{"text":"We have no capacity to deter and no capacity to retaliate.","start":2784.594,"end":2789.268,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2784.594,"end":2784.691},{"text":"have","start":2784.691,"end":2784.884},{"text":"no","start":2784.9,"end":2785.076},{"text":"capacity","start":2785.076,"end":2785.687},{"text":"to","start":2785.944,"end":2786.12},{"text":"deter","start":2786.12,"end":2786.554},{"text":"and","start":2787.148,"end":2787.212},{"text":"no","start":2787.325,"end":2787.485},{"text":"capacity","start":2787.485,"end":2788.015},{"text":"to","start":2788.529,"end":2788.626},{"text":"retaliate.","start":2788.626,"end":2789.268}]},{"text":"If a state chose to act against us in cyberspace tomorrow, We could not answer it, and we could not prevent it.","start":2790.216,"end":2797.554,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":2790.216,"end":2790.376},{"text":"a","start":2790.376,"end":2790.392},{"text":"state","start":2790.392,"end":2791.035},{"text":"chose","start":2791.244,"end":2791.549},{"text":"to","start":2791.581,"end":2791.79},{"text":"act","start":2792.288,"end":2792.48},{"text":"against","start":2792.48,"end":2792.866},{"text":"us","start":2792.866,"end":2793.043},{"text":"in","start":2793.043,"end":2793.123},{"text":"cyberspace","start":2793.123,"end":2793.749},{"text":"tomorrow,","start":2793.749,"end":2794.215},{"text":"We","start":2794.616,"end":2794.713},{"text":"could","start":2794.713,"end":2794.841},{"text":"not","start":2794.889,"end":2795.194},{"text":"answer","start":2795.259,"end":2795.515},{"text":"it,","start":2795.58,"end":2795.708},{"text":"and","start":2796.318,"end":2796.463},{"text":"we","start":2796.463,"end":2796.559},{"text":"could","start":2796.559,"end":2796.704},{"text":"not","start":2796.704,"end":2796.912},{"text":"prevent","start":2797.025,"end":2797.506},{"text":"it.","start":2797.506,"end":2797.554}]},{"text":"When we ask ourselves what actually protects Kiribati, the honest answer is this: international law protects Kiribati's sovereign equality, the prohibition of the threat and use of force, non-intervention, the peace settlement of disputes.","start":2798.486,"end":2818.121,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"When","start":2798.486,"end":2798.63},{"text":"we","start":2798.646,"end":2798.791},{"text":"ask","start":2798.871,"end":2799.192},{"text":"ourselves","start":2799.192,"end":2799.69},{"text":"what","start":2799.754,"end":2800.043},{"text":"actually","start":2800.412,"end":2800.798},{"text":"protects","start":2801.119,"end":2801.616},{"text":"Kiribati,","start":2801.616,"end":2802.066},{"text":"the","start":2802.724,"end":2802.869},{"text":"honest","start":2802.965,"end":2803.27},{"text":"answer","start":2803.382,"end":2803.832},{"text":"is","start":2804.009,"end":2804.073},{"text":"this:","start":2804.169,"end":2804.458},{"text":"international","start":2805.229,"end":2805.983},{"text":"law","start":2806.096,"end":2806.224},{"text":"protects","start":2806.337,"end":2806.834},{"text":"Kiribati's","start":2806.834,"end":2807.412},{"text":"sovereign","start":2807.974,"end":2808.408},{"text":"equality,","start":2808.697,"end":2809.291},{"text":"the","start":2810.447,"end":2810.527},{"text":"prohibition","start":2810.527,"end":2811.137},{"text":"of","start":2811.394,"end":2811.538},{"text":"the","start":2811.715,"end":2811.924},{"text":"threat","start":2811.956,"end":2812.486},{"text":"and","start":2812.919,"end":2812.999},{"text":"use","start":2812.999,"end":2813.256},{"text":"of","start":2813.256,"end":2813.385},{"text":"force,","start":2813.481,"end":2813.85},{"text":"non-intervention,","start":2814.525,"end":2815.311},{"text":"the","start":2816.226,"end":2816.307},{"text":"peace","start":2816.467,"end":2816.708},{"text":"settlement","start":2816.708,"end":2817.382},{"text":"of","start":2817.495,"end":2817.559},{"text":"disputes.","start":2817.591,"end":2818.121}]},{"text":"These are not matters of legal theory.","start":2818.86,"end":2820.256,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":2818.86,"end":2819.004},{"text":"are","start":2819.116,"end":2819.213},{"text":"not","start":2819.261,"end":2819.502},{"text":"matters","start":2819.502,"end":2819.887},{"text":"of","start":2819.983,"end":2820.015},{"text":"legal","start":2820.015,"end":2820.16},{"text":"theory.","start":2820.16,"end":2820.256}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":2820.321,"end":2820.417,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2820.321,"end":2820.385},{"text":"you.","start":2820.385,"end":2820.417}]},{"text":"They are our defenses.","start":2820.866,"end":2822.906,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"They","start":2820.866,"end":2820.963},{"text":"are","start":2820.963,"end":2821.156},{"text":"our","start":2822.151,"end":2822.376},{"text":"defenses.","start":2822.392,"end":2822.906}]},{"text":"They are, in truth, the only defenses we have.","start":2823.774,"end":2826.343,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"They","start":2823.774,"end":2823.918},{"text":"are,","start":2823.934,"end":2824.079},{"text":"in","start":2824.095,"end":2824.143},{"text":"truth,","start":2824.239,"end":2824.625},{"text":"the","start":2824.737,"end":2824.882},{"text":"only","start":2824.962,"end":2825.107},{"text":"defenses","start":2825.203,"end":2825.749},{"text":"we","start":2825.861,"end":2825.958},{"text":"have.","start":2826.086,"end":2826.343}]},{"text":"So when this mechanism affirms that international law, including the Charter of the United Nations in its entirety, applies to state conduct in cyberspace, Givet does not hear a technical proposition.","start":2827.162,"end":2842.774,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2827.162,"end":2827.371},{"text":"when","start":2827.371,"end":2827.516},{"text":"this","start":2828.014,"end":2828.255},{"text":"mechanism","start":2828.255,"end":2828.801},{"text":"affirms","start":2828.913,"end":2829.443},{"text":"that","start":2829.475,"end":2829.588},{"text":"international","start":2829.716,"end":2830.439},{"text":"law,","start":2830.439,"end":2830.535},{"text":"including","start":2831.081,"end":2831.531},{"text":"the","start":2831.563,"end":2831.659},{"text":"Charter","start":2831.724,"end":2832.414},{"text":"of","start":2832.511,"end":2832.655},{"text":"the","start":2832.687,"end":2832.88},{"text":"United","start":2833.153,"end":2833.506},{"text":"Nations","start":2833.555,"end":2834.02},{"text":"in","start":2834.053,"end":2834.181},{"text":"its","start":2834.229,"end":2834.454},{"text":"entirety,","start":2834.534,"end":2835.225},{"text":"applies","start":2836.221,"end":2836.59},{"text":"to","start":2836.638,"end":2836.783},{"text":"state","start":2836.783,"end":2837.152},{"text":"conduct","start":2837.184,"end":2837.731},{"text":"in","start":2837.811,"end":2837.843},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":2837.843,"end":2838.437},{"text":"Givet","start":2839.256,"end":2839.594},{"text":"does","start":2839.594,"end":2839.722},{"text":"not","start":2839.899,"end":2840.22},{"text":"hear","start":2840.22,"end":2840.573},{"text":"a","start":2840.959,"end":2840.975},{"text":"technical","start":2841.039,"end":2841.569},{"text":"proposition.","start":2842.228,"end":2842.774}]},{"text":"We hear our security being spoken aloud.","start":2843.769,"end":2846.676,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2843.769,"end":2843.962},{"text":"hear","start":2843.994,"end":2844.283},{"text":"our","start":2844.476,"end":2844.572},{"text":"security","start":2844.572,"end":2845.343},{"text":"being","start":2845.456,"end":2845.873},{"text":"spoken","start":2845.938,"end":2846.355},{"text":"aloud.","start":2846.484,"end":2846.676}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":2846.741,"end":2846.869,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2846.741,"end":2846.821},{"text":"you.","start":2846.821,"end":2846.869}]},{"text":"In the previous Open-Handed Working Group, Kiribati joined a cross-regional group of states from the Pacific, Asia, Europe, and Latin America in presenting convergence language on international law.","start":2847.544,"end":2863.44,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2847.544,"end":2847.592},{"text":"the","start":2847.688,"end":2847.736},{"text":"previous","start":2847.784,"end":2848.25},{"text":"Open-Handed","start":2848.427,"end":2849.037},{"text":"Working","start":2849.069,"end":2849.358},{"text":"Group,","start":2849.454,"end":2849.711},{"text":"Kiribati","start":2850.257,"end":2850.562},{"text":"joined","start":2850.739,"end":2851.156},{"text":"a","start":2851.622,"end":2851.638},{"text":"cross-regional","start":2851.638,"end":2852.425},{"text":"group","start":2852.441,"end":2852.746},{"text":"of","start":2852.746,"end":2852.778},{"text":"states","start":2852.778,"end":2853.34},{"text":"from","start":2853.806,"end":2853.95},{"text":"the","start":2854.03,"end":2854.111},{"text":"Pacific,","start":2854.127,"end":2854.609},{"text":"Asia,","start":2855.652,"end":2856.118},{"text":"Europe,","start":2856.616,"end":2856.937},{"text":"and","start":2857.483,"end":2857.563},{"text":"Latin","start":2857.563,"end":2857.9},{"text":"America","start":2857.9,"end":2858.446},{"text":"in","start":2858.944,"end":2858.992},{"text":"presenting","start":2859.104,"end":2860.437},{"text":"convergence","start":2860.855,"end":2861.449},{"text":"language","start":2861.914,"end":2862.251},{"text":"on","start":2862.46,"end":2862.508},{"text":"international","start":2862.557,"end":2863.343},{"text":"law.","start":2863.343,"end":2863.44}]},{"text":"Those understandings must be carried forward and reflected in this mechanism's reporting.","start":2864.708,"end":2870.521,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Those","start":2864.708,"end":2864.853},{"text":"understandings","start":2865.029,"end":2865.655},{"text":"must","start":2865.752,"end":2866.089},{"text":"be","start":2866.089,"end":2866.169},{"text":"carried","start":2866.25,"end":2866.667},{"text":"forward","start":2866.956,"end":2867.341},{"text":"and","start":2867.759,"end":2867.839},{"text":"reflected","start":2867.919,"end":2868.465},{"text":"in","start":2868.514,"end":2868.594},{"text":"this","start":2868.658,"end":2868.851},{"text":"mechanism's","start":2869.316,"end":2869.91},{"text":"reporting.","start":2870.103,"end":2870.521}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, Permit me now to be candid about something rarely said plainly in this room.","start":2871.484,"end":2877.465,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":2871.484,"end":2871.789},{"text":"Chair,","start":2871.789,"end":2872.11},{"text":"Permit","start":2872.912,"end":2873.634},{"text":"me","start":2873.634,"end":2873.794},{"text":"now","start":2873.794,"end":2873.986},{"text":"to","start":2874.018,"end":2874.131},{"text":"be","start":2874.131,"end":2874.339},{"text":"candid","start":2874.339,"end":2874.724},{"text":"about","start":2874.756,"end":2874.932},{"text":"something","start":2874.932,"end":2875.365},{"text":"rarely","start":2875.477,"end":2875.878},{"text":"said","start":2875.878,"end":2876.247},{"text":"plainly","start":2876.583,"end":2876.888},{"text":"in","start":2876.904,"end":2876.968},{"text":"this","start":2877,"end":2877.305},{"text":"room.","start":2877.305,"end":2877.465}]},{"text":"There is an assumption running quietly beneath our discussions of international law that every state arrives here with a settled national position drafted by its own international lawyers, refined across its own governments.","start":2878.507,"end":2893.432,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2938.544,"end":2938.625},{"text":"is","start":2938.625,"end":2938.737},{"text":"the","start":2938.833,"end":2938.994},{"text":"arithmetic","start":2939.09,"end":2939.796},{"text":"of","start":2939.876,"end":2939.956},{"text":"a","start":2940.068,"end":2940.084},{"text":"small","start":2940.132,"end":2940.469},{"text":"state","start":2940.469,"end":2940.951},{"text":"and","start":2941.881,"end":2941.961},{"text":"it","start":2941.961,"end":2941.993},{"text":"is","start":2942.057,"end":2942.105},{"text":"the","start":2942.539,"end":2942.763},{"text":"arithmetic","start":2942.843,"end":2943.421},{"text":"behind","start":2943.421,"end":2943.87},{"text":"a","start":2944.062,"end":2944.11},{"text":"great","start":2944.223,"end":2944.704},{"text":"many","start":2945.009,"end":2945.314},{"text":"of","start":2945.426,"end":2945.554},{"text":"the","start":2945.57,"end":2945.779},{"text":"empty","start":2945.811,"end":2946.148},{"text":"chairs","start":2946.212,"end":2946.597},{"text":"in","start":2946.869,"end":2946.918},{"text":"these","start":2947.014,"end":2947.158},{"text":"discussions.","start":2947.27,"end":2947.88}]},{"text":"Legal capacity building is therefore not a footnote to this pillar.","start":2948.874,"end":2952.563,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2953.765,"end":2953.829},{"text":"is","start":2953.829,"end":2953.893},{"text":"the","start":2954.005,"end":2954.262},{"text":"condition","start":2954.79,"end":2955.351},{"text":"of","start":2955.351,"end":2955.415},{"text":"this","start":2955.528,"end":2955.832},{"text":"pillar","start":2955.832,"end":2956.088},{"text":"being","start":2956.088,"end":2956.297},{"text":"real.","start":2956.393,"end":2956.569}]},{"text":"Guinea-Bissau reiterates the proposal we co-sponsored in this OEWG that scenario-based exercises on international law be taken up within the dedicated thematic groups.","start":2957.771,"end":2971.392,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3008.492,"end":3008.572},{"text":"is","start":3008.572,"end":3008.636},{"text":"sequence,","start":3008.668,"end":3009.229},{"text":"and","start":3009.469,"end":3009.533},{"text":"it","start":3009.549,"end":3009.677},{"text":"comes","start":3009.71,"end":3009.998},{"text":"from","start":3010.03,"end":3010.19},{"text":"recent","start":3010.254,"end":3010.751},{"text":"experience.","start":3010.751,"end":3011.28}]},{"text":"Kiribati sat through 3 years in the ad hoc committee negotiating the United Nations Convention Against Cybercrime.","start":3012.273,"end":3019.036,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Kiribati","start":3012.273,"end":3012.594},{"text":"sat","start":3012.594,"end":3012.946},{"text":"through","start":3012.994,"end":3013.187},{"text":"3","start":3013.94,"end":3014.116},{"text":"years","start":3014.196,"end":3014.405},{"text":"in","start":3014.597,"end":3014.661},{"text":"the","start":3014.677,"end":3014.789},{"text":"ad","start":3014.901,"end":3014.965},{"text":"hoc","start":3014.965,"end":3015.142},{"text":"committee","start":3015.222,"end":3015.606},{"text":"negotiating","start":3016.119,"end":3016.664},{"text":"the","start":3016.76,"end":3016.824},{"text":"United","start":3016.84,"end":3017.225},{"text":"Nations","start":3017.225,"end":3017.609},{"text":"Convention","start":3017.706,"end":3018.17},{"text":"Against","start":3018.282,"end":3018.635},{"text":"Cybercrime.","start":3018.635,"end":3019.036}]},{"text":"For the largest delegations, that was a demanding process.","start":3019.949,"end":3023.699,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3019.949,"end":3020.045},{"text":"the","start":3020.045,"end":3020.414},{"text":"largest","start":3020.991,"end":3021.391},{"text":"delegations,","start":3021.391,"end":3022.016},{"text":"that","start":3022.353,"end":3022.513},{"text":"was","start":3022.513,"end":3022.577},{"text":"a","start":3022.689,"end":3022.705},{"text":"demanding","start":3022.753,"end":3023.218},{"text":"process.","start":3023.25,"end":3023.699}]},{"text":"For a delegation the size of ours, it consumed very nearly everything we had to give.","start":3024.772,"end":3030.477,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Before","start":3048.589,"end":3048.894},{"text":"we","start":3048.894,"end":3048.99},{"text":"can","start":3048.99,"end":3049.102},{"text":"say","start":3049.15,"end":3049.391},{"text":"responsibly","start":3049.391,"end":3051.364},{"text":"whether","start":3051.878,"end":3052.118},{"text":"there","start":3052.199,"end":3052.311},{"text":"are","start":3052.343,"end":3052.391},{"text":"gaps","start":3052.52,"end":3052.84},{"text":"in","start":3052.84,"end":3053.033},{"text":"existing","start":3054.028,"end":3054.493},{"text":"law,","start":3054.589,"end":3054.685},{"text":"we","start":3055.407,"end":3055.536},{"text":"must","start":3055.568,"end":3055.873},{"text":"first","start":3055.873,"end":3056.209},{"text":"be","start":3056.209,"end":3056.306},{"text":"equipped","start":3056.514,"end":3057.06},{"text":"to","start":3057.155,"end":3057.251},{"text":"understand","start":3057.251,"end":3057.733},{"text":"and","start":3057.733,"end":3057.83},{"text":"apply","start":3057.83,"end":3058.215},{"text":"the","start":3058.215,"end":3058.375},{"text":"law","start":3058.375,"end":3058.488},{"text":"we","start":3058.616,"end":3058.713},{"text":"already","start":3058.761,"end":3059.066},{"text":"have.","start":3059.644,"end":3059.949}]},{"text":"We would rather build that capacity first and then speak with a voice that is genuinely our own.","start":3060.688,"end":3066.869,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":3067.752,"end":3068.009},{"text":"Chair,","start":3068.009,"end":3068.331},{"text":"in","start":3068.812,"end":3068.86},{"text":"closing,","start":3068.973,"end":3069.342},{"text":"for","start":3070,"end":3070.177},{"text":"the","start":3070.177,"end":3070.37},{"text":"powerful,","start":3070.402,"end":3070.948},{"text":"international","start":3071.221,"end":3071.815},{"text":"law","start":3071.943,"end":3072.024},{"text":"is","start":3072.329,"end":3072.473},{"text":"a","start":3072.569,"end":3072.666},{"text":"constraint","start":3072.666,"end":3073.388},{"text":"they","start":3073.388,"end":3073.533},{"text":"accept.","start":3073.549,"end":3073.999}]},{"text":"For the small, it is the protection they depend on.","start":3074.577,"end":3077.37,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3074.577,"end":3074.673},{"text":"the","start":3074.673,"end":3074.769},{"text":"small,","start":3074.769,"end":3075.042},{"text":"it","start":3075.62,"end":3075.701},{"text":"is","start":3075.701,"end":3075.765},{"text":"the","start":3075.877,"end":3075.957},{"text":"protection","start":3076.022,"end":3076.535},{"text":"they","start":3076.6,"end":3076.68},{"text":"depend","start":3076.76,"end":3077.13},{"text":"on.","start":3077.226,"end":3077.37}]},{"text":"In this room, Kiribati's vote counts the same as any other.","start":3078.125,"end":3082.139,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3078.125,"end":3078.205},{"text":"this","start":3078.205,"end":3078.43},{"text":"room,","start":3078.43,"end":3078.639},{"text":"Kiribati's","start":3079.169,"end":3079.634},{"text":"vote","start":3079.715,"end":3080.068},{"text":"counts","start":3080.132,"end":3080.517},{"text":"the","start":3080.598,"end":3080.694},{"text":"same","start":3080.694,"end":3081.224},{"text":"as","start":3081.401,"end":3081.465},{"text":"any","start":3081.722,"end":3081.866},{"text":"other.","start":3081.963,"end":3082.139}]},{"text":"That equality is not a courtesy extended to us.","start":3083.093,"end":3085.654,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":3083.093,"end":3083.223},{"text":"equality","start":3083.369,"end":3083.887},{"text":"is","start":3083.92,"end":3083.968},{"text":"not","start":3084.082,"end":3084.195},{"text":"a","start":3084.244,"end":3084.39},{"text":"courtesy","start":3084.39,"end":3084.86},{"text":"extended","start":3084.973,"end":3085.379},{"text":"to","start":3085.379,"end":3085.508},{"text":"us.","start":3085.606,"end":3085.654}]},{"text":"It is a legal principle, and it is the most valuable thing we possess.","start":3086.27,"end":3090.841,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3086.27,"end":3086.351},{"text":"is","start":3086.351,"end":3086.481},{"text":"a","start":3086.675,"end":3086.756},{"text":"legal","start":3086.756,"end":3087.048},{"text":"principle,","start":3087.145,"end":3087.534},{"text":"and","start":3087.972,"end":3088.037},{"text":"it","start":3088.118,"end":3088.604},{"text":"is","start":3088.604,"end":3088.75},{"text":"the","start":3088.847,"end":3088.896},{"text":"most","start":3088.896,"end":3089.318},{"text":"valuable","start":3089.35,"end":3089.82},{"text":"thing","start":3089.82,"end":3090.047},{"text":"we","start":3090.322,"end":3090.468},{"text":"possess.","start":3090.468,"end":3090.841}]},{"text":"International law protects the small.","start":3091.563,"end":3093.258,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"International","start":3091.563,"end":3092.128},{"text":"law","start":3092.128,"end":3092.241},{"text":"protects","start":3092.354,"end":3092.774},{"text":"the","start":3092.774,"end":3092.855},{"text":"small.","start":3092.855,"end":3093.258}]},{"text":"Kiribati will continue to work with all partners to ensure it protects them in cyberspace, too.","start":3093.904,"end":3099.202,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Kiribati","start":3093.904,"end":3094.195},{"text":"will","start":3094.227,"end":3094.389},{"text":"continue","start":3094.389,"end":3094.793},{"text":"to","start":3094.793,"end":3094.922},{"text":"work","start":3094.938,"end":3095.116},{"text":"with","start":3095.116,"end":3095.326},{"text":"all","start":3095.423,"end":3095.471},{"text":"partners","start":3095.52,"end":3095.972},{"text":"to","start":3096.149,"end":3096.263},{"text":"ensure","start":3096.311,"end":3096.682},{"text":"it","start":3096.973,"end":3097.215},{"text":"protects","start":3097.215,"end":3098.023},{"text":"them","start":3098.023,"end":3098.136},{"text":"in","start":3098.265,"end":3098.314},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":3098.362,"end":3098.944},{"text":"too.","start":3099.073,"end":3099.202}]},{"text":"I thank you, Madam Chair.","start":3099.88,"end":3100.849,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3099.88,"end":3099.913},{"text":"thank","start":3100.026,"end":3100.203},{"text":"you,","start":3100.203,"end":3100.284},{"text":"Madam","start":3100.3,"end":3100.607},{"text":"Chair.","start":3100.607,"end":3100.849}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"KIR","affiliation_full":"Kiribati","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":25,"start":3107.636,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=3108","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchísimas gracias.","start":3107.636,"end":3108.474,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchísimas","start":3107.636,"end":3108.096},{"text":"gracias.","start":3108.113,"end":3108.474}]},{"text":"Thank you very much for that, Kiribati.","start":3109.05,"end":3110.569,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3109.05,"end":3109.246},{"text":"you","start":3109.295,"end":3109.376},{"text":"very","start":3109.376,"end":3109.556},{"text":"much","start":3109.556,"end":3109.768},{"text":"for","start":3109.785,"end":3109.899},{"text":"that,","start":3109.899,"end":3109.997},{"text":"Kiribati.","start":3110.111,"end":3110.569}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the delegation of 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this is the first time our delegation is taking the floor, we would like to take the this opportunity to congratulate you on your 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trust in your continued excellent stewardship of this global mechanism.","start":3138.593,"end":3142.44,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3138.593,"end":3138.625},{"text":"trust","start":3138.625,"end":3139.009},{"text":"in","start":3139.009,"end":3139.09},{"text":"your","start":3139.09,"end":3139.186},{"text":"continued","start":3139.25,"end":3139.779},{"text":"excellent","start":3139.891,"end":3140.26},{"text":"stewardship","start":3140.292,"end":3140.933},{"text":"of","start":3141.077,"end":3141.222},{"text":"this","start":3141.254,"end":3141.446},{"text":"global","start":3141.574,"end":3141.847},{"text":"mechanism.","start":3141.847,"end":3142.44}]},{"text":"Let me start by recalling the Open-Ended Working Group's conclusion that international law as a whole, including the UN Charter, applies to states' cyber activities, and by reaffirming Austria's firm view that there can be no doubt that such a finding encompasses international human rights and international humanitarian 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the Global Mechanism is new, the issues on its agenda are not being discussed in the UN framework for the first 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is thus important to build on the achievements of the last decade.","start":3171.733,"end":3175.325,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3171.733,"end":3171.813},{"text":"is","start":3171.813,"end":3171.925},{"text":"thus","start":3172.198,"end":3172.439},{"text":"important","start":3172.439,"end":3172.92},{"text":"to","start":3172.92,"end":3173.064},{"text":"build","start":3173.16,"end":3173.417},{"text":"on","start":3173.417,"end":3173.497},{"text":"the","start":3173.625,"end":3173.706},{"text":"achievements","start":3173.706,"end":3174.283},{"text":"of","start":3174.347,"end":3174.459},{"text":"the","start":3174.524,"end":3174.604},{"text":"last","start":3174.668,"end":3174.924},{"text":"decade.","start":3174.924,"end":3175.325}]},{"text":"This includes, in particular, the most recent open-ended Working Group on Security of and in the Use of Information and Communications Technologies, which concluded its mandate in 2021.","start":3176.432,"end":3186.455,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3176.432,"end":3176.496},{"text":"includes,","start":3176.608,"end":3177.057},{"text":"in","start":3177.09,"end":3177.17},{"text":"particular,","start":3177.17,"end":3177.891},{"text":"the","start":3177.972,"end":3178.052},{"text":"most","start":3178.052,"end":3178.373},{"text":"recent","start":3178.373,"end":3178.918},{"text":"open-ended","start":3178.998,"end":3179.479},{"text":"Working","start":3179.479,"end":3179.8},{"text":"Group","start":3179.8,"end":3180.04},{"text":"on","start":3180.121,"end":3180.281},{"text":"Security","start":3180.281,"end":3180.746},{"text":"of","start":3180.842,"end":3180.955},{"text":"and","start":3181.243,"end":3181.323},{"text":"in","start":3181.42,"end":3181.468},{"text":"the","start":3181.644,"end":3181.788},{"text":"Use","start":3181.805,"end":3182.125},{"text":"of","start":3182.141,"end":3182.221},{"text":"Information","start":3182.221,"end":3182.863},{"text":"and","start":3182.863,"end":3182.943},{"text":"Communications","start":3182.943,"end":3183.681},{"text":"Technologies,","start":3183.681,"end":3184.354},{"text":"which","start":3184.852,"end":3184.916},{"text":"concluded","start":3185.012,"end":3185.509},{"text":"its","start":3185.509,"end":3185.621},{"text":"mandate","start":3185.67,"end":3186.086},{"text":"in","start":3186.086,"end":3186.151},{"text":"2021.","start":3186.151,"end":3186.455}]},{"text":"We believe that this OEWG has achieved great progress, particularly on international humanitarian law.","start":3186.52,"end":3194.339,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3186.52,"end":3188.157},{"text":"believe","start":3188.157,"end":3188.559},{"text":"that","start":3188.623,"end":3188.735},{"text":"this","start":3188.783,"end":3188.912},{"text":"OEWG","start":3189.105,"end":3189.426},{"text":"has","start":3189.988,"end":3190.132},{"text":"achieved","start":3190.229,"end":3190.614},{"text":"great","start":3190.646,"end":3190.887},{"text":"progress,","start":3190.887,"end":3191.336},{"text":"particularly","start":3191.915,"end":3192.541},{"text":"on","start":3192.653,"end":3192.733},{"text":"international","start":3192.733,"end":3193.376},{"text":"humanitarian","start":3193.376,"end":3194.066},{"text":"law.","start":3194.098,"end":3194.339}]},{"text":"Affirming the applicability of IHL to cyber activities in connection with an armed conflict does not encourage or legitimize cyber warfare.","start":3195.238,"end":3203.427,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Affirming","start":3195.238,"end":3195.672},{"text":"the","start":3195.784,"end":3195.945},{"text":"applicability","start":3195.945,"end":3196.715},{"text":"of","start":3196.748,"end":3196.892},{"text":"IHL","start":3196.892,"end":3197.342},{"text":"to","start":3197.534,"end":3197.631},{"text":"cyber","start":3197.631,"end":3197.952},{"text":"activities","start":3197.952,"end":3198.482},{"text":"in","start":3198.755,"end":3198.803},{"text":"connection","start":3198.835,"end":3199.252},{"text":"with","start":3199.252,"end":3199.413},{"text":"an","start":3199.413,"end":3199.461},{"text":"armed","start":3199.541,"end":3199.766},{"text":"conflict","start":3199.782,"end":3200.344},{"text":"does","start":3200.665,"end":3200.81},{"text":"not","start":3200.842,"end":3201.067},{"text":"encourage","start":3201.067,"end":3201.629},{"text":"or","start":3201.805,"end":3201.886},{"text":"legitimize","start":3201.886,"end":3202.496},{"text":"cyber","start":3202.705,"end":3203.026},{"text":"warfare.","start":3203.09,"end":3203.427}]},{"text":"It aims to provide clarity and affirm the global consensus that armed conflicts are subject to rules and limitations, irrespective of the means of warfare being employed.","start":3204.134,"end":3213.621,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3204.134,"end":3204.214},{"text":"aims","start":3204.278,"end":3204.455},{"text":"to","start":3204.455,"end":3204.551},{"text":"provide","start":3204.599,"end":3204.985},{"text":"clarity","start":3205.001,"end":3205.418},{"text":"and","start":3205.579,"end":3205.643},{"text":"affirm","start":3205.739,"end":3206.109},{"text":"the","start":3206.141,"end":3206.301},{"text":"global","start":3206.301,"end":3206.59},{"text":"consensus","start":3206.687,"end":3207.297},{"text":"that","start":3207.586,"end":3207.762},{"text":"armed","start":3207.811,"end":3207.987},{"text":"conflicts","start":3207.987,"end":3208.565},{"text":"are","start":3208.565,"end":3208.646},{"text":"subject","start":3208.646,"end":3209.175},{"text":"to","start":3209.175,"end":3209.288},{"text":"rules","start":3209.336,"end":3209.641},{"text":"and","start":3209.834,"end":3209.898},{"text":"limitations,","start":3209.978,"end":3210.604},{"text":"irrespective","start":3211.102,"end":3211.728},{"text":"of","start":3211.905,"end":3211.937},{"text":"the","start":3211.937,"end":3212.274},{"text":"means","start":3212.082,"end":3212.338},{"text":"of","start":3212.338,"end":3212.45},{"text":"warfare","start":3212.482,"end":3212.883},{"text":"being","start":3212.883,"end":3213.092},{"text":"employed.","start":3213.14,"end":3213.621}]},{"text":"The existing legal framework must form the basis for any and all cyber activities conducted by both states and non-state actors.","start":3214.647,"end":3221.989,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3214.647,"end":3214.727},{"text":"existing","start":3214.727,"end":3215.095},{"text":"legal","start":3215.192,"end":3215.432},{"text":"framework","start":3215.432,"end":3216.009},{"text":"must","start":3216.009,"end":3216.218},{"text":"form","start":3216.25,"end":3216.538},{"text":"the","start":3216.634,"end":3216.715},{"text":"basis","start":3216.731,"end":3217.196},{"text":"for","start":3217.196,"end":3217.436},{"text":"any","start":3217.436,"end":3217.66},{"text":"and","start":3217.676,"end":3217.821},{"text":"all","start":3217.917,"end":3217.965},{"text":"cyber","start":3218.093,"end":3218.398},{"text":"activities","start":3218.414,"end":3218.943},{"text":"conducted","start":3219.135,"end":3219.616},{"text":"by","start":3219.616,"end":3219.857},{"text":"both","start":3219.857,"end":3220.145},{"text":"states","start":3220.482,"end":3220.979},{"text":"and","start":3221.059,"end":3221.123},{"text":"non-state","start":3221.139,"end":3221.684},{"text":"actors.","start":3221.684,"end":3221.989}]},{"text":"Non-legally binding norms can be a helpful tool to implement these legal obligations and to support the development of a common international standard for best practices.","start":3222.839,"end":3232.489,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Non-legally","start":3222.839,"end":3223.512},{"text":"binding","start":3223.544,"end":3223.832},{"text":"norms","start":3223.945,"end":3224.313},{"text":"can","start":3224.506,"end":3224.65},{"text":"be","start":3224.666,"end":3224.81},{"text":"a","start":3224.81,"end":3224.826},{"text":"helpful","start":3224.826,"end":3225.259},{"text":"tool","start":3225.371,"end":3225.676},{"text":"to","start":3225.772,"end":3225.868},{"text":"implement","start":3225.884,"end":3226.414},{"text":"these","start":3226.414,"end":3226.558},{"text":"legal","start":3226.654,"end":3226.975},{"text":"obligations","start":3226.975,"end":3227.6},{"text":"and","start":3228.033,"end":3228.097},{"text":"to","start":3228.113,"end":3228.209},{"text":"support","start":3228.209,"end":3228.738},{"text":"the","start":3228.738,"end":3228.818},{"text":"development","start":3228.85,"end":3229.524},{"text":"of","start":3229.556,"end":3229.716},{"text":"a","start":3229.716,"end":3229.78},{"text":"common","start":3229.78,"end":3230.165},{"text":"international","start":3230.197,"end":3230.838},{"text":"standard","start":3230.838,"end":3231.367},{"text":"for","start":3231.624,"end":3231.704},{"text":"best","start":3231.784,"end":3231.96},{"text":"practices.","start":3231.96,"end":3232.489}]},{"text":"In this respect, we wish to highlight the initial overview of the EU's efforts to implement the norms of responsible state behavior, which the EU and its member states presented ahead of the plenary session to UN member states.","start":3233.563,"end":3245.6,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3233.563,"end":3233.612},{"text":"this","start":3233.644,"end":3233.868},{"text":"respect,","start":3233.868,"end":3234.269},{"text":"we","start":3234.285,"end":3234.381},{"text":"wish","start":3234.445,"end":3234.605},{"text":"to","start":3234.605,"end":3234.734},{"text":"highlight","start":3234.75,"end":3235.247},{"text":"the","start":3235.247,"end":3235.407},{"text":"initial","start":3235.407,"end":3235.76},{"text":"overview","start":3235.952,"end":3236.337},{"text":"of","start":3236.513,"end":3236.657},{"text":"the","start":3236.754,"end":3236.786},{"text":"EU's","start":3236.786,"end":3237.235},{"text":"efforts","start":3237.235,"end":3237.667},{"text":"to","start":3237.894,"end":3238.056},{"text":"implement","start":3238.056,"end":3238.462},{"text":"the","start":3238.462,"end":3238.559},{"text":"norms","start":3238.559,"end":3239.013},{"text":"of","start":3239.013,"end":3239.078},{"text":"responsible","start":3239.127,"end":3239.662},{"text":"state","start":3239.679,"end":3239.922},{"text":"behavior,","start":3239.922,"end":3240.457},{"text":"which","start":3240.879,"end":3240.944},{"text":"the","start":3241.139,"end":3241.187},{"text":"EU","start":3241.203,"end":3241.495},{"text":"and","start":3241.609,"end":3241.706},{"text":"its","start":3241.723,"end":3241.869},{"text":"member","start":3241.869,"end":3242.112},{"text":"states","start":3242.112,"end":3242.453},{"text":"presented","start":3242.517,"end":3243.166},{"text":"ahead","start":3243.166,"end":3243.458},{"text":"of","start":3243.475,"end":3243.539},{"text":"the","start":3243.572,"end":3243.718},{"text":"plenary","start":3243.718,"end":3244.026},{"text":"session","start":3244.059,"end":3244.432},{"text":"to","start":3244.529,"end":3244.675},{"text":"UN","start":3244.691,"end":3244.837},{"text":"member","start":3244.87,"end":3245.178},{"text":"states.","start":3245.178,"end":3245.6}]},{"text":"With respect to the work of the DTGs, Austria considers further, more detailed discussions on how existing international law applies to cyber activities as a priority.","start":3246.5,"end":3256.767,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":3246.5,"end":3246.613},{"text":"respect","start":3246.613,"end":3247.082},{"text":"to","start":3247.082,"end":3247.146},{"text":"the","start":3247.179,"end":3247.308},{"text":"work","start":3247.34,"end":3247.664},{"text":"of","start":3247.664,"end":3247.793},{"text":"the","start":3247.809,"end":3247.89},{"text":"DTGs,","start":3247.906,"end":3248.391},{"text":"Austria","start":3249.119,"end":3249.442},{"text":"considers","start":3249.442,"end":3249.895},{"text":"further,","start":3250.073,"end":3250.477},{"text":"more","start":3250.881,"end":3250.978},{"text":"detailed","start":3251.059,"end":3251.431},{"text":"discussions","start":3251.463,"end":3252.045},{"text":"on","start":3252.191,"end":3252.239},{"text":"how","start":3252.271,"end":3252.546},{"text":"existing","start":3252.676,"end":3253.209},{"text":"international","start":3253.225,"end":3253.969},{"text":"law","start":3253.969,"end":3254.195},{"text":"applies","start":3254.195,"end":3254.584},{"text":"to","start":3254.697,"end":3254.858},{"text":"cyber","start":3254.858,"end":3255.182},{"text":"activities","start":3255.182,"end":3255.715},{"text":"as","start":3256.071,"end":3256.136},{"text":"a","start":3256.136,"end":3256.152},{"text":"priority.","start":3256.152,"end":3256.767}]},{"text":"We firmly believe that discussions on international law should be scenario-based and practice-oriented.","start":3257.527,"end":3263.239,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3257.527,"end":3257.608},{"text":"firmly","start":3257.673,"end":3258.061},{"text":"believe","start":3258.093,"end":3258.514},{"text":"that","start":3258.66,"end":3258.886},{"text":"discussions","start":3258.886,"end":3259.404},{"text":"on","start":3259.453,"end":3259.485},{"text":"international","start":3259.485,"end":3260.278},{"text":"law","start":3260.278,"end":3260.359},{"text":"should","start":3260.601,"end":3260.86},{"text":"be","start":3260.925,"end":3261.006},{"text":"scenario-based","start":3261.006,"end":3262.025},{"text":"and","start":3262.462,"end":3262.527},{"text":"practice-oriented.","start":3262.608,"end":3263.239}]},{"text":"With regard to the working methods of the DTGs, we should look to best practices from other bodies which are dealing with similarly complex technical issues.","start":3264.589,"end":3273.485,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":3264.589,"end":3264.718},{"text":"regard","start":3264.718,"end":3265.167},{"text":"to","start":3265.167,"end":3265.312},{"text":"the","start":3265.328,"end":3265.376},{"text":"working","start":3265.472,"end":3265.777},{"text":"methods","start":3265.81,"end":3266.259},{"text":"of","start":3266.291,"end":3266.42},{"text":"the","start":3266.452,"end":3266.532},{"text":"DTGs,","start":3266.532,"end":3267.126},{"text":"we","start":3267.64,"end":3267.72},{"text":"should","start":3267.72,"end":3267.945},{"text":"look","start":3268.041,"end":3268.218},{"text":"to","start":3268.218,"end":3268.346},{"text":"best","start":3268.379,"end":3268.7},{"text":"practices","start":3268.7,"end":3269.23},{"text":"from","start":3269.326,"end":3269.438},{"text":"other","start":3269.583,"end":3269.792},{"text":"bodies","start":3269.824,"end":3270.193},{"text":"which","start":3270.386,"end":3270.514},{"text":"are","start":3270.627,"end":3270.771},{"text":"dealing","start":3270.771,"end":3271.076},{"text":"with","start":3271.189,"end":3271.317},{"text":"similarly","start":3271.349,"end":3271.831},{"text":"complex","start":3271.911,"end":3272.553},{"text":"technical","start":3272.553,"end":3273.099},{"text":"issues.","start":3273.099,"end":3273.485}]},{"text":"For example, interstate discussions could be preceded by expert panels that would also provide delegations with sufficient time to ask questions and engage in a meaningful exchange with the experts.","start":3274.303,"end":3285.495,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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meetings of the DTGs should be focused on specific sub-areas one at a time to allow for in-depth 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Chair, allow me to also briefly react to the discussion on stakeholder participation and express my delegation's frustration with the lack of consensus in that 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share the concerns raised by the multi-stakeholder community in this week's joint multi-stakeholder statement on the objections to the participation of 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want to emphasize that that it always will be states making the decisions in this forum, but for these decisions to be effective, they must be grounded in a sound and comprehensive factual 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expertise provided by non-governmental stakeholders is crucial to that.","start":3326.534,"end":3330.883,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3326.534,"end":3326.663},{"text":"expertise","start":3326.679,"end":3327.304},{"text":"provided","start":3327.337,"end":3327.818},{"text":"by","start":3327.818,"end":3327.978},{"text":"non-governmental","start":3327.978,"end":3328.861},{"text":"stakeholders","start":3328.861,"end":3329.631},{"text":"is","start":3329.904,"end":3329.952},{"text":"crucial","start":3330.049,"end":3330.53},{"text":"to","start":3330.53,"end":3330.642},{"text":"that.","start":3330.642,"end":3330.883}]},{"text":"In the spirit of the UNAD process, we cannot afford for this new global mechanism to become a forum that is out of touch with 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delegation remains committed committed to this issue and thanks you again for the opportunity to share our views on these important 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Thank you.","start":3351.566,"end":3353.015,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Gracias.","start":3351.566,"end":3352.065},{"text":"Thank","start":3352.612,"end":3352.805},{"text":"you.","start":3352.854,"end":3353.015}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to Malawi, who will be followed by Singapore.","start":3353.111,"end":3356.379,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3353.111,"end":3353.127},{"text":"now","start":3353.127,"end":3353.272},{"text":"give","start":3353.433,"end":3353.642},{"text":"the","start":3353.659,"end":3353.755},{"text":"floor","start":3353.755,"end":3354.013},{"text":"to","start":3354.158,"end":3354.383},{"text":"Malawi,","start":3354.801,"end":3355.252},{"text":"who","start":3355.349,"end":3355.413},{"text":"will","start":3355.429,"end":3355.51},{"text":"be","start":3355.51,"end":3355.606},{"text":"followed","start":3355.606,"end":3355.848},{"text":"by","start":3355.848,"end":3355.928},{"text":"Singapore.","start":3355.928,"end":3356.379}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":28,"start":3360.71,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=3361","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Madam Chair, Excellencies, distinguished delegates, international law remains a cornerstone of the cumulative and evolving framework for responsible state behavior in cyberspace.","start":3360.71,"end":3371.063,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Just","start":3392.888,"end":3393.104},{"text":"like","start":3393.138,"end":3393.32},{"text":"the","start":3393.32,"end":3393.47},{"text":"Pacific","start":3393.47,"end":3393.968},{"text":"Islands","start":3394.002,"end":3394.367},{"text":"Forum","start":3394.384,"end":3394.766},{"text":"and","start":3394.882,"end":3394.965},{"text":"Kiribati,","start":3394.982,"end":3395.613},{"text":"my","start":3395.912,"end":3396.105},{"text":"delegation","start":3396.233,"end":3396.827},{"text":"believes","start":3396.955,"end":3397.293},{"text":"the","start":3397.293,"end":3397.421},{"text":"Charter","start":3397.421,"end":3397.887},{"text":"remains","start":3398.24,"end":3398.609},{"text":"our","start":3398.705,"end":3398.866},{"text":"principal","start":3398.866,"end":3399.299},{"text":"point","start":3399.347,"end":3399.669},{"text":"of","start":3399.669,"end":3399.781},{"text":"reference.","start":3399.781,"end":3400.327}]},{"text":"Specifically, its principles of sovereignty— sovereign equality of states under Article 2, paragraph 1, the peaceful settlement of disputes under Articles 2, paragraph 3 and 33, the prohibition of the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, under Article 2, Paragraph 4, and the obligation to cooperate in maintaining international peace and security are no less relevant in cyberspace than the physical world.","start":3401.065,"end":3433.201,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Specifically,","start":3401.065,"end":3401.74},{"text":"its","start":3402.414,"end":3402.655},{"text":"principles","start":3402.655,"end":3403.184},{"text":"of","start":3403.233,"end":3403.313},{"text":"sovereignty—","start":3403.313,"end":3403.907},{"text":"sovereign","start":3404.565,"end":3405.48},{"text":"equality","start":3405.48,"end":3406.074},{"text":"of","start":3406.17,"end":3406.235},{"text":"states","start":3406.251,"end":3406.652},{"text":"under","start":3407.134,"end":3407.294},{"text":"Article","start":3407.374,"end":3407.776},{"text":"2,","start":3407.776,"end":3407.888},{"text":"paragraph","start":3408.017,"end":3408.45},{"text":"1,","start":3408.514,"end":3408.723},{"text":"the","start":3409.622,"end":3409.718},{"text":"peaceful","start":3409.783,"end":3410.136},{"text":"settlement","start":3410.136,"end":3410.762},{"text":"of","start":3410.762,"end":3410.89},{"text":"disputes","start":3410.922,"end":3411.42},{"text":"under","start":3411.484,"end":3411.709},{"text":"Articles","start":3411.725,"end":3412.175},{"text":"2,","start":3412.271,"end":3412.351},{"text":"paragraph","start":3412.448,"end":3412.881},{"text":"3","start":3412.993,"end":3413.106},{"text":"and","start":3413.411,"end":3413.475},{"text":"33,","start":3413.555,"end":3414.117},{"text":"the","start":3415.241,"end":3415.289},{"text":"prohibition","start":3415.337,"end":3415.931},{"text":"of","start":3416.06,"end":3416.172},{"text":"the","start":3416.22,"end":3416.268},{"text":"threat","start":3416.301,"end":3416.798},{"text":"or","start":3417.007,"end":3417.055},{"text":"use","start":3417.184,"end":3417.44},{"text":"of","start":3417.44,"end":3417.505},{"text":"force","start":3417.505,"end":3417.858},{"text":"against","start":3417.986,"end":3418.339},{"text":"the","start":3418.372,"end":3418.484},{"text":"territorial","start":3418.484,"end":3419.142},{"text":"integrity","start":3419.351,"end":3419.881},{"text":"or","start":3420.539,"end":3420.619},{"text":"political","start":3420.619,"end":3421.036},{"text":"independence","start":3421.036,"end":3421.679},{"text":"of","start":3421.679,"end":3421.903},{"text":"any","start":3421.903,"end":3422.048},{"text":"state,","start":3422.08,"end":3422.481},{"text":"under","start":3422.867,"end":3423.027},{"text":"Article","start":3423.107,"end":3423.492},{"text":"2,","start":3423.524,"end":3423.637},{"text":"Paragraph","start":3424.006,"end":3424.407},{"text":"4,","start":3424.407,"end":3424.808},{"text":"and","start":3426.092,"end":3426.156},{"text":"the","start":3426.172,"end":3426.253},{"text":"obligation","start":3426.333,"end":3426.975},{"text":"to","start":3426.975,"end":3427.103},{"text":"cooperate","start":3427.135,"end":3427.857},{"text":"in","start":3427.857,"end":3427.922},{"text":"maintaining","start":3427.938,"end":3428.467},{"text":"international","start":3428.563,"end":3429.205},{"text":"peace","start":3429.205,"end":3429.462},{"text":"and","start":3429.462,"end":3429.542},{"text":"security","start":3429.542,"end":3430.152},{"text":"are","start":3430.409,"end":3430.441},{"text":"no","start":3430.441,"end":3430.65},{"text":"less","start":3430.65,"end":3430.794},{"text":"relevant","start":3430.906,"end":3431.404},{"text":"in","start":3431.404,"end":3431.484},{"text":"cyberspace","start":3431.484,"end":3432.062},{"text":"than","start":3432.27,"end":3432.415},{"text":"the","start":3432.415,"end":3432.495},{"text":"physical","start":3432.495,"end":3432.912},{"text":"world.","start":3432.912,"end":3433.201}]},{"text":"The Republic of Malawi is in support of statements shared by the European Union, Italy, and Switzerland on behalf of a group of member states, recognizing that where ICTs are used in situations of armed conflict, international humanitarian law applies.","start":3434.597,"end":3451.831,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3434.597,"end":3434.678},{"text":"Republic","start":3434.678,"end":3435.143},{"text":"of","start":3435.159,"end":3435.239},{"text":"Malawi","start":3435.239,"end":3435.641},{"text":"is","start":3435.801,"end":3435.945},{"text":"in","start":3435.945,"end":3435.978},{"text":"support","start":3435.978,"end":3436.443},{"text":"of","start":3436.443,"end":3436.523},{"text":"statements","start":3436.523,"end":3437.165},{"text":"shared","start":3437.229,"end":3437.486},{"text":"by","start":3437.486,"end":3437.646},{"text":"the","start":3437.646,"end":3437.791},{"text":"European","start":3437.791,"end":3438.208},{"text":"Union,","start":3438.208,"end":3438.561},{"text":"Italy,","start":3438.85,"end":3439.187},{"text":"and","start":3439.396,"end":3439.476},{"text":"Switzerland","start":3439.492,"end":3440.182},{"text":"on","start":3440.76,"end":3440.824},{"text":"behalf","start":3440.856,"end":3441.241},{"text":"of","start":3441.241,"end":3441.289},{"text":"a","start":3441.337,"end":3441.402},{"text":"group","start":3441.418,"end":3441.658},{"text":"of","start":3441.658,"end":3441.739},{"text":"member","start":3441.787,"end":3442.06},{"text":"states,","start":3442.06,"end":3442.525},{"text":"recognizing","start":3443.263,"end":3443.873},{"text":"that","start":3443.905,"end":3444.13},{"text":"where","start":3444.13,"end":3444.242},{"text":"ICTs","start":3444.371,"end":3444.772},{"text":"are","start":3444.964,"end":3445.045},{"text":"used","start":3445.109,"end":3445.414},{"text":"in","start":3445.414,"end":3445.446},{"text":"situations","start":3445.446,"end":3446.12},{"text":"of","start":3446.152,"end":3446.28},{"text":"armed","start":3446.617,"end":3446.842},{"text":"conflict,","start":3446.858,"end":3447.436},{"text":"international","start":3447.741,"end":3448.366},{"text":"humanitarian","start":3448.366,"end":3449.024},{"text":"law","start":3449.04,"end":3449.265},{"text":"applies.","start":3451.718,"end":3451.831}]},{"text":"Respect for the principles of humanity, distinction, proportionality, necessity, and precaution remains essential to protecting civilians and civilian infrastructure.","start":3452.427,"end":3462.333,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."},{"key":"critical-infrastructure","label":"Protection of Critical Infrastructure","description":"Protecting critical infrastructure such as hospitals, energy systems, water networks, transport, and other essential services was a major practical concern. Delegations treated these sectors as concrete scenarios for applying international law and for reducing harm to civilians from malicious cyber operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Respect","start":3452.427,"end":3452.862},{"text":"for","start":3452.894,"end":3452.991},{"text":"the","start":3452.991,"end":3453.071},{"text":"principles","start":3453.071,"end":3453.571},{"text":"of","start":3453.571,"end":3453.683},{"text":"humanity,","start":3453.7,"end":3454.247},{"text":"distinction,","start":3454.424,"end":3454.972},{"text":"proportionality,","start":3455.23,"end":3456.019},{"text":"necessity,","start":3456.148,"end":3456.824},{"text":"and","start":3457.002,"end":3457.163},{"text":"precaution","start":3457.163,"end":3457.71},{"text":"remains","start":3458.145,"end":3458.548},{"text":"essential","start":3458.548,"end":3459.16},{"text":"to","start":3459.289,"end":3459.369},{"text":"protecting","start":3459.369,"end":3459.885},{"text":"civilians","start":3459.981,"end":3460.61},{"text":"and","start":3461.028,"end":3461.109},{"text":"civilian","start":3461.125,"end":3461.56},{"text":"infrastructure.","start":3461.608,"end":3462.333}]},{"text":"Equally, the principles of sovereignty, jurisdiction, and state responsibility continue to guide responsible state conduct in cyberspace.","start":3463.927,"end":3471.415,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"Equally,","start":3463.927,"end":3464.233},{"text":"the","start":3464.588,"end":3464.636},{"text":"principles","start":3464.733,"end":3465.2},{"text":"of","start":3465.248,"end":3465.329},{"text":"sovereignty,","start":3465.377,"end":3465.844},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":3465.957,"end":3466.585},{"text":"and","start":3466.601,"end":3466.698},{"text":"state","start":3466.698,"end":3467.004},{"text":"responsibility","start":3467.004,"end":3467.857},{"text":"continue","start":3468.453,"end":3468.791},{"text":"to","start":3468.791,"end":3468.92},{"text":"guide","start":3468.936,"end":3469.178},{"text":"responsible","start":3469.178,"end":3469.726},{"text":"state","start":3469.726,"end":3470.213},{"text":"conduct","start":3470.213,"end":3470.684},{"text":"in","start":3470.717,"end":3470.765},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":3470.814,"end":3471.415}]},{"text":"Jurisdiction enables states to investigate and prosecute cybercrime, while respecting the sovereign rights of other states.","start":3472.666,"end":3479.761,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Jurisdiction","start":3472.666,"end":3473.283},{"text":"enables","start":3473.316,"end":3473.738},{"text":"states","start":3473.738,"end":3474.16},{"text":"to","start":3474.209,"end":3474.307},{"text":"investigate","start":3474.307,"end":3475.086},{"text":"and","start":3475.086,"end":3475.184},{"text":"prosecute","start":3475.184,"end":3475.687},{"text":"cybercrime,","start":3475.687,"end":3476.305},{"text":"while","start":3476.865,"end":3477.059},{"text":"respecting","start":3477.188,"end":3477.803},{"text":"the","start":3477.917,"end":3477.997},{"text":"sovereign","start":3477.997,"end":3478.451},{"text":"rights","start":3478.483,"end":3478.888},{"text":"of","start":3478.968,"end":3479.066},{"text":"other","start":3479.13,"end":3479.308},{"text":"states.","start":3479.308,"end":3479.761}]},{"text":"Likewise, while technical analysis may identify the source of malicious ICT activity, attribution to a state remains a legal determination that must be based on international law and credible evidence.","start":3481.153,"end":3493.758,"topics":[{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Likewise,","start":3481.153,"end":3481.687},{"text":"while","start":3482.027,"end":3482.157},{"text":"technical","start":3482.205,"end":3482.594},{"text":"analysis","start":3482.594,"end":3483.144},{"text":"may","start":3483.338,"end":3483.484},{"text":"identify","start":3483.484,"end":3484.05},{"text":"the","start":3484.05,"end":3484.131},{"text":"source","start":3484.131,"end":3484.406},{"text":"of","start":3484.406,"end":3484.519},{"text":"malicious","start":3484.536,"end":3485.021},{"text":"ICT","start":3485.102,"end":3485.442},{"text":"activity,","start":3485.442,"end":3485.928},{"text":"attribution","start":3486.804,"end":3487.355},{"text":"to","start":3487.387,"end":3487.517},{"text":"a","start":3487.533,"end":3487.566},{"text":"state","start":3487.566,"end":3488.052},{"text":"remains","start":3488.279,"end":3488.652},{"text":"a","start":3488.765,"end":3488.782},{"text":"legal","start":3488.911,"end":3489.171},{"text":"determination","start":3489.171,"end":3490.03},{"text":"that","start":3490.468,"end":3490.565},{"text":"must","start":3490.613,"end":3490.873},{"text":"be","start":3490.873,"end":3490.954},{"text":"based","start":3491.019,"end":3491.343},{"text":"on","start":3491.343,"end":3491.408},{"text":"international","start":3491.586,"end":3492.251},{"text":"law","start":3492.251,"end":3492.348},{"text":"and","start":3492.494,"end":3492.559},{"text":"credible","start":3492.656,"end":3493.272},{"text":"evidence.","start":3493.386,"end":3493.758}]},{"text":"Responsible attribution is therefore essential to maintaining international peace, security, and stability.","start":3495.35,"end":3501.627,"topics":[{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"Responsible","start":3495.35,"end":3495.848},{"text":"attribution","start":3495.929,"end":3496.557},{"text":"is","start":3496.895,"end":3496.959},{"text":"therefore","start":3496.991,"end":3497.281},{"text":"essential","start":3497.313,"end":3498.005},{"text":"to","start":3498.215,"end":3498.311},{"text":"maintaining","start":3498.327,"end":3498.81},{"text":"international","start":3498.907,"end":3499.631},{"text":"peace,","start":3499.953,"end":3500.146},{"text":"security,","start":3500.211,"end":3500.742},{"text":"and","start":3500.919,"end":3501.015},{"text":"stability.","start":3501.015,"end":3501.627}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, today's agenda also invites us to consider whether gaps in international law and whether additional legally binding obligations may, if appropriate, be elaborated in the future.","start":3502.97,"end":3515.549,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":3502.97,"end":3503.212},{"text":"Chair,","start":3503.277,"end":3503.617},{"text":"today's","start":3504.425,"end":3504.813},{"text":"agenda","start":3504.829,"end":3505.475},{"text":"also","start":3505.621,"end":3505.863},{"text":"invites","start":3505.879,"end":3506.348},{"text":"us","start":3506.348,"end":3506.413},{"text":"to","start":3506.51,"end":3506.607},{"text":"consider","start":3506.607,"end":3507.011},{"text":"whether","start":3507.076,"end":3507.334},{"text":"gaps","start":3507.334,"end":3507.609},{"text":"in","start":3507.738,"end":3507.868},{"text":"international","start":3508.223,"end":3508.854},{"text":"law","start":3508.854,"end":3508.967},{"text":"and","start":3509.193,"end":3509.274},{"text":"whether","start":3509.338,"end":3509.597},{"text":"additional","start":3509.597,"end":3510.114},{"text":"legally","start":3510.729,"end":3511.036},{"text":"binding","start":3511.052,"end":3511.445},{"text":"obligations","start":3511.608,"end":3512.328},{"text":"may,","start":3512.442,"end":3512.54},{"text":"if","start":3512.834,"end":3512.965},{"text":"appropriate,","start":3513.161,"end":3513.734},{"text":"be","start":3514.159,"end":3514.388},{"text":"elaborated","start":3514.404,"end":3515.075},{"text":"in","start":3515.075,"end":3515.156},{"text":"the","start":3515.156,"end":3515.271},{"text":"future.","start":3515.287,"end":3515.549}]},{"text":"My delegation believes these questions should be approached carefully, inclusively, and on the basis of evidence.","start":3517.02,"end":3523.344,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":3517.02,"end":3517.068},{"text":"delegation","start":3517.133,"end":3517.666},{"text":"believes","start":3517.78,"end":3518.233},{"text":"these","start":3518.508,"end":3518.637},{"text":"questions","start":3518.734,"end":3519.252},{"text":"should","start":3519.381,"end":3519.559},{"text":"be","start":3519.559,"end":3519.705},{"text":"approached","start":3519.737,"end":3520.19},{"text":"carefully,","start":3520.19,"end":3520.659},{"text":"inclusively,","start":3520.837,"end":3521.435},{"text":"and","start":3521.581,"end":3521.71},{"text":"on","start":3521.888,"end":3521.953},{"text":"the","start":3521.985,"end":3522.05},{"text":"basis","start":3522.066,"end":3522.584},{"text":"of","start":3522.778,"end":3522.842},{"text":"evidence.","start":3522.94,"end":3523.344}]},{"text":"Before concluding that legal gaps exist, we should first ask whether the greater challenge lies in the law itself or in our collective ability to understand, implement, as well as operationalize the law that we have already agreed applies.","start":3524.892,"end":3540.569,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Before","start":3524.892,"end":3525.33},{"text":"concluding","start":3525.444,"end":3525.996},{"text":"that","start":3526.028,"end":3526.256},{"text":"legal","start":3526.256,"end":3526.499},{"text":"gaps","start":3526.515,"end":3526.84},{"text":"exist,","start":3526.84,"end":3527.408},{"text":"we","start":3527.65,"end":3527.747},{"text":"should","start":3527.747,"end":3527.973},{"text":"first","start":3528.006,"end":3528.395},{"text":"ask","start":3528.476,"end":3528.897},{"text":"whether","start":3529.221,"end":3529.448},{"text":"the","start":3529.448,"end":3529.529},{"text":"greater","start":3529.545,"end":3529.934},{"text":"challenge","start":3529.934,"end":3530.436},{"text":"lies","start":3530.517,"end":3530.728},{"text":"in","start":3530.776,"end":3530.857},{"text":"the","start":3530.906,"end":3530.987},{"text":"law","start":3531.068,"end":3531.197},{"text":"itself","start":3531.23,"end":3531.764},{"text":"or","start":3532.137,"end":3532.234},{"text":"in","start":3532.299,"end":3532.429},{"text":"our","start":3532.526,"end":3532.591},{"text":"collective","start":3532.623,"end":3533.174},{"text":"ability","start":3533.19,"end":3533.644},{"text":"to","start":3533.838,"end":3533.935},{"text":"understand,","start":3533.984,"end":3534.615},{"text":"implement,","start":3535.926,"end":3536.416},{"text":"as","start":3536.498,"end":3536.563},{"text":"well","start":3536.662,"end":3536.792},{"text":"as","start":3536.841,"end":3536.972},{"text":"operationalize","start":3537.021,"end":3537.871},{"text":"the","start":3537.904,"end":3538.051},{"text":"law","start":3538.051,"end":3538.313},{"text":"that","start":3538.313,"end":3538.476},{"text":"we","start":3538.476,"end":3538.574},{"text":"have","start":3538.574,"end":3538.738},{"text":"already","start":3538.803,"end":3539.147},{"text":"agreed","start":3539.621,"end":3540.079},{"text":"applies.","start":3540.177,"end":3540.569}]},{"text":"For many developing countries, including the Republic of Malawi, strengthening implementation remains the immediate priority nationally.","start":3542.051,"end":3549.875,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3542.051,"end":3542.148},{"text":"many","start":3542.148,"end":3542.439},{"text":"developing","start":3542.471,"end":3542.924},{"text":"countries,","start":3543.021,"end":3543.49},{"text":"including","start":3543.587,"end":3543.975},{"text":"the","start":3543.991,"end":3544.056},{"text":"Republic","start":3544.072,"end":3544.573},{"text":"of","start":3544.573,"end":3544.654},{"text":"Malawi,","start":3544.654,"end":3545.107},{"text":"strengthening","start":3545.236,"end":3545.915},{"text":"implementation","start":3546.271,"end":3547.144},{"text":"remains","start":3547.144,"end":3547.613},{"text":"the","start":3547.71,"end":3547.953},{"text":"immediate","start":3547.969,"end":3548.503},{"text":"priority","start":3548.535,"end":3549.069},{"text":"nationally.","start":3549.262,"end":3549.875}]},{"text":"We continue to strengthen our legal and institutional framework the development of new national cybersecurity policy, our cybersecurity bill, complementary cybercrime legislation, and implementation of our Data Protection Act, as well as the work of the Malawi Computer Emergency Response Team and our Data Protection Authority.","start":3551.905,"end":3572.167,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Republic of Malawi stands ready to contribute to the shared endeavor.","start":3637.263,"end":3640.901,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3637.263,"end":3637.343},{"text":"Republic","start":3637.343,"end":3637.776},{"text":"of","start":3637.776,"end":3637.888},{"text":"Malawi","start":3637.904,"end":3638.208},{"text":"stands","start":3638.24,"end":3638.609},{"text":"ready","start":3638.625,"end":3638.93},{"text":"to","start":3639.042,"end":3639.17},{"text":"contribute","start":3639.186,"end":3639.683},{"text":"to","start":3639.683,"end":3639.811},{"text":"the","start":3639.907,"end":3640.003},{"text":"shared","start":3640.003,"end":3640.372},{"text":"endeavor.","start":3640.468,"end":3640.901}]},{"text":"I thank 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Zealand.","start":3651.14,"end":3654.073,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We've","start":3651.14,"end":3651.221},{"text":"got","start":3651.221,"end":3651.333},{"text":"Singapore,","start":3651.333,"end":3651.926},{"text":"Colombia,","start":3651.942,"end":3652.406},{"text":"Republic","start":3652.422,"end":3652.759},{"text":"of","start":3652.759,"end":3652.871},{"text":"Korea,","start":3652.887,"end":3653.208},{"text":"and","start":3653.224,"end":3653.368},{"text":"New","start":3653.368,"end":3653.464},{"text":"Zealand.","start":3653.464,"end":3654.073}]},{"text":"I would be grateful if If those delegations who haven't yet done so would please submit their statement to eStatements, and you can also hand it to the chair's team in the room.","start":3655.291,"end":3667.741,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3655.291,"end":3655.339},{"text":"would","start":3655.772,"end":3656.076},{"text":"be","start":3656.509,"end":3656.701},{"text":"grateful","start":3656.733,"end":3657.278},{"text":"if","start":3657.855,"end":3658.127},{"text":"If","start":3658.74,"end":3658.982},{"text":"those","start":3658.982,"end":3659.127},{"text":"delegations","start":3659.159,"end":3659.772},{"text":"who","start":3659.885,"end":3660.095},{"text":"haven't","start":3660.191,"end":3660.675},{"text":"yet","start":3660.675,"end":3660.837},{"text":"done","start":3660.837,"end":3660.982},{"text":"so","start":3661.079,"end":3661.208},{"text":"would","start":3661.256,"end":3661.337},{"text":"please","start":3661.337,"end":3661.546},{"text":"submit","start":3661.579,"end":3661.95},{"text":"their","start":3662.046,"end":3662.159},{"text":"statement","start":3662.159,"end":3662.627},{"text":"to","start":3662.627,"end":3662.966},{"text":"eStatements,","start":3663.111,"end":3663.595},{"text":"and","start":3663.611,"end":3663.74},{"text":"you","start":3663.74,"end":3663.805},{"text":"can","start":3663.821,"end":3663.966},{"text":"also","start":3664.16,"end":3664.611},{"text":"hand","start":3664.627,"end":3665.031},{"text":"it","start":3665.031,"end":3665.111},{"text":"to","start":3665.128,"end":3665.466},{"text":"the","start":3665.918,"end":3666.015},{"text":"chair's","start":3666.015,"end":3666.386},{"text":"team","start":3666.66,"end":3667.015},{"text":"in","start":3667.289,"end":3667.434},{"text":"the","start":3667.531,"end":3667.628},{"text":"room.","start":3667.628,"end":3667.741}]},{"text":"Thank you very, very much for all of your interventions so far.","start":3667.805,"end":3671.746,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3667.805,"end":3668.08},{"text":"you","start":3668.08,"end":3668.128},{"text":"very,","start":3668.192,"end":3668.369},{"text":"very","start":3668.417,"end":3668.53},{"text":"much","start":3668.53,"end":3668.803},{"text":"for","start":3669.463,"end":3669.816},{"text":"all","start":3669.945,"end":3670.074},{"text":"of","start":3670.427,"end":3670.588},{"text":"your","start":3670.588,"end":3670.685},{"text":"interventions","start":3670.685,"end":3671.232},{"text":"so","start":3671.232,"end":3671.376},{"text":"far.","start":3671.408,"end":3671.746}]},{"text":"They have been very enriching.","start":3671.875,"end":3673.596,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"They","start":3671.875,"end":3672.003},{"text":"have","start":3672.277,"end":3672.502},{"text":"been","start":3672.534,"end":3672.743},{"text":"very","start":3672.84,"end":3673.145},{"text":"enriching.","start":3673.177,"end":3673.596}]},{"text":"We're very grateful for them.","start":3673.644,"end":3674.512,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We're","start":3673.644,"end":3673.74},{"text":"very","start":3673.74,"end":3673.901},{"text":"grateful","start":3673.901,"end":3674.239},{"text":"for","start":3674.287,"end":3674.448},{"text":"them.","start":3674.448,"end":3674.512}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to Singapore.","start":3674.56,"end":3675.895,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3674.56,"end":3674.576},{"text":"now","start":3674.641,"end":3674.946},{"text":"give","start":3674.946,"end":3675.107},{"text":"the","start":3675.107,"end":3675.155},{"text":"floor","start":3675.172,"end":3675.348},{"text":"to","start":3675.348,"end":3675.461},{"text":"Singapore.","start":3675.493,"end":3675.895}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":30,"start":3678.36,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=3679","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":3678.36,"end":3679.12,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3678.36,"end":3678.473},{"text":"you,","start":3678.473,"end":3678.537},{"text":"Madam","start":3678.554,"end":3678.861},{"text":"Chair.","start":3678.861,"end":3679.12}]},{"text":"Singapore sees international law as a crucial component of the mechanism's work.","start":3679.929,"end":3683.746,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Singapore","start":3679.929,"end":3680.333},{"text":"sees","start":3680.333,"end":3680.624},{"text":"international","start":3680.737,"end":3681.207},{"text":"law","start":3681.223,"end":3681.498},{"text":"as","start":3681.627,"end":3681.757},{"text":"a","start":3681.805,"end":3681.87},{"text":"crucial","start":3681.87,"end":3682.161},{"text":"component","start":3682.258,"end":3682.776},{"text":"of","start":3682.776,"end":3682.905},{"text":"the","start":3682.905,"end":3682.937},{"text":"mechanism's","start":3682.937,"end":3683.633},{"text":"work.","start":3683.633,"end":3683.746}]},{"text":"As a firm believer in a rules-based international order, Singapore's view is that fostering common understanding among states in the application of international law to the ICT context will contribute to greater peace, security, and trust among states.","start":3684.179,"end":3698.705,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3684.179,"end":3684.323},{"text":"a","start":3684.323,"end":3684.339},{"text":"firm","start":3684.388,"end":3684.613},{"text":"believer","start":3684.725,"end":3685.207},{"text":"in","start":3685.207,"end":3685.255},{"text":"a","start":3685.368,"end":3685.448},{"text":"rules-based","start":3685.512,"end":3686.139},{"text":"international","start":3686.236,"end":3686.878},{"text":"order,","start":3686.959,"end":3687.216},{"text":"Singapore's","start":3687.778,"end":3688.341},{"text":"view","start":3688.341,"end":3688.517},{"text":"is","start":3688.598,"end":3688.71},{"text":"that","start":3688.807,"end":3688.967},{"text":"fostering","start":3688.967,"end":3689.353},{"text":"common","start":3689.385,"end":3689.594},{"text":"understanding","start":3689.642,"end":3690.156},{"text":"among","start":3690.205,"end":3690.397},{"text":"states","start":3690.494,"end":3691.072},{"text":"in","start":3691.153,"end":3691.201},{"text":"the","start":3691.233,"end":3691.313},{"text":"application","start":3691.378,"end":3691.892},{"text":"of","start":3691.892,"end":3691.972},{"text":"international","start":3692.02,"end":3692.679},{"text":"law","start":3692.679,"end":3692.792},{"text":"to","start":3693.563,"end":3693.708},{"text":"the","start":3693.708,"end":3693.836},{"text":"ICT","start":3693.868,"end":3694.334},{"text":"context","start":3694.366,"end":3694.881},{"text":"will","start":3694.929,"end":3695.073},{"text":"contribute","start":3695.089,"end":3695.636},{"text":"to","start":3695.636,"end":3695.78},{"text":"greater","start":3695.796,"end":3696.118},{"text":"peace,","start":3696.118,"end":3696.455},{"text":"security,","start":3696.616,"end":3697.259},{"text":"and","start":3697.339,"end":3697.403},{"text":"trust","start":3697.484,"end":3697.982},{"text":"among","start":3697.982,"end":3698.191},{"text":"states.","start":3698.303,"end":3698.705}]},{"text":"In this regard, we also see considerable value in states issuing national statements or regional ones, such as what the African Union and the European Union have done previously.","start":3699.428,"end":3709.519,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3699.428,"end":3699.476},{"text":"this","start":3699.573,"end":3699.765},{"text":"regard,","start":3699.83,"end":3700.312},{"text":"we","start":3700.617,"end":3700.713},{"text":"also","start":3700.858,"end":3701.115},{"text":"see","start":3701.115,"end":3701.437},{"text":"considerable","start":3701.501,"end":3701.967},{"text":"value","start":3702.079,"end":3702.529},{"text":"in","start":3702.561,"end":3702.642},{"text":"states","start":3702.642,"end":3703.14},{"text":"issuing","start":3703.268,"end":3703.638},{"text":"national","start":3703.686,"end":3704.12},{"text":"statements","start":3704.152,"end":3704.891},{"text":"or","start":3705.293,"end":3705.357},{"text":"regional","start":3705.357,"end":3705.759},{"text":"ones,","start":3705.759,"end":3705.904},{"text":"such","start":3706,"end":3706.257},{"text":"as","start":3706.257,"end":3706.305},{"text":"what","start":3706.579,"end":3706.884},{"text":"the","start":3706.884,"end":3707.045},{"text":"African","start":3707.125,"end":3707.462},{"text":"Union","start":3707.462,"end":3707.864},{"text":"and","start":3707.864,"end":3707.944},{"text":"the","start":3707.944,"end":3708.025},{"text":"European","start":3708.089,"end":3708.426},{"text":"Union","start":3708.426,"end":3708.635},{"text":"have","start":3708.668,"end":3708.78},{"text":"done","start":3708.828,"end":3709.037},{"text":"previously.","start":3709.214,"end":3709.519}]},{"text":"Such statements would contribute to the acquis of states' understanding of how international law applies in cyberspace that assists our work in this Permanent Mechanism.","start":3710.37,"end":3719.892,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":3710.37,"end":3710.547},{"text":"statements","start":3710.547,"end":3711.237},{"text":"would","start":3711.237,"end":3711.366},{"text":"contribute","start":3711.398,"end":3711.944},{"text":"to","start":3711.944,"end":3711.976},{"text":"the","start":3711.976,"end":3712.104},{"text":"acquis","start":3712.185,"end":3712.49},{"text":"of","start":3712.843,"end":3712.891},{"text":"states'","start":3712.907,"end":3713.389},{"text":"understanding","start":3713.405,"end":3713.999},{"text":"of","start":3714.192,"end":3714.336},{"text":"how","start":3714.352,"end":3714.449},{"text":"international","start":3714.609,"end":3715.123},{"text":"law","start":3715.171,"end":3715.251},{"text":"applies","start":3715.412,"end":3715.781},{"text":"in","start":3715.878,"end":3715.974},{"text":"cyberspace","start":3715.974,"end":3716.729},{"text":"that","start":3717.403,"end":3717.644},{"text":"assists","start":3717.644,"end":3718.061},{"text":"our","start":3718.126,"end":3718.27},{"text":"work","start":3718.286,"end":3718.543},{"text":"in","start":3718.543,"end":3718.591},{"text":"this","start":3718.688,"end":3718.944},{"text":"Permanent","start":3718.944,"end":3719.346},{"text":"Mechanism.","start":3719.346,"end":3719.892}]},{"text":"Singapore remains open to engaging and participating in discussions on the application of international law as a concrete first step needed before we can go on to discussing the identification of gaps in existing international law in the context of cyberspace.","start":3720.727,"end":3735.049,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Singapore","start":3720.727,"end":3721.16},{"text":"remains","start":3721.16,"end":3721.481},{"text":"open","start":3721.658,"end":3721.915},{"text":"to","start":3721.915,"end":3722.043},{"text":"engaging","start":3722.075,"end":3722.605},{"text":"and","start":3722.654,"end":3722.718},{"text":"participating","start":3722.718,"end":3723.344},{"text":"in","start":3723.344,"end":3723.376},{"text":"discussions","start":3723.376,"end":3723.938},{"text":"on","start":3723.938,"end":3724.018},{"text":"the","start":3724.018,"end":3724.083},{"text":"application","start":3724.163,"end":3724.628},{"text":"of","start":3724.628,"end":3724.725},{"text":"international","start":3724.725,"end":3725.255},{"text":"law","start":3725.351,"end":3725.56},{"text":"as","start":3725.688,"end":3725.736},{"text":"a","start":3725.785,"end":3725.913},{"text":"concrete","start":3725.913,"end":3726.395},{"text":"first","start":3726.395,"end":3726.587},{"text":"step","start":3726.587,"end":3726.925},{"text":"needed","start":3727.519,"end":3727.984},{"text":"before","start":3728.402,"end":3728.691},{"text":"we","start":3728.9,"end":3729.156},{"text":"can","start":3729.462,"end":3729.67},{"text":"go","start":3729.702,"end":3729.847},{"text":"on","start":3729.927,"end":3730.104},{"text":"to","start":3730.104,"end":3730.184},{"text":"discussing","start":3730.184,"end":3730.714},{"text":"the","start":3731.051,"end":3731.147},{"text":"identification","start":3731.147,"end":3731.95},{"text":"of","start":3731.95,"end":3732.079},{"text":"gaps","start":3732.095,"end":3732.544},{"text":"in","start":3732.593,"end":3732.641},{"text":"existing","start":3732.817,"end":3733.203},{"text":"international","start":3733.251,"end":3733.717},{"text":"law","start":3733.717,"end":3733.877},{"text":"in","start":3733.877,"end":3733.957},{"text":"the","start":3733.957,"end":3734.038},{"text":"context","start":3734.038,"end":3734.439},{"text":"of","start":3734.439,"end":3734.503},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":3734.503,"end":3735.049}]},{"text":"At the concluded OEWG, states have made progress in discussions on international law topics such as sovereignty, principle of non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition against the use of force, and we look forward to states taking the discussions further and deeper.","start":3735.803,"end":3751.203,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":3735.803,"end":3735.867},{"text":"the","start":3735.867,"end":3735.948},{"text":"concluded","start":3735.948,"end":3736.493},{"text":"OEWG,","start":3736.525,"end":3736.91},{"text":"states","start":3737.247,"end":3738.161},{"text":"have","start":3738.29,"end":3738.402},{"text":"made","start":3738.434,"end":3738.675},{"text":"progress","start":3738.675,"end":3739.14},{"text":"in","start":3739.252,"end":3739.332},{"text":"discussions","start":3739.332,"end":3740.022},{"text":"on","start":3740.118,"end":3740.166},{"text":"international","start":3740.215,"end":3740.728},{"text":"law","start":3740.776,"end":3740.856},{"text":"topics","start":3740.936,"end":3741.353},{"text":"such","start":3741.353,"end":3741.594},{"text":"as","start":3741.642,"end":3741.674},{"text":"sovereignty,","start":3741.674,"end":3742.428},{"text":"principle","start":3742.46,"end":3742.926},{"text":"of","start":3742.958,"end":3743.102},{"text":"non-intervention,","start":3743.102,"end":3743.872},{"text":"peaceful","start":3744.385,"end":3744.706},{"text":"settlement","start":3744.706,"end":3745.107},{"text":"of","start":3745.123,"end":3745.235},{"text":"disputes,","start":3745.251,"end":3745.733},{"text":"and","start":3745.749,"end":3745.829},{"text":"the","start":3745.829,"end":3745.909},{"text":"prohibition","start":3745.909,"end":3746.358},{"text":"against","start":3746.406,"end":3746.791},{"text":"the","start":3746.791,"end":3746.92},{"text":"use","start":3746.936,"end":3747.192},{"text":"of","start":3747.192,"end":3747.273},{"text":"force,","start":3747.273,"end":3747.561},{"text":"and","start":3748.059,"end":3748.123},{"text":"we","start":3748.139,"end":3748.203},{"text":"look","start":3748.235,"end":3748.46},{"text":"forward","start":3748.476,"end":3748.797},{"text":"to","start":3748.797,"end":3748.877},{"text":"states","start":3748.877,"end":3749.198},{"text":"taking","start":3749.198,"end":3749.502},{"text":"the","start":3749.502,"end":3749.599},{"text":"discussions","start":3749.599,"end":3750.128},{"text":"further","start":3750.24,"end":3750.609},{"text":"and","start":3750.705,"end":3750.866},{"text":"deeper.","start":3750.866,"end":3751.203}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, this is where the role and work of DTG II becomes crucial.","start":3752.149,"end":3756.593,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":3752.149,"end":3752.326},{"text":"Chair,","start":3752.326,"end":3752.55},{"text":"this","start":3752.566,"end":3752.727},{"text":"is","start":3752.727,"end":3752.823},{"text":"where","start":3752.871,"end":3753.128},{"text":"the","start":3753.128,"end":3753.352},{"text":"role","start":3753.352,"end":3753.577},{"text":"and","start":3753.85,"end":3753.914},{"text":"work","start":3754.01,"end":3754.347},{"text":"of","start":3754.347,"end":3754.427},{"text":"DTG","start":3754.491,"end":3754.892},{"text":"II","start":3754.892,"end":3755.309},{"text":"becomes","start":3755.694,"end":3756.063},{"text":"crucial.","start":3756.159,"end":3756.593}]},{"text":"Capacity building in international law is an essential part of fostering common understanding on how international law applies in the use of ICTs.","start":3756.881,"end":3765.58,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Capacity","start":3756.881,"end":3757.347},{"text":"building","start":3757.379,"end":3757.732},{"text":"in","start":3757.78,"end":3757.828},{"text":"international","start":3757.86,"end":3758.373},{"text":"law","start":3758.485,"end":3758.614},{"text":"is","start":3758.903,"end":3758.951},{"text":"an","start":3759.047,"end":3759.143},{"text":"essential","start":3759.223,"end":3759.993},{"text":"part","start":3760.009,"end":3760.378},{"text":"of","start":3760.426,"end":3760.555},{"text":"fostering","start":3760.587,"end":3760.94},{"text":"common","start":3760.988,"end":3761.277},{"text":"understanding","start":3761.309,"end":3761.918},{"text":"on","start":3762.432,"end":3762.48},{"text":"how","start":3762.576,"end":3762.753},{"text":"international","start":3762.994,"end":3763.46},{"text":"law","start":3763.54,"end":3763.668},{"text":"applies","start":3763.797,"end":3764.247},{"text":"in","start":3764.423,"end":3764.504},{"text":"the","start":3764.504,"end":3764.6},{"text":"use","start":3764.664,"end":3764.937},{"text":"of","start":3764.937,"end":3765.082},{"text":"ICTs.","start":3765.082,"end":3765.58}]},{"text":"We need to continue capacity-building efforts with the aim of ensuring that every state acquires the necessary expertise and capacity to participate on an equal footing and contribute meaningfully to discussions on international law.","start":3766.206,"end":3779.168,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3766.206,"end":3766.351},{"text":"need","start":3766.351,"end":3766.527},{"text":"to","start":3766.527,"end":3766.672},{"text":"continue","start":3766.672,"end":3767.331},{"text":"capacity-building","start":3767.475,"end":3768.198},{"text":"efforts","start":3768.359,"end":3768.616},{"text":"with","start":3768.616,"end":3768.76},{"text":"the","start":3768.76,"end":3768.889},{"text":"aim","start":3768.937,"end":3769.065},{"text":"of","start":3769.162,"end":3769.274},{"text":"ensuring","start":3769.338,"end":3769.788},{"text":"that","start":3769.82,"end":3770.029},{"text":"every","start":3770.125,"end":3770.366},{"text":"state","start":3770.366,"end":3770.912},{"text":"acquires","start":3771.009,"end":3771.475},{"text":"the","start":3771.507,"end":3771.603},{"text":"necessary","start":3771.603,"end":3772.197},{"text":"expertise","start":3772.294,"end":3772.76},{"text":"and","start":3773.257,"end":3773.354},{"text":"capacity","start":3773.354,"end":3773.964},{"text":"to","start":3774.061,"end":3774.157},{"text":"participate","start":3774.157,"end":3774.799},{"text":"on","start":3774.799,"end":3774.848},{"text":"an","start":3774.96,"end":3775.153},{"text":"equal","start":3775.185,"end":3775.474},{"text":"footing","start":3775.586,"end":3775.892},{"text":"and","start":3776.39,"end":3776.47},{"text":"contribute","start":3776.55,"end":3777.048},{"text":"meaningfully","start":3777.048,"end":3777.578},{"text":"to","start":3777.61,"end":3777.755},{"text":"discussions","start":3777.755,"end":3778.269},{"text":"on","start":3778.333,"end":3778.413},{"text":"international","start":3778.413,"end":3779.04},{"text":"law.","start":3779.04,"end":3779.168}]},{"text":"This remains a crucial undertaking for all member states, especially in the context of the fast-evolving ICT landscape and the threats outlined by states in the earlier session.","start":3779.698,"end":3788.163,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3779.698,"end":3779.859},{"text":"remains","start":3779.859,"end":3780.228},{"text":"a","start":3780.277,"end":3780.405},{"text":"crucial","start":3780.405,"end":3780.742},{"text":"undertaking","start":3780.742,"end":3781.192},{"text":"for","start":3781.224,"end":3781.353},{"text":"all","start":3781.449,"end":3781.497},{"text":"member","start":3781.546,"end":3781.786},{"text":"states,","start":3781.786,"end":3782.092},{"text":"especially","start":3782.124,"end":3782.59},{"text":"in","start":3782.59,"end":3782.654},{"text":"the","start":3782.654,"end":3782.734},{"text":"context","start":3782.734,"end":3783.184},{"text":"of","start":3783.248,"end":3783.328},{"text":"the","start":3783.328,"end":3783.457},{"text":"fast-evolving","start":3783.457,"end":3784.324},{"text":"ICT","start":3784.903,"end":3785.24},{"text":"landscape","start":3785.24,"end":3785.786},{"text":"and","start":3786.043,"end":3786.107},{"text":"the","start":3786.107,"end":3786.204},{"text":"threats","start":3786.204,"end":3786.412},{"text":"outlined","start":3786.589,"end":3787.007},{"text":"by","start":3787.007,"end":3787.103},{"text":"states","start":3787.103,"end":3787.649},{"text":"in","start":3787.649,"end":3787.697},{"text":"the","start":3787.729,"end":3787.858},{"text":"earlier","start":3787.89,"end":3788.083},{"text":"session.","start":3788.083,"end":3788.163}]},{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":3789.001,"end":3789.823,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3789.001,"end":3789.178},{"text":"you,","start":3789.178,"end":3789.243},{"text":"Madam","start":3789.259,"end":3789.565},{"text":"Chair.","start":3789.565,"end":3789.823}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"SGP","affiliation_full":"Singapore","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":31,"start":3790.774,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=3791","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchísimas gracias.","start":3790.774,"end":3791.838,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchísimas","start":3790.774,"end":3791.161},{"text":"gracias.","start":3791.193,"end":3791.838}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":3792.548,"end":3793.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3792.548,"end":3792.805},{"text":"you","start":3792.805,"end":3792.886},{"text":"very","start":3792.886,"end":3793.096},{"text":"much.","start":3793.128,"end":3793.37}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to Colombia.","start":3793.45,"end":3794.885,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3793.45,"end":3793.466},{"text":"now","start":3793.466,"end":3793.724},{"text":"give","start":3793.757,"end":3793.886},{"text":"the","start":3793.934,"end":3794.015},{"text":"floor","start":3794.015,"end":3794.337},{"text":"to","start":3794.337,"end":3794.498},{"text":"Colombia.","start":3794.498,"end":3794.885}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":32,"start":3798.06,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=3799","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Señora Presidenta. Madam Chair, Colombia aligns with the statements delivered by Australia and Switzerland on this topic.","start":3798.06,"end":3806.724,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Señora","start":3798.06,"end":3798.333},{"text":"Presidenta.","start":3798.333,"end":3798.543},{"text":"Madam","start":3798.913,"end":3799.203},{"text":"Chair,","start":3799.284,"end":3799.638},{"text":"Colombia","start":3800.33,"end":3801.055},{"text":"aligns","start":3801.136,"end":3801.683},{"text":"with","start":3801.876,"end":3802.118},{"text":"the","start":3802.118,"end":3802.279},{"text":"statements","start":3802.279,"end":3802.843},{"text":"delivered","start":3802.843,"end":3803.535},{"text":"by","start":3803.568,"end":3803.68},{"text":"Australia","start":3803.874,"end":3804.421},{"text":"and","start":3804.437,"end":3804.518},{"text":"Switzerland","start":3804.55,"end":3805.162},{"text":"on","start":3805.162,"end":3805.307},{"text":"this","start":3805.581,"end":3805.854},{"text":"topic.","start":3806.064,"end":3806.724}]},{"text":"In our national capacity, we wish to share the following observations as the outcome of the deliberations under the framework of the GGE and the OEWG, there is today broad consensus on the applicability of international law to the use of ICTs by states.","start":3806.789,"end":3829.36,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3806.789,"end":3806.853},{"text":"our","start":3806.853,"end":3806.885},{"text":"national","start":3806.885,"end":3807.24},{"text":"capacity,","start":3807.24,"end":3807.855},{"text":"we","start":3807.92,"end":3808.163},{"text":"wish","start":3808.163,"end":3808.357},{"text":"to","start":3808.714,"end":3808.973},{"text":"share","start":3808.973,"end":3809.313},{"text":"the","start":3809.313,"end":3809.411},{"text":"following","start":3809.443,"end":3809.767},{"text":"observations","start":3809.864,"end":3810.48},{"text":"as","start":3812.278,"end":3812.505},{"text":"the","start":3812.765,"end":3812.878},{"text":"outcome","start":3813.17,"end":3813.672},{"text":"of","start":3813.882,"end":3813.995},{"text":"the","start":3814.043,"end":3814.286},{"text":"deliberations","start":3814.286,"end":3815.256},{"text":"under","start":3815.401,"end":3815.757},{"text":"the","start":3815.757,"end":3815.886},{"text":"framework","start":3815.902,"end":3816.63},{"text":"of","start":3816.63,"end":3816.759},{"text":"the","start":3816.807,"end":3817.05},{"text":"GGE","start":3817.114,"end":3818.02},{"text":"and","start":3818.795,"end":3819.102},{"text":"the","start":3819.151,"end":3819.28},{"text":"OEWG,","start":3819.361,"end":3820.056},{"text":"there","start":3821.71,"end":3821.807},{"text":"is","start":3821.807,"end":3821.872},{"text":"today","start":3821.921,"end":3822.197},{"text":"broad","start":3822.31,"end":3822.603},{"text":"consensus","start":3822.635,"end":3823.512},{"text":"on","start":3823.512,"end":3823.577},{"text":"the","start":3823.61,"end":3823.691},{"text":"applicability","start":3823.691,"end":3824.325},{"text":"of","start":3824.325,"end":3824.406},{"text":"international","start":3824.406,"end":3825.055},{"text":"law","start":3825.055,"end":3825.185},{"text":"to","start":3825.315,"end":3825.526},{"text":"the","start":3825.559,"end":3825.721},{"text":"use","start":3825.721,"end":3826.079},{"text":"of","start":3826.274,"end":3826.42},{"text":"ICTs","start":3826.517,"end":3827.118},{"text":"by","start":3828.401,"end":3828.515},{"text":"states.","start":3828.889,"end":3829.36}]},{"text":"In this context, Colombia reaffirms that international law, and especially the Charter of the United Nations, apply to cyberspace, and they are essential for maintaining international peace, security, and stability.","start":3831.27,"end":3845.28,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3831.27,"end":3831.35},{"text":"this","start":3831.543,"end":3831.736},{"text":"context,","start":3831.864,"end":3832.395},{"text":"Colombia","start":3832.411,"end":3832.749},{"text":"reaffirms","start":3832.749,"end":3833.328},{"text":"that","start":3833.392,"end":3833.649},{"text":"international","start":3833.713,"end":3834.437},{"text":"law,","start":3834.437,"end":3834.63},{"text":"and","start":3835.466,"end":3835.611},{"text":"especially","start":3835.643,"end":3836.109},{"text":"the","start":3836.109,"end":3836.173},{"text":"Charter","start":3836.189,"end":3836.431},{"text":"of","start":3836.431,"end":3836.463},{"text":"the","start":3836.463,"end":3836.511},{"text":"United","start":3836.511,"end":3836.865},{"text":"Nations,","start":3836.913,"end":3837.588},{"text":"apply","start":3838.457,"end":3838.81},{"text":"to","start":3838.939,"end":3839.277},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":3839.5,"end":3840.238},{"text":"and","start":3840.559,"end":3840.656},{"text":"they","start":3840.656,"end":3840.8},{"text":"are","start":3840.88,"end":3841.057},{"text":"essential","start":3841.057,"end":3841.458},{"text":"for","start":3841.458,"end":3841.603},{"text":"maintaining","start":3841.603,"end":3842.229},{"text":"international","start":3843.289,"end":3843.835},{"text":"peace,","start":3843.867,"end":3844.06},{"text":"security,","start":3844.14,"end":3844.573},{"text":"and","start":3844.654,"end":3844.734},{"text":"stability.","start":3844.75,"end":3845.28}]},{"text":"Therefore, the challenge that we face today consists in moving towards a more practical and broadly shared understanding of the idea that international law will apply to activities in cyberspace, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law.","start":3846.597,"end":3864.74,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."},{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":3846.597,"end":3847.11},{"text":"the","start":3848.122,"end":3848.282},{"text":"challenge","start":3848.282,"end":3848.7},{"text":"that","start":3848.748,"end":3848.812},{"text":"we","start":3848.828,"end":3848.925},{"text":"face","start":3848.925,"end":3849.198},{"text":"today","start":3849.31,"end":3849.679},{"text":"consists","start":3849.888,"end":3850.755},{"text":"in","start":3851.092,"end":3851.205},{"text":"moving","start":3851.638,"end":3852.104},{"text":"towards","start":3852.216,"end":3852.537},{"text":"a","start":3852.537,"end":3852.602},{"text":"more","start":3852.602,"end":3852.826},{"text":"practical","start":3852.843,"end":3853.613},{"text":"and","start":3853.806,"end":3853.902},{"text":"broadly","start":3854.047,"end":3854.368},{"text":"shared","start":3854.368,"end":3854.753},{"text":"understanding","start":3854.93,"end":3855.845},{"text":"of","start":3856.776,"end":3857.001},{"text":"the","start":3857.098,"end":3857.194},{"text":"idea","start":3857.194,"end":3857.595},{"text":"that","start":3857.595,"end":3857.82},{"text":"international","start":3857.82,"end":3858.382},{"text":"law","start":3858.382,"end":3858.559},{"text":"will","start":3858.559,"end":3858.719},{"text":"apply","start":3858.719,"end":3858.976},{"text":"to","start":3859.121,"end":3859.458},{"text":"activities","start":3860.485,"end":3860.935},{"text":"in","start":3860.967,"end":3861.047},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":3861.047,"end":3861.658},{"text":"including","start":3861.69,"end":3862.091},{"text":"international","start":3862.091,"end":3862.541},{"text":"humanitarian","start":3862.557,"end":3863.215},{"text":"law","start":3863.279,"end":3863.488},{"text":"and","start":3863.52,"end":3863.584},{"text":"international","start":3863.633,"end":3864.114},{"text":"human","start":3864.114,"end":3864.307},{"text":"rights","start":3864.339,"end":3864.644},{"text":"law.","start":3864.644,"end":3864.74}]},{"text":"So in this regard, my delegation wishes to indicate 3 spheres where the first thematic group can provide significant added value by developing concrete outputs that will allow us to move legal arguments into practical guidance for states.","start":3866.344,"end":3887.108,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3866.344,"end":3866.489},{"text":"in","start":3866.505,"end":3866.585},{"text":"this","start":3866.585,"end":3866.729},{"text":"regard,","start":3866.729,"end":3867.21},{"text":"my","start":3867.707,"end":3867.803},{"text":"delegation","start":3868.252,"end":3868.669},{"text":"wishes","start":3868.669,"end":3868.878},{"text":"to","start":3868.91,"end":3869.166},{"text":"indicate","start":3869.535,"end":3870.128},{"text":"3","start":3870.176,"end":3870.529},{"text":"spheres","start":3870.689,"end":3871.363},{"text":"where","start":3871.78,"end":3872.052},{"text":"the","start":3872.133,"end":3872.213},{"text":"first","start":3872.261,"end":3873.303},{"text":"thematic","start":3873.656,"end":3874.265},{"text":"group","start":3874.265,"end":3874.666},{"text":"can","start":3874.682,"end":3874.971},{"text":"provide","start":3875.147,"end":3875.612},{"text":"significant","start":3875.628,"end":3876.205},{"text":"added","start":3876.269,"end":3876.59},{"text":"value","start":3876.59,"end":3877.023},{"text":"by","start":3877.953,"end":3878.081},{"text":"developing","start":3878.306,"end":3878.899},{"text":"concrete","start":3879.476,"end":3880.101},{"text":"outputs","start":3880.358,"end":3880.871},{"text":"that","start":3880.935,"end":3881.063},{"text":"will","start":3881.16,"end":3881.224},{"text":"allow","start":3881.32,"end":3881.512},{"text":"us","start":3881.657,"end":3881.913},{"text":"to","start":3881.961,"end":3882.186},{"text":"move","start":3883.501,"end":3883.901},{"text":"legal","start":3883.966,"end":3884.286},{"text":"arguments","start":3884.366,"end":3884.944},{"text":"into","start":3885.008,"end":3885.36},{"text":"practical","start":3885.505,"end":3886.05},{"text":"guidance","start":3886.05,"end":3886.467},{"text":"for","start":3886.467,"end":3886.611},{"text":"states.","start":3886.611,"end":3887.108}]},{"text":"Firstly, Colombia believes it is relevant to go deeper in our analysis on the application of international humanitarian law to cybernetic operations in situations of armed conflict.","start":3887.589,"end":3900.46,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Firstly,","start":3887.589,"end":3888.231},{"text":"Colombia","start":3888.311,"end":3889.112},{"text":"believes","start":3890.555,"end":3890.876},{"text":"it","start":3890.876,"end":3891.02},{"text":"is","start":3891.036,"end":3891.117},{"text":"relevant","start":3891.181,"end":3891.517},{"text":"to","start":3891.517,"end":3891.646},{"text":"go","start":3891.662,"end":3891.822},{"text":"deeper","start":3891.838,"end":3892.223},{"text":"in","start":3892.319,"end":3892.463},{"text":"our","start":3892.463,"end":3892.624},{"text":"analysis","start":3892.64,"end":3893.249},{"text":"on","start":3893.507,"end":3893.571},{"text":"the","start":3893.684,"end":3893.814},{"text":"application","start":3893.83,"end":3894.364},{"text":"of","start":3894.396,"end":3894.444},{"text":"international","start":3894.493,"end":3894.832},{"text":"humanitarian","start":3894.832,"end":3895.673},{"text":"law","start":3895.69,"end":3895.819},{"text":"to","start":3896.029,"end":3896.369},{"text":"cybernetic","start":3896.935,"end":3897.662},{"text":"operations","start":3897.792,"end":3898.665},{"text":"in","start":3898.843,"end":3898.907},{"text":"situations","start":3898.94,"end":3899.522},{"text":"of","start":3899.522,"end":3899.651},{"text":"armed","start":3899.651,"end":3899.894},{"text":"conflict.","start":3899.894,"end":3900.46}]},{"text":"And especially, we consider it to be useful to analyze how international humanitarian law and customary international law have been consolidated on cyberspace, including the— for those states, while they may not have offensive cybernetic capabilities, they may have legal and humanitarian interest in the development of such norms.","start":3901.69,"end":3928.757,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3901.69,"end":3901.738},{"text":"especially,","start":3901.802,"end":3902.287},{"text":"we","start":3902.69,"end":3902.884},{"text":"consider","start":3903.174,"end":3903.965},{"text":"it","start":3904.046,"end":3904.127},{"text":"to","start":3904.223,"end":3904.32},{"text":"be","start":3904.369,"end":3904.53},{"text":"useful","start":3904.546,"end":3904.998},{"text":"to","start":3905.014,"end":3905.24},{"text":"analyze","start":3906.063,"end":3906.531},{"text":"how","start":3906.628,"end":3906.725},{"text":"international","start":3906.822,"end":3907.5},{"text":"humanitarian","start":3907.516,"end":3908.532},{"text":"law","start":3909.226,"end":3909.339},{"text":"and","start":3909.695,"end":3909.84},{"text":"customary","start":3909.872,"end":3910.324},{"text":"international","start":3910.34,"end":3910.84},{"text":"law","start":3910.84,"end":3910.905},{"text":"have","start":3910.905,"end":3910.97},{"text":"been","start":3910.97,"end":3911.05},{"text":"consolidated","start":3911.083,"end":3911.876},{"text":"on","start":3911.876,"end":3911.941},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":3911.974,"end":3912.702},{"text":"including","start":3912.783,"end":3913.707},{"text":"the—","start":3915.877,"end":3916.282},{"text":"for","start":3918.841,"end":3919.003},{"text":"those","start":3919.003,"end":3919.23},{"text":"states,","start":3919.23,"end":3919.686},{"text":"while","start":3919.752,"end":3920.094},{"text":"they","start":3921.546,"end":3921.628},{"text":"may","start":3921.628,"end":3921.726},{"text":"not","start":3921.726,"end":3921.905},{"text":"have","start":3921.938,"end":3922.182},{"text":"offensive","start":3922.182,"end":3922.639},{"text":"cybernetic","start":3922.672,"end":3923.014},{"text":"capabilities,","start":3923.014,"end":3923.308},{"text":"they","start":3924.026,"end":3924.203},{"text":"may","start":3924.203,"end":3924.51},{"text":"have","start":3924.672,"end":3925.091},{"text":"legal","start":3925.237,"end":3925.56},{"text":"and","start":3925.56,"end":3925.77},{"text":"humanitarian","start":3925.786,"end":3926.739},{"text":"interest","start":3926.836,"end":3927.352},{"text":"in","start":3927.352,"end":3927.417},{"text":"the","start":3927.481,"end":3927.562},{"text":"development","start":3927.578,"end":3927.966},{"text":"of","start":3928.047,"end":3928.144},{"text":"such","start":3928.144,"end":3928.354},{"text":"norms.","start":3928.402,"end":3928.757}]},{"text":"Secondly, Colombia has reiterated that international humanitarian law applies fully to the use of ICTs during armed conflict, both international and non-international armed conflicts, and that the fundamental principles of these continue to underpin the behavior of parties in this context.","start":3931.09,"end":3954.914,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Secondly,","start":3931.09,"end":3931.412},{"text":"Colombia","start":3932.088,"end":3932.909},{"text":"has","start":3933.602,"end":3933.908},{"text":"reiterated","start":3934.004,"end":3934.649},{"text":"that","start":3934.649,"end":3934.761},{"text":"international","start":3934.89,"end":3935.454},{"text":"humanitarian","start":3935.454,"end":3936.162},{"text":"law","start":3936.275,"end":3936.468},{"text":"applies","start":3937.789,"end":3938.336},{"text":"fully","start":3938.53,"end":3938.9},{"text":"to","start":3939.158,"end":3939.431},{"text":"the","start":3939.496,"end":3939.641},{"text":"use","start":3939.657,"end":3939.85},{"text":"of","start":3940.124,"end":3940.447},{"text":"ICTs","start":3940.447,"end":3940.641},{"text":"during","start":3941.013,"end":3941.304},{"text":"armed","start":3941.498,"end":3941.724},{"text":"conflict,","start":3941.757,"end":3942.291},{"text":"both","start":3942.404,"end":3942.695},{"text":"international","start":3943.763,"end":3944.571},{"text":"and","start":3944.571,"end":3944.798},{"text":"non-international","start":3945.057,"end":3945.93},{"text":"armed","start":3946.027,"end":3946.189},{"text":"conflicts,","start":3946.189,"end":3946.739},{"text":"and","start":3946.917,"end":3947.321},{"text":"that","start":3947.321,"end":3947.467},{"text":"the","start":3947.499,"end":3948.017},{"text":"fundamental","start":3948.065,"end":3948.615},{"text":"principles","start":3948.696,"end":3949.246},{"text":"of","start":3949.343,"end":3949.456},{"text":"these","start":3949.456,"end":3949.57},{"text":"continue","start":3949.69,"end":3950.347},{"text":"to","start":3950.763,"end":3951.068},{"text":"underpin","start":3951.084,"end":3951.773},{"text":"the","start":3951.805,"end":3951.885},{"text":"behavior","start":3951.885,"end":3952.414},{"text":"of","start":3952.446,"end":3952.574},{"text":"parties","start":3952.59,"end":3953.135},{"text":"in","start":3954.192,"end":3954.273},{"text":"this","start":3954.273,"end":3954.449},{"text":"context.","start":3954.449,"end":3954.914}]},{"text":"And so we believe that it is necessary to continue examining how these principles apply given the transformations that digital technologies have introduced into the nature and impact of armed conflicts, including the use of digital platforms and social networks for the forced recruitment of boys, girls, and adolescents by illicit or illegal armed groups.","start":3955.01,"end":3978.655,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."},{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3955.01,"end":3955.154},{"text":"so","start":3955.154,"end":3955.362},{"text":"we","start":3955.555,"end":3955.715},{"text":"believe","start":3955.715,"end":3955.971},{"text":"that","start":3955.971,"end":3956.115},{"text":"it","start":3956.115,"end":3956.228},{"text":"is","start":3956.228,"end":3956.292},{"text":"necessary","start":3956.308,"end":3956.612},{"text":"to","start":3956.612,"end":3956.74},{"text":"continue","start":3956.756,"end":3957.221},{"text":"examining","start":3957.237,"end":3957.622},{"text":"how","start":3957.718,"end":3957.846},{"text":"these","start":3958.054,"end":3958.183},{"text":"principles","start":3958.279,"end":3958.824},{"text":"apply","start":3958.936,"end":3959.288},{"text":"given","start":3959.977,"end":3960.346},{"text":"the","start":3960.522,"end":3960.618},{"text":"transformations","start":3960.618,"end":3961.548},{"text":"that","start":3961.58,"end":3961.692},{"text":"digital","start":3961.756,"end":3962.365},{"text":"technologies","start":3962.365,"end":3963.23},{"text":"have","start":3963.487,"end":3963.711},{"text":"introduced","start":3963.807,"end":3964.529},{"text":"into","start":3964.609,"end":3965.041},{"text":"the","start":3965.186,"end":3965.362},{"text":"nature","start":3965.362,"end":3965.746},{"text":"and","start":3965.81,"end":3965.907},{"text":"impact","start":3965.987,"end":3966.468},{"text":"of","start":3966.468,"end":3966.596},{"text":"armed","start":3967.012,"end":3967.317},{"text":"conflicts,","start":3967.333,"end":3967.798},{"text":"including","start":3967.894,"end":3968.599},{"text":"the","start":3968.711,"end":3968.871},{"text":"use","start":3968.871,"end":3969.064},{"text":"of","start":3969.128,"end":3969.24},{"text":"digital","start":3969.272,"end":3969.833},{"text":"platforms","start":3969.833,"end":3970.682},{"text":"and","start":3971.179,"end":3971.483},{"text":"social","start":3971.611,"end":3972.092},{"text":"networks","start":3972.092,"end":3972.701},{"text":"for","start":3972.701,"end":3972.781},{"text":"the","start":3972.781,"end":3972.877},{"text":"forced","start":3972.877,"end":3973.278},{"text":"recruitment","start":3973.278,"end":3973.839},{"text":"of","start":3973.839,"end":3973.967},{"text":"boys,","start":3973.999,"end":3974.208},{"text":"girls,","start":3974.32,"end":3974.608},{"text":"and","start":3974.865,"end":3975.025},{"text":"adolescents","start":3975.041,"end":3975.57},{"text":"by","start":3975.603,"end":3975.796},{"text":"illicit","start":3976.491,"end":3977.121},{"text":"or","start":3977.282,"end":3977.331},{"text":"illegal","start":3977.379,"end":3977.929},{"text":"armed","start":3977.945,"end":3978.171},{"text":"groups.","start":3978.187,"end":3978.655}]},{"text":"Finally, my delegation believes it is relevant to go deeper in the study of malicious cybernetic actions carried out by non-state actors in the territory of a state.","start":3980.109,"end":3995.539,"topics":[{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":3980.109,"end":3980.497},{"text":"my","start":3980.545,"end":3980.771},{"text":"delegation","start":3980.771,"end":3981.53},{"text":"believes","start":3981.66,"end":3982.031},{"text":"it","start":3982.128,"end":3982.209},{"text":"is","start":3982.306,"end":3982.354},{"text":"relevant","start":3982.693,"end":3983.226},{"text":"to","start":3983.356,"end":3983.566},{"text":"go","start":3983.582,"end":3983.76},{"text":"deeper","start":3983.76,"end":3983.986},{"text":"in","start":3983.986,"end":3984.034},{"text":"the","start":3984.082,"end":3984.179},{"text":"study","start":3984.179,"end":3984.855},{"text":"of","start":3987.368,"end":3989.123},{"text":"malicious","start":3989.494,"end":3990.766},{"text":"cybernetic","start":3990.766,"end":3991.684},{"text":"actions","start":3991.877,"end":3992.312},{"text":"carried","start":3992.376,"end":3992.844},{"text":"out","start":3992.844,"end":3992.972},{"text":"by","start":3993.021,"end":3993.15},{"text":"non-state","start":3993.15,"end":3993.65},{"text":"actors","start":3993.731,"end":3994.037},{"text":"in","start":3994.231,"end":3994.28},{"text":"the","start":3994.312,"end":3994.393},{"text":"territory","start":3994.393,"end":3994.845},{"text":"of","start":3994.877,"end":3994.974},{"text":"a","start":3994.974,"end":3994.99},{"text":"state.","start":3995.038,"end":3995.539}]},{"text":"This obligation should apply to all states equally regardless of of their level of technological development.","start":3995.603,"end":4003.763,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3995.603,"end":3995.797},{"text":"obligation","start":3996.475,"end":3997.395},{"text":"should","start":3998.186,"end":3998.477},{"text":"apply","start":3998.526,"end":3998.832},{"text":"to","start":3998.832,"end":3998.929},{"text":"all","start":3999.01,"end":3999.139},{"text":"states","start":3999.139,"end":3999.656},{"text":"equally","start":3999.785,"end":4000.253},{"text":"regardless","start":4001.415,"end":4001.964},{"text":"of","start":4001.964,"end":4002.029},{"text":"of","start":4002.146,"end":4002.194},{"text":"their","start":4002.227,"end":4002.388},{"text":"level","start":4002.388,"end":4002.582},{"text":"of","start":4002.582,"end":4002.647},{"text":"technological","start":4002.647,"end":4003.213},{"text":"development.","start":4003.213,"end":4003.763}]},{"text":"In this context, we believe that it's also relevant to advance towards identifying means that will allow us to strengthen the effective implementation of this, including the establishment of disclosure mechanisms of vulnerability, technical cooperation so that those states with reduced capabilities can detect malicious use in their territory as well as elaborating guidelines that can clarify the actions that states could take in order to ensure compliance with these principles.","start":4004.733,"end":4039.773,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":4039.837,"end":4040.112},{"text":"Chair,","start":4040.176,"end":4040.419},{"text":"Colombia","start":4040.499,"end":4041.065},{"text":"believes","start":4041.065,"end":4041.436},{"text":"that","start":4041.452,"end":4041.711},{"text":"the","start":4041.711,"end":4041.953},{"text":"development","start":4042.098,"end":4042.68},{"text":"of","start":4042.68,"end":4042.76},{"text":"a","start":4042.76,"end":4042.906},{"text":"common","start":4042.906,"end":4043.164},{"text":"understanding","start":4043.164,"end":4043.859},{"text":"on","start":4043.891,"end":4043.939},{"text":"the","start":4043.972,"end":4044.069},{"text":"application","start":4044.069,"end":4044.65},{"text":"of","start":4044.779,"end":4044.924},{"text":"international","start":4045.005,"end":4045.651},{"text":"law","start":4045.651,"end":4045.78},{"text":"to","start":4045.845,"end":4046.12},{"text":"cyberspace","start":4046.12,"end":4046.699},{"text":"is","start":4048.082,"end":4048.13},{"text":"absolutely","start":4048.307,"end":4048.693},{"text":"crucial","start":4048.725,"end":4049.208},{"text":"for","start":4049.208,"end":4049.433},{"text":"consolidating","start":4049.433,"end":4050.269},{"text":"a","start":4050.479,"end":4050.527},{"text":"safe,","start":4050.752,"end":4051.267},{"text":"stable,","start":4051.476,"end":4052.039},{"text":"and","start":4052.168,"end":4052.264},{"text":"predictable","start":4052.264,"end":4052.811},{"text":"digital","start":4052.811,"end":4053.133},{"text":"environment.","start":4053.133,"end":4053.615}]},{"text":"These efforts will allow us to reduce the legal uncertainty, promote responsible behavior by states, and mitigate the risks emanating from confusion as to the applicable international norms.","start":4054.633,"end":4071.007,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":4054.633,"end":4054.922},{"text":"efforts","start":4055.178,"end":4055.676},{"text":"will","start":4055.676,"end":4055.884},{"text":"allow","start":4055.98,"end":4056.173},{"text":"us","start":4056.542,"end":4056.718},{"text":"to","start":4056.718,"end":4056.862},{"text":"reduce","start":4056.943,"end":4057.44},{"text":"the","start":4057.44,"end":4057.68},{"text":"legal","start":4057.744,"end":4058.033},{"text":"uncertainty,","start":4058.145,"end":4058.931},{"text":"promote","start":4058.963,"end":4059.508},{"text":"responsible","start":4059.749,"end":4060.294},{"text":"behavior","start":4060.31,"end":4060.663},{"text":"by","start":4060.663,"end":4060.823},{"text":"states,","start":4060.823,"end":4061.369},{"text":"and","start":4061.834,"end":4061.978},{"text":"mitigate","start":4062.01,"end":4062.812},{"text":"the","start":4063.213,"end":4063.405},{"text":"risks","start":4063.854,"end":4064.849},{"text":"emanating","start":4065.522,"end":4066.228},{"text":"from","start":4066.981,"end":4067.96},{"text":"confusion","start":4068.248,"end":4068.794},{"text":"as","start":4068.906,"end":4068.954},{"text":"to","start":4069.066,"end":4069.162},{"text":"the","start":4069.162,"end":4069.307},{"text":"applicable","start":4069.307,"end":4069.868},{"text":"international","start":4069.868,"end":4070.638},{"text":"norms.","start":4070.67,"end":4071.007}]},{"text":"We invite states to actively participate in this dialogue, and we are convinced this will contribute to strengthening trust between states, preventing conflict, and consolidate a more secure, stable, peaceful, and resilient cyberspace for all.","start":4071.071,"end":4085.496,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4071.071,"end":4071.167},{"text":"invite","start":4071.696,"end":4072.193},{"text":"states","start":4072.193,"end":4072.755},{"text":"to","start":4072.755,"end":4072.979},{"text":"actively","start":4073.059,"end":4073.476},{"text":"participate","start":4073.476,"end":4074.214},{"text":"in","start":4074.214,"end":4074.326},{"text":"this","start":4074.342,"end":4074.519},{"text":"dialogue,","start":4074.519,"end":4075.048},{"text":"and","start":4075.08,"end":4075.24},{"text":"we","start":4075.24,"end":4075.465},{"text":"are","start":4075.705,"end":4075.786},{"text":"convinced","start":4075.786,"end":4076.171},{"text":"this","start":4076.187,"end":4076.347},{"text":"will","start":4076.347,"end":4076.443},{"text":"contribute","start":4076.443,"end":4077.004},{"text":"to","start":4077.004,"end":4077.325},{"text":"strengthening","start":4077.486,"end":4077.951},{"text":"trust","start":4078.047,"end":4078.351},{"text":"between","start":4078.351,"end":4078.624},{"text":"states,","start":4078.672,"end":4079.153},{"text":"preventing","start":4079.169,"end":4079.699},{"text":"conflict,","start":4079.795,"end":4080.067},{"text":"and","start":4080.926,"end":4081.088},{"text":"consolidate","start":4081.088,"end":4081.752},{"text":"a","start":4081.752,"end":4081.769},{"text":"more","start":4081.769,"end":4082.012},{"text":"secure,","start":4082.012,"end":4082.514},{"text":"stable,","start":4082.66,"end":4083.178},{"text":"peaceful,","start":4083.276,"end":4083.843},{"text":"and","start":4083.924,"end":4084.07},{"text":"resilient","start":4084.102,"end":4084.605},{"text":"cyberspace","start":4084.605,"end":4085.237},{"text":"for","start":4085.237,"end":4085.318},{"text":"all.","start":4085.318,"end":4085.496}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":4085.561,"end":4086.014,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4085.561,"end":4085.642},{"text":"thank","start":4085.642,"end":4085.95},{"text":"you.","start":4085.95,"end":4086.014}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COL","affiliation_full":"Colombia","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":33,"start":4087.235,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=4088","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":4087.235,"end":4088.484,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4087.235,"end":4088.03},{"text":"you","start":4088.03,"end":4088.128},{"text":"very","start":4088.128,"end":4088.29},{"text":"much.","start":4088.29,"end":4088.484}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the delegation of the Republic of Korea, to be followed by New Zealand.","start":4088.695,"end":4094.097,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4088.695,"end":4088.711},{"text":"now","start":4088.711,"end":4088.89},{"text":"give","start":4089.004,"end":4089.247},{"text":"the","start":4089.247,"end":4089.312},{"text":"floor","start":4089.344,"end":4089.734},{"text":"to","start":4089.734,"end":4089.961},{"text":"the","start":4089.993,"end":4090.253},{"text":"delegation","start":4090.301,"end":4091.096},{"text":"of","start":4091.21,"end":4091.34},{"text":"the","start":4091.372,"end":4091.518},{"text":"Republic","start":4091.518,"end":4091.956},{"text":"of","start":4091.956,"end":4092.069},{"text":"Korea,","start":4092.102,"end":4092.491},{"text":"to","start":4092.572,"end":4092.686},{"text":"be","start":4092.686,"end":4092.832},{"text":"followed","start":4092.832,"end":4093.286},{"text":"by","start":4093.319,"end":4093.481},{"text":"New","start":4093.481,"end":4093.643},{"text":"Zealand.","start":4093.643,"end":4094.097}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":34,"start":4100.558,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=4101","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair. The Republic of Korea would like to reiterate that existing international law, including the entirety of the UN Charter, international humanitarian law, and international human rights law applies to cyberspace.","start":4100.558,"end":4115.199,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."},{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4100.558,"end":4100.719},{"text":"you,","start":4100.719,"end":4100.751},{"text":"Madam","start":4100.799,"end":4101.056},{"text":"Chair.","start":4101.056,"end":4101.378},{"text":"The","start":4102.583,"end":4102.743},{"text":"Republic","start":4102.743,"end":4103.29},{"text":"of","start":4103.29,"end":4103.354},{"text":"Korea","start":4103.45,"end":4103.788},{"text":"would","start":4103.932,"end":4104.077},{"text":"like","start":4104.109,"end":4104.286},{"text":"to","start":4104.334,"end":4104.479},{"text":"reiterate","start":4104.495,"end":4105.153},{"text":"that","start":4105.475,"end":4105.764},{"text":"existing","start":4105.812,"end":4106.407},{"text":"international","start":4106.519,"end":4107.081},{"text":"law,","start":4107.081,"end":4107.162},{"text":"including","start":4107.483,"end":4107.853},{"text":"the","start":4107.949,"end":4108.045},{"text":"entirety","start":4108.045,"end":4108.608},{"text":"of","start":4108.608,"end":4108.704},{"text":"the","start":4108.704,"end":4108.849},{"text":"UN","start":4108.849,"end":4109.041},{"text":"Charter,","start":4109.09,"end":4109.491},{"text":"international","start":4110.093,"end":4110.655},{"text":"humanitarian","start":4110.655,"end":4111.345},{"text":"law,","start":4111.361,"end":4111.49},{"text":"and","start":4111.763,"end":4111.907},{"text":"international","start":4112.003,"end":4112.501},{"text":"human","start":4112.501,"end":4112.806},{"text":"rights","start":4112.887,"end":4113.224},{"text":"law","start":4113.224,"end":4113.384},{"text":"applies","start":4113.85,"end":4114.235},{"text":"to","start":4114.267,"end":4114.444},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":4114.444,"end":4115.199}]},{"text":"Building upon this shared understanding, my government published its National Position on the Application of International Law to Cyberspace in July 2025 last year, with a view to, to contributing constructively to the ongoing discussion in the international community.","start":4116.098,"end":4131.865,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Building","start":4116.098,"end":4116.403},{"text":"upon","start":4116.435,"end":4116.708},{"text":"this","start":4116.82,"end":4117.077},{"text":"shared","start":4117.077,"end":4117.398},{"text":"understanding,","start":4117.398,"end":4118.089},{"text":"my","start":4118.201,"end":4118.394},{"text":"government","start":4118.442,"end":4118.988},{"text":"published","start":4119.068,"end":4119.486},{"text":"its","start":4119.486,"end":4119.662},{"text":"National","start":4119.727,"end":4120.128},{"text":"Position","start":4120.128,"end":4120.642},{"text":"on","start":4120.834,"end":4120.931},{"text":"the","start":4120.931,"end":4121.059},{"text":"Application","start":4121.075,"end":4121.621},{"text":"of","start":4121.718,"end":4121.862},{"text":"International","start":4121.894,"end":4122.376},{"text":"Law","start":4122.456,"end":4122.697},{"text":"to","start":4122.761,"end":4122.874},{"text":"Cyberspace","start":4122.874,"end":4123.692},{"text":"in","start":4124.142,"end":4124.27},{"text":"July","start":4124.383,"end":4124.736},{"text":"2025","start":4124.865,"end":4125.796},{"text":"last","start":4125.812,"end":4126.133},{"text":"year,","start":4126.133,"end":4126.294},{"text":"with","start":4126.775,"end":4126.936},{"text":"a","start":4126.936,"end":4127.016},{"text":"view","start":4127.016,"end":4127.273},{"text":"to,","start":4127.273,"end":4127.369},{"text":"to","start":4127.514,"end":4127.739},{"text":"contributing","start":4127.739,"end":4128.269},{"text":"constructively","start":4128.317,"end":4129.087},{"text":"to","start":4129.184,"end":4129.248},{"text":"the","start":4129.28,"end":4129.425},{"text":"ongoing","start":4129.505,"end":4129.81},{"text":"discussion","start":4129.922,"end":4130.436},{"text":"in","start":4130.484,"end":4130.613},{"text":"the","start":4130.645,"end":4130.805},{"text":"international","start":4130.805,"end":4131.335},{"text":"community.","start":4131.432,"end":4131.865}]},{"text":"Existing international law already provides a sufficient legal foundation for governing conduct in cyberspace.","start":4133.037,"end":4139.683,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Existing","start":4133.037,"end":4133.551},{"text":"international","start":4133.615,"end":4134.161},{"text":"law","start":4134.161,"end":4134.209},{"text":"already","start":4134.241,"end":4134.868},{"text":"provides","start":4134.9,"end":4135.43},{"text":"a","start":4135.687,"end":4135.783},{"text":"sufficient","start":4135.783,"end":4136.57},{"text":"legal","start":4136.57,"end":4136.81},{"text":"foundation","start":4136.827,"end":4137.389},{"text":"for","start":4137.389,"end":4137.661},{"text":"governing","start":4137.71,"end":4138.079},{"text":"conduct","start":4138.416,"end":4138.849},{"text":"in","start":4138.913,"end":4138.961},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":4139.01,"end":4139.683}]},{"text":"Rather than pursuing the negotiation of new legally binding instruments, our efforts should focus on clarifying and operationalizing existing international law while strengthening mechanisms for its effective implementation through international cooperation.","start":4140.582,"end":4155.166,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Rather","start":4140.582,"end":4140.855},{"text":"than","start":4140.855,"end":4140.999},{"text":"pursuing","start":4140.999,"end":4141.448},{"text":"the","start":4141.48,"end":4141.577},{"text":"negotiation","start":4141.577,"end":4142.234},{"text":"of","start":4142.283,"end":4142.443},{"text":"new","start":4142.443,"end":4142.619},{"text":"legally","start":4142.764,"end":4143.133},{"text":"binding","start":4143.165,"end":4143.534},{"text":"instruments,","start":4143.566,"end":4144.208},{"text":"our","start":4144.753,"end":4144.914},{"text":"efforts","start":4144.994,"end":4145.411},{"text":"should","start":4145.411,"end":4145.652},{"text":"focus","start":4145.732,"end":4146.069},{"text":"on","start":4146.117,"end":4146.261},{"text":"clarifying","start":4146.277,"end":4146.823},{"text":"and","start":4146.999,"end":4147.224},{"text":"operationalizing","start":4147.32,"end":4148.187},{"text":"existing","start":4148.379,"end":4148.941},{"text":"international","start":4148.941,"end":4149.663},{"text":"law","start":4149.663,"end":4149.695},{"text":"while","start":4150.128,"end":4150.24},{"text":"strengthening","start":4150.24,"end":4150.834},{"text":"mechanisms","start":4150.866,"end":4151.444},{"text":"for","start":4151.588,"end":4151.7},{"text":"its","start":4151.748,"end":4151.989},{"text":"effective","start":4152.005,"end":4152.535},{"text":"implementation","start":4152.551,"end":4153.401},{"text":"through","start":4153.754,"end":4153.979},{"text":"international","start":4153.995,"end":4154.556},{"text":"cooperation.","start":4154.556,"end":4155.166}]},{"text":"At the same time, we wish to emphasize that recognizing the applicability of international humanitarian law to cyberspace neither legitimizes nor encourages armed conflict.","start":4156.241,"end":4168.839,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":4156.241,"end":4156.385},{"text":"the","start":4156.385,"end":4156.465},{"text":"same","start":4156.465,"end":4156.706},{"text":"time,","start":4156.722,"end":4156.931},{"text":"we","start":4157.107,"end":4157.268},{"text":"wish","start":4157.284,"end":4157.396},{"text":"to","start":4157.508,"end":4157.604},{"text":"emphasize","start":4157.685,"end":4158.294},{"text":"that","start":4158.326,"end":4158.631},{"text":"recognizing","start":4158.631,"end":4159.257},{"text":"the","start":4159.353,"end":4159.466},{"text":"applicability","start":4159.594,"end":4160.46},{"text":"of","start":4160.557,"end":4160.861},{"text":"international","start":4160.974,"end":4161.391},{"text":"humanitarian","start":4161.391,"end":4162.097},{"text":"law","start":4162.097,"end":4162.193},{"text":"to","start":4162.755,"end":4162.899},{"text":"cyberspace","start":4162.899,"end":4164.15},{"text":"neither","start":4164.183,"end":4164.616},{"text":"legitimizes","start":4164.648,"end":4166.72},{"text":"nor","start":4167.057,"end":4167.426},{"text":"encourages","start":4167.458,"end":4168.004},{"text":"armed","start":4168.181,"end":4168.437},{"text":"conflict.","start":4168.437,"end":4168.839}]},{"text":"Rather, it seeks to ensure that if an armed conflict occurs, the protections afforded under international humanitarian law continue to apply in order to reduce human suffering and protect civilians.","start":4169.321,"end":4182.053,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Rather,","start":4169.321,"end":4169.706},{"text":"it","start":4169.802,"end":4169.931},{"text":"seeks","start":4169.963,"end":4170.268},{"text":"to","start":4170.268,"end":4170.444},{"text":"ensure","start":4170.444,"end":4170.926},{"text":"that","start":4170.926,"end":4171.038},{"text":"if","start":4171.504,"end":4171.584},{"text":"an","start":4171.649,"end":4171.697},{"text":"armed","start":4171.889,"end":4172.13},{"text":"conflict","start":4172.13,"end":4172.628},{"text":"occurs,","start":4172.628,"end":4173.061},{"text":"the","start":4173.559,"end":4173.736},{"text":"protections","start":4173.736,"end":4174.346},{"text":"afforded","start":4174.458,"end":4174.988},{"text":"under","start":4175.101,"end":4175.325},{"text":"international","start":4175.502,"end":4176.064},{"text":"humanitarian","start":4176.064,"end":4176.674},{"text":"law","start":4176.706,"end":4176.786},{"text":"continue","start":4177.252,"end":4177.75},{"text":"to","start":4177.75,"end":4177.83},{"text":"apply","start":4177.83,"end":4178.167},{"text":"in","start":4178.633,"end":4178.761},{"text":"order","start":4178.858,"end":4178.954},{"text":"to","start":4179.018,"end":4179.13},{"text":"reduce","start":4179.259,"end":4179.676},{"text":"human","start":4179.676,"end":4180.03},{"text":"suffering","start":4180.078,"end":4180.447},{"text":"and","start":4180.624,"end":4180.848},{"text":"protect","start":4181.121,"end":4181.587},{"text":"civilians.","start":4181.587,"end":4182.053}]},{"text":"Discussions on the application of international law must also take account of the unique characteristics of cyberspace.","start":4183.193,"end":4189.743,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Discussions","start":4183.193,"end":4183.738},{"text":"on","start":4183.835,"end":4183.883},{"text":"the","start":4183.931,"end":4184.092},{"text":"application","start":4184.092,"end":4184.67},{"text":"of","start":4184.67,"end":4184.75},{"text":"international","start":4184.798,"end":4185.264},{"text":"law","start":4185.36,"end":4185.456},{"text":"must","start":4185.537,"end":4185.954},{"text":"also","start":4186.083,"end":4186.484},{"text":"take","start":4186.484,"end":4186.677},{"text":"account","start":4186.725,"end":4187.206},{"text":"of","start":4187.206,"end":4187.271},{"text":"the","start":4187.303,"end":4187.447},{"text":"unique","start":4187.528,"end":4187.865},{"text":"characteristics","start":4187.945,"end":4188.748},{"text":"of","start":4188.748,"end":4188.989},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":4188.989,"end":4189.743}]},{"text":"In particular, we should recognize the challenges arising from the significant role of non-state actors, as well as the anonymity, speed, and technical complexity of cyber operations, all of which make attribution and response more difficult.","start":4190.674,"end":4205.753,"topics":[{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4206.94,"end":4207.004},{"text":"global","start":4207.036,"end":4207.373},{"text":"mechanism","start":4207.373,"end":4207.838},{"text":"should","start":4207.838,"end":4208.159},{"text":"therefore","start":4208.159,"end":4208.624},{"text":"continue","start":4208.624,"end":4208.961},{"text":"to","start":4208.961,"end":4209.074},{"text":"serve","start":4209.122,"end":4209.427},{"text":"as","start":4209.427,"end":4209.507},{"text":"a","start":4209.603,"end":4209.763},{"text":"platform","start":4209.763,"end":4210.309},{"text":"for","start":4210.309,"end":4210.517},{"text":"deepening","start":4210.71,"end":4211.079},{"text":"our","start":4211.191,"end":4211.352},{"text":"understanding","start":4211.352,"end":4211.977},{"text":"of","start":4212.025,"end":4212.17},{"text":"the","start":4212.17,"end":4212.298},{"text":"realities,","start":4212.314,"end":4212.859},{"text":"realities","start":4213.453,"end":4213.982},{"text":"of","start":4214.014,"end":4214.175},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":4214.175,"end":4214.977},{"text":"and","start":4215.378,"end":4215.474},{"text":"for","start":4215.474,"end":4215.699},{"text":"progressively","start":4215.699,"end":4216.549},{"text":"developing","start":4216.581,"end":4217.111},{"text":"a","start":4217.127,"end":4217.223},{"text":"common","start":4217.223,"end":4217.56},{"text":"understanding","start":4217.608,"end":4218.217},{"text":"of","start":4218.266,"end":4218.426},{"text":"how","start":4218.57,"end":4218.779},{"text":"existing","start":4219.052,"end":4219.517},{"text":"international","start":4219.613,"end":4220.11},{"text":"law","start":4220.11,"end":4220.207},{"text":"applies","start":4220.672,"end":4221.041},{"text":"in","start":4221.298,"end":4221.346},{"text":"this","start":4221.394,"end":4221.635},{"text":"domain.","start":4221.635,"end":4221.924}]},{"text":"I thank you, Madam Chair.","start":4222.358,"end":4225.007,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4222.358,"end":4222.39},{"text":"thank","start":4222.438,"end":4222.663},{"text":"you,","start":4222.663,"end":4222.711},{"text":"Madam","start":4222.727,"end":4224.622},{"text":"Chair.","start":4224.67,"end":4225.007}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"KOR","affiliation_full":"Republic of Korea","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":35,"start":4225.152,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=4226","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":4225.152,"end":4225.746,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4225.152,"end":4225.328},{"text":"you","start":4225.328,"end":4225.409},{"text":"very","start":4225.409,"end":4225.569},{"text":"much.","start":4225.569,"end":4225.746}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the delegation of New Zealand, to be followed by Israel, Estonia, United Kingdom, Armenia, Mexico, and Cuba.","start":4225.874,"end":4237.676,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4225.874,"end":4225.89},{"text":"now","start":4225.89,"end":4226.051},{"text":"give","start":4226.051,"end":4226.26},{"text":"the","start":4226.276,"end":4226.324},{"text":"floor","start":4226.372,"end":4226.87},{"text":"to","start":4226.918,"end":4227.255},{"text":"the","start":4227.64,"end":4227.817},{"text":"delegation","start":4227.817,"end":4228.379},{"text":"of","start":4228.379,"end":4228.508},{"text":"New","start":4228.54,"end":4228.7},{"text":"Zealand,","start":4228.7,"end":4229.198},{"text":"to","start":4230.065,"end":4230.226},{"text":"be","start":4230.226,"end":4230.37},{"text":"followed","start":4230.37,"end":4230.996},{"text":"by","start":4231.189,"end":4231.301},{"text":"Israel,","start":4231.59,"end":4231.992},{"text":"Estonia,","start":4232.554,"end":4233.212},{"text":"United","start":4233.742,"end":4234.079},{"text":"Kingdom,","start":4234.079,"end":4234.513},{"text":"Armenia,","start":4234.882,"end":4235.428},{"text":"Mexico,","start":4236.07,"end":4236.712},{"text":"and","start":4236.953,"end":4237.178},{"text":"Cuba.","start":4237.29,"end":4237.676}]},{"text":"New Zealand, you have the floor.","start":4238.976,"end":4240.277,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"New","start":4238.976,"end":4239.474},{"text":"Zealand,","start":4239.474,"end":4239.795},{"text":"you","start":4239.827,"end":4239.86},{"text":"have","start":4239.86,"end":4240.02},{"text":"the","start":4240.02,"end":4240.1},{"text":"floor.","start":4240.1,"end":4240.277}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":36,"start":4241.048,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=4242","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair. New Zealand aligns itself with the statement delivered by the Kingdom of Tonga on behalf of the Pacific Islands Forum and the statement delivered by Australia on behalf of the Cross-Regional Group of States.","start":4241.048,"end":4253.006,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4241.048,"end":4241.24},{"text":"you,","start":4241.289,"end":4241.321},{"text":"Chair.","start":4241.385,"end":4241.802},{"text":"New","start":4242.268,"end":4242.396},{"text":"Zealand","start":4242.413,"end":4242.814},{"text":"aligns","start":4242.814,"end":4243.087},{"text":"itself","start":4243.087,"end":4243.553},{"text":"with","start":4243.553,"end":4243.665},{"text":"the","start":4243.697,"end":4243.729},{"text":"statement","start":4243.729,"end":4244.259},{"text":"delivered","start":4244.259,"end":4244.644},{"text":"by","start":4244.677,"end":4244.837},{"text":"the","start":4244.837,"end":4244.982},{"text":"Kingdom","start":4244.982,"end":4245.287},{"text":"of","start":4245.335,"end":4245.447},{"text":"Tonga","start":4245.544,"end":4246.009},{"text":"on","start":4246.203,"end":4246.284},{"text":"behalf","start":4246.284,"end":4246.689},{"text":"of","start":4246.689,"end":4246.77},{"text":"the","start":4246.77,"end":4246.851},{"text":"Pacific","start":4246.851,"end":4247.272},{"text":"Islands","start":4247.402,"end":4247.677},{"text":"Forum","start":4247.742,"end":4248.033},{"text":"and","start":4248.552,"end":4248.616},{"text":"the","start":4248.633,"end":4248.714},{"text":"statement","start":4248.714,"end":4249.151},{"text":"delivered","start":4249.199,"end":4249.653},{"text":"by","start":4249.766,"end":4249.912},{"text":"Australia","start":4249.928,"end":4250.592},{"text":"on","start":4250.738,"end":4250.819},{"text":"behalf","start":4250.819,"end":4251.159},{"text":"of","start":4251.159,"end":4251.257},{"text":"the","start":4251.305,"end":4251.451},{"text":"Cross-Regional","start":4251.451,"end":4252.164},{"text":"Group","start":4252.18,"end":4252.358},{"text":"of","start":4252.455,"end":4252.536},{"text":"States.","start":4252.585,"end":4253.006}]},{"text":"These statements reaffirm our shared understanding that international law applies to state conduct in cyberspace.","start":4254.51,"end":4261.329,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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statements also recall that our role in this process is to build on these common understandings.","start":4275.374,"end":4281.208,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":4275.374,"end":4275.471},{"text":"statements","start":4275.471,"end":4276.025},{"text":"also","start":4276.107,"end":4276.433},{"text":"recall","start":4276.433,"end":4276.808},{"text":"that","start":4277.492,"end":4277.639},{"text":"our","start":4277.639,"end":4277.818},{"text":"role","start":4277.818,"end":4277.932},{"text":"in","start":4278.046,"end":4278.128},{"text":"this","start":4278.128,"end":4278.307},{"text":"process","start":4278.307,"end":4278.763},{"text":"is","start":4279.366,"end":4279.448},{"text":"to","start":4279.448,"end":4279.546},{"text":"build","start":4279.676,"end":4279.937},{"text":"on","start":4279.937,"end":4280.002},{"text":"these","start":4280.018,"end":4280.23},{"text":"common","start":4280.328,"end":4280.589},{"text":"understandings.","start":4280.589,"end":4281.208}]},{"text":"But as we begin to consider how international law applies, we invite states to keep 3 questions in mind.","start":4282.938,"end":4288.834,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":4282.938,"end":4283.002},{"text":"as","start":4283.1,"end":4283.213},{"text":"we","start":4283.213,"end":4283.359},{"text":"begin","start":4283.359,"end":4283.602},{"text":"to","start":4283.602,"end":4283.748},{"text":"consider","start":4283.748,"end":4284.152},{"text":"how","start":4284.152,"end":4284.363},{"text":"international","start":4284.493,"end":4285.06},{"text":"law","start":4285.06,"end":4285.222},{"text":"applies,","start":4285.222,"end":4285.756},{"text":"we","start":4286.258,"end":4286.355},{"text":"invite","start":4286.355,"end":4286.76},{"text":"states","start":4286.76,"end":4287.133},{"text":"to","start":4287.165,"end":4287.311},{"text":"keep","start":4287.311,"end":4287.441},{"text":"3","start":4287.57,"end":4287.878},{"text":"questions","start":4287.878,"end":4288.429},{"text":"in","start":4288.542,"end":4288.591},{"text":"mind.","start":4288.688,"end":4288.834}]},{"text":"First, why are we discussing international law?","start":4290.7,"end":4293.453,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":4290.7,"end":4291.058},{"text":"why","start":4291.71,"end":4291.889},{"text":"are","start":4291.889,"end":4292.035},{"text":"we","start":4292.035,"end":4292.198},{"text":"discussing","start":4292.198,"end":4292.573},{"text":"international","start":4292.606,"end":4293.323},{"text":"law?","start":4293.323,"end":4293.453}]},{"text":"Second, what issues should we be focusing on?","start":4294.414,"end":4297.298,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":4294.414,"end":4295.017},{"text":"what","start":4295.62,"end":4295.897},{"text":"issues","start":4295.929,"end":4296.19},{"text":"should","start":4296.19,"end":4296.434},{"text":"we","start":4296.434,"end":4296.581},{"text":"be","start":4296.581,"end":4296.679},{"text":"focusing","start":4296.679,"end":4297.2},{"text":"on?","start":4297.249,"end":4297.298}]},{"text":"And third, who should be in the room?","start":4298.323,"end":4300.461,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4298.323,"end":4298.388},{"text":"third,","start":4298.548,"end":4298.854},{"text":"who","start":4299.432,"end":4299.545},{"text":"should","start":4299.609,"end":4299.85},{"text":"be","start":4299.85,"end":4300.011},{"text":"in","start":4300.011,"end":4300.059},{"text":"the","start":4300.091,"end":4300.252},{"text":"room?","start":4300.252,"end":4300.461}]},{"text":"On the first question, why are we discussing international law?","start":4302.1,"end":4305.105,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":4302.1,"end":4302.148},{"text":"the","start":4302.18,"end":4302.228},{"text":"first","start":4302.261,"end":4302.582},{"text":"question,","start":4302.582,"end":4303.032},{"text":"why","start":4303.466,"end":4303.578},{"text":"are","start":4303.627,"end":4303.723},{"text":"we","start":4303.723,"end":4303.868},{"text":"discussing","start":4303.868,"end":4304.237},{"text":"international","start":4304.269,"end":4304.944},{"text":"law?","start":4304.944,"end":4305.105}]},{"text":"New Zealand acknowledges that developments in cyber capabilities raise novel questions about how international law applies in cyberspace.","start":4305.957,"end":4313.167,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"New","start":4305.957,"end":4306.053},{"text":"Zealand","start":4306.053,"end":4306.407},{"text":"acknowledges","start":4306.439,"end":4306.969},{"text":"that","start":4307.323,"end":4307.484},{"text":"developments","start":4307.484,"end":4308.128},{"text":"in","start":4308.128,"end":4308.209},{"text":"cyber","start":4308.209,"end":4308.611},{"text":"capabilities","start":4308.611,"end":4309.223},{"text":"raise","start":4309.336,"end":4309.545},{"text":"novel","start":4309.593,"end":4309.947},{"text":"questions","start":4309.963,"end":4310.43},{"text":"about","start":4310.462,"end":4310.752},{"text":"how","start":4310.768,"end":4310.897},{"text":"international","start":4311.026,"end":4311.67},{"text":"law","start":4311.67,"end":4311.911},{"text":"applies","start":4311.976,"end":4312.362},{"text":"in","start":4312.459,"end":4312.507},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":4312.555,"end":4313.167}]},{"text":"The global mechanism presents a unique opportunity to work together to answer these questions.","start":4314.544,"end":4319.826,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4314.544,"end":4314.626},{"text":"global","start":4314.626,"end":4314.953},{"text":"mechanism","start":4314.953,"end":4315.492},{"text":"presents","start":4315.672,"end":4316.097},{"text":"a","start":4316.097,"end":4316.163},{"text":"unique","start":4316.163,"end":4316.572},{"text":"opportunity","start":4316.686,"end":4317.373},{"text":"to","start":4317.553,"end":4317.667},{"text":"work","start":4317.716,"end":4317.978},{"text":"together","start":4317.978,"end":4318.436},{"text":"to","start":4318.632,"end":4318.714},{"text":"answer","start":4318.779,"end":4318.992},{"text":"these","start":4319.041,"end":4319.172},{"text":"questions.","start":4319.286,"end":4319.826}]},{"text":"However, we do not consider the answer is to create new legally binding obligations, not until all states have the capacity to engage with the existing legal framework.","start":4321.13,"end":4332.5,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."},{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":4321.13,"end":4321.457},{"text":"we","start":4321.538,"end":4321.636},{"text":"do","start":4321.701,"end":4321.799},{"text":"not","start":4321.799,"end":4321.93},{"text":"consider","start":4322.027,"end":4322.451},{"text":"the","start":4322.451,"end":4322.647},{"text":"answer","start":4322.761,"end":4323.12},{"text":"is","start":4323.12,"end":4323.234},{"text":"to","start":4323.348,"end":4323.495},{"text":"create","start":4323.495,"end":4323.903},{"text":"new","start":4323.903,"end":4324.164},{"text":"legally","start":4324.31,"end":4324.702},{"text":"binding","start":4324.734,"end":4325.11},{"text":"obligations,","start":4326.199,"end":4326.881},{"text":"not","start":4327.011,"end":4327.352},{"text":"until","start":4327.401,"end":4327.791},{"text":"all","start":4327.872,"end":4327.986},{"text":"states","start":4327.986,"end":4328.489},{"text":"have","start":4329.009,"end":4329.171},{"text":"the","start":4329.171,"end":4329.252},{"text":"capacity","start":4329.252,"end":4329.885},{"text":"to","start":4330.145,"end":4330.259},{"text":"engage","start":4330.259,"end":4330.714},{"text":"with","start":4330.73,"end":4330.86},{"text":"the","start":4330.892,"end":4330.973},{"text":"existing","start":4330.973,"end":4331.509},{"text":"legal","start":4331.704,"end":4331.948},{"text":"framework.","start":4331.948,"end":4332.5}]},{"text":"Our aim when discussing international law should be to work together to apply and implement this existing legal framework, which leads me to the second question: what issues should we focus on?","start":4333.863,"end":4345.724,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":4333.863,"end":4333.992},{"text":"aim","start":4334.008,"end":4334.234},{"text":"when","start":4334.412,"end":4334.476},{"text":"discussing","start":4334.509,"end":4335.042},{"text":"international","start":4335.074,"end":4335.623},{"text":"law","start":4335.64,"end":4335.833},{"text":"should","start":4336.27,"end":4336.399},{"text":"be","start":4336.447,"end":4336.544},{"text":"to","start":4336.544,"end":4336.706},{"text":"work","start":4336.77,"end":4336.964},{"text":"together","start":4337.029,"end":4337.546},{"text":"to","start":4337.756,"end":4337.901},{"text":"apply","start":4337.901,"end":4338.256},{"text":"and","start":4338.45,"end":4338.515},{"text":"implement","start":4338.547,"end":4339.032},{"text":"this","start":4339.032,"end":4339.21},{"text":"existing","start":4339.21,"end":4339.71},{"text":"legal","start":4339.84,"end":4340.082},{"text":"framework,","start":4340.082,"end":4340.728},{"text":"which","start":4341.77,"end":4341.85},{"text":"leads","start":4341.947,"end":4342.173},{"text":"me","start":4342.189,"end":4342.27},{"text":"to","start":4342.27,"end":4342.367},{"text":"the","start":4342.367,"end":4342.447},{"text":"second","start":4342.447,"end":4342.851},{"text":"question:","start":4342.851,"end":4343.287},{"text":"what","start":4344.288,"end":4344.401},{"text":"issues","start":4344.465,"end":4344.756},{"text":"should","start":4344.788,"end":4345.014},{"text":"we","start":4345.014,"end":4345.111},{"text":"focus","start":4345.111,"end":4345.482},{"text":"on?","start":4345.579,"end":4345.724}]},{"text":"The global mechanism, including the DTGs, should not just prompt states states to recite well-established positions.","start":4347.354,"end":4353.314,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4347.354,"end":4347.435},{"text":"global","start":4347.435,"end":4347.758},{"text":"mechanism,","start":4347.758,"end":4348.307},{"text":"including","start":4348.42,"end":4348.775},{"text":"the","start":4348.823,"end":4348.969},{"text":"DTGs,","start":4348.969,"end":4349.388},{"text":"should","start":4349.953,"end":4350.131},{"text":"not","start":4350.195,"end":4350.341},{"text":"just","start":4350.421,"end":4350.599},{"text":"prompt","start":4350.599,"end":4350.777},{"text":"states","start":4350.777,"end":4351.196},{"text":"states","start":4350.91,"end":4351.15},{"text":"to","start":4351.198,"end":4351.326},{"text":"recite","start":4351.326,"end":4351.711},{"text":"well-established","start":4351.807,"end":4352.705},{"text":"positions.","start":4352.705,"end":4353.314}]},{"text":"It should enable us to share practical experiences and best practices on the application of international law when assessing or responding to common challenges; to identify international law capacity-building needs; to discuss areas of international law where our understandings remain less settled.","start":4354.372,"end":4371.988,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4354.372,"end":4354.468},{"text":"should","start":4354.468,"end":4354.628},{"text":"enable","start":4354.628,"end":4354.997},{"text":"us","start":4355.029,"end":4355.189},{"text":"to","start":4355.189,"end":4355.286},{"text":"share","start":4355.286,"end":4355.574},{"text":"practical","start":4355.574,"end":4356.135},{"text":"experiences","start":4356.135,"end":4356.921},{"text":"and","start":4357.113,"end":4357.177},{"text":"best","start":4357.257,"end":4357.514},{"text":"practices","start":4357.514,"end":4358.203},{"text":"on","start":4358.716,"end":4358.764},{"text":"the","start":4358.796,"end":4358.924},{"text":"application","start":4358.956,"end":4359.517},{"text":"of","start":4359.517,"end":4359.614},{"text":"international","start":4359.614,"end":4360.143},{"text":"law","start":4360.143,"end":4360.415},{"text":"when","start":4360.944,"end":4361.024},{"text":"assessing","start":4361.056,"end":4361.409},{"text":"or","start":4361.505,"end":4361.553},{"text":"responding","start":4361.553,"end":4362.05},{"text":"to","start":4362.082,"end":4362.242},{"text":"common","start":4362.307,"end":4362.531},{"text":"challenges;","start":4362.627,"end":4363.076},{"text":"to","start":4364.471,"end":4364.583},{"text":"identify","start":4364.631,"end":4365.24},{"text":"international","start":4365.288,"end":4365.849},{"text":"law","start":4365.849,"end":4366.009},{"text":"capacity-building","start":4366.009,"end":4366.843},{"text":"needs;","start":4366.923,"end":4367.26},{"text":"to","start":4368.254,"end":4368.35},{"text":"discuss","start":4368.35,"end":4368.831},{"text":"areas","start":4368.895,"end":4369.199},{"text":"of","start":4369.199,"end":4369.279},{"text":"international","start":4369.295,"end":4369.808},{"text":"law","start":4369.856,"end":4370.081},{"text":"where","start":4370.081,"end":4370.193},{"text":"our","start":4370.193,"end":4370.321},{"text":"understandings","start":4370.401,"end":4371.043},{"text":"remain","start":4371.043,"end":4371.379},{"text":"less","start":4371.379,"end":4371.508},{"text":"settled.","start":4371.604,"end":4371.988}]},{"text":"Like Italy, we see value in the common African position on the application of international Law, which identifies a helpful example of one area that could benefit from further discussion between states, namely the rule of non-intervention.","start":4373.447,"end":4385.739,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Like","start":4373.447,"end":4373.607},{"text":"Italy,","start":4373.688,"end":4373.992},{"text":"we","start":4374.329,"end":4374.425},{"text":"see","start":4374.425,"end":4374.665},{"text":"value","start":4374.665,"end":4375.034},{"text":"in","start":4375.066,"end":4375.146},{"text":"the","start":4375.146,"end":4375.226},{"text":"common","start":4375.226,"end":4375.515},{"text":"African","start":4375.627,"end":4375.996},{"text":"position","start":4376.028,"end":4376.477},{"text":"on","start":4376.669,"end":4376.733},{"text":"the","start":4376.733,"end":4376.893},{"text":"application","start":4376.893,"end":4377.406},{"text":"of","start":4377.406,"end":4377.487},{"text":"international","start":4377.551,"end":4378.144},{"text":"Law,","start":4378.128,"end":4378.225},{"text":"which","start":4378.838,"end":4378.999},{"text":"identifies","start":4378.999,"end":4379.628},{"text":"a","start":4379.628,"end":4379.709},{"text":"helpful","start":4379.709,"end":4380.015},{"text":"example","start":4380.047,"end":4380.547},{"text":"of","start":4380.547,"end":4380.692},{"text":"one","start":4380.757,"end":4380.821},{"text":"area","start":4381.015,"end":4381.402},{"text":"that","start":4381.482,"end":4381.595},{"text":"could","start":4381.643,"end":4381.821},{"text":"benefit","start":4381.821,"end":4382.192},{"text":"from","start":4382.288,"end":4382.385},{"text":"further","start":4382.466,"end":4382.772},{"text":"discussion","start":4382.772,"end":4383.272},{"text":"between","start":4383.272,"end":4383.643},{"text":"states,","start":4383.675,"end":4384.046},{"text":"namely","start":4384.562,"end":4384.884},{"text":"the","start":4384.884,"end":4385.029},{"text":"rule","start":4385.029,"end":4385.158},{"text":"of","start":4385.223,"end":4385.304},{"text":"non-intervention.","start":4385.352,"end":4385.739}]},{"text":"While states share a common understanding that coercive cyber operations are inconsistent with the rule of non-intervention, the threshold at which such operations become coercive is less settled.","start":4387.24,"end":4397.749,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":4387.24,"end":4387.337},{"text":"states","start":4387.337,"end":4387.726},{"text":"share","start":4387.823,"end":4387.953},{"text":"a","start":4387.985,"end":4388.067},{"text":"common","start":4388.067,"end":4388.375},{"text":"understanding","start":4388.391,"end":4388.942},{"text":"that","start":4388.975,"end":4389.202},{"text":"coercive","start":4389.202,"end":4389.64},{"text":"cyber","start":4389.64,"end":4390.012},{"text":"operations","start":4390.012,"end":4390.645},{"text":"are","start":4390.84,"end":4390.937},{"text":"inconsistent","start":4390.937,"end":4391.65},{"text":"with","start":4391.65,"end":4391.748},{"text":"the","start":4391.812,"end":4391.958},{"text":"rule","start":4391.958,"end":4392.137},{"text":"of","start":4392.137,"end":4392.234},{"text":"non-intervention,","start":4392.234,"end":4393.077},{"text":"the","start":4393.86,"end":4393.892},{"text":"threshold","start":4393.957,"end":4394.508},{"text":"at","start":4394.54,"end":4394.686},{"text":"which","start":4394.686,"end":4394.751},{"text":"such","start":4394.929,"end":4395.14},{"text":"operations","start":4395.172,"end":4395.723},{"text":"become","start":4395.756,"end":4396.047},{"text":"coercive","start":4396.161,"end":4396.696},{"text":"is","start":4396.987,"end":4397.133},{"text":"less","start":4397.133,"end":4397.263},{"text":"settled.","start":4397.295,"end":4397.749}]},{"text":"Other national position statements on the application of international law to cyberspace, including New Zealand's National Position Statement, signpost additional areas where our agreement on the application of international law converges, but our understandings of how international law applies can be strengthened.","start":4399.386,"end":4415.485,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Other","start":4399.386,"end":4399.499},{"text":"national","start":4399.499,"end":4399.953},{"text":"position","start":4399.953,"end":4400.261},{"text":"statements","start":4400.31,"end":4400.78},{"text":"on","start":4400.78,"end":4400.926},{"text":"the","start":4400.926,"end":4401.007},{"text":"application","start":4401.023,"end":4401.59},{"text":"of","start":4401.59,"end":4401.671},{"text":"international","start":4401.671,"end":4402.238},{"text":"law","start":4402.238,"end":4402.319},{"text":"to","start":4402.384,"end":4402.482},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":4402.482,"end":4403.097},{"text":"including","start":4403.643,"end":4404.015},{"text":"New","start":4404.047,"end":4404.144},{"text":"Zealand's","start":4404.144,"end":4404.532},{"text":"National","start":4404.532,"end":4404.904},{"text":"Position","start":4404.92,"end":4405.227},{"text":"Statement,","start":4405.276,"end":4405.712},{"text":"signpost","start":4406.488,"end":4407.135},{"text":"additional","start":4407.135,"end":4407.652},{"text":"areas","start":4407.685,"end":4408.057},{"text":"where","start":4408.17,"end":4408.445},{"text":"our","start":4408.477,"end":4408.639},{"text":"agreement","start":4408.639,"end":4409.124},{"text":"on","start":4409.204,"end":4409.301},{"text":"the","start":4409.301,"end":4409.447},{"text":"application","start":4409.447,"end":4409.964},{"text":"of","start":4409.964,"end":4410.094},{"text":"international","start":4410.094,"end":4410.708},{"text":"law","start":4410.708,"end":4410.918},{"text":"converges,","start":4410.918,"end":4411.533},{"text":"but","start":4412.131,"end":4412.196},{"text":"our","start":4412.196,"end":4412.357},{"text":"understandings","start":4412.438,"end":4413.101},{"text":"of","start":4413.101,"end":4413.15},{"text":"how","start":4413.15,"end":4413.327},{"text":"international","start":4413.343,"end":4413.907},{"text":"law","start":4413.907,"end":4414.148},{"text":"applies","start":4414.148,"end":4414.519},{"text":"can","start":4414.632,"end":4414.776},{"text":"be","start":4414.776,"end":4414.873},{"text":"strengthened.","start":4414.873,"end":4415.485}]},{"text":"These discussions should continue here in the global mechanism.","start":4416.629,"end":4420.044,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":4416.629,"end":4416.774},{"text":"discussions","start":4416.806,"end":4417.467},{"text":"should","start":4417.531,"end":4417.692},{"text":"continue","start":4417.692,"end":4418.095},{"text":"here","start":4418.159,"end":4418.433},{"text":"in","start":4419.061,"end":4419.11},{"text":"the","start":4419.206,"end":4419.287},{"text":"global","start":4419.287,"end":4419.545},{"text":"mechanism.","start":4419.545,"end":4420.044}]},{"text":"On the third and final question, who should be in the room, New Zealand maintains that meaningful participation by relevant stakeholders both in the plenary and the DTGs is essential.","start":4421.85,"end":4433.075,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Particularly","start":4481.277,"end":4481.813},{"text":"by","start":4481.845,"end":4482.007},{"text":"small","start":4482.007,"end":4482.267},{"text":"states.","start":4482.267,"end":4482.575}]},{"text":"I thank you, Chair.","start":4483.223,"end":4483.872,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4483.223,"end":4483.272},{"text":"thank","start":4483.305,"end":4483.548},{"text":"you,","start":4483.548,"end":4483.613},{"text":"Chair.","start":4483.629,"end":4483.872}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"NZL","affiliation_full":"New Zealand","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":37,"start":4486.8,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=4487","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":4486.8,"end":4487.295,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4486.8,"end":4486.899},{"text":"you","start":4486.899,"end":4486.932},{"text":"very","start":4486.932,"end":4487.097},{"text":"much.","start":4487.097,"end":4487.295}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the delegation of Israel.","start":4487.559,"end":4489.805,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4487.559,"end":4487.592},{"text":"now","start":4487.592,"end":4487.774},{"text":"give","start":4487.823,"end":4488.021},{"text":"the","start":4488.088,"end":4488.187},{"text":"floor","start":4488.22,"end":4488.632},{"text":"to","start":4488.632,"end":4488.88},{"text":"the","start":4488.88,"end":4488.979},{"text":"delegation","start":4488.979,"end":4489.392},{"text":"of","start":4489.392,"end":4489.475},{"text":"Israel.","start":4489.475,"end":4489.805}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":38,"start":4492.88,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=4493","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good morning, and thank you, Chair.","start":4492.88,"end":4494.186,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":4492.88,"end":4492.963},{"text":"morning,","start":4492.963,"end":4493.214},{"text":"and","start":4493.348,"end":4493.566},{"text":"thank","start":4493.566,"end":4493.834},{"text":"you,","start":4493.834,"end":4493.901},{"text":"Chair.","start":4493.918,"end":4494.186}]},{"text":"Israel reiterates its consistent and longstanding position that the existing international law applies to cyberspace, including the UN Charter.","start":4497.594,"end":4506.47,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":4520.261,"end":4520.358},{"text":"discussion","start":4520.358,"end":4520.887},{"text":"under","start":4520.983,"end":4521.127},{"text":"the","start":4521.159,"end":4521.319},{"text":"pillar","start":4521.319,"end":4521.56},{"text":"of","start":4521.56,"end":4521.72},{"text":"international","start":4521.72,"end":4522.426},{"text":"law","start":4522.426,"end":4522.538},{"text":"should","start":4522.602,"end":4522.842},{"text":"be","start":4522.923,"end":4523.003},{"text":"focused","start":4523.003,"end":4523.628},{"text":"elsewhere.","start":4523.628,"end":4524.045}]},{"text":"Traditional international legal principles were established in physical domain-specific contexts.","start":4525.471,"end":4530.762,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Their","start":4531.258,"end":4531.371},{"text":"application","start":4531.403,"end":4532.028},{"text":"to","start":4532.124,"end":4532.172},{"text":"unique","start":4532.204,"end":4532.685},{"text":"and","start":4532.862,"end":4532.926},{"text":"decentralized","start":4533.263,"end":4534.113},{"text":"features","start":4534.129,"end":4534.514},{"text":"of","start":4534.771,"end":4534.835},{"text":"the","start":4534.867,"end":4534.963},{"text":"cyber","start":4534.963,"end":4535.332},{"text":"domain","start":4535.332,"end":4535.637},{"text":"requires","start":4535.669,"end":4536.215},{"text":"meticulous","start":4536.792,"end":4537.45},{"text":"evaluation","start":4537.45,"end":4538.204},{"text":"rather","start":4538.3,"end":4538.573},{"text":"than","start":4538.573,"end":4538.829},{"text":"automatic","start":4538.942,"end":4539.583},{"text":"transpositions.","start":4539.583,"end":4540.45}]},{"text":"To offer but unique example of the unique characteristics of the cyber domain that have meaningful ramifications for interpreting and applying international law to cyber activities, we should recall that data lacks a meaningful physical manifestation.","start":4541.829,"end":4559.059,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":4541.829,"end":4541.99},{"text":"offer","start":4541.99,"end":4542.391},{"text":"but","start":4542.808,"end":4543.049},{"text":"unique","start":4543.049,"end":4543.45},{"text":"example","start":4543.45,"end":4544.188},{"text":"of","start":4544.412,"end":4544.541},{"text":"the","start":4544.573,"end":4544.637},{"text":"unique","start":4544.637,"end":4545.054},{"text":"characteristics","start":4545.214,"end":4546.129},{"text":"of","start":4546.562,"end":4546.626},{"text":"the","start":4546.642,"end":4546.739},{"text":"cyber","start":4546.739,"end":4547.059},{"text":"domain","start":4547.059,"end":4547.332},{"text":"that","start":4547.685,"end":4547.797},{"text":"have","start":4547.797,"end":4547.91},{"text":"meaningful","start":4547.942,"end":4548.567},{"text":"ramifications","start":4548.648,"end":4549.594},{"text":"for","start":4549.69,"end":4549.979},{"text":"interpreting","start":4550.669,"end":4551.359},{"text":"and","start":4551.535,"end":4551.599},{"text":"applying","start":4551.632,"end":4552.001},{"text":"international","start":4552.049,"end":4552.658},{"text":"law","start":4552.658,"end":4552.755},{"text":"to","start":4552.755,"end":4552.915},{"text":"cyber","start":4552.915,"end":4553.236},{"text":"activities,","start":4553.236,"end":4553.926},{"text":"we","start":4554.583,"end":4554.664},{"text":"should","start":4554.664,"end":4554.904},{"text":"recall","start":4554.904,"end":4555.305},{"text":"that","start":4555.305,"end":4555.53},{"text":"data","start":4555.562,"end":4555.995},{"text":"lacks","start":4556.605,"end":4556.942},{"text":"a","start":4556.942,"end":4557.006},{"text":"meaningful","start":4557.006,"end":4557.535},{"text":"physical","start":4558.129,"end":4558.562},{"text":"manifestation.","start":4558.658,"end":4559.059}]},{"text":"It is highly dynamic as it can travel globally across multiple jurisdictions instantly and relies heavily on privately owned international infrastructure.","start":4560.215,"end":4570.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4560.215,"end":4560.311},{"text":"is","start":4560.311,"end":4560.424},{"text":"highly","start":4560.456,"end":4560.745},{"text":"dynamic","start":4560.761,"end":4561.355},{"text":"as","start":4561.965,"end":4562.077},{"text":"it","start":4562.077,"end":4562.205},{"text":"can","start":4562.205,"end":4562.334},{"text":"travel","start":4562.366,"end":4562.783},{"text":"globally","start":4562.783,"end":4563.233},{"text":"across","start":4563.265,"end":4563.698},{"text":"multiple","start":4563.73,"end":4564.212},{"text":"jurisdictions","start":4564.212,"end":4564.918},{"text":"instantly","start":4565.111,"end":4565.64},{"text":"and","start":4566.395,"end":4566.459},{"text":"relies","start":4566.539,"end":4566.844},{"text":"heavily","start":4566.941,"end":4567.246},{"text":"on","start":4568,"end":4568.161},{"text":"privately","start":4568.161,"end":4568.722},{"text":"owned","start":4568.867,"end":4569.14},{"text":"international","start":4569.364,"end":4570.167},{"text":"infrastructure.","start":4570.231,"end":4570.97}]},{"text":"This example highlights another methodological insight we must bear in mind: international legal frameworks that were developed for domains with particularly unique characteristics, such as maritime domain, international aviation, and space law were done so after comprehensive considerations and cautious deliberations.","start":4572.013,"end":4593.8,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4572.013,"end":4572.254},{"text":"example","start":4572.254,"end":4572.88},{"text":"highlights","start":4572.88,"end":4573.554},{"text":"another","start":4574.019,"end":4574.357},{"text":"methodological","start":4574.357,"end":4575.56},{"text":"insight","start":4575.625,"end":4576.106},{"text":"we","start":4576.106,"end":4576.251},{"text":"must","start":4576.251,"end":4576.54},{"text":"bear","start":4576.588,"end":4576.764},{"text":"in","start":4576.764,"end":4576.877},{"text":"mind:","start":4576.909,"end":4577.15},{"text":"international","start":4578.032,"end":4578.594},{"text":"legal","start":4578.594,"end":4578.803},{"text":"frameworks","start":4578.819,"end":4579.573},{"text":"that","start":4579.718,"end":4579.943},{"text":"were","start":4579.943,"end":4579.975},{"text":"developed","start":4580.103,"end":4580.52},{"text":"for","start":4580.52,"end":4580.681},{"text":"domains","start":4580.681,"end":4581.179},{"text":"with","start":4581.644,"end":4581.756},{"text":"particularly","start":4581.869,"end":4582.447},{"text":"unique","start":4582.511,"end":4582.832},{"text":"characteristics,","start":4582.832,"end":4583.458},{"text":"such","start":4583.49,"end":4583.795},{"text":"as","start":4583.875,"end":4584.02},{"text":"maritime","start":4584.533,"end":4585.015},{"text":"domain,","start":4585.015,"end":4585.368},{"text":"international","start":4585.577,"end":4586.219},{"text":"aviation,","start":4586.219,"end":4586.748},{"text":"and","start":4587.182,"end":4587.246},{"text":"space","start":4587.278,"end":4587.614},{"text":"law","start":4587.743,"end":4587.935},{"text":"were","start":4588.544,"end":4588.736},{"text":"done","start":4588.768,"end":4588.896},{"text":"so","start":4588.944,"end":4589.249},{"text":"after","start":4589.409,"end":4589.633},{"text":"comprehensive","start":4589.665,"end":4590.354},{"text":"considerations","start":4590.387,"end":4591.396},{"text":"and","start":4591.893,"end":4591.973},{"text":"cautious","start":4592.47,"end":4592.918},{"text":"deliberations.","start":4593.014,"end":4593.8}]},{"text":"The cyber domain is similarly unique, and we should learn from our predecessors by investing sufficient time to exploring the unique characteristics of the cyber domain before reaching premature conclusions.","start":4595.098,"end":4609.103,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4595.098,"end":4595.194},{"text":"cyber","start":4595.194,"end":4595.514},{"text":"domain","start":4595.514,"end":4595.819},{"text":"is","start":4595.819,"end":4595.883},{"text":"similarly","start":4596.219,"end":4596.684},{"text":"unique,","start":4596.78,"end":4597.261},{"text":"and","start":4597.597,"end":4597.726},{"text":"we","start":4597.758,"end":4597.838},{"text":"should","start":4597.838,"end":4598.174},{"text":"learn","start":4598.302,"end":4598.607},{"text":"from","start":4599.024,"end":4599.152},{"text":"our","start":4599.2,"end":4599.552},{"text":"predecessors","start":4600.001,"end":4600.69},{"text":"by","start":4600.786,"end":4600.946},{"text":"investing","start":4600.946,"end":4601.475},{"text":"sufficient","start":4601.684,"end":4602.244},{"text":"time","start":4602.244,"end":4602.613},{"text":"to","start":4603.142,"end":4603.238},{"text":"exploring","start":4603.27,"end":4603.735},{"text":"the","start":4603.847,"end":4603.911},{"text":"unique","start":4603.911,"end":4604.263},{"text":"characteristics","start":4604.328,"end":4605.193},{"text":"of","start":4605.513,"end":4605.674},{"text":"the","start":4605.674,"end":4605.754},{"text":"cyber","start":4605.754,"end":4606.074},{"text":"domain","start":4606.074,"end":4606.459},{"text":"before","start":4606.475,"end":4606.843},{"text":"reaching","start":4607.372,"end":4607.661},{"text":"premature","start":4607.773,"end":4608.414},{"text":"conclusions.","start":4608.414,"end":4609.103}]},{"text":"Rules developed in physical domains should not be presumed ipso facto to apply similarly to the cyber domain, particularly where the relevant practice or opinio juris relate to domain-specific state activity.","start":4610.337,"end":4623.946,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Rules","start":4610.337,"end":4610.625},{"text":"developed","start":4610.657,"end":4611.058},{"text":"in","start":4611.058,"end":4611.138},{"text":"physical","start":4611.202,"end":4611.619},{"text":"domains","start":4611.619,"end":4612.067},{"text":"should","start":4612.179,"end":4612.42},{"text":"not","start":4612.42,"end":4612.612},{"text":"be","start":4612.66,"end":4612.884},{"text":"presumed","start":4612.884,"end":4613.429},{"text":"ipso","start":4613.766,"end":4613.975},{"text":"facto","start":4614.023,"end":4614.601},{"text":"to","start":4614.601,"end":4614.713},{"text":"apply","start":4614.746,"end":4615.019},{"text":"similarly","start":4615.147,"end":4615.757},{"text":"to","start":4616.255,"end":4616.351},{"text":"the","start":4616.351,"end":4616.432},{"text":"cyber","start":4616.432,"end":4616.817},{"text":"domain,","start":4616.817,"end":4617.058},{"text":"particularly","start":4617.636,"end":4618.326},{"text":"where","start":4618.503,"end":4618.792},{"text":"the","start":4619.145,"end":4619.225},{"text":"relevant","start":4619.241,"end":4619.723},{"text":"practice","start":4619.723,"end":4620.237},{"text":"or","start":4620.269,"end":4620.317},{"text":"opinio","start":4620.446,"end":4620.767},{"text":"juris","start":4620.847,"end":4621.281},{"text":"relate","start":4621.714,"end":4622.116},{"text":"to","start":4622.116,"end":4622.212},{"text":"domain-specific","start":4622.212,"end":4623.095},{"text":"state","start":4623.095,"end":4623.496},{"text":"activity.","start":4623.496,"end":4623.946}]},{"text":"The wide divergence in views held by states on key legal issues in the cyber context also militates we exercise care before asserting that a certain position reflects the lex lata.","start":4625.102,"end":4638.814,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4625.102,"end":4625.247},{"text":"wide","start":4625.247,"end":4625.487},{"text":"divergence","start":4625.487,"end":4626.306},{"text":"in","start":4626.306,"end":4626.435},{"text":"views","start":4626.451,"end":4626.756},{"text":"held","start":4626.852,"end":4627.109},{"text":"by","start":4627.109,"end":4627.286},{"text":"states","start":4627.286,"end":4627.848},{"text":"on","start":4627.976,"end":4628.024},{"text":"key","start":4628.137,"end":4628.378},{"text":"legal","start":4628.378,"end":4628.651},{"text":"issues","start":4628.779,"end":4629.164},{"text":"in","start":4629.598,"end":4629.646},{"text":"the","start":4629.678,"end":4629.759},{"text":"cyber","start":4629.759,"end":4630.144},{"text":"context","start":4630.144,"end":4630.61},{"text":"also","start":4631.348,"end":4631.653},{"text":"militates","start":4632.263,"end":4632.986},{"text":"we","start":4633.355,"end":4633.435},{"text":"exercise","start":4633.516,"end":4634.062},{"text":"care","start":4634.158,"end":4634.351},{"text":"before","start":4634.415,"end":4634.768},{"text":"asserting","start":4634.897,"end":4635.426},{"text":"that","start":4636.021,"end":4636.165},{"text":"a","start":4636.165,"end":4636.197},{"text":"certain","start":4636.197,"end":4636.663},{"text":"position","start":4636.663,"end":4637.112},{"text":"reflects","start":4637.209,"end":4637.787},{"text":"the","start":4638.172,"end":4638.252},{"text":"lex","start":4638.252,"end":4638.461},{"text":"lata.","start":4638.59,"end":4638.814}]},{"text":"The DTGs could play a role in identifying the unique factual characteristics of cyberspace that are most relevant to the interpretation and application of existing international law.","start":4640.34,"end":4651.536,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4640.34,"end":4640.421},{"text":"DTGs","start":4640.678,"end":4641.095},{"text":"could","start":4641.561,"end":4641.722},{"text":"play","start":4641.802,"end":4641.995},{"text":"a","start":4642.428,"end":4642.509},{"text":"role","start":4642.509,"end":4642.894},{"text":"in","start":4642.926,"end":4643.023},{"text":"identifying","start":4643.071,"end":4643.697},{"text":"the","start":4643.794,"end":4643.842},{"text":"unique","start":4643.874,"end":4644.195},{"text":"factual","start":4644.195,"end":4644.693},{"text":"characteristics","start":4644.693,"end":4645.496},{"text":"of","start":4645.56,"end":4645.705},{"text":"cyberspace","start":4646.203,"end":4646.813},{"text":"that","start":4646.942,"end":4647.167},{"text":"are","start":4647.167,"end":4647.199},{"text":"most","start":4647.199,"end":4647.665},{"text":"relevant","start":4647.665,"end":4648.275},{"text":"to","start":4648.564,"end":4648.709},{"text":"the","start":4648.709,"end":4648.773},{"text":"interpretation","start":4648.773,"end":4649.48},{"text":"and","start":4649.512,"end":4649.672},{"text":"application","start":4649.672,"end":4650.202},{"text":"of","start":4650.299,"end":4650.411},{"text":"existing","start":4650.411,"end":4650.877},{"text":"international","start":4650.877,"end":4651.455},{"text":"law.","start":4651.503,"end":4651.536}]},{"text":"As part of the cross-cutting multi-pillar discussions, this approach will make sure that we do not prematurely advance our discussion on international law without proper understanding of the relevant technical and factual aspects, aspects that could and should be illuminated by appropriate technical experts from the tech community and academia.","start":4652.804,"end":4676.232,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4652.804,"end":4652.933},{"text":"part","start":4652.965,"end":4653.206},{"text":"of","start":4653.206,"end":4653.286},{"text":"the","start":4653.286,"end":4653.367},{"text":"cross-cutting","start":4653.367,"end":4654.057},{"text":"multi-pillar","start":4654.089,"end":4654.957},{"text":"discussions,","start":4654.957,"end":4655.744},{"text":"this","start":4656.418,"end":4656.547},{"text":"approach","start":4656.643,"end":4657.029},{"text":"will","start":4657.205,"end":4657.43},{"text":"make","start":4657.607,"end":4657.88},{"text":"sure","start":4657.928,"end":4658.217},{"text":"that","start":4658.667,"end":4658.908},{"text":"we","start":4658.908,"end":4659.101},{"text":"do","start":4659.149,"end":4659.245},{"text":"not","start":4659.31,"end":4659.695},{"text":"prematurely","start":4659.711,"end":4660.338},{"text":"advance","start":4660.354,"end":4661.012},{"text":"our","start":4661.141,"end":4661.301},{"text":"discussion","start":4661.301,"end":4661.847},{"text":"on","start":4662.522,"end":4662.618},{"text":"international","start":4662.618,"end":4663.148},{"text":"law","start":4663.229,"end":4663.277},{"text":"without","start":4663.389,"end":4663.807},{"text":"proper","start":4663.807,"end":4664.112},{"text":"understanding","start":4664.128,"end":4664.658},{"text":"of","start":4665.095,"end":4665.193},{"text":"the","start":4665.243,"end":4665.325},{"text":"relevant","start":4665.407,"end":4665.917},{"text":"technical","start":4665.917,"end":4666.559},{"text":"and","start":4666.575,"end":4666.641},{"text":"factual","start":4666.723,"end":4667.233},{"text":"aspects,","start":4667.71,"end":4668.204},{"text":"aspects","start":4669.457,"end":4669.876},{"text":"that","start":4669.876,"end":4670.183},{"text":"could","start":4670.183,"end":4670.296},{"text":"and","start":4670.683,"end":4670.747},{"text":"should","start":4670.828,"end":4671.344},{"text":"be","start":4671.651,"end":4671.812},{"text":"illuminated","start":4671.812,"end":4672.586},{"text":"by","start":4672.683,"end":4672.941},{"text":"appropriate","start":4673.006,"end":4673.57},{"text":"technical","start":4673.57,"end":4673.99},{"text":"experts","start":4673.99,"end":4674.522},{"text":"from","start":4674.538,"end":4674.635},{"text":"the","start":4674.715,"end":4674.861},{"text":"tech","start":4674.861,"end":4675.022},{"text":"community","start":4675.022,"end":4675.49},{"text":"and","start":4675.603,"end":4675.667},{"text":"academia.","start":4675.683,"end":4676.232}]},{"text":"Finally, Madam Chair, Israel takes note of the numerous state positions that have been published over the last few years against the background of the open-ended working processes Israel, for its part, has formally submitted its comprehensive legal position paper to the UNODA Secretariat.","start":4678.16,"end":4698.481,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. 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Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":4699.461,"end":4699.573},{"text":"conclude,","start":4699.589,"end":4699.926},{"text":"Madam","start":4699.942,"end":4700.232},{"text":"Chair,","start":4700.248,"end":4700.44},{"text":"the","start":4700.553,"end":4700.649},{"text":"Global","start":4700.649,"end":4700.954},{"text":"Mechanism","start":4700.954,"end":4701.645},{"text":"can","start":4701.677,"end":4701.822},{"text":"contribute","start":4701.854,"end":4702.496},{"text":"to","start":4702.496,"end":4702.625},{"text":"this","start":4702.641,"end":4702.898},{"text":"positive","start":4702.898,"end":4703.428},{"text":"trend","start":4703.444,"end":4703.83},{"text":"by","start":4704.263,"end":4704.408},{"text":"exploring","start":4704.408,"end":4704.874},{"text":"the","start":4704.986,"end":4705.147},{"text":"intersection","start":4705.147,"end":4705.741},{"text":"between","start":4705.789,"end":4706.159},{"text":"capacity","start":4706.576,"end":4707.074},{"text":"building","start":4707.138,"end":4707.427},{"text":"and","start":4707.54,"end":4707.636},{"text":"international","start":4707.636,"end":4708.343},{"text":"law.","start":4708.343,"end":4708.391}]},{"text":"In our view, there is much value in using the DTGs as a vehicle for capacity building with an aim to help states in crafting refining and publishing their national legal views.","start":4709.082,"end":4719.41,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Kingdom.","start":4723.443,"end":4727.512,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4723.443,"end":4723.459},{"text":"now","start":4723.459,"end":4723.7},{"text":"give","start":4723.7,"end":4723.925},{"text":"the","start":4723.925,"end":4724.021},{"text":"floor","start":4724.021,"end":4724.423},{"text":"to","start":4724.423,"end":4724.583},{"text":"the","start":4724.583,"end":4724.744},{"text":"delegation","start":4724.744,"end":4725.242},{"text":"of","start":4725.451,"end":4725.596},{"text":"Estonia,","start":4725.772,"end":4726.302},{"text":"to","start":4726.351,"end":4726.495},{"text":"be","start":4726.495,"end":4726.56},{"text":"followed","start":4726.56,"end":4726.764},{"text":"by","start":4726.764,"end":4726.866},{"text":"the","start":4726.866,"end":4726.917},{"text":"United","start":4726.917,"end":4727.274},{"text":"Kingdom.","start":4727.274,"end":4727.512}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":40,"start":4729.7,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=4730","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank 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capacity.","start":4731.43,"end":4737.836,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Estonia","start":4731.43,"end":4731.916},{"text":"aligns","start":4731.916,"end":4732.32},{"text":"itself","start":4732.336,"end":4732.951},{"text":"with","start":4733.129,"end":4733.274},{"text":"the","start":4733.274,"end":4733.355},{"text":"statement","start":4733.355,"end":4733.889},{"text":"by","start":4733.938,"end":4734.099},{"text":"the","start":4734.099,"end":4734.148},{"text":"European","start":4734.164,"end":4734.569},{"text":"Union","start":4734.649,"end":4734.957},{"text":"and","start":4735.232,"end":4735.329},{"text":"adds","start":4735.458,"end":4735.652},{"text":"the","start":4735.717,"end":4735.863},{"text":"following","start":4735.863,"end":4736.251},{"text":"in","start":4736.429,"end":4736.542},{"text":"its","start":4736.542,"end":4736.752},{"text":"national","start":4736.752,"end":4737.222},{"text":"capacity.","start":4737.238,"end":4737.836}]},{"text":"Previous UN processes have clearly confirmed that existing international law applies in cyberspace.","start":4738.76,"end":4745.329,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Previous","start":4738.76,"end":4739.199},{"text":"UN","start":4739.199,"end":4739.492},{"text":"processes","start":4739.589,"end":4740.305},{"text":"have","start":4740.549,"end":4740.712},{"text":"clearly","start":4740.923,"end":4741.281},{"text":"confirmed","start":4741.313,"end":4742.013},{"text":"that","start":4742.192,"end":4742.338},{"text":"existing","start":4742.488,"end":4743.001},{"text":"international","start":4743.05,"end":4743.82},{"text":"law","start":4743.82,"end":4744.061},{"text":"applies","start":4744.141,"end":4744.527},{"text":"in","start":4744.575,"end":4744.703},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":4744.703,"end":4745.329}]},{"text":"The task before us now is to strengthen its implementation, deepen common understanding, and promote transparency in how states interpret and apply their international legal obligations in the ICT environment.","start":4746.068,"end":4761.415,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4746.068,"end":4746.116},{"text":"task","start":4746.164,"end":4746.71},{"text":"before","start":4746.71,"end":4746.999},{"text":"us","start":4747.127,"end":4747.384},{"text":"now","start":4747.432,"end":4747.529},{"text":"is","start":4748.01,"end":4748.058},{"text":"to","start":4748.171,"end":4748.267},{"text":"strengthen","start":4748.315,"end":4748.893},{"text":"its","start":4749.054,"end":4749.23},{"text":"implementation,","start":4749.23,"end":4750.226},{"text":"deepen","start":4750.739,"end":4751.109},{"text":"common","start":4751.285,"end":4751.606},{"text":"understanding,","start":4751.606,"end":4752.313},{"text":"and","start":4752.586,"end":4752.65},{"text":"promote","start":4752.81,"end":4753.244},{"text":"transparency","start":4753.244,"end":4754.191},{"text":"in","start":4754.512,"end":4754.608},{"text":"how","start":4754.737,"end":4754.914},{"text":"states","start":4755.154,"end":4755.716},{"text":"interpret","start":4755.716,"end":4756.246},{"text":"and","start":4756.744,"end":4756.856},{"text":"apply","start":4756.856,"end":4757.273},{"text":"their","start":4757.546,"end":4757.675},{"text":"international","start":4757.707,"end":4758.445},{"text":"legal","start":4758.445,"end":4758.718},{"text":"obligations","start":4758.766,"end":4759.505},{"text":"in","start":4759.794,"end":4759.858},{"text":"the","start":4759.89,"end":4760.147},{"text":"ICT","start":4760.292,"end":4760.597},{"text":"environment.","start":4760.854,"end":4761.415}]},{"text":"Estonia strongly believes that international humanitarian law should be among the international law topics addressed by the global mechanism.","start":4762.363,"end":4770.904,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Estonia","start":4762.363,"end":4762.796},{"text":"strongly","start":4762.796,"end":4763.39},{"text":"believes","start":4763.422,"end":4764.032},{"text":"that","start":4764.064,"end":4764.289},{"text":"international","start":4764.289,"end":4765.012},{"text":"humanitarian","start":4765.028,"end":4765.959},{"text":"law","start":4765.991,"end":4766.071},{"text":"should","start":4766.472,"end":4766.794},{"text":"be","start":4766.794,"end":4767.018},{"text":"among","start":4767.099,"end":4767.323},{"text":"the","start":4767.66,"end":4767.693},{"text":"international","start":4767.693,"end":4768.463},{"text":"law","start":4768.543,"end":4768.752},{"text":"topics","start":4768.8,"end":4769.491},{"text":"addressed","start":4769.218,"end":4769.715},{"text":"by","start":4769.764,"end":4769.988},{"text":"the","start":4770.004,"end":4770.085},{"text":"global","start":4770.085,"end":4770.406},{"text":"mechanism.","start":4770.406,"end":4770.904}]},{"text":"Our discussion should move beyond, beyond questioning its applicability and instead focus on the concrete legal questions already emerging in practice, including those usefully identified by the ICRC in its working paper.","start":4771.674,"end":4789.512,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":4771.674,"end":4771.915},{"text":"discussion","start":4771.915,"end":4772.541},{"text":"should","start":4772.573,"end":4772.91},{"text":"move","start":4772.975,"end":4773.183},{"text":"beyond,","start":4773.36,"end":4773.745},{"text":"beyond","start":4773.954,"end":4774.468},{"text":"questioning","start":4774.5,"end":4775.03},{"text":"its","start":4775.142,"end":4775.335},{"text":"applicability","start":4775.849,"end":4776.796},{"text":"and","start":4777.213,"end":4777.278},{"text":"instead","start":4777.406,"end":4778},{"text":"focus","start":4778.112,"end":4778.594},{"text":"on","start":4778.594,"end":4778.642},{"text":"the","start":4778.755,"end":4778.835},{"text":"concrete","start":4778.835,"end":4779.461},{"text":"legal","start":4779.461,"end":4779.846},{"text":"questions","start":4779.846,"end":4780.296},{"text":"already","start":4780.505,"end":4781.051},{"text":"emerging","start":4781.163,"end":4781.725},{"text":"in","start":4781.725,"end":4781.853},{"text":"practice,","start":4781.886,"end":4782.335},{"text":"including","start":4782.929,"end":4783.459},{"text":"those","start":4783.732,"end":4783.989},{"text":"usefully","start":4784.695,"end":4785.225},{"text":"identified","start":4785.562,"end":4786.317},{"text":"by","start":4786.381,"end":4786.574},{"text":"the","start":4786.847,"end":4787.007},{"text":"ICRC","start":4787.409,"end":4788.34},{"text":"in","start":4788.452,"end":4788.516},{"text":"its","start":4788.565,"end":4788.789},{"text":"working","start":4788.789,"end":4789.062},{"text":"paper.","start":4789.191,"end":4789.512}]},{"text":"Other international law topics the global mechanism should address include the the Charter of the United Nations in its entirety, state sovereignty, the obligation of due diligence, the principle of non-intervention, the law of state responsibility, and international human rights law.","start":4790.475,"end":4809.855,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."},{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Other","start":4790.475,"end":4790.7},{"text":"international","start":4790.7,"end":4791.503},{"text":"law","start":4791.503,"end":4791.712},{"text":"topics","start":4791.76,"end":4792.241},{"text":"the","start":4792.241,"end":4792.386},{"text":"global","start":4792.386,"end":4792.723},{"text":"mechanism","start":4792.723,"end":4793.381},{"text":"should","start":4793.429,"end":4793.735},{"text":"address","start":4793.831,"end":4794.264},{"text":"include","start":4794.489,"end":4795.067},{"text":"the","start":4795.131,"end":4795.404},{"text":"the","start":4795.18,"end":4795.276},{"text":"Charter","start":4795.276,"end":4795.693},{"text":"of","start":4795.693,"end":4795.79},{"text":"the","start":4795.79,"end":4795.918},{"text":"United","start":4795.918,"end":4796.336},{"text":"Nations","start":4796.4,"end":4797.154},{"text":"in","start":4797.443,"end":4797.604},{"text":"its","start":4797.604,"end":4797.781},{"text":"entirety,","start":4797.781,"end":4799.001},{"text":"state","start":4799.402,"end":4799.772},{"text":"sovereignty,","start":4799.772,"end":4800.398},{"text":"the","start":4800.831,"end":4800.976},{"text":"obligation","start":4800.976,"end":4801.634},{"text":"of","start":4801.634,"end":4801.763},{"text":"due","start":4801.859,"end":4802.036},{"text":"diligence,","start":4802.036,"end":4802.758},{"text":"the","start":4802.999,"end":4803.079},{"text":"principle","start":4803.144,"end":4803.754},{"text":"of","start":4803.882,"end":4804.043},{"text":"non-intervention,","start":4804.043,"end":4805.07},{"text":"the","start":4805.568,"end":4805.729},{"text":"law","start":4805.729,"end":4805.841},{"text":"of","start":4806.194,"end":4806.259},{"text":"state","start":4806.291,"end":4806.756},{"text":"responsibility,","start":4806.756,"end":4807.784},{"text":"and","start":4807.961,"end":4808.201},{"text":"international","start":4808.201,"end":4809.085},{"text":"human","start":4809.085,"end":4809.422},{"text":"rights","start":4809.422,"end":4809.679},{"text":"law.","start":4809.759,"end":4809.855}]},{"text":"I would also like to point out the important role national and regional positions on international law play in promoting clarity, predictability, and transparency in cyberspace.","start":4811.027,"end":4822.873,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4811.027,"end":4811.076},{"text":"would","start":4811.108,"end":4811.252},{"text":"also","start":4811.252,"end":4811.461},{"text":"like","start":4811.509,"end":4811.766},{"text":"to","start":4811.766,"end":4811.878},{"text":"point","start":4811.91,"end":4812.296},{"text":"out","start":4812.296,"end":4812.794},{"text":"the","start":4812.938,"end":4812.97},{"text":"important","start":4812.97,"end":4813.596},{"text":"role","start":4813.596,"end":4813.885},{"text":"national","start":4813.902,"end":4814.367},{"text":"and","start":4814.48,"end":4814.544},{"text":"regional","start":4814.656,"end":4815.122},{"text":"positions","start":4815.122,"end":4815.812},{"text":"on","start":4815.925,"end":4815.973},{"text":"international","start":4816.069,"end":4816.792},{"text":"law","start":4816.872,"end":4817},{"text":"play","start":4817.209,"end":4817.53},{"text":"in","start":4817.675,"end":4817.819},{"text":"promoting","start":4817.851,"end":4818.301},{"text":"clarity,","start":4818.478,"end":4819.104},{"text":"predictability,","start":4819.216,"end":4820.501},{"text":"and","start":4820.806,"end":4821.11},{"text":"transparency","start":4821.206,"end":4821.911},{"text":"in","start":4822.024,"end":4822.072},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":4822.184,"end":4822.873}]},{"text":"Earlier UN processes demonstrated how these positions usefully informed intergovernmental deliberations on the international law applicable in cyberspace.","start":4824.027,"end":4834.571,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Earlier","start":4824.027,"end":4824.523},{"text":"UN","start":4824.652,"end":4824.94},{"text":"processes","start":4825.052,"end":4825.709},{"text":"demonstrated","start":4825.789,"end":4826.559},{"text":"how","start":4826.575,"end":4826.703},{"text":"these","start":4826.895,"end":4827.039},{"text":"positions","start":4827.151,"end":4827.76},{"text":"usefully","start":4827.857,"end":4828.401},{"text":"informed","start":4828.433,"end":4829.203},{"text":"intergovernmental","start":4829.315,"end":4830.228},{"text":"deliberations","start":4830.421,"end":4831.286},{"text":"on","start":4831.783,"end":4831.847},{"text":"the","start":4831.879,"end":4831.943},{"text":"international","start":4831.943,"end":4832.728},{"text":"law","start":4832.744,"end":4832.84},{"text":"applicable","start":4833.081,"end":4833.738},{"text":"in","start":4833.738,"end":4833.85},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":4833.882,"end":4834.571}]},{"text":"Estonia set out its first national position already in 2019.","start":4835.789,"end":4840.5,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Estonia","start":4835.789,"end":4836.366},{"text":"set","start":4836.366,"end":4836.75},{"text":"out","start":4836.75,"end":4836.991},{"text":"its","start":4836.991,"end":4837.103},{"text":"first","start":4837.167,"end":4837.568},{"text":"national","start":4837.568,"end":4838.016},{"text":"position","start":4838.048,"end":4838.577},{"text":"already","start":4838.753,"end":4839.138},{"text":"in","start":4839.394,"end":4839.459},{"text":"2019.","start":4839.571,"end":4840.5}]},{"text":"To ensure our position reflects current state practice, technological developments, and our evolving national interest, the position is currently in its 3rd review process.","start":4841.333,"end":4852.847,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":4841.333,"end":4841.462},{"text":"ensure","start":4841.478,"end":4842.007},{"text":"our","start":4842.119,"end":4842.295},{"text":"position","start":4842.295,"end":4842.856},{"text":"reflects","start":4842.856,"end":4843.449},{"text":"current","start":4843.481,"end":4843.817},{"text":"state","start":4843.817,"end":4844.282},{"text":"practice,","start":4844.282,"end":4844.731},{"text":"technological","start":4845.003,"end":4845.74},{"text":"developments,","start":4845.74,"end":4846.461},{"text":"and","start":4846.782,"end":4846.846},{"text":"our","start":4847.007,"end":4847.167},{"text":"evolving","start":4847.328,"end":4847.873},{"text":"national","start":4847.969,"end":4848.403},{"text":"interest,","start":4848.403,"end":4848.98},{"text":"the","start":4849.413,"end":4849.461},{"text":"position","start":4849.51,"end":4850.023},{"text":"is","start":4850.071,"end":4850.167},{"text":"currently","start":4850.312,"end":4850.921},{"text":"in","start":4850.953,"end":4851.05},{"text":"its","start":4851.05,"end":4851.21},{"text":"3rd","start":4851.338,"end":4851.884},{"text":"review","start":4851.98,"end":4852.381},{"text":"process.","start":4852.381,"end":4852.847}]},{"text":"We encourage other States to articulate, share, and, where appropriate, regularly update their national views.","start":4853.52,"end":4861.109,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4853.52,"end":4853.665},{"text":"encourage","start":4853.681,"end":4854.21},{"text":"other","start":4854.483,"end":4854.659},{"text":"States","start":4854.659,"end":4855.205},{"text":"to","start":4855.205,"end":4855.317},{"text":"articulate,","start":4855.365,"end":4856.248},{"text":"share,","start":4856.328,"end":4856.681},{"text":"and,","start":4857.114,"end":4857.467},{"text":"where","start":4857.611,"end":4857.772},{"text":"appropriate,","start":4857.772,"end":4858.638},{"text":"regularly","start":4858.959,"end":4859.504},{"text":"update","start":4859.617,"end":4860.098},{"text":"their","start":4860.098,"end":4860.258},{"text":"national","start":4860.258,"end":4860.74},{"text":"views.","start":4860.74,"end":4861.109}]},{"text":"Looking ahead, the Global Mechanism should facilitate the exchange of national experiences on how international law is applied in practice.","start":4862.248,"end":4871.055,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."},{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Looking","start":4862.248,"end":4862.472},{"text":"ahead,","start":4862.569,"end":4863.002},{"text":"the","start":4863.146,"end":4863.226},{"text":"Global","start":4863.226,"end":4863.563},{"text":"Mechanism","start":4863.563,"end":4864.253},{"text":"should","start":4864.253,"end":4864.558},{"text":"facilitate","start":4864.574,"end":4865.472},{"text":"the","start":4865.472,"end":4865.537},{"text":"exchange","start":4865.553,"end":4866.21},{"text":"of","start":4866.21,"end":4866.355},{"text":"national","start":4866.371,"end":4866.9},{"text":"experiences","start":4866.9,"end":4867.686},{"text":"on","start":4868.184,"end":4868.232},{"text":"how","start":4868.28,"end":4868.44},{"text":"international","start":4868.601,"end":4869.323},{"text":"law","start":4869.323,"end":4869.579},{"text":"is","start":4869.948,"end":4870.013},{"text":"applied","start":4870.045,"end":4870.51},{"text":"in","start":4870.526,"end":4870.574},{"text":"practice.","start":4870.606,"end":4871.055}]},{"text":"This includes: First, assessing the legality of contemplated cyber activities.","start":4871.793,"end":4878.703,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4871.793,"end":4871.986},{"text":"includes:","start":4871.986,"end":4872.499},{"text":"First,","start":4873.012,"end":4873.509},{"text":"assessing","start":4873.958,"end":4874.503},{"text":"the","start":4874.92,"end":4875.08},{"text":"legality","start":4875.08,"end":4875.657},{"text":"of","start":4876.138,"end":4876.475},{"text":"contemplated","start":4877.02,"end":4877.757},{"text":"cyber","start":4877.757,"end":4878.062},{"text":"activities.","start":4878.062,"end":4878.703}]},{"text":"Second, responding to unlawful cyber operations.","start":4879.12,"end":4883.063,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":4879.12,"end":4879.761},{"text":"responding","start":4880.21,"end":4880.819},{"text":"to","start":4881.011,"end":4881.172},{"text":"unlawful","start":4881.252,"end":4881.877},{"text":"cyber","start":4881.909,"end":4882.31},{"text":"operations.","start":4882.31,"end":4883.063}]},{"text":"And third, pursuing accountability for violations of international law committed in cyberspace.","start":4883.496,"end":4890.309,"topics":[{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4883.496,"end":4883.592},{"text":"third,","start":4883.592,"end":4884.121},{"text":"pursuing","start":4884.714,"end":4885.404},{"text":"accountability","start":4885.532,"end":4886.558},{"text":"for","start":4886.558,"end":4886.75},{"text":"violations","start":4886.878,"end":4887.52},{"text":"of","start":4887.584,"end":4887.696},{"text":"international","start":4887.696,"end":4888.562},{"text":"law","start":4888.562,"end":4888.818},{"text":"committed","start":4888.962,"end":4889.443},{"text":"in","start":4889.507,"end":4889.603},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":4889.603,"end":4890.309}]},{"text":"Such exchanges can help identify effective approaches, develop best practices, and strengthen consistency in the application of international law in cyberspace.","start":4891.11,"end":4902.4,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":4891.11,"end":4891.495},{"text":"exchanges","start":4891.543,"end":4892.216},{"text":"can","start":4892.313,"end":4892.457},{"text":"help","start":4892.489,"end":4892.761},{"text":"identify","start":4893.114,"end":4893.755},{"text":"effective","start":4893.771,"end":4894.316},{"text":"approaches,","start":4894.316,"end":4894.942},{"text":"develop","start":4895.519,"end":4895.951},{"text":"best","start":4896.08,"end":4896.304},{"text":"practices,","start":4896.336,"end":4897.025},{"text":"and","start":4897.298,"end":4897.362},{"text":"strengthen","start":4897.442,"end":4897.987},{"text":"consistency","start":4898.164,"end":4899.029},{"text":"in","start":4899.446,"end":4899.511},{"text":"the","start":4899.607,"end":4899.671},{"text":"application","start":4899.687,"end":4900.474},{"text":"of","start":4900.586,"end":4900.682},{"text":"international","start":4900.682,"end":4901.437},{"text":"law","start":4901.453,"end":4901.629},{"text":"in","start":4901.629,"end":4901.758},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":4901.774,"end":4902.4}]},{"text":"Chair, the predecessors of the Global Mechanism have since 2012 agreed and reaffirmed that existing international law applies in cyberspace.","start":4903.556,"end":4915.354,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":4903.556,"end":4903.748},{"text":"the","start":4904.198,"end":4904.439},{"text":"predecessors","start":4904.76,"end":4906.012},{"text":"of","start":4906.108,"end":4906.252},{"text":"the","start":4906.445,"end":4906.525},{"text":"Global","start":4906.525,"end":4906.895},{"text":"Mechanism","start":4906.911,"end":4907.569},{"text":"have","start":4907.713,"end":4907.906},{"text":"since","start":4907.906,"end":4908.307},{"text":"2012","start":4908.452,"end":4909.752},{"text":"agreed","start":4909.977,"end":4910.522},{"text":"and","start":4910.924,"end":4911.004},{"text":"reaffirmed","start":4911.1,"end":4911.887},{"text":"that","start":4911.983,"end":4912.192},{"text":"existing","start":4912.481,"end":4912.994},{"text":"international","start":4913.043,"end":4913.845},{"text":"law","start":4913.893,"end":4913.99},{"text":"applies","start":4914.134,"end":4914.519},{"text":"in","start":4914.551,"end":4914.632},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":4914.632,"end":4915.354}]},{"text":"Moreover, over 100 countries, a majority of the international community representatives of all geographical regions, through national and regional positions, have already articulated their views on how international law applies in cyberspace.","start":4915.98,"end":4931.453,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Moreover,","start":4915.98,"end":4916.638},{"text":"over","start":4916.783,"end":4916.863},{"text":"100","start":4916.879,"end":4917.425},{"text":"countries,","start":4917.425,"end":4917.89},{"text":"a","start":4918.468,"end":4918.484},{"text":"majority","start":4918.484,"end":4919.287},{"text":"of","start":4919.287,"end":4919.415},{"text":"the","start":4919.447,"end":4919.528},{"text":"international","start":4919.528,"end":4920.298},{"text":"community","start":4920.314,"end":4920.94},{"text":"representatives","start":4920.956,"end":4922},{"text":"of","start":4922,"end":4922.144},{"text":"all","start":4922.321,"end":4922.545},{"text":"geographical","start":4922.561,"end":4923.22},{"text":"regions,","start":4923.22,"end":4923.717},{"text":"through","start":4924.343,"end":4924.536},{"text":"national","start":4924.68,"end":4925.226},{"text":"and","start":4925.226,"end":4925.387},{"text":"regional","start":4925.387,"end":4925.836},{"text":"positions,","start":4925.868,"end":4926.478},{"text":"have","start":4926.639,"end":4926.799},{"text":"already","start":4926.896,"end":4927.281},{"text":"articulated","start":4927.393,"end":4928.163},{"text":"their","start":4928.276,"end":4928.5},{"text":"views","start":4928.5,"end":4928.805},{"text":"on","start":4928.918,"end":4928.998},{"text":"how","start":4928.998,"end":4929.158},{"text":"international","start":4929.239,"end":4930.041},{"text":"law","start":4930.041,"end":4930.233},{"text":"applies","start":4930.346,"end":4930.731},{"text":"in","start":4930.763,"end":4930.811},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":4930.843,"end":4931.453}]},{"text":"Those positions confirm that the substantial body of international law already applies in cyberspace, that various rules of international law restrict malicious state cyber activity, and that international law provides numerous measures of redress to states subject to or affected by malicious cyber activity.","start":4932.111,"end":4954.723,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Those","start":4932.111,"end":4932.256},{"text":"positions","start":4932.432,"end":4932.93},{"text":"confirm","start":4933.074,"end":4933.636},{"text":"that","start":4933.892,"end":4934.197},{"text":"the","start":4934.213,"end":4934.39},{"text":"substantial","start":4934.39,"end":4935.305},{"text":"body","start":4935.401,"end":4935.626},{"text":"of","start":4935.722,"end":4935.866},{"text":"international","start":4935.898,"end":4936.685},{"text":"law","start":4936.685,"end":4936.813},{"text":"already","start":4937.327,"end":4937.728},{"text":"applies","start":4937.728,"end":4938.145},{"text":"in","start":4938.145,"end":4938.289},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":4938.289,"end":4939.14},{"text":"that","start":4939.573,"end":4939.75},{"text":"various","start":4939.814,"end":4940.392},{"text":"rules","start":4940.392,"end":4940.681},{"text":"of","start":4940.729,"end":4940.873},{"text":"international","start":4940.873,"end":4941.595},{"text":"law","start":4941.595,"end":4941.788},{"text":"restrict","start":4942.061,"end":4942.783},{"text":"malicious","start":4942.783,"end":4943.264},{"text":"state","start":4943.264,"end":4944.339},{"text":"cyber","start":4944.564,"end":4945.03},{"text":"activity,","start":4945.03,"end":4945.687},{"text":"and","start":4946.089,"end":4946.153},{"text":"that","start":4946.249,"end":4946.378},{"text":"international","start":4946.474,"end":4947.276},{"text":"law","start":4947.276,"end":4947.324},{"text":"provides","start":4947.533,"end":4948.063},{"text":"numerous","start":4948.111,"end":4948.721},{"text":"measures","start":4948.721,"end":4949.106},{"text":"of","start":4949.683,"end":4949.748},{"text":"redress","start":4949.796,"end":4950.373},{"text":"to","start":4950.743,"end":4950.839},{"text":"states","start":4950.839,"end":4951.449},{"text":"subject","start":4951.449,"end":4951.914},{"text":"to","start":4952.026,"end":4952.203},{"text":"or","start":4952.492,"end":4952.54},{"text":"affected","start":4952.588,"end":4953.118},{"text":"by","start":4953.214,"end":4953.326},{"text":"malicious","start":4953.326,"end":4955.669},{"text":"cyber","start":4953.776,"end":4954.113},{"text":"activity.","start":4954.113,"end":4954.723}]},{"text":"International peace and security would now benefit most from investing the Global Mechanism's limited resources in advancing a consistent application of existing law.","start":4955.638,"end":4967.52,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"International","start":4955.638,"end":4956.329},{"text":"peace","start":4956.361,"end":4956.682},{"text":"and","start":4956.682,"end":4956.762},{"text":"security","start":4956.762,"end":4957.533},{"text":"would","start":4957.709,"end":4957.854},{"text":"now","start":4957.886,"end":4957.966},{"text":"benefit","start":4958.207,"end":4958.769},{"text":"most","start":4958.769,"end":4959.411},{"text":"from","start":4959.652,"end":4959.845},{"text":"investing","start":4960.054,"end":4960.664},{"text":"the","start":4960.84,"end":4960.937},{"text":"Global","start":4960.937,"end":4961.242},{"text":"Mechanism's","start":4961.274,"end":4961.884},{"text":"limited","start":4961.884,"end":4962.318},{"text":"resources","start":4962.366,"end":4963.072},{"text":"in","start":4963.586,"end":4963.65},{"text":"advancing","start":4963.747,"end":4964.437},{"text":"a","start":4964.614,"end":4964.63},{"text":"consistent","start":4964.71,"end":4965.433},{"text":"application","start":4965.433,"end":4966.043},{"text":"of","start":4966.091,"end":4966.203},{"text":"existing","start":4966.316,"end":4967.167},{"text":"law.","start":4967.279,"end":4967.52}]},{"text":"Chair, international law is a cross-cutting theme.","start":4968.467,"end":4971.936,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":4968.467,"end":4968.676},{"text":"international","start":4969.045,"end":4969.752},{"text":"law","start":4969.752,"end":4969.8},{"text":"is","start":4970.025,"end":4970.137},{"text":"a","start":4970.153,"end":4970.234},{"text":"cross-cutting","start":4970.892,"end":4971.438},{"text":"theme.","start":4971.679,"end":4971.936}]},{"text":"It must inform all areas of the Global Mechanism's work, including discussions on threats, norms of responsible state behavior, confidence-building measures, capacity building, cooperation, and accountability.","start":4972.321,"end":4986.942,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4972.321,"end":4972.482},{"text":"must","start":4972.482,"end":4972.835},{"text":"inform","start":4972.835,"end":4973.638},{"text":"all","start":4973.766,"end":4973.975},{"text":"areas","start":4974.007,"end":4974.392},{"text":"of","start":4974.505,"end":4974.633},{"text":"the","start":4974.681,"end":4974.81},{"text":"Global","start":4974.81,"end":4975.131},{"text":"Mechanism's","start":4975.147,"end":4975.789},{"text":"work,","start":4975.853,"end":4976.239},{"text":"including","start":4976.753,"end":4977.282},{"text":"discussions","start":4977.475,"end":4978.166},{"text":"on","start":4978.262,"end":4978.406},{"text":"threats,","start":4978.422,"end":4978.776},{"text":"norms","start":4979.402,"end":4979.771},{"text":"of","start":4979.803,"end":4979.931},{"text":"responsible","start":4979.963,"end":4980.685},{"text":"state","start":4980.685,"end":4980.942},{"text":"behavior,","start":4981.006,"end":4981.6},{"text":"confidence-building","start":4981.889,"end":4982.739},{"text":"measures,","start":4982.755,"end":4983.22},{"text":"capacity","start":4983.477,"end":4984.071},{"text":"building,","start":4984.071,"end":4984.424},{"text":"cooperation,","start":4985.017,"end":4985.627},{"text":"and","start":4985.803,"end":4985.916},{"text":"accountability.","start":4985.964,"end":4986.942}]},{"text":"Legal considerations should therefore be addressed consistently across all thematic discussions.","start":4987.568,"end":4993.488,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5008.023,"end":5008.167},{"text":"also","start":5008.344,"end":5008.664},{"text":"underlined","start":5008.825,"end":5009.53},{"text":"in","start":5009.562,"end":5009.61},{"text":"the","start":5009.643,"end":5009.803},{"text":"joint","start":5009.803,"end":5010.124},{"text":"statement","start":5010.124,"end":5010.829},{"text":"of","start":5010.829,"end":5010.893},{"text":"the","start":5010.925,"end":5011.086},{"text":"cross-regional","start":5011.086,"end":5011.936},{"text":"group,","start":5011.952,"end":5012.353},{"text":"this","start":5012.69,"end":5012.994},{"text":"approach","start":5012.994,"end":5013.54},{"text":"allows","start":5014.037,"end":5014.389},{"text":"us","start":5014.438,"end":5014.646},{"text":"to","start":5014.694,"end":5014.822},{"text":"examine","start":5014.951,"end":5015.448},{"text":"specific","start":5015.592,"end":5016.458},{"text":"ICT","start":5016.458,"end":5016.939},{"text":"security","start":5016.939,"end":5017.549},{"text":"challenges","start":5017.565,"end":5018.11},{"text":"in","start":5018.543,"end":5018.591},{"text":"a","start":5018.687,"end":5018.703},{"text":"holistic","start":5018.768,"end":5019.329},{"text":"manner","start":5019.329,"end":5019.698},{"text":"while","start":5020.227,"end":5020.484},{"text":"ensuring","start":5020.548,"end":5021.077},{"text":"that","start":5021.253,"end":5021.414},{"text":"legal","start":5021.414,"end":5021.815},{"text":"considerations","start":5021.815,"end":5022.681},{"text":"remain","start":5022.793,"end":5023.162},{"text":"fully","start":5023.675,"end":5023.915},{"text":"integrated","start":5023.915,"end":5024.701},{"text":"across","start":5024.717,"end":5025.198},{"text":"our","start":5025.198,"end":5025.439},{"text":"work.","start":5025.439,"end":5025.92}]},{"text":"In closing, the global mechanism should keep international law at center of cybersecurity discussions by supporting implementation, transparency, and practical cooperation within the existing framework of responsible state behavior.","start":5026.481,"end":5041.674,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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others in the room, we regret that stakeholders with genuine expertise expertise, including those from the University of Exeter, were blocked from participating in this plenary 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the greater the clarity on the boundaries of lawful behavior, the lower the risk of miscalculation, and the clearer the consequences can be for those who transgress them.","start":5246.63,"end":5257.144,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Cuba.","start":5280.023,"end":5282.44,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"They","start":5280.023,"end":5280.168},{"text":"will","start":5280.168,"end":5280.264},{"text":"be","start":5280.264,"end":5280.409},{"text":"followed","start":5280.409,"end":5280.748},{"text":"by","start":5280.748,"end":5280.909},{"text":"Mexico","start":5280.909,"end":5281.554},{"text":"and","start":5281.699,"end":5281.795},{"text":"then","start":5281.795,"end":5281.908},{"text":"Cuba.","start":5282.021,"end":5282.44}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":44,"start":5284.222,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=5285","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":5284.222,"end":5285.045,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5284.222,"end":5284.303},{"text":"you,","start":5284.303,"end":5284.383},{"text":"Madam","start":5284.399,"end":5284.674},{"text":"Chair.","start":5284.771,"end":5285.045}]},{"text":"Armenia reaffirms its position that international law, including the UN Charter, is applicable in cyberspace as well.","start":5286.062,"end":5292.74,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Armenia","start":5286.062,"end":5286.482},{"text":"reaffirms","start":5286.482,"end":5287.096},{"text":"its","start":5287.128,"end":5287.257},{"text":"position","start":5287.354,"end":5287.741},{"text":"that","start":5287.854,"end":5288.113},{"text":"international","start":5288.242,"end":5288.968},{"text":"law,","start":5288.968,"end":5289.097},{"text":"including","start":5289.307,"end":5289.679},{"text":"the","start":5289.776,"end":5289.872},{"text":"UN","start":5289.872,"end":5290.179},{"text":"Charter,","start":5290.179,"end":5290.68},{"text":"is","start":5290.776,"end":5290.89},{"text":"applicable","start":5290.99,"end":5291.487},{"text":"in","start":5291.487,"end":5291.519},{"text":"cyberspace","start":5291.519,"end":5292.338},{"text":"as","start":5292.451,"end":5292.515},{"text":"well.","start":5292.611,"end":5292.74}]},{"text":"We underscore that respect for and faithful implementation of international law is essential to maintaining international peace and security, promoting stability and predictability in cyberspace, and fostering an open, secure, stable, accessible, and peaceful ICT environment.","start":5293.51,"end":5310.898,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5293.51,"end":5293.655},{"text":"underscore","start":5293.735,"end":5294.265},{"text":"that","start":5294.458,"end":5294.602},{"text":"respect","start":5294.73,"end":5295.116},{"text":"for","start":5295.116,"end":5295.308},{"text":"and","start":5295.437,"end":5295.565},{"text":"faithful","start":5295.581,"end":5295.983},{"text":"implementation","start":5296.079,"end":5296.834},{"text":"of","start":5296.882,"end":5296.978},{"text":"international","start":5296.978,"end":5297.637},{"text":"law","start":5297.749,"end":5297.861},{"text":"is","start":5298.166,"end":5298.295},{"text":"essential","start":5298.327,"end":5298.809},{"text":"to","start":5298.809,"end":5298.937},{"text":"maintaining","start":5298.969,"end":5299.499},{"text":"international","start":5299.595,"end":5300.189},{"text":"peace","start":5300.254,"end":5300.575},{"text":"and","start":5300.639,"end":5300.719},{"text":"security,","start":5300.735,"end":5301.426},{"text":"promoting","start":5302.084,"end":5302.533},{"text":"stability","start":5302.582,"end":5303.272},{"text":"and","start":5303.368,"end":5303.593},{"text":"predictability","start":5303.706,"end":5304.637},{"text":"in","start":5304.749,"end":5304.829},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":5304.829,"end":5305.456},{"text":"and","start":5305.857,"end":5305.937},{"text":"fostering","start":5305.953,"end":5306.323},{"text":"an","start":5306.435,"end":5306.563},{"text":"open,","start":5306.66,"end":5306.965},{"text":"secure,","start":5306.997,"end":5307.511},{"text":"stable,","start":5307.639,"end":5308.153},{"text":"accessible,","start":5308.362,"end":5308.924},{"text":"and","start":5308.988,"end":5309.18},{"text":"peaceful","start":5309.405,"end":5309.791},{"text":"ICT","start":5309.887,"end":5310.288},{"text":"environment.","start":5310.288,"end":5310.898}]},{"text":"We support the continued discussions on the application of international law to the use of ICT including through the exchange of national views and practices, in order to enhance clarity, transparency, and legal certainty.","start":5311.733,"end":5324.964,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5311.733,"end":5311.814},{"text":"support","start":5311.814,"end":5312.199},{"text":"the","start":5312.199,"end":5312.279},{"text":"continued","start":5312.279,"end":5312.841},{"text":"discussions","start":5312.841,"end":5313.467},{"text":"on","start":5313.804,"end":5313.869},{"text":"the","start":5313.965,"end":5314.126},{"text":"application","start":5314.126,"end":5314.671},{"text":"of","start":5314.768,"end":5314.864},{"text":"international","start":5314.864,"end":5315.571},{"text":"law","start":5315.571,"end":5315.699},{"text":"to","start":5315.988,"end":5316.084},{"text":"the","start":5316.133,"end":5316.197},{"text":"use","start":5316.229,"end":5316.454},{"text":"of","start":5316.454,"end":5316.55},{"text":"ICT","start":5316.63,"end":5317.128},{"text":"including","start":5317.673,"end":5318.105},{"text":"through","start":5318.153,"end":5318.346},{"text":"the","start":5318.394,"end":5318.538},{"text":"exchange","start":5318.538,"end":5318.938},{"text":"of","start":5318.938,"end":5319.035},{"text":"national","start":5319.035,"end":5319.435},{"text":"views","start":5319.515,"end":5319.644},{"text":"and","start":5319.74,"end":5319.836},{"text":"practices,","start":5319.836,"end":5320.445},{"text":"in","start":5320.717,"end":5320.765},{"text":"order","start":5320.958,"end":5321.278},{"text":"to","start":5321.278,"end":5321.406},{"text":"enhance","start":5321.438,"end":5321.951},{"text":"clarity,","start":5321.983,"end":5322.448},{"text":"transparency,","start":5322.624,"end":5323.409},{"text":"and","start":5323.906,"end":5323.97},{"text":"legal","start":5324.066,"end":5324.323},{"text":"certainty.","start":5324.323,"end":5324.964}]},{"text":"We underscore the importance of promoting a shared understanding of the application of international law in cyberspace, while recognizing that capacity building is essential to enable all states to participate effectively.","start":5325.524,"end":5339.45,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5325.524,"end":5325.669},{"text":"underscore","start":5325.749,"end":5326.31},{"text":"the","start":5326.31,"end":5326.406},{"text":"importance","start":5326.406,"end":5326.983},{"text":"of","start":5326.983,"end":5327.095},{"text":"promoting","start":5327.127,"end":5327.736},{"text":"a","start":5327.928,"end":5327.944},{"text":"shared","start":5328.008,"end":5328.553},{"text":"understanding","start":5328.553,"end":5329.178},{"text":"of","start":5329.354,"end":5329.402},{"text":"the","start":5329.45,"end":5329.595},{"text":"application","start":5329.595,"end":5330.252},{"text":"of","start":5330.252,"end":5330.348},{"text":"international","start":5330.348,"end":5331.053},{"text":"law","start":5331.053,"end":5331.213},{"text":"in","start":5331.758,"end":5331.822},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":5331.854,"end":5332.463},{"text":"while","start":5332.896,"end":5333.072},{"text":"recognizing","start":5333.2,"end":5333.825},{"text":"that","start":5334.001,"end":5334.146},{"text":"capacity","start":5334.178,"end":5334.819},{"text":"building","start":5334.819,"end":5335.171},{"text":"is","start":5335.235,"end":5335.428},{"text":"essential","start":5335.54,"end":5336.085},{"text":"to","start":5336.485,"end":5336.597},{"text":"enable","start":5336.597,"end":5337.11},{"text":"all","start":5337.206,"end":5337.254},{"text":"states","start":5337.318,"end":5337.767},{"text":"to","start":5337.767,"end":5337.879},{"text":"participate","start":5338.007,"end":5338.793},{"text":"effectively.","start":5338.841,"end":5339.45}]},{"text":"We emphasize that the consensus reports of of the GGE and OEWG provide a solid foundation for advancing discussions on the application of international law to the use of ICTs.","start":5340.668,"end":5352.865,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5340.668,"end":5340.812},{"text":"emphasize","start":5340.892,"end":5341.517},{"text":"that","start":5341.709,"end":5341.885},{"text":"the","start":5341.933,"end":5342.03},{"text":"consensus","start":5342.03,"end":5342.735},{"text":"reports","start":5342.735,"end":5343.231},{"text":"of","start":5343.231,"end":5345.122},{"text":"of","start":5343.296,"end":5343.456},{"text":"the","start":5343.456,"end":5343.633},{"text":"GGE","start":5343.633,"end":5344.259},{"text":"and","start":5344.42,"end":5344.564},{"text":"OEWG","start":5344.676,"end":5345.656},{"text":"provide","start":5345.945,"end":5346.411},{"text":"a","start":5346.459,"end":5346.475},{"text":"solid","start":5346.523,"end":5346.973},{"text":"foundation","start":5346.989,"end":5347.695},{"text":"for","start":5348.113,"end":5348.289},{"text":"advancing","start":5348.289,"end":5348.739},{"text":"discussions","start":5348.851,"end":5349.381},{"text":"on","start":5349.638,"end":5349.718},{"text":"the","start":5349.718,"end":5349.766},{"text":"application","start":5349.815,"end":5350.393},{"text":"of","start":5350.393,"end":5350.457},{"text":"international","start":5350.457,"end":5351.195},{"text":"law","start":5351.645,"end":5351.886},{"text":"to","start":5351.886,"end":5351.998},{"text":"the","start":5351.998,"end":5352.127},{"text":"use","start":5352.143,"end":5352.303},{"text":"of","start":5352.303,"end":5352.4},{"text":"ICTs.","start":5352.448,"end":5352.865}]},{"text":"Future work should build upon these agreed outcomes, ensuring continuity, avoiding duplication of efforts, and further developing a common understanding among states.","start":5353.427,"end":5363.623,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Mexico.","start":5389.578,"end":5391.661,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5389.578,"end":5389.594},{"text":"now","start":5389.594,"end":5389.834},{"text":"give","start":5389.834,"end":5390.043},{"text":"the","start":5390.075,"end":5390.155},{"text":"floor","start":5390.219,"end":5390.491},{"text":"to","start":5390.556,"end":5390.652},{"text":"the","start":5390.716,"end":5390.796},{"text":"delegation","start":5390.796,"end":5391.116},{"text":"of","start":5391.116,"end":5391.164},{"text":"Mexico.","start":5391.197,"end":5391.661}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":46,"start":5395.521,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=5396","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Madam Chair.","start":5395.521,"end":5397.849,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5395.521,"end":5396.733},{"text":"you","start":5396.733,"end":5396.814},{"text":"very","start":5396.814,"end":5396.943},{"text":"much,","start":5396.976,"end":5397.186},{"text":"Madam","start":5397.202,"end":5397.445},{"text":"Chair.","start":5397.445,"end":5397.849}]},{"text":"Mexico reaffirms that international law, including the Charter of the United Nations, international human rights law, and international humanitarian law, all apply to the use of ICTs by states.","start":5399.465,"end":5413.692,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Mexico","start":5399.465,"end":5399.869},{"text":"reaffirms","start":5399.869,"end":5400.581},{"text":"that","start":5400.613,"end":5400.807},{"text":"international","start":5400.872,"end":5401.437},{"text":"law,","start":5401.502,"end":5401.648},{"text":"including","start":5401.825,"end":5402.359},{"text":"the","start":5402.617,"end":5402.876},{"text":"Charter","start":5402.876,"end":5403.199},{"text":"of","start":5403.199,"end":5403.264},{"text":"the","start":5403.264,"end":5403.345},{"text":"United","start":5403.345,"end":5403.604},{"text":"Nations,","start":5403.604,"end":5404.105},{"text":"international","start":5405.57,"end":5405.972},{"text":"human","start":5405.989,"end":5406.391},{"text":"rights","start":5406.391,"end":5406.681},{"text":"law,","start":5406.794,"end":5407.052},{"text":"and","start":5407.842,"end":5408.229},{"text":"international","start":5408.261,"end":5408.728},{"text":"humanitarian","start":5408.728,"end":5409.534},{"text":"law,","start":5409.566,"end":5409.808},{"text":"all","start":5410.759,"end":5410.936},{"text":"apply","start":5410.936,"end":5411.274},{"text":"to","start":5411.468,"end":5411.564},{"text":"the","start":5411.564,"end":5411.726},{"text":"use","start":5411.726,"end":5412.08},{"text":"of","start":5412.193,"end":5412.29},{"text":"ICTs","start":5412.29,"end":5412.693},{"text":"by","start":5413.015,"end":5413.176},{"text":"states.","start":5413.176,"end":5413.692}]},{"text":"This applicability of international humanitarian law does not legitimize the militarization of cyberspace nor that of armed conflict.","start":5414.75,"end":5423.977,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5414.75,"end":5414.878},{"text":"applicability","start":5414.943,"end":5415.587},{"text":"of","start":5415.587,"end":5415.749},{"text":"international","start":5415.749,"end":5416.135},{"text":"humanitarian","start":5416.135,"end":5416.925},{"text":"law","start":5417.199,"end":5417.392},{"text":"does","start":5417.602,"end":5417.731},{"text":"not","start":5417.86,"end":5418.343},{"text":"legitimize","start":5418.391,"end":5419.342},{"text":"the","start":5419.374,"end":5419.471},{"text":"militarization","start":5419.471,"end":5420.341},{"text":"of","start":5420.341,"end":5422.243},{"text":"cyberspace","start":5420.41,"end":5421.184},{"text":"nor","start":5422.056,"end":5422.395},{"text":"that","start":5422.395,"end":5422.572},{"text":"of","start":5422.782,"end":5423.008},{"text":"armed","start":5423.008,"end":5423.17},{"text":"conflict.","start":5423.186,"end":5423.977}]},{"text":"On the contrary, it imposes limits on the conduct of parties and protects civilian populations.","start":5424.074,"end":5431.947,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":5424.074,"end":5424.219},{"text":"the","start":5424.219,"end":5424.3},{"text":"contrary,","start":5424.3,"end":5424.768},{"text":"it","start":5425.51,"end":5425.688},{"text":"imposes","start":5425.833,"end":5426.543},{"text":"limits","start":5426.64,"end":5427.254},{"text":"on","start":5427.447,"end":5427.512},{"text":"the","start":5427.544,"end":5427.625},{"text":"conduct","start":5427.689,"end":5428.416},{"text":"of","start":5428.496,"end":5428.642},{"text":"parties","start":5428.755,"end":5429.368},{"text":"and","start":5429.465,"end":5429.53},{"text":"protects","start":5429.53,"end":5430.077},{"text":"civilian","start":5430.593,"end":5431.012},{"text":"populations.","start":5431.012,"end":5431.947}]},{"text":"Mexico appreciates the progress made in the publication of national positions and welcomes inter-regional contributions on the implementation of international law, including the UNIDIR Compendium and the recently published Common African Position, and we would invite more states and regions to publish their positions as a measure of transparency and trust-building.","start":5432.946,"end":5460.321,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. 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Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5463.154,"end":5463.299},{"text":"cannot","start":5463.299,"end":5463.541},{"text":"fail","start":5463.541,"end":5463.702},{"text":"to","start":5463.702,"end":5463.75},{"text":"point","start":5463.782,"end":5464.039},{"text":"out","start":5464.104,"end":5464.265},{"text":"that","start":5464.265,"end":5464.393},{"text":"our","start":5464.587,"end":5464.86},{"text":"country","start":5464.925,"end":5465.456},{"text":"is","start":5465.874,"end":5465.938},{"text":"continuing","start":5466.035,"end":5466.662},{"text":"to","start":5466.775,"end":5466.936},{"text":"work","start":5467.081,"end":5467.515},{"text":"on","start":5467.805,"end":5468.883},{"text":"consolidating","start":5469.253,"end":5470.122},{"text":"its","start":5470.299,"end":5470.444},{"text":"national","start":5470.637,"end":5470.959},{"text":"position.","start":5470.959,"end":5471.329}]},{"text":"Mexico supports the deepening exchanges within the mechanism as to how specific principles such as distinction, proportionality, precaution, due diligence, and state responsibility are to be applied, making the most of inputs from initiatives such as the Global Initiative on IHL and ICT.","start":5472.693,"end":5499.495,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. 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Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Like","start":5561.439,"end":5562.37},{"text":"other","start":5562.435,"end":5562.659},{"text":"states,","start":5562.948,"end":5563.526},{"text":"we","start":5563.735,"end":5563.928},{"text":"also","start":5564.056,"end":5564.377},{"text":"have","start":5564.457,"end":5564.602},{"text":"presented","start":5564.618,"end":5565.324},{"text":"and","start":5565.324,"end":5565.469},{"text":"published","start":5565.581,"end":5566.127},{"text":"a","start":5566.127,"end":5566.288},{"text":"working","start":5566.288,"end":5566.657},{"text":"document","start":5566.785,"end":5567.363},{"text":"with","start":5568.31,"end":5568.631},{"text":"our","start":5568.696,"end":5569.017},{"text":"national","start":5569.017,"end":5569.578},{"text":"position","start":5569.835,"end":5570.606},{"text":"under","start":5571.826,"end":5572.163},{"text":"the","start":5572.163,"end":5572.243},{"text":"framework","start":5572.243,"end":5572.869},{"text":"of","start":5572.95,"end":5573.094},{"text":"the","start":5573.752,"end":5573.833},{"text":"mechanism.","start":5573.833,"end":5574.17}]},{"text":"Under Article 2 of the United Nations cybernetic action does not constitute an armed attack insofar as it lacks the physical characteristics and other requirements that define military attacks, their impacts, and their legal consequences.","start":5574.25,"end":5593.748,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Under","start":5574.25,"end":5574.459},{"text":"Article","start":5574.555,"end":5574.876},{"text":"2","start":5574.876,"end":5575.791},{"text":"of","start":5576,"end":5576.128},{"text":"the","start":5576.177,"end":5576.369},{"text":"United","start":5576.417,"end":5576.883},{"text":"Nations","start":5576.883,"end":5577.589},{"text":"cybernetic","start":5577.67,"end":5578.414},{"text":"action","start":5578.495,"end":5578.883},{"text":"does","start":5578.98,"end":5579.126},{"text":"not","start":5579.174,"end":5579.384},{"text":"constitute","start":5579.546,"end":5580.21},{"text":"an","start":5580.274,"end":5580.323},{"text":"armed","start":5580.517,"end":5580.663},{"text":"attack","start":5580.711,"end":5581.277},{"text":"insofar","start":5582.863,"end":5583.607},{"text":"as","start":5583.607,"end":5583.656},{"text":"it","start":5583.769,"end":5583.931},{"text":"lacks","start":5583.995,"end":5584.335},{"text":"the","start":5584.335,"end":5584.578},{"text":"physical","start":5584.594,"end":5585.565},{"text":"characteristics","start":5585.775,"end":5586.665},{"text":"and","start":5586.665,"end":5586.778},{"text":"other","start":5586.826,"end":5587.068},{"text":"requirements","start":5587.068,"end":5587.746},{"text":"that","start":5587.81,"end":5588.101},{"text":"define","start":5588.294,"end":5589.166},{"text":"military","start":5589.972,"end":5590.376},{"text":"attacks,","start":5590.408,"end":5591.134},{"text":"their","start":5591.505,"end":5591.779},{"text":"impacts,","start":5591.828,"end":5592.312},{"text":"and","start":5592.392,"end":5592.489},{"text":"their","start":5592.489,"end":5592.634},{"text":"legal","start":5592.634,"end":5592.973},{"text":"consequences.","start":5592.973,"end":5593.748}]},{"text":"We are not disputing in this forum whether international law applies or not.","start":5593.844,"end":5599.871,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5593.844,"end":5594.006},{"text":"are","start":5594.086,"end":5594.119},{"text":"not","start":5594.119,"end":5594.57},{"text":"disputing","start":5595.796,"end":5596.41},{"text":"in","start":5596.426,"end":5596.49},{"text":"this","start":5596.507,"end":5596.636},{"text":"forum","start":5596.911,"end":5597.364},{"text":"whether","start":5597.412,"end":5597.978},{"text":"international","start":5598.124,"end":5598.625},{"text":"law","start":5598.625,"end":5598.852},{"text":"applies","start":5598.868,"end":5599.321},{"text":"or","start":5599.434,"end":5599.612},{"text":"not.","start":5599.612,"end":5599.871}]},{"text":"Rather, we are discussing how it applies.","start":5599.984,"end":5603.041,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Rather,","start":5599.984,"end":5600.372},{"text":"we","start":5600.404,"end":5600.55},{"text":"are","start":5600.631,"end":5600.728},{"text":"discussing","start":5600.728,"end":5601.326},{"text":"how","start":5601.456,"end":5601.715},{"text":"it","start":5602.41,"end":5602.459},{"text":"applies.","start":5602.653,"end":5603.041}]},{"text":"For Cuba, Automatic applicability of international law and international humanitarian law to cyberspace is not acceptable insofar as this supplies a step towards militarization of cyberspace.","start":5603.138,"end":5617.272,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. 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you have the floor.","start":5814.859,"end":5815.756,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Iran,","start":5814.859,"end":5815.267},{"text":"you","start":5815.283,"end":5815.365},{"text":"have","start":5815.365,"end":5815.544},{"text":"the","start":5815.544,"end":5815.675},{"text":"floor.","start":5815.675,"end":5815.756}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":50,"start":5818.47,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=5819","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":5818.47,"end":5819.314,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5818.47,"end":5818.583},{"text":"you,","start":5818.583,"end":5818.664},{"text":"Madam","start":5818.681,"end":5819.07},{"text":"Chair.","start":5819.07,"end":5819.314}]},{"text":"My delegation fully recognizes that the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, as well as the generally accepted principles of international law, apply to the use 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5833.382,"end":5833.623},{"text":"OEWG","start":5833.623,"end":5834.187},{"text":"process","start":5834.267,"end":5834.831},{"text":"has","start":5834.831,"end":5835.04},{"text":"reaffirmed","start":5835.088,"end":5835.604},{"text":"broad","start":5835.942,"end":5836.344},{"text":"agreement","start":5836.36,"end":5836.924},{"text":"on","start":5836.988,"end":5837.053},{"text":"this","start":5837.149,"end":5837.326},{"text":"fundamental","start":5837.326,"end":5837.97},{"text":"point,","start":5838.115,"end":5838.453},{"text":"including","start":5838.759,"end":5839.226},{"text":"with","start":5839.403,"end":5839.564},{"text":"respect","start":5839.564,"end":5841.641},{"text":"respect","start":5839.81,"end":5840.066},{"text":"to","start":5840.066,"end":5840.146},{"text":"the","start":5840.146,"end":5840.243},{"text":"principles","start":5840.243,"end":5840.868},{"text":"of","start":5840.868,"end":5840.981},{"text":"sovereignty,","start":5840.981,"end":5841.655},{"text":"sovereign","start":5842.152,"end":5842.569},{"text":"equality,","start":5842.569,"end":5843.179},{"text":"the","start":5843.355,"end":5843.451},{"text":"prohibition","start":5843.451,"end":5844.013},{"text":"of","start":5844.013,"end":5844.157},{"text":"the","start":5844.157,"end":5844.318},{"text":"threat","start":5844.318,"end":5844.59},{"text":"or","start":5844.735,"end":5844.783},{"text":"use","start":5844.879,"end":5845.12},{"text":"of","start":5845.12,"end":5845.184},{"text":"force,","start":5845.28,"end":5845.617},{"text":"territorial","start":5846.163,"end":5846.821},{"text":"integrity,","start":5846.821,"end":5847.51},{"text":"the","start":5847.623,"end":5847.767},{"text":"peaceful","start":5847.767,"end":5848.2},{"text":"settlement","start":5848.2,"end":5848.81},{"text":"of","start":5848.81,"end":5848.954},{"text":"disputes,","start":5848.986,"end":5849.548},{"text":"non-intervention","start":5849.773,"end":5850.591},{"text":"in","start":5850.591,"end":5850.639},{"text":"the","start":5850.671,"end":5850.751},{"text":"internal","start":5850.751,"end":5851.329},{"text":"affairs","start":5851.329,"end":5851.682},{"text":"of","start":5851.714,"end":5851.874},{"text":"states,","start":5851.874,"end":5852.356},{"text":"and","start":5852.981,"end":5853.077},{"text":"the","start":5853.077,"end":5853.222},{"text":"good","start":5853.222,"end":5853.479},{"text":"faith","start":5853.543,"end":5853.767},{"text":"fulfillment","start":5854.586,"end":5855.227},{"text":"of","start":5855.227,"end":5855.372},{"text":"obligations","start":5855.404,"end":5856.126},{"text":"under","start":5856.431,"end":5856.832},{"text":"international","start":5856.848,"end":5857.57},{"text":"law.","start":5857.57,"end":5857.682}]},{"text":"However, recognizing that generally accepted principles of the international law apply does not by itself resolve all legal questions arising in ICT environment.","start":5858.596,"end":5869.671,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. 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Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."},{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5871.26,"end":5871.405},{"text":"unique","start":5871.437,"end":5871.696},{"text":"characteristics","start":5871.696,"end":5872.57},{"text":"of","start":5872.65,"end":5872.748},{"text":"ICTs,","start":5872.748,"end":5873.233},{"text":"including","start":5873.783,"end":5874.252},{"text":"their","start":5874.365,"end":5874.608},{"text":"cross-border","start":5874.608,"end":5875.416},{"text":"nature,","start":5876.063,"end":5876.548},{"text":"the","start":5877.034,"end":5877.114},{"text":"anonymity","start":5877.26,"end":5877.891},{"text":"of","start":5878.069,"end":5878.214},{"text":"malicious","start":5878.247,"end":5878.797},{"text":"activities,","start":5878.797,"end":5879.508},{"text":"the","start":5879.783,"end":5879.864},{"text":"complexity","start":5879.864,"end":5880.56},{"text":"of","start":5880.657,"end":5880.818},{"text":"attribution,","start":5880.818,"end":5881.514},{"text":"and","start":5881.951,"end":5882.032},{"text":"the","start":5882.048,"end":5882.194},{"text":"increasing","start":5882.194,"end":5882.663},{"text":"involvement","start":5882.841,"end":5883.569},{"text":"of","start":5883.569,"end":5883.715},{"text":"private","start":5883.731,"end":5884.071},{"text":"sector","start":5884.071,"end":5884.54},{"text":"actors,","start":5884.621,"end":5885.09},{"text":"create","start":5885.608,"end":5886.109},{"text":"legal","start":5886.109,"end":5886.562},{"text":"and","start":5886.643,"end":5886.789},{"text":"practical","start":5886.805,"end":5887.388},{"text":"challenges","start":5887.388,"end":5888.002},{"text":"that","start":5888.116,"end":5888.294},{"text":"require","start":5888.294,"end":5888.941},{"text":"additional","start":5889.006,"end":5889.661},{"text":"legal","start":5889.661,"end":5890.115},{"text":"rules.","start":5890.271,"end":5890.585}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, the evolution of both domestic and international practice demonstrates that existing legal frameworks alone are not always sufficient to address the unique challenges arising from the use of ICTs.","start":5891.523,"end":5906.379,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5891.523,"end":5891.828},{"text":"Chair,","start":5891.844,"end":5892.101},{"text":"the","start":5893.113,"end":5893.354},{"text":"evolution","start":5893.37,"end":5893.9},{"text":"of","start":5894.076,"end":5894.221},{"text":"both","start":5894.253,"end":5894.542},{"text":"domestic","start":5894.735,"end":5895.313},{"text":"and","start":5895.442,"end":5895.522},{"text":"international","start":5895.538,"end":5896.325},{"text":"practice","start":5896.325,"end":5896.919},{"text":"demonstrates","start":5897.144,"end":5898.011},{"text":"that","start":5898.011,"end":5898.156},{"text":"existing","start":5898.268,"end":5898.798},{"text":"legal","start":5898.911,"end":5899.2},{"text":"frameworks","start":5899.232,"end":5899.955},{"text":"alone","start":5900.019,"end":5900.324},{"text":"are","start":5900.661,"end":5900.693},{"text":"not","start":5900.693,"end":5901.095},{"text":"always","start":5901.143,"end":5901.416},{"text":"sufficient","start":5901.416,"end":5902.187},{"text":"to","start":5902.187,"end":5902.267},{"text":"address","start":5902.283,"end":5902.845},{"text":"the","start":5902.845,"end":5902.99},{"text":"unique","start":5903.07,"end":5903.391},{"text":"challenges","start":5903.391,"end":5903.938},{"text":"arising","start":5904.451,"end":5904.869},{"text":"from","start":5904.933,"end":5905.174},{"text":"the","start":5905.174,"end":5905.399},{"text":"use","start":5905.399,"end":5905.72},{"text":"of","start":5905.72,"end":5905.833},{"text":"ICTs.","start":5905.833,"end":5906.379}]},{"text":"At the national level, an increasing number of states have enacted new legislation or substantially revised their legal frameworks to regulate various aspects of the ICT environment, including cybersecurity, data governance, digital platforms, the protection of critical infrastructure, and cybercrime.","start":5907.407,"end":5931.605,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."},{"key":"critical-infrastructure","label":"Protection of Critical Infrastructure","description":"Protecting critical infrastructure such as hospitals, energy systems, water networks, transport, and other essential services was a major practical concern. Delegations treated these sectors as concrete scenarios for applying international law and for reducing harm to civilians from malicious cyber operations."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":5907.407,"end":5907.471},{"text":"the","start":5907.503,"end":5907.583},{"text":"national","start":5907.583,"end":5908.065},{"text":"level,","start":5908.065,"end":5908.434},{"text":"an","start":5909.173,"end":5909.221},{"text":"increasing","start":5909.414,"end":5909.88},{"text":"number","start":5909.976,"end":5910.33},{"text":"of","start":5910.474,"end":5910.603},{"text":"states","start":5910.86,"end":5911.341},{"text":"have","start":5911.663,"end":5911.855},{"text":"enacted","start":5911.855,"end":5912.53},{"text":"new","start":5912.803,"end":5912.899},{"text":"legislation","start":5913.044,"end":5913.799},{"text":"or","start":5914.393,"end":5914.441},{"text":"substantially","start":5914.489,"end":5915.501},{"text":"revised","start":5915.951,"end":5916.513},{"text":"their","start":5916.513,"end":5916.738},{"text":"legal","start":5916.738,"end":5917.139},{"text":"frameworks","start":5917.139,"end":5917.99},{"text":"to","start":5917.75,"end":5917.862},{"text":"regulate","start":5917.862,"end":5918.472},{"text":"various","start":5919.853,"end":5920.334},{"text":"aspects","start":5920.351,"end":5920.912},{"text":"of","start":5920.912,"end":5921.041},{"text":"the","start":5921.073,"end":5921.137},{"text":"ICT","start":5921.218,"end":5921.619},{"text":"environment,","start":5921.619,"end":5922.277},{"text":"including","start":5922.679,"end":5923.128},{"text":"cybersecurity,","start":5923.176,"end":5924.172},{"text":"data","start":5924.364,"end":5924.75},{"text":"governance,","start":5924.75,"end":5925.328},{"text":"digital","start":5925.44,"end":5925.938},{"text":"platforms,","start":5925.97,"end":5926.5},{"text":"the","start":5927.094,"end":5927.254},{"text":"protection","start":5927.254,"end":5927.768},{"text":"of","start":5927.8,"end":5927.913},{"text":"critical","start":5927.961,"end":5928.378},{"text":"infrastructure,","start":5928.378,"end":5929.181},{"text":"and","start":5929.486,"end":5929.582},{"text":"cybercrime.","start":5929.582,"end":5931.605}]},{"text":"A similar trend can be observed at the international level.","start":5931.927,"end":5935.411,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":5931.927,"end":5931.943},{"text":"similar","start":5932.151,"end":5932.761},{"text":"trend","start":5932.874,"end":5933.243},{"text":"can","start":5933.356,"end":5933.596},{"text":"be","start":5933.596,"end":5933.677},{"text":"observed","start":5933.741,"end":5934.206},{"text":"at","start":5934.239,"end":5934.399},{"text":"the","start":5934.399,"end":5934.463},{"text":"international","start":5934.463,"end":5935.073},{"text":"level.","start":5935.122,"end":5935.411}]},{"text":"The successful negotiation of the United Nations Convention Against Cybercrime demonstrates that have already recognized the need to develop new legally binding international rules to address certain challenges arising from the use of ICTs.","start":5936.165,"end":5953.514,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5936.165,"end":5936.246},{"text":"successful","start":5936.246,"end":5936.92},{"text":"negotiation","start":5936.92,"end":5937.642},{"text":"of","start":5937.755,"end":5937.915},{"text":"the","start":5937.915,"end":5937.996},{"text":"United","start":5937.996,"end":5938.461},{"text":"Nations","start":5938.493,"end":5938.943},{"text":"Convention","start":5938.959,"end":5939.585},{"text":"Against","start":5939.922,"end":5940.259},{"text":"Cybercrime","start":5940.259,"end":5941.785},{"text":"demonstrates","start":5942.347,"end":5943.149},{"text":"that","start":5943.294,"end":5943.743},{"text":"have","start":5944.096,"end":5944.273},{"text":"already","start":5944.498,"end":5944.931},{"text":"recognized","start":5944.931,"end":5945.605},{"text":"the","start":5945.637,"end":5945.733},{"text":"need","start":5945.733,"end":5946.086},{"text":"to","start":5946.198,"end":5946.359},{"text":"develop","start":5946.359,"end":5946.92},{"text":"new","start":5946.936,"end":5947.097},{"text":"legally","start":5947.321,"end":5947.69},{"text":"binding","start":5947.722,"end":5948.171},{"text":"international","start":5948.268,"end":5948.974},{"text":"rules","start":5948.99,"end":5949.214},{"text":"to","start":5949.792,"end":5949.936},{"text":"address","start":5950.033,"end":5950.514},{"text":"certain","start":5950.514,"end":5950.995},{"text":"challenges","start":5950.995,"end":5951.509},{"text":"arising","start":5951.653,"end":5952.022},{"text":"from","start":5952.134,"end":5952.375},{"text":"the","start":5952.375,"end":5952.535},{"text":"use","start":5952.535,"end":5952.856},{"text":"of","start":5952.856,"end":5953.017},{"text":"ICTs.","start":5953.017,"end":5953.514}]},{"text":"Had existing international law been considered sufficient to address all such challenges, there would have been no need to negotiate a new international convention in this field.","start":5954.444,"end":5965.466,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Had","start":5954.444,"end":5954.749},{"text":"existing","start":5954.862,"end":5955.311},{"text":"international","start":5955.423,"end":5956.113},{"text":"law","start":5956.145,"end":5956.322},{"text":"been","start":5956.466,"end":5956.626},{"text":"considered","start":5956.691,"end":5957.284},{"text":"sufficient","start":5957.332,"end":5958.006},{"text":"to","start":5958.006,"end":5958.102},{"text":"address","start":5958.295,"end":5958.696},{"text":"all","start":5958.776,"end":5958.953},{"text":"such","start":5958.953,"end":5959.161},{"text":"challenges,","start":5959.193,"end":5959.723},{"text":"there","start":5960.557,"end":5960.669},{"text":"would","start":5960.862,"end":5961.022},{"text":"have","start":5961.022,"end":5961.279},{"text":"been","start":5961.279,"end":5961.488},{"text":"no","start":5961.52,"end":5961.68},{"text":"need","start":5961.68,"end":5961.889},{"text":"to","start":5962.161,"end":5962.258},{"text":"negotiate","start":5962.258,"end":5962.948},{"text":"a","start":5962.964,"end":5962.98},{"text":"new","start":5962.98,"end":5963.22},{"text":"international","start":5963.365,"end":5964.055},{"text":"convention","start":5964.151,"end":5964.776},{"text":"in","start":5964.889,"end":5964.985},{"text":"this","start":5965.049,"end":5965.178},{"text":"field.","start":5965.29,"end":5965.466}]},{"text":"These developments confirm an important reality: Technological developments give rise to new legal challenges requiring further legal regulation.","start":5966.573,"end":5976.448,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":5966.573,"end":5966.862},{"text":"developments","start":5966.878,"end":5967.6},{"text":"confirm","start":5967.6,"end":5968.194},{"text":"an","start":5968.338,"end":5968.434},{"text":"important","start":5968.563,"end":5969.124},{"text":"reality:","start":5969.124,"end":5969.509},{"text":"Technological","start":5970.248,"end":5971.067},{"text":"developments","start":5971.067,"end":5971.87},{"text":"give","start":5971.87,"end":5972.111},{"text":"rise","start":5972.127,"end":5972.4},{"text":"to","start":5972.513,"end":5972.625},{"text":"new","start":5972.657,"end":5972.866},{"text":"legal","start":5973.059,"end":5973.332},{"text":"challenges","start":5973.38,"end":5974.007},{"text":"requiring","start":5974.183,"end":5974.729},{"text":"further","start":5974.986,"end":5975.484},{"text":"legal","start":5975.5,"end":5975.966},{"text":"regulation.","start":5975.966,"end":5976.448}]},{"text":"This is fully consistent with the agreed mandate of the global mechanism, which explicitly envisages the development of additional legally binding obligations.","start":5977.476,"end":5988.623,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. 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Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5989.619,"end":5989.699},{"text":"question","start":5989.699,"end":5990.165},{"text":"of","start":5990.165,"end":5990.261},{"text":"additional","start":5990.261,"end":5990.791},{"text":"legally","start":5990.824,"end":5991.145},{"text":"binding","start":5991.145,"end":5991.546},{"text":"obligations","start":5991.627,"end":5992.317},{"text":"cannot","start":5992.414,"end":5992.88},{"text":"be","start":5992.912,"end":5992.992},{"text":"deferred","start":5993.056,"end":5993.442},{"text":"indefinitely.","start":5993.554,"end":5994.245}]},{"text":"Member states.","start":5994.679,"end":5995.193,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Member","start":5994.679,"end":5994.919},{"text":"states.","start":5994.936,"end":5995.193}]},{"text":"Deliberately preserved this issue within the mandate of the global mechanism, and discussion on it should therefore continue in both the plenary sessions and the first dedicated thematic group.","start":5995.45,"end":6008.205,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. 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Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Voluntary","start":6009.183,"end":6009.679},{"text":"non-binding","start":6009.679,"end":6010.352},{"text":"norms","start":6010.449,"end":6010.721},{"text":"should","start":6010.849,"end":6011.025},{"text":"not","start":6011.025,"end":6011.314},{"text":"be","start":6011.33,"end":6011.442},{"text":"regarded","start":6011.442,"end":6012.035},{"text":"as","start":6012.131,"end":6012.227},{"text":"a","start":6012.227,"end":6012.243},{"text":"substitute","start":6012.243,"end":6013.029},{"text":"for","start":6013.029,"end":6013.157},{"text":"the","start":6013.253,"end":6013.349},{"text":"elaboration","start":6013.365,"end":6013.942},{"text":"of","start":6014.07,"end":6014.214},{"text":"additional","start":6014.214,"end":6014.791},{"text":"legally","start":6014.791,"end":6015.16},{"text":"binding","start":6015.176,"end":6015.528},{"text":"obligations.","start":6015.673,"end":6016.201}]},{"text":"In this regard, we take note of the updated concept of the convention Of the United Nations on ensuring international information security, submitted by the Russian Federation and co-sponsored by a number of member states as a possible contribution to discussions on this issue.","start":6017.275,"end":6035.447,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. 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thank you, Madam Chair.","start":6035.994,"end":6036.943,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6035.994,"end":6036.042},{"text":"thank","start":6036.074,"end":6036.38},{"text":"you,","start":6036.38,"end":6036.412},{"text":"Madam","start":6036.428,"end":6036.718},{"text":"Chair.","start":6036.782,"end":6036.943}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IRN","affiliation_full":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":51,"start":6038.75,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=6039","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchísimas gracias.","start":6038.75,"end":6039.538,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchísimas","start":6038.75,"end":6038.991},{"text":"gracias.","start":6039.023,"end":6039.538}]},{"text":"Doy ahora la palabra a la.","start":6039.651,"end":6041.068,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Doy","start":6039.651,"end":6039.748},{"text":"ahora","start":6039.828,"end":6040.134},{"text":"la","start":6040.15,"end":6040.182},{"text":"palabra","start":6040.231,"end":6040.875},{"text":"a","start":6040.955,"end":6040.971},{"text":"la.","start":6041.036,"end":6041.068}]},{"text":"I thank the representative of Rwanda.","start":6041.76,"end":6043.869,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6041.76,"end":6041.873},{"text":"thank","start":6042.63,"end":6042.887},{"text":"the","start":6042.887,"end":6042.919},{"text":"representative","start":6042.919,"end":6043.274},{"text":"of","start":6043.274,"end":6043.354},{"text":"Rwanda.","start":6043.354,"end":6043.869}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to Nigeria on behalf of the Africa Group.","start":6044.014,"end":6046.655,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6044.014,"end":6044.03},{"text":"now","start":6044.03,"end":6044.191},{"text":"give","start":6044.256,"end":6044.465},{"text":"the","start":6044.497,"end":6044.578},{"text":"floor","start":6044.578,"end":6044.835},{"text":"to","start":6044.9,"end":6044.98},{"text":"Nigeria","start":6044.98,"end":6045.463},{"text":"on","start":6045.463,"end":6045.56},{"text":"behalf","start":6045.624,"end":6045.866},{"text":"of","start":6045.866,"end":6045.946},{"text":"the","start":6045.946,"end":6046.027},{"text":"Africa","start":6046.027,"end":6046.3},{"text":"Group.","start":6046.429,"end":6046.655}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":52,"start":6047.873,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=6048","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":6047.873,"end":6048.716,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6047.873,"end":6048.052},{"text":"you,","start":6048.052,"end":6048.181},{"text":"Madam","start":6048.197,"end":6048.505},{"text":"Chair.","start":6048.521,"end":6048.716}]},{"text":"I have the honor to speak on behalf of the African Group.","start":6050.4,"end":6052.829,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6050.4,"end":6050.416},{"text":"have","start":6050.416,"end":6050.594},{"text":"the","start":6050.627,"end":6050.708},{"text":"honor","start":6050.708,"end":6050.886},{"text":"to","start":6050.967,"end":6051.064},{"text":"speak","start":6051.064,"end":6051.436},{"text":"on","start":6051.614,"end":6051.695},{"text":"behalf","start":6051.695,"end":6051.938},{"text":"of","start":6051.938,"end":6052.035},{"text":"the","start":6052.035,"end":6052.165},{"text":"African","start":6052.246,"end":6052.651},{"text":"Group.","start":6052.651,"end":6052.829}]},{"text":"The group reaffirmed that international law, including the Charter of the United Nations, applies to the use of ICT by states and remains essential to maintaining international peace, security, and stability in cyberspace.","start":6053.92,"end":6068.931,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6053.92,"end":6054.032},{"text":"group","start":6054.032,"end":6054.676},{"text":"reaffirmed","start":6054.676,"end":6055.287},{"text":"that","start":6055.561,"end":6055.899},{"text":"international","start":6055.963,"end":6056.526},{"text":"law,","start":6056.526,"end":6056.687},{"text":"including","start":6057.25,"end":6057.717},{"text":"the","start":6057.717,"end":6057.813},{"text":"Charter","start":6057.813,"end":6058.215},{"text":"of","start":6058.215,"end":6058.344},{"text":"the","start":6058.376,"end":6058.521},{"text":"United","start":6058.521,"end":6058.811},{"text":"Nations,","start":6058.811,"end":6059.229},{"text":"applies","start":6059.326,"end":6059.712},{"text":"to","start":6059.744,"end":6059.841},{"text":"the","start":6059.889,"end":6060.05},{"text":"use","start":6060.05,"end":6060.243},{"text":"of","start":6060.243,"end":6060.388},{"text":"ICT","start":6060.388,"end":6060.886},{"text":"by","start":6060.886,"end":6061.08},{"text":"states","start":6061.08,"end":6061.469},{"text":"and","start":6062.069,"end":6062.166},{"text":"remains","start":6062.166,"end":6062.458},{"text":"essential","start":6062.572,"end":6063.188},{"text":"to","start":6063.772,"end":6063.902},{"text":"maintaining","start":6064.583,"end":6065.135},{"text":"international","start":6065.232,"end":6065.8},{"text":"peace,","start":6065.8,"end":6066.125},{"text":"security,","start":6066.141,"end":6066.919},{"text":"and","start":6067.26,"end":6067.357},{"text":"stability","start":6067.357,"end":6068.055},{"text":"in","start":6068.233,"end":6068.266},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":6068.266,"end":6068.931}]},{"text":"African member states have advanced a common understanding through the adoption of the Common African Position on the Application of International Law to the Use of ICT in Cyberspace, which reflects Africa's collective perspective while recognizing that the articulation of legal positions remains the sovereign prerogative of each state.","start":6070.495,"end":6092.647,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"African","start":6070.495,"end":6070.774},{"text":"member","start":6070.774,"end":6071.086},{"text":"states","start":6071.086,"end":6071.448},{"text":"have","start":6071.53,"end":6071.694},{"text":"advanced","start":6071.727,"end":6072.401},{"text":"a","start":6072.401,"end":6072.466},{"text":"common","start":6072.466,"end":6072.877},{"text":"understanding","start":6072.877,"end":6073.584},{"text":"through","start":6073.69,"end":6073.802},{"text":"the","start":6073.867,"end":6073.963},{"text":"adoption","start":6073.963,"end":6074.527},{"text":"of","start":6074.527,"end":6074.672},{"text":"the","start":6074.672,"end":6074.833},{"text":"Common","start":6074.833,"end":6075.091},{"text":"African","start":6075.155,"end":6075.558},{"text":"Position","start":6075.558,"end":6076.105},{"text":"on","start":6076.54,"end":6076.62},{"text":"the","start":6076.62,"end":6076.685},{"text":"Application","start":6076.782,"end":6077.41},{"text":"of","start":6077.41,"end":6077.506},{"text":"International","start":6077.506,"end":6078.102},{"text":"Law","start":6078.215,"end":6078.311},{"text":"to","start":6078.714,"end":6078.859},{"text":"the","start":6078.859,"end":6079.036},{"text":"Use","start":6079.101,"end":6079.326},{"text":"of","start":6079.423,"end":6079.487},{"text":"ICT","start":6079.584,"end":6080.163},{"text":"in","start":6080.244,"end":6080.324},{"text":"Cyberspace,","start":6080.324,"end":6080.856},{"text":"which","start":6081.436,"end":6081.581},{"text":"reflects","start":6081.613,"end":6082.176},{"text":"Africa's","start":6082.257,"end":6082.837},{"text":"collective","start":6083.046,"end":6083.594},{"text":"perspective","start":6083.691,"end":6084.319},{"text":"while","start":6084.673,"end":6084.835},{"text":"recognizing","start":6084.835,"end":6085.527},{"text":"that","start":6085.624,"end":6085.801},{"text":"the","start":6085.801,"end":6085.962},{"text":"articulation","start":6085.962,"end":6086.543},{"text":"of","start":6086.543,"end":6086.655},{"text":"legal","start":6086.752,"end":6086.994},{"text":"positions","start":6086.994,"end":6087.622},{"text":"remains","start":6088.121,"end":6088.508},{"text":"the","start":6088.621,"end":6088.718},{"text":"sovereign","start":6088.718,"end":6089.249},{"text":"prerogative","start":6089.507,"end":6091.086},{"text":"of","start":6091.457,"end":6091.57},{"text":"each","start":6092.084,"end":6092.213},{"text":"state.","start":6092.261,"end":6092.647}]},{"text":"The group believes that regional and continental perspectives enrich global discussions on the application of international law and underscore the importance of strengthening legal capacity, particularly in developing countries, to enable informed participation and effective implementation.","start":6094.416,"end":6112.784,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."},{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6094.416,"end":6094.496},{"text":"group","start":6094.561,"end":6094.705},{"text":"believes","start":6094.737,"end":6095.188},{"text":"that","start":6095.365,"end":6095.541},{"text":"regional","start":6095.541,"end":6095.976},{"text":"and","start":6096.088,"end":6096.233},{"text":"continental","start":6096.49,"end":6097.069},{"text":"perspectives","start":6097.069,"end":6097.648},{"text":"enrich","start":6097.873,"end":6098.323},{"text":"global","start":6098.356,"end":6098.918},{"text":"discussions","start":6098.918,"end":6099.53},{"text":"on","start":6100.078,"end":6100.143},{"text":"the","start":6100.256,"end":6100.418},{"text":"application","start":6100.418,"end":6100.984},{"text":"of","start":6100.984,"end":6101.146},{"text":"international","start":6101.146,"end":6101.809},{"text":"law","start":6101.809,"end":6101.89},{"text":"and","start":6102.116,"end":6102.246},{"text":"underscore","start":6102.343,"end":6102.844},{"text":"the","start":6102.844,"end":6102.99},{"text":"importance","start":6102.99,"end":6103.572},{"text":"of","start":6103.895,"end":6103.976},{"text":"strengthening","start":6103.976,"end":6104.591},{"text":"legal","start":6104.688,"end":6105.076},{"text":"capacity,","start":6105.092,"end":6105.594},{"text":"particularly","start":6105.998,"end":6106.774},{"text":"in","start":6106.888,"end":6106.936},{"text":"developing","start":6107.049,"end":6107.567},{"text":"countries,","start":6107.696,"end":6108.117},{"text":"to","start":6108.586,"end":6108.731},{"text":"enable","start":6108.748,"end":6109.234},{"text":"informed","start":6109.234,"end":6109.725},{"text":"participation","start":6109.725,"end":6110.543},{"text":"and","start":6110.543,"end":6110.706},{"text":"effective","start":6110.706,"end":6111.328},{"text":"implementation.","start":6111.933,"end":6112.784}]},{"text":"In this regard, the African Group encourages the global mechanism to: 1, support capacity building for legal, diplomatic, and technical experts; 2, Facilitate exchanges of national and regional experiences and practice.","start":6114.697,"end":6130.241,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"3,","start":6131.289,"end":6131.531},{"text":"promote","start":6132.111,"end":6132.562},{"text":"dialogue","start":6132.659,"end":6133.223},{"text":"among","start":6133.223,"end":6133.449},{"text":"legal,","start":6133.562,"end":6134.012},{"text":"diplomatic,","start":6134.35,"end":6135.009},{"text":"and","start":6135.089,"end":6135.154},{"text":"technical","start":6135.234,"end":6135.781},{"text":"communities.","start":6135.813,"end":6136.424}]},{"text":"And finally, strengthen cooperation with regional and sub-regional organizations to enhance expertise and knowledge sharing.","start":6137.244,"end":6146.579,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6137.244,"end":6137.309},{"text":"finally,","start":6137.421,"end":6138.065},{"text":"strengthen","start":6138.724,"end":6139.319},{"text":"cooperation","start":6139.496,"end":6140.236},{"text":"with","start":6140.236,"end":6140.477},{"text":"regional","start":6140.477,"end":6140.991},{"text":"and","start":6141.265,"end":6141.41},{"text":"sub-regional","start":6141.523,"end":6142.476},{"text":"organizations","start":6142.476,"end":6143.187},{"text":"to","start":6143.461,"end":6143.623},{"text":"enhance","start":6143.623,"end":6144.269},{"text":"expertise","start":6144.35,"end":6144.802},{"text":"and","start":6145.384,"end":6145.529},{"text":"knowledge","start":6145.561,"end":6145.933},{"text":"sharing.","start":6146.191,"end":6146.579}]},{"text":"Many thanks, Madam Chair.","start":6148.146,"end":6149.358,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Many","start":6148.146,"end":6148.356},{"text":"thanks,","start":6148.389,"end":6148.712},{"text":"Madam","start":6148.938,"end":6149.083},{"text":"Chair.","start":6149.18,"end":6149.358}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"NGA","affiliation_full":"Nigeria","group":"Africa Group","function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":53,"start":6151.192,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=6152","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":6151.192,"end":6154.018,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6151.192,"end":6151.754},{"text":"you","start":6151.754,"end":6152.461},{"text":"very","start":6152.702,"end":6153.199},{"text":"much.","start":6153.28,"end":6154.018}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, after which Brazil.","start":6154.628,"end":6159.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6154.628,"end":6154.66},{"text":"now","start":6154.66,"end":6154.821},{"text":"give","start":6154.949,"end":6155.094},{"text":"the","start":6155.126,"end":6155.271},{"text":"floor","start":6155.271,"end":6155.64},{"text":"to","start":6156.314,"end":6156.587},{"text":"the","start":6156.892,"end":6157.133},{"text":"Kingdom","start":6157.213,"end":6157.583},{"text":"of","start":6157.679,"end":6157.84},{"text":"the","start":6157.84,"end":6157.888},{"text":"Netherlands,","start":6157.936,"end":6158.514},{"text":"after","start":6158.642,"end":6158.899},{"text":"which","start":6158.899,"end":6159.14},{"text":"Brazil.","start":6159.22,"end":6159.59}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":54,"start":6159.766,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=6160","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Madam Chair, the Kingdom of the Netherlands aligns itself with the statement delivered by the European Union, and we have also supported the joint statements read out by Switzerland and Australia.","start":6159.766,"end":6170.685,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":6159.766,"end":6160.328},{"text":"Chair,","start":6160.328,"end":6160.601},{"text":"the","start":6161.533,"end":6161.613},{"text":"Kingdom","start":6161.613,"end":6162.014},{"text":"of","start":6162.014,"end":6162.079},{"text":"the","start":6162.111,"end":6162.207},{"text":"Netherlands","start":6162.207,"end":6162.56},{"text":"aligns","start":6162.657,"end":6163.042},{"text":"itself","start":6163.09,"end":6163.54},{"text":"with","start":6163.54,"end":6163.62},{"text":"the","start":6163.62,"end":6163.7},{"text":"statement","start":6163.7,"end":6164.198},{"text":"delivered","start":6164.198,"end":6164.551},{"text":"by","start":6164.599,"end":6164.744},{"text":"the","start":6164.744,"end":6164.824},{"text":"European","start":6164.824,"end":6165.21},{"text":"Union,","start":6165.306,"end":6165.611},{"text":"and","start":6166.125,"end":6166.269},{"text":"we","start":6166.269,"end":6166.35},{"text":"have","start":6166.35,"end":6166.51},{"text":"also","start":6166.51,"end":6166.767},{"text":"supported","start":6166.767,"end":6167.185},{"text":"the","start":6167.185,"end":6167.393},{"text":"joint","start":6167.393,"end":6167.65},{"text":"statements","start":6167.65,"end":6168.357},{"text":"read","start":6168.357,"end":6168.598},{"text":"out","start":6168.598,"end":6168.774},{"text":"by","start":6168.774,"end":6168.935},{"text":"Switzerland","start":6168.935,"end":6169.802},{"text":"and","start":6169.802,"end":6169.866},{"text":"Australia.","start":6169.962,"end":6170.685}]},{"text":"And for the sake of time, I will deliver a short version of our national statement.","start":6171.584,"end":6175.534,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6171.584,"end":6171.648},{"text":"for","start":6171.664,"end":6171.777},{"text":"the","start":6171.777,"end":6171.825},{"text":"sake","start":6171.825,"end":6172.066},{"text":"of","start":6172.066,"end":6172.194},{"text":"time,","start":6172.226,"end":6172.419},{"text":"I","start":6172.467,"end":6172.58},{"text":"will","start":6172.612,"end":6172.708},{"text":"deliver","start":6172.708,"end":6173.093},{"text":"a","start":6173.19,"end":6173.206},{"text":"short","start":6173.206,"end":6173.639},{"text":"version","start":6173.752,"end":6174.201},{"text":"of","start":6174.394,"end":6174.49},{"text":"our","start":6174.49,"end":6174.571},{"text":"national","start":6174.571,"end":6175.036},{"text":"statement.","start":6175.036,"end":6175.534}]},{"text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands considers that this mechanism should build on the existing acquis, including the common understanding that international law applies to cyberspace in its entirety.","start":6176.642,"end":6187.918,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6176.642,"end":6176.787},{"text":"Kingdom","start":6176.787,"end":6177.27},{"text":"of","start":6177.27,"end":6177.302},{"text":"the","start":6177.302,"end":6177.383},{"text":"Netherlands","start":6177.383,"end":6177.818},{"text":"considers","start":6177.914,"end":6178.381},{"text":"that","start":6178.413,"end":6178.623},{"text":"this","start":6178.655,"end":6178.88},{"text":"mechanism","start":6178.88,"end":6179.428},{"text":"should","start":6179.46,"end":6179.75},{"text":"build","start":6179.863,"end":6180.249},{"text":"on","start":6180.249,"end":6180.346},{"text":"the","start":6180.346,"end":6180.491},{"text":"existing","start":6180.491,"end":6180.99},{"text":"acquis,","start":6180.99,"end":6181.36},{"text":"including","start":6182.02,"end":6182.487},{"text":"the","start":6182.6,"end":6182.793},{"text":"common","start":6182.825,"end":6183.131},{"text":"understanding","start":6183.244,"end":6183.824},{"text":"that","start":6183.888,"end":6184.226},{"text":"international","start":6184.274,"end":6184.918},{"text":"law","start":6184.918,"end":6185.047},{"text":"applies","start":6185.659,"end":6186.03},{"text":"to","start":6186.03,"end":6186.143},{"text":"cyberspace","start":6186.143,"end":6186.95},{"text":"in","start":6186.95,"end":6186.998},{"text":"its","start":6187.046,"end":6187.256},{"text":"entirety.","start":6187.256,"end":6187.918}]},{"text":"Rather than revisiting areas where consensus has already been reached, we should turn our attention to the practical application and the tools that international law provides us to deal with the real-world threats.","start":6188.951,"end":6201.328,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Rather","start":6188.951,"end":6189.21},{"text":"than","start":6189.21,"end":6189.452},{"text":"revisiting","start":6189.452,"end":6189.985},{"text":"areas","start":6190.162,"end":6190.469},{"text":"where","start":6190.582,"end":6190.808},{"text":"consensus","start":6190.808,"end":6191.454},{"text":"has","start":6191.454,"end":6191.631},{"text":"already","start":6191.631,"end":6191.938},{"text":"been","start":6191.954,"end":6192.083},{"text":"reached,","start":6192.18,"end":6192.567},{"text":"we","start":6192.906,"end":6193.003},{"text":"should","start":6193.003,"end":6193.31},{"text":"turn","start":6193.31,"end":6193.697},{"text":"our","start":6194.311,"end":6194.456},{"text":"attention","start":6194.456,"end":6194.908},{"text":"to","start":6194.94,"end":6195.07},{"text":"the","start":6195.07,"end":6195.102},{"text":"practical","start":6195.102,"end":6195.506},{"text":"application","start":6195.506,"end":6196.282},{"text":"and","start":6196.476,"end":6196.541},{"text":"the","start":6196.557,"end":6196.59},{"text":"tools","start":6196.735,"end":6197.172},{"text":"that","start":6197.188,"end":6197.366},{"text":"international","start":6197.43,"end":6198.013},{"text":"law","start":6198.013,"end":6198.093},{"text":"provides","start":6198.255,"end":6198.789},{"text":"us","start":6199.371,"end":6199.468},{"text":"to","start":6199.468,"end":6199.678},{"text":"deal","start":6199.71,"end":6200.018},{"text":"with","start":6200.018,"end":6200.179},{"text":"the","start":6200.179,"end":6200.276},{"text":"real-world","start":6200.276,"end":6200.891},{"text":"threats.","start":6200.923,"end":6201.328}]},{"text":"The integrated, policy-oriented, and cross-cutting nature of DigiD1 lends itself to such discussions.","start":6202.719,"end":6210.106,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6202.719,"end":6202.8},{"text":"integrated,","start":6202.8,"end":6203.508},{"text":"policy-oriented,","start":6203.604,"end":6204.522},{"text":"and","start":6204.586,"end":6204.795},{"text":"cross-cutting","start":6204.811,"end":6205.391},{"text":"nature","start":6205.391,"end":6205.858},{"text":"of","start":6205.954,"end":6206.099},{"text":"DigiD1","start":6206.582,"end":6207.274},{"text":"lends","start":6208.433,"end":6208.658},{"text":"itself","start":6208.69,"end":6209.076},{"text":"to","start":6209.076,"end":6209.173},{"text":"such","start":6209.173,"end":6209.382},{"text":"discussions.","start":6209.446,"end":6210.106}]},{"text":"For instance, malicious cyber activities targeting critical infrastructure can be addressed through rules and principles such as sovereignty and non-intervention, as well as international humanitarian law during armed conflicts.","start":6211.12,"end":6225.332,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations treated these sectors as concrete scenarios for applying international law and for reducing harm to civilians from malicious cyber operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Other","start":6226.932,"end":6227.097},{"text":"threats","start":6227.097,"end":6227.671},{"text":"that","start":6227.671,"end":6227.983},{"text":"could","start":6227.983,"end":6228.065},{"text":"benefit","start":6228.082,"end":6228.558},{"text":"from","start":6228.722,"end":6229.017},{"text":"further","start":6229.149,"end":6229.444},{"text":"analysis","start":6229.461,"end":6230.134},{"text":"are","start":6230.134,"end":6230.281},{"text":"ransomware,","start":6230.281,"end":6230.79},{"text":"and","start":6231.348,"end":6231.445},{"text":"malicious","start":6231.445,"end":6231.848},{"text":"cyber","start":6231.848,"end":6232.219},{"text":"activities","start":6232.219,"end":6232.783},{"text":"targeting","start":6233.767,"end":6234.154},{"text":"or","start":6234.428,"end":6234.541},{"text":"impacting","start":6234.589,"end":6235.186},{"text":"medical","start":6235.315,"end":6235.685},{"text":"facilities","start":6235.718,"end":6236.411},{"text":"and","start":6237.072,"end":6237.314},{"text":"humanitarian","start":6237.314,"end":6238.023},{"text":"and","start":6238.056,"end":6238.233},{"text":"international","start":6238.233,"end":6238.846},{"text":"organizations.","start":6238.846,"end":6239.636}]},{"text":"The law of state responsibility can provide states with options to respond to such threats.","start":6240.797,"end":6246.117,"topics":[{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. 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Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6462.756,"end":6462.902},{"text":"have","start":6462.902,"end":6463.031},{"text":"both","start":6463.159,"end":6463.369},{"text":"benefited","start":6463.482,"end":6463.965},{"text":"from","start":6463.965,"end":6464.239},{"text":"and","start":6464.771,"end":6464.836},{"text":"contributed","start":6464.852,"end":6465.561},{"text":"to","start":6465.561,"end":6465.884},{"text":"those","start":6466.544,"end":6466.754},{"text":"initiatives","start":6466.786,"end":6467.479},{"text":"by","start":6467.592,"end":6467.737},{"text":"sharing","start":6467.753,"end":6468.172},{"text":"our","start":6468.317,"end":6468.398},{"text":"experience","start":6468.398,"end":6469.123},{"text":"with","start":6469.446,"end":6469.607},{"text":"the","start":6469.607,"end":6469.671},{"text":"development","start":6469.688,"end":6470.332},{"text":"of","start":6470.676,"end":6470.82},{"text":"our","start":6470.916,"end":6470.964},{"text":"national","start":6471.558,"end":6471.942},{"text":"position.","start":6471.958,"end":6472.423}]},{"text":"This global mechanism could make fostering the publication of these positions one focus of its work, including within DTG II.","start":6473.337,"end":6482.795,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6473.337,"end":6473.561},{"text":"global","start":6473.561,"end":6473.77},{"text":"mechanism","start":6473.77,"end":6474.876},{"text":"could","start":6474.924,"end":6475.373},{"text":"make","start":6475.421,"end":6475.597},{"text":"fostering","start":6475.646,"end":6476.191},{"text":"the","start":6476.223,"end":6476.303},{"text":"publication","start":6476.303,"end":6476.928},{"text":"of","start":6476.928,"end":6476.992},{"text":"these","start":6477.04,"end":6477.152},{"text":"positions","start":6477.185,"end":6477.794},{"text":"one","start":6478.451,"end":6478.627},{"text":"focus","start":6478.627,"end":6479.75},{"text":"of","start":6479.894,"end":6480.006},{"text":"its","start":6480.006,"end":6480.182},{"text":"work,","start":6480.295,"end":6480.631},{"text":"including","start":6480.952,"end":6481.401},{"text":"within","start":6481.513,"end":6481.818},{"text":"DTG","start":6482.058,"end":6482.475},{"text":"II.","start":6482.475,"end":6482.795}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, the application of international humanitarian law to cyberspace is perhaps the issue in which the OEWG reports have been most lacking.","start":6484.238,"end":6492.943,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":6484.238,"end":6484.495},{"text":"Chair,","start":6484.543,"end":6484.88},{"text":"the","start":6485.12,"end":6485.2},{"text":"application","start":6485.2,"end":6485.649},{"text":"of","start":6485.745,"end":6485.809},{"text":"international","start":6485.857,"end":6486.338},{"text":"humanitarian","start":6486.338,"end":6486.932},{"text":"law","start":6486.948,"end":6487.076},{"text":"to","start":6487.124,"end":6487.252},{"text":"cyberspace","start":6487.268,"end":6487.974},{"text":"is","start":6488.567,"end":6488.615},{"text":"perhaps","start":6488.727,"end":6489.208},{"text":"the","start":6489.208,"end":6489.432},{"text":"issue","start":6489.432,"end":6489.753},{"text":"in","start":6489.994,"end":6490.058},{"text":"which","start":6490.09,"end":6490.298},{"text":"the","start":6490.41,"end":6490.635},{"text":"OEWG","start":6490.715,"end":6490.971},{"text":"reports","start":6491.116,"end":6491.629},{"text":"have","start":6491.917,"end":6492.094},{"text":"been","start":6492.158,"end":6492.27},{"text":"most","start":6492.27,"end":6492.639},{"text":"lacking.","start":6492.639,"end":6492.943}]},{"text":"As we have repeatedly stated, IHL applies to situations amounting to armed conflict independently of its classification as such by the parties.","start":6494.098,"end":6504.572,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6494.098,"end":6494.194},{"text":"we","start":6494.242,"end":6494.322},{"text":"have","start":6494.322,"end":6494.578},{"text":"repeatedly","start":6494.578,"end":6495.188},{"text":"stated,","start":6495.476,"end":6496.069},{"text":"IHL","start":6496.326,"end":6496.839},{"text":"applies","start":6496.839,"end":6497.272},{"text":"to","start":6497.305,"end":6497.433},{"text":"situations","start":6497.449,"end":6498.235},{"text":"amounting","start":6498.748,"end":6499.198},{"text":"to","start":6499.214,"end":6499.39},{"text":"armed","start":6499.39,"end":6499.615},{"text":"conflict","start":6499.631,"end":6500.272},{"text":"independently","start":6500.674,"end":6501.444},{"text":"of","start":6501.54,"end":6501.7},{"text":"its","start":6501.7,"end":6501.813},{"text":"classification","start":6501.877,"end":6502.727},{"text":"as","start":6503.064,"end":6503.128},{"text":"such","start":6503.16,"end":6503.513},{"text":"by","start":6503.946,"end":6504.043},{"text":"the","start":6504.043,"end":6504.203},{"text":"parties.","start":6504.203,"end":6504.572}]},{"text":"It does not matter whether the armed conflict is lawful or not because it is the objective— because its objective is to minimize human suffering and provide a minimum level of protection to civilians in any scenario of hostilities.","start":6505.583,"end":6522.379,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. 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A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":6523.613,"end":6523.966},{"text":"the","start":6524.238,"end":6524.302},{"text":"recognition","start":6524.318,"end":6525.119},{"text":"that","start":6525.119,"end":6525.248},{"text":"international","start":6525.36,"end":6525.937},{"text":"humanitarian","start":6525.937,"end":6526.498},{"text":"law","start":6526.498,"end":6526.69},{"text":"applies","start":6527.203,"end":6527.587},{"text":"to","start":6527.619,"end":6527.731},{"text":"cyberspace","start":6527.763,"end":6528.468},{"text":"does","start":6529.302,"end":6529.43},{"text":"not","start":6529.622,"end":6529.959},{"text":"in","start":6530.167,"end":6530.327},{"text":"any","start":6530.327,"end":6530.471},{"text":"way","start":6530.504,"end":6530.696},{"text":"endorse","start":6531.289,"end":6531.817},{"text":"its","start":6532.25,"end":6532.394},{"text":"militarization","start":6532.507,"end":6533.452},{"text":"or","start":6533.949,"end":6534.045},{"text":"legitimize","start":6534.093,"end":6534.798},{"text":"cyber","start":6534.83,"end":6535.231},{"text":"warfare.","start":6535.231,"end":6535.647}]},{"text":"If that were the case, the very existence of IHL itself would legitimize the use of force.","start":6536.817,"end":6543.595,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":6536.817,"end":6536.865},{"text":"that","start":6536.993,"end":6537.218},{"text":"were","start":6537.218,"end":6537.378},{"text":"the","start":6537.378,"end":6537.474},{"text":"case,","start":6537.474,"end":6537.955},{"text":"the","start":6538.339,"end":6538.371},{"text":"very","start":6538.371,"end":6538.804},{"text":"existence","start":6538.82,"end":6539.589},{"text":"of","start":6539.701,"end":6539.781},{"text":"IHL","start":6539.942,"end":6540.374},{"text":"itself","start":6540.374,"end":6540.871},{"text":"would","start":6541.48,"end":6541.784},{"text":"legitimize","start":6541.784,"end":6542.489},{"text":"the","start":6542.842,"end":6542.97},{"text":"use","start":6542.986,"end":6543.178},{"text":"of","start":6543.178,"end":6543.259},{"text":"force.","start":6543.259,"end":6543.595}]},{"text":"We hope that relevant recent developments, such as the resolution Protecting Civilians and Other Protected Persons and Objects Against the Potential Human Cost of ICT Activities During Armed Conflict, adopted by the 34th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, and the work of the ICT work stream of the Global Initiative to Govern Political Commitment to IHL, can help us make the required progress on the subject within this global mechanism.","start":6544.845,"end":6576.953,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6544.845,"end":6545.005},{"text":"hope","start":6545.005,"end":6545.342},{"text":"that","start":6545.406,"end":6545.71},{"text":"relevant","start":6545.71,"end":6546.207},{"text":"recent","start":6546.207,"end":6546.592},{"text":"developments,","start":6546.592,"end":6547.329},{"text":"such","start":6547.745,"end":6548.034},{"text":"as","start":6548.034,"end":6548.13},{"text":"the","start":6548.146,"end":6548.274},{"text":"resolution","start":6548.274,"end":6548.979},{"text":"Protecting","start":6549.332,"end":6549.781},{"text":"Civilians","start":6549.813,"end":6550.502},{"text":"and","start":6550.855,"end":6550.983},{"text":"Other","start":6551.079,"end":6551.32},{"text":"Protected","start":6551.32,"end":6551.865},{"text":"Persons","start":6551.977,"end":6552.474},{"text":"and","start":6552.538,"end":6552.602},{"text":"Objects","start":6552.682,"end":6553.147},{"text":"Against","start":6553.66,"end":6553.981},{"text":"the","start":6553.981,"end":6554.061},{"text":"Potential","start":6554.061,"end":6554.59},{"text":"Human","start":6554.606,"end":6554.91},{"text":"Cost","start":6554.927,"end":6555.183},{"text":"of","start":6555.183,"end":6555.263},{"text":"ICT","start":6555.263,"end":6555.6},{"text":"Activities","start":6555.6,"end":6556.273},{"text":"During","start":6556.449,"end":6556.674},{"text":"Armed","start":6556.77,"end":6556.946},{"text":"Conflict,","start":6556.946,"end":6557.588},{"text":"adopted","start":6558.133,"end":6558.678},{"text":"by","start":6558.71,"end":6558.87},{"text":"the","start":6558.87,"end":6559.014},{"text":"34th","start":6559.014,"end":6559.64},{"text":"International","start":6559.752,"end":6560.457},{"text":"Conference","start":6560.457,"end":6560.922},{"text":"of","start":6561.499,"end":6561.563},{"text":"the","start":6561.595,"end":6561.676},{"text":"Red","start":6561.676,"end":6561.884},{"text":"Cross","start":6562.076,"end":6562.589},{"text":"and","start":6562.637,"end":6562.798},{"text":"Red","start":6562.862,"end":6563.006},{"text":"Crescent,","start":6563.102,"end":6563.76},{"text":"and","start":6564.625,"end":6564.705},{"text":"the","start":6564.721,"end":6564.866},{"text":"work","start":6564.866,"end":6565.058},{"text":"of","start":6565.106,"end":6565.266},{"text":"the","start":6565.266,"end":6565.347},{"text":"ICT","start":6565.363,"end":6565.763},{"text":"work","start":6565.763,"end":6565.94},{"text":"stream","start":6565.94,"end":6566.26},{"text":"of","start":6566.469,"end":6566.533},{"text":"the","start":6566.565,"end":6566.645},{"text":"Global","start":6566.645,"end":6566.934},{"text":"Initiative","start":6566.95,"end":6567.575},{"text":"to","start":6567.671,"end":6567.767},{"text":"Govern","start":6567.831,"end":6568.12},{"text":"Political","start":6568.633,"end":6569.034},{"text":"Commitment","start":6569.034,"end":6569.643},{"text":"to","start":6569.691,"end":6569.867},{"text":"IHL,","start":6570.092,"end":6570.605},{"text":"can","start":6571.47,"end":6571.663},{"text":"help","start":6571.679,"end":6572.032},{"text":"us","start":6572.032,"end":6572.24},{"text":"make","start":6572.24,"end":6572.593},{"text":"the","start":6572.657,"end":6572.801},{"text":"required","start":6572.801,"end":6573.266},{"text":"progress","start":6573.362,"end":6573.827},{"text":"on","start":6574.324,"end":6574.356},{"text":"the","start":6574.356,"end":6574.484},{"text":"subject","start":6574.484,"end":6575.11},{"text":"within","start":6575.382,"end":6575.751},{"text":"this","start":6575.783,"end":6576.007},{"text":"global","start":6576.023,"end":6576.264},{"text":"mechanism.","start":6576.264,"end":6576.953}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, even though we must continue to make progress in finding common understandings on how existing rules of international law apply to ICTs, we recognize that as our debates evolve, we might find the need to specific— for specific legally binding obligations to bring greater clarity to all states on international law application to cyberspace.","start":6578.091,"end":6604.188,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":6578.091,"end":6578.316},{"text":"Chair,","start":6578.412,"end":6578.668},{"text":"even","start":6579.374,"end":6579.55},{"text":"though","start":6579.55,"end":6579.71},{"text":"we","start":6579.71,"end":6579.807},{"text":"must","start":6579.807,"end":6580.095},{"text":"continue","start":6580.095,"end":6580.448},{"text":"to","start":6580.512,"end":6580.656},{"text":"make","start":6580.656,"end":6580.897},{"text":"progress","start":6580.913,"end":6581.506},{"text":"in","start":6581.538,"end":6581.602},{"text":"finding","start":6581.634,"end":6582.003},{"text":"common","start":6582.115,"end":6582.436},{"text":"understandings","start":6582.436,"end":6583.125},{"text":"on","start":6583.237,"end":6583.365},{"text":"how","start":6583.381,"end":6583.59},{"text":"existing","start":6584.199,"end":6584.68},{"text":"rules","start":6584.76,"end":6585.129},{"text":"of","start":6585.241,"end":6585.321},{"text":"international","start":6585.321,"end":6585.914},{"text":"law","start":6585.914,"end":6586.027},{"text":"apply","start":6586.027,"end":6586.363},{"text":"to","start":6586.363,"end":6586.475},{"text":"ICTs,","start":6586.524,"end":6586.94},{"text":"we","start":6587.806,"end":6587.95},{"text":"recognize","start":6587.95,"end":6588.576},{"text":"that","start":6588.672,"end":6589.024},{"text":"as","start":6589.489,"end":6589.537},{"text":"our","start":6589.714,"end":6589.762},{"text":"debates","start":6589.81,"end":6590.371},{"text":"evolve,","start":6590.371,"end":6590.836},{"text":"we","start":6591.092,"end":6591.237},{"text":"might","start":6591.237,"end":6591.445},{"text":"find","start":6591.477,"end":6591.814},{"text":"the","start":6591.814,"end":6591.91},{"text":"need","start":6591.91,"end":6592.215},{"text":"to","start":6592.311,"end":6592.471},{"text":"specific—","start":6592.471,"end":6593.144},{"text":"for","start":6593.561,"end":6593.77},{"text":"specific","start":6594.395,"end":6594.956},{"text":"legally","start":6595.18,"end":6595.629},{"text":"binding","start":6595.902,"end":6596.222},{"text":"obligations","start":6596.222,"end":6596.912},{"text":"to","start":6597.505,"end":6597.585},{"text":"bring","start":6597.649,"end":6597.793},{"text":"greater","start":6597.906,"end":6598.386},{"text":"clarity","start":6599.332,"end":6600.118},{"text":"to","start":6600.166,"end":6600.278},{"text":"all","start":6600.374,"end":6600.47},{"text":"states","start":6600.47,"end":6601.24},{"text":"on","start":6601.657,"end":6601.721},{"text":"international","start":6602.233,"end":6602.778},{"text":"law","start":6602.778,"end":6602.906},{"text":"application","start":6602.922,"end":6603.403},{"text":"to","start":6603.435,"end":6603.595},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":6603.595,"end":6604.188}]},{"text":"As we have repeatedly stated, there is no contradiction between the applicability of currently international law to cyberspace and the eventual lex specialis on the subject, or between binding obligations and voluntary norms, which are complementary and mutually reinforcing.","start":6605.422,"end":6623.835,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber 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should not let this false contradiction prevent us from advancing our work.","start":6624.588,"end":6629.021,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6624.588,"end":6624.684},{"text":"should","start":6624.684,"end":6624.908},{"text":"not","start":6624.908,"end":6625.101},{"text":"let","start":6625.213,"end":6625.453},{"text":"this","start":6625.453,"end":6625.517},{"text":"false","start":6625.693,"end":6626.094},{"text":"contradiction","start":6626.094,"end":6626.799},{"text":"prevent","start":6627.318,"end":6627.793},{"text":"us","start":6627.793,"end":6627.957},{"text":"from","start":6627.957,"end":6628.153},{"text":"advancing","start":6628.153,"end":6628.677},{"text":"our","start":6628.726,"end":6628.857},{"text":"work.","start":6628.857,"end":6629.021}]},{"text":"I thank 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Germany.","start":6634.171,"end":6637.235,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6634.171,"end":6634.269},{"text":"now","start":6634.269,"end":6634.432},{"text":"give","start":6634.578,"end":6634.79},{"text":"the","start":6634.823,"end":6634.97},{"text":"floor","start":6634.97,"end":6635.328},{"text":"to","start":6635.41,"end":6635.621},{"text":"the","start":6635.621,"end":6635.784},{"text":"delegation","start":6635.784,"end":6636.404},{"text":"of","start":6636.534,"end":6636.665},{"text":"Germany.","start":6636.762,"end":6637.235}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":58,"start":6639.654,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=6640","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam 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Australia.","start":6640.948,"end":6649.131,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Germany","start":6640.948,"end":6641.321},{"text":"aligns","start":6641.337,"end":6641.677},{"text":"itself","start":6641.677,"end":6642},{"text":"with","start":6642,"end":6642.162},{"text":"the","start":6642.162,"end":6642.259},{"text":"statement","start":6642.259,"end":6642.631},{"text":"of","start":6642.631,"end":6642.729},{"text":"the","start":6642.745,"end":6642.874},{"text":"European","start":6642.874,"end":6643.263},{"text":"Union","start":6643.295,"end":6643.602},{"text":"as","start":6644.023,"end":6644.153},{"text":"well","start":6644.185,"end":6644.379},{"text":"with","start":6644.428,"end":6644.606},{"text":"the","start":6644.606,"end":6644.687},{"text":"statements","start":6644.687,"end":6645.237},{"text":"by","start":6645.237,"end":6645.334},{"text":"the","start":6645.334,"end":6645.48},{"text":"cross-regional","start":6645.48,"end":6646.176},{"text":"groups","start":6646.192,"end":6646.467},{"text":"delivered","start":6646.839,"end":6647.195},{"text":"by","start":6647.26,"end":6647.341},{"text":"Switzerland","start":6647.341,"end":6648.085},{"text":"and","start":6648.215,"end":6648.28},{"text":"by","start":6648.28,"end":6648.394},{"text":"Australia.","start":6648.394,"end":6649.131}]},{"text":"We 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consensus reports of the GGEs and open-ended working groups and the General Assembly have affirmed and consistently reaffirmed that international law applies to cyberspace.","start":6659.79,"end":6669.665,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":6700.526,"end":6700.606},{"text":"the","start":6700.606,"end":6700.638},{"text":"same","start":6700.686,"end":6700.895},{"text":"time,","start":6700.991,"end":6701.28},{"text":"Germany,","start":6701.393,"end":6701.858},{"text":"in","start":6702.211,"end":6702.259},{"text":"line","start":6702.372,"end":6702.5},{"text":"with","start":6702.597,"end":6702.757},{"text":"the","start":6702.757,"end":6702.837},{"text":"observation","start":6702.837,"end":6703.367},{"text":"of","start":6703.399,"end":6703.463},{"text":"Brazil","start":6703.496,"end":6703.961},{"text":"presented","start":6703.961,"end":6704.459},{"text":"just","start":6704.523,"end":6704.699},{"text":"before","start":6704.699,"end":6704.972},{"text":"us,","start":6705.085,"end":6705.277},{"text":"is","start":6705.663,"end":6705.807},{"text":"of","start":6705.807,"end":6705.871},{"text":"the","start":6705.903,"end":6706},{"text":"opinion","start":6706,"end":6706.465},{"text":"that","start":6706.465,"end":6706.626},{"text":"the","start":6706.626,"end":6706.706},{"text":"final","start":6706.706,"end":6707.091},{"text":"report","start":6707.091,"end":6707.508},{"text":"of","start":6707.572,"end":6707.637},{"text":"the","start":6707.669,"end":6707.797},{"text":"OEWG","start":6707.829,"end":6708.311},{"text":"did","start":6708.696,"end":6708.84},{"text":"not","start":6708.872,"end":6709.033},{"text":"fully","start":6709.033,"end":6709.354},{"text":"reflect","start":6709.354,"end":6709.835},{"text":"the","start":6709.835,"end":6709.916},{"text":"breadth","start":6709.916,"end":6710.317},{"text":"and","start":6710.397,"end":6710.461},{"text":"depth","start":6710.477,"end":6710.879},{"text":"of","start":6710.959,"end":6711.055},{"text":"those","start":6711.055,"end":6711.248},{"text":"discussions,","start":6711.28,"end":6711.89},{"text":"especially","start":6712.5,"end":6712.965},{"text":"when","start":6712.965,"end":6713.061},{"text":"it","start":6713.11,"end":6713.19},{"text":"comes","start":6713.19,"end":6713.415},{"text":"to","start":6713.447,"end":6713.527},{"text":"international","start":6713.527,"end":6714.105},{"text":"humanitarian","start":6714.105,"end":6714.891},{"text":"law.","start":6714.891,"end":6715.084}]},{"text":"This should not bar us, however, from continuing our good work, building on this foundation and the momentum that has continued to build since then.","start":6716.239,"end":6723.686,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6716.239,"end":6716.368},{"text":"should","start":6716.48,"end":6716.624},{"text":"not","start":6716.657,"end":6716.769},{"text":"bar","start":6716.817,"end":6717.122},{"text":"us,","start":6717.122,"end":6717.299},{"text":"however,","start":6717.315,"end":6717.844},{"text":"from","start":6718.085,"end":6718.197},{"text":"continuing","start":6718.261,"end":6718.871},{"text":"our","start":6718.92,"end":6719.064},{"text":"good","start":6719.064,"end":6719.289},{"text":"work,","start":6719.289,"end":6719.626},{"text":"building","start":6719.77,"end":6720.075},{"text":"on","start":6720.107,"end":6720.171},{"text":"this","start":6720.171,"end":6720.284},{"text":"foundation","start":6720.332,"end":6720.797},{"text":"and","start":6720.99,"end":6721.054},{"text":"the","start":6721.15,"end":6721.215},{"text":"momentum","start":6721.215,"end":6721.76},{"text":"that","start":6721.792,"end":6721.953},{"text":"has","start":6721.953,"end":6722.081},{"text":"continued","start":6722.178,"end":6722.691},{"text":"to","start":6722.691,"end":6722.803},{"text":"build","start":6722.836,"end":6723.076},{"text":"since","start":6723.076,"end":6723.333},{"text":"then.","start":6723.397,"end":6723.686}]},{"text":"A growing number of states from all regions have published national or regional positions on their interpretation of international law on cyberspace.","start":6725.002,"end":6731.711,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":6725.002,"end":6725.018},{"text":"growing","start":6725.066,"end":6725.275},{"text":"number","start":6725.323,"end":6725.644},{"text":"of","start":6725.644,"end":6725.773},{"text":"states","start":6725.789,"end":6726.19},{"text":"from","start":6726.19,"end":6726.318},{"text":"all","start":6726.431,"end":6726.607},{"text":"regions","start":6726.607,"end":6727.057},{"text":"have","start":6727.105,"end":6727.297},{"text":"published","start":6727.313,"end":6727.683},{"text":"national","start":6727.731,"end":6728.052},{"text":"or","start":6728.052,"end":6728.116},{"text":"regional","start":6728.116,"end":6728.533},{"text":"positions","start":6728.533,"end":6729.159},{"text":"on","start":6729.175,"end":6729.255},{"text":"their","start":6729.255,"end":6729.416},{"text":"interpretation","start":6729.416,"end":6730.138},{"text":"of","start":6730.138,"end":6730.299},{"text":"international","start":6730.299,"end":6730.828},{"text":"law","start":6730.86,"end":6730.941},{"text":"on","start":6730.941,"end":6731.053},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":6731.23,"end":6731.711}]},{"text":"And we are hearing from more and other states that they are preparing to voice their opinion as well.","start":6732.305,"end":6736.576,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6732.305,"end":6732.369},{"text":"we","start":6732.45,"end":6732.546},{"text":"are","start":6732.546,"end":6732.626},{"text":"hearing","start":6732.626,"end":6732.835},{"text":"from","start":6732.867,"end":6733.028},{"text":"more","start":6733.028,"end":6733.381},{"text":"and","start":6733.509,"end":6733.638},{"text":"other","start":6733.734,"end":6733.911},{"text":"states","start":6733.911,"end":6734.376},{"text":"that","start":6734.376,"end":6734.473},{"text":"they","start":6734.473,"end":6734.553},{"text":"are","start":6734.553,"end":6734.713},{"text":"preparing","start":6734.713,"end":6735.163},{"text":"to","start":6735.195,"end":6735.323},{"text":"voice","start":6735.356,"end":6735.596},{"text":"their","start":6735.596,"end":6735.757},{"text":"opinion","start":6735.757,"end":6736.142},{"text":"as","start":6736.239,"end":6736.367},{"text":"well.","start":6736.399,"end":6736.576}]},{"text":"At the same time, work on international law in cyberspace is also taking place outside of New York.","start":6738.005,"end":6742.997,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":6738.005,"end":6738.101},{"text":"the","start":6738.101,"end":6738.181},{"text":"same","start":6738.181,"end":6738.422},{"text":"time,","start":6738.47,"end":6738.695},{"text":"work","start":6739.032,"end":6739.209},{"text":"on","start":6739.209,"end":6739.257},{"text":"international","start":6739.353,"end":6739.931},{"text":"law","start":6739.931,"end":6740.011},{"text":"in","start":6740.011,"end":6740.06},{"text":"cyberspace","start":6740.156,"end":6740.83},{"text":"is","start":6740.83,"end":6740.91},{"text":"also","start":6741.039,"end":6741.231},{"text":"taking","start":6741.231,"end":6741.504},{"text":"place","start":6741.601,"end":6741.922},{"text":"outside","start":6742.002,"end":6742.387},{"text":"of","start":6742.42,"end":6742.58},{"text":"New","start":6742.58,"end":6742.725},{"text":"York.","start":6742.725,"end":6742.997}]},{"text":"Here I just want to mention a resolution adopted at the 34th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent and the ICT work stream under the Global Initiative to Galvanize Political Commitment to International Humanitarian Law, as also already highlighted by colleagues.","start":6743.527,"end":6758.281,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Here","start":6743.527,"end":6743.688},{"text":"I","start":6743.688,"end":6743.704},{"text":"just","start":6743.704,"end":6744.025},{"text":"want","start":6744.025,"end":6744.186},{"text":"to","start":6744.186,"end":6744.282},{"text":"mention","start":6744.282,"end":6744.683},{"text":"a","start":6744.683,"end":6744.699},{"text":"resolution","start":6744.747,"end":6745.309},{"text":"adopted","start":6745.309,"end":6745.791},{"text":"at","start":6745.791,"end":6745.952},{"text":"the","start":6745.952,"end":6746.112},{"text":"34th","start":6746.112,"end":6746.722},{"text":"International","start":6746.915,"end":6747.461},{"text":"Conference","start":6747.461,"end":6747.958},{"text":"of","start":6747.958,"end":6748.055},{"text":"the","start":6748.055,"end":6748.183},{"text":"Red","start":6748.183,"end":6748.36},{"text":"Cross","start":6748.36,"end":6748.552},{"text":"and","start":6748.681,"end":6748.745},{"text":"Red","start":6748.761,"end":6748.89},{"text":"Crescent","start":6748.906,"end":6749.532},{"text":"and","start":6749.965,"end":6750.029},{"text":"the","start":6750.11,"end":6750.254},{"text":"ICT","start":6750.27,"end":6750.688},{"text":"work","start":6750.768,"end":6751.009},{"text":"stream","start":6751.009,"end":6751.298},{"text":"under","start":6751.394,"end":6751.538},{"text":"the","start":6751.571,"end":6751.715},{"text":"Global","start":6751.715,"end":6751.956},{"text":"Initiative","start":6751.956,"end":6752.502},{"text":"to","start":6752.534,"end":6752.662},{"text":"Galvanize","start":6752.678,"end":6753.064},{"text":"Political","start":6753.16,"end":6753.577},{"text":"Commitment","start":6753.577,"end":6754.091},{"text":"to","start":6754.204,"end":6754.3},{"text":"International","start":6754.3,"end":6754.91},{"text":"Humanitarian","start":6754.91,"end":6755.456},{"text":"Law,","start":6755.504,"end":6755.616},{"text":"as","start":6756.307,"end":6756.435},{"text":"also","start":6756.548,"end":6756.837},{"text":"already","start":6756.853,"end":6757.158},{"text":"highlighted","start":6757.174,"end":6757.72},{"text":"by","start":6757.72,"end":6757.832},{"text":"colleagues.","start":6757.832,"end":6758.281}]},{"text":"Conscious of time, we won't repeat the shared understanding expressed in the joint statements, but would like to highlight the following 3 points.","start":6759.758,"end":6766.548,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Conscious","start":6759.758,"end":6760.111},{"text":"of","start":6760.176,"end":6760.288},{"text":"time,","start":6760.304,"end":6760.529},{"text":"we","start":6760.641,"end":6760.737},{"text":"won't","start":6760.737,"end":6761.01},{"text":"repeat","start":6761.042,"end":6761.363},{"text":"the","start":6761.363,"end":6761.396},{"text":"shared","start":6761.444,"end":6761.829},{"text":"understanding","start":6761.845,"end":6762.455},{"text":"expressed","start":6762.471,"end":6762.969},{"text":"in","start":6762.969,"end":6763.033},{"text":"the","start":6763.033,"end":6763.129},{"text":"joint","start":6763.129,"end":6763.434},{"text":"statements,","start":6763.434,"end":6763.964},{"text":"but","start":6764.333,"end":6764.494},{"text":"would","start":6764.494,"end":6764.622},{"text":"like","start":6764.654,"end":6764.879},{"text":"to","start":6764.879,"end":6764.959},{"text":"highlight","start":6764.959,"end":6765.296},{"text":"the","start":6765.296,"end":6765.441},{"text":"following","start":6765.441,"end":6765.746},{"text":"3","start":6765.858,"end":6766.163},{"text":"points.","start":6766.163,"end":6766.548}]},{"text":"First, capacity and the need for capacity building on international law, as highlighted by many colleagues.","start":6767.704,"end":6773.451,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":6767.704,"end":6768.106},{"text":"capacity","start":6768.651,"end":6769.358},{"text":"and","start":6769.39,"end":6769.454},{"text":"the","start":6769.47,"end":6769.55},{"text":"need","start":6769.55,"end":6769.727},{"text":"for","start":6769.727,"end":6769.855},{"text":"capacity","start":6769.871,"end":6770.401},{"text":"building","start":6770.433,"end":6770.706},{"text":"on","start":6770.834,"end":6770.915},{"text":"international","start":6770.915,"end":6771.621},{"text":"law,","start":6771.621,"end":6771.75},{"text":"as","start":6771.974,"end":6772.087},{"text":"highlighted","start":6772.119,"end":6772.6},{"text":"by","start":6772.6,"end":6772.697},{"text":"many","start":6772.697,"end":6772.969},{"text":"colleagues.","start":6773.066,"end":6773.451}]},{"text":"From our own experience, we know that drafting a national position can be demanding, time-consuming, and requires a lot of coordination.","start":6774.43,"end":6781.156,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"From","start":6774.43,"end":6774.623},{"text":"our","start":6774.687,"end":6774.928},{"text":"own","start":6774.928,"end":6774.976},{"text":"experience,","start":6775.024,"end":6775.554},{"text":"we","start":6775.57,"end":6775.666},{"text":"know","start":6775.666,"end":6775.811},{"text":"that","start":6775.891,"end":6776.019},{"text":"drafting","start":6776.036,"end":6776.453},{"text":"a","start":6776.517,"end":6776.533},{"text":"national","start":6776.533,"end":6776.854},{"text":"position","start":6776.854,"end":6777.304},{"text":"can","start":6777.336,"end":6777.496},{"text":"be","start":6777.496,"end":6777.657},{"text":"demanding,","start":6777.657,"end":6778.106},{"text":"time-consuming,","start":6778.684,"end":6779.471},{"text":"and","start":6779.583,"end":6779.663},{"text":"requires","start":6779.663,"end":6780.033},{"text":"a","start":6780.129,"end":6780.145},{"text":"lot","start":6780.145,"end":6780.322},{"text":"of","start":6780.322,"end":6780.434},{"text":"coordination.","start":6780.466,"end":6781.156}]},{"text":"This is why international law is a priority for Germany's partnerships in cyber capacity-building engagement.","start":6781.991,"end":6787.11,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6781.991,"end":6782.216},{"text":"is","start":6782.216,"end":6782.28},{"text":"why","start":6782.376,"end":6782.505},{"text":"international","start":6782.537,"end":6783.067},{"text":"law","start":6783.099,"end":6783.195},{"text":"is","start":6783.211,"end":6783.323},{"text":"a","start":6783.372,"end":6783.436},{"text":"priority","start":6783.436,"end":6783.917},{"text":"for","start":6783.917,"end":6784.062},{"text":"Germany's","start":6784.078,"end":6784.543},{"text":"partnerships","start":6784.543,"end":6785.651},{"text":"in","start":6785.202,"end":6785.25},{"text":"cyber","start":6785.283,"end":6785.59},{"text":"capacity-building","start":6785.59,"end":6786.317},{"text":"engagement.","start":6786.398,"end":6787.11}]},{"text":"As pointed out by Singapore, it is important that all states can participate on an equal footing at our discussions.","start":6787.708,"end":6793.658,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6787.708,"end":6787.837},{"text":"pointed","start":6787.934,"end":6788.241},{"text":"out","start":6788.274,"end":6788.435},{"text":"by","start":6788.435,"end":6788.468},{"text":"Singapore,","start":6788.516,"end":6789.26},{"text":"it","start":6789.406,"end":6789.503},{"text":"is","start":6789.503,"end":6789.632},{"text":"important","start":6789.632,"end":6790.085},{"text":"that","start":6790.085,"end":6790.279},{"text":"all","start":6790.359,"end":6790.408},{"text":"states","start":6790.457,"end":6790.861},{"text":"can","start":6790.861,"end":6791.022},{"text":"participate","start":6791.022,"end":6791.718},{"text":"on","start":6791.815,"end":6791.912},{"text":"an","start":6791.912,"end":6792.041},{"text":"equal","start":6792.073,"end":6792.316},{"text":"footing","start":6792.316,"end":6792.688},{"text":"at","start":6792.882,"end":6793.043},{"text":"our","start":6793.108,"end":6793.205},{"text":"discussions.","start":6793.205,"end":6793.658}]},{"text":"Second, we believe that regional organizations have an important role to play.","start":6795.39,"end":6799.237,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":6795.39,"end":6795.712},{"text":"we","start":6796.146,"end":6796.291},{"text":"believe","start":6796.291,"end":6796.549},{"text":"that","start":6796.613,"end":6796.774},{"text":"regional","start":6796.774,"end":6797.08},{"text":"organizations","start":6797.112,"end":6797.853},{"text":"have","start":6797.917,"end":6798.094},{"text":"an","start":6798.094,"end":6798.207},{"text":"important","start":6798.239,"end":6798.642},{"text":"role","start":6798.642,"end":6798.867},{"text":"to","start":6798.883,"end":6799.044},{"text":"play.","start":6799.044,"end":6799.237}]},{"text":"Many regional organizations were key to foster discussions in their respective regions, such as the AU, OAS, and the EU, or included international law and capacity-building activities, as for example, IOC Secretariat.","start":6800.332,"end":6813.035,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6820.257,"end":6820.321},{"text":"finally,","start":6820.401,"end":6820.883},{"text":"looking","start":6820.963,"end":6821.188},{"text":"ahead","start":6821.284,"end":6821.509},{"text":"to","start":6821.557,"end":6821.637},{"text":"the","start":6821.685,"end":6821.781},{"text":"DTGs,","start":6821.781,"end":6822.359},{"text":"we","start":6822.744,"end":6822.825},{"text":"hope","start":6822.825,"end":6823.065},{"text":"that","start":6823.065,"end":6823.29},{"text":"international","start":6823.29,"end":6823.932},{"text":"law","start":6823.932,"end":6824.108},{"text":"will","start":6824.108,"end":6824.237},{"text":"be","start":6824.269,"end":6824.429},{"text":"integrated","start":6824.429,"end":6825.071},{"text":"holistically","start":6825.071,"end":6825.713},{"text":"into","start":6825.713,"end":6825.922},{"text":"the","start":6825.938,"end":6826.179},{"text":"work","start":6826.179,"end":6826.339},{"text":"of","start":6826.371,"end":6826.499},{"text":"the","start":6826.499,"end":6826.548},{"text":"DTGs.","start":6826.596,"end":6827.173}]},{"text":"When examining concrete challenges and activities in cyberspace, we also need to consider how international law applies to them.","start":6828.185,"end":6835.39,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"When","start":6828.185,"end":6828.329},{"text":"examining","start":6828.361,"end":6828.891},{"text":"concrete","start":6828.907,"end":6829.308},{"text":"challenges","start":6829.308,"end":6829.853},{"text":"and","start":6829.966,"end":6830.03},{"text":"activities","start":6830.126,"end":6830.576},{"text":"in","start":6830.688,"end":6830.736},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":6830.768,"end":6831.442},{"text":"we","start":6832.196,"end":6832.277},{"text":"also","start":6832.357,"end":6832.549},{"text":"need","start":6832.549,"end":6832.742},{"text":"to","start":6832.758,"end":6832.822},{"text":"consider","start":6832.854,"end":6833.384},{"text":"how","start":6833.4,"end":6833.528},{"text":"international","start":6833.657,"end":6834.363},{"text":"law","start":6834.363,"end":6834.491},{"text":"applies","start":6834.7,"end":6835.069},{"text":"to","start":6835.101,"end":6835.197},{"text":"them.","start":6835.262,"end":6835.39}]},{"text":"This would provide a solid foundation enabling us to move forward in an action-oriented, practical way to address the challenges we face collectively in line with the framework of responsible state behavior.","start":6836.289,"end":6846.082,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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thank you, Chair.","start":6846.551,"end":6847.132,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6846.551,"end":6846.615},{"text":"thank","start":6846.615,"end":6846.809},{"text":"you,","start":6846.858,"end":6846.89},{"text":"Chair.","start":6846.955,"end":6847.132}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"DEU","affiliation_full":"Germany","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":59,"start":6850.117,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=6851","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":6850.117,"end":6850.944,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6850.117,"end":6850.409},{"text":"you","start":6850.441,"end":6850.474},{"text":"very","start":6850.538,"end":6850.701},{"text":"much.","start":6850.701,"end":6850.944}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the delegations of Mauritius, to be followed by Venezuela, Vanuatu, China, France, and then Japan.","start":6851.349,"end":6860.398,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6851.349,"end":6851.43},{"text":"now","start":6851.43,"end":6851.657},{"text":"give","start":6851.657,"end":6851.787},{"text":"the","start":6851.836,"end":6851.982},{"text":"floor","start":6851.982,"end":6852.273},{"text":"to","start":6852.403,"end":6852.646},{"text":"the","start":6852.646,"end":6852.89},{"text":"delegations","start":6852.89,"end":6854.073},{"text":"of","start":6854.576,"end":6854.689},{"text":"Mauritius,","start":6854.738,"end":6855.549},{"text":"to","start":6855.565,"end":6855.727},{"text":"be","start":6855.727,"end":6855.889},{"text":"followed","start":6855.889,"end":6856.343},{"text":"by","start":6856.376,"end":6856.57},{"text":"Venezuela,","start":6856.765,"end":6857.495},{"text":"Vanuatu,","start":6857.958,"end":6858.367},{"text":"China,","start":6858.449,"end":6859.039},{"text":"France,","start":6859.104,"end":6859.546},{"text":"and","start":6859.776,"end":6859.841},{"text":"then","start":6859.841,"end":6859.989},{"text":"Japan.","start":6860.021,"end":6860.398}]},{"text":"Mauritius, you have the floor.","start":6860.758,"end":6861.823,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mauritius,","start":6860.758,"end":6861.2},{"text":"you","start":6861.315,"end":6861.381},{"text":"have","start":6861.397,"end":6861.544},{"text":"the","start":6861.577,"end":6861.659},{"text":"floor.","start":6861.659,"end":6861.823}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":60,"start":6864.13,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=6865","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you for giving me the floor.","start":6864.13,"end":6865.445,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6864.13,"end":6864.322},{"text":"you","start":6864.322,"end":6864.467},{"text":"for","start":6864.467,"end":6864.627},{"text":"giving","start":6864.627,"end":6864.836},{"text":"me","start":6864.884,"end":6864.964},{"text":"the","start":6864.964,"end":6865.06},{"text":"floor.","start":6865.108,"end":6865.445}]},{"text":"Chair, distinguished delegates, and colleagues, Mauritius remains committed to the continued exchange of national views and practices to promote a common understanding of how international law applies in cyberspace.","start":6866.489,"end":6880.899,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. 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Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6932.056,"end":6932.12},{"text":"also","start":6932.217,"end":6932.475},{"text":"enables","start":6932.62,"end":6933.007},{"text":"us","start":6933.201,"end":6933.362},{"text":"to","start":6933.362,"end":6933.523},{"text":"better","start":6933.588,"end":6933.91},{"text":"understand","start":6933.927,"end":6934.459},{"text":"our","start":6934.556,"end":6934.685},{"text":"rights","start":6934.798,"end":6935.281},{"text":"and","start":6935.54,"end":6935.604},{"text":"obligations","start":6935.636,"end":6936.394},{"text":"under","start":6936.572,"end":6936.798},{"text":"existing","start":6936.814,"end":6937.281},{"text":"international","start":6937.394,"end":6938.104},{"text":"law","start":6938.104,"end":6938.362},{"text":"while","start":6938.765,"end":6938.959},{"text":"informing","start":6939.007,"end":6939.54},{"text":"national","start":6939.572,"end":6940.023},{"text":"policy","start":6940.04,"end":6940.83},{"text":"and","start":6941.169,"end":6941.249},{"text":"decision-making.","start":6941.265,"end":6941.959}]},{"text":"In this regard, and taking into consideration the common African position, Mauritius has undertaken the development of its national position on the application of international law in cyberspace, which is currently undergoing the necessary approval processes prior to its publication.","start":6943.631,"end":6960.597,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6943.631,"end":6943.696},{"text":"this","start":6943.712,"end":6943.941},{"text":"regard,","start":6943.941,"end":6944.414},{"text":"and","start":6944.593,"end":6944.659},{"text":"taking","start":6944.691,"end":6945.017},{"text":"into","start":6945.099,"end":6945.295},{"text":"consideration","start":6945.344,"end":6945.964},{"text":"the","start":6946.078,"end":6946.159},{"text":"common","start":6946.159,"end":6946.453},{"text":"African","start":6946.486,"end":6946.975},{"text":"position,","start":6947.203,"end":6947.676},{"text":"Mauritius","start":6948.29,"end":6948.563},{"text":"has","start":6948.563,"end":6948.692},{"text":"undertaken","start":6948.805,"end":6949.497},{"text":"the","start":6949.513,"end":6949.61},{"text":"development","start":6949.61,"end":6950.254},{"text":"of","start":6950.254,"end":6950.399},{"text":"its","start":6950.399,"end":6950.753},{"text":"national","start":6950.801,"end":6951.204},{"text":"position","start":6951.204,"end":6951.59},{"text":"on","start":6952.089,"end":6952.138},{"text":"the","start":6952.186,"end":6952.283},{"text":"application","start":6952.283,"end":6952.959},{"text":"of","start":6953.056,"end":6953.168},{"text":"international","start":6953.168,"end":6953.877},{"text":"law","start":6953.877,"end":6953.989},{"text":"in","start":6954.199,"end":6954.247},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":6954.344,"end":6955.245},{"text":"which","start":6955.648,"end":6955.777},{"text":"is","start":6955.873,"end":6955.938},{"text":"currently","start":6956.034,"end":6956.501},{"text":"undergoing","start":6956.517,"end":6957.065},{"text":"the","start":6957.242,"end":6957.274},{"text":"necessary","start":6957.274,"end":6957.806},{"text":"approval","start":6957.806,"end":6958.219},{"text":"processes","start":6958.235,"end":6958.78},{"text":"prior","start":6959.144,"end":6959.556},{"text":"to","start":6959.556,"end":6959.722},{"text":"its","start":6959.722,"end":6959.969},{"text":"publication.","start":6959.969,"end":6960.597}]},{"text":"Our national position reflects our specific national context and priorities as a small island developing state.","start":6962.303,"end":6968.656,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":6962.303,"end":6962.433},{"text":"national","start":6962.433,"end":6962.888},{"text":"position","start":6962.953,"end":6963.392},{"text":"reflects","start":6963.441,"end":6964.074},{"text":"our","start":6964.155,"end":6964.269},{"text":"specific","start":6964.269,"end":6964.886},{"text":"national","start":6964.903,"end":6965.309},{"text":"context","start":6965.309,"end":6965.926},{"text":"and","start":6966.202,"end":6966.267},{"text":"priorities","start":6966.349,"end":6967.064},{"text":"as","start":6967.161,"end":6967.275},{"text":"a","start":6967.275,"end":6967.291},{"text":"small","start":6967.34,"end":6967.746},{"text":"island","start":6967.746,"end":6968.152},{"text":"developing","start":6968.152,"end":6968.591},{"text":"state.","start":6968.591,"end":6968.656}]},{"text":"For Mauritius, the following principles provide an essential foundation for addressing current cyber challenges.","start":6970.341,"end":6976.587,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":6970.341,"end":6970.421},{"text":"Mauritius,","start":6970.421,"end":6970.919},{"text":"the","start":6970.999,"end":6971.047},{"text":"following","start":6971.08,"end":6971.369},{"text":"principles","start":6971.545,"end":6972.091},{"text":"provide","start":6972.204,"end":6972.669},{"text":"an","start":6972.669,"end":6972.765},{"text":"essential","start":6972.765,"end":6973.311},{"text":"foundation","start":6973.327,"end":6974.018},{"text":"for","start":6974.435,"end":6974.532},{"text":"addressing","start":6974.532,"end":6975.062},{"text":"current","start":6975.158,"end":6975.463},{"text":"cyber","start":6975.495,"end":6976.009},{"text":"challenges.","start":6976.041,"end":6976.587}]},{"text":"First, sovereignty is closely linked to our ability to protect our critical infrastructure and essential services.","start":6977.326,"end":6984.535,"topics":[{"key":"critical-infrastructure","label":"Protection of Critical Infrastructure","description":"Protecting critical infrastructure such as hospitals, energy systems, water networks, transport, and other essential services was a major practical concern. Delegations treated these sectors as concrete scenarios for applying international law and for reducing harm to civilians from malicious cyber operations."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":6977.326,"end":6977.823},{"text":"sovereignty","start":6978.08,"end":6978.674},{"text":"is","start":6978.787,"end":6978.915},{"text":"closely","start":6979.012,"end":6979.477},{"text":"linked","start":6979.493,"end":6979.879},{"text":"to","start":6979.895,"end":6980.055},{"text":"our","start":6980.055,"end":6980.216},{"text":"ability","start":6980.216,"end":6980.681},{"text":"to","start":6981.035,"end":6981.115},{"text":"protect","start":6981.115,"end":6981.581},{"text":"our","start":6981.581,"end":6981.741},{"text":"critical","start":6981.741,"end":6982.143},{"text":"infrastructure","start":6982.175,"end":6982.929},{"text":"and","start":6983.267,"end":6983.363},{"text":"essential","start":6983.363,"end":6983.861},{"text":"services.","start":6983.941,"end":6984.535}]},{"text":"Second and third, due diligence and state responsibility support responsible behavior and effective responses to malicious cyber activities.","start":6985.274,"end":6994.169,"topics":[{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"Second","start":6985.274,"end":6985.611},{"text":"and","start":6985.611,"end":6985.771},{"text":"third,","start":6985.771,"end":6986.221},{"text":"due","start":6986.879,"end":6986.992},{"text":"diligence","start":6986.992,"end":6987.618},{"text":"and","start":6987.618,"end":6987.682},{"text":"state","start":6987.762,"end":6988.035},{"text":"responsibility","start":6988.035,"end":6988.886},{"text":"support","start":6988.886,"end":6989.529},{"text":"responsible","start":6989.705,"end":6990.299},{"text":"behavior","start":6990.347,"end":6990.974},{"text":"and","start":6991.311,"end":6991.471},{"text":"effective","start":6991.471,"end":6992.033},{"text":"responses","start":6992.033,"end":6992.644},{"text":"to","start":6992.692,"end":6992.82},{"text":"malicious","start":6992.82,"end":6993.254},{"text":"cyber","start":6993.254,"end":6993.639},{"text":"activities.","start":6993.639,"end":6994.169}]},{"text":"Fourth, respect for human rights ensures that cybersecurity efforts remain people-centered.","start":6995.338,"end":7001.382,"topics":[{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Fourth,","start":6995.338,"end":6995.694},{"text":"respect","start":6996.162,"end":6996.55},{"text":"for","start":6996.55,"end":6996.712},{"text":"human","start":6996.728,"end":6997.019},{"text":"rights","start":6997.116,"end":6997.601},{"text":"ensures","start":6997.698,"end":6998.15},{"text":"that","start":6998.199,"end":6998.36},{"text":"cybersecurity","start":6998.409,"end":6999.12},{"text":"efforts","start":6999.217,"end":6999.572},{"text":"remain","start":6999.879,"end":7000.235},{"text":"people-centered.","start":7000.445,"end":7001.382}]},{"text":"And fifth, peaceful settlement of disputes reinforces the importance of dialogue and cooperation in addressing the cross-border nature of ICT threats.","start":7001.98,"end":7011.864,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7001.98,"end":7002.045},{"text":"fifth,","start":7002.126,"end":7002.433},{"text":"peaceful","start":7003.111,"end":7003.532},{"text":"settlement","start":7003.532,"end":7004.081},{"text":"of","start":7004.081,"end":7004.13},{"text":"disputes","start":7004.13,"end":7004.645},{"text":"reinforces","start":7004.726,"end":7005.58},{"text":"the","start":7005.934,"end":7006.095},{"text":"importance","start":7006.095,"end":7006.724},{"text":"of","start":7006.724,"end":7006.788},{"text":"dialogue","start":7006.821,"end":7007.449},{"text":"and","start":7007.691,"end":7007.755},{"text":"cooperation","start":7007.852,"end":7008.545},{"text":"in","start":7008.593,"end":7008.69},{"text":"addressing","start":7008.738,"end":7009.206},{"text":"the","start":7009.383,"end":7009.479},{"text":"cross-border","start":7009.479,"end":7010.043},{"text":"nature","start":7010.06,"end":7010.495},{"text":"of","start":7010.833,"end":7010.898},{"text":"ICT","start":7010.994,"end":7011.462},{"text":"threats.","start":7011.494,"end":7011.864}]},{"text":"Given the rapidly evolving nature of the digital environment, Mauritius considers this position as a living document which may continue to evolve in light of technological developments, emerging challenges, international discussions, and lessons learned from national implementation.","start":7013.386,"end":7031.451,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Given","start":7013.386,"end":7013.628},{"text":"the","start":7013.628,"end":7013.709},{"text":"rapidly","start":7013.709,"end":7014.209},{"text":"evolving","start":7014.273,"end":7014.66},{"text":"nature","start":7014.693,"end":7015.096},{"text":"of","start":7015.241,"end":7015.354},{"text":"the","start":7015.354,"end":7015.499},{"text":"digital","start":7015.499,"end":7015.902},{"text":"environment,","start":7015.902,"end":7016.773},{"text":"Mauritius","start":7017.112,"end":7017.596},{"text":"considers","start":7017.596,"end":7018.209},{"text":"this","start":7018.66,"end":7018.886},{"text":"position","start":7018.886,"end":7019.483},{"text":"as","start":7019.693,"end":7019.822},{"text":"a","start":7019.854,"end":7019.935},{"text":"living","start":7019.935,"end":7020.144},{"text":"document","start":7020.257,"end":7020.822},{"text":"which","start":7021.159,"end":7021.305},{"text":"may","start":7021.402,"end":7021.499},{"text":"continue","start":7021.564,"end":7022.049},{"text":"to","start":7022.049,"end":7022.211},{"text":"evolve","start":7022.211,"end":7022.728},{"text":"in","start":7023.036,"end":7023.084},{"text":"light","start":7023.197,"end":7023.505},{"text":"of","start":7023.521,"end":7023.65},{"text":"technological","start":7023.683,"end":7024.41},{"text":"developments,","start":7024.41,"end":7025.332},{"text":"emerging","start":7025.704,"end":7026.077},{"text":"challenges,","start":7026.174,"end":7026.804},{"text":"international","start":7027.225,"end":7027.807},{"text":"discussions,","start":7027.807,"end":7028.422},{"text":"and","start":7028.778,"end":7028.843},{"text":"lessons","start":7028.923,"end":7029.231},{"text":"learned","start":7029.344,"end":7029.797},{"text":"from","start":7029.959,"end":7030.04},{"text":"national","start":7030.04,"end":7030.594},{"text":"implementation.","start":7030.594,"end":7031.451}]},{"text":"Allow me to highlight that this achievement was made possible through the invaluable support of UNIDIR, whose technical expertise, guidance, and capacity-building support enabled an inclusive national process involving relevant government and multi-stakeholders.","start":7033.293,"end":7049.366,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Allow","start":7033.293,"end":7033.454},{"text":"me","start":7033.47,"end":7033.616},{"text":"to","start":7033.616,"end":7033.745},{"text":"highlight","start":7033.761,"end":7034.326},{"text":"that","start":7034.326,"end":7034.471},{"text":"this","start":7034.504,"end":7034.633},{"text":"achievement","start":7034.746,"end":7035.279},{"text":"was","start":7035.376,"end":7035.521},{"text":"made","start":7035.569,"end":7035.796},{"text":"possible","start":7035.796,"end":7036.345},{"text":"through","start":7036.748,"end":7036.877},{"text":"the","start":7036.942,"end":7037.152},{"text":"invaluable","start":7037.152,"end":7037.701},{"text":"support","start":7037.733,"end":7038.282},{"text":"of","start":7038.282,"end":7038.428},{"text":"UNIDIR,","start":7038.444,"end":7039.041},{"text":"whose","start":7039.348,"end":7039.558},{"text":"technical","start":7039.59,"end":7039.994},{"text":"expertise,","start":7039.994,"end":7040.688},{"text":"guidance,","start":7041.044,"end":7041.69},{"text":"and","start":7041.77,"end":7041.835},{"text":"capacity-building","start":7041.9,"end":7042.727},{"text":"support","start":7042.809,"end":7043.312},{"text":"enabled","start":7043.702,"end":7044.189},{"text":"an","start":7044.189,"end":7044.237},{"text":"inclusive","start":7044.367,"end":7045.033},{"text":"national","start":7045.114,"end":7045.471},{"text":"process","start":7045.569,"end":7045.958},{"text":"involving","start":7046.447,"end":7046.92},{"text":"relevant","start":7046.953,"end":7047.442},{"text":"government","start":7047.442,"end":7048.094},{"text":"and","start":7048.094,"end":7048.16},{"text":"multi-stakeholders.","start":7048.241,"end":7049.366}]},{"text":"In partnership with UNIDIR, Mauritius also had the privilege of co-organizing a side event on Monday as a pre-launch of our national position.","start":7050.91,"end":7059.716,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7050.91,"end":7050.958},{"text":"partnership","start":7051.071,"end":7051.507},{"text":"with","start":7051.507,"end":7051.734},{"text":"UNIDIR,","start":7051.734,"end":7052.17},{"text":"Mauritius","start":7052.186,"end":7052.816},{"text":"also","start":7052.962,"end":7053.252},{"text":"had","start":7053.269,"end":7053.462},{"text":"the","start":7053.462,"end":7053.608},{"text":"privilege","start":7053.608,"end":7054.06},{"text":"of","start":7054.416,"end":7054.513},{"text":"co-organizing","start":7054.577,"end":7055.418},{"text":"a","start":7055.773,"end":7055.789},{"text":"side","start":7055.789,"end":7056.258},{"text":"event","start":7056.258,"end":7056.581},{"text":"on","start":7056.581,"end":7056.678},{"text":"Monday","start":7056.678,"end":7057.163},{"text":"as","start":7057.486,"end":7057.534},{"text":"a","start":7057.583,"end":7057.599},{"text":"pre-launch","start":7057.712,"end":7058.181},{"text":"of","start":7058.439,"end":7058.585},{"text":"our","start":7058.681,"end":7058.778},{"text":"national","start":7058.795,"end":7059.215},{"text":"position.","start":7059.263,"end":7059.716}]},{"text":"The process of developing our national position has demonstrated that this is not merely a legal drafting exercise.","start":7060.562,"end":7067.62,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7060.562,"end":7060.708},{"text":"process","start":7060.708,"end":7061.015},{"text":"of","start":7061.128,"end":7061.258},{"text":"developing","start":7061.29,"end":7061.825},{"text":"our","start":7061.938,"end":7062.035},{"text":"national","start":7062.035,"end":7062.472},{"text":"position","start":7062.488,"end":7063.023},{"text":"has","start":7063.217,"end":7063.362},{"text":"demonstrated","start":7063.46,"end":7064.253},{"text":"that","start":7064.69,"end":7064.9},{"text":"this","start":7064.933,"end":7065.046},{"text":"is","start":7065.111,"end":7065.224},{"text":"not","start":7065.24,"end":7065.37},{"text":"merely","start":7065.483,"end":7065.904},{"text":"a","start":7066.05,"end":7066.131},{"text":"legal","start":7066.131,"end":7066.535},{"text":"drafting","start":7066.535,"end":7066.924},{"text":"exercise.","start":7067.021,"end":7067.62}]},{"text":"It is a valuable capacity-building process that strengthens institutional knowledge, promotes dialogue among legal, technical, diplomatic, and policy communities, and builds a common national understanding of the legal issues arising from the use of ICTs.","start":7068.268,"end":7085.362,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":7068.268,"end":7068.413},{"text":"is","start":7068.413,"end":7068.559},{"text":"a","start":7068.559,"end":7068.591},{"text":"valuable","start":7068.591,"end":7069.142},{"text":"capacity-building","start":7069.142,"end":7070.179},{"text":"process","start":7070.212,"end":7070.805},{"text":"that","start":7071.117,"end":7071.282},{"text":"strengthens","start":7071.282,"end":7071.907},{"text":"institutional","start":7072.15,"end":7072.84},{"text":"knowledge,","start":7072.84,"end":7073.354},{"text":"promotes","start":7073.787,"end":7074.204},{"text":"dialogue","start":7074.253,"end":7074.831},{"text":"among","start":7074.831,"end":7075.007},{"text":"legal,","start":7075.136,"end":7075.441},{"text":"technical,","start":7075.794,"end":7076.42},{"text":"diplomatic,","start":7076.693,"end":7077.399},{"text":"and","start":7077.64,"end":7077.704},{"text":"policy","start":7077.865,"end":7078.266},{"text":"communities,","start":7078.266,"end":7078.972},{"text":"and","start":7079.39,"end":7079.47},{"text":"builds","start":7079.566,"end":7079.855},{"text":"a","start":7080.048,"end":7080.112},{"text":"common","start":7080.112,"end":7080.417},{"text":"national","start":7080.514,"end":7080.915},{"text":"understanding","start":7080.931,"end":7081.621},{"text":"of","start":7082.055,"end":7082.151},{"text":"the","start":7082.151,"end":7082.28},{"text":"legal","start":7082.28,"end":7082.585},{"text":"issues","start":7082.761,"end":7083.147},{"text":"arising","start":7083.339,"end":7083.837},{"text":"from","start":7083.885,"end":7084.062},{"text":"the","start":7084.062,"end":7084.206},{"text":"use","start":7084.286,"end":7084.415},{"text":"of","start":7084.624,"end":7084.72},{"text":"ICTs.","start":7084.848,"end":7085.362}]},{"text":"We share the views of Italy, New Zealand, Germany, and many others in that capacity building is a key enabler for advancing discussions on international law in cyberspace.","start":7086.47,"end":7096.632,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7086.47,"end":7086.614},{"text":"share","start":7086.614,"end":7086.871},{"text":"the","start":7086.871,"end":7086.951},{"text":"views","start":7086.951,"end":7087.321},{"text":"of","start":7087.417,"end":7087.561},{"text":"Italy,","start":7087.577,"end":7087.882},{"text":"New","start":7088.011,"end":7088.316},{"text":"Zealand,","start":7088.316,"end":7088.685},{"text":"Germany,","start":7088.717,"end":7089.167},{"text":"and","start":7089.279,"end":7089.424},{"text":"many","start":7089.424,"end":7089.681},{"text":"others","start":7089.745,"end":7090.05},{"text":"in","start":7090.467,"end":7090.547},{"text":"that","start":7090.564,"end":7090.708},{"text":"capacity","start":7090.708,"end":7091.334},{"text":"building","start":7091.366,"end":7091.735},{"text":"is","start":7092.073,"end":7092.121},{"text":"a","start":7092.169,"end":7092.249},{"text":"key","start":7092.249,"end":7092.57},{"text":"enabler","start":7092.57,"end":7093.132},{"text":"for","start":7093.373,"end":7093.453},{"text":"advancing","start":7093.453,"end":7093.983},{"text":"discussions","start":7094.095,"end":7094.625},{"text":"on","start":7094.738,"end":7094.786},{"text":"international","start":7094.882,"end":7095.524},{"text":"law","start":7095.524,"end":7095.765},{"text":"in","start":7095.781,"end":7095.829},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":7095.861,"end":7096.632}]},{"text":"Many developing countries, possess the willingness to engage substantively in these discussions but continue to face constraints in terms of specialized expertise, institutional capacity, and resources.","start":7097.467,"end":7110.837,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Many","start":7097.467,"end":7097.692},{"text":"developing","start":7097.788,"end":7098.286},{"text":"countries,","start":7098.334,"end":7098.799},{"text":"possess","start":7098.88,"end":7099.249},{"text":"the","start":7099.473,"end":7099.554},{"text":"willingness","start":7099.618,"end":7100.067},{"text":"to","start":7100.18,"end":7100.324},{"text":"engage","start":7100.34,"end":7100.805},{"text":"substantively","start":7101.159,"end":7102.089},{"text":"in","start":7102.186,"end":7102.25},{"text":"these","start":7102.282,"end":7102.491},{"text":"discussions","start":7102.523,"end":7103.133},{"text":"but","start":7103.727,"end":7103.823},{"text":"continue","start":7103.887,"end":7104.449},{"text":"to","start":7104.449,"end":7104.529},{"text":"face","start":7104.529,"end":7104.882},{"text":"constraints","start":7105.011,"end":7105.797},{"text":"in","start":7106.038,"end":7106.086},{"text":"terms","start":7106.134,"end":7106.471},{"text":"of","start":7106.6,"end":7106.712},{"text":"specialized","start":7106.712,"end":7107.514},{"text":"expertise,","start":7107.514,"end":7108.189},{"text":"institutional","start":7108.702,"end":7109.408},{"text":"capacity,","start":7109.408,"end":7110.002},{"text":"and","start":7110.131,"end":7110.195},{"text":"resources.","start":7110.227,"end":7110.837}]},{"text":"Tailored, demand-driven capacity-building initiatives empower states to develop their own national positions, participate more effectively in international processes, and contribute meaningfully to the development of shared understandings on the application of international law in cyberspace.","start":7111.816,"end":7129.42,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."},{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Tailored,","start":7111.816,"end":7112.313},{"text":"demand-driven","start":7112.474,"end":7113.164},{"text":"capacity-building","start":7113.26,"end":7114.127},{"text":"initiatives","start":7114.159,"end":7114.849},{"text":"empower","start":7115.186,"end":7115.604},{"text":"states","start":7115.62,"end":7116.165},{"text":"to","start":7116.165,"end":7116.294},{"text":"develop","start":7116.326,"end":7116.791},{"text":"their","start":7116.807,"end":7116.92},{"text":"own","start":7117.032,"end":7117.193},{"text":"national","start":7117.193,"end":7117.61},{"text":"positions,","start":7117.61,"end":7118.22},{"text":"participate","start":7118.653,"end":7119.359},{"text":"more","start":7119.359,"end":7119.632},{"text":"effectively","start":7119.632,"end":7120.322},{"text":"in","start":7120.403,"end":7120.499},{"text":"international","start":7120.499,"end":7121.125},{"text":"processes,","start":7121.125,"end":7121.67},{"text":"and","start":7122.184,"end":7122.248},{"text":"contribute","start":7122.329,"end":7122.971},{"text":"meaningfully","start":7122.971,"end":7123.613},{"text":"to","start":7123.613,"end":7123.709},{"text":"the","start":7123.709,"end":7123.869},{"text":"development","start":7123.869,"end":7124.559},{"text":"of","start":7124.736,"end":7124.784},{"text":"shared","start":7124.832,"end":7125.217},{"text":"understandings","start":7125.217,"end":7126.083},{"text":"on","start":7126.42,"end":7126.485},{"text":"the","start":7126.517,"end":7126.613},{"text":"application","start":7126.613,"end":7127.287},{"text":"of","start":7127.383,"end":7127.495},{"text":"international","start":7127.495,"end":7128.073},{"text":"law","start":7128.185,"end":7128.313},{"text":"in","start":7128.442,"end":7128.49},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":7128.522,"end":7129.42}]},{"text":"In this context, Mauritius welcomes the continued efforts of the Global Mechanism and the DGGs to facilitate practical cooperation and support capacity-building initiatives that respond to the needs and priorities identified by states.","start":7130.848,"end":7146.088,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7130.848,"end":7130.896},{"text":"this","start":7130.928,"end":7131.169},{"text":"context,","start":7131.169,"end":7131.666},{"text":"Mauritius","start":7131.714,"end":7132.211},{"text":"welcomes","start":7132.211,"end":7132.661},{"text":"the","start":7132.773,"end":7132.853},{"text":"continued","start":7132.853,"end":7133.35},{"text":"efforts","start":7133.415,"end":7133.8},{"text":"of","start":7134.12,"end":7134.201},{"text":"the","start":7134.201,"end":7134.297},{"text":"Global","start":7134.297,"end":7134.65},{"text":"Mechanism","start":7134.682,"end":7135.292},{"text":"and","start":7135.58,"end":7135.741},{"text":"the","start":7135.741,"end":7135.821},{"text":"DGGs","start":7135.885,"end":7136.527},{"text":"to","start":7136.864,"end":7136.944},{"text":"facilitate","start":7136.944,"end":7137.666},{"text":"practical","start":7137.666,"end":7138.195},{"text":"cooperation","start":7138.211,"end":7138.981},{"text":"and","start":7139.35,"end":7139.414},{"text":"support","start":7139.43,"end":7139.912},{"text":"capacity-building","start":7139.912,"end":7140.762},{"text":"initiatives","start":7140.858,"end":7141.484},{"text":"that","start":7141.821,"end":7141.981},{"text":"respond","start":7141.981,"end":7142.591},{"text":"to","start":7142.655,"end":7142.767},{"text":"the","start":7142.799,"end":7142.879},{"text":"needs","start":7142.879,"end":7143.248},{"text":"and","start":7143.361,"end":7143.425},{"text":"priorities","start":7143.521,"end":7144.211},{"text":"identified","start":7144.564,"end":7145.302},{"text":"by","start":7145.35,"end":7145.526},{"text":"states.","start":7145.526,"end":7146.088}]},{"text":"Mauritius remains available to share its experience and lessons learned from the development of our national position with other interested states.","start":7147.034,"end":7156.166,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Mauritius","start":7147.034,"end":7147.515},{"text":"remains","start":7147.515,"end":7147.9},{"text":"available","start":7147.933,"end":7148.446},{"text":"to","start":7148.494,"end":7148.638},{"text":"share","start":7148.638,"end":7148.927},{"text":"its","start":7149.521,"end":7149.633},{"text":"experience","start":7149.633,"end":7150.339},{"text":"and","start":7150.339,"end":7150.483},{"text":"lessons","start":7150.483,"end":7150.788},{"text":"learned","start":7150.884,"end":7151.221},{"text":"from","start":7151.542,"end":7151.687},{"text":"the","start":7151.703,"end":7151.847},{"text":"development","start":7151.847,"end":7152.522},{"text":"of","start":7152.586,"end":7152.73},{"text":"our","start":7152.73,"end":7152.843},{"text":"national","start":7152.843,"end":7153.437},{"text":"position","start":7153.453,"end":7153.903},{"text":"with","start":7154.272,"end":7154.689},{"text":"other","start":7154.818,"end":7155.059},{"text":"interested","start":7155.075,"end":7155.685},{"text":"states.","start":7155.781,"end":7156.166}]},{"text":"We hope that our experience will encourage more states to embark on similar processes, thereby contributing to greater transparency, confidence, and a deeper common understanding of the application of international law in cyberspace.","start":7156.584,"end":7171.42,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7156.584,"end":7156.68},{"text":"hope","start":7156.68,"end":7157.001},{"text":"that","start":7157.001,"end":7157.226},{"text":"our","start":7157.242,"end":7157.339},{"text":"experience","start":7157.339,"end":7158.109},{"text":"will","start":7158.591,"end":7158.832},{"text":"encourage","start":7158.832,"end":7159.378},{"text":"more","start":7159.394,"end":7159.587},{"text":"states","start":7159.587,"end":7160.132},{"text":"to","start":7160.132,"end":7160.261},{"text":"embark","start":7160.277,"end":7160.694},{"text":"on","start":7160.694,"end":7160.743},{"text":"similar","start":7160.839,"end":7161.24},{"text":"processes,","start":7161.24,"end":7161.786},{"text":"thereby","start":7162.059,"end":7162.525},{"text":"contributing","start":7162.525,"end":7163.231},{"text":"to","start":7163.344,"end":7163.472},{"text":"greater","start":7163.488,"end":7163.825},{"text":"transparency,","start":7163.825,"end":7164.548},{"text":"confidence,","start":7164.869,"end":7165.383},{"text":"and","start":7165.511,"end":7165.576},{"text":"a","start":7165.608,"end":7165.624},{"text":"deeper","start":7165.752,"end":7166.218},{"text":"common","start":7166.539,"end":7166.844},{"text":"understanding","start":7166.876,"end":7167.647},{"text":"of","start":7168.145,"end":7168.209},{"text":"the","start":7168.225,"end":7168.321},{"text":"application","start":7168.321,"end":7168.915},{"text":"of","start":7169.349,"end":7169.493},{"text":"international","start":7169.526,"end":7170.232},{"text":"law","start":7170.232,"end":7170.328},{"text":"in","start":7170.569,"end":7170.617},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":7170.73,"end":7171.42}]},{"text":"I thank you very much, Chair.","start":7171.774,"end":7172.897,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7171.774,"end":7171.806},{"text":"thank","start":7171.854,"end":7172.095},{"text":"you","start":7172.095,"end":7172.175},{"text":"very","start":7172.175,"end":7172.352},{"text":"much,","start":7172.352,"end":7172.673},{"text":"Chair.","start":7172.721,"end":7172.897}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"MUS","affiliation_full":"Mauritius","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":61,"start":7174.198,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=7175","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchísimas gracias.","start":7174.198,"end":7175.884,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchísimas","start":7174.198,"end":7175.113},{"text":"gracias.","start":7175.145,"end":7175.884}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":7176.045,"end":7176.767,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7176.045,"end":7176.334},{"text":"you","start":7176.334,"end":7176.366},{"text":"very","start":7176.43,"end":7176.558},{"text":"much.","start":7176.59,"end":7176.767}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to Venezuela, to be followed by Vanuatu.","start":7177.32,"end":7181.063,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7177.32,"end":7177.402},{"text":"now","start":7177.402,"end":7177.581},{"text":"give","start":7177.957,"end":7178.088},{"text":"the","start":7178.203,"end":7178.301},{"text":"floor","start":7178.301,"end":7178.66},{"text":"to","start":7178.775,"end":7179.118},{"text":"Venezuela,","start":7179.216,"end":7179.919},{"text":"to","start":7179.935,"end":7180.082},{"text":"be","start":7180.082,"end":7180.164},{"text":"followed","start":7180.164,"end":7180.426},{"text":"by","start":7180.426,"end":7180.589},{"text":"Vanuatu.","start":7180.589,"end":7181.063}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":62,"start":7184.622,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=7185","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chair.","start":7184.622,"end":7186.669,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7184.622,"end":7184.912},{"text":"you","start":7184.96,"end":7185.105},{"text":"very","start":7185.105,"end":7185.299},{"text":"much,","start":7185.299,"end":7185.653},{"text":"Chair.","start":7186.314,"end":7186.669}]},{"text":"The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela shares the view of other states whereby we believe that there is no universal and consensual opinion on the applicability of international law and international humanitarian law to cyberspace.","start":7187.039,"end":7202.026,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. 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we reiterate, as we have indicated previously, that it is of the utmost importance that we preserve the principle of consensus in all decisions and activities of the global mechanism, including those undertaken under the thematic 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Vanuatu","start":7325.05,"end":7325.467},{"text":"believes","start":7325.547,"end":7326.076},{"text":"in","start":7326.252,"end":7326.3},{"text":"international","start":7326.412,"end":7327.214},{"text":"law,","start":7327.214,"end":7327.262},{"text":"not","start":7328.031,"end":7328.271},{"text":"rhetorically,","start":7328.335,"end":7329.04},{"text":"but","start":7329.233,"end":7329.457},{"text":"as","start":7329.457,"end":7329.521},{"text":"a","start":7329.633,"end":7329.697},{"text":"matter","start":7329.697,"end":7330.018},{"text":"of","start":7330.098,"end":7330.338},{"text":"demonstrated","start":7330.338,"end":7331.124},{"text":"national","start":7331.3,"end":7331.797},{"text":"conviction.","start":7331.797,"end":7332.405}]},{"text":"When our people face the gravest threat to their future, we took the question of states' climate obligations to the International Court of Justice, and the world followed.","start":7333.239,"end":7343.837,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"When","start":7333.239,"end":7333.351},{"text":"our","start":7333.543,"end":7333.607},{"text":"people","start":7333.639,"end":7334.056},{"text":"face","start":7334.104,"end":7334.408},{"text":"the","start":7334.44,"end":7334.585},{"text":"gravest","start":7334.585,"end":7335.178},{"text":"threat","start":7335.129,"end":7335.562},{"text":"to","start":7335.562,"end":7335.738},{"text":"their","start":7335.786,"end":7335.914},{"text":"future,","start":7335.962,"end":7336.572},{"text":"we","start":7337.085,"end":7337.165},{"text":"took","start":7337.229,"end":7337.47},{"text":"the","start":7337.47,"end":7337.566},{"text":"question","start":7337.566,"end":7338.111},{"text":"of","start":7338.111,"end":7338.224},{"text":"states'","start":7338.224,"end":7338.705},{"text":"climate","start":7338.833,"end":7339.234},{"text":"obligations","start":7339.234,"end":7340.02},{"text":"to","start":7340.052,"end":7340.212},{"text":"the","start":7340.212,"end":7340.373},{"text":"International","start":7340.373,"end":7340.998},{"text":"Court","start":7341.094,"end":7341.399},{"text":"of","start":7341.399,"end":7341.543},{"text":"Justice,","start":7341.559,"end":7342.073},{"text":"and","start":7342.762,"end":7342.859},{"text":"the","start":7342.859,"end":7343.003},{"text":"world","start":7343.003,"end":7343.275},{"text":"followed.","start":7343.324,"end":7343.837}]},{"text":"We bring the same conviction to this pillar.","start":7344.607,"end":7347.028,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7344.607,"end":7344.703},{"text":"bring","start":7344.703,"end":7344.991},{"text":"the","start":7345.008,"end":7345.088},{"text":"same","start":7345.088,"end":7345.376},{"text":"conviction","start":7345.489,"end":7346.098},{"text":"to","start":7346.21,"end":7346.355},{"text":"this","start":7346.387,"end":7346.563},{"text":"pillar.","start":7346.627,"end":7347.028}]},{"text":"For states without armies of scale or arsenals of deterrence, the rule of law is not one security strategy among several.","start":7347.654,"end":7356.154,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":7347.654,"end":7347.83},{"text":"states","start":7347.83,"end":7348.311},{"text":"without","start":7348.311,"end":7348.712},{"text":"armies","start":7348.776,"end":7349.001},{"text":"of","start":7349.113,"end":7349.241},{"text":"scale","start":7349.257,"end":7349.626},{"text":"or","start":7349.899,"end":7350.059},{"text":"arsenals","start":7350.059,"end":7350.605},{"text":"of","start":7350.781,"end":7350.829},{"text":"deterrence,","start":7350.941,"end":7351.551},{"text":"the","start":7352.16,"end":7352.305},{"text":"rule","start":7352.321,"end":7352.545},{"text":"of","start":7352.545,"end":7352.625},{"text":"law","start":7352.786,"end":7352.914},{"text":"is","start":7353.106,"end":7353.171},{"text":"not","start":7353.283,"end":7353.604},{"text":"one","start":7353.604,"end":7353.844},{"text":"security","start":7353.844,"end":7354.502},{"text":"strategy","start":7354.502,"end":7355.143},{"text":"among","start":7355.287,"end":7355.576},{"text":"several.","start":7355.608,"end":7356.154}]},{"text":"It is the security strategy.","start":7356.731,"end":7358.511,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":7356.731,"end":7356.875},{"text":"is","start":7356.875,"end":7356.939},{"text":"the","start":7357.116,"end":7357.292},{"text":"security","start":7357.292,"end":7357.934},{"text":"strategy.","start":7357.934,"end":7358.511}]},{"text":"Vanuatu, therefore, reaffirms, as we did through the OEWG, that international law, with the Charter of the United Nations at its core, applies in full to state conduct in cyberspace.","start":7359.457,"end":7374.024,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Vanuatu,","start":7359.457,"end":7359.954},{"text":"therefore,","start":7360.083,"end":7360.676},{"text":"reaffirms,","start":7360.966,"end":7361.591},{"text":"as","start":7361.944,"end":7361.992},{"text":"we","start":7362.105,"end":7362.297},{"text":"did","start":7362.329,"end":7362.57},{"text":"through","start":7362.811,"end":7363.099},{"text":"the","start":7363.148,"end":7363.404},{"text":"OEWG,","start":7363.613,"end":7364.19},{"text":"that","start":7365.153,"end":7365.361},{"text":"international","start":7365.458,"end":7366.083},{"text":"law,","start":7366.26,"end":7366.372},{"text":"with","start":7366.917,"end":7367.078},{"text":"the","start":7367.078,"end":7367.158},{"text":"Charter","start":7367.222,"end":7367.639},{"text":"of","start":7367.639,"end":7367.736},{"text":"the","start":7367.736,"end":7367.864},{"text":"United","start":7367.864,"end":7368.409},{"text":"Nations","start":7368.441,"end":7368.971},{"text":"at","start":7369.228,"end":7369.404},{"text":"its","start":7369.42,"end":7369.597},{"text":"core,","start":7369.725,"end":7369.917},{"text":"applies","start":7370.527,"end":7371.056},{"text":"in","start":7371.329,"end":7371.393},{"text":"full","start":7371.49,"end":7371.842},{"text":"to","start":7371.971,"end":7372.067},{"text":"state","start":7372.067,"end":7372.532},{"text":"conduct","start":7372.532,"end":7373.094},{"text":"in","start":7373.094,"end":7373.142},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":7373.174,"end":7374.024}]},{"text":"The obligations that follow are not abstractions: respect for sovereignty and the sovereign equality of states, the peaceful settlement of disputes, refraining from the threat or use of force and non-intervention in matters within domestic jurisdiction.","start":7374.923,"end":7391.899,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7374.923,"end":7374.987},{"text":"obligations","start":7375.019,"end":7375.789},{"text":"that","start":7375.821,"end":7376.029},{"text":"follow","start":7376.046,"end":7376.318},{"text":"are","start":7376.607,"end":7376.687},{"text":"not","start":7376.703,"end":7377.024},{"text":"abstractions:","start":7377.024,"end":7377.842},{"text":"respect","start":7378.548,"end":7378.981},{"text":"for","start":7379.013,"end":7379.126},{"text":"sovereignty","start":7379.126,"end":7379.88},{"text":"and","start":7380.072,"end":7380.136},{"text":"the","start":7380.233,"end":7380.297},{"text":"sovereign","start":7380.297,"end":7380.73},{"text":"equality","start":7380.73,"end":7381.291},{"text":"of","start":7381.291,"end":7381.404},{"text":"states,","start":7381.42,"end":7381.997},{"text":"the","start":7382.559,"end":7382.703},{"text":"peaceful","start":7382.703,"end":7383.072},{"text":"settlement","start":7383.12,"end":7383.762},{"text":"of","start":7383.762,"end":7383.906},{"text":"disputes,","start":7383.906,"end":7384.532},{"text":"refraining","start":7385.286,"end":7385.895},{"text":"from","start":7385.928,"end":7386.136},{"text":"the","start":7386.248,"end":7386.329},{"text":"threat","start":7386.329,"end":7386.81},{"text":"or","start":7386.81,"end":7386.954},{"text":"use","start":7386.954,"end":7387.211},{"text":"of","start":7387.211,"end":7387.339},{"text":"force","start":7387.42,"end":7387.725},{"text":"and","start":7388.335,"end":7388.399},{"text":"non-intervention","start":7388.495,"end":7389.507},{"text":"in","start":7389.603,"end":7389.667},{"text":"matters","start":7389.7,"end":7390.069},{"text":"within","start":7390.245,"end":7390.47},{"text":"domestic","start":7390.583,"end":7391.145},{"text":"jurisdiction.","start":7391.145,"end":7391.899}]},{"text":"We further reaffirmed the applicability of international human rights law to the online sphere and of international humanitarian law to cyber activities in armed conflict, a body of law whose purpose is humanitarian protection and whose affirmation makes conflict less cruel, not more likely.","start":7392.734,"end":7412.388,"topics":[{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7392.734,"end":7392.782},{"text":"further","start":7392.815,"end":7393.216},{"text":"reaffirmed","start":7393.216,"end":7393.842},{"text":"the","start":7393.874,"end":7394.003},{"text":"applicability","start":7394.035,"end":7394.918},{"text":"of","start":7394.918,"end":7395.046},{"text":"international","start":7395.079,"end":7395.673},{"text":"human","start":7395.785,"end":7396.106},{"text":"rights","start":7396.106,"end":7396.524},{"text":"law","start":7396.588,"end":7396.636},{"text":"to","start":7397.246,"end":7397.342},{"text":"the","start":7397.342,"end":7397.455},{"text":"online","start":7397.551,"end":7397.856},{"text":"sphere","start":7397.888,"end":7398.306},{"text":"and","start":7398.852,"end":7398.948},{"text":"of","start":7398.996,"end":7399.109},{"text":"international","start":7399.173,"end":7399.831},{"text":"humanitarian","start":7399.879,"end":7400.698},{"text":"law","start":7400.698,"end":7400.923},{"text":"to","start":7400.939,"end":7401.036},{"text":"cyber","start":7401.036,"end":7401.549},{"text":"activities","start":7401.565,"end":7402.272},{"text":"in","start":7402.465,"end":7402.513},{"text":"armed","start":7402.689,"end":7402.834},{"text":"conflict,","start":7402.866,"end":7403.572},{"text":"a","start":7403.99,"end":7404.006},{"text":"body","start":7404.15,"end":7404.44},{"text":"of","start":7404.456,"end":7404.568},{"text":"law","start":7404.632,"end":7404.712},{"text":"whose","start":7404.873,"end":7405.082},{"text":"purpose","start":7405.178,"end":7405.628},{"text":"is","start":7405.66,"end":7405.724},{"text":"humanitarian","start":7405.756,"end":7406.527},{"text":"protection","start":7406.623,"end":7407.169},{"text":"and","start":7407.827,"end":7407.892},{"text":"whose","start":7407.988,"end":7408.181},{"text":"affirmation","start":7408.55,"end":7409.16},{"text":"makes","start":7409.208,"end":7409.529},{"text":"conflict","start":7409.529,"end":7410.156},{"text":"less","start":7410.156,"end":7410.284},{"text":"cruel,","start":7410.493,"end":7410.942},{"text":"not","start":7411.392,"end":7411.569},{"text":"more","start":7411.697,"end":7411.858},{"text":"likely.","start":7411.858,"end":7412.388}]},{"text":"Vanuatu attaches particular importance to the law of state responsibility and to the due diligence expectations that accompany sovereignty over ICT infrastructure.","start":7413.366,"end":7424.406,"topics":[{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"Vanuatu","start":7413.366,"end":7413.831},{"text":"attaches","start":7413.927,"end":7414.472},{"text":"particular","start":7414.584,"end":7415.289},{"text":"importance","start":7415.305,"end":7416.01},{"text":"to","start":7416.01,"end":7416.154},{"text":"the","start":7416.17,"end":7416.33},{"text":"law","start":7416.33,"end":7416.459},{"text":"of","start":7416.651,"end":7416.715},{"text":"state","start":7416.747,"end":7417.131},{"text":"responsibility","start":7417.131,"end":7418.157},{"text":"and","start":7418.83,"end":7418.894},{"text":"to","start":7418.974,"end":7419.118},{"text":"the","start":7419.15,"end":7419.311},{"text":"due","start":7419.311,"end":7419.615},{"text":"diligence","start":7419.775,"end":7420.288},{"text":"expectations","start":7420.352,"end":7421.201},{"text":"that","start":7421.233,"end":7421.378},{"text":"accompany","start":7421.394,"end":7421.922},{"text":"sovereignty","start":7421.97,"end":7422.723},{"text":"over","start":7422.836,"end":7423.06},{"text":"ICT","start":7423.14,"end":7423.541},{"text":"infrastructure.","start":7423.541,"end":7424.406}]},{"text":"For states like ours, clarity on these questions determines whether accountability for malicious activity is a realistic prospect or a theoretical one.","start":7425.063,"end":7436.647,"topics":[{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":7425.063,"end":7425.239},{"text":"states","start":7425.239,"end":7425.704},{"text":"like","start":7425.704,"end":7425.816},{"text":"ours,","start":7426.024,"end":7426.249},{"text":"clarity","start":7426.986,"end":7427.53},{"text":"on","start":7427.626,"end":7427.771},{"text":"these","start":7427.803,"end":7428.011},{"text":"questions","start":7428.123,"end":7428.732},{"text":"determines","start":7428.844,"end":7429.453},{"text":"whether","start":7429.501,"end":7429.693},{"text":"accountability","start":7429.709,"end":7430.735},{"text":"for","start":7431.392,"end":7431.472},{"text":"malicious","start":7431.472,"end":7432.033},{"text":"activity","start":7432.113,"end":7432.738},{"text":"is","start":7432.834,"end":7432.882},{"text":"a","start":7432.946,"end":7433.074},{"text":"realistic","start":7433.074,"end":7433.635},{"text":"prospect","start":7433.635,"end":7434.308},{"text":"or","start":7434.757,"end":7434.805},{"text":"a","start":7434.853,"end":7434.933},{"text":"theoretical","start":7434.933,"end":7436.471},{"text":"one.","start":7436.519,"end":7436.647}]},{"text":"We were encouraged that the OEWG's final report captured convergence in these areas, and we consider that record the floor for the mechanism's legal discussions, not their ceiling.","start":7437.737,"end":7449.805,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. 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Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7466.872,"end":7467.033},{"text":"commend","start":7467.033,"end":7467.498},{"text":"the","start":7467.498,"end":7467.594},{"text":"states,","start":7467.594,"end":7468.139},{"text":"including","start":7468.219,"end":7468.764},{"text":"in","start":7468.86,"end":7468.908},{"text":"our","start":7468.956,"end":7469.181},{"text":"own","start":7469.261,"end":7469.309},{"text":"region,","start":7469.437,"end":7469.79},{"text":"whose","start":7470.383,"end":7470.527},{"text":"published","start":7470.64,"end":7471.121},{"text":"positions","start":7471.121,"end":7471.698},{"text":"have","start":7471.762,"end":7472.002},{"text":"enriched","start":7472.083,"end":7472.483},{"text":"the","start":7472.483,"end":7472.628},{"text":"collective","start":7472.628,"end":7473.173},{"text":"picture,","start":7473.269,"end":7473.75},{"text":"and","start":7474.247,"end":7474.311},{"text":"we","start":7474.391,"end":7474.503},{"text":"underline","start":7474.551,"end":7475.016},{"text":"that","start":7475.128,"end":7475.305},{"text":"developing","start":7475.305,"end":7475.802},{"text":"such","start":7475.85,"end":7476.138},{"text":"positions","start":7476.491,"end":7477.18},{"text":"is","start":7477.373,"end":7477.501},{"text":"itself","start":7477.533,"end":7477.998},{"text":"a","start":7478.255,"end":7478.335},{"text":"demanding","start":7478.335,"end":7478.816},{"text":"legal","start":7478.832,"end":7479.281},{"text":"exercise","start":7479.281,"end":7479.906},{"text":"for","start":7480.419,"end":7480.595},{"text":"a","start":7480.595,"end":7480.659},{"text":"small","start":7480.659,"end":7480.964},{"text":"foreign","start":7480.964,"end":7481.3},{"text":"ministry,","start":7481.365,"end":7481.91},{"text":"which","start":7482.583,"end":7482.711},{"text":"is","start":7482.759,"end":7482.872},{"text":"why","start":7482.968,"end":7483.144},{"text":"legal","start":7483.144,"end":7483.433},{"text":"capacity","start":7483.465,"end":7483.994},{"text":"building","start":7484.026,"end":7484.314},{"text":"must","start":7484.411,"end":7484.619},{"text":"remain","start":7484.651,"end":7485.036},{"text":"inseparable","start":7485.308,"end":7486.094},{"text":"from","start":7486.094,"end":7486.238},{"text":"this","start":7486.35,"end":7486.527},{"text":"pillar.","start":7486.591,"end":7486.96}]},{"text":"Vanuatu supports dedicating structured time in this mechanism, including within the thematic groups, to working through how the law applies in concrete situations so that legal discussion becomes a shared capability rather than a specialist preserve.","start":7487.553,"end":7504.935,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Law","start":7506.155,"end":7506.203},{"text":"serves","start":7506.332,"end":7506.701},{"text":"those","start":7506.878,"end":7507.102},{"text":"who","start":7507.199,"end":7507.44},{"text":"can","start":7507.44,"end":7507.68},{"text":"invoke","start":7507.68,"end":7508.242},{"text":"it.","start":7508.323,"end":7508.403}]},{"text":"Vanuatu's aim in this pillar is a cyberspace in which every state, whatever its size, can.","start":7509.045,"end":7515.211,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Vanuatu's","start":7509.045,"end":7509.623},{"text":"aim","start":7509.768,"end":7509.896},{"text":"in","start":7510.089,"end":7510.153},{"text":"this","start":7510.185,"end":7510.378},{"text":"pillar","start":7510.506,"end":7510.828},{"text":"is","start":7510.988,"end":7511.036},{"text":"a","start":7511.084,"end":7511.101},{"text":"cyberspace","start":7511.149,"end":7511.919},{"text":"in","start":7512.112,"end":7512.16},{"text":"which","start":7512.257,"end":7512.401},{"text":"every","start":7512.578,"end":7512.851},{"text":"state,","start":7512.851,"end":7513.413},{"text":"whatever","start":7513.862,"end":7514.28},{"text":"its","start":7514.28,"end":7514.424},{"text":"size,","start":7514.424,"end":7514.81},{"text":"can.","start":7514.922,"end":7515.211}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":7515.645,"end":7516.223,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7515.645,"end":7515.805},{"text":"thank","start":7515.805,"end":7516.11},{"text":"you.","start":7516.11,"end":7516.223}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"VUT","affiliation_full":"Vanuatu","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":65,"start":7519.454,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=7520","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":7519.454,"end":7520.14,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7519.454,"end":7519.65},{"text":"you","start":7519.699,"end":7519.781},{"text":"very","start":7519.781,"end":7519.977},{"text":"much.","start":7519.977,"end":7520.14}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to China.","start":7520.287,"end":7522.345,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7520.287,"end":7520.304},{"text":"now","start":7520.304,"end":7520.483},{"text":"give","start":7520.598,"end":7520.826},{"text":"the","start":7520.859,"end":7520.941},{"text":"floor","start":7520.941,"end":7521.218},{"text":"to","start":7521.529,"end":7521.855},{"text":"China.","start":7521.921,"end":7522.345}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":66,"start":7527.26,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=7528","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":7527.26,"end":7528.178,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7527.26,"end":7527.453},{"text":"you,","start":7527.453,"end":7527.517},{"text":"Madam","start":7527.533,"end":7527.743},{"text":"Chair.","start":7527.84,"end":7528.178}]},{"text":"On the issue of international law, China wishes to further elaborate on the following 3 points.","start":7529.064,"end":7534.123,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":7529.064,"end":7529.128},{"text":"the","start":7529.145,"end":7529.225},{"text":"issue","start":7529.225,"end":7529.467},{"text":"of","start":7529.467,"end":7529.612},{"text":"international","start":7529.612,"end":7530.111},{"text":"law,","start":7530.111,"end":7530.192},{"text":"China","start":7530.82,"end":7531.046},{"text":"wishes","start":7531.078,"end":7531.368},{"text":"to","start":7531.465,"end":7531.513},{"text":"further","start":7531.561,"end":7531.771},{"text":"elaborate","start":7531.803,"end":7532.463},{"text":"on","start":7532.592,"end":7532.657},{"text":"the","start":7532.673,"end":7532.753},{"text":"following","start":7532.753,"end":7533.221},{"text":"3","start":7533.317,"end":7533.656},{"text":"points.","start":7533.656,"end":7534.123}]},{"text":"First, we must further underscore the role of the UN Charter and its purposes and principles as the cornerstone, especially the principles of sovereign equality, the prohibition of the use or threat of force, peaceful settlement of international disputes, and non-interference in the internal affairs of states.","start":7535.06,"end":7552.391,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"All","start":7569.866,"end":7569.946},{"text":"countries","start":7569.946,"end":7570.331},{"text":"should","start":7570.508,"end":7570.701},{"text":"explicitly","start":7570.701,"end":7571.342},{"text":"oppose","start":7571.342,"end":7571.615},{"text":"the","start":7571.647,"end":7571.792},{"text":"use","start":7571.792,"end":7571.984},{"text":"of","start":7571.984,"end":7572.065},{"text":"cyber","start":7572.113,"end":7572.386},{"text":"means","start":7572.386,"end":7572.658},{"text":"to","start":7572.755,"end":7572.819},{"text":"carry","start":7573.06,"end":7573.3},{"text":"out","start":7573.316,"end":7573.59},{"text":"acts","start":7573.718,"end":7573.847},{"text":"of","start":7573.911,"end":7574.039},{"text":"aggression.","start":7574.039,"end":7574.505}]},{"text":"Major countries in particular should use cyber technologies during armed conflicts with caution.","start":7574.682,"end":7580.127,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Major","start":7574.682,"end":7574.939},{"text":"countries","start":7574.939,"end":7575.34},{"text":"in","start":7575.34,"end":7575.388},{"text":"particular","start":7575.421,"end":7576.047},{"text":"should","start":7576.545,"end":7576.705},{"text":"use","start":7576.705,"end":7577.043},{"text":"cyber","start":7577.107,"end":7577.444},{"text":"technologies","start":7577.444,"end":7578.119},{"text":"during","start":7578.392,"end":7578.601},{"text":"armed","start":7578.777,"end":7578.954},{"text":"conflicts","start":7578.954,"end":7579.452},{"text":"with","start":7579.58,"end":7579.693},{"text":"caution.","start":7579.757,"end":7580.127}]},{"text":"All countries should uphold strategic communication to enhance mutual trust, resolve differences through consultation and dialogue, and prevent and avoid state-to-state cyber conflicts.","start":7580.464,"end":7590.342,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"All","start":7580.464,"end":7580.496},{"text":"countries","start":7580.496,"end":7580.93},{"text":"should","start":7580.962,"end":7581.122},{"text":"uphold","start":7581.122,"end":7581.508},{"text":"strategic","start":7581.508,"end":7581.99},{"text":"communication","start":7581.99,"end":7582.6},{"text":"to","start":7582.648,"end":7582.745},{"text":"enhance","start":7582.745,"end":7583.13},{"text":"mutual","start":7583.13,"end":7583.339},{"text":"trust,","start":7583.371,"end":7583.773},{"text":"resolve","start":7584.335,"end":7584.72},{"text":"differences","start":7584.72,"end":7585.186},{"text":"through","start":7585.298,"end":7585.588},{"text":"consultation","start":7585.604,"end":7586.391},{"text":"and","start":7586.407,"end":7586.503},{"text":"dialogue,","start":7586.503,"end":7586.985},{"text":"and","start":7587.467,"end":7587.531},{"text":"prevent","start":7587.611,"end":7588.173},{"text":"and","start":7588.173,"end":7588.254},{"text":"avoid","start":7588.254,"end":7588.72},{"text":"state-to-state","start":7588.816,"end":7589.49},{"text":"cyber","start":7589.49,"end":7589.796},{"text":"conflicts.","start":7589.796,"end":7590.342}]},{"text":"Major countries in particular should shoulder their responsibilities, take the lead in observing international rules in cyberspace instead of engaging in exceptionalism or selective application.","start":7591.145,"end":7601.822,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Major","start":7591.145,"end":7591.386},{"text":"countries","start":7591.386,"end":7591.771},{"text":"in","start":7591.964,"end":7592.028},{"text":"particular","start":7592.044,"end":7592.655},{"text":"should","start":7592.831,"end":7592.944},{"text":"shoulder","start":7592.944,"end":7593.249},{"text":"their","start":7593.265,"end":7593.393},{"text":"responsibilities,","start":7593.393,"end":7594.261},{"text":"take","start":7594.373,"end":7594.566},{"text":"the","start":7594.678,"end":7594.759},{"text":"lead","start":7594.775,"end":7595.112},{"text":"in","start":7595.24,"end":7595.305},{"text":"observing","start":7595.321,"end":7595.787},{"text":"international","start":7595.963,"end":7596.461},{"text":"rules","start":7596.461,"end":7596.67},{"text":"in","start":7596.863,"end":7596.943},{"text":"cyberspace","start":7596.943,"end":7597.537},{"text":"instead","start":7598.132,"end":7598.405},{"text":"of","start":7598.405,"end":7598.485},{"text":"engaging","start":7598.485,"end":7598.999},{"text":"in","start":7599.256,"end":7599.321},{"text":"exceptionalism","start":7599.353,"end":7600.354},{"text":"or","start":7600.628,"end":7600.66},{"text":"selective","start":7600.66,"end":7601.273},{"text":"application.","start":7601.273,"end":7601.822}]},{"text":"Second, the application of international humanitarian law in cyberspace must be handled with greater prudence.","start":7602.823,"end":7609.818,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":7602.823,"end":7603.307},{"text":"the","start":7604.194,"end":7604.436},{"text":"application","start":7604.662,"end":7605.211},{"text":"of","start":7605.308,"end":7605.404},{"text":"international","start":7605.404,"end":7606.082},{"text":"humanitarian","start":7606.114,"end":7606.647},{"text":"law","start":7606.776,"end":7606.889},{"text":"in","start":7607.099,"end":7607.179},{"text":"cyberspace","start":7607.179,"end":7607.793},{"text":"must","start":7607.922,"end":7608.132},{"text":"be","start":7608.132,"end":7608.196},{"text":"handled","start":7608.228,"end":7608.6},{"text":"with","start":7608.713,"end":7608.892},{"text":"greater","start":7608.957,"end":7609.363},{"text":"prudence.","start":7609.363,"end":7609.818}]},{"text":"The inherent legal and technical difficulties in applying the international humanitarian law in armed— in cyberspace remain unresolved.","start":7610.581,"end":7619.492,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7610.581,"end":7610.727},{"text":"inherent","start":7610.727,"end":7611.263},{"text":"legal","start":7612.839,"end":7613.082},{"text":"and","start":7613.082,"end":7613.18},{"text":"technical","start":7613.18,"end":7613.716},{"text":"difficulties","start":7613.732,"end":7614.284},{"text":"in","start":7614.398,"end":7614.479},{"text":"applying","start":7614.479,"end":7614.934},{"text":"the","start":7615.373,"end":7615.454},{"text":"international","start":7615.454,"end":7615.892},{"text":"humanitarian","start":7615.892,"end":7616.477},{"text":"law","start":7616.509,"end":7616.591},{"text":"in","start":7616.736,"end":7616.93},{"text":"armed—","start":7617.059,"end":7617.284},{"text":"in","start":7617.558,"end":7617.607},{"text":"cyberspace","start":7617.719,"end":7618.396},{"text":"remain","start":7618.429,"end":7618.735},{"text":"unresolved.","start":7618.832,"end":7619.492}]},{"text":"Furthermore, large tech companies from certain countries are deeply involved in geopolitical conflicts.","start":7620.04,"end":7624.795,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":7620.04,"end":7620.524},{"text":"large","start":7620.54,"end":7620.75},{"text":"tech","start":7620.862,"end":7621.024},{"text":"companies","start":7621.024,"end":7621.475},{"text":"from","start":7621.652,"end":7621.846},{"text":"certain","start":7621.846,"end":7622.168},{"text":"countries","start":7622.216,"end":7622.603},{"text":"are","start":7622.716,"end":7622.796},{"text":"deeply","start":7622.796,"end":7623.119},{"text":"involved","start":7623.119,"end":7623.602},{"text":"in","start":7623.602,"end":7623.731},{"text":"geopolitical","start":7623.828,"end":7624.392},{"text":"conflicts.","start":7624.392,"end":7624.795}]},{"text":"Posing new challenges to the application of IHL in cyberspace.","start":7625.367,"end":7629.119,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. 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A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7636.994,"end":7637.074},{"text":"involvement","start":7637.074,"end":7637.651},{"text":"of","start":7637.651,"end":7637.731},{"text":"tech","start":7637.731,"end":7637.956},{"text":"companies","start":7637.956,"end":7638.421},{"text":"makes","start":7638.598,"end":7638.806},{"text":"such","start":7638.806,"end":7638.95},{"text":"a","start":7638.998,"end":7639.014},{"text":"distinction","start":7639.014,"end":7639.544},{"text":"even","start":7639.64,"end":7639.864},{"text":"harder.","start":7639.88,"end":7640.362}]},{"text":"Whether their participation in armed conflicts complies with the principles of distinction and military necessity warrants close attention of all parties.","start":7640.923,"end":7649.006,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. 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Chair, China hopes that the DTGs under the global mechanism should take full— take into full consideration concerns of parties and advance discussion internationally in a balanced 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is willing to adopt a constructive attitude to participate in certain relevant discussions.","start":7696.437,"end":7702.499,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"China","start":7696.437,"end":7696.757},{"text":"is","start":7696.838,"end":7696.886},{"text":"willing","start":7696.998,"end":7697.206},{"text":"to","start":7697.303,"end":7697.495},{"text":"adopt","start":7698.345,"end":7698.842},{"text":"a","start":7698.842,"end":7698.858},{"text":"constructive","start":7699.323,"end":7699.869},{"text":"attitude","start":7699.869,"end":7700.253},{"text":"to","start":7700.269,"end":7700.366},{"text":"participate","start":7700.366,"end":7700.863},{"text":"in","start":7700.927,"end":7701.071},{"text":"certain","start":7701.071,"end":7701.456},{"text":"relevant","start":7701.793,"end":7702.05},{"text":"discussions.","start":7702.05,"end":7702.499}]},{"text":"Thank 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Japan.","start":7706.898,"end":7711.239,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7706.898,"end":7706.915},{"text":"now","start":7706.915,"end":7707.206},{"text":"give","start":7707.206,"end":7707.336},{"text":"the","start":7707.449,"end":7707.546},{"text":"floor","start":7707.546,"end":7707.822},{"text":"to","start":7708.032,"end":7708.453},{"text":"France,","start":7709.149,"end":7709.797},{"text":"to","start":7709.813,"end":7710.024},{"text":"be","start":7710.04,"end":7710.137},{"text":"followed","start":7710.137,"end":7710.607},{"text":"by","start":7710.607,"end":7710.785},{"text":"Japan.","start":7710.785,"end":7711.239}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":68,"start":7717.019,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=7718","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":7717.019,"end":7717.826,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7717.019,"end":7717.245},{"text":"you,","start":7717.245,"end":7717.277},{"text":"Madam","start":7717.294,"end":7717.503},{"text":"Chair.","start":7717.568,"end":7717.826}]},{"text":"My delegation aligns itself with this statement delivered by the European Union and would like to make the following remarks in its national 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me first I must recall that this is the first plenary mission of the Global Mechanism, the importance of discussions on the applicability of international law in all of its aspects, including naturally international humanitarian law.","start":7728.22,"end":7742.731,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":7728.22,"end":7728.409},{"text":"me","start":7728.409,"end":7728.564},{"text":"first","start":7728.564,"end":7729.149},{"text":"I","start":7729.066,"end":7729.082},{"text":"must","start":7729.242,"end":7730.254},{"text":"recall","start":7730.27,"end":7730.656},{"text":"that","start":7730.688,"end":7730.929},{"text":"this","start":7730.929,"end":7731.121},{"text":"is","start":7731.475,"end":7731.635},{"text":"the","start":7731.651,"end":7731.764},{"text":"first","start":7731.956,"end":7732.133},{"text":"plenary","start":7732.133,"end":7732.454},{"text":"mission","start":7732.454,"end":7732.711},{"text":"of","start":7732.711,"end":7732.791},{"text":"the","start":7732.839,"end":7732.92},{"text":"Global","start":7732.92,"end":7733.257},{"text":"Mechanism,","start":7733.418,"end":7733.996},{"text":"the","start":7734.14,"end":7734.301},{"text":"importance","start":7734.381,"end":7735.007},{"text":"of","start":7735.088,"end":7735.2},{"text":"discussions","start":7735.2,"end":7735.714},{"text":"on","start":7735.81,"end":7735.874},{"text":"the","start":7735.89,"end":7736.067},{"text":"applicability","start":7736.067,"end":7736.677},{"text":"of","start":7736.693,"end":7736.806},{"text":"international","start":7736.806,"end":7737.496},{"text":"law","start":7737.496,"end":7737.544},{"text":"in","start":7737.673,"end":7737.737},{"text":"all","start":7737.898,"end":7737.978},{"text":"of","start":7737.978,"end":7738.074},{"text":"its","start":7738.074,"end":7738.219},{"text":"aspects,","start":7738.299,"end":7738.861},{"text":"including","start":7738.877,"end":7739.375},{"text":"naturally","start":7740.82,"end":7741.334},{"text":"international","start":7741.35,"end":7741.944},{"text":"humanitarian","start":7741.944,"end":7742.538},{"text":"law.","start":7742.635,"end":7742.731}]},{"text":"France remains very committed to international law and at its heart, the Charter of the United Nations.","start":7743.438,"end":7750.648,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"France","start":7743.438,"end":7743.807},{"text":"remains","start":7744.642,"end":7745.027},{"text":"very","start":7745.14,"end":7745.348},{"text":"committed","start":7745.365,"end":7745.702},{"text":"to","start":7745.702,"end":7745.798},{"text":"international","start":7745.798,"end":7746.408},{"text":"law","start":7746.408,"end":7746.521},{"text":"and","start":7747.773,"end":7748.319},{"text":"at","start":7748.496,"end":7748.592},{"text":"its","start":7748.592,"end":7748.737},{"text":"heart,","start":7748.737,"end":7749.154},{"text":"the","start":7749.218,"end":7749.379},{"text":"Charter","start":7749.379,"end":7749.652},{"text":"of","start":7749.7,"end":7749.78},{"text":"the","start":7749.796,"end":7749.861},{"text":"United","start":7749.861,"end":7750.262},{"text":"Nations.","start":7750.262,"end":7750.648}]},{"text":"And this is a cornerstone of the complex architecture that we're building here to regulate relations between states and to maintain international security and stability in cyberspace.","start":7752.029,"end":7762.248,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Weakening","start":7763.83,"end":7764.234},{"text":"the","start":7764.347,"end":7764.509},{"text":"Charter","start":7764.509,"end":7765.091},{"text":"threatens","start":7765.462,"end":7765.931},{"text":"us","start":7765.964,"end":7766.158},{"text":"all,","start":7766.19,"end":7766.303},{"text":"as","start":7766.998,"end":7767.144},{"text":"Russia","start":7767.969,"end":7768.389},{"text":"is","start":7768.389,"end":7768.437},{"text":"notably","start":7768.551,"end":7769.003},{"text":"doing,","start":7769.019,"end":7769.407},{"text":"waging","start":7769.44,"end":7769.796},{"text":"a","start":7769.925,"end":7769.941},{"text":"war","start":7770.006,"end":7770.232},{"text":"of","start":7770.232,"end":7770.264},{"text":"aggression","start":7770.264,"end":7770.733},{"text":"against","start":7770.733,"end":7771.057},{"text":"Ukraine","start":7771.057,"end":7771.428},{"text":"with","start":7771.461,"end":7771.558},{"text":"devastating","start":7771.558,"end":7772.156},{"text":"effects","start":7772.269,"end":7772.997},{"text":"both","start":7772.997,"end":7773.288},{"text":"in","start":7773.385,"end":7773.45},{"text":"the","start":7773.45,"end":7773.627},{"text":"kinetic","start":7773.627,"end":7774.061},{"text":"and","start":7774.11,"end":7774.206},{"text":"cyber","start":7774.206,"end":7774.609},{"text":"domains.","start":7774.609,"end":7775.011}]},{"text":"I would like to briefly highlight 3 points before concluding.","start":7776.605,"end":7780.742,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7776.605,"end":7776.734},{"text":"would","start":7776.782,"end":7777.023},{"text":"like","start":7777.023,"end":7777.345},{"text":"to","start":7777.345,"end":7777.523},{"text":"briefly","start":7777.828,"end":7778.279},{"text":"highlight","start":7778.392,"end":7779.197},{"text":"3","start":7779.277,"end":7779.583},{"text":"points","start":7779.583,"end":7779.921},{"text":"before","start":7779.921,"end":7780.227},{"text":"concluding.","start":7780.227,"end":7780.742}]},{"text":"First, France advocates the implementation of the existing regulatory framework, of which international law, of course, is a pillar of this framework.","start":7780.968,"end":7789.365,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":7780.968,"end":7781.451},{"text":"France","start":7782.095,"end":7782.433},{"text":"advocates","start":7782.803,"end":7783.222},{"text":"the","start":7783.222,"end":7783.384},{"text":"implementation","start":7783.384,"end":7784.067},{"text":"of","start":7784.213,"end":7784.294},{"text":"the","start":7784.343,"end":7784.424},{"text":"existing","start":7784.424,"end":7784.814},{"text":"regulatory","start":7784.911,"end":7785.398},{"text":"framework,","start":7785.398,"end":7785.821},{"text":"of","start":7786.129,"end":7786.277},{"text":"which","start":7786.376,"end":7786.607},{"text":"international","start":7786.806,"end":7787.532},{"text":"law,","start":7787.532,"end":7787.681},{"text":"of","start":7787.697,"end":7787.73},{"text":"course,","start":7787.796,"end":7787.928},{"text":"is","start":7788.027,"end":7788.093},{"text":"a","start":7788.126,"end":7788.143},{"text":"pillar","start":7788.275,"end":7788.589},{"text":"of","start":7788.704,"end":7788.787},{"text":"this","start":7788.787,"end":7788.952},{"text":"framework.","start":7788.952,"end":7789.365}]},{"text":"We face collectively a major task within the mechanism, which is to develop a common understanding of key concepts of international law, such as— and there are others— such as state responsibility and due diligence.","start":7790.71,"end":7804.148,"topics":[{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7790.71,"end":7790.742},{"text":"face","start":7790.742,"end":7791.016},{"text":"collectively","start":7791.387,"end":7791.919},{"text":"a","start":7792.016,"end":7792.032},{"text":"major","start":7792.048,"end":7792.532},{"text":"task","start":7792.58,"end":7792.935},{"text":"within","start":7792.983,"end":7793.128},{"text":"the","start":7793.161,"end":7793.241},{"text":"mechanism,","start":7793.241,"end":7793.886},{"text":"which","start":7794.032,"end":7794.209},{"text":"is","start":7794.209,"end":7794.29},{"text":"to","start":7794.29,"end":7794.386},{"text":"develop","start":7794.386,"end":7794.725},{"text":"a","start":7794.999,"end":7795.176},{"text":"common","start":7795.241,"end":7795.531},{"text":"understanding","start":7795.58,"end":7796.192},{"text":"of","start":7796.305,"end":7796.434},{"text":"key","start":7796.467,"end":7796.773},{"text":"concepts","start":7796.773,"end":7797.289},{"text":"of","start":7797.579,"end":7797.837},{"text":"international","start":7797.837,"end":7798.418},{"text":"law,","start":7798.466,"end":7798.659},{"text":"such","start":7799.062,"end":7799.367},{"text":"as—","start":7799.367,"end":7799.577},{"text":"and","start":7801.057,"end":7801.122},{"text":"there","start":7801.138,"end":7801.315},{"text":"are","start":7801.315,"end":7801.363},{"text":"others—","start":7801.363,"end":7801.637},{"text":"such","start":7801.637,"end":7802.007},{"text":"as","start":7802.007,"end":7802.071},{"text":"state","start":7802.2,"end":7802.57},{"text":"responsibility","start":7802.57,"end":7803.359},{"text":"and","start":7803.456,"end":7803.552},{"text":"due","start":7803.552,"end":7803.713},{"text":"diligence.","start":7803.713,"end":7804.148}]},{"text":"And France is ready to do so.","start":7804.985,"end":7806.385,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7804.985,"end":7805.178},{"text":"France","start":7805.226,"end":7805.645},{"text":"is","start":7805.645,"end":7805.725},{"text":"ready","start":7805.725,"end":7805.966},{"text":"to","start":7805.966,"end":7806.095},{"text":"do","start":7806.127,"end":7806.224},{"text":"so.","start":7806.272,"end":7806.385}]},{"text":"Second, the debate on new binding standards is for us of secondary importance.","start":7808.601,"end":7814.769,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":7808.601,"end":7809.037},{"text":"the","start":7810.296,"end":7810.538},{"text":"debate","start":7810.748,"end":7811.41},{"text":"on","start":7811.491,"end":7811.62},{"text":"new","start":7811.749,"end":7811.911},{"text":"binding","start":7812.056,"end":7812.428},{"text":"standards","start":7812.46,"end":7812.993},{"text":"is","start":7813.17,"end":7813.235},{"text":"for","start":7813.429,"end":7813.59},{"text":"us","start":7813.59,"end":7813.832},{"text":"of","start":7813.832,"end":7813.913},{"text":"secondary","start":7813.913,"end":7814.397},{"text":"importance.","start":7814.397,"end":7814.769}]},{"text":"And we understand very well, having listened to the room, that just a few member states think that this is a priority.","start":7816.256,"end":7823.659,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7816.256,"end":7816.321},{"text":"we","start":7816.337,"end":7816.401},{"text":"understand","start":7816.417,"end":7817.348},{"text":"very","start":7817.38,"end":7817.573},{"text":"well,","start":7817.621,"end":7817.734},{"text":"having","start":7817.846,"end":7818.151},{"text":"listened","start":7818.328,"end":7818.681},{"text":"to","start":7818.745,"end":7818.954},{"text":"the","start":7819.05,"end":7819.115},{"text":"room,","start":7819.147,"end":7819.371},{"text":"that","start":7819.387,"end":7819.532},{"text":"just","start":7819.853,"end":7820.608},{"text":"a","start":7820.656,"end":7820.752},{"text":"few","start":7820.752,"end":7821.009},{"text":"member","start":7821.651,"end":7821.957},{"text":"states","start":7821.957,"end":7822.342},{"text":"think","start":7822.342,"end":7822.519},{"text":"that","start":7822.583,"end":7822.679},{"text":"this","start":7822.679,"end":7822.904},{"text":"is","start":7822.904,"end":7822.968},{"text":"a","start":7823,"end":7823.016},{"text":"priority.","start":7823.08,"end":7823.659}]},{"text":"But here again, we regret that the most fervent defenders of a new treaty are precisely those who are to today trampling existing international law underfoot.","start":7824.766,"end":7838.655,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":7824.766,"end":7825.007},{"text":"here","start":7825.007,"end":7825.505},{"text":"again,","start":7825.553,"end":7825.939},{"text":"we","start":7826.212,"end":7826.388},{"text":"regret","start":7826.757,"end":7827.335},{"text":"that","start":7828.219,"end":7828.556},{"text":"the","start":7828.604,"end":7828.684},{"text":"most","start":7828.684,"end":7829.166},{"text":"fervent","start":7829.166,"end":7829.648},{"text":"defenders","start":7829.648,"end":7830.515},{"text":"of","start":7830.547,"end":7830.643},{"text":"a","start":7830.643,"end":7830.707},{"text":"new","start":7830.707,"end":7830.98},{"text":"treaty","start":7831.012,"end":7831.478},{"text":"are","start":7831.59,"end":7831.639},{"text":"precisely","start":7831.671,"end":7832.393},{"text":"those","start":7832.393,"end":7832.763},{"text":"who","start":7833.26,"end":7833.453},{"text":"are","start":7833.662,"end":7833.903},{"text":"to","start":7833.903,"end":7834.079},{"text":"today","start":7834.079,"end":7834.433},{"text":"trampling","start":7835.46,"end":7835.974},{"text":"existing","start":7836.793,"end":7837.21},{"text":"international","start":7837.21,"end":7837.901},{"text":"law","start":7837.917,"end":7838.045},{"text":"underfoot.","start":7838.174,"end":7838.655}]},{"text":"Third, My delegation supports the statement made by Switzerland on international humanitarian law.","start":7839.844,"end":7846.623,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":7839.844,"end":7840.084},{"text":"My","start":7841.287,"end":7841.399},{"text":"delegation","start":7841.399,"end":7841.944},{"text":"supports","start":7841.944,"end":7842.585},{"text":"the","start":7842.585,"end":7842.665},{"text":"statement","start":7842.745,"end":7843.482},{"text":"made","start":7843.787,"end":7844.075},{"text":"by","start":7844.107,"end":7844.203},{"text":"Switzerland","start":7844.203,"end":7844.7},{"text":"on","start":7845.052,"end":7845.181},{"text":"international","start":7845.309,"end":7845.806},{"text":"humanitarian","start":7845.806,"end":7846.382},{"text":"law.","start":7846.495,"end":7846.623}]},{"text":"In particular, we call for the forthcoming findings of the global initiative launched by the International Committee of the Red Cross, which, as you know, has devoted part of its consideration to international humanitarian law and the use of information and communication technologies to be taken into account in our work, and we thank them for this work.","start":7847.889,"end":7869.333,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian 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thank you.","start":7869.494,"end":7869.911,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7869.494,"end":7869.542},{"text":"thank","start":7869.59,"end":7869.815},{"text":"you.","start":7869.815,"end":7869.911}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"FRA","affiliation_full":"France","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":69,"start":7870.955,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=7871","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchísimas gracias.","start":7870.955,"end":7871.855,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchísimas","start":7870.955,"end":7871.405},{"text":"gracias.","start":7871.437,"end":7871.855}]},{"text":"Doy ahora— Thank you very much.","start":7871.983,"end":7873.107,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Doy","start":7871.983,"end":7872.031},{"text":"ahora—","start":7872.16,"end":7872.561},{"text":"Thank","start":7872.561,"end":7872.786},{"text":"you","start":7872.786,"end":7872.85},{"text":"very","start":7872.866,"end":7872.963},{"text":"much.","start":7872.963,"end":7873.107}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the delegation of Japan, to be followed by Canada and then Ireland.","start":7873.204,"end":7879.307,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7873.204,"end":7873.22},{"text":"now","start":7873.268,"end":7873.525},{"text":"give","start":7873.525,"end":7873.734},{"text":"the","start":7873.766,"end":7873.846},{"text":"floor","start":7873.846,"end":7874.184},{"text":"to","start":7874.232,"end":7874.489},{"text":"the","start":7874.489,"end":7874.681},{"text":"delegation","start":7874.714,"end":7875.34},{"text":"of","start":7875.436,"end":7875.517},{"text":"Japan,","start":7875.613,"end":7876.223},{"text":"to","start":7876.496,"end":7876.657},{"text":"be","start":7876.657,"end":7876.818},{"text":"followed","start":7876.818,"end":7877.219},{"text":"by","start":7877.219,"end":7877.332},{"text":"Canada","start":7877.846,"end":7878.408},{"text":"and","start":7878.488,"end":7878.552},{"text":"then","start":7878.584,"end":7878.745},{"text":"Ireland.","start":7878.89,"end":7879.307}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":70,"start":7880.415,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=7881","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Through","start":7882.182,"end":7882.407},{"text":"discussions","start":7882.423,"end":7883.162},{"text":"in","start":7883.162,"end":7883.242},{"text":"the","start":7883.242,"end":7883.467},{"text":"OEWG,","start":7883.547,"end":7884.447},{"text":"we","start":7884.848,"end":7885.105},{"text":"understand","start":7885.314,"end":7885.973},{"text":"that","start":7885.973,"end":7886.117},{"text":"there","start":7886.294,"end":7886.422},{"text":"is","start":7886.471,"end":7886.583},{"text":"a","start":7886.695,"end":7886.776},{"text":"consensus","start":7886.776,"end":7887.482},{"text":"among","start":7887.482,"end":7887.788},{"text":"all","start":7888.045,"end":7888.093},{"text":"UN","start":7888.607,"end":7888.751},{"text":"member","start":7888.832,"end":7889.185},{"text":"states","start":7889.185,"end":7889.699},{"text":"that","start":7890.293,"end":7890.422},{"text":"existing","start":7890.695,"end":7891.161},{"text":"international","start":7891.273,"end":7891.787},{"text":"law","start":7891.915,"end":7892.156},{"text":"applies","start":7892.156,"end":7892.606},{"text":"in","start":7892.863,"end":7892.959},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":7892.959,"end":7893.329}]},{"text":"In the global mechanism, based on this consensus, it is important to facilitate practical and concrete discussions on how existing international law applies, with a focus on responding to specific incidents such as cyberattacks on critical infrastructure.","start":7894.886,"end":7915.462,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"critical-infrastructure","label":"Protection of Critical Infrastructure","description":"Protecting critical infrastructure such as hospitals, energy systems, water networks, transport, and other essential services was a major practical concern. Delegations treated these sectors as concrete scenarios for applying international law and for reducing harm to civilians from malicious cyber operations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7894.886,"end":7894.95},{"text":"the","start":7894.95,"end":7895.046},{"text":"global","start":7895.046,"end":7895.383},{"text":"mechanism,","start":7895.383,"end":7895.977},{"text":"based","start":7896.491,"end":7896.828},{"text":"on","start":7896.828,"end":7896.908},{"text":"this","start":7896.972,"end":7897.197},{"text":"consensus,","start":7897.197,"end":7897.967},{"text":"it","start":7898.561,"end":7898.642},{"text":"is","start":7898.642,"end":7898.69},{"text":"important","start":7898.802,"end":7899.348},{"text":"to","start":7899.38,"end":7899.54},{"text":"facilitate","start":7899.54,"end":7900.423},{"text":"practical","start":7900.648,"end":7901.242},{"text":"and","start":7901.45,"end":7901.531},{"text":"concrete","start":7901.691,"end":7902.237},{"text":"discussions","start":7902.349,"end":7903.039},{"text":"on","start":7903.697,"end":7903.761},{"text":"how","start":7903.938,"end":7904.115},{"text":"existing","start":7904.741,"end":7905.206},{"text":"international","start":7905.383,"end":7905.944},{"text":"law","start":7905.944,"end":7906.041},{"text":"applies,","start":7906.121,"end":7906.65},{"text":"with","start":7907.389,"end":7907.549},{"text":"a","start":7907.549,"end":7907.565},{"text":"focus","start":7907.581,"end":7908.095},{"text":"on","start":7908.753,"end":7908.817},{"text":"responding","start":7908.994,"end":7909.62},{"text":"to","start":7909.732,"end":7909.909},{"text":"specific","start":7909.909,"end":7910.791},{"text":"incidents","start":7911.562,"end":7912.236},{"text":"such","start":7912.316,"end":7912.589},{"text":"as","start":7912.685,"end":7912.83},{"text":"cyberattacks","start":7912.862,"end":7913.632},{"text":"on","start":7913.969,"end":7914.13},{"text":"critical","start":7914.13,"end":7914.692},{"text":"infrastructure.","start":7914.692,"end":7915.462}]},{"text":"In this regard, from the perspective of of complying with existing international law, we consider it an option to deepen discussions in light of application of responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts.","start":7916.714,"end":7934.021,"topics":[{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7916.714,"end":7916.762},{"text":"this","start":7916.794,"end":7916.922},{"text":"regard,","start":7917.019,"end":7917.484},{"text":"from","start":7917.902,"end":7918.094},{"text":"the","start":7918.158,"end":7918.239},{"text":"perspective","start":7918.303,"end":7918.961},{"text":"of","start":7918.961,"end":7919.089},{"text":"of","start":7919.202,"end":7919.362},{"text":"complying","start":7919.362,"end":7919.972},{"text":"with","start":7920.631,"end":7920.855},{"text":"existing","start":7921.032,"end":7921.498},{"text":"international","start":7921.674,"end":7922.236},{"text":"law,","start":7922.236,"end":7922.349},{"text":"we","start":7922.894,"end":7923.055},{"text":"consider","start":7923.055,"end":7923.697},{"text":"it","start":7923.922,"end":7924.195},{"text":"an","start":7924.259,"end":7924.355},{"text":"option","start":7924.484,"end":7924.789},{"text":"to","start":7924.982,"end":7925.206},{"text":"deepen","start":7925.206,"end":7925.672},{"text":"discussions","start":7925.768,"end":7926.475},{"text":"in","start":7927.229,"end":7927.39},{"text":"light","start":7927.39,"end":7927.695},{"text":"of","start":7927.695,"end":7927.92},{"text":"application","start":7928.578,"end":7929.365},{"text":"of","start":7929.557,"end":7929.654},{"text":"responsibility","start":7929.798,"end":7930.858},{"text":"of","start":7931.067,"end":7931.115},{"text":"states","start":7931.179,"end":7931.629},{"text":"for","start":7931.709,"end":7931.886},{"text":"internationally","start":7932.11,"end":7932.817},{"text":"wrongful","start":7933.17,"end":7933.764},{"text":"acts.","start":7933.796,"end":7934.021}]},{"text":"In DTG1, we hope that through expert briefings and interactive, practical, and concrete discussions Member states' awareness and understandings of the specific application of existing international law will be deepened further.","start":7935.498,"end":7954.888,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7935.498,"end":7935.626},{"text":"DTG1,","start":7935.659,"end":7936.333},{"text":"we","start":7937.328,"end":7937.441},{"text":"hope","start":7937.489,"end":7937.89},{"text":"that","start":7938.131,"end":7938.436},{"text":"through","start":7938.854,"end":7939.143},{"text":"expert","start":7939.335,"end":7940.283},{"text":"briefings","start":7940.299,"end":7940.925},{"text":"and","start":7941.182,"end":7941.326},{"text":"interactive,","start":7941.76,"end":7942.53},{"text":"practical,","start":7942.884,"end":7943.429},{"text":"and","start":7943.686,"end":7943.751},{"text":"concrete","start":7943.927,"end":7944.409},{"text":"discussions","start":7944.409,"end":7945.067},{"text":"Member","start":7945.762,"end":7946.037},{"text":"states'","start":7946.037,"end":7946.571},{"text":"awareness","start":7946.652,"end":7947.186},{"text":"and","start":7947.38,"end":7947.494},{"text":"understandings","start":7947.623,"end":7948.497},{"text":"of","start":7948.675,"end":7948.724},{"text":"the","start":7948.772,"end":7948.853},{"text":"specific","start":7948.934,"end":7949.679},{"text":"application","start":7950.051,"end":7950.666},{"text":"of","start":7951.426,"end":7951.588},{"text":"existing","start":7951.669,"end":7952.057},{"text":"international","start":7952.09,"end":7952.802},{"text":"law","start":7952.899,"end":7952.98},{"text":"will","start":7953.304,"end":7953.514},{"text":"be","start":7953.546,"end":7954.016},{"text":"deepened","start":7954.115,"end":7954.329},{"text":"further.","start":7954.427,"end":7954.888}]},{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":7955.431,"end":7956.501,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7955.431,"end":7955.678},{"text":"you,","start":7955.678,"end":7955.843},{"text":"Madam","start":7956.007,"end":7956.238},{"text":"Chair.","start":7956.254,"end":7956.501}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"JPN","affiliation_full":"Japan","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":71,"start":7959.24,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=7960","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":7959.24,"end":7959.94,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7959.24,"end":7959.356},{"text":"you","start":7959.356,"end":7959.456},{"text":"very","start":7959.456,"end":7959.623},{"text":"much.","start":7959.623,"end":7959.94}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to Canada.","start":7960.19,"end":7961.873,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7960.19,"end":7960.206},{"text":"now","start":7960.206,"end":7960.373},{"text":"give","start":7960.506,"end":7960.656},{"text":"the","start":7960.706,"end":7960.806},{"text":"floor","start":7960.84,"end":7961.206},{"text":"to","start":7961.256,"end":7961.49},{"text":"Canada.","start":7961.506,"end":7961.873}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":72,"start":7968.323,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=7969","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Canada associates itself with the cross-regional joint statement on the application of international law delivered by Switzerland, Canada wishes to make the following statement in its national capacity.","start":7968.323,"end":7979.921,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Canada","start":7968.323,"end":7968.815},{"text":"associates","start":7968.815,"end":7969.406},{"text":"itself","start":7969.422,"end":7969.865},{"text":"with","start":7970.308,"end":7970.932},{"text":"the","start":7970.71,"end":7970.887},{"text":"cross-regional","start":7970.887,"end":7971.515},{"text":"joint","start":7971.547,"end":7971.788},{"text":"statement","start":7971.788,"end":7972.384},{"text":"on","start":7972.433,"end":7972.513},{"text":"the","start":7972.513,"end":7972.642},{"text":"application","start":7972.658,"end":7973.077},{"text":"of","start":7973.077,"end":7973.157},{"text":"international","start":7973.157,"end":7973.801},{"text":"law","start":7973.801,"end":7973.882},{"text":"delivered","start":7974.043,"end":7974.413},{"text":"by","start":7974.51,"end":7974.574},{"text":"Switzerland,","start":7974.607,"end":7975.347},{"text":"Canada","start":7975.895,"end":7976.539},{"text":"wishes","start":7976.619,"end":7976.877},{"text":"to","start":7977.006,"end":7977.167},{"text":"make","start":7977.28,"end":7977.731},{"text":"the","start":7977.731,"end":7977.859},{"text":"following","start":7977.972,"end":7978.278},{"text":"statement","start":7978.375,"end":7978.858},{"text":"in","start":7978.858,"end":7978.906},{"text":"its","start":7978.938,"end":7979.099},{"text":"national","start":7979.099,"end":7979.373},{"text":"capacity.","start":7979.373,"end":7979.921}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, Canada is firmly committed to ensuring that this new global mechanism builds on the important acquis developed through the successive UN groups of government experts and open-ended working groups.","start":7980.578,"end":7996.729,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":7980.578,"end":7980.691},{"text":"Chair,","start":7980.707,"end":7981.062},{"text":"Canada","start":7981.61,"end":7982.335},{"text":"is","start":7982.351,"end":7982.464},{"text":"firmly","start":7982.641,"end":7983.061},{"text":"committed","start":7983.125,"end":7983.673},{"text":"to","start":7983.85,"end":7984.044},{"text":"ensuring","start":7984.189,"end":7984.802},{"text":"that","start":7984.979,"end":7985.221},{"text":"this","start":7985.221,"end":7985.366},{"text":"new","start":7985.543,"end":7985.656},{"text":"global","start":7985.785,"end":7986.301},{"text":"mechanism","start":7986.43,"end":7986.93},{"text":"builds","start":7987.091,"end":7987.542},{"text":"on","start":7987.72,"end":7987.784},{"text":"the","start":7987.832,"end":7987.961},{"text":"important","start":7987.978,"end":7988.542},{"text":"acquis","start":7988.542,"end":7988.912},{"text":"developed","start":7989.428,"end":7990.041},{"text":"through","start":7990.057,"end":7990.411},{"text":"the","start":7990.621,"end":7990.734},{"text":"successive","start":7990.734,"end":7991.459},{"text":"UN","start":7991.507,"end":7991.733},{"text":"groups","start":7991.83,"end":7992.232},{"text":"of","start":7992.232,"end":7992.377},{"text":"government","start":7992.394,"end":7992.813},{"text":"experts","start":7992.813,"end":7993.361},{"text":"and","start":7993.441,"end":7993.667},{"text":"open-ended","start":7995.472,"end":7996.245},{"text":"working","start":7996.278,"end":7996.519},{"text":"groups.","start":7996.584,"end":7996.729}]},{"text":"We are committed to ensuring that the mechanism advances the existing accomplishments on international law.","start":7997.804,"end":8004.573,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7997.804,"end":7998.015},{"text":"are","start":7998.209,"end":7998.323},{"text":"committed","start":7998.468,"end":7999.294},{"text":"to","start":7999.343,"end":7999.472},{"text":"ensuring","start":7999.683,"end":8000.379},{"text":"that","start":8000.638,"end":8000.816},{"text":"the","start":8000.816,"end":8000.913},{"text":"mechanism","start":8000.913,"end":8001.431},{"text":"advances","start":8001.626,"end":8002.241},{"text":"the","start":8002.257,"end":8002.419},{"text":"existing","start":8002.419,"end":8002.889},{"text":"accomplishments","start":8003.002,"end":8003.601},{"text":"on","start":8003.715,"end":8003.763},{"text":"international","start":8003.812,"end":8004.459},{"text":"law.","start":8004.524,"end":8004.573}]},{"text":"Thanks to several years of sustained engagement, states have moved well beyond the initial debates.","start":8006.38,"end":8012.313,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thanks","start":8006.38,"end":8006.752},{"text":"to","start":8006.801,"end":8006.947},{"text":"several","start":8007.887,"end":8008.309},{"text":"years","start":8008.357,"end":8008.568},{"text":"of","start":8008.617,"end":8008.698},{"text":"sustained","start":8008.698,"end":8009.557},{"text":"engagement,","start":8009.557,"end":8010.043},{"text":"states","start":8010.059,"end":8010.367},{"text":"have","start":8010.367,"end":8010.513},{"text":"moved","start":8010.562,"end":8010.837},{"text":"well","start":8010.87,"end":8010.983},{"text":"beyond","start":8011.097,"end":8011.356},{"text":"the","start":8011.356,"end":8011.437},{"text":"initial","start":8011.437,"end":8011.842},{"text":"debates.","start":8011.842,"end":8012.313}]},{"text":"The challenge before us is therefore no longer whether international law applies in cyberspace.","start":8012.475,"end":8018.46,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8012.475,"end":8012.572},{"text":"challenge","start":8012.572,"end":8012.977},{"text":"before","start":8013.204,"end":8013.561},{"text":"us","start":8013.69,"end":8013.772},{"text":"is","start":8014.031,"end":8014.08},{"text":"therefore","start":8014.08,"end":8014.532},{"text":"no","start":8014.532,"end":8014.936},{"text":"longer","start":8014.985,"end":8015.373},{"text":"whether","start":8016.294,"end":8016.537},{"text":"international","start":8016.537,"end":8017.005},{"text":"law","start":8017.005,"end":8017.102},{"text":"applies","start":8017.102,"end":8017.555},{"text":"in","start":8017.587,"end":8017.668},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":8017.668,"end":8018.46}]},{"text":"There is now a widely recognized consensus on this point.","start":8018.622,"end":8021.855,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"There","start":8018.622,"end":8018.8},{"text":"is","start":8018.8,"end":8018.929},{"text":"now","start":8019.285,"end":8019.462},{"text":"a","start":8019.592,"end":8019.753},{"text":"widely","start":8019.753,"end":8020.093},{"text":"recognized","start":8020.093,"end":8020.626},{"text":"consensus","start":8020.659,"end":8021.224},{"text":"on","start":8021.224,"end":8021.273},{"text":"this","start":8021.37,"end":8021.548},{"text":"point.","start":8021.548,"end":8021.855}]},{"text":"Our task is to continue deepening our common understanding of its practical application.","start":8022.827,"end":8028.674,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":8022.827,"end":8023.004},{"text":"task","start":8023.084,"end":8023.646},{"text":"is","start":8023.726,"end":8023.855},{"text":"to","start":8023.951,"end":8024.096},{"text":"continue","start":8024.112,"end":8024.626},{"text":"deepening","start":8024.77,"end":8025.188},{"text":"our","start":8025.236,"end":8025.365},{"text":"common","start":8025.413,"end":8025.702},{"text":"understanding","start":8025.734,"end":8026.505},{"text":"of","start":8026.762,"end":8026.987},{"text":"its","start":8027.019,"end":8027.18},{"text":"practical","start":8027.18,"end":8027.646},{"text":"application.","start":8028.128,"end":8028.674}]},{"text":"During the March 2026 organizational meeting and in the course of the last 2 days of the plenary, the vast majority of member states expressed their willingness to pursue down this path and to engage in the work of the mechanism in a constructive exclusive and good faith manner.","start":8029.364,"end":8051.011,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"During","start":8029.364,"end":8029.878},{"text":"the","start":8029.975,"end":8030.473},{"text":"March","start":8031.099,"end":8031.404},{"text":"2026","start":8031.42,"end":8031.999},{"text":"organizational","start":8031.999,"end":8032.882},{"text":"meeting","start":8032.882,"end":8033.252},{"text":"and","start":8033.99,"end":8034.151},{"text":"in","start":8034.151,"end":8034.247},{"text":"the","start":8034.247,"end":8034.392},{"text":"course","start":8034.392,"end":8034.922},{"text":"of","start":8035.115,"end":8035.42},{"text":"the","start":8035.773,"end":8035.918},{"text":"last","start":8035.918,"end":8036.095},{"text":"2","start":8036.095,"end":8036.255},{"text":"days","start":8036.255,"end":8036.464},{"text":"of","start":8036.512,"end":8036.593},{"text":"the","start":8036.641,"end":8036.801},{"text":"plenary,","start":8036.801,"end":8037.267},{"text":"the","start":8037.299,"end":8037.38},{"text":"vast","start":8037.38,"end":8037.765},{"text":"majority","start":8037.765,"end":8038.263},{"text":"of","start":8038.263,"end":8038.343},{"text":"member","start":8038.343,"end":8038.584},{"text":"states","start":8038.584,"end":8038.873},{"text":"expressed","start":8039.612,"end":8040.191},{"text":"their","start":8040.191,"end":8040.367},{"text":"willingness","start":8040.592,"end":8041.17},{"text":"to","start":8041.299,"end":8041.411},{"text":"pursue","start":8041.7,"end":8042.279},{"text":"down","start":8042.423,"end":8042.648},{"text":"this","start":8042.68,"end":8042.921},{"text":"path","start":8042.921,"end":8043.291},{"text":"and","start":8043.789,"end":8043.965},{"text":"to","start":8043.965,"end":8044.11},{"text":"engage","start":8044.126,"end":8044.736},{"text":"in","start":8044.993,"end":8045.218},{"text":"the","start":8045.411,"end":8045.636},{"text":"work","start":8046.134,"end":8046.439},{"text":"of","start":8046.455,"end":8046.551},{"text":"the","start":8046.6,"end":8046.632},{"text":"mechanism","start":8046.632,"end":8047.114},{"text":"in","start":8047.114,"end":8047.194},{"text":"a","start":8047.194,"end":8047.258},{"text":"constructive","start":8047.258,"end":8048.029},{"text":"exclusive","start":8048.782,"end":8049.503},{"text":"and","start":8049.929,"end":8050.077},{"text":"good","start":8050.109,"end":8050.322},{"text":"faith","start":8050.355,"end":8050.683},{"text":"manner.","start":8050.683,"end":8051.011}]},{"text":"Canada therefore believes that the global mechanism should focus on substantive discussions and implementation, including through integrated discussions on real-world cyber challenges.","start":8054.288,"end":8066.225,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Canada","start":8054.288,"end":8054.692},{"text":"therefore","start":8054.692,"end":8055.21},{"text":"believes","start":8055.404,"end":8056.148},{"text":"that","start":8056.148,"end":8056.245},{"text":"the","start":8056.245,"end":8056.374},{"text":"global","start":8056.374,"end":8056.682},{"text":"mechanism","start":8056.73,"end":8057.28},{"text":"should","start":8057.28,"end":8057.458},{"text":"focus","start":8057.507,"end":8057.992},{"text":"on","start":8057.992,"end":8058.089},{"text":"substantive","start":8058.089,"end":8058.736},{"text":"discussions","start":8058.736,"end":8059.35},{"text":"and","start":8059.447,"end":8059.544},{"text":"implementation,","start":8059.544,"end":8060.305},{"text":"including","start":8060.919,"end":8061.372},{"text":"through","start":8061.485,"end":8061.809},{"text":"integrated","start":8061.954,"end":8062.456},{"text":"discussions","start":8062.456,"end":8063.232},{"text":"on","start":8063.329,"end":8063.394},{"text":"real-world","start":8063.669,"end":8064.931},{"text":"cyber","start":8065.141,"end":8065.675},{"text":"challenges.","start":8065.675,"end":8066.225}]},{"text":"All states may face ransomware attacks affecting hospitals as well as malicious cyber activities targeting critical infrastructure such as healthcare, energy, and transport.","start":8066.484,"end":8080.164,"topics":[{"key":"critical-infrastructure","label":"Protection of Critical Infrastructure","description":"Protecting critical infrastructure such as hospitals, energy systems, water networks, transport, and other essential services was a major practical concern. Delegations treated these sectors as concrete scenarios for applying international law and for reducing harm to civilians from malicious cyber operations."}],"words":[{"text":"All","start":8066.484,"end":8066.548},{"text":"states","start":8066.678,"end":8067.115},{"text":"may","start":8067.293,"end":8067.503},{"text":"face","start":8067.632,"end":8068.312},{"text":"ransomware","start":8068.522,"end":8069.121},{"text":"attacks","start":8069.25,"end":8069.8},{"text":"affecting","start":8070.124,"end":8070.512},{"text":"hospitals","start":8070.544,"end":8071.159},{"text":"as","start":8071.256,"end":8071.321},{"text":"well","start":8071.369,"end":8071.515},{"text":"as","start":8071.515,"end":8071.563},{"text":"malicious","start":8071.741,"end":8072.259},{"text":"cyber","start":8073.64,"end":8074.04},{"text":"activities","start":8074.072,"end":8074.682},{"text":"targeting","start":8075.355,"end":8075.804},{"text":"critical","start":8075.98,"end":8076.461},{"text":"infrastructure","start":8076.557,"end":8077.198},{"text":"such","start":8077.198,"end":8077.503},{"text":"as","start":8077.503,"end":8077.567},{"text":"healthcare,","start":8077.679,"end":8078.112},{"text":"energy,","start":8078.721,"end":8079.17},{"text":"and","start":8079.283,"end":8079.347},{"text":"transport.","start":8079.523,"end":8080.164}]},{"text":"Discussions of this nature provide unique opportunities to examine the practical application of international law.","start":8080.902,"end":8088.981,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Discussions","start":8080.902,"end":8081.495},{"text":"of","start":8081.912,"end":8082.056},{"text":"this","start":8082.473,"end":8082.761},{"text":"nature","start":8082.809,"end":8083.194},{"text":"provide","start":8083.194,"end":8083.659},{"text":"unique","start":8083.771,"end":8084.252},{"text":"opportunities","start":8084.252,"end":8085.022},{"text":"to","start":8085.294,"end":8085.519},{"text":"examine","start":8085.615,"end":8086.224},{"text":"the","start":8086.352,"end":8086.577},{"text":"practical","start":8086.577,"end":8087.09},{"text":"application","start":8087.282,"end":8088.004},{"text":"of","start":8088.004,"end":8088.052},{"text":"international","start":8088.1,"end":8088.741},{"text":"law.","start":8088.741,"end":8088.981}]},{"text":"The dedicated thematic groups provide here an ideal platform for informal exchanges on such concrete cases, including through encouraging the participation of both government and non-governmental legal experts.","start":8089.767,"end":8108.513,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8089.767,"end":8089.975},{"text":"dedicated","start":8090.809,"end":8091.45},{"text":"thematic","start":8091.45,"end":8091.867},{"text":"groups","start":8091.867,"end":8092.444},{"text":"provide","start":8092.749,"end":8093.278},{"text":"here","start":8093.294,"end":8093.486},{"text":"an","start":8093.695,"end":8093.855},{"text":"ideal","start":8093.855,"end":8094.336},{"text":"platform","start":8095.057,"end":8095.747},{"text":"for","start":8096.42,"end":8096.612},{"text":"informal","start":8096.821,"end":8097.43},{"text":"exchanges","start":8097.462,"end":8098.167},{"text":"on","start":8098.504,"end":8098.568},{"text":"such","start":8098.825,"end":8099.29},{"text":"concrete","start":8099.548,"end":8100.034},{"text":"cases,","start":8100.05,"end":8100.423},{"text":"including","start":8101.41,"end":8101.96},{"text":"through","start":8102.559,"end":8102.834},{"text":"encouraging","start":8104.566,"end":8105.036},{"text":"the","start":8105.068,"end":8105.165},{"text":"participation","start":8105.165,"end":8105.748},{"text":"of","start":8105.78,"end":8105.845},{"text":"both","start":8105.878,"end":8106.088},{"text":"government","start":8106.12,"end":8106.476},{"text":"and","start":8106.671,"end":8106.768},{"text":"non-governmental","start":8106.768,"end":8107.723},{"text":"legal","start":8107.723,"end":8108.062},{"text":"experts.","start":8108.062,"end":8108.513}]},{"text":"Such exchanges could contribute to strengthening common understandings of the practical application of international law and to further developing those understandings in specific areas such as international human rights law and international humanitarian law.","start":8108.561,"end":8125.841,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":8108.561,"end":8108.851},{"text":"exchanges","start":8108.851,"end":8109.399},{"text":"could","start":8109.576,"end":8109.721},{"text":"contribute","start":8109.817,"end":8110.397},{"text":"to","start":8110.815,"end":8110.96},{"text":"strengthening","start":8110.96,"end":8111.492},{"text":"common","start":8111.604,"end":8111.862},{"text":"understandings","start":8111.91,"end":8112.699},{"text":"of","start":8113.601,"end":8113.875},{"text":"the","start":8113.875,"end":8114.116},{"text":"practical","start":8114.164,"end":8114.825},{"text":"application","start":8115.614,"end":8116.08},{"text":"of","start":8116.097,"end":8116.177},{"text":"international","start":8116.177,"end":8116.741},{"text":"law","start":8116.741,"end":8116.789},{"text":"and","start":8117.803,"end":8117.964},{"text":"to","start":8117.964,"end":8118.06},{"text":"further","start":8118.108,"end":8118.912},{"text":"developing","start":8120.214,"end":8120.664},{"text":"those","start":8120.697,"end":8120.825},{"text":"understandings","start":8120.857,"end":8121.468},{"text":"in","start":8121.516,"end":8121.581},{"text":"specific","start":8121.581,"end":8122.047},{"text":"areas","start":8122.047,"end":8122.272},{"text":"such","start":8122.304,"end":8122.545},{"text":"as","start":8122.545,"end":8122.626},{"text":"international","start":8122.626,"end":8123.108},{"text":"human","start":8123.108,"end":8123.317},{"text":"rights","start":8123.413,"end":8123.847},{"text":"law","start":8123.896,"end":8124.008},{"text":"and","start":8124.298,"end":8124.539},{"text":"international","start":8124.539,"end":8125.085},{"text":"humanitarian","start":8125.085,"end":8125.648},{"text":"law.","start":8125.761,"end":8125.841}]},{"text":"Capacity building should remain a central and necessary element for the success of this pillar.","start":8128.036,"end":8134.067,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Capacity","start":8128.036,"end":8128.584},{"text":"building","start":8128.584,"end":8128.89},{"text":"should","start":8130.068,"end":8130.422},{"text":"remain","start":8130.535,"end":8130.955},{"text":"a","start":8131.019,"end":8131.035},{"text":"central","start":8131.035,"end":8131.455},{"text":"and","start":8131.584,"end":8131.648},{"text":"necessary","start":8131.745,"end":8132.277},{"text":"element","start":8132.374,"end":8132.68},{"text":"for","start":8132.696,"end":8132.793},{"text":"the","start":8132.793,"end":8132.874},{"text":"success","start":8132.874,"end":8133.277},{"text":"of","start":8133.277,"end":8133.422},{"text":"this","start":8133.422,"end":8133.632},{"text":"pillar.","start":8133.68,"end":8134.067}]},{"text":"Efforts in this area should be needs-based and should continue to assist states in developing national positions, strengthening participation in discussions, and improving practical implementation.","start":8134.47,"end":8152.789,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."},{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Efforts","start":8134.47,"end":8134.728},{"text":"in","start":8134.728,"end":8134.809},{"text":"this","start":8134.809,"end":8135.035},{"text":"area","start":8135.035,"end":8135.47},{"text":"should","start":8135.696,"end":8135.986},{"text":"be","start":8136.019,"end":8136.277},{"text":"needs-based","start":8136.39,"end":8137.31},{"text":"and","start":8137.876,"end":8138.166},{"text":"should","start":8138.279,"end":8138.764},{"text":"continue","start":8140.767,"end":8141.284},{"text":"to","start":8141.494,"end":8141.623},{"text":"assist","start":8142.01,"end":8142.576},{"text":"states","start":8143.206,"end":8143.658},{"text":"in","start":8143.916,"end":8143.965},{"text":"developing","start":8144.013,"end":8144.466},{"text":"national","start":8144.498,"end":8144.87},{"text":"positions,","start":8144.87,"end":8145.354},{"text":"strengthening","start":8146.211,"end":8146.89},{"text":"participation","start":8147.067,"end":8147.698},{"text":"in","start":8147.973,"end":8148.053},{"text":"discussions,","start":8148.053,"end":8148.667},{"text":"and","start":8150.057,"end":8150.203},{"text":"improving","start":8150.3,"end":8150.849},{"text":"practical","start":8151.366,"end":8152.094},{"text":"implementation.","start":8152.094,"end":8152.789}]},{"text":"The continued publication of national positions and regional approaches have already contributed significantly to building common understandings.","start":8153.958,"end":8163.2,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8153.958,"end":8154.184},{"text":"continued","start":8154.184,"end":8154.602},{"text":"publication","start":8154.602,"end":8155.214},{"text":"of","start":8155.472,"end":8155.617},{"text":"national","start":8155.633,"end":8155.971},{"text":"positions","start":8155.971,"end":8156.503},{"text":"and","start":8157.163,"end":8157.518},{"text":"regional","start":8157.807,"end":8158.387},{"text":"approaches","start":8158.387,"end":8158.999},{"text":"have","start":8159.499,"end":8159.692},{"text":"already","start":8159.692,"end":8160.078},{"text":"contributed","start":8160.078,"end":8160.658},{"text":"significantly","start":8160.658,"end":8161.496},{"text":"to","start":8161.609,"end":8161.737},{"text":"building","start":8161.834,"end":8162.059},{"text":"common","start":8162.092,"end":8162.337},{"text":"understandings.","start":8162.402,"end":8163.2}]},{"text":"Open and inclusive dialogue should continue in this regard, including through the sharing of best practices on the application of national positions to specific cyber issues.","start":8163.803,"end":8176.511,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Open","start":8163.803,"end":8164.161},{"text":"and","start":8164.357,"end":8164.487},{"text":"inclusive","start":8164.601,"end":8165.286},{"text":"dialogue","start":8165.335,"end":8165.758},{"text":"should","start":8165.758,"end":8166.052},{"text":"continue","start":8166.084,"end":8166.508},{"text":"in","start":8166.508,"end":8166.589},{"text":"this","start":8166.589,"end":8166.703},{"text":"regard,","start":8166.801,"end":8167.225},{"text":"including","start":8169.247,"end":8169.636},{"text":"through","start":8169.668,"end":8169.846},{"text":"the","start":8169.846,"end":8169.975},{"text":"sharing","start":8169.975,"end":8170.283},{"text":"of","start":8170.315,"end":8170.364},{"text":"best","start":8170.396,"end":8170.622},{"text":"practices","start":8170.622,"end":8171.172},{"text":"on","start":8171.431,"end":8171.512},{"text":"the","start":8171.512,"end":8171.593},{"text":"application","start":8171.69,"end":8172.289},{"text":"of","start":8172.806,"end":8172.903},{"text":"national","start":8172.903,"end":8173.324},{"text":"positions","start":8173.324,"end":8173.922},{"text":"to","start":8175.184,"end":8175.314},{"text":"specific","start":8175.314,"end":8175.75},{"text":"cyber","start":8175.799,"end":8176.139},{"text":"issues.","start":8176.139,"end":8176.511}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, international law remains an essential element of our collective efforts.","start":8178.943,"end":8182.641,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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positions."}],"words":[{"text":"By","start":8194.16,"end":8194.224},{"text":"reinforcing","start":8194.272,"end":8194.853},{"text":"existing","start":8194.901,"end":8195.208},{"text":"consensus,","start":8195.24,"end":8195.869},{"text":"deepening","start":8195.885,"end":8196.239},{"text":"common","start":8196.288,"end":8196.707},{"text":"understandings,","start":8196.933,"end":8197.868},{"text":"strengthening","start":8198.932,"end":8199.4},{"text":"capacity,","start":8199.432,"end":8199.932},{"text":"and","start":8199.98,"end":8200.125},{"text":"focusing","start":8200.141,"end":8200.528},{"text":"on","start":8200.641,"end":8200.722},{"text":"practical","start":8200.722,"end":8201.222},{"text":"implementation,","start":8201.222,"end":8201.899},{"text":"the","start":8202.86,"end":8202.957},{"text":"global","start":8202.957,"end":8203.249},{"text":"mechanism","start":8203.249,"end":8203.785},{"text":"can","start":8203.785,"end":8203.996},{"text":"make","start":8204.013,"end":8204.208},{"text":"a","start":8204.208,"end":8204.273},{"text":"meaningful","start":8204.273,"end":8204.906},{"text":"contribution","start":8204.906,"end":8205.54},{"text":"To","start":8206.393,"end":8206.491},{"text":"stability,","start":8206.54,"end":8207.095},{"text":"predictability,","start":8207.128,"end":8207.911},{"text":"and","start":8208.351,"end":8208.417},{"text":"security","start":8208.433,"end":8208.971},{"text":"in","start":8209.396,"end":8209.428},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":8209.428,"end":8210.097}]},{"text":"Canada looks forward to working with all delegations in that spirit.","start":8211.29,"end":8214.996,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Canada","start":8211.29,"end":8211.667},{"text":"looks","start":8211.667,"end":8211.962},{"text":"forward","start":8211.962,"end":8212.372},{"text":"to","start":8212.372,"end":8212.487},{"text":"working","start":8212.552,"end":8212.929},{"text":"with","start":8213.126,"end":8213.356},{"text":"all","start":8213.356,"end":8213.405},{"text":"delegations","start":8213.454,"end":8214.078},{"text":"in","start":8214.274,"end":8214.324},{"text":"that","start":8214.356,"end":8214.537},{"text":"spirit.","start":8214.537,"end":8214.996}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":8215.111,"end":8215.586,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8215.111,"end":8215.193},{"text":"thank","start":8215.193,"end":8215.504},{"text":"you.","start":8215.504,"end":8215.586}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"CAN","affiliation_full":"Canada","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":73,"start":8218.01,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=8219","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":8218.01,"end":8218.717,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8218.01,"end":8218.151},{"text":"you","start":8218.151,"end":8218.239},{"text":"very","start":8218.239,"end":8218.505},{"text":"much.","start":8218.505,"end":8218.717}]},{"text":"Doy ahora la palabra.","start":8220.35,"end":8221.455,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Doy","start":8220.35,"end":8220.496},{"text":"ahora","start":8220.61,"end":8220.789},{"text":"la","start":8220.789,"end":8220.821},{"text":"palabra.","start":8220.87,"end":8221.455}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the delegation of Ireland, to be followed by Türkiye and Ukraine.","start":8221.846,"end":8226.936,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8221.846,"end":8221.943},{"text":"now","start":8221.943,"end":8222.122},{"text":"give","start":8222.252,"end":8222.464},{"text":"the","start":8222.561,"end":8222.659},{"text":"floor","start":8222.659,"end":8223.065},{"text":"to","start":8223.065,"end":8223.293},{"text":"the","start":8223.293,"end":8223.39},{"text":"delegation","start":8223.39,"end":8224.008},{"text":"of","start":8224.187,"end":8224.334},{"text":"Ireland,","start":8224.513,"end":8224.756},{"text":"to","start":8224.773,"end":8224.87},{"text":"be","start":8224.87,"end":8225.017},{"text":"followed","start":8225.017,"end":8225.391},{"text":"by","start":8225.407,"end":8225.651},{"text":"Türkiye","start":8225.651,"end":8226.236},{"text":"and","start":8226.236,"end":8226.448},{"text":"Ukraine.","start":8226.562,"end":8226.936}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":74,"start":8228.51,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=8229","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":8228.51,"end":8229.413,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8228.51,"end":8228.703},{"text":"you,","start":8228.703,"end":8228.784},{"text":"Madam","start":8228.8,"end":8229.106},{"text":"Chair.","start":8229.106,"end":8229.413}]},{"text":"Ireland aligns with the intervention of the European Union.","start":8230.396,"end":8233.589,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Ireland","start":8230.396,"end":8230.719},{"text":"aligns","start":8230.719,"end":8231.17},{"text":"with","start":8231.267,"end":8231.364},{"text":"the","start":8231.364,"end":8231.622},{"text":"intervention","start":8231.767,"end":8232.299},{"text":"of","start":8232.557,"end":8232.702},{"text":"the","start":8232.734,"end":8232.879},{"text":"European","start":8232.879,"end":8233.379},{"text":"Union.","start":8233.379,"end":8233.589}]},{"text":"And wishes to make a number of remarks in our national capacity.","start":8234.056,"end":8238.086,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8234.056,"end":8234.216},{"text":"wishes","start":8234.216,"end":8234.489},{"text":"to","start":8234.554,"end":8234.65},{"text":"make","start":8234.65,"end":8235.019},{"text":"a","start":8235.1,"end":8235.148},{"text":"number","start":8235.196,"end":8235.63},{"text":"of","start":8235.742,"end":8235.935},{"text":"remarks","start":8235.999,"end":8236.641},{"text":"in","start":8236.705,"end":8236.85},{"text":"our","start":8236.946,"end":8237.059},{"text":"national","start":8237.059,"end":8237.589},{"text":"capacity.","start":8237.605,"end":8238.086}]},{"text":"At the outset, we wish to note that Ireland is pleased to have co-sponsored the Joint Statement on the Application of International Law in the Use of ICTs submitted by Switzerland and others, and the Cross-Regional Group Statement submitted by Australia and others.","start":8239.291,"end":8256.039,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":8239.291,"end":8239.371},{"text":"the","start":8239.371,"end":8239.516},{"text":"outset,","start":8239.532,"end":8240.029},{"text":"we","start":8240.399,"end":8240.607},{"text":"wish","start":8240.64,"end":8240.768},{"text":"to","start":8240.816,"end":8240.913},{"text":"note","start":8240.913,"end":8241.202},{"text":"that","start":8241.202,"end":8241.282},{"text":"Ireland","start":8241.362,"end":8241.635},{"text":"is","start":8241.635,"end":8241.748},{"text":"pleased","start":8241.78,"end":8242.326},{"text":"to","start":8242.326,"end":8242.47},{"text":"have","start":8242.486,"end":8242.631},{"text":"co-sponsored","start":8242.647,"end":8243.353},{"text":"the","start":8243.466,"end":8243.691},{"text":"Joint","start":8243.691,"end":8243.947},{"text":"Statement","start":8243.947,"end":8244.574},{"text":"on","start":8244.654,"end":8244.734},{"text":"the","start":8244.734,"end":8244.815},{"text":"Application","start":8244.895,"end":8245.553},{"text":"of","start":8245.939,"end":8246.035},{"text":"International","start":8246.035,"end":8246.597},{"text":"Law","start":8246.597,"end":8246.79},{"text":"in","start":8247.014,"end":8247.095},{"text":"the","start":8247.143,"end":8247.223},{"text":"Use","start":8247.223,"end":8247.544},{"text":"of","start":8247.56,"end":8247.689},{"text":"ICTs","start":8247.721,"end":8248.139},{"text":"submitted","start":8248.765,"end":8249.214},{"text":"by","start":8249.23,"end":8249.327},{"text":"Switzerland","start":8249.327,"end":8250.017},{"text":"and","start":8250.21,"end":8250.274},{"text":"others,","start":8250.355,"end":8250.579},{"text":"and","start":8251.238,"end":8251.543},{"text":"the","start":8251.575,"end":8251.719},{"text":"Cross-Regional","start":8251.719,"end":8252.554},{"text":"Group","start":8252.779,"end":8253.1},{"text":"Statement","start":8253.1,"end":8253.678},{"text":"submitted","start":8253.968,"end":8254.401},{"text":"by","start":8254.465,"end":8254.626},{"text":"Australia","start":8254.626,"end":8255.332},{"text":"and","start":8255.654,"end":8255.814},{"text":"others.","start":8255.814,"end":8256.039}]},{"text":"The Global Mechanism provides an opportunity to advance our shared understanding on how international law applies in cyberspace and to build on the work of the GGEs and the OEWG.","start":8257.179,"end":8269.238,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8257.179,"end":8257.259},{"text":"Global","start":8257.259,"end":8257.516},{"text":"Mechanism","start":8257.516,"end":8257.982},{"text":"provides","start":8258.078,"end":8258.576},{"text":"an","start":8258.576,"end":8258.656},{"text":"opportunity","start":8258.785,"end":8259.411},{"text":"to","start":8259.54,"end":8259.684},{"text":"advance","start":8259.684,"end":8260.246},{"text":"our","start":8260.326,"end":8260.471},{"text":"shared","start":8260.471,"end":8260.953},{"text":"understanding","start":8260.953,"end":8261.499},{"text":"on","start":8261.852,"end":8261.9},{"text":"how","start":8261.932,"end":8262.173},{"text":"international","start":8262.414,"end":8263.04},{"text":"law","start":8263.04,"end":8263.201},{"text":"applies","start":8263.538,"end":8263.923},{"text":"in","start":8263.923,"end":8264.003},{"text":"cyberspace","start":8264.003,"end":8264.694},{"text":"and","start":8265.208,"end":8265.529},{"text":"to","start":8265.529,"end":8265.625},{"text":"build","start":8265.625,"end":8265.995},{"text":"on","start":8266.091,"end":8266.155},{"text":"the","start":8266.187,"end":8266.267},{"text":"work","start":8266.332,"end":8266.749},{"text":"of","start":8266.813,"end":8266.926},{"text":"the","start":8266.974,"end":8267.07},{"text":"GGEs","start":8267.07,"end":8267.713},{"text":"and","start":8268.258,"end":8268.483},{"text":"the","start":8268.499,"end":8268.66},{"text":"OEWG.","start":8268.676,"end":8269.238}]},{"text":"We should make full use of the mechanism structures to advance this work, including the DTGs and the plenary.","start":8270.587,"end":8277.074,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8270.587,"end":8270.667},{"text":"should","start":8270.667,"end":8270.844},{"text":"make","start":8270.86,"end":8271.02},{"text":"full","start":8271.068,"end":8271.277},{"text":"use","start":8271.39,"end":8271.727},{"text":"of","start":8271.727,"end":8271.807},{"text":"the","start":8271.871,"end":8271.919},{"text":"mechanism","start":8271.919,"end":8272.449},{"text":"structures","start":8272.449,"end":8272.979},{"text":"to","start":8273.316,"end":8273.381},{"text":"advance","start":8273.413,"end":8273.798},{"text":"this","start":8273.798,"end":8273.959},{"text":"work,","start":8273.959,"end":8274.215},{"text":"including","start":8274.858,"end":8275.307},{"text":"the","start":8275.5,"end":8275.58},{"text":"DTGs","start":8275.58,"end":8276.174},{"text":"and","start":8276.528,"end":8276.608},{"text":"the","start":8276.608,"end":8276.704},{"text":"plenary.","start":8276.704,"end":8277.074}]},{"text":"In particular, we call for international law, including IHL, to feature prominently in the substantive work of DTG 1.","start":8278.069,"end":8286.948,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8278.069,"end":8278.117},{"text":"particular,","start":8278.214,"end":8278.776},{"text":"we","start":8279.193,"end":8279.354},{"text":"call","start":8279.418,"end":8279.627},{"text":"for","start":8279.739,"end":8279.867},{"text":"international","start":8279.916,"end":8280.51},{"text":"law,","start":8280.51,"end":8280.59},{"text":"including","start":8281.04,"end":8281.585},{"text":"IHL,","start":8281.746,"end":8282.196},{"text":"to","start":8282.725,"end":8282.806},{"text":"feature","start":8282.806,"end":8283.271},{"text":"prominently","start":8283.448,"end":8284.171},{"text":"in","start":8284.508,"end":8284.652},{"text":"the","start":8284.652,"end":8284.717},{"text":"substantive","start":8284.717,"end":8285.375},{"text":"work","start":8285.375,"end":8285.696},{"text":"of","start":8286.081,"end":8286.242},{"text":"DTG","start":8286.258,"end":8286.82},{"text":"1.","start":8286.82,"end":8286.948}]},{"text":"We would welcome the use of appropriate working modalities to facilitate a more dynamic exchange of views on international law in the DTGs and plenary as appropriate.","start":8288.169,"end":8298.915,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8288.169,"end":8288.233},{"text":"would","start":8288.33,"end":8288.442},{"text":"welcome","start":8288.49,"end":8288.828},{"text":"the","start":8288.892,"end":8288.972},{"text":"use","start":8288.972,"end":8289.181},{"text":"of","start":8289.406,"end":8289.486},{"text":"appropriate","start":8289.486,"end":8290.161},{"text":"working","start":8290.193,"end":8290.482},{"text":"modalities","start":8290.514,"end":8291.125},{"text":"to","start":8291.478,"end":8291.558},{"text":"facilitate","start":8291.574,"end":8292.297},{"text":"a","start":8292.362,"end":8292.378},{"text":"more","start":8292.378,"end":8292.635},{"text":"dynamic","start":8292.747,"end":8293.261},{"text":"exchange","start":8293.325,"end":8293.888},{"text":"of","start":8294.048,"end":8294.193},{"text":"views","start":8294.193,"end":8294.498},{"text":"on","start":8294.996,"end":8295.108},{"text":"international","start":8295.157,"end":8295.719},{"text":"law","start":8295.719,"end":8295.847},{"text":"in","start":8296.297,"end":8296.345},{"text":"the","start":8296.442,"end":8296.522},{"text":"DTGs","start":8296.522,"end":8297.116},{"text":"and","start":8297.341,"end":8297.502},{"text":"plenary","start":8297.502,"end":8297.871},{"text":"as","start":8298.385,"end":8298.434},{"text":"appropriate.","start":8298.482,"end":8298.915}]},{"text":"Such modalities may include guiding questions, structured discussions, and scenario-based exercises.","start":8299.927,"end":8306.144,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":8299.927,"end":8300.12},{"text":"modalities","start":8300.152,"end":8300.763},{"text":"may","start":8300.956,"end":8301.116},{"text":"include","start":8301.116,"end":8301.662},{"text":"guiding","start":8301.662,"end":8301.951},{"text":"questions,","start":8301.984,"end":8302.53},{"text":"structured","start":8302.803,"end":8303.269},{"text":"discussions,","start":8303.269,"end":8303.895},{"text":"and","start":8304.393,"end":8304.506},{"text":"scenario-based","start":8304.506,"end":8305.469},{"text":"exercises.","start":8305.534,"end":8306.144}]},{"text":"We agree with the list of 5 priority topics identified in the joint statement on the application of international law in the use of ICTs submitted by Switzerland and others.","start":8307.542,"end":8318.025,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8307.542,"end":8307.654},{"text":"agree","start":8307.702,"end":8308.023},{"text":"with","start":8308.023,"end":8308.184},{"text":"the","start":8308.184,"end":8308.264},{"text":"list","start":8308.264,"end":8308.73},{"text":"of","start":8308.811,"end":8308.955},{"text":"5","start":8309.051,"end":8309.437},{"text":"priority","start":8309.469,"end":8309.935},{"text":"topics","start":8309.935,"end":8310.449},{"text":"identified","start":8310.594,"end":8311.284},{"text":"in","start":8311.381,"end":8311.477},{"text":"the","start":8311.477,"end":8311.638},{"text":"joint","start":8311.638,"end":8311.879},{"text":"statement","start":8311.879,"end":8312.361},{"text":"on","start":8312.762,"end":8312.81},{"text":"the","start":8312.842,"end":8312.987},{"text":"application","start":8312.987,"end":8313.437},{"text":"of","start":8313.469,"end":8313.517},{"text":"international","start":8313.565,"end":8314.047},{"text":"law","start":8314.047,"end":8314.128},{"text":"in","start":8314.433,"end":8314.529},{"text":"the","start":8314.529,"end":8314.609},{"text":"use","start":8314.609,"end":8314.738},{"text":"of","start":8314.834,"end":8314.931},{"text":"ICTs","start":8315.188,"end":8315.588},{"text":"submitted","start":8316.149,"end":8316.662},{"text":"by","start":8316.695,"end":8316.855},{"text":"Switzerland","start":8316.855,"end":8317.624},{"text":"and","start":8317.656,"end":8317.817},{"text":"others.","start":8317.817,"end":8318.025}]},{"text":"We also support calls to use capacity-building discussions in DGG2 to better enable states to develop their own national positions on the application of international law in cyberspace.","start":8319.259,"end":8331.732,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."},{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8338.336,"end":8338.465},{"text":"application","start":8338.481,"end":8339.106},{"text":"of","start":8339.202,"end":8339.298},{"text":"international","start":8339.298,"end":8339.843},{"text":"law","start":8339.843,"end":8339.971},{"text":"in","start":8340.164,"end":8340.26},{"text":"cyberspace","start":8340.26,"end":8340.837},{"text":"is","start":8340.837,"end":8340.869},{"text":"in","start":8341.303,"end":8341.351},{"text":"particular","start":8341.383,"end":8341.993},{"text":"the","start":8342.025,"end":8342.17},{"text":"UN","start":8342.17,"end":8342.379},{"text":"Charter,","start":8342.427,"end":8342.909},{"text":"international","start":8343.31,"end":8343.792},{"text":"human","start":8343.792,"end":8344.001},{"text":"rights","start":8344.033,"end":8344.338},{"text":"law,","start":8344.338,"end":8344.547},{"text":"international","start":8344.916,"end":8345.398},{"text":"humanitarian","start":8345.398,"end":8346.024},{"text":"law,","start":8346.121,"end":8346.265},{"text":"and","start":8346.747,"end":8346.988},{"text":"the","start":8346.988,"end":8347.068},{"text":"law","start":8347.068,"end":8347.309},{"text":"on","start":8347.389,"end":8347.47},{"text":"state","start":8347.47,"end":8347.791},{"text":"responsibility,","start":8347.791,"end":8348.498},{"text":"is","start":8348.995,"end":8349.14},{"text":"an","start":8349.333,"end":8349.381},{"text":"objective","start":8349.429,"end":8350.104},{"text":"legal","start":8350.377,"end":8350.762},{"text":"fact.","start":8350.939,"end":8351.34}]},{"text":"Ireland strongly disagrees with any suggestion that affirming the application of IHL to cyberspace encourages or legitimizes the militarization of cyberspace.","start":8352.545,"end":8363.53,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Ireland","start":8352.545,"end":8352.818},{"text":"strongly","start":8352.85,"end":8353.428},{"text":"disagrees","start":8353.428,"end":8353.958},{"text":"with","start":8354.231,"end":8354.408},{"text":"any","start":8354.536,"end":8354.681},{"text":"suggestion","start":8354.697,"end":8355.243},{"text":"that","start":8355.757,"end":8355.901},{"text":"affirming","start":8355.901,"end":8356.287},{"text":"the","start":8356.319,"end":8356.431},{"text":"application","start":8356.544,"end":8357.17},{"text":"of","start":8357.668,"end":8357.716},{"text":"IHL","start":8357.764,"end":8358.294},{"text":"to","start":8358.311,"end":8358.407},{"text":"cyberspace","start":8358.407,"end":8359.001},{"text":"encourages","start":8359.451,"end":8360.061},{"text":"or","start":8360.479,"end":8360.527},{"text":"legitimizes","start":8360.575,"end":8361.346},{"text":"the","start":8361.619,"end":8361.699},{"text":"militarization","start":8361.699,"end":8362.47},{"text":"of","start":8362.904,"end":8362.984},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":8362.984,"end":8363.53}]},{"text":"IHL is concerned with limiting the suffering and caused by armed conflict and mitigating its effects, rather than with the justifiability of the initiation of the conflict.","start":8364.59,"end":8375.409,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"IHL","start":8364.59,"end":8365.233},{"text":"is","start":8365.233,"end":8365.281},{"text":"concerned","start":8365.313,"end":8365.843},{"text":"with","start":8366.116,"end":8366.309},{"text":"limiting","start":8366.341,"end":8366.726},{"text":"the","start":8366.839,"end":8366.903},{"text":"suffering","start":8366.903,"end":8367.369},{"text":"and","start":8367.417,"end":8367.529},{"text":"caused","start":8367.706,"end":8367.963},{"text":"by","start":8367.963,"end":8368.123},{"text":"armed","start":8368.123,"end":8368.364},{"text":"conflict","start":8368.364,"end":8368.893},{"text":"and","start":8369.166,"end":8369.23},{"text":"mitigating","start":8369.246,"end":8369.776},{"text":"its","start":8369.888,"end":8370.001},{"text":"effects,","start":8370.049,"end":8370.53},{"text":"rather","start":8371.076,"end":8371.397},{"text":"than","start":8371.654,"end":8371.782},{"text":"with","start":8371.814,"end":8371.975},{"text":"the","start":8371.975,"end":8372.119},{"text":"justifiability","start":8372.119,"end":8373.066},{"text":"of","start":8373.483,"end":8373.628},{"text":"the","start":8373.66,"end":8373.756},{"text":"initiation","start":8373.756,"end":8374.35},{"text":"of","start":8374.703,"end":8374.799},{"text":"the","start":8374.847,"end":8374.928},{"text":"conflict.","start":8374.928,"end":8375.409}]},{"text":"The application of IHL in cyberspace ensures that we minimize any gaps in legal protection when it comes to armed conflict in cyberspace, especially the protection of civilians and civilian objects.","start":8376.789,"end":8390.543,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8376.789,"end":8376.854},{"text":"application","start":8376.934,"end":8377.399},{"text":"of","start":8377.495,"end":8377.544},{"text":"IHL","start":8377.592,"end":8378.121},{"text":"in","start":8378.314,"end":8378.362},{"text":"cyberspace","start":8378.41,"end":8378.988},{"text":"ensures","start":8379.518,"end":8379.967},{"text":"that","start":8379.999,"end":8380.111},{"text":"we","start":8380.16,"end":8380.4},{"text":"minimize","start":8380.4,"end":8381.01},{"text":"any","start":8381.347,"end":8381.492},{"text":"gaps","start":8381.524,"end":8382.037},{"text":"in","start":8382.246,"end":8382.406},{"text":"legal","start":8382.406,"end":8382.647},{"text":"protection","start":8382.647,"end":8383.096},{"text":"when","start":8383.61,"end":8383.722},{"text":"it","start":8383.754,"end":8383.851},{"text":"comes","start":8383.851,"end":8384.059},{"text":"to","start":8384.091,"end":8384.22},{"text":"armed","start":8384.236,"end":8384.477},{"text":"conflict","start":8384.477,"end":8384.942},{"text":"in","start":8385.215,"end":8385.263},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":8385.295,"end":8385.905},{"text":"especially","start":8386.515,"end":8387.189},{"text":"the","start":8387.767,"end":8387.847},{"text":"protection","start":8387.847,"end":8388.232},{"text":"of","start":8388.569,"end":8388.649},{"text":"civilians","start":8388.649,"end":8389.195},{"text":"and","start":8389.532,"end":8389.628},{"text":"civilian","start":8389.628,"end":8390.078},{"text":"objects.","start":8390.174,"end":8390.543}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, we note that there is now real momentum in states developing national positions.","start":8391.731,"end":8396.9,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":8391.731,"end":8392.019},{"text":"Chair,","start":8392.019,"end":8392.356},{"text":"we","start":8392.982,"end":8393.063},{"text":"note","start":8393.063,"end":8393.303},{"text":"that","start":8393.303,"end":8393.4},{"text":"there","start":8393.4,"end":8393.544},{"text":"is","start":8393.544,"end":8393.608},{"text":"now","start":8393.64,"end":8393.721},{"text":"real","start":8394.042,"end":8394.363},{"text":"momentum","start":8394.363,"end":8394.812},{"text":"in","start":8395.166,"end":8395.214},{"text":"states","start":8395.31,"end":8395.647},{"text":"developing","start":8395.647,"end":8396.097},{"text":"national","start":8396.129,"end":8396.45},{"text":"positions.","start":8396.45,"end":8396.9}]},{"text":"Over 100 states have now published, either individually or as part of a regional group, their positions on international law.","start":8397.67,"end":8404.8,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Over","start":8397.67,"end":8397.895},{"text":"100","start":8397.975,"end":8398.537},{"text":"states","start":8398.537,"end":8399.019},{"text":"have","start":8399.083,"end":8399.228},{"text":"now","start":8399.244,"end":8399.34},{"text":"published,","start":8399.421,"end":8399.918},{"text":"either","start":8400.223,"end":8400.432},{"text":"individually","start":8400.528,"end":8401.074},{"text":"or","start":8401.412,"end":8401.572},{"text":"as","start":8401.572,"end":8401.636},{"text":"part","start":8401.669,"end":8402.07},{"text":"of","start":8402.134,"end":8402.23},{"text":"a","start":8402.23,"end":8402.311},{"text":"regional","start":8402.311,"end":8402.696},{"text":"group,","start":8402.696,"end":8402.969},{"text":"their","start":8403.338,"end":8403.467},{"text":"positions","start":8403.515,"end":8403.965},{"text":"on","start":8404.077,"end":8404.125},{"text":"international","start":8404.173,"end":8404.719},{"text":"law.","start":8404.719,"end":8404.8}]},{"text":"The experience of developing our own national position, which we published in 2023, was a valuable one, and we encourage all states to consider developing a position either individually or collectively.","start":8406.004,"end":8419.01,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8406.004,"end":8406.068},{"text":"experience","start":8406.068,"end":8406.598},{"text":"of","start":8406.742,"end":8406.823},{"text":"developing","start":8406.823,"end":8407.256},{"text":"our","start":8407.449,"end":8407.561},{"text":"own","start":8407.754,"end":8407.898},{"text":"national","start":8407.995,"end":8408.332},{"text":"position,","start":8408.332,"end":8408.621},{"text":"which","start":8409.119,"end":8409.295},{"text":"we","start":8409.295,"end":8409.44},{"text":"published","start":8409.44,"end":8409.938},{"text":"in","start":8410.018,"end":8410.098},{"text":"2023,","start":8410.098,"end":8411.286},{"text":"was","start":8411.624,"end":8411.752},{"text":"a","start":8411.784,"end":8411.8},{"text":"valuable","start":8411.8,"end":8412.25},{"text":"one,","start":8412.25,"end":8412.394},{"text":"and","start":8413.069,"end":8413.133},{"text":"we","start":8413.213,"end":8413.31},{"text":"encourage","start":8413.31,"end":8413.759},{"text":"all","start":8413.936,"end":8414.112},{"text":"states","start":8414.112,"end":8414.53},{"text":"to","start":8414.739,"end":8414.835},{"text":"consider","start":8414.835,"end":8415.301},{"text":"developing","start":8415.477,"end":8415.927},{"text":"a","start":8416.119,"end":8416.136},{"text":"position","start":8416.2,"end":8416.569},{"text":"either","start":8417.067,"end":8417.372},{"text":"individually","start":8417.404,"end":8417.934},{"text":"or","start":8418.367,"end":8418.528},{"text":"collectively.","start":8418.528,"end":8419.01}]},{"text":"Ireland is willing to engage informally with any states in order to share our national experience in preparing a national position.","start":8420.117,"end":8427.561,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Ireland","start":8420.117,"end":8420.438},{"text":"is","start":8420.454,"end":8420.502},{"text":"willing","start":8420.598,"end":8420.759},{"text":"to","start":8420.839,"end":8420.919},{"text":"engage","start":8420.935,"end":8421.336},{"text":"informally","start":8421.336,"end":8421.866},{"text":"with","start":8422.219,"end":8422.427},{"text":"any","start":8422.604,"end":8422.796},{"text":"states","start":8422.796,"end":8423.358},{"text":"in","start":8423.502,"end":8423.55},{"text":"order","start":8423.647,"end":8423.887},{"text":"to","start":8423.887,"end":8423.984},{"text":"share","start":8423.984,"end":8424.385},{"text":"our","start":8424.529,"end":8424.641},{"text":"national","start":8424.641,"end":8425.042},{"text":"experience","start":8425.042,"end":8425.588},{"text":"in","start":8425.925,"end":8426.005},{"text":"preparing","start":8426.053,"end":8426.438},{"text":"a","start":8426.791,"end":8426.807},{"text":"national","start":8426.807,"end":8427.192},{"text":"position.","start":8427.192,"end":8427.561}]},{"text":"The more national positions that are developed and published, the closer we come to bridging gaps in our shared understanding of how international law applies in cyberspace.","start":8428.781,"end":8437.749,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8428.781,"end":8428.845},{"text":"more","start":8428.845,"end":8428.989},{"text":"national","start":8429.117,"end":8429.519},{"text":"positions","start":8429.519,"end":8430},{"text":"that","start":8430.016,"end":8430.16},{"text":"are","start":8430.16,"end":8430.305},{"text":"developed","start":8430.305,"end":8430.738},{"text":"and","start":8430.738,"end":8430.866},{"text":"published,","start":8430.866,"end":8431.283},{"text":"the","start":8431.604,"end":8431.684},{"text":"closer","start":8431.684,"end":8432.15},{"text":"we","start":8432.15,"end":8432.246},{"text":"come","start":8432.246,"end":8432.438},{"text":"to","start":8432.487,"end":8432.615},{"text":"bridging","start":8432.647,"end":8432.936},{"text":"gaps","start":8432.968,"end":8433.273},{"text":"in","start":8433.674,"end":8433.722},{"text":"our","start":8433.834,"end":8434.011},{"text":"shared","start":8434.011,"end":8434.412},{"text":"understanding","start":8434.412,"end":8434.941},{"text":"of","start":8435.294,"end":8435.39},{"text":"how","start":8435.439,"end":8435.535},{"text":"international","start":8435.695,"end":8436.257},{"text":"law","start":8436.257,"end":8436.353},{"text":"applies","start":8436.674,"end":8437.139},{"text":"in","start":8437.139,"end":8437.219},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":8437.219,"end":8437.749}]},{"text":"Whilst there may be gaps in our shared understanding of the law, it is not evident at this stage that there are significant gaps in the law itself.","start":8438.904,"end":8448.292,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Whilst","start":8438.904,"end":8439.064},{"text":"there","start":8439.064,"end":8439.241},{"text":"may","start":8439.241,"end":8439.466},{"text":"be","start":8439.466,"end":8439.61},{"text":"gaps","start":8439.61,"end":8439.963},{"text":"in","start":8440.171,"end":8440.22},{"text":"our","start":8440.332,"end":8440.428},{"text":"shared","start":8440.428,"end":8440.813},{"text":"understanding","start":8440.813,"end":8441.359},{"text":"of","start":8441.535,"end":8441.68},{"text":"the","start":8441.712,"end":8441.856},{"text":"law,","start":8441.856,"end":8442.097},{"text":"it","start":8442.658,"end":8442.738},{"text":"is","start":8442.738,"end":8442.787},{"text":"not","start":8442.851,"end":8443.38},{"text":"evident","start":8443.46,"end":8443.877},{"text":"at","start":8443.877,"end":8443.974},{"text":"this","start":8443.974,"end":8444.086},{"text":"stage","start":8444.182,"end":8444.567},{"text":"that","start":8444.76,"end":8444.92},{"text":"there","start":8444.92,"end":8444.984},{"text":"are","start":8444.984,"end":8445.033},{"text":"significant","start":8445.578,"end":8446.269},{"text":"gaps","start":8446.285,"end":8446.686},{"text":"in","start":8447.007,"end":8447.12},{"text":"the","start":8447.328,"end":8447.473},{"text":"law","start":8447.473,"end":8447.601},{"text":"itself.","start":8447.81,"end":8448.292}]},{"text":"Accordingly, we consider that any calls for new legally binding rules would be premature, and our priority should instead be to consolidate our shared understanding.","start":8449.191,"end":8459.821,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Accordingly,","start":8449.191,"end":8449.785},{"text":"we","start":8450.379,"end":8450.46},{"text":"consider","start":8450.46,"end":8450.877},{"text":"that","start":8450.877,"end":8451.086},{"text":"any","start":8451.166,"end":8451.311},{"text":"calls","start":8451.327,"end":8451.712},{"text":"for","start":8451.808,"end":8451.937},{"text":"new","start":8451.937,"end":8452.194},{"text":"legally","start":8452.21,"end":8452.515},{"text":"binding","start":8452.547,"end":8452.884},{"text":"rules","start":8452.884,"end":8453.157},{"text":"would","start":8453.43,"end":8453.511},{"text":"be","start":8453.511,"end":8453.671},{"text":"premature,","start":8453.671,"end":8454.185},{"text":"and","start":8455.116,"end":8455.181},{"text":"our","start":8455.341,"end":8455.389},{"text":"priority","start":8455.437,"end":8455.967},{"text":"should","start":8455.999,"end":8456.321},{"text":"instead","start":8456.321,"end":8456.77},{"text":"be","start":8457.284,"end":8457.477},{"text":"to","start":8457.509,"end":8457.605},{"text":"consolidate","start":8457.605,"end":8458.456},{"text":"our","start":8458.649,"end":8458.809},{"text":"shared","start":8458.809,"end":8459.259},{"text":"understanding.","start":8459.291,"end":8459.821}]},{"text":"Finally, as we consistently submitted in our statements during the OEWG process, we believe that any outcomes of the global mechanism should focus not just on identifying areas of consensus, but but also areas of convergence in order to accurately capture the balance of views in this room.","start":8460.961,"end":8480.834,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8481.99,"end":8482.054},{"text":"look","start":8482.054,"end":8482.102},{"text":"forward","start":8482.102,"end":8482.521},{"text":"to","start":8482.521,"end":8482.634},{"text":"contributing","start":8482.65,"end":8483.197},{"text":"positively","start":8483.632,"end":8484.244},{"text":"to","start":8484.454,"end":8484.582},{"text":"further","start":8484.582,"end":8484.921},{"text":"discussions","start":8484.921,"end":8485.5},{"text":"on","start":8485.871,"end":8485.919},{"text":"international","start":8485.968,"end":8486.515},{"text":"law","start":8486.515,"end":8486.724},{"text":"within","start":8486.934,"end":8487.159},{"text":"the","start":8487.175,"end":8487.32},{"text":"Global","start":8487.32,"end":8487.61},{"text":"Mechanism.","start":8487.61,"end":8488.126}]},{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":8488.689,"end":8489.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8488.689,"end":8488.866},{"text":"you,","start":8488.866,"end":8488.963},{"text":"Madam","start":8488.979,"end":8489.189},{"text":"Chair.","start":8489.189,"end":8489.43}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IRL","affiliation_full":"Ireland","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":75,"start":8491.03,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=8492","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchísimas gracias.","start":8491.03,"end":8491.958,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchísimas","start":8491.03,"end":8491.437},{"text":"gracias.","start":8491.469,"end":8491.958}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":8492.511,"end":8493.032,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8492.511,"end":8492.674},{"text":"you","start":8492.674,"end":8492.739},{"text":"very","start":8492.755,"end":8492.853},{"text":"much.","start":8492.853,"end":8493.032}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the delegation of Türkiye.","start":8493.162,"end":8495.458,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8493.162,"end":8493.179},{"text":"now","start":8493.179,"end":8493.276},{"text":"give","start":8493.406,"end":8493.634},{"text":"the","start":8493.651,"end":8493.732},{"text":"floor","start":8493.732,"end":8494.009},{"text":"to","start":8494.139,"end":8494.383},{"text":"the","start":8494.383,"end":8494.546},{"text":"delegation","start":8494.546,"end":8494.969},{"text":"of","start":8494.969,"end":8495.1},{"text":"Türkiye.","start":8495.116,"end":8495.458}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":76,"start":8510.18,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=8511","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":8510.18,"end":8510.934,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8510.18,"end":8510.405},{"text":"you,","start":8510.405,"end":8510.437},{"text":"Madam","start":8510.485,"end":8510.726},{"text":"Chair.","start":8510.726,"end":8510.934}]},{"text":"Turkey considers it essential to preserve a rules-based, open, secure, stable, accessible, and peaceful ICT environment.","start":8512.026,"end":8520.408,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8521.179,"end":8521.227},{"text":"our","start":8521.323,"end":8521.5},{"text":"view,","start":8521.5,"end":8521.725},{"text":"cyberspace","start":8521.997,"end":8522.736},{"text":"cannot","start":8522.768,"end":8523.089},{"text":"be","start":8523.105,"end":8523.186},{"text":"regarded","start":8523.186,"end":8523.635},{"text":"as","start":8523.908,"end":8524.053},{"text":"a","start":8524.053,"end":8524.069},{"text":"legal","start":8524.069,"end":8524.326},{"text":"vacuum.","start":8524.326,"end":8524.775}]},{"text":"Although rules and understandings specific to cyberspace are still emerging and continue to be discussed by Member States, it may be reaffirmed that existing international law applies to State conduct in the ICT environment.","start":8525.819,"end":8539.665,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":8701.158,"end":8701.511},{"text":"respect","start":8701.88,"end":8702.377},{"text":"for","start":8702.377,"end":8702.57},{"text":"international","start":8702.602,"end":8703.179},{"text":"law","start":8703.179,"end":8703.292},{"text":"is","start":8703.34,"end":8703.388},{"text":"not","start":8703.484,"end":8703.613},{"text":"optional.","start":8703.677,"end":8704.206}]},{"text":"It is the foundation of stability, predictability, and accountability in international relations, including in cyberspace.","start":8704.623,"end":8711.948,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8712.755,"end":8712.835},{"text":"principles","start":8712.835,"end":8713.319},{"text":"of","start":8713.4,"end":8713.481},{"text":"sovereignty,","start":8713.481,"end":8714.094},{"text":"sovereign","start":8714.142,"end":8714.61},{"text":"equality,","start":8714.61,"end":8715.24},{"text":"non-intervention","start":8715.256,"end":8716.095},{"text":"in","start":8716.144,"end":8716.192},{"text":"the","start":8716.289,"end":8716.369},{"text":"internal","start":8716.386,"end":8716.805},{"text":"affairs","start":8716.805,"end":8717.08},{"text":"of","start":8717.112,"end":8717.192},{"text":"states,","start":8717.192,"end":8717.675},{"text":"the","start":8718.06,"end":8718.109},{"text":"peaceful","start":8718.157,"end":8718.495},{"text":"settlement","start":8718.495,"end":8719.041},{"text":"of","start":8719.041,"end":8719.138},{"text":"disputes,","start":8719.202,"end":8719.765},{"text":"and","start":8719.926,"end":8719.99},{"text":"the","start":8720.071,"end":8720.167},{"text":"prohibition","start":8720.167,"end":8720.73},{"text":"of","start":8720.73,"end":8720.875},{"text":"the","start":8720.875,"end":8720.955},{"text":"threat","start":8720.955,"end":8721.309},{"text":"or","start":8721.438,"end":8721.534},{"text":"use","start":8721.615,"end":8721.856},{"text":"of","start":8721.856,"end":8721.936},{"text":"force","start":8721.936,"end":8722.29},{"text":"remain","start":8722.403,"end":8722.74},{"text":"fully","start":8722.74,"end":8723.03},{"text":"applicable","start":8723.126,"end":8723.802},{"text":"when","start":8724.188,"end":8724.3},{"text":"states","start":8724.348,"end":8724.75},{"text":"use","start":8724.75,"end":8724.992},{"text":"ICTs.","start":8724.992,"end":8725.381}]},{"text":"Likewise, Article 51 of the Charter, which recognizes the inherent right of individual and collective self-defense, applies irrespective of the means by which an armed attack is conducted.","start":8726.273,"end":8737.505,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Likewise,","start":8726.273,"end":8726.743},{"text":"Article","start":8727.003,"end":8727.344},{"text":"51","start":8727.344,"end":8727.798},{"text":"of","start":8727.895,"end":8728.008},{"text":"the","start":8728.008,"end":8728.138},{"text":"Charter,","start":8728.154,"end":8728.657},{"text":"which","start":8728.787,"end":8729.03},{"text":"recognizes","start":8729.03,"end":8729.663},{"text":"the","start":8729.76,"end":8729.841},{"text":"inherent","start":8729.938,"end":8730.49},{"text":"right","start":8730.49,"end":8730.928},{"text":"of","start":8730.992,"end":8731.122},{"text":"individual","start":8731.155,"end":8731.803},{"text":"and","start":8731.803,"end":8731.868},{"text":"collective","start":8731.966,"end":8732.371},{"text":"self-defense,","start":8732.371,"end":8732.987},{"text":"applies","start":8733.747,"end":8734.052},{"text":"irrespective","start":8734.309,"end":8734.935},{"text":"of","start":8735.032,"end":8735.096},{"text":"the","start":8735.128,"end":8735.192},{"text":"means","start":8735.192,"end":8735.546},{"text":"by","start":8735.61,"end":8735.77},{"text":"which","start":8735.77,"end":8736.011},{"text":"an","start":8736.011,"end":8736.156},{"text":"armed","start":8736.156,"end":8736.3},{"text":"attack","start":8736.413,"end":8736.75},{"text":"is","start":8736.75,"end":8736.862},{"text":"conducted.","start":8736.959,"end":8737.505}]},{"text":"Chair, Ukraine believes that discussions within the global mechanism should therefore focus on improving states' common understanding of the application of existing international law, exchanging national views and practices, and strengthening legal capacity across all regions.","start":8738.901,"end":8755.408,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":8738.901,"end":8739.303},{"text":"Ukraine","start":8739.463,"end":8739.817},{"text":"believes","start":8739.865,"end":8740.314},{"text":"that","start":8740.732,"end":8740.86},{"text":"discussions","start":8741.005,"end":8741.599},{"text":"within","start":8741.631,"end":8741.92},{"text":"the","start":8741.952,"end":8742.097},{"text":"global","start":8742.097,"end":8742.434},{"text":"mechanism","start":8742.434,"end":8743.124},{"text":"should","start":8743.702,"end":8743.959},{"text":"therefore","start":8743.959,"end":8744.329},{"text":"focus","start":8744.361,"end":8744.794},{"text":"on","start":8745.067,"end":8745.212},{"text":"improving","start":8745.549,"end":8745.934},{"text":"states'","start":8745.966,"end":8746.368},{"text":"common","start":8746.368,"end":8746.641},{"text":"understanding","start":8746.689,"end":8747.299},{"text":"of","start":8747.476,"end":8747.54},{"text":"the","start":8747.572,"end":8747.652},{"text":"application","start":8747.717,"end":8748.343},{"text":"of","start":8748.375,"end":8748.535},{"text":"existing","start":8748.551,"end":8749.049},{"text":"international","start":8749.097,"end":8749.659},{"text":"law,","start":8749.659,"end":8749.772},{"text":"exchanging","start":8750.077,"end":8750.591},{"text":"national","start":8750.623,"end":8750.96},{"text":"views","start":8750.96,"end":8751.313},{"text":"and","start":8751.49,"end":8751.554},{"text":"practices,","start":8751.602,"end":8752.036},{"text":"and","start":8752.63,"end":8752.694},{"text":"strengthening","start":8752.71,"end":8753.176},{"text":"legal","start":8753.336,"end":8753.609},{"text":"capacity","start":8753.657,"end":8754.203},{"text":"across","start":8754.235,"end":8754.444},{"text":"all","start":8754.621,"end":8754.733},{"text":"regions.","start":8754.781,"end":8755.408}]},{"text":"To our understanding, the work of the DTG I, could significantly contribute to that.","start":8755.905,"end":8760.639,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":8755.905,"end":8756.05},{"text":"our","start":8756.066,"end":8756.259},{"text":"understanding,","start":8756.323,"end":8756.933},{"text":"the","start":8757.045,"end":8757.126},{"text":"work","start":8757.19,"end":8757.447},{"text":"of","start":8757.447,"end":8757.591},{"text":"the","start":8757.591,"end":8757.688},{"text":"DTG","start":8757.688,"end":8758.234},{"text":"I,","start":8758.314,"end":8758.49},{"text":"could","start":8758.796,"end":8758.94},{"text":"significantly","start":8758.956,"end":8759.693},{"text":"contribute","start":8759.693,"end":8760.222},{"text":"to","start":8760.254,"end":8760.35},{"text":"that.","start":8760.35,"end":8760.639}]},{"text":"Also taking into account that the international law is complemented by the 11 voluntary norms of the responsible state behaviour.","start":8761.696,"end":8768.284,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Also","start":8761.696,"end":8761.937},{"text":"taking","start":8761.937,"end":8762.305},{"text":"into","start":8762.338,"end":8762.53},{"text":"account","start":8762.562,"end":8763.219},{"text":"that","start":8763.219,"end":8763.379},{"text":"the","start":8763.379,"end":8763.524},{"text":"international","start":8763.524,"end":8764.101},{"text":"law","start":8764.101,"end":8764.325},{"text":"is","start":8764.341,"end":8764.437},{"text":"complemented","start":8764.501,"end":8765.174},{"text":"by","start":8765.222,"end":8765.447},{"text":"the","start":8765.447,"end":8765.543},{"text":"11","start":8765.543,"end":8765.912},{"text":"voluntary","start":8765.928,"end":8766.36},{"text":"norms","start":8766.36,"end":8766.713},{"text":"of","start":8766.841,"end":8766.921},{"text":"the","start":8766.969,"end":8767.05},{"text":"responsible","start":8767.05,"end":8767.562},{"text":"state","start":8767.562,"end":8767.867},{"text":"behaviour.","start":8767.867,"end":8768.284}]},{"text":"In this respect, we support the in-depth discussion on the cybersecurity of the healthcare infrastructure, whilst also suggesting the in-depth discussion of the issues relevant to protecting the objects of energy infrastructure against the cyberattacks.","start":8769.149,"end":8783.093,"topics":[{"key":"critical-infrastructure","label":"Protection of Critical Infrastructure","description":"Protecting critical infrastructure such as hospitals, energy systems, water networks, transport, and other essential services was a major practical concern. Delegations treated these sectors as concrete scenarios for applying international law and for reducing harm to civilians from malicious cyber operations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8769.149,"end":8769.197},{"text":"this","start":8769.293,"end":8769.422},{"text":"respect,","start":8769.534,"end":8769.838},{"text":"we","start":8770.191,"end":8770.351},{"text":"support","start":8770.351,"end":8770.912},{"text":"the","start":8770.912,"end":8771.056},{"text":"in-depth","start":8771.088,"end":8771.473},{"text":"discussion","start":8771.537,"end":8772.162},{"text":"on","start":8772.338,"end":8772.435},{"text":"the","start":8772.435,"end":8772.515},{"text":"cybersecurity","start":8772.515,"end":8773.797},{"text":"of","start":8773.877,"end":8773.957},{"text":"the","start":8773.957,"end":8774.037},{"text":"healthcare","start":8774.037,"end":8774.534},{"text":"infrastructure,","start":8774.534,"end":8775.304},{"text":"whilst","start":8775.64,"end":8775.945},{"text":"also","start":8776.025,"end":8776.217},{"text":"suggesting","start":8776.217,"end":8776.81},{"text":"the","start":8776.842,"end":8777.067},{"text":"in-depth","start":8777.083,"end":8777.531},{"text":"discussion","start":8777.563,"end":8778.172},{"text":"of","start":8778.349,"end":8778.445},{"text":"the","start":8778.445,"end":8778.605},{"text":"issues","start":8778.605,"end":8778.894},{"text":"relevant","start":8778.99,"end":8779.406},{"text":"to","start":8779.406,"end":8779.503},{"text":"protecting","start":8779.551,"end":8780.016},{"text":"the","start":8780.048,"end":8780.208},{"text":"objects","start":8780.208,"end":8780.592},{"text":"of","start":8780.592,"end":8780.737},{"text":"energy","start":8780.833,"end":8781.137},{"text":"infrastructure","start":8781.169,"end":8781.811},{"text":"against","start":8781.891,"end":8782.147},{"text":"the","start":8782.147,"end":8782.275},{"text":"cyberattacks.","start":8782.275,"end":8783.093}]},{"text":"The importance of which, to our understanding, is determined by the fact that in the digital age, the internet coverage, data accessibility, access to the transport and banking services, and even the house heating, and literally any kind of online activity is dependent on the availability of the stable access to the electricity.","start":8783.814,"end":8802.243,"topics":[{"key":"critical-infrastructure","label":"Protection of Critical Infrastructure","description":"Protecting critical infrastructure such as hospitals, energy systems, water networks, transport, and other essential services was a major practical concern. Delegations treated these sectors as concrete scenarios for applying international law and for reducing harm to civilians from malicious cyber operations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8783.814,"end":8784.054},{"text":"importance","start":8784.695,"end":8785.24},{"text":"of","start":8785.24,"end":8785.385},{"text":"which,","start":8785.401,"end":8785.625},{"text":"to","start":8785.737,"end":8785.946},{"text":"our","start":8785.962,"end":8786.106},{"text":"understanding,","start":8786.122,"end":8786.747},{"text":"is","start":8786.923,"end":8786.987},{"text":"determined","start":8787.035,"end":8787.644},{"text":"by","start":8787.644,"end":8787.805},{"text":"the","start":8787.805,"end":8787.901},{"text":"fact","start":8787.901,"end":8788.35},{"text":"that","start":8788.526,"end":8788.719},{"text":"in","start":8788.767,"end":8788.864},{"text":"the","start":8788.864,"end":8789.024},{"text":"digital","start":8789.024,"end":8789.49},{"text":"age,","start":8789.57,"end":8789.892},{"text":"the","start":8790.213,"end":8790.277},{"text":"internet","start":8790.374,"end":8790.775},{"text":"coverage,","start":8790.775,"end":8791.161},{"text":"data","start":8791.353,"end":8791.675},{"text":"accessibility,","start":8791.675,"end":8792.446},{"text":"access","start":8792.494,"end":8792.751},{"text":"to","start":8792.799,"end":8792.911},{"text":"the","start":8792.959,"end":8793.04},{"text":"transport","start":8793.04,"end":8793.522},{"text":"and","start":8793.522,"end":8793.602},{"text":"banking","start":8793.602,"end":8793.971},{"text":"services,","start":8794.003,"end":8794.453},{"text":"and","start":8794.79,"end":8795.015},{"text":"even","start":8795.128,"end":8795.337},{"text":"the","start":8795.353,"end":8795.417},{"text":"house","start":8795.433,"end":8795.77},{"text":"heating,","start":8795.77,"end":8796.14},{"text":"and","start":8796.959,"end":8797.023},{"text":"literally","start":8797.119,"end":8797.505},{"text":"any","start":8797.601,"end":8797.746},{"text":"kind","start":8797.762,"end":8798.003},{"text":"of","start":8798.003,"end":8798.115},{"text":"online","start":8798.115,"end":8798.388},{"text":"activity","start":8798.436,"end":8798.902},{"text":"is","start":8798.983,"end":8799.031},{"text":"dependent","start":8799.063,"end":8799.625},{"text":"on","start":8799.625,"end":8799.705},{"text":"the","start":8799.705,"end":8799.77},{"text":"availability","start":8799.786,"end":8800.412},{"text":"of","start":8800.412,"end":8800.476},{"text":"the","start":8800.573,"end":8800.653},{"text":"stable","start":8800.653,"end":8801.006},{"text":"access","start":8801.006,"end":8801.392},{"text":"to","start":8801.392,"end":8801.488},{"text":"the","start":8801.488,"end":8801.536},{"text":"electricity.","start":8801.552,"end":8802.243}]},{"text":"To our understanding, this is cross-cutting both in terms of the application of international law and international humanitarian law, also in reference to the joint statement earlier delivered by the Swiss delegation.","start":8803.319,"end":8814.209,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":8803.319,"end":8803.448},{"text":"our","start":8803.544,"end":8803.721},{"text":"understanding,","start":8803.721,"end":8804.331},{"text":"this","start":8804.588,"end":8804.652},{"text":"is","start":8804.765,"end":8804.861},{"text":"cross-cutting","start":8804.925,"end":8805.455},{"text":"both","start":8805.632,"end":8805.777},{"text":"in","start":8805.809,"end":8805.857},{"text":"terms","start":8805.969,"end":8806.226},{"text":"of","start":8806.226,"end":8806.323},{"text":"the","start":8806.355,"end":8806.419},{"text":"application","start":8806.515,"end":8807.062},{"text":"of","start":8807.158,"end":8807.254},{"text":"international","start":8807.318,"end":8807.897},{"text":"law","start":8807.897,"end":8808.089},{"text":"and","start":8808.684,"end":8808.748},{"text":"international","start":8808.86,"end":8809.423},{"text":"humanitarian","start":8809.423,"end":8810.113},{"text":"law,","start":8810.145,"end":8810.37},{"text":"also","start":8810.531,"end":8810.707},{"text":"in","start":8810.707,"end":8810.852},{"text":"reference","start":8810.852,"end":8811.189},{"text":"to","start":8811.189,"end":8811.318},{"text":"the","start":8811.334,"end":8811.414},{"text":"joint","start":8811.494,"end":8811.735},{"text":"statement","start":8811.735,"end":8812.298},{"text":"earlier","start":8812.378,"end":8812.635},{"text":"delivered","start":8812.699,"end":8813.069},{"text":"by","start":8813.117,"end":8813.245},{"text":"the","start":8813.261,"end":8813.342},{"text":"Swiss","start":8813.342,"end":8813.599},{"text":"delegation.","start":8813.599,"end":8814.209}]},{"text":"And operationalization of the framework of the responsible state behavior, as well as potentially determining the approaches and good practices towards balancing the scopes of responsibilities of the stakeholders within the public-private partnerships.","start":8814.87,"end":8828.855,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8814.87,"end":8815.176},{"text":"operationalization","start":8815.37,"end":8816.87},{"text":"of","start":8816.902,"end":8816.999},{"text":"the","start":8817.048,"end":8817.096},{"text":"framework","start":8817.128,"end":8817.79},{"text":"of","start":8817.87,"end":8817.967},{"text":"the","start":8817.967,"end":8818.048},{"text":"responsible","start":8818.048,"end":8818.58},{"text":"state","start":8818.58,"end":8818.79},{"text":"behavior,","start":8818.838,"end":8819.355},{"text":"as","start":8819.968,"end":8820.097},{"text":"well","start":8820.129,"end":8820.307},{"text":"as","start":8820.307,"end":8820.42},{"text":"potentially","start":8820.452,"end":8820.936},{"text":"determining","start":8820.936,"end":8821.549},{"text":"the","start":8821.581,"end":8821.71},{"text":"approaches","start":8821.726,"end":8822.194},{"text":"and","start":8822.307,"end":8822.372},{"text":"good","start":8822.452,"end":8822.598},{"text":"practices","start":8822.646,"end":8823.162},{"text":"towards","start":8823.194,"end":8823.566},{"text":"balancing","start":8823.598,"end":8824.05},{"text":"the","start":8824.082,"end":8824.163},{"text":"scopes","start":8824.163,"end":8824.583},{"text":"of","start":8824.583,"end":8824.697},{"text":"responsibilities","start":8824.729,"end":8825.587},{"text":"of","start":8825.764,"end":8825.926},{"text":"the","start":8825.926,"end":8826.007},{"text":"stakeholders","start":8826.007,"end":8826.638},{"text":"within","start":8827.059,"end":8827.285},{"text":"the","start":8827.318,"end":8827.399},{"text":"public-private","start":8827.463,"end":8828.127},{"text":"partnerships.","start":8828.127,"end":8828.855}]},{"text":"Chair, the effectiveness of international law ultimately depends on its observance.","start":8830.65,"end":8835.265,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Ukraine","start":8919.274,"end":8919.646},{"text":"remains","start":8919.678,"end":8920.13},{"text":"firmly","start":8920.388,"end":8920.775},{"text":"committed","start":8920.888,"end":8921.404},{"text":"to","start":8921.614,"end":8921.695},{"text":"promoting","start":8921.695,"end":8922.227},{"text":"the","start":8922.34,"end":8922.421},{"text":"full","start":8922.421,"end":8922.679},{"text":"implementation","start":8922.679,"end":8923.437},{"text":"of","start":8923.55,"end":8923.647},{"text":"existing","start":8923.647,"end":8924.083},{"text":"international","start":8924.196,"end":8924.744},{"text":"law","start":8924.744,"end":8924.841},{"text":"in","start":8924.922,"end":8924.97},{"text":"cyberspace","start":8925.019,"end":8925.68},{"text":"and","start":8926.213,"end":8926.277},{"text":"looks","start":8926.358,"end":8926.616},{"text":"forward","start":8926.616,"end":8927.003},{"text":"to","start":8927.003,"end":8927.068},{"text":"working","start":8927.1,"end":8927.391},{"text":"with","start":8927.423,"end":8927.633},{"text":"all","start":8927.73,"end":8927.826},{"text":"delegations","start":8927.826,"end":8928.359},{"text":"to","start":8928.375,"end":8928.44},{"text":"strengthen","start":8928.44,"end":8928.858},{"text":"peace,","start":8929.035,"end":8929.341},{"text":"security,","start":8929.438,"end":8929.969},{"text":"and","start":8930.082,"end":8930.146},{"text":"stability","start":8930.178,"end":8930.774},{"text":"in","start":8930.806,"end":8930.951},{"text":"the","start":8930.951,"end":8931.015},{"text":"ICT","start":8931.112,"end":8931.546},{"text":"environment.","start":8931.595,"end":8932.142}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":8932.738,"end":8933.221,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8932.738,"end":8933.124},{"text":"you.","start":8933.124,"end":8933.221}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"UKR","affiliation_full":"Ukraine","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":79,"start":8935.796,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=8936","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchas gracias.","start":8935.796,"end":8936.682,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchas","start":8935.796,"end":8936.054},{"text":"gracias.","start":8936.054,"end":8936.682}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":8937.165,"end":8937.744,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8937.165,"end":8937.342},{"text":"you","start":8937.342,"end":8937.422},{"text":"very","start":8937.422,"end":8937.583},{"text":"much.","start":8937.583,"end":8937.744}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the delegations of Thailand, to be followed by Albania.","start":8937.873,"end":8942.544,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8937.873,"end":8937.889},{"text":"now","start":8937.889,"end":8938.131},{"text":"give","start":8938.131,"end":8938.292},{"text":"the","start":8938.292,"end":8938.391},{"text":"floor","start":8938.391,"end":8938.752},{"text":"to","start":8938.768,"end":8938.949},{"text":"the","start":8938.949,"end":8939.113},{"text":"delegations","start":8939.113,"end":8940.065},{"text":"of","start":8940.41,"end":8940.558},{"text":"Thailand,","start":8940.755,"end":8941.231},{"text":"to","start":8941.247,"end":8941.362},{"text":"be","start":8941.411,"end":8941.51},{"text":"followed","start":8941.51,"end":8941.953},{"text":"by","start":8941.986,"end":8942.15},{"text":"Albania.","start":8942.15,"end":8942.544}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":80,"start":8944.546,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=8945","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you. Madam Chair, Thailand aligns itself with the statement delivered by Australia on behalf of the cross-regional group upstairs.","start":8944.546,"end":8953.12,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8944.546,"end":8945.028},{"text":"you.","start":8945.028,"end":8945.06},{"text":"Madam","start":8945.156,"end":8945.3},{"text":"Chair,","start":8945.3,"end":8945.702},{"text":"Thailand","start":8946.489,"end":8946.938},{"text":"aligns","start":8946.97,"end":8947.34},{"text":"itself","start":8947.372,"end":8947.789},{"text":"with","start":8947.837,"end":8947.998},{"text":"the","start":8947.998,"end":8948.094},{"text":"statement","start":8948.094,"end":8948.704},{"text":"delivered","start":8948.897,"end":8949.427},{"text":"by","start":8949.523,"end":8949.652},{"text":"Australia","start":8949.876,"end":8950.567},{"text":"on","start":8950.808,"end":8950.872},{"text":"behalf","start":8950.904,"end":8951.289},{"text":"of","start":8951.386,"end":8951.482},{"text":"the","start":8951.482,"end":8951.611},{"text":"cross-regional","start":8951.611,"end":8952.397},{"text":"group","start":8952.429,"end":8952.654},{"text":"upstairs.","start":8952.734,"end":8953.12}]},{"text":"The transition from the UNGGE and the UNOWG on this global mechanism marks an important milestone in our collective efforts to advance our common understanding of the application of international law cyberspace.","start":8954.115,"end":8970.941,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":8976.726,"end":8977.222},{"text":"Thailand","start":8977.607,"end":8978.072},{"text":"reaffirms","start":8978.104,"end":8978.953},{"text":"its","start":8979.161,"end":8979.386},{"text":"longstanding","start":8979.45,"end":8980.075},{"text":"position","start":8980.187,"end":8980.7},{"text":"that","start":8981.309,"end":8981.437},{"text":"international","start":8981.485,"end":8982.19},{"text":"law,","start":8982.19,"end":8982.302},{"text":"in","start":8982.815,"end":8982.879},{"text":"particular","start":8982.911,"end":8983.536},{"text":"the","start":8983.873,"end":8984.017},{"text":"UN","start":8984.017,"end":8984.306},{"text":"Charter,","start":8984.418,"end":8984.882},{"text":"applies","start":8985.395,"end":8985.924},{"text":"to","start":8986.1,"end":8986.357},{"text":"the","start":8986.501,"end":8986.597},{"text":"use","start":8986.661,"end":8986.918},{"text":"of","start":8987.062,"end":8987.126},{"text":"ICTs.","start":8987.382,"end":8987.895}]},{"text":"We remain firmly committed to an international order that is rule-based, grounded in international law, as the most effective means of safeguarding the sovereignty, security, and interests of all states.","start":8988.744,"end":9003.478,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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also believes that Reflecting the common understandings we reached during the session in a report would be 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a record would enable us to identify the progress we have made in narrowing our differences while also highlighting the areas where further dialogue and work remain 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Thailand attaches great importance to fostering common understanding on lawful and responsible state behavior in cyberspace through enhanced international dialogue and the regular sharing of national views and positions.","start":9069.519,"end":9086.968,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":9088.455,"end":9088.875},{"text":"helps","start":9089.02,"end":9089.585},{"text":"reduce","start":9089.65,"end":9090.038},{"text":"the","start":9090.151,"end":9090.232},{"text":"risk","start":9090.232,"end":9090.601},{"text":"of","start":9090.698,"end":9090.843},{"text":"misunderstandings","start":9090.955,"end":9092},{"text":"and","start":9092.145,"end":9092.37},{"text":"escalation","start":9092.547,"end":9093.094},{"text":"among","start":9093.126,"end":9093.367},{"text":"states","start":9093.367,"end":9093.753},{"text":"while","start":9094.492,"end":9094.75},{"text":"also","start":9094.959,"end":9095.345},{"text":"contributing","start":9095.779,"end":9096.47},{"text":"to","start":9096.663,"end":9096.776},{"text":"progressive","start":9097.065,"end":9097.676},{"text":"development","start":9097.789,"end":9098.432},{"text":"of","start":9098.592,"end":9098.72},{"text":"internationally","start":9098.897,"end":9099.604},{"text":"accepted","start":9099.701,"end":9100.167},{"text":"rules","start":9100.279,"end":9100.649},{"text":"and","start":9101.227,"end":9101.324},{"text":"principles","start":9101.404,"end":9102.015},{"text":"governing","start":9102.433,"end":9102.803},{"text":"state","start":9103.236,"end":9103.51},{"text":"behavior","start":9103.574,"end":9104.153},{"text":"in","start":9104.297,"end":9104.41},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":9104.458,"end":9105.262}]},{"text":"Thailand has consistently shared its national views throughout the OEWG progress and looks forward to continuing to do so actively and constructively within this global mechanism.","start":9106.29,"end":9120.413,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Thailand","start":9106.29,"end":9106.756},{"text":"has","start":9106.772,"end":9107.078},{"text":"consistently","start":9107.48,"end":9107.884},{"text":"shared","start":9108.305,"end":9108.774},{"text":"its","start":9109.033,"end":9109.276},{"text":"national","start":9109.519,"end":9109.988},{"text":"views","start":9110.004,"end":9110.393},{"text":"throughout","start":9110.571,"end":9111.137},{"text":"the","start":9111.396,"end":9111.542},{"text":"OEWG","start":9111.623,"end":9112.222},{"text":"progress","start":9112.448,"end":9112.982},{"text":"and","start":9113.646,"end":9113.889},{"text":"looks","start":9113.889,"end":9114.083},{"text":"forward","start":9114.148,"end":9114.536},{"text":"to","start":9114.536,"end":9114.65},{"text":"continuing","start":9114.876,"end":9115.41},{"text":"to","start":9115.507,"end":9115.572},{"text":"do","start":9115.604,"end":9115.718},{"text":"so","start":9115.847,"end":9116.22},{"text":"actively","start":9116.236,"end":9116.791},{"text":"and","start":9117.215,"end":9117.443},{"text":"constructively","start":9117.541,"end":9118.422},{"text":"within","start":9118.537,"end":9118.993},{"text":"this","start":9119.189,"end":9119.434},{"text":"global","start":9119.434,"end":9119.826},{"text":"mechanism.","start":9119.826,"end":9120.413}]},{"text":"Third, promoting a common understanding of international law in cyberspace also requires bridging the gap between the legal and ICT communities and addressing remaining capacity gaps among states.","start":9122.02,"end":9137.37,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":9122.02,"end":9122.425},{"text":"promoting","start":9123.025,"end":9123.642},{"text":"a","start":9123.739,"end":9123.755},{"text":"common","start":9123.755,"end":9124.21},{"text":"understanding","start":9124.226,"end":9124.94},{"text":"of","start":9125.118,"end":9125.264},{"text":"international","start":9125.377,"end":9126.026},{"text":"law","start":9126.026,"end":9126.14},{"text":"in","start":9126.692,"end":9126.772},{"text":"cyberspace","start":9126.788,"end":9127.687},{"text":"also","start":9128.121,"end":9128.394},{"text":"requires","start":9128.394,"end":9129.068},{"text":"bridging","start":9129.422,"end":9129.839},{"text":"the","start":9129.839,"end":9129.984},{"text":"gap","start":9129.984,"end":9130.208},{"text":"between","start":9130.289,"end":9130.835},{"text":"the","start":9130.867,"end":9131.091},{"text":"legal","start":9131.413,"end":9131.718},{"text":"and","start":9131.894,"end":9131.958},{"text":"ICT","start":9132.071,"end":9132.488},{"text":"communities","start":9132.697,"end":9133.484},{"text":"and","start":9134.142,"end":9134.287},{"text":"addressing","start":9134.383,"end":9134.913},{"text":"remaining","start":9135.025,"end":9135.491},{"text":"capacity","start":9135.523,"end":9136.053},{"text":"gaps","start":9136.085,"end":9136.47},{"text":"among","start":9136.551,"end":9136.775},{"text":"states.","start":9136.824,"end":9137.37}]},{"text":"In this regard, Thailand co-hosted with UNIDIR the workshop on the implementation of the UN norms of responsible state behavior in cyberspace in Bangkok earlier this month.","start":9138.092,"end":9151.467,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9138.092,"end":9138.14},{"text":"this","start":9138.253,"end":9138.494},{"text":"regard,","start":9138.494,"end":9139.055},{"text":"Thailand","start":9139.361,"end":9139.923},{"text":"co-hosted","start":9139.923,"end":9140.645},{"text":"with","start":9140.645,"end":9140.918},{"text":"UNIDIR","start":9140.982,"end":9141.641},{"text":"the","start":9142.106,"end":9142.235},{"text":"workshop","start":9142.251,"end":9142.765},{"text":"on","start":9142.973,"end":9143.118},{"text":"the","start":9143.31,"end":9143.471},{"text":"implementation","start":9143.471,"end":9144.306},{"text":"of","start":9144.579,"end":9144.723},{"text":"the","start":9145.141,"end":9145.237},{"text":"UN","start":9145.237,"end":9145.607},{"text":"norms","start":9145.703,"end":9146.169},{"text":"of","start":9146.345,"end":9146.57},{"text":"responsible","start":9146.747,"end":9147.485},{"text":"state","start":9147.501,"end":9147.79},{"text":"behavior","start":9147.887,"end":9148.545},{"text":"in","start":9148.689,"end":9148.786},{"text":"cyberspace","start":9148.786,"end":9149.685},{"text":"in","start":9149.749,"end":9149.958},{"text":"Bangkok","start":9149.958,"end":9150.359},{"text":"earlier","start":9150.6,"end":9150.937},{"text":"this","start":9150.937,"end":9151.066},{"text":"month.","start":9151.242,"end":9151.467}]},{"text":"Such initiatives also strengthen misunderstanding of how international law applies in cyberspace, while also serving as confidence-building and capacity-building measures.","start":9152.206,"end":9164.784,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":9152.206,"end":9152.43},{"text":"initiatives","start":9152.623,"end":9153.553},{"text":"also","start":9153.73,"end":9154.067},{"text":"strengthen","start":9154.067,"end":9154.58},{"text":"misunderstanding","start":9154.628,"end":9155.639},{"text":"of","start":9156.056,"end":9156.217},{"text":"how","start":9156.217,"end":9156.409},{"text":"international","start":9156.634,"end":9157.308},{"text":"law","start":9157.34,"end":9157.436},{"text":"applies","start":9157.532,"end":9158.126},{"text":"in","start":9158.479,"end":9158.527},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":9158.623,"end":9159.393},{"text":"while","start":9160.164,"end":9160.356},{"text":"also","start":9160.789,"end":9161.142},{"text":"serving","start":9161.142,"end":9161.495},{"text":"as","start":9161.672,"end":9161.864},{"text":"confidence-building","start":9161.928,"end":9162.859},{"text":"and","start":9163.196,"end":9163.356},{"text":"capacity-building","start":9163.356,"end":9164.191},{"text":"measures.","start":9164.255,"end":9164.784}]},{"text":"The other 2 important pillars, we stand ready to engage in further discussions on those respective agenda items.","start":9165.618,"end":9173.368,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9165.618,"end":9165.747},{"text":"other","start":9165.763,"end":9166.084},{"text":"2","start":9166.084,"end":9166.148},{"text":"important","start":9166.26,"end":9166.742},{"text":"pillars,","start":9166.742,"end":9167.271},{"text":"we","start":9167.704,"end":9167.8},{"text":"stand","start":9167.865,"end":9168.314},{"text":"ready","start":9168.41,"end":9168.715},{"text":"to","start":9168.811,"end":9168.972},{"text":"engage","start":9168.988,"end":9169.437},{"text":"in","start":9169.549,"end":9169.597},{"text":"further","start":9169.694,"end":9170.111},{"text":"discussions","start":9170.111,"end":9170.72},{"text":"on","start":9170.897,"end":9170.961},{"text":"those","start":9171.154,"end":9171.362},{"text":"respective","start":9171.555,"end":9172.245},{"text":"agenda","start":9172.357,"end":9172.742},{"text":"items.","start":9172.822,"end":9173.368}]},{"text":"In closing, Thailand reaffirms its unwavering commitment to contributing to the continued development of international law in cyberspace.","start":9174.443,"end":9184.719,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9174.443,"end":9174.491},{"text":"closing,","start":9174.587,"end":9175.052},{"text":"Thailand","start":9175.63,"end":9176.191},{"text":"reaffirms","start":9176.191,"end":9177.058},{"text":"its","start":9177.475,"end":9177.908},{"text":"unwavering","start":9177.732,"end":9178.342},{"text":"commitment","start":9178.454,"end":9179.418},{"text":"to","start":9179.418,"end":9179.547},{"text":"contributing","start":9179.563,"end":9180.253},{"text":"to","start":9180.382,"end":9180.51},{"text":"the","start":9180.607,"end":9180.703},{"text":"continued","start":9180.703,"end":9181.249},{"text":"development","start":9181.249,"end":9181.908},{"text":"of","start":9182.052,"end":9182.197},{"text":"international","start":9182.631,"end":9183.289},{"text":"law","start":9183.289,"end":9183.466},{"text":"in","start":9183.819,"end":9183.867},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":9183.916,"end":9184.719}]},{"text":"We stand ready to work with all partners to advance the objective of this global mechanism.","start":9185.281,"end":9191.4,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9185.281,"end":9185.377},{"text":"stand","start":9185.377,"end":9185.827},{"text":"ready","start":9185.827,"end":9186.084},{"text":"to","start":9186.084,"end":9186.212},{"text":"work","start":9186.245,"end":9186.55},{"text":"with","start":9186.55,"end":9186.678},{"text":"all","start":9186.871,"end":9186.919},{"text":"partners","start":9187.048,"end":9187.658},{"text":"to","start":9187.77,"end":9187.899},{"text":"advance","start":9187.931,"end":9188.638},{"text":"the","start":9188.654,"end":9188.798},{"text":"objective","start":9189.136,"end":9189.666},{"text":"of","start":9189.842,"end":9189.987},{"text":"this","start":9190.019,"end":9190.292},{"text":"global","start":9190.34,"end":9190.79},{"text":"mechanism.","start":9190.806,"end":9191.4}]},{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":9191.465,"end":9194.42,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9191.465,"end":9191.722},{"text":"you,","start":9191.722,"end":9191.786},{"text":"Madam","start":9191.802,"end":9192.107},{"text":"Chair.","start":9192.107,"end":9194.42}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"THA","affiliation_full":"Thailand","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":81,"start":9195.4,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=9196","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":9195.4,"end":9196.058,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9195.4,"end":9195.625},{"text":"you","start":9195.625,"end":9195.705},{"text":"very","start":9195.705,"end":9195.818},{"text":"much.","start":9195.818,"end":9196.058}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the delegation of Albania.","start":9196.283,"end":9199.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9196.283,"end":9196.332},{"text":"now","start":9196.364,"end":9196.556},{"text":"give","start":9196.605,"end":9196.91},{"text":"the","start":9196.91,"end":9197.006},{"text":"floor","start":9197.006,"end":9197.327},{"text":"to","start":9197.327,"end":9197.633},{"text":"the","start":9197.633,"end":9197.729},{"text":"delegation","start":9197.729,"end":9198.42},{"text":"of","start":9198.516,"end":9198.677},{"text":"Albania.","start":9198.677,"end":9199.11}]},{"text":"They will be followed by the Russian Federation.","start":9199.175,"end":9201.761,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"They","start":9199.175,"end":9199.335},{"text":"will","start":9199.335,"end":9199.383},{"text":"be","start":9199.415,"end":9199.496},{"text":"followed","start":9199.496,"end":9199.881},{"text":"by","start":9199.881,"end":9200.058},{"text":"the","start":9200.058,"end":9200.203},{"text":"Russian","start":9200.203,"end":9200.427},{"text":"Federation.","start":9200.46,"end":9201.761}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":82,"start":9202.307,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=9203","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":9202.307,"end":9203.447,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9202.307,"end":9202.532},{"text":"you,","start":9202.532,"end":9202.58},{"text":"Madam","start":9202.644,"end":9202.997},{"text":"Chair.","start":9203.029,"end":9203.447}]},{"text":"Albania supports and aligns with the European Union position for full implementation of the United Nations Framework of Responsible State Behavior in cyberspace, as well as remains committed to a rules-based, open, secure, and stable cyberspace.","start":9203.738,"end":9219.628,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Albania","start":9203.738,"end":9204.158},{"text":"supports","start":9204.158,"end":9204.806},{"text":"and","start":9204.887,"end":9204.951},{"text":"aligns","start":9205.049,"end":9205.469},{"text":"with","start":9205.923,"end":9206.003},{"text":"the","start":9206.003,"end":9206.165},{"text":"European","start":9206.165,"end":9206.554},{"text":"Union","start":9206.586,"end":9206.942},{"text":"position","start":9206.991,"end":9207.525},{"text":"for","start":9208.124,"end":9208.253},{"text":"full","start":9208.286,"end":9208.48},{"text":"implementation","start":9208.593,"end":9209.386},{"text":"of","start":9209.483,"end":9209.597},{"text":"the","start":9209.645,"end":9209.726},{"text":"United","start":9209.726,"end":9210.147},{"text":"Nations","start":9210.147,"end":9210.6},{"text":"Framework","start":9210.616,"end":9211.264},{"text":"of","start":9211.345,"end":9211.442},{"text":"Responsible","start":9211.442,"end":9212.024},{"text":"State","start":9212.024,"end":9212.283},{"text":"Behavior","start":9212.3,"end":9212.718},{"text":"in","start":9212.718,"end":9212.783},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":9212.831,"end":9213.508},{"text":"as","start":9214.168,"end":9214.232},{"text":"well","start":9214.345,"end":9214.571},{"text":"as","start":9214.571,"end":9214.635},{"text":"remains","start":9214.973,"end":9215.328},{"text":"committed","start":9215.392,"end":9215.843},{"text":"to","start":9216.101,"end":9216.198},{"text":"a","start":9216.214,"end":9216.342},{"text":"rules-based,","start":9216.342,"end":9217.083},{"text":"open,","start":9217.551,"end":9217.744},{"text":"secure,","start":9217.808,"end":9218.227},{"text":"and","start":9218.372,"end":9218.436},{"text":"stable","start":9218.533,"end":9218.952},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":9218.952,"end":9219.628}]},{"text":"We believe that existing international law remains fit for purpose in the digital and cyber domain.","start":9220.56,"end":9227.03,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations treated these sectors as concrete scenarios for applying international law and for reducing harm to civilians from malicious cyber operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Malicious","start":9228.519,"end":9229.004},{"text":"cyber","start":9229.004,"end":9229.327},{"text":"activities","start":9229.327,"end":9229.7},{"text":"are","start":9230.166,"end":9230.214},{"text":"increasing","start":9230.262,"end":9230.792},{"text":"in","start":9230.84,"end":9230.921},{"text":"scale,","start":9230.985,"end":9231.338},{"text":"sophistication,","start":9231.884,"end":9232.783},{"text":"and","start":9232.831,"end":9232.992},{"text":"impact,","start":9232.992,"end":9233.361},{"text":"affecting","start":9233.955,"end":9234.405},{"text":"societies,","start":9234.437,"end":9235.127},{"text":"economies,","start":9235.24,"end":9235.77},{"text":"and","start":9235.802,"end":9235.962},{"text":"critical","start":9235.962,"end":9236.332},{"text":"infrastructure,","start":9236.38,"end":9237.247},{"text":"and","start":9237.809,"end":9237.873},{"text":"may","start":9237.953,"end":9238.114},{"text":"threaten","start":9238.114,"end":9238.499},{"text":"international","start":9238.547,"end":9239.238},{"text":"peace","start":9239.254,"end":9239.495},{"text":"and","start":9239.495,"end":9239.575},{"text":"security.","start":9239.575,"end":9240.153}]},{"text":"Albania reaffirms that international law, in particular the Charter of the UN, international human rights law, and international humanitarian law, fully applies to cyberspace.","start":9241.1,"end":9252.468,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Albania","start":9241.1,"end":9241.967},{"text":"reaffirms","start":9241.967,"end":9242.626},{"text":"that","start":9242.626,"end":9242.69},{"text":"international","start":9242.69,"end":9243.461},{"text":"law,","start":9243.493,"end":9243.589},{"text":"in","start":9244.071,"end":9244.119},{"text":"particular","start":9244.231,"end":9244.873},{"text":"the","start":9244.873,"end":9245.034},{"text":"Charter","start":9245.034,"end":9245.5},{"text":"of","start":9245.596,"end":9245.724},{"text":"the","start":9245.773,"end":9245.901},{"text":"UN,","start":9245.901,"end":9246.19},{"text":"international","start":9246.399,"end":9247.041},{"text":"human","start":9247.105,"end":9247.426},{"text":"rights","start":9247.426,"end":9247.78},{"text":"law,","start":9247.828,"end":9247.924},{"text":"and","start":9248.326,"end":9248.39},{"text":"international","start":9248.566,"end":9249.193},{"text":"humanitarian","start":9249.193,"end":9249.979},{"text":"law,","start":9250.011,"end":9250.092},{"text":"fully","start":9250.798,"end":9251.103},{"text":"applies","start":9251.135,"end":9251.505},{"text":"to","start":9251.697,"end":9251.842},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":9251.842,"end":9252.468}]},{"text":"A better global understanding of its application contributes to greater transparency, predictability, and accountability in states' conduct.","start":9253.544,"end":9262.85,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":9253.544,"end":9253.576},{"text":"better","start":9253.624,"end":9253.945},{"text":"global","start":9254.009,"end":9254.314},{"text":"understanding","start":9254.347,"end":9255.037},{"text":"of","start":9255.31,"end":9255.438},{"text":"its","start":9255.551,"end":9256.049},{"text":"application","start":9255.792,"end":9256.401},{"text":"contributes","start":9256.578,"end":9257.251},{"text":"to","start":9257.251,"end":9257.364},{"text":"greater","start":9257.396,"end":9257.797},{"text":"transparency,","start":9257.797,"end":9258.807},{"text":"predictability,","start":9259.16,"end":9260.091},{"text":"and","start":9260.283,"end":9260.347},{"text":"accountability","start":9260.508,"end":9261.454},{"text":"in","start":9261.887,"end":9261.935},{"text":"states'","start":9261.983,"end":9262.513},{"text":"conduct.","start":9262.513,"end":9262.85}]},{"text":"In line with the EU Declaration on a Common Understanding of International Law in Cyberspace, Albania supports international law application in the cyber context of state sovereignty, the principles of non-intervention, due diligence, the prohibition of the threat or use of force, the peaceful settlement of disputes, the law of state responsibility, and lawful state responses.","start":9264.293,"end":9290.625,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Albania","start":9307.089,"end":9307.7},{"text":"reiterates","start":9307.812,"end":9308.551},{"text":"that","start":9308.696,"end":9308.873},{"text":"international","start":9308.873,"end":9309.483},{"text":"humanitarian","start":9309.483,"end":9310.286},{"text":"law","start":9310.383,"end":9310.495},{"text":"applies","start":9310.72,"end":9311.09},{"text":"cyber","start":9311.35,"end":9311.687},{"text":"operations","start":9311.767,"end":9312.393},{"text":"conducted","start":9312.506,"end":9313.517},{"text":"in","start":9313.71,"end":9313.758},{"text":"the","start":9313.87,"end":9313.951},{"text":"context","start":9314.015,"end":9314.529},{"text":"of","start":9314.914,"end":9315.01},{"text":"armed","start":9315.219,"end":9315.396},{"text":"conflict,","start":9315.396,"end":9316.038},{"text":"and","start":9316.6,"end":9316.664},{"text":"recognizes","start":9316.712,"end":9317.451},{"text":"this","start":9317.547,"end":9317.836},{"text":"neither","start":9318.768,"end":9319.265},{"text":"encourages","start":9319.33,"end":9319.94},{"text":"the","start":9320.036,"end":9320.116},{"text":"militarization","start":9320.116,"end":9321.064},{"text":"of","start":9321.176,"end":9321.272},{"text":"cyberspace","start":9321.321,"end":9322.156},{"text":"nor","start":9322.156,"end":9322.413},{"text":"legitimizes","start":9322.782,"end":9323.697},{"text":"cyber","start":9323.697,"end":9324.179},{"text":"warfare.","start":9324.291,"end":9324.66}]},{"text":"The principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution remain essential, and civilians and civilian objects must receive the protection under international humanitarian law.","start":9325.672,"end":9338.386,"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9325.672,"end":9325.833},{"text":"principles","start":9325.833,"end":9326.443},{"text":"of","start":9326.78,"end":9326.86},{"text":"distinction,","start":9327.021,"end":9327.647},{"text":"proportionality,","start":9328.08,"end":9329.092},{"text":"and","start":9329.285,"end":9329.413},{"text":"precaution","start":9329.847,"end":9330.457},{"text":"remain","start":9330.569,"end":9330.939},{"text":"essential,","start":9331.051,"end":9331.565},{"text":"and","start":9332.095,"end":9332.159},{"text":"civilians","start":9332.239,"end":9332.865},{"text":"and","start":9332.962,"end":9333.122},{"text":"civilian","start":9333.122,"end":9333.556},{"text":"objects","start":9333.684,"end":9334.198},{"text":"must","start":9334.198,"end":9334.503},{"text":"receive","start":9334.503,"end":9335.033},{"text":"the","start":9335.306,"end":9335.386},{"text":"protection","start":9335.386,"end":9335.916},{"text":"under","start":9336.109,"end":9336.494},{"text":"international","start":9336.912,"end":9337.543},{"text":"humanitarian","start":9337.543,"end":9338.256},{"text":"law.","start":9338.353,"end":9338.386}]},{"text":"International human rights law likewise applies online as it does offline.","start":9340.07,"end":9345.944,"topics":[{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"International","start":9340.07,"end":9341.009},{"text":"human","start":9341.414,"end":9341.738},{"text":"rights","start":9341.754,"end":9342.045},{"text":"law","start":9342.807,"end":9342.904},{"text":"likewise","start":9343.066,"end":9343.681},{"text":"applies","start":9343.859,"end":9344.248},{"text":"online","start":9344.426,"end":9344.815},{"text":"as","start":9345.009,"end":9345.058},{"text":"it","start":9345.155,"end":9345.22},{"text":"does","start":9345.22,"end":9345.381},{"text":"offline.","start":9345.59,"end":9345.944}]},{"text":"Albania attaches particular importance to cooperation and capacity building.","start":9347.329,"end":9351.58,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Albania","start":9347.329,"end":9347.715},{"text":"attaches","start":9347.731,"end":9348.279},{"text":"particular","start":9348.392,"end":9348.939},{"text":"importance","start":9348.955,"end":9349.583},{"text":"to","start":9349.583,"end":9349.648},{"text":"cooperation","start":9349.744,"end":9350.372},{"text":"and","start":9350.485,"end":9350.598},{"text":"capacity","start":9350.63,"end":9351.21},{"text":"building.","start":9351.21,"end":9351.58}]},{"text":"Training, exchanges of national and regional positions, scenario-based exercises, and the support for developing national positions can help create shared understanding on how international law applies to cyberspace.","start":9352.401,"end":9366.539,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Training,","start":9352.401,"end":9352.868},{"text":"exchanges","start":9353.061,"end":9353.593},{"text":"of","start":9353.77,"end":9353.818},{"text":"national","start":9353.883,"end":9354.495},{"text":"and","start":9354.575,"end":9354.639},{"text":"regional","start":9354.672,"end":9355.125},{"text":"positions,","start":9355.157,"end":9355.61},{"text":"scenario-based","start":9355.739,"end":9356.694},{"text":"exercises,","start":9356.694,"end":9357.389},{"text":"and","start":9357.971,"end":9358.052},{"text":"the","start":9358.068,"end":9358.149},{"text":"support","start":9358.149,"end":9358.715},{"text":"for","start":9358.715,"end":9358.877},{"text":"developing","start":9358.942,"end":9359.492},{"text":"national","start":9359.589,"end":9359.961},{"text":"positions","start":9360.009,"end":9360.624},{"text":"can","start":9361.141,"end":9361.271},{"text":"help","start":9361.368,"end":9361.562},{"text":"create","start":9361.627,"end":9362.177},{"text":"shared","start":9362.177,"end":9362.516},{"text":"understanding","start":9362.516,"end":9363.212},{"text":"on","start":9363.325,"end":9363.454},{"text":"how","start":9363.487,"end":9363.648},{"text":"international","start":9364.082,"end":9364.804},{"text":"law","start":9364.804,"end":9364.885},{"text":"applies","start":9365.382,"end":9365.736},{"text":"to","start":9365.784,"end":9365.928},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":9365.928,"end":9366.539}]},{"text":"The Global Mechanism should provide an inclusive and action-oriented forum for advancing these discussions.","start":9368.016,"end":9373.844,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9368.016,"end":9368.176},{"text":"Global","start":9368.176,"end":9368.497},{"text":"Mechanism","start":9368.497,"end":9369.076},{"text":"should","start":9369.14,"end":9369.332},{"text":"provide","start":9369.381,"end":9369.943},{"text":"an","start":9370.023,"end":9370.119},{"text":"inclusive","start":9370.119,"end":9370.745},{"text":"and","start":9370.745,"end":9370.874},{"text":"action-oriented","start":9370.97,"end":9371.837},{"text":"forum","start":9371.853,"end":9372.19},{"text":"for","start":9372.19,"end":9372.367},{"text":"advancing","start":9372.367,"end":9372.865},{"text":"these","start":9372.977,"end":9373.122},{"text":"discussions.","start":9373.234,"end":9373.844}]},{"text":"Its plenary sessions and dedicated thematic groups should facilitate focused exchanges on concrete legal questions, draw on national and regional practice, identify capacity needs, and promote practical recommendations.","start":9374.519,"end":9389.259,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."},{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"Its","start":9374.519,"end":9374.615},{"text":"plenary","start":9374.679,"end":9375.209},{"text":"sessions","start":9375.241,"end":9375.691},{"text":"and","start":9375.867,"end":9375.932},{"text":"dedicated","start":9375.964,"end":9376.574},{"text":"thematic","start":9376.67,"end":9377.088},{"text":"groups","start":9377.088,"end":9377.425},{"text":"should","start":9377.81,"end":9378.019},{"text":"facilitate","start":9378.051,"end":9378.758},{"text":"focused","start":9378.758,"end":9379.175},{"text":"exchanges","start":9379.175,"end":9379.705},{"text":"on","start":9380.139,"end":9380.187},{"text":"concrete","start":9380.219,"end":9380.765},{"text":"legal","start":9380.765,"end":9381.022},{"text":"questions,","start":9381.102,"end":9381.632},{"text":"draw","start":9382.29,"end":9382.419},{"text":"on","start":9382.627,"end":9382.675},{"text":"national","start":9382.788,"end":9383.302},{"text":"and","start":9383.414,"end":9383.51},{"text":"regional","start":9383.51,"end":9383.88},{"text":"practice,","start":9383.992,"end":9384.474},{"text":"identify","start":9384.955,"end":9385.678},{"text":"capacity","start":9385.678,"end":9386.336},{"text":"needs,","start":9386.336,"end":9386.69},{"text":"and","start":9386.786,"end":9386.866},{"text":"promote","start":9386.947,"end":9387.332},{"text":"practical","start":9387.685,"end":9388.199},{"text":"recommendations.","start":9388.327,"end":9389.259}]},{"text":"Differences of interpretation should not be treated as issue, but should encourage deeper dialogue to reach a common understanding on the application of UN framework already in place.","start":9390.255,"end":9403.318,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Differences","start":9390.255,"end":9390.865},{"text":"of","start":9391.122,"end":9391.171},{"text":"interpretation","start":9391.235,"end":9391.99},{"text":"should","start":9392.665,"end":9392.922},{"text":"not","start":9392.97,"end":9393.179},{"text":"be","start":9393.549,"end":9393.709},{"text":"treated","start":9393.709,"end":9394.047},{"text":"as","start":9394.111,"end":9394.159},{"text":"issue,","start":9394.352,"end":9394.754},{"text":"but","start":9395.236,"end":9395.396},{"text":"should","start":9395.396,"end":9396.039},{"text":"encourage","start":9396.119,"end":9396.65},{"text":"deeper","start":9397.083,"end":9397.405},{"text":"dialogue","start":9397.469,"end":9398.063},{"text":"to","start":9398.112,"end":9398.208},{"text":"reach","start":9398.208,"end":9398.497},{"text":"a","start":9398.915,"end":9398.931},{"text":"common","start":9398.995,"end":9399.22},{"text":"understanding","start":9399.317,"end":9399.943},{"text":"on","start":9400.056,"end":9400.104},{"text":"the","start":9400.2,"end":9400.265},{"text":"application","start":9400.297,"end":9400.907},{"text":"of","start":9401.325,"end":9401.389},{"text":"UN","start":9401.422,"end":9401.63},{"text":"framework","start":9401.727,"end":9402.386},{"text":"already","start":9402.386,"end":9402.836},{"text":"in","start":9402.868,"end":9402.916},{"text":"place.","start":9403.028,"end":9403.318}]},{"text":"Albania remains committed to upholding and promoting international law in cyberspace and stands ready to work with all partners to strengthen a peaceful, secure, stable, and rule-based ICT environment.","start":9404.314,"end":9418.014,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Albania","start":9404.314,"end":9404.715},{"text":"remains","start":9404.715,"end":9405.085},{"text":"committed","start":9405.197,"end":9405.647},{"text":"to","start":9405.744,"end":9405.872},{"text":"upholding","start":9406.065,"end":9406.595},{"text":"and","start":9407.126,"end":9407.19},{"text":"promoting","start":9407.286,"end":9407.736},{"text":"international","start":9407.768,"end":9408.491},{"text":"law","start":9408.491,"end":9408.604},{"text":"in","start":9408.668,"end":9408.78},{"text":"cyberspace","start":9408.813,"end":9409.504},{"text":"and","start":9410.098,"end":9410.162},{"text":"stands","start":9410.259,"end":9410.676},{"text":"ready","start":9410.741,"end":9411.078},{"text":"to","start":9411.078,"end":9411.158},{"text":"work","start":9411.223,"end":9411.544},{"text":"with","start":9411.544,"end":9411.721},{"text":"all","start":9411.849,"end":9411.914},{"text":"partners","start":9411.946,"end":9412.476},{"text":"to","start":9412.508,"end":9412.621},{"text":"strengthen","start":9412.669,"end":9413.199},{"text":"a","start":9413.713,"end":9413.761},{"text":"peaceful,","start":9413.874,"end":9414.243},{"text":"secure,","start":9414.356,"end":9414.79},{"text":"stable,","start":9414.918,"end":9415.448},{"text":"and","start":9415.804,"end":9415.87},{"text":"rule-based","start":9415.951,"end":9416.59},{"text":"ICT","start":9417.015,"end":9417.375},{"text":"environment.","start":9417.506,"end":9418.014}]},{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":9418.996,"end":9420.158,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9418.996,"end":9419.241},{"text":"you,","start":9419.241,"end":9419.339},{"text":"Madam","start":9419.405,"end":9419.879},{"text":"Chair.","start":9419.879,"end":9420.158}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"ALB","affiliation_full":"Albania","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":83,"start":9422.47,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=9423","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":9422.47,"end":9423.003,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9422.47,"end":9422.647},{"text":"you","start":9422.647,"end":9422.68},{"text":"very","start":9422.68,"end":9422.793},{"text":"much.","start":9422.825,"end":9423.003}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the Russian Federation.","start":9423.132,"end":9425.898,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9423.132,"end":9423.149},{"text":"now","start":9423.149,"end":9423.391},{"text":"give","start":9423.391,"end":9423.569},{"text":"the","start":9423.569,"end":9423.698},{"text":"floor","start":9423.698,"end":9423.973},{"text":"to","start":9424.038,"end":9424.248},{"text":"the","start":9424.378,"end":9425.121},{"text":"Russian","start":9425.17,"end":9425.493},{"text":"Federation.","start":9425.493,"end":9425.898}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":84,"start":9431.43,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=9432","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":9431.43,"end":9432.363,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9431.43,"end":9431.63},{"text":"you,","start":9431.63,"end":9431.796},{"text":"Madam","start":9431.863,"end":9432.113},{"text":"Chair.","start":9432.113,"end":9432.363}]},{"text":"The rules of responsible state behaviour are, of course, an important and necessary element of our work, but it is clear that for an effective insurance of international information security, they're clearly insufficient today.","start":9435.83,"end":9450.608,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9498.23,"end":9498.406},{"text":"adoption","start":9498.406,"end":9498.807},{"text":"of","start":9498.807,"end":9498.904},{"text":"the","start":9498.904,"end":9499.032},{"text":"convention","start":9499.032,"end":9499.577},{"text":"has","start":9499.979,"end":9500.299},{"text":"become","start":9500.332,"end":9500.685},{"text":"indisputable","start":9501.054,"end":9501.679},{"text":"evidence","start":9501.776,"end":9502.273},{"text":"of","start":9502.273,"end":9502.353},{"text":"the","start":9502.401,"end":9502.497},{"text":"demand","start":9502.497,"end":9502.947},{"text":"for","start":9502.963,"end":9503.059},{"text":"global","start":9503.059,"end":9503.444},{"text":"treaties","start":9503.444,"end":9503.909},{"text":"to","start":9503.941,"end":9504.054},{"text":"regulate","start":9504.343,"end":9505.145},{"text":"the","start":9505.145,"end":9505.289},{"text":"digital","start":9505.305,"end":9505.69},{"text":"space,","start":9505.69,"end":9505.979},{"text":"whose","start":9506.91,"end":9507.118},{"text":"unique","start":9507.391,"end":9508.033},{"text":"technical","start":9508.033,"end":9508.658},{"text":"and","start":9508.658,"end":9508.819},{"text":"legal","start":9508.819,"end":9509.14},{"text":"characteristics","start":9509.14,"end":9510.038},{"text":"do","start":9510.038,"end":9510.215},{"text":"not","start":9510.215,"end":9510.76},{"text":"allow","start":9510.84,"end":9511.113},{"text":"automatic","start":9511.883,"end":9512.461},{"text":"and","start":9512.605,"end":9512.669},{"text":"full","start":9512.75,"end":9512.958},{"text":"application","start":9513.231,"end":9513.776},{"text":"of","start":9514.129,"end":9514.258},{"text":"existing","start":9514.37,"end":9514.899},{"text":"norms","start":9515.012,"end":9515.381},{"text":"of","start":9515.493,"end":9515.573},{"text":"international","start":9515.573,"end":9516.295},{"text":"law.","start":9516.295,"end":9516.408}]},{"text":"The next logical The next step, in our view, should be to develop similar international legal instruments for other aspects of international information security, above all with a view to preventing and peacefully resolving interstate conflicts in the information landscape.","start":9517.643,"end":9536.511,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9517.643,"end":9517.675},{"text":"next","start":9517.675,"end":9517.98},{"text":"logical","start":9518.044,"end":9518.59},{"text":"The","start":9518.59,"end":9518.622},{"text":"next","start":9518.654,"end":9518.75},{"text":"step,","start":9518.75,"end":9518.942},{"text":"in","start":9519.022,"end":9519.151},{"text":"our","start":9519.247,"end":9519.423},{"text":"view,","start":9519.423,"end":9519.728},{"text":"should","start":9520.369,"end":9520.673},{"text":"be","start":9520.705,"end":9520.93},{"text":"to","start":9520.93,"end":9521.09},{"text":"develop","start":9521.09,"end":9521.763},{"text":"similar","start":9521.908,"end":9522.533},{"text":"international","start":9522.549,"end":9523.19},{"text":"legal","start":9523.19,"end":9523.495},{"text":"instruments","start":9523.511,"end":9523.943},{"text":"for","start":9524.376,"end":9524.553},{"text":"other","start":9524.697,"end":9524.937},{"text":"aspects","start":9525.098,"end":9525.578},{"text":"of","start":9525.594,"end":9525.739},{"text":"international","start":9525.739,"end":9526.332},{"text":"information","start":9526.332,"end":9527.021},{"text":"security,","start":9527.021,"end":9527.726},{"text":"above","start":9527.839,"end":9528.143},{"text":"all","start":9528.143,"end":9528.191},{"text":"with","start":9528.8,"end":9529.089},{"text":"a","start":9529.426,"end":9529.442},{"text":"view","start":9529.602,"end":9529.858},{"text":"to","start":9530.003,"end":9530.243},{"text":"preventing","start":9530.243,"end":9530.772},{"text":"and","start":9531.189,"end":9531.269},{"text":"peacefully","start":9531.525,"end":9532.054},{"text":"resolving","start":9532.151,"end":9532.696},{"text":"interstate","start":9532.872,"end":9533.417},{"text":"conflicts","start":9533.449,"end":9534.186},{"text":"in","start":9534.411,"end":9534.731},{"text":"the","start":9534.731,"end":9534.924},{"text":"information","start":9534.972,"end":9536.014},{"text":"landscape.","start":9536.078,"end":9536.511}]},{"text":"We would like to note that specific proposals on this matter already exist.","start":9537.216,"end":9541.448,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9537.216,"end":9537.36},{"text":"would","start":9537.36,"end":9537.52},{"text":"like","start":9537.52,"end":9537.761},{"text":"to","start":9537.761,"end":9537.857},{"text":"note","start":9537.857,"end":9538.434},{"text":"that","start":9538.643,"end":9538.771},{"text":"specific","start":9538.819,"end":9539.22},{"text":"proposals","start":9539.22,"end":9539.829},{"text":"on","start":9539.845,"end":9539.909},{"text":"this","start":9539.941,"end":9540.181},{"text":"matter","start":9540.181,"end":9540.422},{"text":"already","start":9540.422,"end":9540.807},{"text":"exist.","start":9540.807,"end":9541.448}]},{"text":"They were presented within the OEWG and the General Assembly in the form of a concept of UN Convention on International Information Security.","start":9541.544,"end":9551.303,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":9541.544,"end":9541.688},{"text":"were","start":9541.704,"end":9541.848},{"text":"presented","start":9541.848,"end":9542.345},{"text":"within","start":9542.345,"end":9542.698},{"text":"the","start":9542.746,"end":9543.019},{"text":"OEWG","start":9543.067,"end":9544.365},{"text":"and","start":9544.413,"end":9545.134},{"text":"the","start":9545.134,"end":9545.231},{"text":"General","start":9545.231,"end":9545.519},{"text":"Assembly","start":9545.937,"end":9546.354},{"text":"in","start":9546.354,"end":9546.419},{"text":"the","start":9546.419,"end":9546.515},{"text":"form","start":9546.515,"end":9546.724},{"text":"of","start":9547.559,"end":9547.656},{"text":"a","start":9547.656,"end":9547.72},{"text":"concept","start":9547.72,"end":9548.266},{"text":"of","start":9548.266,"end":9548.363},{"text":"UN","start":9548.363,"end":9548.652},{"text":"Convention","start":9548.668,"end":9549.134},{"text":"on","start":9549.632,"end":9549.68},{"text":"International","start":9549.729,"end":9550.307},{"text":"Information","start":9550.307,"end":9550.853},{"text":"Security.","start":9550.853,"end":9551.303}]},{"text":"This document reflects an understanding of how universally recognized principles of international law apply to ICT and enshrines provisions based on the recommendations of the annual UN General Assembly resolutions under the agenda item Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of international security.","start":9551.978,"end":9572.626,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":9551.978,"end":9552.091},{"text":"document","start":9552.139,"end":9552.621},{"text":"reflects","start":9552.621,"end":9553.296},{"text":"an","start":9553.328,"end":9553.392},{"text":"understanding","start":9553.585,"end":9554.196},{"text":"of","start":9554.533,"end":9554.774},{"text":"how","start":9554.774,"end":9555.047},{"text":"universally","start":9555.353,"end":9555.802},{"text":"recognized","start":9555.818,"end":9556.365},{"text":"principles","start":9556.397,"end":9556.895},{"text":"of","start":9556.895,"end":9557.04},{"text":"international","start":9557.04,"end":9557.731},{"text":"law","start":9557.827,"end":9557.956},{"text":"apply","start":9558.084,"end":9558.502},{"text":"to","start":9558.55,"end":9558.614},{"text":"ICT","start":9558.727,"end":9559.289},{"text":"and","start":9559.996,"end":9560.06},{"text":"enshrines","start":9560.077,"end":9560.462},{"text":"provisions","start":9560.559,"end":9561.025},{"text":"based","start":9561.057,"end":9561.378},{"text":"on","start":9561.378,"end":9561.474},{"text":"the","start":9561.474,"end":9561.539},{"text":"recommendations","start":9561.539,"end":9562.31},{"text":"of","start":9562.487,"end":9562.599},{"text":"the","start":9562.647,"end":9562.808},{"text":"annual","start":9562.888,"end":9563.29},{"text":"UN","start":9563.29,"end":9563.499},{"text":"General","start":9564.19,"end":9564.399},{"text":"Assembly","start":9564.447,"end":9564.961},{"text":"resolutions","start":9564.977,"end":9565.572},{"text":"under","start":9565.861,"end":9566.198},{"text":"the","start":9566.198,"end":9566.343},{"text":"agenda","start":9566.359,"end":9566.761},{"text":"item","start":9566.761,"end":9567.05},{"text":"Developments","start":9567.725,"end":9568.448},{"text":"in","start":9568.673,"end":9568.737},{"text":"the","start":9568.834,"end":9568.914},{"text":"Field","start":9568.914,"end":9569.091},{"text":"of","start":9569.091,"end":9569.171},{"text":"Information","start":9569.171,"end":9569.701},{"text":"and","start":9569.798,"end":9569.894},{"text":"Telecommunications","start":9569.894,"end":9570.906},{"text":"in","start":9571.019,"end":9571.067},{"text":"the","start":9571.115,"end":9571.196},{"text":"Context","start":9571.244,"end":9571.581},{"text":"of","start":9571.581,"end":9573.526},{"text":"international","start":9571.63,"end":9572.128},{"text":"security.","start":9572.128,"end":9572.626}]},{"text":"We believe it is important to continue substantive discussions on this matter, and this is provided for by the mandate of the Global Mechanism, which was established by a consensus, uh, UN General Assembly Resolution 79/237 and 80/16, and they are mandatory.","start":9573.831,"end":9591.295,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9573.831,"end":9573.911},{"text":"believe","start":9573.991,"end":9574.361},{"text":"it","start":9574.634,"end":9574.795},{"text":"is","start":9574.795,"end":9574.875},{"text":"important","start":9574.875,"end":9575.438},{"text":"to","start":9575.984,"end":9576.128},{"text":"continue","start":9576.145,"end":9576.53},{"text":"substantive","start":9576.659,"end":9577.221},{"text":"discussions","start":9577.221,"end":9577.816},{"text":"on","start":9577.912,"end":9577.976},{"text":"this","start":9578.008,"end":9578.137},{"text":"matter,","start":9578.314,"end":9578.78},{"text":"and","start":9578.876,"end":9579.053},{"text":"this","start":9579.053,"end":9579.23},{"text":"is","start":9579.23,"end":9579.342},{"text":"provided","start":9579.374,"end":9579.856},{"text":"for","start":9579.856,"end":9580.049},{"text":"by","start":9580.097,"end":9580.338},{"text":"the","start":9580.338,"end":9580.403},{"text":"mandate","start":9580.403,"end":9580.836},{"text":"of","start":9580.836,"end":9580.949},{"text":"the","start":9580.965,"end":9581.11},{"text":"Global","start":9581.11,"end":9581.32},{"text":"Mechanism,","start":9581.32,"end":9581.934},{"text":"which","start":9582.015,"end":9582.128},{"text":"was","start":9582.177,"end":9582.338},{"text":"established","start":9582.338,"end":9582.904},{"text":"by","start":9582.92,"end":9583.033},{"text":"a","start":9583.147,"end":9583.163},{"text":"consensus,","start":9583.163,"end":9584.036},{"text":"uh,","start":9584.359,"end":9584.489},{"text":"UN","start":9584.86,"end":9585.055},{"text":"General","start":9585.087,"end":9585.378},{"text":"Assembly","start":9585.378,"end":9585.556},{"text":"Resolution","start":9585.588,"end":9586.041},{"text":"79/237","start":9586.138,"end":9588.708},{"text":"and","start":9589.048,"end":9589.436},{"text":"80/16,","start":9589.533,"end":9590.487},{"text":"and","start":9590.6,"end":9590.681},{"text":"they","start":9590.681,"end":9590.73},{"text":"are","start":9590.73,"end":9590.762},{"text":"mandatory.","start":9590.762,"end":9591.295}]},{"text":"In this regard, we call upon the chair to organize relevant discussions within the dedicated I would like to address separately the concept which is promoted by some delegations, namely reporting on implementing voluntary non-binding norms of responsible state behavior.","start":9591.892,"end":9611.246,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of 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here are being offered to adopt a supposedly voluntary checklist of practical actions to implement the norms.","start":9612.097,"end":9621.265,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"States","start":9612.097,"end":9612.675},{"text":"here","start":9612.675,"end":9612.996},{"text":"are","start":9612.996,"end":9613.044},{"text":"being","start":9613.077,"end":9613.205},{"text":"offered","start":9613.398,"end":9613.767},{"text":"to","start":9613.799,"end":9614.008},{"text":"adopt","start":9614.104,"end":9614.762},{"text":"a","start":9614.827,"end":9614.843},{"text":"supposedly","start":9614.939,"end":9616.336},{"text":"voluntary","start":9616.994,"end":9617.492},{"text":"checklist","start":9617.556,"end":9618.311},{"text":"of","start":9618.68,"end":9618.985},{"text":"practical","start":9619.017,"end":9619.66},{"text":"actions","start":9619.724,"end":9620.109},{"text":"to","start":9620.205,"end":9620.366},{"text":"implement","start":9620.446,"end":9620.783},{"text":"the","start":9620.783,"end":9620.88},{"text":"norms.","start":9620.88,"end":9621.265}]},{"text":"We do not refused to discuss the document, but only on the understanding that it will indeed in practice be voluntary and will not become, as openly stated by a number of delegations, a form of reporting by some states to others.","start":9622.453,"end":9636.325,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9622.453,"end":9622.55},{"text":"do","start":9622.55,"end":9622.646},{"text":"not","start":9622.646,"end":9623.24},{"text":"refused","start":9623.176,"end":9623.722},{"text":"to","start":9623.754,"end":9623.85},{"text":"discuss","start":9623.85,"end":9624.203},{"text":"the","start":9624.3,"end":9624.38},{"text":"document,","start":9624.38,"end":9624.942},{"text":"but","start":9625.183,"end":9625.6},{"text":"only","start":9626.066,"end":9626.291},{"text":"on","start":9626.387,"end":9626.451},{"text":"the","start":9626.483,"end":9626.548},{"text":"understanding","start":9626.628,"end":9627.254},{"text":"that","start":9627.35,"end":9627.527},{"text":"it","start":9627.527,"end":9627.591},{"text":"will","start":9627.591,"end":9627.72},{"text":"indeed","start":9627.768,"end":9628.298},{"text":"in","start":9628.41,"end":9628.538},{"text":"practice","start":9628.571,"end":9629.052},{"text":"be","start":9629.052,"end":9629.277},{"text":"voluntary","start":9629.277,"end":9630.064},{"text":"and","start":9630.16,"end":9630.305},{"text":"will","start":9630.321,"end":9630.449},{"text":"not","start":9630.497,"end":9630.818},{"text":"become,","start":9630.818,"end":9631.172},{"text":"as","start":9631.3,"end":9631.364},{"text":"openly","start":9631.444,"end":9631.782},{"text":"stated","start":9631.782,"end":9632.263},{"text":"by","start":9632.263,"end":9632.424},{"text":"a","start":9632.424,"end":9632.44},{"text":"number","start":9632.44,"end":9632.649},{"text":"of","start":9632.665,"end":9632.745},{"text":"delegations,","start":9632.761,"end":9633.323},{"text":"a","start":9633.467,"end":9633.484},{"text":"form","start":9633.548,"end":9633.885},{"text":"of","start":9633.949,"end":9634.078},{"text":"reporting","start":9634.094,"end":9634.72},{"text":"by","start":9634.832,"end":9634.945},{"text":"some","start":9634.993,"end":9635.298},{"text":"states","start":9635.298,"end":9635.667},{"text":"to","start":9635.796,"end":9635.892},{"text":"others.","start":9636.101,"end":9636.325}]},{"text":"We reject such an approach as inconsistent with the fundamental principles of the UN Charter.","start":9637.064,"end":9642.105,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9637.064,"end":9637.241},{"text":"reject","start":9637.241,"end":9637.642},{"text":"such","start":9637.642,"end":9637.883},{"text":"an","start":9637.883,"end":9637.947},{"text":"approach","start":9637.947,"end":9638.429},{"text":"as","start":9638.83,"end":9638.894},{"text":"inconsistent","start":9639.087,"end":9639.97},{"text":"with","start":9639.97,"end":9640.05},{"text":"the","start":9640.05,"end":9640.131},{"text":"fundamental","start":9640.131,"end":9640.612},{"text":"principles","start":9640.612,"end":9641.174},{"text":"of","start":9641.174,"end":9641.303},{"text":"the","start":9641.319,"end":9641.383},{"text":"UN","start":9641.399,"end":9641.608},{"text":"Charter.","start":9641.656,"end":9642.105}]},{"text":"At the same time, in our view, even in its current form, the above-mentioned checklist is inadequate.","start":9643.502,"end":9649.025,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":9643.502,"end":9643.582},{"text":"the","start":9643.582,"end":9643.663},{"text":"same","start":9643.663,"end":9643.904},{"text":"time,","start":9643.904,"end":9644.273},{"text":"in","start":9644.851,"end":9644.899},{"text":"our","start":9644.947,"end":9645.108},{"text":"view,","start":9645.108,"end":9645.316},{"text":"even","start":9645.509,"end":9645.686},{"text":"in","start":9645.734,"end":9645.83},{"text":"its","start":9645.83,"end":9646.055},{"text":"current","start":9646.055,"end":9646.376},{"text":"form,","start":9646.376,"end":9646.601},{"text":"the","start":9646.729,"end":9646.874},{"text":"above-mentioned","start":9646.874,"end":9647.388},{"text":"checklist","start":9647.436,"end":9647.966},{"text":"is","start":9648.062,"end":9648.126},{"text":"inadequate.","start":9648.463,"end":9649.025}]},{"text":"It must be expanded primarily through additional rules contained in UNGA Resolution 73/27, including the norms that requires the provision of evidence when attributing responsibility to states for carrying out cyberattacks.","start":9649.122,"end":9666.434,"topics":[{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."},{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":9649.122,"end":9649.266},{"text":"must","start":9649.266,"end":9649.458},{"text":"be","start":9649.506,"end":9649.667},{"text":"expanded","start":9649.667,"end":9650.372},{"text":"primarily","start":9650.564,"end":9651.206},{"text":"through","start":9651.206,"end":9651.366},{"text":"additional","start":9651.366,"end":9651.799},{"text":"rules","start":9651.847,"end":9652.215},{"text":"contained","start":9652.648,"end":9653.354},{"text":"in","start":9653.434,"end":9653.498},{"text":"UNGA","start":9653.915,"end":9654.347},{"text":"Resolution","start":9654.556,"end":9655.101},{"text":"73/27,","start":9655.213,"end":9657.025},{"text":"including","start":9657.682,"end":9658.227},{"text":"the","start":9658.243,"end":9658.275},{"text":"norms","start":9658.275,"end":9658.708},{"text":"that","start":9659.044,"end":9659.333},{"text":"requires","start":9660.022,"end":9660.712},{"text":"the","start":9660.744,"end":9660.824},{"text":"provision","start":9660.824,"end":9661.112},{"text":"of","start":9661.208,"end":9661.353},{"text":"evidence","start":9661.465,"end":9661.882},{"text":"when","start":9662.427,"end":9662.555},{"text":"attributing","start":9662.667,"end":9663.276},{"text":"responsibility","start":9663.373,"end":9664.238},{"text":"to","start":9664.27,"end":9664.366},{"text":"states","start":9664.366,"end":9664.831},{"text":"for","start":9664.831,"end":9664.992},{"text":"carrying","start":9664.992,"end":9665.28},{"text":"out","start":9665.376,"end":9665.569},{"text":"cyberattacks.","start":9665.569,"end":9666.434}]},{"text":"This so-called framework for responsible behavior should take into account all relevant General Assembly decisions.","start":9666.915,"end":9672.782,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":9666.915,"end":9667.092},{"text":"so-called","start":9667.092,"end":9667.605},{"text":"framework","start":9667.621,"end":9668.182},{"text":"for","start":9668.182,"end":9668.31},{"text":"responsible","start":9668.374,"end":9668.855},{"text":"behavior","start":9668.903,"end":9669.4},{"text":"should","start":9669.4,"end":9669.576},{"text":"take","start":9669.624,"end":9669.865},{"text":"into","start":9669.865,"end":9670.041},{"text":"account","start":9670.041,"end":9670.458},{"text":"all","start":9670.586,"end":9670.634},{"text":"relevant","start":9670.827,"end":9671.195},{"text":"General","start":9671.244,"end":9671.564},{"text":"Assembly","start":9671.564,"end":9671.933},{"text":"decisions.","start":9672.285,"end":9672.782}]},{"text":"In conclusion, I would like to reiterate Voluntary rules of responsible state behavior can be observed, but only obligations under international treaties can be implemented.","start":9673.247,"end":9687.178,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9673.247,"end":9673.295},{"text":"conclusion,","start":9673.327,"end":9673.776},{"text":"I","start":9674.434,"end":9674.482},{"text":"would","start":9674.53,"end":9674.61},{"text":"like","start":9674.61,"end":9674.786},{"text":"to","start":9674.786,"end":9674.866},{"text":"reiterate","start":9674.93,"end":9675.94},{"text":"Voluntary","start":9676.484,"end":9677.017},{"text":"rules","start":9677.114,"end":9677.503},{"text":"of","start":9677.68,"end":9677.761},{"text":"responsible","start":9677.761,"end":9678.247},{"text":"state","start":9678.263,"end":9678.505},{"text":"behavior","start":9678.505,"end":9678.877},{"text":"can","start":9678.91,"end":9679.12},{"text":"be","start":9679.152,"end":9679.282},{"text":"observed,","start":9679.298,"end":9679.799},{"text":"but","start":9681.6,"end":9681.794},{"text":"only","start":9683.718,"end":9683.944},{"text":"obligations","start":9684.057,"end":9684.64},{"text":"under","start":9684.769,"end":9684.931},{"text":"international","start":9684.931,"end":9685.513},{"text":"treaties","start":9685.513,"end":9686.127},{"text":"can","start":9686.16,"end":9686.386},{"text":"be","start":9686.402,"end":9686.483},{"text":"implemented.","start":9686.564,"end":9687.178}]},{"text":"Therefore, we believe that the concept of implementing rules of behavior could be possible only after these voluntary rules are given a legally binding character.","start":9687.599,"end":9697.344,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":9687.599,"end":9688.133},{"text":"we","start":9688.747,"end":9688.909},{"text":"believe","start":9688.909,"end":9689.394},{"text":"that","start":9689.394,"end":9689.475},{"text":"the","start":9689.475,"end":9689.62},{"text":"concept","start":9689.62,"end":9689.928},{"text":"of","start":9690.025,"end":9690.138},{"text":"implementing","start":9690.138,"end":9690.736},{"text":"rules","start":9690.752,"end":9690.979},{"text":"of","start":9691.011,"end":9691.06},{"text":"behavior","start":9691.06,"end":9691.659},{"text":"could","start":9692.048,"end":9692.339},{"text":"be","start":9692.404,"end":9692.55},{"text":"possible","start":9692.55,"end":9693.084},{"text":"only","start":9693.181,"end":9693.489},{"text":"after","start":9693.586,"end":9693.829},{"text":"these","start":9693.829,"end":9693.975},{"text":"voluntary","start":9694.072,"end":9694.542},{"text":"rules","start":9694.655,"end":9694.947},{"text":"are","start":9695.206,"end":9695.303},{"text":"given","start":9695.303,"end":9695.595},{"text":"a","start":9695.854,"end":9695.935},{"text":"legally","start":9695.935,"end":9696.356},{"text":"binding","start":9696.356,"end":9696.794},{"text":"character.","start":9696.923,"end":9697.344}]},{"text":"I thank you for your attention.","start":9697.49,"end":9698.365,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9697.49,"end":9697.522},{"text":"thank","start":9697.571,"end":9697.798},{"text":"you","start":9697.798,"end":9697.879},{"text":"for","start":9697.879,"end":9698.041},{"text":"your","start":9698.041,"end":9698.122},{"text":"attention.","start":9698.122,"end":9698.365}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian Federation","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":85,"start":9700.6,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=9701","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchas gracias.","start":9700.6,"end":9701.166,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchas","start":9700.6,"end":9700.709},{"text":"gracias.","start":9700.709,"end":9701.166}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":9701.322,"end":9702.425,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9701.322,"end":9701.955},{"text":"you","start":9701.955,"end":9701.987},{"text":"very","start":9701.987,"end":9702.214},{"text":"much.","start":9702.214,"end":9702.425}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the delegation of Indonesia, to be followed by Ghana and then the Philippines.","start":9702.928,"end":9709.206,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9702.928,"end":9703.025},{"text":"now","start":9703.025,"end":9703.22},{"text":"give","start":9703.431,"end":9703.642},{"text":"the","start":9703.674,"end":9703.804},{"text":"floor","start":9703.82,"end":9704.096},{"text":"to","start":9704.242,"end":9704.583},{"text":"the","start":9704.631,"end":9704.891},{"text":"delegation","start":9704.891,"end":9705.459},{"text":"of","start":9705.459,"end":9705.669},{"text":"Indonesia,","start":9706.01,"end":9706.578},{"text":"to","start":9706.594,"end":9706.675},{"text":"be","start":9706.691,"end":9706.773},{"text":"followed","start":9706.773,"end":9707.113},{"text":"by","start":9707.162,"end":9707.357},{"text":"Ghana","start":9707.486,"end":9708.038},{"text":"and","start":9708.2,"end":9708.297},{"text":"then","start":9708.362,"end":9708.541},{"text":"the","start":9708.541,"end":9708.622},{"text":"Philippines.","start":9708.622,"end":9709.206}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":86,"start":9711.27,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=9712","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":9711.27,"end":9711.88,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9711.27,"end":9711.366},{"text":"you,","start":9711.366,"end":9711.398},{"text":"Madam","start":9711.43,"end":9711.687},{"text":"Chair.","start":9711.687,"end":9711.88}]},{"text":"International law provides the essential framework for ensuring stability, predictability, and responsible behavior in the use of ICTs.","start":9713.07,"end":9720.404,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"International","start":9713.07,"end":9713.697},{"text":"law","start":9713.697,"end":9713.745},{"text":"provides","start":9713.858,"end":9714.243},{"text":"the","start":9714.26,"end":9714.356},{"text":"essential","start":9714.356,"end":9714.919},{"text":"framework","start":9714.919,"end":9715.321},{"text":"for","start":9715.321,"end":9715.546},{"text":"ensuring","start":9715.546,"end":9715.931},{"text":"stability,","start":9715.947,"end":9716.623},{"text":"predictability,","start":9716.848,"end":9717.732},{"text":"and","start":9717.812,"end":9717.893},{"text":"responsible","start":9717.893,"end":9718.664},{"text":"behavior","start":9718.696,"end":9719.243},{"text":"in","start":9719.42,"end":9719.468},{"text":"the","start":9719.5,"end":9719.581},{"text":"use","start":9719.581,"end":9719.806},{"text":"of","start":9719.806,"end":9719.968},{"text":"ICTs.","start":9719.968,"end":9720.404}]},{"text":"Indonesia reaffirms that international law, in particular the UN Charter, applies to cyberspace and that existing international law principles, including sovereignty, non-intervention, the prohibitions of the use of force, and peaceful settlement of disputes, remain fully applicable to states' conduct in the ICT environment.","start":9721.44,"end":9740.283,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Indonesia","start":9721.44,"end":9721.845},{"text":"reaffirms","start":9721.861,"end":9722.46},{"text":"that","start":9722.492,"end":9722.718},{"text":"international","start":9722.718,"end":9723.382},{"text":"law,","start":9723.382,"end":9723.479},{"text":"in","start":9723.851,"end":9723.916},{"text":"particular","start":9723.948,"end":9724.515},{"text":"the","start":9724.515,"end":9724.596},{"text":"UN","start":9724.596,"end":9724.806},{"text":"Charter,","start":9724.903,"end":9725.259},{"text":"applies","start":9725.971,"end":9726.343},{"text":"to","start":9726.376,"end":9726.473},{"text":"cyberspace","start":9726.473,"end":9726.829},{"text":"and","start":9727.453,"end":9727.518},{"text":"that","start":9727.534,"end":9727.839},{"text":"existing","start":9728.256,"end":9728.642},{"text":"international","start":9728.642,"end":9729.284},{"text":"law","start":9729.284,"end":9729.316},{"text":"principles,","start":9729.444,"end":9729.99},{"text":"including","start":9730.263,"end":9730.633},{"text":"sovereignty,","start":9730.665,"end":9731.355},{"text":"non-intervention,","start":9731.708,"end":9732.479},{"text":"the","start":9733.153,"end":9733.314},{"text":"prohibitions","start":9733.314,"end":9733.876},{"text":"of","start":9733.94,"end":9734.02},{"text":"the","start":9734.037,"end":9734.181},{"text":"use","start":9734.181,"end":9734.374},{"text":"of","start":9734.374,"end":9734.438},{"text":"force,","start":9734.438,"end":9734.823},{"text":"and","start":9735.08,"end":9735.144},{"text":"peaceful","start":9735.241,"end":9735.562},{"text":"settlement","start":9735.562,"end":9736.028},{"text":"of","start":9736.028,"end":9736.124},{"text":"disputes,","start":9736.124,"end":9736.686},{"text":"remain","start":9737.152,"end":9737.408},{"text":"fully","start":9737.408,"end":9737.649},{"text":"applicable","start":9737.649,"end":9738.275},{"text":"to","start":9738.275,"end":9738.372},{"text":"states'","start":9738.372,"end":9738.661},{"text":"conduct","start":9738.693,"end":9739.094},{"text":"in","start":9739.094,"end":9739.143},{"text":"the","start":9739.239,"end":9739.335},{"text":"ICT","start":9739.335,"end":9739.721},{"text":"environment.","start":9739.721,"end":9740.283}]},{"text":"The OEWG has made clear that while the existing body of international law applies, shared understanding of how these rules operate in practice remains uneven.","start":9741.246,"end":9751.458,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9741.246,"end":9741.39},{"text":"OEWG","start":9741.487,"end":9741.888},{"text":"has","start":9741.888,"end":9742.274},{"text":"made","start":9742.386,"end":9742.595},{"text":"clear","start":9742.627,"end":9743.044},{"text":"that","start":9743.269,"end":9743.51},{"text":"while","start":9743.51,"end":9743.67},{"text":"the","start":9743.67,"end":9743.815},{"text":"existing","start":9743.815,"end":9744.265},{"text":"body","start":9744.313,"end":9744.634},{"text":"of","start":9744.634,"end":9744.714},{"text":"international","start":9744.714,"end":9745.356},{"text":"law","start":9745.356,"end":9745.437},{"text":"applies,","start":9745.517,"end":9745.967},{"text":"shared","start":9746.32,"end":9746.641},{"text":"understanding","start":9746.641,"end":9747.251},{"text":"of","start":9747.283,"end":9747.412},{"text":"how","start":9747.428,"end":9747.524},{"text":"these","start":9747.669,"end":9747.813},{"text":"rules","start":9747.861,"end":9748.054},{"text":"operate","start":9748.231,"end":9748.648},{"text":"in","start":9748.648,"end":9748.776},{"text":"practice","start":9748.809,"end":9749.29},{"text":"remains","start":9749.29,"end":9750.382},{"text":"uneven.","start":9751.057,"end":9751.458}]},{"text":"This gap risks fragmentations, misinterpretations, and inconsistent implementations.","start":9752.742,"end":9757.118,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":9752.742,"end":9752.918},{"text":"gap","start":9752.918,"end":9753.223},{"text":"risks","start":9753.223,"end":9753.544},{"text":"fragmentations,","start":9753.544,"end":9754.313},{"text":"misinterpretations,","start":9754.425,"end":9755.355},{"text":"and","start":9755.451,"end":9755.531},{"text":"inconsistent","start":9755.531,"end":9756.429},{"text":"implementations.","start":9756.429,"end":9757.118}]},{"text":"Therefore, the global mechanism provides an inclusive platform for the continued dialogue needed to deepen shared understanding and strengthen the practical applications of international law, ensuring that all states can meaningfully interpret and apply international law in cyberspace.","start":9757.936,"end":9773.069,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9803.74,"end":9803.788},{"text":"this","start":9803.82,"end":9803.916},{"text":"regard,","start":9803.916,"end":9804.365},{"text":"Exchanges","start":9804.702,"end":9805.199},{"text":"on","start":9805.328,"end":9805.424},{"text":"national","start":9805.424,"end":9805.825},{"text":"positions,","start":9805.825,"end":9806.402},{"text":"case","start":9806.547,"end":9806.675},{"text":"studies,","start":9806.739,"end":9807.156},{"text":"and","start":9807.268,"end":9807.332},{"text":"legal","start":9807.413,"end":9807.653},{"text":"methodologies","start":9807.653,"end":9808.327},{"text":"are","start":9808.407,"end":9808.551},{"text":"essential.","start":9808.551,"end":9809.048}]},{"text":"Indonesia underscored that such exchange must be non-prescriptive, non-hierarchical, and respectful on differing legal traditions.","start":9809.097,"end":9816.169,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Indonesia","start":9809.097,"end":9810.075},{"text":"underscored","start":9810.075,"end":9810.668},{"text":"that","start":9810.668,"end":9810.765},{"text":"such","start":9810.797,"end":9811.053},{"text":"exchange","start":9811.053,"end":9811.486},{"text":"must","start":9811.583,"end":9811.711},{"text":"be","start":9811.759,"end":9811.855},{"text":"non-prescriptive,","start":9811.855,"end":9812.866},{"text":"non-hierarchical,","start":9812.962,"end":9813.812},{"text":"and","start":9814.165,"end":9814.293},{"text":"respectful","start":9814.309,"end":9814.886},{"text":"on","start":9814.886,"end":9814.951},{"text":"differing","start":9815.047,"end":9815.335},{"text":"legal","start":9815.432,"end":9815.672},{"text":"traditions.","start":9815.672,"end":9816.169}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, as the global mechanism advances its work, Indonesia believes that priorities should be placed on cooperative capacity building, including training on the applications of international law in cyberspace.","start":9817.196,"end":9828.39,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Ghana","start":9872.784,"end":9873.186},{"text":"reaffirms","start":9873.186,"end":9873.812},{"text":"that","start":9873.909,"end":9874.166},{"text":"international","start":9874.166,"end":9875.033},{"text":"law,","start":9875.033,"end":9875.13},{"text":"particularly","start":9875.933,"end":9876.704},{"text":"the","start":9877.138,"end":9877.234},{"text":"Charter","start":9877.234,"end":9877.861},{"text":"of","start":9877.861,"end":9877.99},{"text":"the","start":9877.99,"end":9878.086},{"text":"United","start":9878.086,"end":9878.555},{"text":"Nations,","start":9878.603,"end":9879.2},{"text":"remains","start":9879.943,"end":9880.411},{"text":"applicable","start":9880.524,"end":9881.154},{"text":"and","start":9881.477,"end":9881.622},{"text":"is","start":9881.67,"end":9881.783},{"text":"essential","start":9881.896,"end":9882.542},{"text":"to","start":9882.542,"end":9882.704},{"text":"maintaining","start":9882.704,"end":9883.317},{"text":"international","start":9883.43,"end":9884.237},{"text":"peace","start":9884.237,"end":9884.609},{"text":"security,","start":9885.32,"end":9885.691},{"text":"and","start":9886.306,"end":9886.451},{"text":"stability","start":9886.484,"end":9887.227},{"text":"in","start":9887.535,"end":9887.583},{"text":"the","start":9887.615,"end":9887.842},{"text":"use","start":9887.842,"end":9888.1},{"text":"of","start":9888.1,"end":9888.23},{"text":"ICTs.","start":9888.408,"end":9889.362}]},{"text":"This includes the principles of sovereignty, sovereign equality, peaceful settlement of disputes, and non-intervention in the internal affairs of states, as well as the applicability of international human rights law and international humanitarian law where applicable.","start":9891.075,"end":9910.775,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":9912.231,"end":9912.41},{"text":"position","start":9912.41,"end":9912.913},{"text":"is","start":9912.913,"end":9913.027},{"text":"consistent","start":9913.125,"end":9913.969},{"text":"with","start":9914.099,"end":9914.196},{"text":"a","start":9914.196,"end":9914.261},{"text":"common","start":9914.261,"end":9914.57},{"text":"African","start":9914.765,"end":9915.138},{"text":"position","start":9915.236,"end":9915.707},{"text":"on","start":9916.389,"end":9916.437},{"text":"the","start":9916.535,"end":9916.632},{"text":"application","start":9916.632,"end":9917.282},{"text":"of","start":9917.282,"end":9917.379},{"text":"international","start":9917.379,"end":9918.256},{"text":"law","start":9918.256,"end":9918.451},{"text":"in","start":9918.906,"end":9918.955},{"text":"the","start":9919.052,"end":9919.214},{"text":"use","start":9919.214,"end":9919.296},{"text":"of","start":9919.296,"end":9919.36},{"text":"ICTs.","start":9919.538,"end":9920.04}]},{"text":"Ghana believes that continued dialogue on the application of international law is essential to promoting a common understanding among states and reducing the risk of misunderstanding and conflict in cyberspace.","start":9921.803,"end":9936.218,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"Ghana","start":9921.803,"end":9922.143},{"text":"believes","start":9922.143,"end":9922.644},{"text":"that","start":9923.032,"end":9923.259},{"text":"continued","start":9923.259,"end":9923.809},{"text":"dialogue","start":9923.841,"end":9924.262},{"text":"on","start":9924.391,"end":9924.439},{"text":"the","start":9924.488,"end":9924.569},{"text":"application","start":9924.569,"end":9925.135},{"text":"of","start":9925.135,"end":9925.232},{"text":"international","start":9925.232,"end":9926.106},{"text":"law","start":9926.106,"end":9926.348},{"text":"is","start":9926.833,"end":9926.93},{"text":"essential","start":9926.93,"end":9927.513},{"text":"to","start":9927.642,"end":9927.804},{"text":"promoting","start":9927.804,"end":9928.338},{"text":"a","start":9928.386,"end":9928.5},{"text":"common","start":9928.5,"end":9928.741},{"text":"understanding","start":9928.789,"end":9929.625},{"text":"among","start":9929.722,"end":9929.947},{"text":"states","start":9930.043,"end":9930.59},{"text":"and","start":9931.249,"end":9931.491},{"text":"reducing","start":9931.491,"end":9932.037},{"text":"the","start":9932.15,"end":9932.295},{"text":"risk","start":9932.295,"end":9932.568},{"text":"of","start":9932.568,"end":9932.681},{"text":"misunderstanding","start":9932.777,"end":9933.806},{"text":"and","start":9934.546,"end":9934.691},{"text":"conflict","start":9934.787,"end":9935.35},{"text":"in","start":9935.366,"end":9935.414},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":9935.462,"end":9936.218}]},{"text":"In this regard, we welcome the establishment of the dedicated thematic working group on international law as an important platform for inclusive and constructive discussions.","start":9937.204,"end":9951.408,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9937.204,"end":9937.252},{"text":"this","start":9937.365,"end":9937.606},{"text":"regard,","start":9937.606,"end":9938.168},{"text":"we","start":9938.811,"end":9938.956},{"text":"welcome","start":9939.036,"end":9939.647},{"text":"the","start":9940.081,"end":9940.129},{"text":"establishment","start":9940.177,"end":9941.11},{"text":"of","start":9941.222,"end":9941.286},{"text":"the","start":9941.286,"end":9941.383},{"text":"dedicated","start":9941.383,"end":9942.17},{"text":"thematic","start":9942.17,"end":9942.813},{"text":"working","start":9942.893,"end":9943.199},{"text":"group","start":9943.295,"end":9943.488},{"text":"on","start":9943.954,"end":9944.002},{"text":"international","start":9944.195,"end":9944.902},{"text":"law","start":9944.902,"end":9945.063},{"text":"as","start":9945.143,"end":9945.288},{"text":"an","start":9945.32,"end":9945.368},{"text":"important","start":9945.61,"end":9946.093},{"text":"platform","start":9946.109,"end":9946.673},{"text":"for","start":9947.172,"end":9947.397},{"text":"inclusive","start":9947.397,"end":9948.187},{"text":"and","start":9948.767,"end":9948.911},{"text":"constructive","start":9948.928,"end":9950.522},{"text":"discussions.","start":9950.554,"end":9951.408}]},{"text":"Ghana also reaffirms the importance of Article 2 of the UN Charter, which calls upon states to settle international disputes by peaceful means in a manner that does not endanger international peace, security, or justice.","start":9953.277,"end":9969.424,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":9970.338,"end":9970.515},{"text":"principle","start":9970.515,"end":9971.029},{"text":"remains","start":9971.077,"end":9971.606},{"text":"relevant","start":9971.703,"end":9972.328},{"text":"in","start":9972.762,"end":9972.81},{"text":"the","start":9972.842,"end":9972.986},{"text":"context","start":9972.986,"end":9973.66},{"text":"of","start":9973.709,"end":9973.853},{"text":"ICT-related","start":9974.029,"end":9975.394},{"text":"activities.","start":9975.394,"end":9976.18}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, Ghana remains committed to working with member states and all relevant stakeholders to advance a shared understanding of the application of international law in the use of ICTs.","start":9977.239,"end":9990.899,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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look forward to continuing these discussions under the global mechanism in a spirit of cooperation, consensus, and mutual 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you, Madam Chair.","start":10000.986,"end":10001.879,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10000.986,"end":10001.23},{"text":"you,","start":10001.23,"end":10001.295},{"text":"Madam","start":10001.311,"end":10001.522},{"text":"Chair.","start":10001.619,"end":10001.879}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"GHA","affiliation_full":"Ghana","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":89,"start":10004.2,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=10005","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":10004.2,"end":10004.777,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10004.2,"end":10004.397},{"text":"you","start":10004.397,"end":10004.48},{"text":"very","start":10004.48,"end":10004.612},{"text":"much.","start":10004.661,"end":10004.777}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the delegation of the Philippines.","start":10005.123,"end":10007.827,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10005.123,"end":10005.156},{"text":"now","start":10005.156,"end":10005.337},{"text":"give","start":10005.387,"end":10005.568},{"text":"the","start":10005.618,"end":10005.716},{"text":"floor","start":10005.716,"end":10006.129},{"text":"to","start":10006.129,"end":10006.541},{"text":"the","start":10006.541,"end":10006.706},{"text":"delegation","start":10006.706,"end":10007.135},{"text":"of","start":10007.135,"end":10007.217},{"text":"the","start":10007.266,"end":10007.349},{"text":"Philippines.","start":10007.349,"end":10007.827}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":90,"start":10010.64,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=10011","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10020.426,"end":10020.49},{"text":"Philippines","start":10020.522,"end":10021.003},{"text":"reaffirms","start":10021.083,"end":10021.74},{"text":"the","start":10021.804,"end":10021.949},{"text":"consensus","start":10021.949,"end":10022.51},{"text":"reflected","start":10022.51,"end":10023.071},{"text":"in","start":10023.071,"end":10023.167},{"text":"successive","start":10023.167,"end":10023.648},{"text":"reports","start":10023.648,"end":10024.193},{"text":"of","start":10024.193,"end":10024.289},{"text":"the","start":10024.289,"end":10024.369},{"text":"UN","start":10024.449,"end":10024.738},{"text":"Groups","start":10024.77,"end":10025.107},{"text":"of","start":10025.107,"end":10025.219},{"text":"Government","start":10025.235,"end":10025.7},{"text":"Experts","start":10025.732,"end":10026.389},{"text":"and","start":10026.998,"end":10027.896},{"text":"the","start":10027.896,"end":10028.072},{"text":"OEWG","start":10029.018,"end":10029.675},{"text":"that","start":10030.285,"end":10030.397},{"text":"international","start":10030.461,"end":10031.166},{"text":"law,","start":10031.166,"end":10031.262},{"text":"in","start":10031.503,"end":10031.647},{"text":"particular","start":10031.647,"end":10032.304},{"text":"the","start":10032.304,"end":10032.545},{"text":"Charter","start":10032.545,"end":10032.881},{"text":"of","start":10032.881,"end":10032.962},{"text":"the","start":10033.01,"end":10033.09},{"text":"United","start":10033.09,"end":10033.443},{"text":"Nations,","start":10033.491,"end":10033.988},{"text":"applies","start":10034.452,"end":10034.837},{"text":"to","start":10034.933,"end":10035.014},{"text":"the","start":10035.014,"end":10035.062},{"text":"use","start":10035.174,"end":10035.366},{"text":"of","start":10035.494,"end":10035.559},{"text":"ICTs","start":10035.655,"end":10036.312},{"text":"by","start":10036.312,"end":10036.408},{"text":"states","start":10036.408,"end":10037.017},{"text":"and","start":10037.274,"end":10037.338},{"text":"contributes","start":10037.434,"end":10037.995},{"text":"to","start":10037.995,"end":10038.091},{"text":"maintaining","start":10038.091,"end":10038.604},{"text":"international","start":10038.701,"end":10039.31},{"text":"peace,","start":10039.422,"end":10039.759},{"text":"security,","start":10040.063,"end":10040.608},{"text":"and","start":10040.72,"end":10041.105},{"text":"stability","start":10041.25,"end":10041.779},{"text":"in","start":10041.843,"end":10041.891},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":10041.987,"end":10042.692}]},{"text":"As the global mechanism advances from dialogue to implementation, our collective work under this pillar should focus on strengthening understanding of and practical implementation of this established consensus.","start":10043.446,"end":10055.982,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":10141.952,"end":10142.241},{"text":"discussions","start":10142.273,"end":10142.93},{"text":"can","start":10142.994,"end":10143.202},{"text":"contribute","start":10143.219,"end":10143.651},{"text":"to","start":10143.651,"end":10143.764},{"text":"greater","start":10143.78,"end":10144.1},{"text":"clarity","start":10144.1,"end":10144.645},{"text":"and","start":10145.142,"end":10145.222},{"text":"a","start":10145.238,"end":10145.302},{"text":"shared","start":10145.302,"end":10145.639},{"text":"understanding","start":10145.703,"end":10146.328},{"text":"of","start":10146.441,"end":10146.585},{"text":"how","start":10146.585,"end":10146.745},{"text":"existing","start":10146.745,"end":10147.13},{"text":"existing","start":10146.97,"end":10147.274},{"text":"international","start":10147.403,"end":10147.996},{"text":"law","start":10148.109,"end":10148.205},{"text":"is","start":10148.365,"end":10148.413},{"text":"applied","start":10148.51,"end":10148.911},{"text":"in","start":10148.911,"end":10148.959},{"text":"practice.","start":10149.071,"end":10149.472}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, the Philippines continues to strengthen its domestic legal and institutional frameworks to support the implementation of international law in the use of ICTs.","start":10150.355,"end":10160.959,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. 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Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Cyber","start":10215.764,"end":10216.165},{"text":"exercises,","start":10216.261,"end":10217.111},{"text":"trusted","start":10217.608,"end":10218.073},{"text":"information","start":10218.105,"end":10218.683},{"text":"sharing,","start":10218.683,"end":10219.196},{"text":"operational","start":10219.629,"end":10220.399},{"text":"collaboration","start":10220.431,"end":10221.185},{"text":"among","start":10221.314,"end":10221.522},{"text":"competent","start":10221.634,"end":10222.212},{"text":"authorities,","start":10222.212,"end":10222.886},{"text":"and","start":10223.463,"end":10223.543},{"text":"the","start":10223.623,"end":10223.672},{"text":"exchange","start":10223.704,"end":10224.281},{"text":"of","start":10224.281,"end":10224.409},{"text":"best","start":10224.441,"end":10224.762},{"text":"practices","start":10224.762,"end":10225.372},{"text":"complement","start":10225.885,"end":10226.591},{"text":"national","start":10226.591,"end":10227.024},{"text":"implementation","start":10227.088,"end":10227.778},{"text":"efforts","start":10227.954,"end":10228.724},{"text":"and","start":10228.772,"end":10228.836},{"text":"contribute","start":10228.916,"end":10229.493},{"text":"to","start":10229.493,"end":10229.573},{"text":"regional","start":10229.573,"end":10229.99},{"text":"stability","start":10229.99,"end":10230.631},{"text":"and","start":10230.839,"end":10231},{"text":"resilience.","start":10231,"end":10231.737}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, the Philippines believes that practical implementation should remain the foundation of our work under this pillar.","start":10232.858,"end":10239.509,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":10232.858,"end":10233.227},{"text":"Chair,","start":10233.243,"end":10233.435},{"text":"the","start":10233.98,"end":10234.06},{"text":"Philippines","start":10234.06,"end":10234.669},{"text":"believes","start":10234.781,"end":10235.182},{"text":"that","start":10235.246,"end":10235.422},{"text":"practical","start":10235.422,"end":10235.903},{"text":"implementation","start":10235.903,"end":10236.753},{"text":"should","start":10236.785,"end":10237.009},{"text":"remain","start":10237.009,"end":10237.313},{"text":"the","start":10237.345,"end":10237.426},{"text":"foundation","start":10237.426,"end":10238.019},{"text":"of","start":10238.067,"end":10238.147},{"text":"our","start":10238.147,"end":10238.243},{"text":"work","start":10238.371,"end":10238.563},{"text":"under","start":10238.692,"end":10238.948},{"text":"this","start":10238.948,"end":10239.124},{"text":"pillar.","start":10239.188,"end":10239.509}]},{"text":"As member states continue to exchange experiences and deepen their understanding of how international law applies in the use of ICTs, these discussions will contribute to the continued development of our collective understanding.","start":10240.134,"end":10253.899,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber 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such discussions should remain inclusive, transparent, consensus-based, and responsive to the evolving ICT environment without prejudging their outcome.","start":10255.039,"end":10266.134,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Any","start":10255.039,"end":10255.184},{"text":"such","start":10255.216,"end":10255.489},{"text":"discussions","start":10255.617,"end":10256.308},{"text":"should","start":10256.34,"end":10256.677},{"text":"remain","start":10256.677,"end":10256.95},{"text":"inclusive,","start":10257.062,"end":10257.753},{"text":"transparent,","start":10258.106,"end":10258.909},{"text":"consensus-based,","start":10259.294,"end":10260.418},{"text":"and","start":10260.675,"end":10260.739},{"text":"responsive","start":10260.755,"end":10261.526},{"text":"to","start":10261.719,"end":10261.863},{"text":"the","start":10261.863,"end":10262.024},{"text":"evolving","start":10262.024,"end":10262.49},{"text":"ICT","start":10262.666,"end":10263.244},{"text":"environment","start":10263.324,"end":10264.095},{"text":"without","start":10264.368,"end":10264.85},{"text":"prejudging","start":10264.85,"end":10265.38},{"text":"their","start":10265.476,"end":10265.717},{"text":"outcome.","start":10265.717,"end":10266.134}]},{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":10266.52,"end":10267.355,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10266.52,"end":10266.777},{"text":"you,","start":10266.777,"end":10266.873},{"text":"Madam","start":10266.889,"end":10267.178},{"text":"Chair.","start":10267.178,"end":10267.355}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"PHL","affiliation_full":"Philippines","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":91,"start":10268.848,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=10269","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":10268.848,"end":10270.116,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10268.848,"end":10269.667},{"text":"you","start":10269.667,"end":10269.731},{"text":"very","start":10269.731,"end":10269.843},{"text":"much.","start":10269.843,"end":10270.116}]},{"text":"I will now give the floor to the delegation of 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Chair, Botswana aligns itself with the statement of the African Group delivered today by the Federal Republic of Nigeria and wishes to make a statement in its national capacity.","start":10280.092,"end":10292.326,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10280.092,"end":10280.254},{"text":"you,","start":10280.254,"end":10280.335},{"text":"Chair.","start":10280.351,"end":10280.675},{"text":"Chair,","start":10282.213,"end":10282.634},{"text":"Botswana","start":10282.86,"end":10283.152},{"text":"aligns","start":10283.168,"end":10283.605},{"text":"itself","start":10283.75,"end":10284.22},{"text":"with","start":10284.22,"end":10284.317},{"text":"the","start":10284.317,"end":10284.398},{"text":"statement","start":10284.398,"end":10284.948},{"text":"of","start":10284.948,"end":10285.11},{"text":"the","start":10285.11,"end":10285.191},{"text":"African","start":10285.272,"end":10285.661},{"text":"Group","start":10285.758,"end":10285.952},{"text":"delivered","start":10286.098,"end":10286.47},{"text":"today","start":10286.518,"end":10286.745},{"text":"by","start":10286.907,"end":10287.134},{"text":"the","start":10287.15,"end":10287.198},{"text":"Federal","start":10287.231,"end":10287.554},{"text":"Republic","start":10287.554,"end":10288.121},{"text":"of","start":10288.121,"end":10288.186},{"text":"Nigeria","start":10288.186,"end":10288.87},{"text":"and","start":10289.506,"end":10289.571},{"text":"wishes","start":10289.669,"end":10289.963},{"text":"to","start":10290.061,"end":10290.142},{"text":"make","start":10290.142,"end":10290.387},{"text":"a","start":10290.387,"end":10290.403},{"text":"statement","start":10290.419,"end":10290.973},{"text":"in","start":10291.039,"end":10291.153},{"text":"its","start":10291.153,"end":10291.316},{"text":"national","start":10291.381,"end":10291.772},{"text":"capacity.","start":10291.772,"end":10292.326}]},{"text":"Botswana remains committed to a secure, stable, and peaceful cyberspace governed by international law and the UN Charter, recognizing that operationalizing these rules requires actionable technical Our delegation emphasizes that capacity building is indispensable in ensuring that all states, regardless of technological maturity, can meaningfully interpret and apply international law to state practice.","start":10293.53,"end":10318.575,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"Botswana","start":10293.53,"end":10293.803},{"text":"remains","start":10293.803,"end":10294.253},{"text":"committed","start":10294.51,"end":10294.927},{"text":"to","start":10294.927,"end":10295.056},{"text":"a","start":10295.072,"end":10295.104},{"text":"secure,","start":10295.104,"end":10295.506},{"text":"stable,","start":10295.57,"end":10296.116},{"text":"and","start":10296.213,"end":10296.325},{"text":"peaceful","start":10296.373,"end":10296.807},{"text":"cyberspace","start":10297.193,"end":10297.9},{"text":"governed","start":10297.9,"end":10298.221},{"text":"by","start":10298.221,"end":10298.414},{"text":"international","start":10298.462,"end":10299.089},{"text":"law","start":10299.089,"end":10299.185},{"text":"and","start":10299.426,"end":10299.49},{"text":"the","start":10299.507,"end":10299.587},{"text":"UN","start":10299.587,"end":10299.892},{"text":"Charter,","start":10299.892,"end":10300.374},{"text":"recognizing","start":10301.194,"end":10301.804},{"text":"that","start":10301.836,"end":10302.142},{"text":"operationalizing","start":10302.222,"end":10303.09},{"text":"these","start":10303.123,"end":10303.341},{"text":"rules","start":10303.441,"end":10303.675},{"text":"requires","start":10303.692,"end":10304.178},{"text":"actionable","start":10304.362,"end":10304.847},{"text":"technical","start":10304.964,"end":10305.517},{"text":"Our","start":10305.58,"end":10306.733},{"text":"delegation","start":10306.733,"end":10307.342},{"text":"emphasizes","start":10307.438,"end":10308.015},{"text":"that","start":10308.015,"end":10308.24},{"text":"capacity","start":10308.24,"end":10308.8},{"text":"building","start":10308.8,"end":10309.105},{"text":"is","start":10309.361,"end":10309.425},{"text":"indispensable","start":10309.537,"end":10310.387},{"text":"in","start":10310.98,"end":10311.028},{"text":"ensuring","start":10311.124,"end":10311.508},{"text":"that","start":10311.54,"end":10311.765},{"text":"all","start":10311.845,"end":10311.925},{"text":"states,","start":10311.941,"end":10312.422},{"text":"regardless","start":10312.646,"end":10313.159},{"text":"of","start":10313.159,"end":10313.271},{"text":"technological","start":10313.303,"end":10313.96},{"text":"maturity,","start":10313.96,"end":10314.553},{"text":"can","start":10314.729,"end":10314.906},{"text":"meaningfully","start":10314.906,"end":10315.434},{"text":"interpret","start":10315.627,"end":10316.155},{"text":"and","start":10316.412,"end":10316.556},{"text":"apply","start":10316.588,"end":10316.861},{"text":"international","start":10316.973,"end":10317.55},{"text":"law","start":10317.55,"end":10317.71},{"text":"to","start":10317.806,"end":10317.886},{"text":"state","start":10317.886,"end":10318.191},{"text":"practice.","start":10318.191,"end":10318.575}]},{"text":"In this regard, Botswana highlights the vital importance of the DTGs by convening multidisciplinary experts from the legal, technical, and policy, as well as operational domains.","start":10319.617,"end":10331.779,"topics":[{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":10319.617,"end":10319.713},{"text":"this","start":10319.713,"end":10319.953},{"text":"regard,","start":10319.953,"end":10320.482},{"text":"Botswana","start":10321.059,"end":10321.395},{"text":"highlights","start":10321.395,"end":10321.86},{"text":"the","start":10321.86,"end":10321.956},{"text":"vital","start":10321.956,"end":10322.325},{"text":"importance","start":10322.373,"end":10322.838},{"text":"of","start":10322.838,"end":10322.982},{"text":"the","start":10322.982,"end":10323.174},{"text":"DTGs","start":10323.478,"end":10325.658},{"text":"by","start":10326.042,"end":10326.203},{"text":"convening","start":10326.203,"end":10326.731},{"text":"multidisciplinary","start":10327.02,"end":10328.013},{"text":"experts","start":10328.045,"end":10328.398},{"text":"from","start":10328.43,"end":10328.542},{"text":"the","start":10328.59,"end":10328.67},{"text":"legal,","start":10328.67,"end":10328.991},{"text":"technical,","start":10329.007,"end":10329.456},{"text":"and","start":10329.472,"end":10329.632},{"text":"policy,","start":10329.632,"end":10330.064},{"text":"as","start":10330.529,"end":10330.625},{"text":"well","start":10330.673,"end":10330.834},{"text":"as","start":10330.834,"end":10330.898},{"text":"operational","start":10331.01,"end":10331.491},{"text":"domains.","start":10331.491,"end":10331.779}]},{"text":"The DTGs will provide an inclusive platform to bridge the gap between the legal principles and the technical realities, as well as develop practical understandings of how international law applies to cyberspace.","start":10332.132,"end":10344.458,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10332.132,"end":10332.18},{"text":"DTGs","start":10332.18,"end":10332.613},{"text":"will","start":10332.758,"end":10332.822},{"text":"provide","start":10332.854,"end":10333.383},{"text":"an","start":10333.817,"end":10333.865},{"text":"inclusive","start":10333.897,"end":10334.427},{"text":"platform","start":10334.459,"end":10334.988},{"text":"to","start":10335.004,"end":10335.101},{"text":"bridge","start":10335.101,"end":10335.342},{"text":"the","start":10335.406,"end":10335.502},{"text":"gap","start":10335.502,"end":10335.679},{"text":"between","start":10335.727,"end":10336.192},{"text":"the","start":10336.706,"end":10336.786},{"text":"legal","start":10336.786,"end":10337.043},{"text":"principles","start":10337.091,"end":10337.717},{"text":"and","start":10337.829,"end":10337.893},{"text":"the","start":10337.909,"end":10338.07},{"text":"technical","start":10338.07,"end":10338.551},{"text":"realities,","start":10338.551,"end":10339.161},{"text":"as","start":10339.514,"end":10339.563},{"text":"well","start":10339.675,"end":10339.835},{"text":"as","start":10339.835,"end":10339.964},{"text":"develop","start":10339.996,"end":10340.397},{"text":"practical","start":10340.461,"end":10340.911},{"text":"understandings","start":10340.959,"end":10341.681},{"text":"of","start":10341.681,"end":10341.81},{"text":"how","start":10341.826,"end":10342.114},{"text":"international","start":10342.163,"end":10342.708},{"text":"law","start":10342.789,"end":10342.837},{"text":"applies","start":10343.045,"end":10343.495},{"text":"to","start":10343.671,"end":10343.735},{"text":"cyberspace.","start":10343.864,"end":10344.458}]},{"text":"Botswana considers it vital for the DTGs in their discussions to focus on the general international principles of sovereignty and non-intervention, prohibition of the use of force, international human rights law, as well as the international humanitarian law, on issues of distinction and proportionality.","start":10345.533,"end":10363.928,"topics":[{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."},{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. 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Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":10364.779,"end":10364.924},{"text":"discussions","start":10364.956,"end":10365.566},{"text":"should","start":10365.663,"end":10365.888},{"text":"consider","start":10365.92,"end":10366.482},{"text":"the","start":10366.482,"end":10366.546},{"text":"unique","start":10366.627,"end":10366.9},{"text":"nature","start":10366.948,"end":10367.43},{"text":"of","start":10367.526,"end":10367.622},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":10367.751,"end":10368.377},{"text":"align","start":10369.357,"end":10369.662},{"text":"the","start":10369.695,"end":10369.775},{"text":"traditional","start":10369.839,"end":10370.321},{"text":"physical","start":10370.337,"end":10370.771},{"text":"frameworks","start":10370.98,"end":10371.526},{"text":"to","start":10371.542,"end":10371.638},{"text":"match","start":10371.638,"end":10371.863},{"text":"the","start":10371.943,"end":10372.088},{"text":"highly","start":10372.088,"end":10372.473},{"text":"evolving","start":10372.522,"end":10372.939},{"text":"digital","start":10373.068,"end":10373.421},{"text":"realities.","start":10373.55,"end":10374.08}]},{"text":"Botswana aligns with the common African position on the application of international law in cyberspace, as in— and is in the process of refining its national position on international law and intends to publish its holistic perspective to the global community as a way to contribute to the ongoing discussion.","start":10374.995,"end":10392.54,"topics":[{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. 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thank you, Chair.","start":10426.758,"end":10427.406,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10426.758,"end":10426.839},{"text":"thank","start":10426.839,"end":10427.066},{"text":"you,","start":10427.066,"end":10427.098},{"text":"Chair.","start":10427.163,"end":10427.406}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"BWA","affiliation_full":"Botswana","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":93,"start":10430.88,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k18/k182ev1xdi?t=10431","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":10430.88,"end":10431.443,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10430.88,"end":10431.057},{"text":"you","start":10431.057,"end":10431.137},{"text":"very","start":10431.137,"end":10431.201},{"text":"much.","start":10431.234,"end":10431.443}]},{"text":"We have now heard the last delegation for this morning's 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interventions.","start":10438.33,"end":10441.172,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10438.33,"end":10438.346},{"text":"am","start":10438.426,"end":10438.474},{"text":"grateful","start":10438.667,"end":10439.132},{"text":"to","start":10439.245,"end":10439.486},{"text":"you","start":10439.486,"end":10439.694},{"text":"all","start":10439.71,"end":10439.759},{"text":"for","start":10439.871,"end":10440.08},{"text":"your","start":10440.128,"end":10440.288},{"text":"interventions.","start":10440.513,"end":10441.172}]},{"text":"I'm grateful for your engagement.","start":10441.236,"end":10443.018,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'm","start":10441.236,"end":10441.316},{"text":"grateful","start":10441.316,"end":10441.701},{"text":"for","start":10441.734,"end":10441.894},{"text":"your","start":10441.894,"end":10442.006},{"text":"engagement.","start":10442.215,"end":10443.018}]},{"text":"I am going to share with you some information regarding the meeting this afternoon.","start":10443.564,"end":10447.819,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10443.564,"end":10443.612},{"text":"am","start":10443.741,"end":10443.853},{"text":"going","start":10444.126,"end":10444.431},{"text":"to","start":10444.527,"end":10444.865},{"text":"share","start":10444.865,"end":10445.202},{"text":"with","start":10445.202,"end":10445.314},{"text":"you","start":10445.33,"end":10445.427},{"text":"some","start":10445.427,"end":10445.699},{"text":"information","start":10445.812,"end":10446.374},{"text":"regarding","start":10446.374,"end":10446.631},{"text":"the","start":10446.631,"end":10446.695},{"text":"meeting","start":10446.695,"end":10446.904},{"text":"this","start":10446.904,"end":10447.096},{"text":"afternoon.","start":10447.096,"end":10447.819}]},{"text":"There are still 4 speakers waiting to speak under this agenda 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Cross.","start":10454.097,"end":10462.382,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10454.097,"end":10454.209},{"text":"will","start":10454.322,"end":10454.418},{"text":"tell","start":10454.418,"end":10454.643},{"text":"you","start":10454.643,"end":10454.739},{"text":"who","start":10454.739,"end":10454.836},{"text":"they","start":10454.836,"end":10454.98},{"text":"are:","start":10455.044,"end":10455.366},{"text":"Switzerland,","start":10455.382,"end":10456.184},{"text":"United","start":10456.811,"end":10457.148},{"text":"States,","start":10457.148,"end":10457.726},{"text":"Australia,","start":10458.497,"end":10459.059},{"text":"and","start":10460.102,"end":10460.568},{"text":"the","start":10460.745,"end":10460.905},{"text":"International","start":10460.921,"end":10461.307},{"text":"Committee","start":10461.307,"end":10461.531},{"text":"of","start":10461.563,"end":10461.644},{"text":"the","start":10461.644,"end":10461.724},{"text":"Red","start":10461.724,"end":10461.933},{"text":"Cross.","start":10461.949,"end":10462.382}]},{"text":"We will hear those interventions under this agenda item this afternoon.","start":10464.294,"end":10471.026,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10464.294,"end":10464.552},{"text":"will","start":10464.777,"end":10464.906},{"text":"hear","start":10465.019,"end":10465.679},{"text":"those","start":10466.388,"end":10466.758},{"text":"interventions","start":10467.821,"end":10468.691},{"text":"under","start":10468.787,"end":10468.981},{"text":"this","start":10468.981,"end":10469.158},{"text":"agenda","start":10469.432,"end":10469.818},{"text":"item","start":10469.834,"end":10470.14},{"text":"this","start":10470.333,"end":10470.462},{"text":"afternoon.","start":10470.575,"end":10471.026}]},{"text":"But first, as reflected in our program of work, at 3:00 PM we shall once again be convening in this room to hold the dedicated stakeholder 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I would encourage all delegations to be here as well for that.","start":10490.29,"end":10496.817,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":10490.29,"end":10490.804},{"text":"I","start":10491.013,"end":10491.078},{"text":"would","start":10491.19,"end":10491.335},{"text":"encourage","start":10491.335,"end":10491.881},{"text":"all","start":10492.074,"end":10492.187},{"text":"delegations","start":10493.344,"end":10494.1},{"text":"to","start":10494.245,"end":10494.373},{"text":"be","start":10494.566,"end":10494.823},{"text":"here","start":10495.048,"end":10495.322},{"text":"as","start":10495.547,"end":10495.659},{"text":"well","start":10495.756,"end":10495.884},{"text":"for","start":10496.318,"end":10496.576},{"text":"that.","start":10496.576,"end":10496.817}]},{"text":"Following that meeting, the dedicated stakeholders meeting, we are going to resume our speakers list and we will give the floor to the delegations that I 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we have concluded this agenda item, immediately after that we will move to the next agenda item, which is developing and applying confidence-building measures.","start":10515.982,"end":10528.223,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"When","start":10515.982,"end":10516.111},{"text":"we","start":10516.159,"end":10516.305},{"text":"have","start":10516.305,"end":10516.531},{"text":"concluded","start":10516.644,"end":10517.582},{"text":"this","start":10517.776,"end":10517.905},{"text":"agenda","start":10518.002,"end":10518.326},{"text":"item,","start":10518.406,"end":10518.892},{"text":"immediately","start":10518.972,"end":10519.441},{"text":"after","start":10519.538,"end":10519.862},{"text":"that","start":10519.862,"end":10520.12},{"text":"we","start":10520.12,"end":10520.347},{"text":"will","start":10520.363,"end":10520.46},{"text":"move","start":10520.46,"end":10520.735},{"text":"to","start":10520.767,"end":10520.912},{"text":"the","start":10520.912,"end":10520.945},{"text":"next","start":10520.945,"end":10521.413},{"text":"agenda","start":10521.478,"end":10522.125},{"text":"item,","start":10522.206,"end":10522.691},{"text":"which","start":10522.772,"end":10522.917},{"text":"is","start":10523.03,"end":10523.079},{"text":"developing","start":10523.16,"end":10523.561},{"text":"and","start":10523.819,"end":10524.06},{"text":"applying","start":10524.076,"end":10524.767},{"text":"confidence-building","start":10526.728,"end":10527.339},{"text":"measures.","start":10527.692,"end":10528.223}]},{"text":"And so in this regard, I would ask you to come prepared for this afternoon's meeting.","start":10528.335,"end":10533.8,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":10528.335,"end":10528.416},{"text":"so","start":10528.416,"end":10528.689},{"text":"in","start":10528.882,"end":10528.93},{"text":"this","start":10528.978,"end":10529.139},{"text":"regard,","start":10529.139,"end":10529.428},{"text":"I","start":10529.461,"end":10529.541},{"text":"would","start":10529.541,"end":10529.67},{"text":"ask","start":10529.846,"end":10530.039},{"text":"you","start":10530.039,"end":10530.12},{"text":"to","start":10530.264,"end":10530.489},{"text":"come","start":10530.489,"end":10530.746},{"text":"prepared","start":10530.746,"end":10531.357},{"text":"for","start":10531.454,"end":10531.647},{"text":"this","start":10531.84,"end":10531.921},{"text":"afternoon's","start":10532.101,"end":10532.836},{"text":"meeting.","start":10533.326,"end":10533.8}]},{"text":"And the meeting is now adjourned.","start":10534.47,"end":10535.712,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":10534.47,"end":10534.699},{"text":"the","start":10534.732,"end":10534.813},{"text":"meeting","start":10534.813,"end":10535.026},{"text":"is","start":10535.124,"end":10535.173},{"text":"now","start":10535.222,"end":10535.336},{"text":"adjourned.","start":10535.385,"end":10535.712}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":10535.859,"end":10536.12,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10535.859,"end":10536.022},{"text":"you.","start":10536.022,"end":10536.12}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}}],"topics":[{"key":"cyber-ihl","label":"International Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace","description":"Many speakers focused on how international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflict, including the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution, necessity, and humanity. A frequent point was that recognizing IHL in cyberspace does not legitimize cyber warfare, but instead helps protect civilians and civilian objects."},{"key":"binding-rules","label":"Debate on New Binding Rules","description":"States differed on whether existing international law is sufficient if better understood and implemented, or whether additional legally binding instruments are needed for cyberspace. Some delegations urged caution and sequencing, while others argued that the ICT environment requires new treaty-based obligations."},{"key":"digital-rights","label":"Human Rights Online","description":"A number of delegations emphasized that international human rights law applies online as it does offline, including rights to privacy, freedom of expression, association, and non-discrimination. Some statements also highlighted the impact of cyber insecurity and disinformation on vulnerable groups and democratic institutions."},{"key":"legal-capacity","label":"Legal Capacity-Building","description":"Delegations stressed that many states, especially small and developing countries, need stronger legal and institutional capacity to engage meaningfully on cyber law issues. Proposed solutions included scenario-based training, expert briefings, workshops, peer exchanges, and support for developing national positions."},{"key":"international-law","label":"Application of International Law","description":"A central theme was the reaffirmation that existing international law, especially the UN Charter, applies to state conduct in cyberspace. Delegations repeatedly referred to sovereignty, non-intervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force as the legal basis for cyber stability."},{"key":"national-positions","label":"National and Regional Legal Positions","description":"A recurring topic was the publication and exchange of national and regional positions on how international law applies in cyberspace. Speakers saw these positions as important confidence-building tools that improve transparency, clarify state practice, and help build areas of convergence."},{"key":"critical-infrastructure","label":"Protection of Critical Infrastructure","description":"Protecting critical infrastructure such as hospitals, energy systems, water networks, transport, and other essential services was a major practical concern. Delegations treated these sectors as concrete scenarios for applying international law and for reducing harm to civilians from malicious cyber operations."},{"key":"attribution-responsibility","label":"Attribution, State Responsibility, and Due Diligence","description":"Several interventions addressed how to attribute malicious cyber activity and apply the law of state responsibility to internationally wrongful acts in cyberspace. Speakers also discussed due diligence obligations, evidentiary challenges, accountability, and the need to avoid politically manipulated attribution."}]}}