{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/en/asset/k1e/k1edn7n4l8","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/en/asset/k1e/k1edn7n4l8.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k1e/k1edn7n4l8","kaltura_id":"1_edn7n4l8","title":"The Challenges Annual Forum 2026 - Turning the Tide: Building Momentum for Peace Operations in a Demanding World","clean_title":"The Challenges Annual Forum 2026 - Turning the Tide: Building Momentum for Peace Operations in a Demanding World","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1e/k1edn7n4l8","date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2026-10-08T17:15:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"03:48:20","category":"Meetings & Events","body":null,"event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":null,"pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k1e/k1edn7n4l8"},"metadata":{"summary":null,"description":null,"categories":[],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":[],"corporate_name":[],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"azure-llm-speech-8f97f68c-6a72-4dff-96a8-83b78c48938b","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":0.59,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1e/k1edn7n4l8?t=0:01","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good afternoon, everyone.","start":0.59,"end":1.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":0.59,"end":0.83},{"text":"afternoon,","start":0.87,"end":1.35},{"text":"everyone.","start":1.35,"end":1.95}]},{"text":"May I ask everyone to be 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The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":65.67,"end":65.83},{"text":"three","start":65.83,"end":66.03},{"text":"decades,","start":66.03,"end":66.63},{"text":"the","start":67.11,"end":67.23},{"text":"partnership","start":67.23,"end":67.71},{"text":"has","start":67.71,"end":67.83},{"text":"brought","start":67.83,"end":68.19},{"text":"together","start":68.19,"end":68.51},{"text":"policymakers,","start":68.51,"end":69.43},{"text":"practitioners,","start":70.15,"end":70.87},{"text":"and","start":71.35,"end":71.51},{"text":"experts","start":71.51,"end":71.99},{"text":"from","start":71.99,"end":72.15},{"text":"across","start":72.15,"end":72.47},{"text":"the","start":72.47,"end":72.55},{"text":"globe","start":72.55,"end":72.95},{"text":"to","start":73.75,"end":73.91},{"text":"help","start":73.91,"end":74.23},{"text":"shape","start":74.23,"end":74.55},{"text":"the","start":74.63,"end":74.79},{"text":"debate","start":74.79,"end":75.35},{"text":"on","start":75.35,"end":75.51},{"text":"peace","start":75.51,"end":75.75},{"text":"operations.","start":75.75,"end":76.31}]},{"text":"That conversation feels particularly timely today.","start":77.67,"end":82.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":77.67,"end":78.07},{"text":"conversation","start":78.07,"end":78.95},{"text":"feels","start":79.51,"end":79.99},{"text":"particularly","start":80.07,"end":80.87},{"text":"timely","start":80.87,"end":81.35},{"text":"today.","start":81.59,"end":82.07}]},{"text":"Peace operations face growing political, financial and operational pressures, while expectations of what they should deliver remain high.","start":83.71,"end":93.99,"topics":[{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"Peace","start":83.71,"end":83.95},{"text":"operations","start":83.95,"end":84.55},{"text":"face","start":84.55,"end":85.03},{"text":"growing","start":85.03,"end":85.51},{"text":"political,","start":85.51,"end":86.15},{"text":"financial","start":86.63,"end":87.27},{"text":"and","start":87.67,"end":87.87},{"text":"operational","start":87.87,"end":88.31},{"text":"pressures,","start":88.31,"end":88.87},{"text":"while","start":89.59,"end":90.07},{"text":"expectations","start":90.15,"end":91.19},{"text":"of","start":91.47,"end":91.59},{"text":"what","start":91.59,"end":91.83},{"text":"they","start":91.83,"end":91.99},{"text":"should","start":91.99,"end":92.35},{"text":"deliver","start":92.35,"end":92.87},{"text":"remain","start":93.03,"end":93.59},{"text":"high.","start":93.59,"end":93.99}]},{"text":"At the same time, the review of all forms of UN peace operations offers an important opportunity to consider how peace operations can adapt.","start":95.43,"end":105.51,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. 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organizers.","start":141.71,"end":146.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":141.71,"end":141.87},{"text":"if","start":141.87,"end":141.95},{"text":"you","start":141.95,"end":142.07},{"text":"do","start":142.07,"end":142.19},{"text":"not","start":142.19,"end":142.35},{"text":"wish","start":142.35,"end":142.67},{"text":"to","start":142.67,"end":142.79},{"text":"appear","start":142.79,"end":143.31},{"text":"in","start":143.31,"end":143.43},{"text":"a","start":143.43,"end":143.47},{"text":"photo,","start":143.47,"end":143.95},{"text":"please","start":144.15,"end":144.51},{"text":"talk","start":144.51,"end":144.91},{"text":"to","start":144.91,"end":145.07},{"text":"the","start":145.23,"end":145.35},{"text":"organizers.","start":145.35,"end":146.03}]},{"text":"And now, I am pleased to invite our co-hosts to officially open the 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the floor is yours.","start":173.67,"end":174.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Ambassador,","start":173.67,"end":174.19},{"text":"the","start":174.19,"end":174.31},{"text":"floor","start":174.31,"end":174.51},{"text":"is","start":174.51,"end":174.63},{"text":"yours.","start":174.63,"end":174.95}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"Challenges Forum International Secretariat","group":null,"function":"Director","affiliation_full":"Challenges Forum International Secretariat"}},{"statement_number":2,"start":183.58,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1e/k1edn7n4l8?t=3:04","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much for that.","start":183.58,"end":184.86,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":183.58,"end":183.82},{"text":"you","start":183.82,"end":183.9},{"text":"very","start":183.9,"end":184.1},{"text":"much","start":184.1,"end":184.38},{"text":"for","start":184.38,"end":184.5},{"text":"that.","start":184.5,"end":184.86}]},{"text":"Excellencies, colleagues, partners, ladies and gentlemen, it is such a great pleasure to welcome you all to the Challenges Annual Forum 2026, and thank you all for being 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The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":231.79,"end":232.03},{"text":"as","start":232.03,"end":232.19},{"text":"ECOSOC","start":232.19,"end":232.91},{"text":"marks","start":232.91,"end":233.27},{"text":"its","start":233.27,"end":233.47},{"text":"80th","start":233.47,"end":233.99},{"text":"anniversary","start":233.99,"end":234.67},{"text":"this","start":234.67,"end":234.91},{"text":"year,","start":234.91,"end":235.23},{"text":"it","start":235.23,"end":235.31},{"text":"feels","start":235.31,"end":235.63},{"text":"particularly","start":235.63,"end":236.47},{"text":"appropriate","start":236.47,"end":237.07},{"text":"that","start":237.07,"end":237.23},{"text":"we","start":237.23,"end":237.39},{"text":"are","start":237.39,"end":237.47},{"text":"gathering","start":237.47,"end":238.03},{"text":"here","start":238.03,"end":238.35},{"text":"to","start":238.67,"end":238.87},{"text":"reflect","start":238.87,"end":239.39},{"text":"on","start":239.39,"end":239.47},{"text":"how","start":239.47,"end":239.71},{"text":"the","start":239.71,"end":239.95},{"text":"United","start":239.95,"end":240.39},{"text":"Nations","start":240.39,"end":240.83},{"text":"continues","start":240.83,"end":241.55},{"text":"to","start":241.55,"end":241.71},{"text":"adapt","start":241.71,"end":242.31},{"text":"to","start":242.31,"end":242.43},{"text":"a","start":242.43,"end":242.51},{"text":"changing","start":242.51,"end":243.03},{"text":"world.","start":243.03,"end":243.47}]},{"text":"If you look up, you may notice that the ceiling is deliberately unfinished with its air vents exposed.","start":244.59,"end":251.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":244.59,"end":244.83},{"text":"you","start":244.83,"end":244.91},{"text":"look","start":244.91,"end":245.15},{"text":"up,","start":245.15,"end":245.47},{"text":"you","start":245.95,"end":246.11},{"text":"may","start":246.11,"end":246.27},{"text":"notice","start":246.27,"end":246.75},{"text":"that","start":246.75,"end":246.91},{"text":"the","start":246.91,"end":247.03},{"text":"ceiling","start":247.03,"end":247.51},{"text":"is","start":247.51,"end":247.67},{"text":"deliberately","start":247.67,"end":248.47},{"text":"unfinished","start":248.47,"end":249.23},{"text":"with","start":249.63,"end":249.87},{"text":"its","start":249.87,"end":250.11},{"text":"air","start":250.11,"end":250.43},{"text":"vents","start":250.43,"end":250.83},{"text":"exposed.","start":250.83,"end":251.55}]},{"text":"It was designed like that to remind us of the work in the United Nations, that it is never finished.","start":252.27,"end":257.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":252.27,"end":252.43},{"text":"was","start":252.43,"end":252.67},{"text":"designed","start":252.67,"end":253.15},{"text":"like","start":253.15,"end":253.39},{"text":"that","start":253.39,"end":253.71},{"text":"to","start":253.87,"end":254.07},{"text":"remind","start":254.07,"end":254.59},{"text":"us","start":254.59,"end":254.75},{"text":"of","start":254.75,"end":254.83},{"text":"the","start":254.83,"end":254.99},{"text":"work","start":254.99,"end":255.31},{"text":"in","start":255.31,"end":255.47},{"text":"the","start":255.47,"end":255.55},{"text":"United","start":255.55,"end":255.95},{"text":"Nations,","start":255.95,"end":256.47},{"text":"that","start":256.47,"end":256.59},{"text":"it","start":256.59,"end":256.75},{"text":"is","start":256.75,"end":256.91},{"text":"never","start":256.91,"end":257.39},{"text":"finished.","start":257.39,"end":257.95}]},{"text":"I think that's a fitting image for our discussions today.","start":258.67,"end":261.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":258.67,"end":258.75},{"text":"think","start":258.75,"end":259.07},{"text":"that's","start":259.07,"end":259.39},{"text":"a","start":259.39,"end":259.43},{"text":"fitting","start":259.43,"end":259.87},{"text":"image","start":259.87,"end":260.19},{"text":"for","start":260.19,"end":260.43},{"text":"our","start":260.43,"end":260.51},{"text":"discussions","start":260.51,"end":261.23},{"text":"today.","start":261.23,"end":261.63}]},{"text":"The United Nations has evolved over the past 80 years in response to the changing international environment.","start":262.91,"end":269.39,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. 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you very much.","start":481.51,"end":482.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":481.51,"end":481.75},{"text":"you","start":481.75,"end":481.83},{"text":"very","start":481.83,"end":481.99},{"text":"much.","start":481.99,"end":482.31}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"SWE","group":null,"function":"Permanent Representative","affiliation_full":"Sweden"}},{"statement_number":3,"start":496.91,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1e/k1edn7n4l8?t=8:17","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Ambassador.","start":496.91,"end":498.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":496.91,"end":497.11},{"text":"you","start":497.11,"end":497.19},{"text":"very","start":497.19,"end":497.35},{"text":"much,","start":497.35,"end":497.55},{"text":"Ambassador.","start":497.55,"end":498.11}]},{"text":"And now I invite Her Excellency Christina Marcus Lassen, Permanent Representative of Denmark to the United 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everyone.","start":511.91,"end":513.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":511.91,"end":512.07},{"text":"you","start":512.07,"end":512.15},{"text":"very","start":512.15,"end":512.35},{"text":"much","start":512.35,"end":512.71},{"text":"and","start":512.71,"end":512.83},{"text":"good","start":512.83,"end":513.19},{"text":"afternoon,","start":513.19,"end":513.67},{"text":"everyone.","start":513.67,"end":513.99}]},{"text":"It's wonderful to see you all.","start":513.99,"end":515.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":513.99,"end":514.23},{"text":"wonderful","start":514.23,"end":514.63},{"text":"to","start":514.63,"end":514.71},{"text":"see","start":514.71,"end":514.91},{"text":"you","start":514.91,"end":515.03},{"text":"all.","start":515.03,"end":515.35}]},{"text":"And also from my side, great pleasure to welcome you all to the Challenges Annual Forum, which is co-hosted by Denmark, Sweden, and Pakistan, three of our favorite colleagues on this topic and many others, at this very critical moment for United Nations peace operations and in this very beautifully Swedish-decorated room.","start":515.35,"end":535.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":515.35,"end":515.59},{"text":"also","start":515.59,"end":515.87},{"text":"from","start":515.87,"end":516.03},{"text":"my","start":516.03,"end":516.23},{"text":"side,","start":516.23,"end":516.63},{"text":"great","start":518.11,"end":518.39},{"text":"pleasure","start":518.39,"end":518.75},{"text":"to","start":518.75,"end":518.83},{"text":"welcome","start":518.83,"end":519.19},{"text":"you","start":519.19,"end":519.31},{"text":"all","start":519.31,"end":519.51},{"text":"to","start":519.51,"end":519.63},{"text":"the","start":519.67,"end":519.79},{"text":"Challenges","start":519.83,"end":520.47},{"text":"Annual","start":520.47,"end":520.79},{"text":"Forum,","start":520.79,"end":521.35},{"text":"which","start":521.59,"end":521.91},{"text":"is","start":521.91,"end":521.99},{"text":"co-hosted","start":521.99,"end":522.55},{"text":"by","start":522.55,"end":522.71},{"text":"Denmark,","start":522.71,"end":523.35},{"text":"Sweden,","start":523.35,"end":523.83},{"text":"and","start":523.83,"end":523.99},{"text":"Pakistan,","start":523.99,"end":524.71},{"text":"three","start":524.71,"end":524.91},{"text":"of","start":524.91,"end":525.03},{"text":"our","start":525.03,"end":525.11},{"text":"favorite","start":525.11,"end":525.51},{"text":"colleagues","start":525.51,"end":525.99},{"text":"on","start":525.99,"end":526.11},{"text":"this","start":526.11,"end":526.27},{"text":"topic","start":526.27,"end":526.71},{"text":"and","start":526.71,"end":526.87},{"text":"many","start":526.87,"end":527.11},{"text":"others,","start":527.11,"end":527.59},{"text":"at","start":528.47,"end":528.59},{"text":"this","start":528.59,"end":528.79},{"text":"very","start":528.79,"end":529.03},{"text":"critical","start":529.03,"end":529.59},{"text":"moment","start":529.75,"end":530.15},{"text":"for","start":530.15,"end":530.27},{"text":"United","start":530.27,"end":530.63},{"text":"Nations","start":530.63,"end":530.95},{"text":"peace","start":530.95,"end":531.23},{"text":"operations","start":531.23,"end":531.91},{"text":"and","start":532.31,"end":532.51},{"text":"in","start":532.51,"end":532.59},{"text":"this","start":532.59,"end":532.79},{"text":"very","start":532.79,"end":532.99},{"text":"beautifully","start":532.99,"end":533.47},{"text":"Swedish-decorated","start":533.67,"end":534.79},{"text":"room.","start":535.03,"end":535.31}]},{"text":"Today's theme captures both the urgency and the challenges we face and the opportunity before us.","start":536.83,"end":542.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Today's","start":536.83,"end":537.35},{"text":"theme","start":537.35,"end":537.63},{"text":"captures","start":537.63,"end":538.11},{"text":"both","start":538.11,"end":538.39},{"text":"the","start":538.39,"end":538.47},{"text":"urgency","start":538.67,"end":539.27},{"text":"and","start":539.27,"end":539.39},{"text":"the","start":539.39,"end":539.47},{"text":"challenges","start":539.47,"end":539.99},{"text":"we","start":539.99,"end":540.11},{"text":"face","start":540.11,"end":540.59},{"text":"and","start":540.67,"end":540.87},{"text":"the","start":540.87,"end":540.95},{"text":"opportunity","start":540.95,"end":541.71},{"text":"before","start":541.79,"end":542.31},{"text":"us.","start":542.31,"end":542.59}]},{"text":"Over the past seven decades, the enduring relevance and value of peace operations has been proved time and time again.","start":543.15,"end":550.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Over","start":543.15,"end":543.43},{"text":"the","start":543.43,"end":543.51},{"text":"past","start":543.55,"end":543.79},{"text":"seven","start":543.79,"end":544.11},{"text":"decades,","start":544.11,"end":544.83},{"text":"the","start":545.03,"end":545.11},{"text":"enduring","start":545.11,"end":545.55},{"text":"relevance","start":545.55,"end":546.07},{"text":"and","start":546.07,"end":546.19},{"text":"value","start":546.19,"end":546.55},{"text":"of","start":546.55,"end":546.67},{"text":"peace","start":546.67,"end":546.95},{"text":"operations","start":546.95,"end":547.71},{"text":"has","start":547.95,"end":548.15},{"text":"been","start":548.15,"end":548.35},{"text":"proved","start":548.35,"end":548.71},{"text":"time","start":548.71,"end":549.31},{"text":"and","start":549.31,"end":549.51},{"text":"time","start":549.51,"end":549.71},{"text":"again.","start":549.71,"end":550.19}]},{"text":"As an elected member of the Security Council, Denmark has seen this work firsthand over the past two years.","start":550.99,"end":557.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":550.99,"end":551.19},{"text":"an","start":551.19,"end":551.27},{"text":"elected","start":551.27,"end":551.63},{"text":"member","start":551.63,"end":551.95},{"text":"of","start":551.95,"end":552.03},{"text":"the","start":552.03,"end":552.11},{"text":"Security","start":552.11,"end":552.51},{"text":"Council,","start":552.51,"end":552.99},{"text":"Denmark","start":553.55,"end":553.87},{"text":"has","start":553.87,"end":554.07},{"text":"seen","start":554.07,"end":554.35},{"text":"this","start":554.35,"end":554.59},{"text":"work","start":554.59,"end":554.87},{"text":"firsthand","start":554.99,"end":555.79},{"text":"over","start":555.95,"end":556.19},{"text":"the","start":556.19,"end":556.27},{"text":"past","start":556.27,"end":556.75},{"text":"two","start":556.83,"end":557.07},{"text":"years.","start":557.07,"end":557.55}]},{"text":"In the valuable reporting on dynamic situations, in the confidence building and good offices efforts to reduce tensions, in the daily protection of civilians from violence.","start":558.11,"end":568.23,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Protection of Civilians","description":"Protection of civilians was discussed as one of the clearest tests of peace operations’ value, especially through field examples from South Sudan. Several speakers argued that mission presence, patrols, early warning, and rapid response can directly save lives, while reduced footprints weaken both prevention and protection."},{"key":"political-solutions","label":"Political Solutions, Prevention, and Mediation","description":"A central theme was that peace operations are political instruments meant to support political solutions, not replace them. Many speakers stressed the primacy of politics, early warning, preventive diplomacy, mediation, and good offices as essential to avoiding larger and more costly deployments later."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":558.11,"end":558.23},{"text":"the","start":558.23,"end":558.31},{"text":"valuable","start":558.31,"end":558.99},{"text":"reporting","start":559.07,"end":559.63},{"text":"on","start":559.63,"end":559.71},{"text":"dynamic","start":559.71,"end":560.11},{"text":"situations,","start":560.11,"end":560.99},{"text":"in","start":561.39,"end":561.51},{"text":"the","start":561.51,"end":561.59},{"text":"confidence","start":561.59,"end":562.11},{"text":"building","start":562.11,"end":562.51},{"text":"and","start":562.51,"end":562.63},{"text":"good","start":562.63,"end":562.79},{"text":"offices","start":562.79,"end":563.31},{"text":"efforts","start":563.31,"end":563.71},{"text":"to","start":563.71,"end":563.83},{"text":"reduce","start":563.83,"end":564.11},{"text":"tensions,","start":564.11,"end":564.75},{"text":"in","start":565.19,"end":565.35},{"text":"the","start":565.35,"end":565.43},{"text":"daily","start":565.43,"end":565.83},{"text":"protection","start":565.83,"end":566.47},{"text":"of","start":566.47,"end":566.55},{"text":"civilians","start":566.55,"end":567.27},{"text":"from","start":567.43,"end":567.67},{"text":"violence.","start":567.67,"end":568.23}]},{"text":"To put it plainly, our belief in this tool has only been strengthened by our experience on the Council.","start":568.63,"end":574.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":568.63,"end":568.75},{"text":"put","start":568.79,"end":568.95},{"text":"it","start":568.95,"end":569.03},{"text":"plainly,","start":569.03,"end":569.51},{"text":"our","start":569.91,"end":570.07},{"text":"belief","start":570.07,"end":570.43},{"text":"in","start":570.43,"end":570.51},{"text":"this","start":570.51,"end":570.67},{"text":"tool","start":570.67,"end":570.95},{"text":"has","start":570.95,"end":571.19},{"text":"only","start":571.19,"end":571.51},{"text":"been","start":571.51,"end":571.71},{"text":"strengthened","start":571.71,"end":572.27},{"text":"by","start":572.47,"end":572.75},{"text":"our","start":572.75,"end":572.83},{"text":"experience","start":572.83,"end":573.59},{"text":"on","start":573.83,"end":573.95},{"text":"the","start":573.95,"end":574.03},{"text":"Council.","start":574.03,"end":574.55}]},{"text":"But we have also had a front-row seat to the increasing difficulties it faces.","start":575.59,"end":581.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":575.59,"end":575.75},{"text":"we","start":575.75,"end":575.83},{"text":"have","start":575.83,"end":575.99},{"text":"also","start":575.99,"end":576.43},{"text":"had","start":576.43,"end":576.79},{"text":"a","start":576.79,"end":576.87},{"text":"front-row","start":576.87,"end":577.51},{"text":"seat","start":577.51,"end":577.99},{"text":"to","start":578.15,"end":578.31},{"text":"the","start":578.31,"end":578.39},{"text":"increasing","start":578.39,"end":579.03},{"text":"difficulties","start":579.03,"end":579.91},{"text":"it","start":580.31,"end":580.47},{"text":"faces.","start":580.47,"end":581.11}]},{"text":"Conflicts are becoming more complex and increasingly regional in character.","start":581.99,"end":585.75,"topics":[{"key":"regional-partnerships","label":"Regional and Multilateral Partnerships","description":"Speakers highlighted the importance of cooperation between the UN, regional organizations, and member states, especially as conflicts become more regionalized. 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Partnerships with the African Union and other regional actors were presented as necessary for legitimacy, burden-sharing, and more effective responses."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":616.31,"end":616.43},{"text":"invites","start":616.43,"end":616.79},{"text":"us","start":616.79,"end":616.95},{"text":"to","start":616.95,"end":617.11},{"text":"look","start":617.11,"end":617.43},{"text":"beyond","start":617.51,"end":617.99},{"text":"traditional","start":617.99,"end":618.47},{"text":"institutional","start":618.47,"end":619.15},{"text":"distinctions","start":619.15,"end":619.91},{"text":"and","start":620.23,"end":620.47},{"text":"to","start":620.47,"end":620.55},{"text":"consider","start":620.55,"end":621.19},{"text":"how","start":621.27,"end":621.67},{"text":"the","start":621.67,"end":621.75},{"text":"UN","start":621.75,"end":622.15},{"text":"can","start":622.15,"end":622.39},{"text":"make","start":622.39,"end":622.55},{"text":"better","start":622.55,"end":622.87},{"text":"use","start":622.87,"end":623.19},{"text":"of","start":623.27,"end":623.43},{"text":"its","start":623.43,"end":623.59},{"text":"full","start":623.59,"end":623.99},{"text":"peace","start":624.15,"end":624.55},{"text":"and","start":624.55,"end":624.67},{"text":"security","start":624.67,"end":625.19},{"text":"toolbox,","start":625.19,"end":625.83},{"text":"from","start":626.23,"end":626.47},{"text":"prevention,","start":626.47,"end":627.19},{"text":"mediation","start":627.19,"end":627.83},{"text":"and","start":627.83,"end":627.95},{"text":"good","start":627.95,"end":628.15},{"text":"offices","start":628.15,"end":628.79},{"text":"to","start":629.27,"end":629.39},{"text":"special","start":629.39,"end":629.79},{"text":"political","start":629.79,"end":630.15},{"text":"missions,","start":630.15,"end":630.79},{"text":"peacekeeping","start":631.03,"end":631.75},{"text":"and","start":632.07,"end":632.23},{"text":"partnerships","start":632.23,"end":633.03},{"text":"with","start":633.27,"end":633.47},{"text":"regional","start":633.51,"end":633.99},{"text":"organizations.","start":633.99,"end":634.87}]},{"text":"The question is not simply what peace operations should look like in the future.","start":635.51,"end":639.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":635.51,"end":635.67},{"text":"question","start":635.67,"end":636.07},{"text":"is","start":636.07,"end":636.23},{"text":"not","start":636.23,"end":636.63},{"text":"simply","start":636.63,"end":637.07},{"text":"what","start":637.07,"end":637.27},{"text":"peace","start":637.27,"end":637.51},{"text":"operations","start":637.51,"end":637.99},{"text":"should","start":637.99,"end":638.23},{"text":"look","start":638.23,"end":638.39},{"text":"like","start":638.39,"end":638.71},{"text":"in","start":638.71,"end":638.83},{"text":"the","start":638.83,"end":638.91},{"text":"future.","start":638.91,"end":639.43}]},{"text":"It is how we ensure that they remain politically relevant, operationally effective and capable of responding to changing circumstances.","start":639.99,"end":649.19,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":639.99,"end":640.19},{"text":"is","start":640.19,"end":640.31},{"text":"how","start":640.31,"end":640.55},{"text":"we","start":640.55,"end":640.67},{"text":"ensure","start":640.67,"end":641.19},{"text":"that","start":641.19,"end":641.39},{"text":"they","start":641.39,"end":641.51},{"text":"remain","start":641.51,"end":641.99},{"text":"politically","start":642.07,"end":642.63},{"text":"relevant,","start":642.63,"end":643.19},{"text":"operationally","start":643.59,"end":644.47},{"text":"effective","start":644.47,"end":645.03},{"text":"and","start":645.51,"end":645.67},{"text":"capable","start":645.67,"end":646.39},{"text":"of","start":646.39,"end":646.55},{"text":"responding","start":646.55,"end":647.27},{"text":"to","start":647.27,"end":647.43},{"text":"changing","start":647.43,"end":647.99},{"text":"circumstances.","start":648.15,"end":649.19}]},{"text":"And I'll just quote three priorities that stand out from our experience.","start":650.07,"end":654.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":650.07,"end":650.23},{"text":"I'll","start":650.23,"end":650.43},{"text":"just","start":650.51,"end":650.83},{"text":"quote","start":650.87,"end":651.27},{"text":"three","start":651.35,"end":651.75},{"text":"priorities","start":651.75,"end":652.23},{"text":"that","start":652.23,"end":652.39},{"text":"stand","start":652.39,"end":652.79},{"text":"out","start":652.79,"end":652.95},{"text":"from","start":652.95,"end":653.27},{"text":"our","start":653.27,"end":653.67},{"text":"experience.","start":653.67,"end":654.55}]},{"text":"First, and coming a little bit back to what I just said, we must put politics at the center of mission design, review, and adaptation.","start":655.03,"end":663.11,"topics":[{"key":"political-solutions","label":"Political Solutions, Prevention, and Mediation","description":"A central theme was that peace operations are political instruments meant to support political solutions, not replace them. Many speakers stressed the primacy of politics, early warning, preventive diplomacy, mediation, and good offices as essential to avoiding larger and more costly deployments later."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":655.03,"end":655.67},{"text":"and","start":656.07,"end":656.23},{"text":"coming","start":656.23,"end":656.43},{"text":"a","start":656.43,"end":656.47},{"text":"little","start":656.47,"end":656.67},{"text":"bit","start":656.67,"end":656.79},{"text":"back","start":656.79,"end":657.03},{"text":"to","start":657.03,"end":657.11},{"text":"what","start":657.11,"end":657.31},{"text":"I","start":657.31,"end":657.35},{"text":"just","start":657.35,"end":657.63},{"text":"said,","start":657.63,"end":657.83},{"text":"we","start":658.23,"end":658.43},{"text":"must","start":658.43,"end":658.79},{"text":"put","start":658.79,"end":659.03},{"text":"politics","start":659.03,"end":659.59},{"text":"at","start":659.59,"end":659.71},{"text":"the","start":659.71,"end":659.79},{"text":"center","start":659.83,"end":660.31},{"text":"of","start":660.31,"end":660.39},{"text":"mission","start":660.39,"end":660.75},{"text":"design,","start":660.75,"end":661.43},{"text":"review,","start":661.51,"end":662.07},{"text":"and","start":662.15,"end":662.35},{"text":"adaptation.","start":662.35,"end":663.11}]},{"text":"Mandates must be grounded in realistic political strategies with clear objectives and a credible understanding of what missions can deliver.","start":663.99,"end":671.99,"topics":[{"key":"political-solutions","label":"Political Solutions, Prevention, and Mediation","description":"A central theme was that peace operations are political instruments meant to support political solutions, not replace them. Many speakers stressed the primacy of politics, early warning, preventive diplomacy, mediation, and good offices as essential to avoiding larger and more costly deployments later."},{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"Mandates","start":663.99,"end":664.55},{"text":"must","start":664.55,"end":664.87},{"text":"be","start":664.87,"end":664.95},{"text":"grounded","start":664.95,"end":665.35},{"text":"in","start":665.35,"end":665.51},{"text":"realistic","start":665.51,"end":665.99},{"text":"political","start":665.99,"end":666.39},{"text":"strategies","start":666.39,"end":667.11},{"text":"with","start":667.27,"end":667.43},{"text":"clear","start":667.43,"end":667.79},{"text":"objectives","start":667.79,"end":668.39},{"text":"and","start":668.79,"end":668.99},{"text":"a","start":668.99,"end":669.03},{"text":"credible","start":669.03,"end":669.55},{"text":"understanding","start":669.55,"end":670.23},{"text":"of","start":670.23,"end":670.43},{"text":"what","start":670.43,"end":670.87},{"text":"missions","start":670.87,"end":671.35},{"text":"can","start":671.35,"end":671.51},{"text":"deliver.","start":671.51,"end":671.99}]},{"text":"The Security Council must recognize that the path from conflict to peace is often not linear.","start":673.11,"end":678.55,"topics":[{"key":"political-solutions","label":"Political Solutions, Prevention, and Mediation","description":"A central theme was that peace operations are political instruments meant to support political solutions, not replace them. 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Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":685.83,"end":686.07},{"text":"other","start":686.07,"end":686.27},{"text":"words,","start":686.27,"end":686.71},{"text":"we","start":686.95,"end":687.19},{"text":"must","start":687.19,"end":687.43},{"text":"avoid","start":687.43,"end":687.75},{"text":"the","start":687.75,"end":687.87},{"text":"situation","start":687.87,"end":688.63},{"text":"in","start":688.63,"end":688.79},{"text":"which","start":688.79,"end":688.95},{"text":"missions","start":688.95,"end":689.39},{"text":"are","start":689.39,"end":689.47},{"text":"expected","start":689.47,"end":689.95},{"text":"to","start":689.95,"end":690.07},{"text":"implement","start":690.07,"end":690.51},{"text":"mandates","start":690.51,"end":691.03},{"text":"that","start":691.27,"end":691.47},{"text":"no","start":691.47,"end":691.75},{"text":"longer","start":691.75,"end":692.15},{"text":"reflect","start":692.15,"end":692.59},{"text":"realities","start":692.59,"end":693.35},{"text":"on","start":693.43,"end":693.59},{"text":"the","start":693.59,"end":693.67},{"text":"ground.","start":693.67,"end":694.07}]},{"text":"To do that, though, we need information and data from the Secretariat.","start":694.79,"end":698.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":694.79,"end":694.95},{"text":"do","start":694.95,"end":695.11},{"text":"that,","start":695.11,"end":695.39},{"text":"though,","start":695.39,"end":695.51},{"text":"we","start":695.51,"end":695.75},{"text":"need","start":695.75,"end":695.91},{"text":"information","start":695.91,"end":696.63},{"text":"and","start":696.63,"end":696.83},{"text":"data","start":696.83,"end":697.19},{"text":"from","start":697.75,"end":697.91},{"text":"the","start":697.91,"end":697.99},{"text":"Secretariat.","start":697.99,"end":698.79}]},{"text":"This means a more proactive use of the Secretary-General's good offices, regular early warning analysis, as well as timely fact-finding and options for reconfigurations.","start":699.27,"end":709.83,"topics":[{"key":"political-solutions","label":"Political Solutions, Prevention, and Mediation","description":"A central theme was that peace operations are political instruments meant to support political solutions, not replace them. 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Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":732.87,"end":733.03},{"text":"cannot","start":733.03,"end":733.35},{"text":"ask","start":733.35,"end":733.55},{"text":"missions","start":733.55,"end":733.95},{"text":"to","start":733.95,"end":734.07},{"text":"protect","start":734.07,"end":734.47},{"text":"civilians,","start":734.47,"end":735.03},{"text":"monitor","start":735.27,"end":735.75},{"text":"ceasefires,","start":735.75,"end":736.39},{"text":"and","start":736.55,"end":736.71},{"text":"facilitate","start":736.71,"end":737.35},{"text":"political","start":737.35,"end":737.75},{"text":"processes","start":737.75,"end":738.39},{"text":"while","start":738.67,"end":738.87},{"text":"denying","start":738.87,"end":739.35},{"text":"them","start":739.35,"end":739.47},{"text":"the","start":739.47,"end":739.59},{"text":"support,","start":739.59,"end":740.07},{"text":"capabilities,","start":740.23,"end":741.03},{"text":"and","start":741.35,"end":741.51},{"text":"predictable","start":741.51,"end":742.07},{"text":"financing","start":742.07,"end":742.79},{"text":"these","start":743.03,"end":743.27},{"text":"tasks","start":743.27,"end":743.91},{"text":"require.","start":743.91,"end":744.63}]},{"text":"We similarly cannot sit idly by if there are attacks or crimes against them.","start":745.43,"end":749.99,"topics":[{"key":"peacekeeper-safety","label":"Safety and Security of Peacekeepers","description":"Several statements addressed attacks on peacekeepers, accountability for crimes against them, and the need to provide personnel with adequate protection, equipment, and technology. 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also congratulate the forum on its 30 years of activities, which are of enormous value to the United 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the title of this event, you will see that we are invited to turn the tide.","start":950.23,"end":956.19,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. 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The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1024.67,"end":1024.99},{"text":"if","start":1025.23,"end":1025.39},{"text":"you","start":1025.39,"end":1025.51},{"text":"look","start":1025.51,"end":1025.71},{"text":"at","start":1025.71,"end":1025.87},{"text":"the","start":1025.87,"end":1026.03},{"text":"review","start":1026.11,"end":1026.83},{"text":"that","start":1027.15,"end":1027.31},{"text":"we","start":1027.31,"end":1027.43},{"text":"are","start":1027.43,"end":1027.51},{"text":"discussing","start":1027.51,"end":1028.19},{"text":"today,","start":1028.75,"end":1029.39},{"text":"it","start":1030.03,"end":1030.19},{"text":"picks","start":1030.19,"end":1030.43},{"text":"up","start":1030.43,"end":1030.59},{"text":"this","start":1030.59,"end":1030.83},{"text":"trend","start":1030.83,"end":1031.23},{"text":"by","start":1031.23,"end":1031.47},{"text":"talking","start":1031.47,"end":1031.83},{"text":"about","start":1031.83,"end":1032.11},{"text":"a","start":1032.11,"end":1032.19},{"text":"growing","start":1032.19,"end":1032.51},{"text":"paradox.","start":1032.51,"end":1033.11}]},{"text":"This is the one quote I'm going to inflict upon you from the review itself.","start":1033.11,"end":1037.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1033.11,"end":1033.31},{"text":"is","start":1033.31,"end":1033.43},{"text":"the","start":1033.43,"end":1033.55},{"text":"one","start":1033.55,"end":1033.95},{"text":"quote","start":1034.03,"end":1034.39},{"text":"I'm","start":1034.39,"end":1034.59},{"text":"going","start":1034.59,"end":1034.79},{"text":"to","start":1034.79,"end":1034.87},{"text":"inflict","start":1034.87,"end":1035.35},{"text":"upon","start":1035.35,"end":1035.71},{"text":"you","start":1035.71,"end":1035.79},{"text":"from","start":1036.27,"end":1036.59},{"text":"the","start":1036.59,"end":1036.67},{"text":"review","start":1036.67,"end":1036.99},{"text":"itself.","start":1036.99,"end":1037.55}]},{"text":"The review speaks of a growing paradox.","start":1038.67,"end":1040.67,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1038.67,"end":1038.79},{"text":"review","start":1038.79,"end":1039.07},{"text":"speaks","start":1039.07,"end":1039.47},{"text":"of","start":1039.47,"end":1039.59},{"text":"a","start":1039.59,"end":1039.63},{"text":"growing","start":1039.63,"end":1040.03},{"text":"paradox.","start":1040.03,"end":1040.67}]},{"text":"On the one hand, Member States are united in supporting United Nations peace operations as critical for maintaining international peace and security.","start":1041.87,"end":1051.95,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":1041.87,"end":1041.99},{"text":"the","start":1041.99,"end":1042.07},{"text":"one","start":1042.07,"end":1042.27},{"text":"hand,","start":1042.27,"end":1042.67},{"text":"Member","start":1042.67,"end":1042.91},{"text":"States","start":1042.91,"end":1043.31},{"text":"are","start":1043.31,"end":1043.39},{"text":"united","start":1043.39,"end":1043.95},{"text":"in","start":1043.95,"end":1044.11},{"text":"supporting","start":1044.11,"end":1044.99},{"text":"United","start":1045.31,"end":1045.87},{"text":"Nations","start":1045.87,"end":1046.43},{"text":"peace","start":1046.43,"end":1046.71},{"text":"operations","start":1046.71,"end":1047.63},{"text":"as","start":1048.07,"end":1048.19},{"text":"critical","start":1048.19,"end":1048.91},{"text":"for","start":1049.15,"end":1049.31},{"text":"maintaining","start":1049.31,"end":1050.03},{"text":"international","start":1050.03,"end":1050.75},{"text":"peace","start":1050.75,"end":1051.03},{"text":"and","start":1051.03,"end":1051.15},{"text":"security.","start":1051.15,"end":1051.95}]},{"text":"I expect to hear many of you say something similar this afternoon.","start":1052.51,"end":1055.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1052.51,"end":1052.55},{"text":"expect","start":1052.55,"end":1052.91},{"text":"to","start":1052.91,"end":1052.99},{"text":"hear","start":1052.99,"end":1053.15},{"text":"many","start":1053.15,"end":1053.35},{"text":"of","start":1053.35,"end":1053.47},{"text":"you","start":1053.47,"end":1053.59},{"text":"say","start":1053.59,"end":1053.79},{"text":"something","start":1053.79,"end":1054.27},{"text":"similar","start":1054.27,"end":1054.75},{"text":"this","start":1055.07,"end":1055.31},{"text":"afternoon.","start":1055.31,"end":1055.95}]},{"text":"On the other hand, says the review, the shifting positions and priorities of several Member States, including host states, have undermined support for peace operations and have led to a push to withdrawal of several missions.","start":1057.07,"end":1073.55,"topics":[{"key":"host-state-consent","label":"Host State Consent and Shared Accountability","description":"The forum devoted major attention to how host-country consent has become more contested and cannot be treated as a one-time approval. Speakers explored strategic compacts, reciprocal obligations, and the need for continuous political engagement among host states, the Security Council, the Secretariat, and affected communities."},{"key":"mission-transition","label":"Mission Transitions and Drawdowns","description":"A recurring concern was the difference between a genuine transition and a resource-driven drawdown or withdrawal. 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this raises some fundamental questions.","start":1410.19,"end":1412.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1410.19,"end":1410.35},{"text":"this","start":1410.35,"end":1410.51},{"text":"raises","start":1410.51,"end":1410.87},{"text":"some","start":1410.87,"end":1411.23},{"text":"fundamental","start":1411.55,"end":1412.11},{"text":"questions.","start":1412.11,"end":1412.67}]},{"text":"What can we realistically expect peace operations to deliver under the current 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made?","start":1418.71,"end":1422.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"What","start":1418.71,"end":1419.03},{"text":"are","start":1419.03,"end":1419.19},{"text":"the","start":1419.19,"end":1419.27},{"text":"consequences","start":1419.27,"end":1420.19},{"text":"of","start":1420.19,"end":1420.31},{"text":"the","start":1420.31,"end":1420.43},{"text":"choices","start":1420.43,"end":1421.03},{"text":"now","start":1421.03,"end":1421.43},{"text":"being","start":1421.43,"end":1421.75},{"text":"made?","start":1421.75,"end":1422.07}]},{"text":"And what is at stake when multilateral responses are 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over to you, please.","start":1440.07,"end":1441.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Jenna,","start":1440.07,"end":1440.47},{"text":"over","start":1440.47,"end":1440.71},{"text":"to","start":1440.71,"end":1440.83},{"text":"you,","start":1440.83,"end":1440.91},{"text":"please.","start":1440.91,"end":1441.27}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"Challenges Forum International Secretariat","group":null,"function":"Director","affiliation_full":"Challenges Forum International Secretariat"}},{"statement_number":8,"start":1443.11,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1e/k1edn7n4l8?t=24:04","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you so much, Benoit, and thank you to the organizers for having me here today to moderate our first substantive session on Turning the Tide: Peace Operations at a 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Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":2081.67,"end":2081.91},{"text":"they","start":2081.91,"end":2082.07},{"text":"cannot","start":2082.07,"end":2082.79},{"text":"maintain","start":2082.79,"end":2083.43},{"text":"the","start":2083.43,"end":2083.59},{"text":"same","start":2083.59,"end":2083.99},{"text":"geographic","start":2083.99,"end":2084.87},{"text":"reach,","start":2084.87,"end":2085.43},{"text":"responsiveness,","start":2085.83,"end":2087.03},{"text":"and","start":2087.11,"end":2087.35},{"text":"breadth","start":2087.35,"end":2087.67},{"text":"of","start":2087.67,"end":2087.87},{"text":"engagement.","start":2087.87,"end":2088.79}]},{"text":"So how are we responding?","start":2089.35,"end":2091.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2089.35,"end":2089.67},{"text":"how","start":2089.67,"end":2090.15},{"text":"are","start":2090.23,"end":2090.55},{"text":"we","start":2090.55,"end":2090.87},{"text":"responding?","start":2090.87,"end":2091.75}]},{"text":"Through ruthless prioritization, We are concentrating resources where risks to civilians are greatest and where we can have the most impact.","start":2093.11,"end":2104.99,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Protection of Civilians","description":"Protection of civilians was discussed as one of the clearest tests of peace operations’ value, especially through field examples from South Sudan. Several speakers argued that mission presence, patrols, early warning, and rapid response can directly save lives, while reduced footprints weaken both prevention and protection."},{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"Through","start":2093.11,"end":2093.67},{"text":"ruthless","start":2093.67,"end":2094.39},{"text":"prioritization,","start":2094.39,"end":2095.83},{"text":"We","start":2096.43,"end":2096.59},{"text":"are","start":2096.59,"end":2096.67},{"text":"concentrating","start":2096.67,"end":2097.79},{"text":"resources","start":2097.79,"end":2098.75},{"text":"where","start":2098.99,"end":2099.43},{"text":"risks","start":2099.43,"end":2099.95},{"text":"to","start":2099.95,"end":2100.19},{"text":"civilians","start":2100.19,"end":2101.07},{"text":"are","start":2101.07,"end":2101.23},{"text":"greatest","start":2101.23,"end":2102.03},{"text":"and","start":2102.35,"end":2102.47},{"text":"where","start":2102.47,"end":2102.75},{"text":"we","start":2102.75,"end":2102.91},{"text":"can","start":2102.91,"end":2103.15},{"text":"have","start":2103.15,"end":2103.47},{"text":"the","start":2103.47,"end":2103.63},{"text":"most","start":2103.63,"end":2104.19},{"text":"impact.","start":2104.19,"end":2104.99}]},{"text":"We are pushed to do less, but to do less better.","start":2105.39,"end":2109.71,"topics":[{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2105.39,"end":2105.71},{"text":"are","start":2105.71,"end":2105.79},{"text":"pushed","start":2105.79,"end":2106.43},{"text":"to","start":2106.59,"end":2106.79},{"text":"do","start":2106.79,"end":2107.07},{"text":"less,","start":2107.07,"end":2107.63},{"text":"but","start":2107.87,"end":2108.23},{"text":"to","start":2108.23,"end":2108.31},{"text":"do","start":2108.31,"end":2108.59},{"text":"less","start":2108.59,"end":2109.15},{"text":"better.","start":2109.15,"end":2109.71}]},{"text":"We are adapting our posture where we cannot maintain the same footprint.","start":2110.35,"end":2114.91,"topics":[{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2110.35,"end":2110.67},{"text":"are","start":2110.67,"end":2110.75},{"text":"adapting","start":2110.75,"end":2111.39},{"text":"our","start":2111.39,"end":2111.55},{"text":"posture","start":2111.55,"end":2112.19},{"text":"where","start":2112.19,"end":2112.51},{"text":"we","start":2112.51,"end":2112.67},{"text":"cannot","start":2112.67,"end":2113.07},{"text":"maintain","start":2113.07,"end":2113.63},{"text":"the","start":2113.63,"end":2113.75},{"text":"same","start":2113.75,"end":2114.11},{"text":"footprint.","start":2114.11,"end":2114.91}]},{"text":"We increasingly rely on mobility, targeted deployments, and partnerships to retain situational awareness and remain connected to communities.","start":2115.39,"end":2126.67,"topics":[{"key":"regional-partnerships","label":"Regional and Multilateral Partnerships","description":"Speakers highlighted the importance of cooperation between the UN, regional organizations, and member states, especially as conflicts become more regionalized. 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Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2115.39,"end":2115.51},{"text":"increasingly","start":2115.51,"end":2116.47},{"text":"rely","start":2116.47,"end":2116.91},{"text":"on","start":2116.91,"end":2116.99},{"text":"mobility,","start":2116.99,"end":2117.95},{"text":"targeted","start":2118.19,"end":2118.87},{"text":"deployments,","start":2118.87,"end":2119.79},{"text":"and","start":2120.03,"end":2120.27},{"text":"partnerships","start":2120.27,"end":2121.15},{"text":"to","start":2121.15,"end":2121.27},{"text":"retain","start":2121.27,"end":2121.79},{"text":"situational","start":2121.79,"end":2122.79},{"text":"awareness","start":2122.79,"end":2123.47},{"text":"and","start":2123.79,"end":2123.95},{"text":"remain","start":2123.95,"end":2124.35},{"text":"connected","start":2124.35,"end":2125.23},{"text":"to","start":2125.23,"end":2125.55},{"text":"communities.","start":2125.55,"end":2126.67}]},{"text":"This comes with risk.","start":2126.99,"end":2128.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2126.99,"end":2127.31},{"text":"comes","start":2127.31,"end":2127.79},{"text":"with","start":2127.79,"end":2128.03},{"text":"risk.","start":2128.03,"end":2128.59}]},{"text":"In August, in our drive to access parts of Jonglei State with perennial hotspots, three peacekeepers were sadly killed and six other United Nations personnel and national counterparts injured.","start":2129.23,"end":2144.83,"topics":[{"key":"peacekeeper-safety","label":"Safety and Security of Peacekeepers","description":"Several statements addressed attacks on peacekeepers, accountability for crimes against them, and the need to provide personnel with adequate protection, equipment, and technology. Emerging threats such as drones and broader operational insecurity were cited as reasons to prioritize peacekeeper safety in mission planning and reform."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2129.23,"end":2129.47},{"text":"August,","start":2129.55,"end":2130.11},{"text":"in","start":2130.19,"end":2130.43},{"text":"our","start":2130.43,"end":2130.55},{"text":"drive","start":2130.55,"end":2130.99},{"text":"to","start":2130.99,"end":2131.23},{"text":"access","start":2131.23,"end":2131.87},{"text":"parts","start":2131.87,"end":2132.27},{"text":"of","start":2132.27,"end":2132.43},{"text":"Jonglei","start":2132.43,"end":2132.91},{"text":"State","start":2132.91,"end":2133.47},{"text":"with","start":2133.79,"end":2134.03},{"text":"perennial","start":2134.03,"end":2134.83},{"text":"hotspots,","start":2134.83,"end":2135.71},{"text":"three","start":2136.19,"end":2136.43},{"text":"peacekeepers","start":2136.43,"end":2137.55},{"text":"were","start":2137.55,"end":2137.71},{"text":"sadly","start":2137.71,"end":2138.27},{"text":"killed","start":2138.27,"end":2138.91},{"text":"and","start":2139.15,"end":2139.39},{"text":"six","start":2139.39,"end":2139.87},{"text":"other","start":2139.87,"end":2140.15},{"text":"United","start":2140.15,"end":2140.71},{"text":"Nations","start":2140.71,"end":2141.31},{"text":"personnel","start":2141.31,"end":2142.11},{"text":"and","start":2142.35,"end":2142.63},{"text":"national","start":2142.63,"end":2143.15},{"text":"counterparts","start":2143.15,"end":2144.11},{"text":"injured.","start":2144.19,"end":2144.83}]},{"text":"None of these measures fully compensate for reduced resources.","start":2145.55,"end":2150.43,"topics":[{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"None","start":2145.55,"end":2146.03},{"text":"of","start":2146.03,"end":2146.11},{"text":"these","start":2146.11,"end":2146.43},{"text":"measures","start":2146.43,"end":2147.15},{"text":"fully","start":2147.15,"end":2147.63},{"text":"compensate","start":2147.63,"end":2148.59},{"text":"for","start":2148.59,"end":2148.87},{"text":"reduced","start":2148.87,"end":2149.47},{"text":"resources.","start":2149.47,"end":2150.43}]},{"text":"So what are the lessons?","start":2150.83,"end":2152.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2150.83,"end":2151.07},{"text":"what","start":2151.07,"end":2151.55},{"text":"are","start":2151.63,"end":2151.87},{"text":"the","start":2151.87,"end":2151.99},{"text":"lessons?","start":2151.99,"end":2152.83}]},{"text":"First, we must remain clear-eyed about what we can and cannot do.","start":2153.47,"end":2158.75,"topics":[{"key":"political-solutions","label":"Political Solutions, Prevention, and Mediation","description":"A central theme was that peace operations are political instruments meant to support political solutions, not replace them. Many speakers stressed the primacy of politics, early warning, preventive diplomacy, mediation, and good offices as essential to avoiding larger and more costly deployments later."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":2153.47,"end":2154.11},{"text":"we","start":2154.27,"end":2154.51},{"text":"must","start":2154.51,"end":2154.83},{"text":"remain","start":2154.83,"end":2155.39},{"text":"clear-eyed","start":2155.39,"end":2156.11},{"text":"about","start":2156.11,"end":2156.63},{"text":"what","start":2156.63,"end":2156.99},{"text":"we","start":2156.99,"end":2157.15},{"text":"can","start":2157.15,"end":2157.63},{"text":"and","start":2157.63,"end":2157.87},{"text":"cannot","start":2157.87,"end":2158.31},{"text":"do.","start":2158.31,"end":2158.75}]},{"text":"Peace operations can contribute towards creating political space, but not political will.","start":2159.31,"end":2166.19,"topics":[{"key":"political-solutions","label":"Political Solutions, Prevention, and Mediation","description":"A central theme was that peace operations are political instruments meant to support political solutions, not replace them. Many speakers stressed the primacy of politics, early warning, preventive diplomacy, mediation, and good offices as essential to avoiding larger and more costly deployments later."}],"words":[{"text":"Peace","start":2159.31,"end":2159.63},{"text":"operations","start":2159.63,"end":2160.43},{"text":"can","start":2160.43,"end":2160.67},{"text":"contribute","start":2160.67,"end":2161.43},{"text":"towards","start":2161.43,"end":2161.87},{"text":"creating","start":2161.87,"end":2162.43},{"text":"political","start":2162.43,"end":2163.23},{"text":"space,","start":2163.23,"end":2163.79},{"text":"but","start":2164.11,"end":2164.43},{"text":"not","start":2164.43,"end":2164.99},{"text":"political","start":2164.99,"end":2165.79},{"text":"will.","start":2165.79,"end":2166.19}]},{"text":"Second, mandates and resources must be aligned.","start":2166.59,"end":2170.75,"topics":[{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":2166.59,"end":2167.47},{"text":"mandates","start":2167.71,"end":2168.47},{"text":"and","start":2168.47,"end":2168.67},{"text":"resources","start":2168.67,"end":2169.47},{"text":"must","start":2169.47,"end":2169.87},{"text":"be","start":2169.87,"end":2170.11},{"text":"aligned.","start":2170.11,"end":2170.75}]},{"text":"Missions need the capabilities and resources required to deliver what they are asked to do.","start":2171.23,"end":2178.67,"topics":[{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. 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Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"Their","start":2215.19,"end":2215.47},{"text":"effects","start":2215.47,"end":2216.15},{"text":"are","start":2216.39,"end":2216.47},{"text":"felt","start":2216.47,"end":2216.95},{"text":"in","start":2216.95,"end":2217.11},{"text":"places","start":2217.11,"end":2217.91},{"text":"like","start":2217.99,"end":2218.23},{"text":"Bentiu,","start":2218.23,"end":2219.03},{"text":"Akobo,","start":2219.03,"end":2219.83},{"text":"Malakal,","start":2220.15,"end":2220.95},{"text":"and","start":2220.95,"end":2221.19},{"text":"many","start":2221.19,"end":2221.67},{"text":"others","start":2221.67,"end":2222.23},{"text":"where","start":2222.51,"end":2222.79},{"text":"women,","start":2222.79,"end":2223.43},{"text":"men,","start":2223.67,"end":2224.31},{"text":"girls,","start":2224.55,"end":2225.23},{"text":"and","start":2225.23,"end":2225.39},{"text":"boys","start":2225.39,"end":2226.07},{"text":"depend","start":2226.15,"end":2226.87},{"text":"on","start":2227.11,"end":2227.43},{"text":"an","start":2227.43,"end":2227.51},{"text":"effective","start":2227.51,"end":2228.31},{"text":"international","start":2228.31,"end":2229.27},{"text":"presence","start":2229.27,"end":2229.99},{"text":"at","start":2230.31,"end":2230.55},{"text":"moments","start":2230.55,"end":2231.27},{"text":"of","start":2231.27,"end":2231.51},{"text":"greatest","start":2231.51,"end":2232.15},{"text":"vulnerability.","start":2232.15,"end":2233.27}]},{"text":"Let me conclude where I began.","start":2233.99,"end":2236.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":2233.99,"end":2234.19},{"text":"me","start":2234.19,"end":2234.47},{"text":"conclude","start":2234.47,"end":2235.23},{"text":"where","start":2235.23,"end":2235.59},{"text":"I","start":2235.59,"end":2235.67},{"text":"began.","start":2235.67,"end":2236.47}]},{"text":"The footage you watched is not simply a story about courageous peacekeepers.","start":2236.95,"end":2242.63,"topics":[{"key":"peacekeeper-safety","label":"Safety and Security of Peacekeepers","description":"Several statements addressed attacks on peacekeepers, accountability for crimes against them, and the need to provide personnel with adequate protection, equipment, and technology. Emerging threats such as drones and broader operational insecurity were cited as reasons to prioritize peacekeeper safety in mission planning and reform."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2236.95,"end":2237.11},{"text":"footage","start":2237.11,"end":2237.91},{"text":"you","start":2237.91,"end":2238.11},{"text":"watched","start":2238.23,"end":2238.79},{"text":"is","start":2238.79,"end":2239.03},{"text":"not","start":2239.03,"end":2239.19},{"text":"simply","start":2239.19,"end":2239.83},{"text":"a","start":2239.83,"end":2239.87},{"text":"story","start":2239.87,"end":2240.55},{"text":"about","start":2240.55,"end":2240.87},{"text":"courageous","start":2240.87,"end":2241.67},{"text":"peacekeepers.","start":2241.67,"end":2242.63}]},{"text":"It is a reminder of what is at stake.","start":2243.07,"end":2246.51,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Protection of Civilians","description":"Protection of civilians was discussed as one of the clearest tests of peace operations’ value, especially through field examples from South Sudan. Several speakers argued that mission presence, patrols, early warning, and rapid response can directly save lives, while reduced footprints weaken both prevention and protection."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2243.07,"end":2243.23},{"text":"is","start":2243.23,"end":2243.47},{"text":"a","start":2243.47,"end":2243.51},{"text":"reminder","start":2243.51,"end":2244.43},{"text":"of","start":2244.67,"end":2244.95},{"text":"what","start":2244.95,"end":2245.39},{"text":"is","start":2245.39,"end":2245.71},{"text":"at","start":2245.71,"end":2245.87},{"text":"stake.","start":2245.87,"end":2246.51}]},{"text":"Peace operations are indeed at a crossroads.","start":2247.15,"end":2250.67,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"Peace","start":2247.15,"end":2247.55},{"text":"operations","start":2247.55,"end":2248.59},{"text":"are","start":2248.59,"end":2248.83},{"text":"indeed","start":2248.83,"end":2249.39},{"text":"at","start":2249.39,"end":2249.71},{"text":"a","start":2249.71,"end":2249.75},{"text":"crossroads.","start":2249.75,"end":2250.67}]},{"text":"The question is not whether they must evolve, they must.","start":2251.15,"end":2255.79,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2251.15,"end":2251.27},{"text":"question","start":2251.27,"end":2251.95},{"text":"is","start":2251.95,"end":2252.11},{"text":"not","start":2252.11,"end":2252.67},{"text":"whether","start":2252.91,"end":2253.39},{"text":"they","start":2253.39,"end":2253.55},{"text":"must","start":2253.55,"end":2254.03},{"text":"evolve,","start":2254.03,"end":2254.67},{"text":"they","start":2254.91,"end":2255.23},{"text":"must.","start":2255.23,"end":2255.79}]},{"text":"The question is whether they will continue to be given the tools, resources, and political support necessary to protect civilians and create opportunities for sustained peace.","start":2256.27,"end":2270.03,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Protection of Civilians","description":"Protection of civilians was discussed as one of the clearest tests of peace operations’ value, especially through field examples from South Sudan. Several speakers argued that mission presence, patrols, early warning, and rapid response can directly save lives, while reduced footprints weaken both prevention and protection."},{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2256.27,"end":2256.43},{"text":"question","start":2256.43,"end":2256.91},{"text":"is","start":2256.91,"end":2257.07},{"text":"whether","start":2257.07,"end":2257.47},{"text":"they","start":2257.47,"end":2257.63},{"text":"will","start":2257.63,"end":2257.87},{"text":"continue","start":2257.87,"end":2258.59},{"text":"to","start":2258.59,"end":2258.79},{"text":"be","start":2258.79,"end":2258.99},{"text":"given","start":2258.99,"end":2259.47},{"text":"the","start":2259.47,"end":2259.55},{"text":"tools,","start":2259.55,"end":2260.27},{"text":"resources,","start":2260.59,"end":2261.63},{"text":"and","start":2261.79,"end":2262.03},{"text":"political","start":2262.03,"end":2262.75},{"text":"support","start":2262.75,"end":2263.35},{"text":"necessary","start":2263.35,"end":2264.35},{"text":"to","start":2264.59,"end":2264.83},{"text":"protect","start":2264.83,"end":2265.35},{"text":"civilians","start":2265.35,"end":2266.19},{"text":"and","start":2266.43,"end":2266.63},{"text":"create","start":2266.63,"end":2267.15},{"text":"opportunities","start":2267.15,"end":2268.35},{"text":"for","start":2268.59,"end":2268.79},{"text":"sustained","start":2268.79,"end":2269.51},{"text":"peace.","start":2269.51,"end":2270.03}]},{"text":"How can we best align mandate, resources, and expectations?","start":2270.95,"end":2275.91,"topics":[{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"How","start":2270.95,"end":2271.11},{"text":"can","start":2271.11,"end":2271.35},{"text":"we","start":2271.35,"end":2271.59},{"text":"best","start":2271.59,"end":2272.15},{"text":"align","start":2272.15,"end":2272.63},{"text":"mandate,","start":2272.63,"end":2273.35},{"text":"resources,","start":2273.35,"end":2274.47},{"text":"and","start":2274.47,"end":2274.63},{"text":"expectations?","start":2274.63,"end":2275.91}]},{"text":"Because when peacekeeping succeeds, the result is often invisible, violence prevented, lives saved, and communities given the confidence to look towards the future.","start":2276.55,"end":2289.51,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Protection of Civilians","description":"Protection of civilians was discussed as one of the clearest tests of peace operations’ value, especially through field examples from South Sudan. Several speakers argued that mission presence, patrols, early warning, and rapid response can directly save lives, while reduced footprints weaken both prevention and protection."}],"words":[{"text":"Because","start":2276.55,"end":2276.91},{"text":"when","start":2276.91,"end":2277.27},{"text":"peacekeeping","start":2277.27,"end":2278.07},{"text":"succeeds,","start":2278.07,"end":2279.03},{"text":"the","start":2279.27,"end":2279.47},{"text":"result","start":2279.47,"end":2280.07},{"text":"is","start":2280.07,"end":2280.31},{"text":"often","start":2280.31,"end":2280.71},{"text":"invisible,","start":2280.71,"end":2281.67},{"text":"violence","start":2282.15,"end":2282.71},{"text":"prevented,","start":2282.71,"end":2283.59},{"text":"lives","start":2283.59,"end":2283.99},{"text":"saved,","start":2283.99,"end":2284.63},{"text":"and","start":2284.63,"end":2284.87},{"text":"communities","start":2284.87,"end":2285.83},{"text":"given","start":2285.83,"end":2286.15},{"text":"the","start":2286.15,"end":2286.31},{"text":"confidence","start":2286.31,"end":2287.19},{"text":"to","start":2287.51,"end":2287.63},{"text":"look","start":2287.67,"end":2287.99},{"text":"towards","start":2287.99,"end":2288.63},{"text":"the","start":2288.67,"end":2288.79},{"text":"future.","start":2288.79,"end":2289.51}]},{"text":"And from where I sit in South Sudan, that remains an investment worth making.","start":2290.07,"end":2296.87,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Protection of Civilians","description":"Protection of civilians was discussed as one of the clearest tests of peace operations’ value, especially through field examples from South Sudan. 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we are here to represent the voices of our peacekeeping colleagues in the field, and we would like to shed some light on the critical issues that our peacekeeping missions are facing.","start":2482.15,"end":2491.35,"topics":[{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2482.15,"end":2482.19},{"text":"we","start":2482.19,"end":2482.35},{"text":"are","start":2482.35,"end":2482.43},{"text":"here","start":2482.43,"end":2482.71},{"text":"to","start":2482.71,"end":2482.87},{"text":"represent","start":2482.87,"end":2483.43},{"text":"the","start":2483.43,"end":2483.51},{"text":"voices","start":2483.51,"end":2484.19},{"text":"of","start":2484.19,"end":2484.39},{"text":"our","start":2484.39,"end":2484.55},{"text":"peacekeeping","start":2484.55,"end":2485.19},{"text":"colleagues","start":2485.19,"end":2485.51},{"text":"in","start":2485.51,"end":2485.63},{"text":"the","start":2485.63,"end":2485.71},{"text":"field,","start":2485.71,"end":2486.15},{"text":"and","start":2486.23,"end":2486.35},{"text":"we","start":2486.35,"end":2486.47},{"text":"would","start":2486.47,"end":2486.63},{"text":"like","start":2486.63,"end":2486.83},{"text":"to","start":2486.83,"end":2486.99},{"text":"shed","start":2486.99,"end":2487.27},{"text":"some","start":2487.27,"end":2487.51},{"text":"light","start":2487.51,"end":2487.91},{"text":"on","start":2487.99,"end":2488.23},{"text":"the","start":2488.23,"end":2488.31},{"text":"critical","start":2488.31,"end":2488.87},{"text":"issues","start":2488.87,"end":2489.39},{"text":"that","start":2489.39,"end":2489.51},{"text":"our","start":2489.51,"end":2489.59},{"text":"peacekeeping","start":2489.59,"end":2490.19},{"text":"missions","start":2490.19,"end":2490.63},{"text":"are","start":2490.63,"end":2490.71},{"text":"facing.","start":2490.71,"end":2491.35}]},{"text":"How much is actually lost, and what that loss looks like from the ground?","start":2491.67,"end":2495.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"How","start":2491.67,"end":2491.91},{"text":"much","start":2491.91,"end":2492.23},{"text":"is","start":2492.23,"end":2492.39},{"text":"actually","start":2492.39,"end":2492.87},{"text":"lost,","start":2492.87,"end":2493.43},{"text":"and","start":2493.51,"end":2493.67},{"text":"what","start":2493.67,"end":2493.95},{"text":"that","start":2493.95,"end":2494.15},{"text":"loss","start":2494.15,"end":2494.39},{"text":"looks","start":2494.39,"end":2494.71},{"text":"like","start":2494.71,"end":2494.95},{"text":"from","start":2494.95,"end":2495.19},{"text":"the","start":2495.19,"end":2495.27},{"text":"ground?","start":2495.27,"end":2495.75}]},{"text":"So let us begin with how much.","start":2495.99,"end":2497.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2495.99,"end":2496.15},{"text":"let","start":2496.15,"end":2496.39},{"text":"us","start":2496.39,"end":2496.55},{"text":"begin","start":2496.55,"end":2496.99},{"text":"with","start":2496.99,"end":2497.19},{"text":"how","start":2497.19,"end":2497.31},{"text":"much.","start":2497.31,"end":2497.75}]},{"text":"A percentage cut to a mission's budget does not produce the same percentage cut to what the mission can actually do.","start":2498.35,"end":2505.19,"topics":[{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. 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next, I'm happy to introduce another colleague who can bring additional perspective from the field.","start":3202.59,"end":3208.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3202.59,"end":3202.91},{"text":"next,","start":3202.91,"end":3203.47},{"text":"I'm","start":3203.47,"end":3203.71},{"text":"happy","start":3203.71,"end":3204.03},{"text":"to","start":3204.03,"end":3204.15},{"text":"introduce","start":3204.15,"end":3204.63},{"text":"another","start":3204.63,"end":3205.07},{"text":"colleague","start":3205.07,"end":3205.55},{"text":"who","start":3205.55,"end":3205.71},{"text":"can","start":3205.71,"end":3205.87},{"text":"bring","start":3205.87,"end":3206.27},{"text":"additional","start":3206.27,"end":3206.79},{"text":"perspective","start":3206.79,"end":3207.39},{"text":"from","start":3207.39,"end":3207.55},{"text":"the","start":3207.55,"end":3207.67},{"text":"field.","start":3207.67,"end":3208.03}]},{"text":"And we're fortunate to have Leonardo Santos Simao, SRSG from the UN Office for West Africa and the Sahel, joining us 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Simao, from where you sit in UNOWA, how are you navigating priorities and some of the trade-offs that we've already heard discussed in your 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to you.","start":3224.67,"end":3225.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Over","start":3224.67,"end":3224.91},{"text":"to","start":3224.91,"end":3225.11},{"text":"you.","start":3225.11,"end":3225.31}]},{"text":"Mr. Samao, can you hear me?","start":3236.71,"end":3238.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":3236.71,"end":3237.11},{"text":"Samao,","start":3237.11,"end":3237.43},{"text":"can","start":3237.43,"end":3237.59},{"text":"you","start":3237.59,"end":3237.67},{"text":"hear","start":3237.67,"end":3237.79},{"text":"me?","start":3237.79,"end":3238.07}]},{"text":"We don't have connection.","start":3239.43,"end":3240.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3239.43,"end":3239.51},{"text":"don't","start":3239.51,"end":3239.79},{"text":"have","start":3239.79,"end":3239.91},{"text":"connection.","start":3239.91,"end":3240.31}]},{"text":"Okay, then we'll come back to him if we get 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we're pleased to welcome Ambassador Jadoon from the Permanent Mission of Pakistan and Ambassador Jeff Bartos from the Permanent Mission of the U.S. I think we did a coin toss and we're going to start with Ambassador Jadoon and then I'll turn over to 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operations expert","affiliation_full":"NORCAP"}},{"statement_number":14,"start":3265.95,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1e/k1edn7n4l8?t=54:26","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Jenna.","start":3265.95,"end":3267.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3265.95,"end":3266.23},{"text":"you","start":3266.23,"end":3266.31},{"text":"very","start":3266.31,"end":3266.51},{"text":"much,","start":3266.51,"end":3266.71},{"text":"Jenna.","start":3266.71,"end":3267.07}]},{"text":"I thank the organizers, the Challenges Forum, as well as our co-hosts, Sweden and Denmark, for organizing this wonderful event.","start":3267.15,"end":3276.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3267.15,"end":3267.47},{"text":"thank","start":3267.55,"end":3268.03},{"text":"the","start":3268.51,"end":3268.67},{"text":"organizers,","start":3268.67,"end":3269.39},{"text":"the","start":3269.39,"end":3269.55},{"text":"Challenges","start":3269.71,"end":3270.27},{"text":"Forum,","start":3270.27,"end":3270.67},{"text":"as","start":3270.79,"end":3270.91},{"text":"well","start":3270.91,"end":3271.15},{"text":"as","start":3271.15,"end":3271.31},{"text":"our","start":3271.31,"end":3271.39},{"text":"co-hosts,","start":3271.39,"end":3271.99},{"text":"Sweden","start":3271.99,"end":3272.35},{"text":"and","start":3272.35,"end":3272.47},{"text":"Denmark,","start":3272.47,"end":3272.99},{"text":"for","start":3273.79,"end":3274.03},{"text":"organizing","start":3274.03,"end":3274.67},{"text":"this","start":3274.67,"end":3275.07},{"text":"wonderful","start":3275.39,"end":3275.87},{"text":"event.","start":3275.87,"end":3276.31}]},{"text":"Jenna, your remarks are always very insightful on peacekeeping, but today the perspectives that we heard from Lotte and Raj were particularly valuable and very moving 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approaches this discussion from a unique experience.","start":3288.71,"end":3292.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Pakistan","start":3288.71,"end":3289.15},{"text":"approaches","start":3289.15,"end":3289.63},{"text":"this","start":3289.63,"end":3289.95},{"text":"discussion","start":3289.95,"end":3290.51},{"text":"from","start":3290.51,"end":3291.07},{"text":"a","start":3291.39,"end":3291.43},{"text":"unique","start":3291.43,"end":3291.79},{"text":"experience.","start":3291.79,"end":3292.51}]},{"text":"Over the past six decades, more than 270,000 Pakistani peacekeepers have served under the UN flag.","start":3292.67,"end":3298.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Over","start":3292.67,"end":3292.91},{"text":"the","start":3292.91,"end":3293.07},{"text":"past","start":3293.07,"end":3293.39},{"text":"six","start":3293.39,"end":3293.71},{"text":"decades,","start":3293.71,"end":3294.19},{"text":"more","start":3294.19,"end":3294.43},{"text":"than","start":3294.43,"end":3294.59},{"text":"270,000","start":3294.59,"end":3295.71},{"text":"Pakistani","start":3295.71,"end":3296.27},{"text":"peacekeepers","start":3296.27,"end":3296.91},{"text":"have","start":3296.91,"end":3297.07},{"text":"served","start":3297.07,"end":3297.47},{"text":"under","start":3297.47,"end":3297.71},{"text":"the","start":3297.71,"end":3297.83},{"text":"UN","start":3297.87,"end":3298.19},{"text":"flag.","start":3298.19,"end":3298.51}]},{"text":"183 of them have made the ultimate sacrifice.","start":3299.31,"end":3302.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"183","start":3299.31,"end":3300.15},{"text":"of","start":3300.15,"end":3300.27},{"text":"them","start":3300.27,"end":3300.51},{"text":"have","start":3300.51,"end":3300.67},{"text":"made","start":3300.67,"end":3300.95},{"text":"the","start":3300.95,"end":3301.03},{"text":"ultimate","start":3301.03,"end":3301.51},{"text":"sacrifice.","start":3301.51,"end":3302.27}]},{"text":"We are also a host country to one of the UN's oldest peacekeeping missions, the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan.","start":3302.91,"end":3310.03,"topics":[{"key":"host-state-consent","label":"Host State Consent and Shared Accountability","description":"The forum devoted major attention to how host-country consent has become more contested and cannot be treated as a one-time approval. 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Emerging threats such as drones and broader operational insecurity were cited as reasons to prioritize peacekeeper safety in mission planning and reform."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3500.95,"end":3501.11},{"text":"Denmark-Pakistan","start":3501.11,"end":3502.15},{"text":"Security","start":3502.15,"end":3502.59},{"text":"Council","start":3502.59,"end":3502.99},{"text":"Resolution","start":3502.99,"end":3503.59},{"text":"2823","start":3503.59,"end":3504.39},{"text":"on","start":3504.39,"end":3504.55},{"text":"accountability","start":3504.55,"end":3505.27},{"text":"for","start":3505.27,"end":3505.43},{"text":"crimes","start":3505.43,"end":3505.79},{"text":"against","start":3505.79,"end":3506.11},{"text":"peacekeepers","start":3506.11,"end":3506.95},{"text":"was","start":3507.19,"end":3507.51},{"text":"adopted","start":3507.51,"end":3507.99},{"text":"unanimously","start":3507.99,"end":3508.79},{"text":"and","start":3508.79,"end":3508.91},{"text":"attracted","start":3508.91,"end":3509.43},{"text":"153","start":3509.43,"end":3511.03},{"text":"co-sponsors,","start":3511.03,"end":3511.99},{"text":"a","start":3512.31,"end":3512.35},{"text":"record","start":3512.35,"end":3512.79},{"text":"number","start":3512.79,"end":3513.11},{"text":"for","start":3513.11,"end":3513.27},{"text":"any","start":3513.27,"end":3513.51},{"text":"Security","start":3513.51,"end":3513.99},{"text":"Council","start":3513.99,"end":3514.31},{"text":"resolution.","start":3514.31,"end":3514.95}]},{"text":"It shows an extraordinary demonstration of interest and support across the wider UN membership.","start":3515.75,"end":3520.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3515.75,"end":3515.99},{"text":"shows","start":3515.99,"end":3516.23},{"text":"an","start":3516.23,"end":3516.31},{"text":"extraordinary","start":3516.31,"end":3517.11},{"text":"demonstration","start":3517.11,"end":3517.79},{"text":"of","start":3517.79,"end":3517.99},{"text":"interest","start":3517.99,"end":3518.47},{"text":"and","start":3518.47,"end":3518.63},{"text":"support","start":3518.63,"end":3519.11},{"text":"across","start":3519.11,"end":3519.51},{"text":"the","start":3519.51,"end":3519.59},{"text":"wider","start":3519.59,"end":3519.91},{"text":"UN","start":3519.91,"end":3520.23},{"text":"membership.","start":3520.23,"end":3520.71}]},{"text":"The real question is not whether peacekeeping is in a decline.","start":3521.75,"end":3524.79,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3521.75,"end":3521.87},{"text":"real","start":3521.87,"end":3522.15},{"text":"question","start":3522.15,"end":3522.55},{"text":"is","start":3522.55,"end":3522.71},{"text":"not","start":3522.71,"end":3522.95},{"text":"whether","start":3522.95,"end":3523.27},{"text":"peacekeeping","start":3523.27,"end":3523.83},{"text":"is","start":3523.83,"end":3523.99},{"text":"in","start":3523.99,"end":3524.11},{"text":"a","start":3524.11,"end":3524.15},{"text":"decline.","start":3524.15,"end":3524.79}]},{"text":"It is whether we can preserve, in this difficult time, the institutional capacity, capabilities, and political confidence built over decades needed to use it when the next situation requires it.","start":3525.27,"end":3537.23,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. 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Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3541.27,"end":3541.43},{"text":"must","start":3541.43,"end":3541.75},{"text":"become","start":3541.75,"end":3542.19},{"text":"more","start":3542.19,"end":3542.47},{"text":"agile,","start":3542.47,"end":3543.03},{"text":"more","start":3543.19,"end":3543.51},{"text":"technologically","start":3543.51,"end":3544.39},{"text":"capable,","start":3544.39,"end":3545.03},{"text":"and","start":3545.19,"end":3545.43},{"text":"more","start":3545.43,"end":3545.87},{"text":"responsive","start":3545.87,"end":3546.47},{"text":"to","start":3546.47,"end":3546.63},{"text":"changing","start":3546.63,"end":3547.03},{"text":"conflict","start":3547.03,"end":3547.51},{"text":"dynamics,","start":3547.51,"end":3548.23},{"text":"and","start":3548.63,"end":3548.83},{"text":"also","start":3548.83,"end":3549.11},{"text":"more","start":3549.11,"end":3549.39},{"text":"efficient","start":3549.39,"end":3549.83},{"text":"and","start":3549.83,"end":3549.99},{"text":"cost-effective","start":3549.99,"end":3550.79},{"text":"too.","start":3550.79,"end":3551.11}]},{"text":"Reform is necessary, but its purpose should be to make peacekeeping more efficient, more effective, and more usable, thinking about ways to do things more innovatively.","start":3552.19,"end":3562.35,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. 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Several speakers argued that mission presence, patrols, early warning, and rapid response can directly save lives, while reduced footprints weaken both prevention and protection."},{"key":"political-solutions","label":"Political Solutions, Prevention, and Mediation","description":"A central theme was that peace operations are political instruments meant to support political solutions, not replace them. 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me to conclude once again by thanking the Challenges Forum for partnering with us to organize this event and bring together such a wide array of sterling expertise for this 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1964, the UN had peacekeeping operations, missions in Kashmir, in Gaza, in the West Bank, in DRC.","start":3687.23,"end":3695.55,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. 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respect you going out to the field, I respect the work you do.","start":3813.83,"end":3816.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3813.83,"end":3813.84},{"text":"respect","start":3813.83,"end":3814.39},{"text":"you","start":3814.39,"end":3814.51},{"text":"going","start":3814.51,"end":3814.79},{"text":"out","start":3814.79,"end":3814.87},{"text":"to","start":3814.87,"end":3814.95},{"text":"the","start":3814.95,"end":3815.03},{"text":"field,","start":3815.03,"end":3815.31},{"text":"I","start":3815.31,"end":3815.35},{"text":"respect","start":3815.35,"end":3815.71},{"text":"the","start":3815.71,"end":3815.79},{"text":"work","start":3815.79,"end":3816.03},{"text":"you","start":3816.03,"end":3816.11},{"text":"do.","start":3816.11,"end":3816.31}]},{"text":"I went out to see MINUSCA and MONUSCO earlier this year, in addition to some of the great work that's being done, not only at Yunnan, but also up in Kakuma in northwest 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Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3944.71,"end":3944.87},{"text":"that","start":3944.87,"end":3945.03},{"text":"can't","start":3945.03,"end":3945.43},{"text":"happen","start":3945.43,"end":3945.71},{"text":"again.","start":3945.71,"end":3945.99}]},{"text":"We said that on June 30th.","start":3945.99,"end":3947.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3945.99,"end":3946.15},{"text":"said","start":3946.15,"end":3946.35},{"text":"that","start":3946.35,"end":3946.47},{"text":"on","start":3946.47,"end":3946.63},{"text":"June","start":3946.63,"end":3946.87},{"text":"30th.","start":3946.87,"end":3947.15}]},{"text":"That can never happen again because this is really hard work, and we don't always get it right.","start":3947.15,"end":3952.35,"topics":[{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. 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The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"He","start":3976.87,"end":3976.99},{"text":"made","start":3976.99,"end":3977.15},{"text":"mention","start":3977.15,"end":3977.51},{"text":"of","start":3977.51,"end":3977.63},{"text":"reforms","start":3977.63,"end":3977.99},{"text":"that","start":3977.99,"end":3978.11},{"text":"have","start":3978.11,"end":3978.23},{"text":"been","start":3978.23,"end":3978.35},{"text":"achieved","start":3978.35,"end":3978.75},{"text":"over","start":3979.31,"end":3979.51},{"text":"the","start":3979.51,"end":3979.63},{"text":"prior","start":3979.63,"end":3979.87},{"text":"12","start":3979.87,"end":3980.19},{"text":"months.","start":3980.19,"end":3980.59}]},{"text":"So we are committed to reforming this institution to help it meet its essential purpose of promoting and maintaining international peace and security.","start":3980.87,"end":3988.39,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. 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I thank you.","start":4069.95,"end":4071.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4069.95,"end":4070.35},{"text":"I","start":4070.59,"end":4070.67},{"text":"thank","start":4070.67,"end":4070.91},{"text":"you.","start":4070.91,"end":4071.07}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"USA","group":null,"function":"Ambassador","affiliation_full":"United States of America"}},{"statement_number":17,"start":4073.23,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1e/k1edn7n4l8?t=1:07:54","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Ambassador Bartos.","start":4073.23,"end":4074.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4073.23,"end":4073.39},{"text":"you,","start":4073.39,"end":4073.51},{"text":"Ambassador","start":4073.51,"end":4073.95},{"text":"Bartos.","start":4073.95,"end":4074.51}]},{"text":"To round off our panel, next I'll turn to David Akong, Commandant of the Kofi Annan Peacekeeping Training 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Brown II, Permanent Representative of Liberia.","start":4806.95,"end":4812.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":4806.95,"end":4807.03},{"text":"my","start":4807.03,"end":4807.19},{"text":"right","start":4807.19,"end":4807.75},{"text":"is","start":4807.91,"end":4808.07},{"text":"Ambassador","start":4808.07,"end":4808.63},{"text":"Lewis","start":4808.63,"end":4808.91},{"text":"G.","start":4808.91,"end":4809.11},{"text":"Brown","start":4809.11,"end":4809.51},{"text":"II,","start":4809.59,"end":4810.11},{"text":"Permanent","start":4810.55,"end":4810.91},{"text":"Representative","start":4810.91,"end":4811.59},{"text":"of","start":4811.67,"end":4811.83},{"text":"Liberia.","start":4811.83,"end":4812.47}]},{"text":"Welcome, Ambassador.","start":4812.95,"end":4813.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Welcome,","start":4812.95,"end":4813.35},{"text":"Ambassador.","start":4813.35,"end":4813.83}]},{"text":"On my left, we have Ambassador Tomihiro Mikanagi, the Deputy Permanent Representative of 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Hunt.","start":4845.55,"end":4849.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4845.55,"end":4845.71},{"text":"to","start":4845.71,"end":4845.87},{"text":"my","start":4845.87,"end":4846.11},{"text":"very","start":4846.19,"end":4846.59},{"text":"far","start":4846.59,"end":4846.83},{"text":"left,","start":4846.83,"end":4847.31},{"text":"we","start":4847.31,"end":4847.63},{"text":"have","start":4847.63,"end":4847.95},{"text":"Professor","start":4848.03,"end":4848.51},{"text":"Charles","start":4848.51,"end":4848.91},{"text":"Hunt.","start":4848.91,"end":4849.31}]},{"text":"He's a professor of international relations at RMIT University and a senior fellow at the UN University for Policy 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you all for joining us here this afternoon.","start":4859.35,"end":4861.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4859.35,"end":4859.63},{"text":"you","start":4859.63,"end":4859.75},{"text":"all","start":4859.75,"end":4859.95},{"text":"for","start":4859.95,"end":4860.07},{"text":"joining","start":4860.07,"end":4860.55},{"text":"us","start":4860.55,"end":4860.71},{"text":"here","start":4860.71,"end":4860.99},{"text":"this","start":4860.99,"end":4861.23},{"text":"afternoon.","start":4861.23,"end":4861.67}]},{"text":"As you have seen, we will begin with a pre-recorded message from the Under-Secretary-General for Peace Operations, Mr. Jean-Pierre 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Challenges Forum offers precisely the kind of candid dialogue that can help to fully consider this recommendation and how it might be translated into 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thank the Challenges Forum and the Ford Cabernett Academy for commissioning an informative background paper on this issue.","start":5094.71,"end":5101.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5094.71,"end":5094.87},{"text":"thank","start":5094.87,"end":5095.11},{"text":"the","start":5095.11,"end":5095.19},{"text":"Challenges","start":5095.19,"end":5095.75},{"text":"Forum","start":5095.75,"end":5096.15},{"text":"and","start":5096.15,"end":5096.27},{"text":"the","start":5096.27,"end":5096.39},{"text":"Ford","start":5096.39,"end":5096.63},{"text":"Cabernett","start":5096.63,"end":5097.27},{"text":"Academy","start":5097.27,"end":5097.83},{"text":"for","start":5097.83,"end":5098.15},{"text":"commissioning","start":5098.15,"end":5098.87},{"text":"an","start":5099.31,"end":5099.43},{"text":"informative","start":5099.43,"end":5100.15},{"text":"background","start":5100.15,"end":5100.67},{"text":"paper","start":5100.67,"end":5101.07},{"text":"on","start":5101.07,"end":5101.19},{"text":"this","start":5101.19,"end":5101.43},{"text":"issue.","start":5101.43,"end":5101.83}]},{"text":"I look forward to your ideas and your continued partnership.","start":5102.55,"end":5105.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5102.55,"end":5102.63},{"text":"look","start":5102.63,"end":5102.79},{"text":"forward","start":5102.79,"end":5103.15},{"text":"to","start":5103.15,"end":5103.31},{"text":"your","start":5103.31,"end":5103.55},{"text":"ideas","start":5103.55,"end":5104.15},{"text":"and","start":5104.23,"end":5104.51},{"text":"your","start":5104.51,"end":5104.63},{"text":"continued","start":5104.63,"end":5105.19},{"text":"partnership.","start":5105.19,"end":5105.91}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"DPO","group":null,"function":"USG Peace Operations","affiliation_full":"DPO"}},{"statement_number":25,"start":5116.54,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1e/k1edn7n4l8?t=1:25:17","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, EUSG Lacroix.","start":5116.54,"end":5118.46,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5116.54,"end":5116.86},{"text":"you,","start":5116.86,"end":5116.98},{"text":"EUSG","start":5116.98,"end":5117.9},{"text":"Lacroix.","start":5117.9,"end":5118.46}]},{"text":"We will now turn to Professor Hunt, as you've heard, the author of the background paper for this particular 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Charlie, please, over to you.","start":5126.78,"end":5128.14,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So,","start":5126.78,"end":5126.94},{"text":"Charlie,","start":5126.94,"end":5127.34},{"text":"please,","start":5127.34,"end":5127.74},{"text":"over","start":5127.74,"end":5127.9},{"text":"to","start":5127.9,"end":5128.02},{"text":"you.","start":5128.02,"end":5128.14}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":26,"start":5131.27,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1e/k1edn7n4l8?t=1:25:32","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thanks very much, Benoit.","start":5131.27,"end":5132.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thanks","start":5131.27,"end":5131.43},{"text":"very","start":5131.43,"end":5131.63},{"text":"much,","start":5131.63,"end":5131.91},{"text":"Benoit.","start":5132.07,"end":5132.39}]},{"text":"Good afternoon, everyone.","start":5133.03,"end":5134.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":5133.03,"end":5133.19},{"text":"afternoon,","start":5133.19,"end":5133.63},{"text":"everyone.","start":5133.63,"end":5134.23}]},{"text":"My thanks also to the organizers, to Pakistan, Denmark, Sweden, and the Challenges, of course, for organizing it and inviting me to write this background 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we've heard already, in many ways the nature of consent has changed in recent years, but certainly its erosion, the deterioration in different ways across a range of different mission settings has become arguably one of the defining challenges confronting contemporary peace operations.","start":5159.83,"end":5180.47,"topics":[{"key":"host-state-consent","label":"Host State Consent and Shared Accountability","description":"The forum devoted major attention to how host-country consent has become more contested and cannot be treated as a one-time approval. 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Thank you, Benoit.","start":5800.91,"end":5802.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5800.91,"end":5801.15},{"text":"you.","start":5801.15,"end":5801.31},{"text":"Thank","start":5801.59,"end":5801.83},{"text":"you,","start":5801.83,"end":5801.91},{"text":"Benoit.","start":5801.91,"end":5802.19}]},{"text":"Excellencies, distinguished colleagues, thanks to the co-hosts Sweden, Denmark, and Pakistan for the invitation to be here and for this program.","start":5804.59,"end":5818.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Excellencies,","start":5804.59,"end":5805.47},{"text":"distinguished","start":5805.75,"end":5806.39},{"text":"colleagues,","start":5806.39,"end":5806.91},{"text":"thanks","start":5807.47,"end":5807.79},{"text":"to","start":5807.79,"end":5807.91},{"text":"the","start":5807.91,"end":5808.07},{"text":"co-hosts","start":5808.75,"end":5809.47},{"text":"Sweden,","start":5811.23,"end":5811.87},{"text":"Denmark,","start":5811.87,"end":5812.55},{"text":"and","start":5812.55,"end":5812.83},{"text":"Pakistan","start":5812.91,"end":5813.55},{"text":"for","start":5814.51,"end":5814.79},{"text":"the","start":5814.79,"end":5814.87},{"text":"invitation","start":5814.87,"end":5815.63},{"text":"to","start":5815.63,"end":5815.75},{"text":"be","start":5815.75,"end":5815.95},{"text":"here","start":5815.95,"end":5816.35},{"text":"and","start":5817.15,"end":5817.47},{"text":"for","start":5817.47,"end":5817.83},{"text":"this","start":5817.83,"end":5818.03},{"text":"program.","start":5818.03,"end":5818.83}]},{"text":"Well, let me begin with a simple proposition.","start":5820.67,"end":5823.23,"topics":[{"key":"host-state-consent","label":"Host State Consent and Shared Accountability","description":"The forum devoted major attention to how host-country consent has become more contested and cannot be treated as a one-time approval. 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decades ago, Liberia was at the center of these debates.","start":5870.95,"end":5875.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Two","start":5870.95,"end":5871.19},{"text":"decades","start":5871.19,"end":5871.75},{"text":"ago,","start":5871.75,"end":5872.15},{"text":"Liberia","start":5872.79,"end":5873.27},{"text":"was","start":5873.27,"end":5873.51},{"text":"at","start":5873.51,"end":5873.63},{"text":"the","start":5873.63,"end":5873.75},{"text":"center","start":5873.75,"end":5874.27},{"text":"of","start":5874.27,"end":5874.39},{"text":"these","start":5874.39,"end":5874.71},{"text":"debates.","start":5874.71,"end":5875.35}]},{"text":"Our country had been devastated by 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transformation taught us something fundamental.","start":5901.67,"end":5905.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":5901.67,"end":5902.11},{"text":"transformation","start":5902.11,"end":5903.19},{"text":"taught","start":5903.91,"end":5904.15},{"text":"us","start":5904.15,"end":5904.35},{"text":"something","start":5904.35,"end":5904.79},{"text":"fundamental.","start":5904.79,"end":5905.59}]},{"text":"Institutions can be built from the top down.","start":5907.19,"end":5911.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Institutions","start":5907.19,"end":5908.23},{"text":"can","start":5908.23,"end":5908.47},{"text":"be","start":5908.47,"end":5908.63},{"text":"built","start":5908.63,"end":5909.19},{"text":"from","start":5909.83,"end":5910.15},{"text":"the","start":5910.15,"end":5910.31},{"text":"top","start":5910.31,"end":5910.71},{"text":"down.","start":5910.71,"end":5911.11}]},{"text":"Legitimacy must be built from the ground up.","start":5912.23,"end":5917.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Legitimacy","start":5912.23,"end":5913.43},{"text":"must","start":5914.15,"end":5914.63},{"text":"be","start":5914.63,"end":5914.87},{"text":"built","start":5914.87,"end":5915.23},{"text":"from","start":5915.83,"end":5916.23},{"text":"the","start":5916.23,"end":5916.31},{"text":"ground","start":5916.31,"end":5917.03},{"text":"up.","start":5917.19,"end":5917.51}]},{"text":"Political consent enables a mission to enter, but societal consent rooted in communities, women, youth, civil society, and traditional authorities is what enables a mission to deliver its mandate and helps peace endure.","start":5919.03,"end":5942.71,"topics":[{"key":"host-state-consent","label":"Host State Consent and Shared Accountability","description":"The forum devoted major attention to how host-country consent has become more contested and cannot be treated as a one-time approval. 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is a very interesting proposal and which deserves careful consideration.","start":6371.39,"end":6376.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6371.39,"end":6371.55},{"text":"is","start":6371.55,"end":6371.71},{"text":"a","start":6371.87,"end":6371.95},{"text":"very","start":6372.03,"end":6372.43},{"text":"interesting","start":6372.75,"end":6373.31},{"text":"proposal","start":6373.47,"end":6374.19},{"text":"and","start":6374.27,"end":6374.59},{"text":"which","start":6374.75,"end":6375.31},{"text":"deserves","start":6375.31,"end":6375.87},{"text":"careful","start":6375.87,"end":6376.19},{"text":"consideration.","start":6376.19,"end":6376.99}]},{"text":"And I have read the background paper and I think this background paper contains many important points which are more or less sound reasonable to 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on our experience that Japan served in council from 23 to 24, we are also following council even afterwards.","start":6393.15,"end":6403.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Based","start":6393.15,"end":6393.47},{"text":"on","start":6393.47,"end":6393.63},{"text":"our","start":6393.63,"end":6393.71},{"text":"experience","start":6393.71,"end":6394.23},{"text":"that","start":6394.23,"end":6394.39},{"text":"Japan","start":6394.39,"end":6394.91},{"text":"served","start":6394.91,"end":6395.31},{"text":"in","start":6395.39,"end":6395.71},{"text":"council","start":6396.19,"end":6396.79},{"text":"from","start":6396.79,"end":6396.95},{"text":"23","start":6396.95,"end":6397.31},{"text":"to","start":6397.31,"end":6397.59},{"text":"24,","start":6397.63,"end":6398.51},{"text":"we","start":6399.71,"end":6400.03},{"text":"are","start":6400.03,"end":6400.19},{"text":"also","start":6400.19,"end":6400.59},{"text":"following","start":6400.59,"end":6401.07},{"text":"council","start":6401.47,"end":6402.03},{"text":"even","start":6402.31,"end":6402.51},{"text":"afterwards.","start":6402.51,"end":6403.23}]},{"text":"We have observed the situation in Security Council, which I think succinctly summarized in the SCG report as 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member states consensus on when to deploy peace operation what they should do and what constitutes success is increasingly challenging to 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is probably a very correct, accurate summarization of the current situation in the Security Council.","start":6438.59,"end":6445.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6438.59,"end":6438.75},{"text":"is","start":6438.75,"end":6438.91},{"text":"probably","start":6439.39,"end":6439.87},{"text":"a","start":6439.95,"end":6439.99},{"text":"very","start":6439.99,"end":6440.27},{"text":"correct,","start":6440.27,"end":6441.07},{"text":"accurate","start":6441.43,"end":6441.79},{"text":"summarization","start":6441.79,"end":6442.75},{"text":"of","start":6443.11,"end":6443.23},{"text":"the","start":6443.23,"end":6443.55},{"text":"current","start":6444.03,"end":6444.35},{"text":"situation","start":6444.35,"end":6444.67},{"text":"in","start":6444.67,"end":6444.75},{"text":"the","start":6444.75,"end":6444.83},{"text":"Security","start":6444.83,"end":6445.19},{"text":"Council.","start":6445.19,"end":6445.59}]},{"text":"On the side of the host country, as background paper rightly points out, determining who should participate in the compact or drafting the compact can be very difficult.","start":6446.59,"end":6461.27,"topics":[{"key":"host-state-consent","label":"Host State Consent and Shared Accountability","description":"The forum devoted major attention to how host-country consent has become more contested and cannot be treated as a one-time approval. 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Emerging threats such as drones and broader operational insecurity were cited as reasons to prioritize peacekeeper safety in mission planning and reform."}],"words":[{"text":"From","start":6492.95,"end":6493.35},{"text":"the","start":6493.35,"end":6493.51},{"text":"UN's","start":6493.51,"end":6494.67},{"text":"point","start":6494.67,"end":6494.95},{"text":"of","start":6494.95,"end":6495.03},{"text":"view,","start":6495.03,"end":6495.23},{"text":"there","start":6495.23,"end":6495.39},{"text":"are","start":6495.39,"end":6495.47},{"text":"several","start":6495.47,"end":6496.03},{"text":"principles","start":6496.47,"end":6497.19},{"text":"which","start":6497.27,"end":6497.47},{"text":"cannot","start":6497.51,"end":6497.91},{"text":"be","start":6497.91,"end":6498.47},{"text":"compromised,","start":6498.47,"end":6499.15},{"text":"like","start":6499.15,"end":6499.43},{"text":"impartiality","start":6499.99,"end":6501.03},{"text":"and","start":6501.59,"end":6501.75},{"text":"protection","start":6501.75,"end":6502.43},{"text":"of","start":6502.43,"end":6502.63},{"text":"peacekeepers.","start":6502.71,"end":6503.59}]},{"text":"From host country's point of view, I think there are also several key issues, like accountability for misconduct by peacekeepers included.","start":6504.47,"end":6516.51,"topics":[{"key":"host-state-consent","label":"Host State Consent and Shared Accountability","description":"The forum devoted major attention to how host-country consent has become more contested and cannot be treated as a one-time approval. Speakers explored strategic compacts, reciprocal obligations, and the need for continuous political engagement among host states, the Security Council, the Secretariat, and affected communities."}],"words":[{"text":"From","start":6504.47,"end":6504.71},{"text":"host","start":6505.11,"end":6505.43},{"text":"country's","start":6505.43,"end":6505.87},{"text":"point","start":6505.87,"end":6506.15},{"text":"of","start":6506.15,"end":6506.23},{"text":"view,","start":6506.23,"end":6506.63},{"text":"I","start":6507.19,"end":6507.23},{"text":"think","start":6507.23,"end":6507.43},{"text":"there","start":6507.43,"end":6507.55},{"text":"are","start":6507.67,"end":6507.75},{"text":"also","start":6507.75,"end":6508.39},{"text":"several","start":6509.35,"end":6509.75},{"text":"key","start":6510.31,"end":6510.95},{"text":"issues,","start":6511.35,"end":6511.83},{"text":"like","start":6511.83,"end":6511.99},{"text":"accountability","start":6511.99,"end":6513.11},{"text":"for","start":6513.11,"end":6513.51},{"text":"misconduct","start":6513.51,"end":6514.31},{"text":"by","start":6514.63,"end":6514.87},{"text":"peacekeepers","start":6514.95,"end":6515.83},{"text":"included.","start":6515.99,"end":6516.51}]},{"text":"Therefore, these fundamental principles I think must be agreed clearly in the compact.","start":6517.27,"end":6525.99,"topics":[{"key":"host-state-consent","label":"Host State Consent and Shared Accountability","description":"The forum devoted major attention to how host-country consent has become more contested and cannot be treated as a one-time approval. 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Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6537.75,"end":6537.83},{"text":"think","start":6537.83,"end":6538.03},{"text":"the","start":6538.03,"end":6538.19},{"text":"agreement","start":6538.19,"end":6539.11},{"text":"on","start":6539.11,"end":6539.43},{"text":"this","start":6540.07,"end":6540.39},{"text":"point,","start":6540.39,"end":6540.87},{"text":"core","start":6541.51,"end":6542.47},{"text":"components","start":6542.79,"end":6543.67},{"text":"should","start":6543.67,"end":6543.87},{"text":"be","start":6543.87,"end":6544.15},{"text":"maintained,","start":6544.15,"end":6544.91},{"text":"but","start":6544.91,"end":6545.27},{"text":"to","start":6545.75,"end":6545.87},{"text":"what","start":6545.87,"end":6546.07},{"text":"extent","start":6546.07,"end":6546.63},{"text":"mandate","start":6546.63,"end":6547.11},{"text":"must","start":6547.11,"end":6547.39},{"text":"be","start":6547.39,"end":6547.75},{"text":"written","start":6548.47,"end":6548.87},{"text":"down.","start":6548.87,"end":6549.35}]},{"text":"That's the question.","start":6550.75,"end":6551.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That's","start":6550.75,"end":6551.03},{"text":"the","start":6551.03,"end":6551.11},{"text":"question.","start":6551.11,"end":6551.63}]},{"text":"And background paper calls it living document.","start":6551.99,"end":6555.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6551.99,"end":6552.31},{"text":"background","start":6552.31,"end":6552.87},{"text":"paper","start":6552.87,"end":6553.23},{"text":"calls","start":6553.23,"end":6553.95},{"text":"it","start":6554.03,"end":6554.43},{"text":"living","start":6554.83,"end":6555.23},{"text":"document.","start":6555.23,"end":6555.71}]},{"text":"It becomes too detailed.","start":6556.51,"end":6558.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6556.51,"end":6556.83},{"text":"becomes","start":6556.83,"end":6557.47},{"text":"too","start":6557.95,"end":6558.27},{"text":"detailed.","start":6558.27,"end":6558.83}]},{"text":"It might become a source of death for the living document.","start":6558.83,"end":6564.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6558.83,"end":6559.47},{"text":"might","start":6560.03,"end":6560.35},{"text":"become","start":6560.35,"end":6560.75},{"text":"a","start":6560.75,"end":6560.83},{"text":"source","start":6560.83,"end":6561.15},{"text":"of","start":6561.15,"end":6561.39},{"text":"death","start":6561.87,"end":6562.15},{"text":"for","start":6562.71,"end":6562.91},{"text":"the","start":6562.91,"end":6563.03},{"text":"living","start":6563.27,"end":6563.55},{"text":"document.","start":6563.55,"end":6564.11}]},{"text":"So I think we need to consider longer term and concerning financial limitations, which are reality facing these operations.","start":6564.83,"end":6581.71,"topics":[{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. 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Shewile.","start":8913.83,"end":8917.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8913.83,"end":8913.91},{"text":"would","start":8913.91,"end":8914.07},{"text":"now","start":8914.07,"end":8914.23},{"text":"like","start":8914.23,"end":8914.39},{"text":"to","start":8914.39,"end":8914.47},{"text":"turn","start":8914.47,"end":8914.79},{"text":"to","start":8914.79,"end":8915.27},{"text":"Jimmy,","start":8915.75,"end":8916.15},{"text":"Shewile.","start":8917.11,"end":8917.59}]},{"text":"Your ambassador had to unfortunately leave to a Security Council meeting, but I thought the Liberia experiences were very 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I was wondering if you could also share your insights on what would it entail to have, from a practical perspective, a functioning compact.","start":8929.91,"end":8940.87,"topics":[{"key":"host-state-consent","label":"Host State Consent and Shared Accountability","description":"The forum devoted major attention to how host-country consent has become more contested and cannot be treated as a one-time approval. 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to you, please.","start":8941.75,"end":8942.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Over","start":8941.75,"end":8941.95},{"text":"to","start":8941.95,"end":8942.03},{"text":"you,","start":8942.03,"end":8942.11},{"text":"please.","start":8942.11,"end":8942.47}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":38,"start":8944.31,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1e/k1edn7n4l8?t=2:29:05","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Benoit.","start":8944.31,"end":8946.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8944.31,"end":8944.51},{"text":"you,","start":8944.51,"end":8944.67},{"text":"Benoit.","start":8946.43,"end":8946.67}]},{"text":"Sitting in the seat of Ambassador Brown is not an easy thing.","start":8948.67,"end":8952.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sitting","start":8948.67,"end":8949.03},{"text":"in","start":8949.03,"end":8949.11},{"text":"the","start":8949.11,"end":8949.19},{"text":"seat","start":8949.19,"end":8949.43},{"text":"of","start":8949.43,"end":8949.59},{"text":"Ambassador","start":8949.59,"end":8950.19},{"text":"Brown","start":8950.75,"end":8951.31},{"text":"is","start":8951.31,"end":8951.47},{"text":"not","start":8951.47,"end":8951.63},{"text":"an","start":8951.63,"end":8951.71},{"text":"easy","start":8951.71,"end":8952.03},{"text":"thing.","start":8952.03,"end":8952.27}]},{"text":"I think he has done the easier task, but now I will try to answer the 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I would like to add something which I think is also which borders on accountability.","start":8972.27,"end":8980.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":8972.27,"end":8972.43},{"text":"I","start":8972.43,"end":8972.47},{"text":"would","start":8972.47,"end":8972.67},{"text":"like","start":8972.67,"end":8972.99},{"text":"to","start":8972.99,"end":8973.15},{"text":"add","start":8973.15,"end":8973.47},{"text":"something","start":8973.71,"end":8974.51},{"text":"which","start":8975.39,"end":8975.71},{"text":"I","start":8975.71,"end":8975.79},{"text":"think","start":8975.79,"end":8976.11},{"text":"is","start":8976.11,"end":8976.27},{"text":"also","start":8976.27,"end":8977.15},{"text":"which","start":8977.91,"end":8978.15},{"text":"borders","start":8978.15,"end":8978.67},{"text":"on","start":8978.75,"end":8978.99},{"text":"accountability.","start":8978.99,"end":8980.03}]},{"text":"And in the context of Liberia, it has been so important that at some point in time, gain the attention of 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before I give you one practical example, I'd like to highlight just a basic excerpt from the 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horizontal oversight institution and social accountability mechanism often remain comparatively weak.","start":9077.15,"end":9084.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"While","start":9077.15,"end":9077.59},{"text":"horizontal","start":9077.59,"end":9078.47},{"text":"oversight","start":9079.03,"end":9079.59},{"text":"institution","start":9079.59,"end":9080.39},{"text":"and","start":9080.39,"end":9080.51},{"text":"social","start":9080.51,"end":9080.91},{"text":"accountability","start":9080.91,"end":9081.55},{"text":"mechanism","start":9081.55,"end":9082.31},{"text":"often","start":9082.47,"end":9082.79},{"text":"remain","start":9082.79,"end":9083.27},{"text":"comparatively","start":9083.27,"end":9084.07},{"text":"weak.","start":9084.07,"end":9084.55}]},{"text":"Coming back to see how such a compact can address some of the the drawback in our society, even though Liberia is always seen as a success story, the lack of inclusivity, as some of the panelists have said, especially for young people 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that again poses another risk.","start":9140.59,"end":9142.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":9140.59,"end":9140.79},{"text":"that","start":9140.79,"end":9140.91},{"text":"again","start":9140.91,"end":9141.31},{"text":"poses","start":9141.31,"end":9141.79},{"text":"another","start":9141.79,"end":9142.23},{"text":"risk.","start":9142.23,"end":9142.51}]},{"text":"So when you have a compact that is only been negotiated, with government authority and not the local community.","start":9143.63,"end":9154.03,"topics":[{"key":"host-state-consent","label":"Host State Consent and Shared Accountability","description":"The forum devoted major attention to how host-country consent has become more contested and cannot be treated as a one-time approval. 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I was the head of Interpeace Liberia.","start":9192.03,"end":9194.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Then","start":9192.03,"end":9192.27},{"text":"I","start":9192.27,"end":9192.35},{"text":"was","start":9192.35,"end":9192.51},{"text":"the","start":9192.51,"end":9192.59},{"text":"head","start":9192.59,"end":9192.87},{"text":"of","start":9192.87,"end":9193.07},{"text":"Interpeace","start":9193.07,"end":9193.63},{"text":"Liberia.","start":9193.63,"end":9194.19}]},{"text":"This region was perceived as the most dangerous region in the 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Ramazan's commitment to be part of the conversation with us today is also something we acknowledge.","start":9666.15,"end":9674.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":9666.15,"end":9667.15},{"text":"Ramazan's","start":9667.15,"end":9667.63},{"text":"commitment","start":9667.63,"end":9668.23},{"text":"to","start":9668.23,"end":9668.51},{"text":"be","start":9668.75,"end":9668.91},{"text":"part","start":9668.91,"end":9669.27},{"text":"of","start":9669.27,"end":9669.35},{"text":"the","start":9669.35,"end":9669.47},{"text":"conversation","start":9669.47,"end":9670.43},{"text":"with","start":9670.91,"end":9671.15},{"text":"us","start":9671.15,"end":9671.39},{"text":"today","start":9671.39,"end":9671.79},{"text":"is","start":9671.79,"end":9671.91},{"text":"also","start":9671.91,"end":9672.23},{"text":"something","start":9672.23,"end":9672.59},{"text":"we","start":9672.59,"end":9673.31},{"text":"acknowledge.","start":9673.59,"end":9674.27}]},{"text":"I have Jean-Marie Gouenou, who doesn't need an introduction in this forum.","start":9675.15,"end":9680.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9675.15,"end":9675.31},{"text":"have","start":9675.31,"end":9675.55},{"text":"Jean-Marie","start":9675.79,"end":9676.23},{"text":"Gouenou,","start":9676.23,"end":9676.75},{"text":"who","start":9677.15,"end":9677.71},{"text":"doesn't","start":9677.79,"end":9678.23},{"text":"need","start":9678.23,"end":9678.35},{"text":"an","start":9678.35,"end":9678.43},{"text":"introduction","start":9678.43,"end":9679.23},{"text":"in","start":9680.03,"end":9680.19},{"text":"this","start":9680.19,"end":9680.43},{"text":"forum.","start":9680.43,"end":9680.99}]},{"text":"He is currently director of the Kent Global Leadership Program in Conflict Resolution at Harvard, at Columbia, sorry.","start":9681.95,"end":9689.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"He","start":9681.95,"end":9682.11},{"text":"is","start":9682.11,"end":9682.27},{"text":"currently","start":9682.27,"end":9682.63},{"text":"director","start":9682.63,"end":9683.07},{"text":"of","start":9683.07,"end":9683.15},{"text":"the","start":9683.15,"end":9683.23},{"text":"Kent","start":9683.23,"end":9683.51},{"text":"Global","start":9683.51,"end":9683.79},{"text":"Leadership","start":9683.79,"end":9684.19},{"text":"Program","start":9684.19,"end":9684.51},{"text":"in","start":9684.51,"end":9684.59},{"text":"Conflict","start":9684.59,"end":9684.99},{"text":"Resolution","start":9684.99,"end":9685.71},{"text":"at","start":9685.71,"end":9685.87},{"text":"Harvard,","start":9685.87,"end":9686.79},{"text":"at","start":9688.55,"end":9688.63},{"text":"Columbia,","start":9688.63,"end":9689.07},{"text":"sorry.","start":9689.07,"end":9689.39}]},{"text":"And he's also the patron of the Challenges Forum.","start":9690.71,"end":9693.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":9690.71,"end":9690.83},{"text":"he's","start":9690.83,"end":9691.15},{"text":"also","start":9691.15,"end":9691.31},{"text":"the","start":9691.31,"end":9691.43},{"text":"patron","start":9691.43,"end":9692.03},{"text":"of","start":9692.03,"end":9692.11},{"text":"the","start":9692.11,"end":9692.35},{"text":"Challenges","start":9692.43,"end":9692.91},{"text":"Forum.","start":9692.91,"end":9693.39}]},{"text":"And Jean-Marie, also your personal commitment, you're keeping to contribute to this conversation on on peace operations.","start":9693.95,"end":9706.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":9693.95,"end":9694.27},{"text":"Jean-Marie,","start":9694.51,"end":9694.99},{"text":"also","start":9694.99,"end":9695.47},{"text":"your","start":9695.47,"end":9695.87},{"text":"personal","start":9695.87,"end":9696.43},{"text":"commitment,","start":9696.43,"end":9697.23},{"text":"you're","start":9698.23,"end":9698.51},{"text":"keeping","start":9698.99,"end":9699.47},{"text":"to","start":9699.47,"end":9699.95},{"text":"contribute","start":9699.95,"end":9701.19},{"text":"to","start":9701.19,"end":9701.39},{"text":"this","start":9701.39,"end":9701.55},{"text":"conversation","start":9701.55,"end":9702.43},{"text":"on","start":9702.91,"end":9703.79},{"text":"on","start":9705.19,"end":9705.27},{"text":"peace","start":9705.31,"end":9705.55},{"text":"operations.","start":9705.55,"end":9706.19}]},{"text":"I salute that and I'm very happy that you're here with us in this 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Billion.","start":9710.95,"end":9715.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":9710.95,"end":9711.07},{"text":"then","start":9711.07,"end":9711.19},{"text":"on","start":9711.19,"end":9711.31},{"text":"my","start":9711.31,"end":9711.47},{"text":"right,","start":9711.47,"end":9711.95},{"text":"Aditi","start":9712.27,"end":9712.59},{"text":"Gurur,","start":9712.59,"end":9713.15},{"text":"campaign","start":9713.15,"end":9713.51},{"text":"coordinator,","start":9713.51,"end":9714.27},{"text":"One","start":9714.43,"end":9714.75},{"text":"for","start":9714.75,"end":9714.91},{"text":"8","start":9714.91,"end":9715.07},{"text":"Billion.","start":9715.07,"end":9715.63}]},{"text":"We acknowledge your work in opening up what seems to be quite closed, making sense in what is very difficult to understand hearing transparency in this election process of an USG and what we can expect from 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thank you very much for being with us and look forward also to hear your perspective on this 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the discussions throughout today, you've all heard, have highlighted the challenges that peace operations face.","start":9739.67,"end":9746.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":9739.67,"end":9739.99},{"text":"the","start":9740.47,"end":9740.55},{"text":"discussions","start":9740.55,"end":9741.07},{"text":"throughout","start":9741.07,"end":9741.39},{"text":"today,","start":9741.39,"end":9741.91},{"text":"you've","start":9742.63,"end":9742.91},{"text":"all","start":9742.91,"end":9743.03},{"text":"heard,","start":9743.03,"end":9743.51},{"text":"have","start":9743.59,"end":9743.83},{"text":"highlighted","start":9743.91,"end":9744.55},{"text":"the","start":9744.55,"end":9744.63},{"text":"challenges","start":9744.63,"end":9745.27},{"text":"that","start":9745.27,"end":9745.51},{"text":"peace","start":9745.51,"end":9745.71},{"text":"operations","start":9745.71,"end":9746.23},{"text":"face.","start":9746.23,"end":9746.71}]},{"text":"including the shrinking financial resources, increasingly complex conflict environments, the contested host country consent, and so on and so forth.","start":9747.43,"end":9758.23,"topics":[{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. 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The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9758.39,"end":9758.55},{"text":"review","start":9758.55,"end":9759.11},{"text":"that","start":9759.11,"end":9759.27},{"text":"we've","start":9759.27,"end":9759.47},{"text":"discussed","start":9759.47,"end":9760.23},{"text":"provides","start":9760.95,"end":9761.43},{"text":"a","start":9761.43,"end":9761.51},{"text":"basis","start":9761.51,"end":9762.03},{"text":"for","start":9762.03,"end":9762.27},{"text":"rethinking","start":9762.27,"end":9763.03},{"text":"peace","start":9763.03,"end":9763.27},{"text":"operations.","start":9763.27,"end":9763.99}]},{"text":"and while the transition to a new SG creates an opportunity to consider what direction the United Nations approach to peace and security could and should take the coming years.","start":9764.55,"end":9775.43,"topics":[{"key":"sg-leadership","label":"Leadership of the Next Secretary-General","description":"The final session focused on what kind of leadership the next Secretary-General should provide on peace operations and the wider peace and security agenda. 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Speakers called for proactive political leadership, strategic risk-taking, stronger use of the UN’s tools, and closer engagement with member states to rebuild momentum."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":10019.23,"end":10019.55},{"text":"what","start":10021.07,"end":10021.43},{"text":"do","start":10021.43,"end":10021.55},{"text":"I","start":10021.55,"end":10021.71},{"text":"hope","start":10021.71,"end":10021.95},{"text":"for","start":10021.95,"end":10022.51},{"text":"from","start":10022.51,"end":10022.75},{"text":"the","start":10022.75,"end":10022.87},{"text":"next","start":10022.87,"end":10023.23},{"text":"SG","start":10023.23,"end":10023.87},{"text":"in","start":10024.03,"end":10024.19},{"text":"their","start":10024.19,"end":10024.43},{"text":"first","start":10024.43,"end":10024.83},{"text":"100","start":10024.83,"end":10025.35},{"text":"days","start":10025.35,"end":10025.71},{"text":"on","start":10025.71,"end":10025.95},{"text":"peace","start":10025.95,"end":10026.19},{"text":"operations?","start":10026.19,"end":10026.83}]},{"text":"I'll say what I don't hope for.","start":10027.79,"end":10029.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'll","start":10027.79,"end":10027.99},{"text":"say","start":10027.99,"end":10028.11},{"text":"what","start":10028.11,"end":10028.27},{"text":"I","start":10028.27,"end":10028.35},{"text":"don't","start":10028.35,"end":10028.63},{"text":"hope","start":10028.67,"end":10028.87},{"text":"for.","start":10028.87,"end":10029.15}]},{"text":"I hope we won't see another peace operations review.","start":10029.15,"end":10031.87,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10029.15,"end":10029.31},{"text":"hope","start":10029.31,"end":10029.51},{"text":"we","start":10029.51,"end":10029.63},{"text":"won't","start":10029.63,"end":10030.27},{"text":"see","start":10030.27,"end":10030.35},{"text":"another","start":10030.35,"end":10030.75},{"text":"peace","start":10030.75,"end":10030.99},{"text":"operations","start":10030.99,"end":10031.39},{"text":"review.","start":10031.39,"end":10031.87}]},{"text":"I think we've had enough reviews.","start":10032.59,"end":10034.67,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10032.59,"end":10032.75},{"text":"think","start":10032.75,"end":10032.91},{"text":"we've","start":10032.91,"end":10033.19},{"text":"had","start":10033.19,"end":10033.55},{"text":"enough","start":10033.71,"end":10034.03},{"text":"reviews.","start":10034.03,"end":10034.67}]},{"text":"I'm sure there will be many competing reform priorities, and peace operations will be part of the mix, of course.","start":10035.31,"end":10041.95,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"I'm","start":10035.31,"end":10035.55},{"text":"sure","start":10035.55,"end":10035.95},{"text":"there","start":10035.95,"end":10036.11},{"text":"will","start":10036.11,"end":10036.27},{"text":"be","start":10036.27,"end":10036.43},{"text":"many","start":10036.43,"end":10036.83},{"text":"competing","start":10036.83,"end":10037.35},{"text":"reform","start":10037.35,"end":10037.71},{"text":"priorities,","start":10037.71,"end":10038.67},{"text":"and","start":10039.23,"end":10039.63},{"text":"peace","start":10039.63,"end":10039.87},{"text":"operations","start":10039.87,"end":10040.35},{"text":"will","start":10040.35,"end":10040.51},{"text":"be","start":10040.51,"end":10040.67},{"text":"part","start":10040.67,"end":10040.91},{"text":"of","start":10040.91,"end":10040.99},{"text":"the","start":10040.99,"end":10041.11},{"text":"mix,","start":10041.11,"end":10041.39},{"text":"of","start":10041.39,"end":10041.47},{"text":"course.","start":10041.47,"end":10041.95}]},{"text":"But We have a lot of great ideas to work from.","start":10042.59,"end":10046.95,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":10042.59,"end":10043.15},{"text":"We","start":10043.59,"end":10043.99},{"text":"have","start":10043.99,"end":10044.31},{"text":"a","start":10044.31,"end":10044.39},{"text":"lot","start":10044.39,"end":10044.83},{"text":"of","start":10044.83,"end":10044.95},{"text":"great","start":10044.95,"end":10045.19},{"text":"ideas","start":10045.19,"end":10045.75},{"text":"to","start":10045.75,"end":10046.39},{"text":"work","start":10046.39,"end":10046.63},{"text":"from.","start":10046.63,"end":10046.95}]},{"text":"And what I most hope for from the next SG on peace operations could be summarized as enthusiasm.","start":10047.27,"end":10052.87,"topics":[{"key":"sg-leadership","label":"Leadership of the Next Secretary-General","description":"The final session focused on what kind of leadership the next Secretary-General should provide on peace operations and the wider peace and security agenda. 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Speakers called for proactive political leadership, strategic risk-taking, stronger use of the UN’s tools, and closer engagement with member states to rebuild momentum."}],"words":[{"text":"There's","start":10058.23,"end":10058.59},{"text":"a","start":10058.59,"end":10058.63},{"text":"lot","start":10058.63,"end":10059.27},{"text":"that","start":10059.27,"end":10059.67},{"text":"the","start":10059.91,"end":10060.03},{"text":"next","start":10060.23,"end":10060.87},{"text":"leader","start":10061.35,"end":10061.75},{"text":"of","start":10061.75,"end":10061.83},{"text":"the","start":10061.83,"end":10061.99},{"text":"UN","start":10061.99,"end":10062.55},{"text":"will","start":10062.55,"end":10063.11},{"text":"be","start":10063.67,"end":10063.99},{"text":"unable","start":10063.99,"end":10064.47},{"text":"to","start":10064.47,"end":10064.63},{"text":"do","start":10064.63,"end":10064.79},{"text":"on","start":10064.79,"end":10064.95},{"text":"their","start":10064.95,"end":10065.19},{"text":"own.","start":10065.19,"end":10065.35}]},{"text":"They'll need member state cooperation on everything from budgets to mandates, of course.","start":10065.35,"end":10070.95,"topics":[{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. Speakers emphasized that missions cannot be expected to protect civilians, support politics, and respond rapidly if financing, staffing, and capabilities are cut."}],"words":[{"text":"They'll","start":10065.35,"end":10065.59},{"text":"need","start":10065.59,"end":10065.91},{"text":"member","start":10065.91,"end":10066.23},{"text":"state","start":10066.23,"end":10066.79},{"text":"cooperation","start":10067.11,"end":10068.15},{"text":"on","start":10068.15,"end":10068.39},{"text":"everything","start":10068.39,"end":10068.95},{"text":"from","start":10068.95,"end":10069.19},{"text":"budgets","start":10069.19,"end":10069.67},{"text":"to","start":10069.67,"end":10069.79},{"text":"mandates,","start":10069.79,"end":10070.23},{"text":"of","start":10070.23,"end":10070.39},{"text":"course.","start":10070.39,"end":10070.95}]},{"text":"But what the next SG can do on their own is make peace operations politically relevant.","start":10071.83,"end":10078.95,"topics":[{"key":"sg-leadership","label":"Leadership of the Next Secretary-General","description":"The final session focused on what kind of leadership the next Secretary-General should provide on peace operations and the wider peace and security agenda. 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Many speakers stressed the primacy of politics, early warning, preventive diplomacy, mediation, and good offices as essential to avoiding larger and more costly deployments later."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":10071.83,"end":10072.23},{"text":"what","start":10072.31,"end":10072.71},{"text":"the","start":10072.71,"end":10072.79},{"text":"next","start":10072.79,"end":10073.11},{"text":"SG","start":10073.11,"end":10073.43},{"text":"can","start":10073.43,"end":10073.75},{"text":"do","start":10073.75,"end":10073.91},{"text":"on","start":10073.91,"end":10074.07},{"text":"their","start":10074.07,"end":10074.23},{"text":"own","start":10074.23,"end":10074.63},{"text":"is","start":10075.35,"end":10075.83},{"text":"make","start":10075.99,"end":10076.55},{"text":"peace","start":10076.95,"end":10077.19},{"text":"operations","start":10077.19,"end":10077.75},{"text":"politically","start":10077.75,"end":10078.39},{"text":"relevant.","start":10078.39,"end":10078.95}]},{"text":"They can do that entirely of their own steam.","start":10079.03,"end":10082.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"They","start":10079.03,"end":10079.27},{"text":"can","start":10079.27,"end":10079.43},{"text":"do","start":10079.43,"end":10079.67},{"text":"that","start":10079.67,"end":10079.99},{"text":"entirely","start":10080.71,"end":10081.31},{"text":"of","start":10081.31,"end":10081.43},{"text":"their","start":10081.43,"end":10081.59},{"text":"own","start":10081.59,"end":10081.83},{"text":"steam.","start":10081.83,"end":10082.23}]},{"text":"And so I can offer a couple of ideas for the next SG to consider for how to express that enthusiasm.","start":10083.11,"end":10090.39,"topics":[{"key":"sg-leadership","label":"Leadership of the Next Secretary-General","description":"The final session focused on what kind of leadership the next Secretary-General should provide on peace operations and the wider peace and security agenda. 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there's lots of ideas about what that crisis could be for the next SG.","start":10133.59,"end":10138.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":10133.59,"end":10133.75},{"text":"there's","start":10133.75,"end":10134.03},{"text":"lots","start":10134.03,"end":10134.31},{"text":"of","start":10134.31,"end":10134.39},{"text":"ideas","start":10134.39,"end":10135.11},{"text":"about","start":10135.19,"end":10135.51},{"text":"what","start":10135.51,"end":10135.83},{"text":"that","start":10135.83,"end":10135.99},{"text":"crisis","start":10135.99,"end":10136.71},{"text":"could","start":10136.71,"end":10136.95},{"text":"be","start":10136.95,"end":10137.27},{"text":"for","start":10137.27,"end":10137.43},{"text":"the","start":10137.43,"end":10137.51},{"text":"next","start":10137.51,"end":10137.83},{"text":"SG.","start":10137.83,"end":10138.31}]},{"text":"I'm sure all of you were hearing lots of hallway chatter during high level 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whatever crisis it is they choose, I hope that the next SG will direct the secretariat to produce some options for what a UN peace operation could look like in that crisis, in responding to that crisis.","start":10156.99,"end":10172.91,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. 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when I say produce some options, I'm not talking about the traditional, well, here's one option that's obviously too small, and here's another option that's clearly unworkably large, and then here's the third option that's clearly the only realistic one, 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not talking about that.","start":10187.15,"end":10188.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'm","start":10187.15,"end":10187.35},{"text":"not","start":10187.35,"end":10187.51},{"text":"talking","start":10187.51,"end":10187.83},{"text":"about","start":10187.83,"end":10188.03},{"text":"that.","start":10188.03,"end":10188.19}]},{"text":"What I'm talking about is different types of missions that could respond to different theories of change of how the UN could play some part in the international response to that crisis.","start":10188.19,"end":10201.39,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. 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Several speakers argued that mission presence, patrols, early warning, and rapid response can directly save lives, while reduced footprints weaken both prevention and protection."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":10201.39,"end":10201.95},{"text":"taking","start":10201.95,"end":10202.43},{"text":"the","start":10202.43,"end":10202.55},{"text":"Sudan","start":10202.55,"end":10202.95},{"text":"example,","start":10202.95,"end":10203.63},{"text":"what","start":10205.03,"end":10205.39},{"text":"could","start":10205.39,"end":10205.63},{"text":"a","start":10205.71,"end":10205.75},{"text":"UN","start":10205.75,"end":10206.03},{"text":"mission","start":10206.03,"end":10206.39},{"text":"look","start":10206.39,"end":10206.55},{"text":"like","start":10206.55,"end":10206.75},{"text":"in","start":10206.75,"end":10206.91},{"text":"Sudan","start":10206.91,"end":10207.63},{"text":"that","start":10208.59,"end":10209.15},{"text":"is","start":10209.15,"end":10209.47},{"text":"focused","start":10209.47,"end":10210.03},{"text":"on","start":10210.03,"end":10210.35},{"text":"protecting","start":10210.67,"end":10211.19},{"text":"humanitarian","start":10211.19,"end":10211.87},{"text":"corridors?","start":10211.87,"end":10212.67}]},{"text":"What could a mission look like in Sudan that's focused on changing the battlefield calculus for the parties to the conflict to incentivize them to come to the negotiating table?","start":10212.67,"end":10222.27,"topics":[{"key":"political-solutions","label":"Political Solutions, Prevention, and Mediation","description":"A central theme was that peace operations are political instruments meant to support political solutions, not replace them. Many speakers stressed the primacy of politics, early warning, preventive diplomacy, mediation, and good offices as essential to avoiding larger and more costly deployments later."}],"words":[{"text":"What","start":10212.67,"end":10212.99},{"text":"could","start":10212.99,"end":10213.31},{"text":"a","start":10213.31,"end":10213.39},{"text":"mission","start":10213.39,"end":10213.75},{"text":"look","start":10213.75,"end":10213.87},{"text":"like","start":10213.87,"end":10214.11},{"text":"in","start":10214.11,"end":10214.27},{"text":"Sudan","start":10214.27,"end":10214.75},{"text":"that's","start":10214.99,"end":10215.31},{"text":"focused","start":10215.31,"end":10215.75},{"text":"on","start":10215.75,"end":10215.87},{"text":"changing","start":10215.87,"end":10216.35},{"text":"the","start":10216.35,"end":10216.43},{"text":"battlefield","start":10216.43,"end":10217.11},{"text":"calculus","start":10217.11,"end":10217.79},{"text":"for","start":10217.79,"end":10217.95},{"text":"the","start":10217.95,"end":10218.03},{"text":"parties","start":10218.03,"end":10218.39},{"text":"to","start":10218.39,"end":10218.47},{"text":"the","start":10218.47,"end":10218.59},{"text":"conflict","start":10218.59,"end":10219.11},{"text":"to","start":10219.11,"end":10219.39},{"text":"incentivize","start":10219.71,"end":10220.43},{"text":"them","start":10220.43,"end":10220.59},{"text":"to","start":10220.59,"end":10220.71},{"text":"come","start":10220.71,"end":10220.91},{"text":"to","start":10220.91,"end":10221.03},{"text":"the","start":10221.03,"end":10221.11},{"text":"negotiating","start":10221.11,"end":10221.79},{"text":"table?","start":10221.79,"end":10222.27}]},{"text":"What could a mission look like in Sudan that's focused on ceasefire monitoring?","start":10222.47,"end":10226.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"What","start":10222.47,"end":10222.75},{"text":"could","start":10222.75,"end":10222.99},{"text":"a","start":10222.99,"end":10223.03},{"text":"mission","start":10223.03,"end":10223.39},{"text":"look","start":10223.39,"end":10223.55},{"text":"like","start":10223.55,"end":10223.79},{"text":"in","start":10223.79,"end":10223.95},{"text":"Sudan","start":10223.95,"end":10224.51},{"text":"that's","start":10224.63,"end":10224.91},{"text":"focused","start":10224.91,"end":10225.27},{"text":"on","start":10225.27,"end":10225.39},{"text":"ceasefire","start":10225.39,"end":10225.87},{"text":"monitoring?","start":10225.87,"end":10226.59}]},{"text":"Or what about a mission that looks a little bit like the UNAMIN model that's focused on protection of civilians?","start":10226.67,"end":10231.79,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Protection of Civilians","description":"Protection of civilians was discussed as one of the clearest tests of peace operations’ value, especially through field examples from South Sudan. 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The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10263.95,"end":10264.11},{"text":"think","start":10264.11,"end":10264.35},{"text":"that","start":10264.35,"end":10264.51},{"text":"goes","start":10264.51,"end":10264.75},{"text":"a","start":10264.75,"end":10264.83},{"text":"long","start":10264.83,"end":10265.23},{"text":"way","start":10265.23,"end":10265.63},{"text":"toward","start":10266.11,"end":10266.47},{"text":"reviving","start":10266.47,"end":10266.99},{"text":"peace","start":10266.99,"end":10267.23},{"text":"operations.","start":10267.23,"end":10267.87}]},{"text":"And, you know, you can certainly bring in some of the lessons from the recent review of operations.","start":10269.79,"end":10276.15,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"And,","start":10269.79,"end":10270.27},{"text":"you","start":10270.59,"end":10270.75},{"text":"know,","start":10270.75,"end":10270.91},{"text":"you","start":10270.91,"end":10271.07},{"text":"can","start":10271.07,"end":10271.23},{"text":"certainly","start":10271.23,"end":10271.67},{"text":"bring","start":10271.67,"end":10271.95},{"text":"in","start":10271.95,"end":10272.11},{"text":"some","start":10272.11,"end":10272.35},{"text":"of","start":10272.35,"end":10272.51},{"text":"the","start":10272.83,"end":10272.99},{"text":"lessons","start":10272.99,"end":10273.63},{"text":"from","start":10273.63,"end":10273.79},{"text":"the","start":10273.79,"end":10273.95},{"text":"recent","start":10273.95,"end":10274.43},{"text":"review","start":10274.43,"end":10274.79},{"text":"of","start":10274.79,"end":10274.91},{"text":"operations.","start":10275.19,"end":10276.15}]},{"text":"There's a lot of good ideas in there about sort of enabling the secretary to proactively produce analysis.","start":10276.71,"end":10283.43,"topics":[{"key":"sg-leadership","label":"Leadership of the Next Secretary-General","description":"The final session focused on what kind of leadership the next Secretary-General should provide on peace operations and the wider peace and security agenda. 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members of the Council ready to collectively take that leadership, do you 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First of all, I would like to thank Sweden, Denmark and Pakistan's representatives for hosting us and Challenges Forum.","start":10896.79,"end":10904.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10896.79,"end":10896.99},{"text":"you,","start":10896.99,"end":10897.07},{"text":"Per.","start":10897.07,"end":10897.43},{"text":"First","start":10898.31,"end":10898.55},{"text":"of","start":10898.59,"end":10898.71},{"text":"all,","start":10898.71,"end":10898.95},{"text":"I","start":10898.95,"end":10898.99},{"text":"would","start":10898.99,"end":10899.15},{"text":"like","start":10899.15,"end":10899.43},{"text":"to","start":10899.51,"end":10899.63},{"text":"thank","start":10899.63,"end":10899.79},{"text":"Sweden,","start":10899.79,"end":10900.31},{"text":"Denmark","start":10900.39,"end":10900.91},{"text":"and","start":10900.95,"end":10901.11},{"text":"Pakistan's","start":10901.11,"end":10901.75},{"text":"representatives","start":10901.75,"end":10902.55},{"text":"for","start":10902.55,"end":10902.87},{"text":"hosting","start":10903.11,"end":10903.51},{"text":"us","start":10903.59,"end":10903.75},{"text":"and","start":10903.79,"end":10903.95},{"text":"Challenges","start":10903.95,"end":10904.47},{"text":"Forum.","start":10904.47,"end":10904.79}]},{"text":"for 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are witnessing how wars lead to humanitarian tragedy and how have negative impacts on the global economy as well as on trade, energy, and food 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in the Middle East, for instance, directly affect the entire world in all terms.","start":11103.95,"end":11108.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Developments","start":11103.95,"end":11104.51},{"text":"in","start":11104.51,"end":11104.63},{"text":"the","start":11104.63,"end":11104.75},{"text":"Middle","start":11104.75,"end":11105.07},{"text":"East,","start":11105.07,"end":11105.27},{"text":"for","start":11105.27,"end":11105.39},{"text":"instance,","start":11105.39,"end":11105.87},{"text":"directly","start":11105.95,"end":11106.47},{"text":"affect","start":11106.47,"end":11106.87},{"text":"the","start":11106.87,"end":11106.95},{"text":"entire","start":11106.95,"end":11107.39},{"text":"world","start":11107.39,"end":11107.71},{"text":"in","start":11107.71,"end":11107.95},{"text":"all","start":11107.95,"end":11108.19},{"text":"terms.","start":11108.19,"end":11108.75}]},{"text":"All countries have been feeling the impact of war to varying degrees.","start":11109.23,"end":11113.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"All","start":11109.23,"end":11109.39},{"text":"countries","start":11109.39,"end":11109.87},{"text":"have","start":11109.87,"end":11110.11},{"text":"been","start":11110.11,"end":11110.35},{"text":"feeling","start":11110.35,"end":11110.83},{"text":"the","start":11110.83,"end":11110.95},{"text":"impact","start":11110.95,"end":11111.31},{"text":"of","start":11111.35,"end":11111.55},{"text":"war","start":11111.55,"end":11111.87},{"text":"to","start":11112.19,"end":11112.35},{"text":"varying","start":11112.35,"end":11112.75},{"text":"degrees.","start":11112.75,"end":11113.39}]},{"text":"If any problem or issue remains unresolved or leads to a new war or crisis, it could create serious challenges for everyone, such as disruption to vital energy and trade flows, rupture of supply chains, irregular migration, and the emergence of a security vacuum within a region or beyond.","start":11113.79,"end":11135.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":11113.79,"end":11113.95},{"text":"any","start":11113.95,"end":11114.15},{"text":"problem","start":11114.15,"end":11114.63},{"text":"or","start":11114.63,"end":11114.75},{"text":"issue","start":11114.79,"end":11115.23},{"text":"remains","start":11115.23,"end":11115.79},{"text":"unresolved","start":11115.87,"end":11116.51},{"text":"or","start":11116.75,"end":11117.07},{"text":"leads","start":11117.07,"end":11117.39},{"text":"to","start":11117.39,"end":11117.75},{"text":"a","start":11117.75,"end":11117.79},{"text":"new","start":11117.79,"end":11118.11},{"text":"war","start":11118.27,"end":11118.59},{"text":"or","start":11118.67,"end":11118.91},{"text":"crisis,","start":11118.91,"end":11119.63},{"text":"it","start":11120.11,"end":11120.19},{"text":"could","start":11120.19,"end":11120.47},{"text":"create","start":11120.47,"end":11120.99},{"text":"serious","start":11120.99,"end":11121.55},{"text":"challenges","start":11121.55,"end":11122.07},{"text":"for","start":11122.07,"end":11122.27},{"text":"everyone,","start":11122.27,"end":11122.83},{"text":"such","start":11123.07,"end":11123.39},{"text":"as","start":11123.39,"end":11123.63},{"text":"disruption","start":11123.67,"end":11124.35},{"text":"to","start":11124.35,"end":11124.51},{"text":"vital","start":11124.55,"end":11124.91},{"text":"energy","start":11124.91,"end":11125.47},{"text":"and","start":11125.55,"end":11125.75},{"text":"trade","start":11125.75,"end":11126.03},{"text":"flows,","start":11126.03,"end":11126.51},{"text":"rupture","start":11127.39,"end":11127.83},{"text":"of","start":11128.15,"end":11128.39},{"text":"supply","start":11128.39,"end":11128.95},{"text":"chains,","start":11128.95,"end":11129.43},{"text":"irregular","start":11129.59,"end":11130.11},{"text":"migration,","start":11130.11,"end":11130.87},{"text":"and","start":11131.27,"end":11131.39},{"text":"the","start":11131.39,"end":11131.47},{"text":"emergence","start":11131.47,"end":11131.99},{"text":"of","start":11131.99,"end":11132.07},{"text":"a","start":11132.07,"end":11132.11},{"text":"security","start":11132.11,"end":11132.67},{"text":"vacuum","start":11132.67,"end":11133.19},{"text":"within","start":11133.43,"end":11133.75},{"text":"a","start":11133.75,"end":11133.79},{"text":"region","start":11133.79,"end":11134.31},{"text":"or","start":11135.03,"end":11135.27},{"text":"beyond.","start":11135.27,"end":11135.75}]},{"text":"Thus, it should be kept in mind that solution of global challenge depends on a collective efforts forged by cooperation and effective 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this way, UN peacekeeping operations represent one of the most visible and effective manifestations of 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vital role in fostering stability, supporting peace arrangements, and protecting civilians, often in complex and dangerous circumstances around the world.","start":11155.15,"end":11169.47,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Protection of Civilians","description":"Protection of civilians was discussed as one of the clearest tests of peace operations’ value, especially through field examples from South Sudan. Several speakers argued that mission presence, patrols, early warning, and rapid response can directly save lives, while reduced footprints weaken both prevention and protection."},{"key":"political-solutions","label":"Political Solutions, Prevention, and Mediation","description":"A central theme was that peace operations are political instruments meant to support political solutions, not replace them. Many speakers stressed the primacy of politics, early warning, preventive diplomacy, mediation, and good offices as essential to avoiding larger and more costly deployments later."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":11155.15,"end":11155.39},{"text":"more","start":11155.39,"end":11155.71},{"text":"than","start":11155.95,"end":11156.43},{"text":"75","start":11156.99,"end":11157.75},{"text":"years,","start":11157.75,"end":11158.11},{"text":"UN","start":11158.19,"end":11158.51},{"text":"peacekeeping","start":11158.51,"end":11159.11},{"text":"operations","start":11159.11,"end":11159.71},{"text":"have","start":11159.71,"end":11159.87},{"text":"played","start":11159.87,"end":11160.19},{"text":"a","start":11160.19,"end":11160.23},{"text":"vital","start":11160.23,"end":11160.67},{"text":"role","start":11160.67,"end":11161.07},{"text":"in","start":11161.15,"end":11161.31},{"text":"fostering","start":11161.31,"end":11161.83},{"text":"stability,","start":11161.83,"end":11162.59},{"text":"supporting","start":11162.59,"end":11163.31},{"text":"peace","start":11163.31,"end":11163.67},{"text":"arrangements,","start":11163.67,"end":11164.35},{"text":"and","start":11164.75,"end":11164.95},{"text":"protecting","start":11164.99,"end":11165.55},{"text":"civilians,","start":11165.55,"end":11166.19},{"text":"often","start":11166.27,"end":11166.63},{"text":"in","start":11166.63,"end":11166.75},{"text":"complex","start":11166.75,"end":11167.23},{"text":"and","start":11167.23,"end":11167.43},{"text":"dangerous","start":11167.43,"end":11167.83},{"text":"circumstances","start":11167.83,"end":11168.67},{"text":"around","start":11168.67,"end":11169.03},{"text":"the","start":11169.03,"end":11169.11},{"text":"world.","start":11169.11,"end":11169.47}]},{"text":"For its part, Turkey has broadly contributed to these efforts by deploying personnel to several missions, both in our region and across the globe.","start":11169.95,"end":11181.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":11169.95,"end":11170.19},{"text":"its","start":11170.19,"end":11170.43},{"text":"part,","start":11170.43,"end":11170.83},{"text":"Turkey","start":11171.15,"end":11171.55},{"text":"has","start":11171.55,"end":11171.79},{"text":"broadly","start":11171.79,"end":11172.51},{"text":"contributed","start":11173.55,"end":11174.31},{"text":"to","start":11174.31,"end":11174.51},{"text":"these","start":11174.51,"end":11174.95},{"text":"efforts","start":11174.95,"end":11175.51},{"text":"by","start":11175.63,"end":11175.87},{"text":"deploying","start":11175.87,"end":11176.51},{"text":"personnel","start":11176.51,"end":11177.23},{"text":"to","start":11177.71,"end":11177.87},{"text":"several","start":11177.87,"end":11178.31},{"text":"missions,","start":11178.31,"end":11178.83},{"text":"both","start":11178.83,"end":11179.23},{"text":"in","start":11179.23,"end":11179.39},{"text":"our","start":11179.39,"end":11179.59},{"text":"region","start":11179.59,"end":11180.03},{"text":"and","start":11180.03,"end":11180.27},{"text":"across","start":11180.27,"end":11180.59},{"text":"the","start":11180.59,"end":11180.67},{"text":"globe.","start":11180.67,"end":11181.07}]},{"text":"Currently, we have police officers and military experts deployed in five different UN peacekeeping missions.","start":11181.59,"end":11188.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Currently,","start":11181.59,"end":11182.19},{"text":"we","start":11182.19,"end":11182.31},{"text":"have","start":11182.31,"end":11182.51},{"text":"police","start":11182.51,"end":11182.87},{"text":"officers","start":11182.87,"end":11183.47},{"text":"and","start":11183.47,"end":11183.59},{"text":"military","start":11183.59,"end":11183.99},{"text":"experts","start":11183.99,"end":11184.51},{"text":"deployed","start":11184.51,"end":11185.07},{"text":"in","start":11185.15,"end":11185.39},{"text":"five","start":11185.63,"end":11186.11},{"text":"different","start":11186.11,"end":11186.59},{"text":"UN","start":11186.59,"end":11186.99},{"text":"peacekeeping","start":11186.99,"end":11187.63},{"text":"missions.","start":11187.63,"end":11188.19}]},{"text":"We follow closely the ongoing contingency planning to optimize resources and personnel.","start":11188.67,"end":11193.79,"topics":[{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. 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Partnerships with the African Union and other regional actors were presented as necessary for legitimacy, burden-sharing, and more effective responses."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":11194.27,"end":11194.43},{"text":"underline","start":11194.43,"end":11194.91},{"text":"the","start":11194.91,"end":11195.03},{"text":"importance","start":11195.03,"end":11195.55},{"text":"of","start":11195.55,"end":11195.79},{"text":"maintaining","start":11195.79,"end":11196.27},{"text":"close","start":11196.27,"end":11196.75},{"text":"coordination","start":11196.75,"end":11197.55},{"text":"with","start":11197.87,"end":11198.15},{"text":"contributing","start":11198.75,"end":11199.47},{"text":"countries","start":11199.47,"end":11200.11},{"text":"in","start":11200.35,"end":11200.51},{"text":"these","start":11200.51,"end":11200.75},{"text":"processes.","start":11200.75,"end":11201.55}]},{"text":"Peace operations should adapt to an evolving global landscape.","start":11202.11,"end":11205.99,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"Peace","start":11202.11,"end":11202.43},{"text":"operations","start":11202.43,"end":11203.07},{"text":"should","start":11203.07,"end":11203.31},{"text":"adapt","start":11203.31,"end":11203.75},{"text":"to","start":11203.75,"end":11203.87},{"text":"an","start":11203.91,"end":11204.03},{"text":"evolving","start":11204.11,"end":11204.75},{"text":"global","start":11204.99,"end":11205.43},{"text":"landscape.","start":11205.43,"end":11205.99}]},{"text":"They should be They should be provided with the necessary financial and operational support.","start":11206.51,"end":11212.11,"topics":[{"key":"mandates-and-resources","label":"Mandates, Financing, and Resource Constraints","description":"Multiple interventions focused on shrinking budgets, liquidity pressures, and the gap between ambitious mandates and the resources provided to implement them. 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The review of all forms of UN peace operations was presented as a key opportunity to modernize missions rather than preserve outdated models."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":11217.03,"end":11217.19},{"text":"are","start":11217.19,"end":11217.35},{"text":"carefully","start":11217.75,"end":11218.55},{"text":"considering","start":11218.55,"end":11219.19},{"text":"its","start":11219.19,"end":11219.59},{"text":"findings","start":11219.59,"end":11220.15},{"text":"and","start":11220.15,"end":11220.31},{"text":"recommendations","start":11220.31,"end":11221.19},{"text":"to","start":11221.19,"end":11221.35},{"text":"better","start":11221.35,"end":11221.71},{"text":"prepare","start":11221.71,"end":11222.15},{"text":"the","start":11222.15,"end":11222.31},{"text":"UN","start":11222.31,"end":11222.55},{"text":"peace","start":11222.55,"end":11222.87},{"text":"operations","start":11222.87,"end":11223.59},{"text":"to","start":11223.83,"end":11224.03},{"text":"changing","start":11224.07,"end":11224.47},{"text":"contemporary","start":11224.47,"end":11225.27},{"text":"situations.","start":11225.27,"end":11226.23}]},{"text":"Due to the paralyze of global government's mechanism, however, the international system is faced with a protracted crisis of legitimacy.","start":11226.91,"end":11235.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Due","start":11226.91,"end":11227.11},{"text":"to","start":11227.11,"end":11227.23},{"text":"the","start":11227.23,"end":11227.31},{"text":"paralyze","start":11227.35,"end":11228.07},{"text":"of","start":11228.39,"end":11228.63},{"text":"global","start":11228.63,"end":11228.95},{"text":"government's","start":11228.95,"end":11229.51},{"text":"mechanism,","start":11229.51,"end":11230.23},{"text":"however,","start":11230.23,"end":11230.95},{"text":"the","start":11230.95,"end":11231.11},{"text":"international","start":11231.11,"end":11231.71},{"text":"system","start":11231.71,"end":11232.15},{"text":"is","start":11232.15,"end":11232.39},{"text":"faced","start":11232.39,"end":11232.71},{"text":"with","start":11232.71,"end":11232.87},{"text":"a","start":11233.43,"end":11233.47},{"text":"protracted","start":11233.47,"end":11234.15},{"text":"crisis","start":11234.15,"end":11234.87},{"text":"of","start":11235.03,"end":11235.15},{"text":"legitimacy.","start":11235.15,"end":11235.99}]},{"text":"In this context, reforming the international system is no longer a matter of political preference, but an urgent necessity.","start":11236.55,"end":11244.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":11236.55,"end":11236.63},{"text":"this","start":11236.63,"end":11236.87},{"text":"context,","start":11236.87,"end":11237.47},{"text":"reforming","start":11237.51,"end":11237.99},{"text":"the","start":11237.99,"end":11238.11},{"text":"international","start":11238.11,"end":11238.75},{"text":"system","start":11238.75,"end":11239.27},{"text":"is","start":11239.27,"end":11239.59},{"text":"no","start":11239.59,"end":11239.75},{"text":"longer","start":11239.75,"end":11240.19},{"text":"a","start":11240.19,"end":11240.23},{"text":"matter","start":11240.23,"end":11240.63},{"text":"of","start":11241.15,"end":11241.27},{"text":"political","start":11241.27,"end":11241.83},{"text":"preference,","start":11241.83,"end":11242.55},{"text":"but","start":11242.71,"end":11243.03},{"text":"an","start":11243.03,"end":11243.19},{"text":"urgent","start":11243.43,"end":11243.87},{"text":"necessity.","start":11243.87,"end":11244.55}]},{"text":"Turkey, while supporting ongoing efforts to make the UN more effective and fit to face current complex challenges, attaches importance to the UN Security Council reform in order to make it more transparent, effective, inclusive, and representative.","start":11245.27,"end":11262.07,"topics":[{"key":"peace-operations-reform","label":"Reform and Adaptation of UN Peace Operations","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed the need to rethink how UN peace operations are designed, mandated, and deployed so they remain effective in a more fragmented, contested, and multipolar environment. 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how do you address that?","start":12030.43,"end":12031.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":12030.43,"end":12030.59},{"text":"how","start":12030.59,"end":12030.75},{"text":"do","start":12030.79,"end":12030.87},{"text":"you","start":12030.87,"end":12030.99},{"text":"address","start":12030.99,"end":12031.43},{"text":"that?","start":12031.43,"end":12031.71}]},{"text":"Well, you address that through panels of experts.","start":12031.71,"end":12034.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Well,","start":12031.71,"end":12031.95},{"text":"you","start":12031.95,"end":12032.07},{"text":"address","start":12032.07,"end":12032.47},{"text":"that","start":12032.47,"end":12032.71},{"text":"through","start":12032.71,"end":12032.91},{"text":"panels","start":12032.91,"end":12033.39},{"text":"of","start":12033.39,"end":12033.47},{"text":"experts.","start":12033.47,"end":12034.11}]},{"text":"but which need to be closely connected to the peace operation, whether it's a special political mission or 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think one has to fight for that.","start":12052.91,"end":12056.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":12052.91,"end":12052.99},{"text":"think","start":12052.99,"end":12053.23},{"text":"one","start":12053.23,"end":12053.39},{"text":"has","start":12053.39,"end":12053.63},{"text":"to","start":12053.63,"end":12053.79},{"text":"fight","start":12053.79,"end":12054.27},{"text":"for","start":12055.39,"end":12055.63},{"text":"that.","start":12055.63,"end":12056.03}]},{"text":"We talked about protection of civilians today.","start":12056.67,"end":12059.23,"topics":[{"key":"civilian-protection","label":"Protection of Civilians","description":"Protection of civilians was discussed as one of the clearest tests of peace operations’ value, especially through field examples from South Sudan. 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to you and to the other candidates running for this position, thank you for your readiness to serve and your courage to make yourself available to what is considered the most toughest, but also the most important job in the world.","start":13382.35,"end":13398.87,"topics":[{"key":"sg-leadership","label":"Leadership of the Next Secretary-General","description":"The final session focused on what kind of leadership the next Secretary-General should provide on peace operations and the wider peace and security agenda. 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thank you very much for for your readiness and for your engagement.","start":13445.35,"end":13448.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":13445.35,"end":13445.51},{"text":"thank","start":13445.51,"end":13445.71},{"text":"you","start":13445.71,"end":13445.79},{"text":"very","start":13445.79,"end":13446.07},{"text":"much","start":13446.07,"end":13446.23},{"text":"for","start":13446.23,"end":13446.63},{"text":"for","start":13446.87,"end":13447.03},{"text":"your","start":13447.03,"end":13447.23},{"text":"readiness","start":13447.23,"end":13447.67},{"text":"and","start":13447.67,"end":13447.79},{"text":"for","start":13447.79,"end":13447.91},{"text":"your","start":13447.91,"end":13448.03},{"text":"engagement.","start":13448.03,"end":13448.79}]},{"text":"And thank you all for being here and listening to this conversation as 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tonight.","start":13462.99,"end":13465.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":13462.99,"end":13463.31},{"text":"then","start":13463.31,"end":13463.51},{"text":"we","start":13463.51,"end":13463.63},{"text":"have","start":13463.63,"end":13463.83},{"text":"the","start":13463.83,"end":13463.95},{"text":"reception","start":13463.95,"end":13464.71},{"text":"tonight.","start":13465.03,"end":13465.67}]},{"text":"I want to conclude that what will be said on my postcard, is that okay before I turn to 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postcard says that the almost inconceivable unbalance between military and conflict prevention spending globally has shifted.","start":13480.15,"end":13491.91,"topics":[{"key":"political-solutions","label":"Political Solutions, Prevention, and Mediation","description":"A central theme was that peace operations are political instruments meant to support political solutions, not replace them. 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