Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 65th session, 1101st meeting

Good afternoon, distinguished delegates. I now declare open this meeting of the Legal Subcommittee. of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. As I mentioned in the morning session, today we will continue and conclude our consideration of agenda item 4, then we will continue and conclude our consideration of agenda item 8 by inviting the Co-Chair of ADLAC to report on the results of its meetings. We will also continue and conclude our consideration of agenda item 12, then agenda item 13, and we will begin and conclude our consideration of agenda item 14, and we'll see where we get to this afternoon. I would like then to move on to the general exchange of views, agenda item 4. I give the floor to the delegation of Romania.

Chair, distinguished delegates, Romania aligns itself with the statement delivered by the European Union and would like to add the following remarks in its national capacity. Romania congratulates you on your appointment and assures your full support in guiding the work of this subcommittee. We also express our sincere appreciation to Mr. Santiago Ripoll Carullia of Spain for his dedicated leadership during his tenure as chair. Furthermore, we thank the Office for Outer Space Affairs and its director, Arti Hulaimi, for their continued support in preparing the session. Chair, Romania reaffirms a strong commitment to the rule-based international order in outer space. We underscore that the Outer Space Treaty remains the cornerstone of the international legal framework governing space activities and that its effective implementation is essential to ensuring the peaceful, safe and sustainable use of outer space. In this regard, we highlight the importance of transparency and confidence-building measures, including enhanced information sharing under Article 11. As space activities continue to expand at an unprecedented pace, Romania shares the view that the existing international legal framework remains fit for purpose while recognising the need to enhance its implementation through practical, non-legally binding instruments and cooperative mechanisms. We therefore support pragmatic and results-oriented discussions that respond to the evolving realities of the space environment. In this context, Romania attaches particular importance to advancing work on space traffic management, and all into the growing operational and legal challenges posed by increasing intensity of space activities. We are proud to co-sponsor initiatives that advance discussions on the legal and policy aspects of space traffic, and we encourage continued engagement in structured inclusive formats to identify ways forward. As co-chair of the Action Team on Nuclear Activities Consultation, Romania commands the progress achieved thus far and underscores the importance of maintaining momentum. The next phase of ATLAAC should focus on identifying practical modalities for an international consultation mechanism that can enhance transparency, coordination and operational alignment among actors while remaining consistent with the mandate of COPUOS and its member-state driven nature. Chair, Romania welcomes the progress achieved by the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities and supports continued efforts to develop principles ensuring a fair, safe and sustainable framework. We also commend the valuable work undertaken under the Working Group on the Status and Application of the Five UN Treaties on Outer Space and the leadership of its Chair. These discussions should remain firmly anchored in international law and contribute to legal certainty and predictability. Romania underlines the importance of ensuring that the Legal Subcommittee continues to deliver concrete action oriented outcomes. We support ongoing reflection on improving the efficiency and relevance of its work methods while preserving its consensus based inclusive character. Romania firmly believes that multilateralism remains indispensable in addressing emerging challenges in outer space. In this regard, we reaffirm the central role of COPUOS as the primary multilateral forum for the development of international space governance. Preserving the spirit of cooperation and consensus that characterizes this committee remains essential to ensuring that outer space continues to be used for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all humankind. In conclusion, Romania remains committed to working constructively with all delegations to ensure that outer space remains safe, secure and accessible and that its exploration and use continue to be conducted in a responsible manner for the benefit of present and future generations. Thank you.

I thank the delegation of Romania for that statement and I now give the floor to the delegation of Germany.

Thank you very much, Chairperson, distinguished delegates. UN member states recognized in previous UN General Assembly resolutions that space science and technology are integral to our daily lives, providing an abundance of unique benefits. Space remains a source of innovation, providing significant potential to advance research and science, enable future exploration architectures and support the emerging space economy. Based on informal consultations conducted by the African group along with Brazil, Iraq, Jordan, Mexico, Pakistan and Panama, COPUOS Member States agreed by consensus at the 68th session of the Committee that Member States will continue considering the topic Space for Development and that in this context informal consultations will be held to facilitate a gap analysis of current and future benefits and opportunities as well as evolving needs and challenges for all countries, regardless of their space capacities and level of development. Germany is pleased to announce that it supports the process and that we will work with all delegations to find a consensus way forward on the matter. In this respect, we are co-sponsoring a dedicated conference room paper that will outline the rationale and next steps. The Member States submitting the CRP expressly acknowledge and sincerely welcome existing efforts at national, regional and multilateral levels that contribute to international cooperation and capacity building for the benefit of all countries, regardless of their space capacities and level of development. We particularly refer to a number of submissions made in the context of the mid-term review of UN General Assembly Resolution 76/3, which provide detailed information of current efforts undertaking by a number of countries aiming at sharing the benefits of space with all. Chair, distinguished delegates, we cordially invite all delegations to an informal meeting on this Friday, 24th April, from 12 to 1:15 in room CR5 and online, and we look forward to working hand in hand with all delegations, with all of you in this endeavor. Thank you very much.

I thank the delegation of Germany for that statement. And with that, we have concluded the list of speakers on agenda item four from the point of view of member states. And before moving to observers, I would like to give the floor to two delegations under the right of reply. Firstly, I would like to give the floor to the delegation of the United States.

Muchas gracias, Senor Presidente.

Thank you very much, Chair.

My delegation would like to again take the floor to exercise the right of reply. As we noted, we are here to engage in the legal aspects of the peaceful uses of outer space in a non-politicized expert exchange. And this is not the forum, again, to raise geopolitical issues. Doing so only distracts from this group's important work. We do not intend to engage in repeated back-and-forth interventions on issues that are being discussed in other fora, but I am compelled again to respond briefly to an earlier intervention by Iran. President Trump has been clear in his communications to the world why it was imperative for the United States to act, Our statements in the UN Security Council have been equally clear. We regret that Iran again decided to use this meeting on the topic of legal aspects of the peaceful uses of outer space to make political claims, and we respectfully request a return again to advancing our core technical work. Now that I have already addressed the disingenuous claims made against my delegation, it's our sincere hope that this body can return to the work within our mandate on advancing issues pertaining to the legal aspects of the peaceful uses of outer space.

Thank you very much again, Chair.

I thank the of the United States. And now I give the floor to the delegation of the Russian Federation in right of reply.

Thank you, Chairperson. Distinguished colleagues, in connection with the statement by Ukraine with respect to the Russian draft resolution in the GA on space science and technology, We would like to offer the following clarifications. The document was submitted by the Russian Federation in 2023 to the fourth committee of UNGA. And then in light of comments from many delegations, it was submitted to COPUOS for discussion. The aim was to draw the international community's attention to the issue of the use of civilian space infrastructure for undeclared purposes. In that connection, we are impressed that the delegations reminded the Committee of the Russian draft, which focuses on the exclusively peaceful use of outer space for sustainable development purposes. It also underscores the need to ensure that there is access to the geostationary orbit for all states with due attention to all aspects of international space law, a key element of which is the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Ultimately, our document seeks to strengthen at the intergovernmental level the importance of the use of outer space for solely civilian purposes. Therefore, it fully is in line with the mandate of COPUOS and of the Fourth Committee of the UNGA. That's the first point. Secondly, The document contains not a so-called selective interpretation, but clear wording on the peaceful use of space technology and equipment and the importance of their use for resolving economic tasks, first and foremost in the interests of developing countries, by allowing them to have access to the latest in space technology. For that reason, our draft has received increasing support from the countries of the global south. It is being developed and added to with new wording, which takes on board and accommodates the views of interested states. Thirdly, it was for the purpose of working to promote consensus that we decided to bring it to COPUOS. With respect to the creation of a so-called undesirable precedent, namely voting, well, we've already encountered that within the fourth committee that happened in 2024. In avoidance of another instance of voting this trend, we suggest the support should be extended to the Russian draft. Distinguished Chairperson, I would like to briefly note one more point. We have already stated on a number of occasions that in accordance with the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, outer space is available for use and exploration by all states without discrimination on the basis of equality and international law. These states include the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The sanctions that have been imposed in that country based on UN Security Council resolutions include inter alia the matter of nuclear testing and they do not impose restrictions on their access to outer space. We would like our position to be reflected in the report of this meeting. Thank you.

I thank the Russian Federation for that statement. And with that, I would like to move to... One moment, please. I understand that there is also a request from Iran for the right of reply.

Thank you, Chair. Mr. Chairman, the illegal act of aggression by the United States has no justification and constitutes a blatant violation of international law and international humanitarian law. While the US delegation falsely claims that Iran poses an imminent threat, even its own intelligence reports have failed to substantiate such allegations. Targeting space facilities, historical sites, hospitals, museums, and schools, represent only a fraction of the US crimes in Iran. The US delegation seeks to justify the crimes through its statements by misusing every international platform. It is a profound disgrace to attempt to rationalize the killing of children. The United States applies a clear double standard in its dealing with Iran and the whole world. An American child is entitled to life and education. while Iranian children are killed and deprived of the same right by the fathers of US children serving in the US Army. What heroic fathers and what a hollow claim to honor. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

I thank the delegation of Iran for that statement. And with that, we have concluded with interventions from Member States. I would like to move now to statements by observers. The first organisation on my list of speakers is the Committee on Space Research.

Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, certain areas of the Moon are of great scientific and economic importance and therefore attract heightened interest from multiple stakeholders. such as permanently shadowed regions, the far side of the Moon, and unique geological formations such as lava tubes, underscoring the need for effective management of these areas by ensuring their preservation for present and future scientific investigations while enabling responsible commercial use. Against this background, COSPAR established in March this year a new task group on the management of lunar special areas to study the scientific prerequisites for sustainable lunar activities. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, the scientific community would benefit from dissemination of information and data under Article 11 of the Outer Space Treaty. In this context, I wish to mention one specific area of concern, namely the organic inventory requirement for lunar missions under the COSPAR policy on planetary protection. In 2021, the moon was classified as category 2A and 2B to differentiate the lunar surface in line with areas of special astrobiological interest, particularly the polar regions and PSRs. The level of documented organic inventory is higher in category 2B regions and lower elsewhere on the lunar surface to support sustained and controlled exploration and utilization activities while accounting for information on organic materials that may be released into the lunar environment. The objective of an organic inventory included in hardware flown to space is to capture knowledge of possible contaminants to use in future scientific investigations as a reference to avoid any misinterpretation of terrestrial organics as indigenous biosignatures. For category two lander missions to the polar regions and PSRs, a complete organic inventory should consider contributions from all spacecraft hardware elements greater than one kilogram. For category 2A missions elsewhere to the lunar surface, the organic inventory would only consider the volatile organic material that remains or has been released into the lunar environment by the propulsion, attitude control, and other spacecraft systems. This organic inventory by all entities conducting space activities beyond Earth orbit is established to enhance the scientific knowledge of the Moon and the Earth-Moon system relative to the process of chemical evolution and/or the origin and evolution of life, while promoting a balance in exploration and utilization under the COSPAR policy as applied and implemented by space-faring nations. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, Recently, COSPAR signed a memorandum of understanding with OpenLuna Foundation to promote scientific information and data exchange under the Luna Ledger initiative. COSPAR also recently signed the European Space Agency-initiated statement for a responsible space sector to contribute to the long-term sustainability of space projects and work towards the socially and environmentally responsible management of all activities within the space sector. Thank you for your attention.

I thank COSPAR for that intervention and I now give the floor to For All Mankind.

Chair, at the outset, please allow me to thank you for your leadership and the Office for Outer Space Affairs for its continued support for the work of this committee. Distinguished delegates, This week marks 54 years since Apollo 16 landed on the moon, the penultimate human landing in that extraordinary era of exploration. As you have heard repeatedly these past days, lunar activity is not only recommencing, it is accelerating. For All Moonkind commends this body for addressing this new era of space activity. We particularly appreciate the constructive work of the Action Team on Lunar Activity Consultation and the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Utilization. We also reaffirm our appreciation for the foundational principles of the Outer Space Treaty negotiated by this body decades ago. The treaty guarantees freedom of exploration and use, including free access to all areas of celestial bodies. It prohibits national appropriation. It requires due regard and consultation to avoid harmful interference. And it calls for transparency and reciprocal access. These provisions are not in conflict, but they are in tension. As landings and surface operations increase, unconstrained freedom of access risks real and immediate interference between missions. Conversely, overly restrictive interpretations of due regard risk chilling the very exploration the treaty was designed to enable. So how can these tensions be addressed? Distinguished delegates, you can begin where the law is most workable, where the stakes are most concrete, where the prospects for consensus are highest, and where positioning information is already available and publicly shared. You can begin with sites and objects of historic significance. Recognizing and protecting these sites and objects is not about exclusion or halting development. It is about exercising due regard toward a small number of fixed, uniquely vulnerable, and irreplaceable locations. Frankly, if agreement to exercise restraint and coordination around mutually agreed selected historic sites cannot be reached, it is difficult to see where it can. These locations offer the clearest and most practical context in which to operationalize Articles 9, 11, and 12. Through advance notice, consultation, and careful mission planning, freedom of use is not limited. It is given a structure through coordinated collaboration. Distinguished delegates, more than 100 sites on the lunar surface already bear evidence of human ingenuity. This is not the moment to create a new body or comprehensive protocols for identifying and protecting deserving sites. It is, however, the moment to begin. This committee could identify a small number of sites that clearly embody universal value to all humanity, sites such as the location of Luna 2, the first human-made object to impact another world, Apollo 11 at Tranquility Base, the Chang'e-4 landing site on the far side, and the Chandrayaan-3 landing site near the South Pole could offer immediate and practical starting points. Agreement here would not resolve every question about lunar governance, but it would establish a practical baseline of due regard grounded in our shared human achievement. Distinguished delegates, we urge you to seize this moment. These silent witnesses on the moon, boot prints, flags, and firsts, carry the stories of our species' greatest leap. They belong not to any one nation, but to every generation yet to come. By choosing to protect them, you do more than honor the past. you affirm that humanity's expansion into space will be defined not by haste or rivalry but by wisdom restraint and a profound respect for our common human history in doing so you ensure that when future explorers stand upon the lunar surface they will see not scars of conflict or carelessness but the enduring proof that we chose together to reach for the stars as one humanity I thank you for your kind attention I thank.

For all mankind for that statement. And I now give the floor to University Space Engineering Consortium Global.

Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, USEC Global is honored to address the legal subcommittee of United Nations COPUOS. Last November, we adopted the Tokyo Declaration to 2025. This declaration emphasizes a simple but important idea. The long-term sustainability of outer space depends not only on technology, it also requires responsible behavior, international cooperation, and active engagement of the next generation. In addition, ISAE Global submitted a contribution to this committee, promoting the long-term sustainability of outer space activities through education, capacity building, and responsible nano-microsatellite operations. This contribution highlights the key message, education and practical experience must be closely linked to responsible space operations. Mr. Chair, based on the perspective, we would like to present three points. First, capacity building in space law and policy is essential for implementing the LTS guidelines. Today, more countries are entering space activities. However, I'm afraid access to legal knowledge and regulatory frameworks remains uneven. Taking the matter into consideration, UNICEF Global addresses this gap through educational programs. These programs combine technical training with legal and policy perspectives. I'm sure they have developed well-balanced future professionals. Secondly, I believe that hands-on activities are essential to foster responsible space actors. Through initiatives such as CanSat, Heptasat, and CubeSat, students can gain practical experience. They can design, build, and operate small satellite systems. At the same time, they can also learn about safety, international norms, and regulatory responsibilities. In this context, we are pleased to announce that the 15th CANSAT/Cubesat Leader Training Program will be held this August. I'm sure this practical understanding would directly support the long-term sustainability of space activities. Thirdly, bridging technical and legal communities is increasingly important. Sustainable space governance cannot be achieved by one community alone. The Tokyo Declaration 2025 calls for stronger interdisciplinary dialogue. In line with the declaration, USE Global promotes this dialogue through international collaboration, joint projects, and global networks. We connect engineers with policy makers and legal experts. In this sense, we support the ongoing work of subcommittee. This includes registration, space debris mitigation, and space traffic management. We believe that linking these legal frameworks with capacity building and education is essential. This will enable effective and practical implementation. Mr. Chair and distinguished delegates, in conclusion, UNISAT Global remains committed to contributing to the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. We will continue to promote capacity building, responsible practices, and international cooperation. Together, we can ensure a sustainable future in space where no one is left behind. Thank you for your kind attention.

I thank UNISEC Global for that statement, and I will give the floor to the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization.

Honorable Chair, distinguished delegates, it is my privilege to make this statement on behalf of Asia Pacific Space Cooperation Organization under agenda item four. My Chair, my delegation has full trust of confidence in your leadership to steer this committee, and we extend our full support to you and to the work of LSC. We also extend our appreciation to Ms. Arty Holamaine, the director of UNOSA, and her team for very efficient planning and successfully organizing this season. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, OPSO is an international organization devoted on tapping regional resources, promoting multilateral cooperation in space science, technology and application, and capacity building in space related fields. It provides a cooperative mechanism for countries to work together for the development of collaborative space programs and space capabilities. OPCW currently has 14 member states that include eight members, Bangladesh, China, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan, Peru, Thailand, and Turkey. One signatory member, Indonesia, ratification in process. one associate member, Egypt, and four observers, Mexico, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the Arab Union for Astronomy and Space Science, and Inter-Islamic Network on Space Science and Technology. China is the host country for APSCOA and the headquarters of APSCOA is located in Beijing, China. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, space law and policy is one of the core areas of OPCO development plan and is an essential element for OPCO roles to contribute in the inclusive development of member states in the field of space. OPCO promotes international cooperation in space law and policy and has been actively cooperating with international space community for various activities. In the past few years, OPCO has taken groundbreaking initiatives that have substantially contributed to member states and understanding crucial aspects of space governance. This includes development of the OPCO strategy for space law and policy, providing technical advisory service for development of national space legislation in OPCO member states through UNOSA in 2023. establishment of OPCO space law Alliance in 2024 a network of 27 space organizations institutions and universities from member states of OPCO aiming to promote the joint activities joint research and cooperation on matters related to space law and policy Mr. chair distinguished delegates OPCO considers capacity building as the most crucial pillar for developing responsible behavior and promotion of the international space law. has been making a force to help its member states and region by providing them opportunities related to capacity building in space law that worries from degree education to training, meeting and consultation. contributes to capacity building in the field of the space law and policy its member states and has been organizing space law and policy workshop forum since 2011. Furthermore, ABSCO Leadership Development Forum is planned to be organized in November 2026 in Harbin, China with support of the Harbin Institute of Technology and local government. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, APSCOA and its members are strongly committed and strongly support international space cooperation, especially through UNOSA mechanism. APSCOA is open to all countries and the space community to cooperate for peaceful use of outer space. I thank you all for your attention.

I thank APSCO for that statement and now I have the floor to Space Generation Advisory Council.

Thank you, Chair, distinguished delegates. On behalf of the Space Generation Advisory Council, it is my pleasure to provide an update on our recent activities. SGAC continues to serve as a vibrant global platform for students and young space professionals aged 18 to 35, enabling meaningful engagements with the United Nations, space agencies, industry partners, and academia. We are proud to share that just a few days ago, we have successfully concluded our first flagship global event of the year, the Space Generation Fusion Forum. The SGFF brought together diverse stakeholders for discussions on key topics, including international and cooperative human spaceflight efforts, such as Artemis II mission, and featured a distinguished heads of agencies panel. The strong participation and dynamic exchanges demonstrated the continued importance of multi-stakeholder dialogue in shaping the future of space activities. Looking ahead, we are pleased to confirm that in May 2026, SGAC will collaborate with the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics to co-organize SGX. Taking place alongside ASCENT in Washington, DC on 17th to 18th May, this event will further strengthen connections between the next generation and established leaders fostering collaboration, innovation, and shared ambition across the global space community. Preparations are also well underway for our flagship annual event, the Space Generation Congress, which will be held alongside the International Astronautical Congress later this year in Antalya, Turkey. In parallel, SGSC is actively preparing for UniSpace4 with strong focus on fostering intergenerational dialogue and ensuring that the perspectives of young professionals are meaningfully reflected in this important milestone. Distinguished delegates, Through SGAC Space Generation Advocacy and Policy Platform, we continue advancing work on sustainability and responsible use of space, contributing to the development of safe, secure and sustainable space environment for all. In this context, we are currently working on the establishment of a new policy division focused on Space for Earth. This initiative aims to integrate space-based technologies and governance frameworks to address climate change, environmental monitoring and resource management on our planet while strengthening the space Earth nexus. In addition, SGSC is in the process of launching a new policy division dedicated to diversity, equity and inclusion in the space sector. This effort seeks to promote inclusive practices, expand equitable access to opportunities, and ensure that the benefits of space activities are shared broadly in line with the principles of international cooperation. We are grateful for the opportunity to address this honourable subcommittee and stand ready to work together with all Member States and observers to foster the peaceful, sustainable and cooperative use of space for the benefit of all humanity, present and future. Thank you for your kind attention.

I thank SGAC for that statement and now I give the floor to the European Space Agency.

Let me extend my congratulations to your appointment and wish you a successful term of leading the subcommittee. Allow me also to express my appreciation for the continued efforts of the Office for Outer Space Affairs in supporting the work of the subcommittee. Distinguished delegates, as an intergovernmental organisation, the European Space Agency attaches particular importance to international law and international cooperation in realising the full potential of space to contribute to climate objectives, enable scientific discovery, drive technological advancement and inspire people around the world. ESA acts both as a spacecraft operator and as a space agency, serving as a mechanism for cooperation among its member states while working with the European Union and international partners worldwide. Since the last session of the legal subcommittee, ESA has continued to advance its activities across its programmes, building on its unparalleled experience and expertise over 50 years in managing large and complex programmes. In the field of Earth observation, ESA has continued the deployment and utilisation of new missions, including the Biomass satellite, successfully launched aboard Vega-C, which will provide essential data on global forest carbon stocks. ESA has also advanced scientific knowledge and exploration, including through results from the Euclid mission and milestones such as the Hera mission's planetary flyby, demonstrating new technological capabilities in deep space. ESA also continues to contribute to international exploration efforts, including recent milestones in human spaceflight beyond low Earth orbit. In addition, The first commercial flight of Ariane 6, Europe's heavy launcher, marked an important milestone in ensuring Europe's autonomous access to space. In parallel, ESA has further developed its activities in the domain of space safety and sustainability and is advancing solutions for debris mitigation and remediation, including the development of active debris removal and in-orbit servicing missions. An important milestone for ESA in November 2025 was its Council meeting held at ministerial level in Bremen, Germany, which concluded with the adoption of the resolution on elevating the future of Europe through space. On this occasion, ESA Member States committed a record level of funding exceeding 22 billion euros, reaffirming their shared ambition for Europe's future in space. These commitments underscored ESA's credentials and tools in the development of space technologies and systems, including for security and defence. Distinguished delegates, ESA will continue to support international consensus building by facilitating dialogue and sharing its expertise and operational experience. As one of the first intergovernmental organisations to declare its acceptance of the rights and obligations under three of the United Nations space treaties, ESA attaches particular importance to the work of this subcommittee in addressing emerging issues and the application of existing legal frameworks to new space activities. Let me conclude by underlining ESA's continued commitment to contributing to the global space community as a responsible space actor, promoting the peaceful, safe and sustainable use of outer space and supporting the important work of this committee. Thank you.

I thank Issa for that statement and now I give the floor to Three Country Trusted Broker.

Thank you, Chair. TCTB approaches space sustainability from an optional perspective. In our view, the core issue is not the awareness of risk, but the ability to act on that awareness in a coordinated and lawful manner. Recent discussion in the SSA asset group have improved understanding of conjunction risk screening criteria and notification threshold. Meanwhile, the LTS guidelines recognize that coordination involved not only operator but also launching state whose legal responsibility are directly engaged. This development make clear that the challenge is both technical and institutional. We offer three observation. First, action to reduce shared orbital risks, especially for massive derelict, align with the existing legal principle when conducted in a transparent and non-appropriative way. In this regard, discussion of necessity, good Samaritan and precautionary principle are helpful. supporting preventive action against serious or irreversible harm, even with incomplete certainty. Second, sustained cooperation should be grounded in mutual interest in future space use, not past fault. A stable orbital environment is a shared precondition for continued civil, commercial, and scientific activity, and all users shared an interest in its protection. Third, translating this shared interest into action needs practical mechanisms. Awareness alone achieve little without effective risk response and coordination tools. From our perspective, operational models are therefore essential. Since 2019, TCTB has described an approach based on consent, neutrality, and separate but equivalent arrangement. We offer a flexible governance model focused on resilience, filling gaps where existing legal systems are insufficient, with priority given to massive derelicts. We therefore see a natural link between the SSA ASPA group and a potential working group on cooperative remediation of massive derelicts. SSA provides the awareness foundation, while a working group can turn that awareness into a coordinated planning, consent framework and pilot missions. More broadly, this can be understood by a resilience lens. Sustainable space activity rests on three capability, awareness, coordination and ability to repair or reconstitute infrastructure. SSA provides the foundation, but its value ultimately depends on enabling tangible action. In this regard, remediation of high-risk objects is not only a safety measure, but fundamental infrastructure for the long-term viability of space economy. Early cooperative action reduce systemic risk, support insurability, and enable bolder commercial activity. We therefore encourage the committee to integrate technical, legal and operational elements into a coherent roadmap, including by a working group to advance practical, power level implementation. Thank you, Chair.

I thank TCTB for that statement and now I give the floor to the Alliance for Collaboration in the Exploration of Space.

On behalf of the Alliance for Collaboration in the Exploration of Space, ACES Worldwide, I express our appreciation for the opportunity to speak about our organization's work relating to space law, policy, and international space cooperation. This is our first intervention since being approved as a COPUOS permanent observer in 2025. founded in 2021 Aces worldwide is a non-governmental nonprofit organization that advances its mission through alliances action agenda papers and Roundtable discussions we firmly believe in the importance of information sharing and cooperation to ensure that our outer space is explored and used for the benefit of all humankind Aces worldwide continues work on our Space and Sustainability Compact Agreement initiative, through which we seek to advance the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, the Pact for the Future, and the Space 2030 Agenda by pairing and fostering cooperation between spacefaring entities and the users of space technology. We have reported our progress on this project to UNOSA and to the COPUOS as part of the Space 2030 Agenda Midterm Review. Another of our initiatives, our Living in Space initiative, is supported by our 13 Alliance partners from around the world and focuses on the future of human space exploration and its associated complexities. As humanity moves to establish permanent human settlements on the Moon and Mars, it is emergent to develop thoughtful coordination mechanisms and compatible technical standards to support successful communications and networking, search and rescue efforts, life support system, coordination of base camp locations and launch and takeoff sites to avoid challenges such as dust interference and contamination between missions, as well as create effective means to coordinate logistical matters between the International Lunar Research Station and the Artemis base camp. We reported our progress on our living in space initiative to Atlac. As part of this project, we conducted two webinars in January and February of 2025, followed by a virtual workshop in November later that year. From the outcomes of these engagements, we are preparing an edited book, Challenges of Living in Space, to be published by Springer Press in 2026. This volume will address safety issues, transportation systems, space architecture, economic and financial considerations and the need for interoperability and astronaut safety in the human exploration of space. We are committed to doing our part to foster an accessible and sustainable outer space environment. This is why we are eager to identify meaningful ways to support the COPUOS. We look forward to launching additional initiatives based on the evolving needs of the COPUOS and its member states. With the combined expertise and dedication of our board of directors, global advisory council, and alliance partners, ACES Worldwide stands ready to serve as a resource for member states, offering the expertise of our network on issues currently under consideration, including research and policy objectives. We warmly invite member states to share how we may best support your efforts. We look forward to engaging with you here at the COPUOS, also at the International Astronautical Congress this year in Antalya, Turkey, or through any other fora. We thank the committee and its distinguished delegates for their attention.

I thank ACES Worldwide for that statement. We have two ad hoc observer organizations, and I will give the floor now to the first of those, Lifeboat Foundation.

This is a short statement on behalf of Lifeboat Foundation. The non-profit Lifeboat Foundation was established 24 years ago in Nevada, USA. This body is dedicated to the study of existential risks in an age of transformative technological progressions. Our foundation currently holds an extensive advisory board comprising over 3,000 experts from around the world with proficiencies across various scientific, economic, and humanistic fields. including space policy, space industrial development and lunar programmes. Our objective in applying for permanent observer status at COPUOS is to offer worthwhile support and engagement for serious objectives such as the placement of a planetary defence shield against asteroid impact, the mitigation of terrestrial environmental factors, and the essential inquiry into a stable space security continuum. Since the founding of the Outer Space Treaty, the rapid growth of orbital utilities and space usage has led into a radical new phase for international affairs. We feel that many excellent pathways for interchange and engagement are readily available. Coupio's in its role as the foremost venue for consolidation of an emerging worldview will see clear effect over the upcoming terms ahead. In particular, the lunar settlement programs offer profound opportunity for intercultural and scientific interchange, acting as a conduit for human evolution and the aspiration of our early generations. with much appreciation the Lifeboat Foundation. Thank you.

I thank the Lifeboat Foundation for that statement and now I give the floor to the Chilean Space Association.

Thank you very much Chair. Chair, on behalf of the Chilean Space Association, we would like to congratulate Mr. Pablo Rocha of Mexico on his election and we would like to express our gratitude on being able to take the floor at this forum. We also commend Ms. Arti Holamaini, director of UNOSA and her team for the excellent organization of this session, reaffirming our recognition of COPUOS as being the main multilateral space for the development of a peaceful, inclusive and sustainable space regime to benefit all humanity. Our association whose origins go back to the 2000s following the first satellite launches of the Chilean armed forces, is a non-governmental organization which brings together professionals from the Chilean space sector and has actively promoted the strengthening of institutional and normative frameworks which allow Chile to make progress on complying with its international obligations on space. Over recent years, the association has adopted a strategic approach to the new space approach and a renewed interest of the Chilean space in joining this new economy. In this context, our work is coordinated around three main areas. Firstly, we contribute to the development of the national space sector as a platform for technical coordination between the public sector, academia and industry. Our members have participated in regulatory initiatives and in updating the national space policy and in supporting Chile succession to relevant international instruments, consolidating the association as a reference technical actor. Secondly, we promote regional cooperation and collaboration, promoting joint initiatives which strengthen Latin American capacity. We'd like to highlight the creation of this Chilean space consortium, which already has cool links with entities from Argentina, Brazil, and other countries of Ibero-America, strengthening the reach of the sector in the region. Thirdly, we seek to expand the participation of civil society in international spaces, facilitating the connection between national technical capacity and multilateral processes, contributing to a more diverse participation in global space governance. These efforts, together with a miranda of understanding with entities from various regions, reflect an active international connection. We'd like to highlight our becoming a associate member of the Iberian American Network of Space Agencies in 2024, as well as the cooperation with the Italian Latin American International Organization, the Lunar Policy Platform and the Moon Village Association. At the same time, we participate in initiatives such as the Dark and Quiet Skies Group, which strengthens our vocation of contributing to the work of COPUOS and underpins our aspiration of participating as a permanent observer. We believe firmly that the inclusion of civil society and professional associations strengthens multilateral debate and contributes to a more inclusive, representative and effective space regime. Thank you very much.

I thank Archide for that statement. With that, we have exhausted the list of speakers under agenda item four. With that, we have therefore concluded our consideration of this agenda item. I would now like to move on to continue and concluding our consideration of agenda item eight. I would like to give the floor to the Vice Chair of ADLAC, Ms. Ulpia Elena Bottazzato, to inform the subcommittee on the results of its meetings during this session.

Chair, distinguished delegates, We, as the co-chairs of the Action Team on Learner Activities Consultation, appreciate the opportunity to inform the Legal Subcommittee on the progress of ATLAC since the 63rd session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee. During the intersessional period following that session, ATLAC held one intersessional meeting on 25 March 2026. Immediately prior to and during the present session of the subcommittee, ATLAQ held three informal meetings on 14, 16, 17 April and one formal meeting on 19 April. During the intersessional period, ATLAQ discussed the organization of its work and reflected on inputs received to date on opportunities and challenges related to learner activities. ATLAC also noted a proposal to discuss on a potential international mechanism and for a background paper to be prepared by the Secretariat in close coordination with the co-chairs to examine existing international mechanisms relevant to lunar activities. Furthermore, ATLAC invited the co-chairs of the ICG Working Group on Lunar PNT to attend its meeting as observers to promote informal collaboration and mutual exchange of information. Immediately prior to the present session of the subcommittee, ADLAC agreed to focus on the next phase of its work on two areas, discussion on a potential international mechanism related to lunar activities and discussion of topics and issues that could be subsequently be addressed under or relevant to such a mechanism. In this context, ADLAC supported the preparation of the background paper and exchange preliminary reviews on key aspects of a potential international mechanism. ATLAC also considered a non-paper prepared by the co-chairs analyzing aforementioned inputs, which is issued as a conference room paper A/AC.105/C.2/2026/CRP32. ATLAC further invited permanent observers to attend its meetings in an observer capacity with the possibility of ad hoc interventions for specific issues or invitation in accordance with its mandate. During the present session of the subcommittee, ATLAQ continued to exchange views on the key aspects of a potential international mechanism. ATLAQ also noted a set of aspects and questions, namely mandate and functions, structure and resources, related to a mechanism to facilitate substantive discussion during the intersessional period. ATLAQ also discussed on the background paper, noting that work on the paper would begin while substantive discussions continue during the intersessional period. Furthermore, ATLAQ exchanged views on the non-paper and noted that it provided a useful basis to guide ATLAQ's deliberation towards developing those inputs into tangible draft recommendations in accordance with its mandate. We extend our sincere gratitude to all members of ATLAQ for their proactive engagement, invaluable insights and contributions. Chair, looking ahead, ATLAQ will continue its work during the intersessional period up to the 69th session of the committee. During this period, ADLOC will devote its substantive discussions on a potential international mechanism and begin drafting recommendations aimed at improving consultations related to lunar activities in accordance with its work plan for consideration by the committee at the 69th session in June 2026. We reiterate our sincere gratitude to all members of ATLAC for their invaluable contributions and constructive engagement to advance the work of ATLAC. We look forward to continuing our work and productive exchanges. Thank you.

I thank the co-chair of ATLAC, Ms. Botezatu, for her statement. And delegates, before closing this item, I would like to draw your attention to the report of the working group of the whole of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, which informed us of the ongoing intersessional consultations on measures to address the effects of the liquidity crisis and to improve the organisation and methods of work of the Committee and its subcommittees. In this connection, and based on my experience and observations as Chair of the subcommittee, I would like to suggest, as Chair, that the Working Group of the whole may wish to consider, in the context of its inter-sessional consultations, the possible establishment of the office of Vice-Chair of this subcommittee. Such a decision could allow the Vice-Chair, as appropriate, to preside over parts of the plenary meetings, thereby enabling the Chair devote more time to consultations with delegations on issues of importance as circumstances may require. With that we have therefore concluded our consideration of agenda item 8. I would now like to continue and conclude our consideration of agenda item 12. I would like to give the floor to the distinguished representative of Germany to inform this subcommittee on the follow-up from this morning's discussions in response to some of the points which were raised in the room.

Thank you, Chair, for giving us the floor again. Distinguished delegates, for delegates who attended the informals on legal and policy aspects of space traffic in previous days, it should be no surprise that on this topic Germany would prefer a working mechanism over a non-working one.

This being said, after further extensive consultations, the draft language proposed would now read, and I'll read it out, the subcommittee noted the importance of further discussions on the legal and policy aspects of space traffic management.

Taking into account the interests of developing countries and emerging space sharing nations and giving equal consideration to the work.

Of both subcommittees and possible areas of work including the compiling and analyzing and reflecting existing national regional and international approaches relevant to space traffic coordination and management in order to identify common elements emerging practices in issues requiring further consideration thank you.

I thank the delegation of Germany for this update. So it will be reflected. On this agenda item, we have three requests for the floor under the right of reply. I will first give the floor to Mr. Schmitt. one moment. The United States is requesting the floor in response to what was proposed by Germany. I am taking it. Please go ahead.

Thank you, Chair.

We would just note that we would object to the inclusion of the language saying developing countries.

From our perspective, emerging spacefaring nations accurately captures the relevant distinction for these purposes.

Thank you.

Thank you. We take note of that statement. I will now give the floor to the delegations who have requested the right of reply. Firstly, I would like to give the floor to the delegation of Israel.

Thank you, Chair. I would like to use our right of reply to the last statement given earlier today under this item by the Iranian delegate. Israel wishes to emphasize that the discussion in the Subcommittee is intended to address the legal aspects of activities in outer space in accordance with its mandate and agreed agenda. In this context, the statement by the representative of the Iranian regime was not only untrue, but also irrelevant to item 12 and exceeding the scope of the Subcommittee itself. Israel considers that raising issues not related to the subject matter under discussion does not contribute to advancing professional and substantive work within this forum. The appropriate fora for addressing such issues are well established and active also here in Vienna. Thank you, Chair.

I thank the delegation of Israel for that statement, and I now give the floor to the delegation of Iran.

Thank you, Chair. The Israeli regime is not a party to any of the treaties on the prohibition of weapons of mass destruction and here cannot lecture us about what is relevant to the topic of the item or not the only factor preventing the establishment of a middle east free of nuclear weapons is the israeli regime that possesses hundreds of nuclear warheads the history of this.

I have a point of order this is irrelevant and out of the scope of the copus there is no room for this discussion here.

We take note of the point of order. We will continue to hear the right of reply.

The history of this regime is full of widespread violations of international law. This terror regime is expert at terrorism and its Prime Minister is a war criminal. A regime that killed tens of thousands of children in Gaza cannot play victim. Israeli regime claims that Iran has so-called proxies in the Middle East, I must emphasize that Iran does not need proxy. However, it can be firmly argued that the Israeli regime itself is a proxy and maybe the vice versa, as many Americans believe. I thank you, Mr. Chairman.

I thank the delegation of Iran. Israel, is it a point of order?

It's a right to reply.

I'll.

Add you to the list. I have another delegation which has requested the right of reply before, and then I will give the floor to Israel. I now give the floor to Germany in the right of reply.

That.

Seems not to be the case, so I then give the floor to the delegation of Israel in right of reply.

Thank you, Chair. I will use my right of reply, though it's beneath the dignity of this committee to start doing a back and forth on issues that are irrelevant to this committee, are relevant to other organizations that sit here in Vienna. There is no need for this discussion. Any statement by the representative of the Iranian regime should be recognized for what it is, a cynical manipulation of this forum and a misuse of legal terminology in an attempt to obscure its own violations of fundamental principles of international law and the rights of its own population. I assume that the delegate of the Iranian regime might give another right of reply, but it becomes irrelevant and again beneath the dignity of this committee. Thank you very much.

I thank the delegation of Israel for that statement and with that we have concluded our consideration of agenda item 12. And I would then like to move on to our consideration of agenda item 13. The first delegation under this agenda item is the Russian Federation.

Chairperson, The Russian Federation is of the view that the issue of the application of international law to small satellite activities and large constellations thereof must remain at the focus of the subcommittee's attention. Notwithstanding the benefits that they bring, the chaotic growth in small satellite constellations carries potential risks for the safe conduct of space activities. Such risks include space debris production, in the most intensely used low orbital segments of near-Earth space, erosion of the orbital frequency resource in that region, increased interference with astronomical observation and substantial risks for space traffic management. Additionally, the recent trend towards deployment of large constellations of thousands of small satellites impair access to space and ultimately impinge on the rights of other states to freely access and explore outer space. Some countries are deploying private and commercial space systems to the detriment of other states and are pursuing their own military objectives and those of their allies using them in violation of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. We're of the view that with regard to small satellites, there must be full compliance with all norms of international law, including registration requirements and the terms of Article 9 of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. It is also important to incorporate international recommendations into countries' national legislation on small satellites, specifically the long-term sustainability guidelines, namely A5 and B8. It would also be useful to consider enhancing the existing international law framework governing the impact of small satellites on the environment. In conclusion, we would like to update the Subcommittee on the situation of the Russian Federation. In the Russian Federation, satellites below 500 kilos are deemed small satellites. Their registration, like that of any space object, is done in accordance with the registration convention. Likewise, they're also subject to the requirements on space debris mitigation. Full compliance with the aforementioned requirements is obligatory in the Russian Federation when building, licensing, launching, registering, and operating both small satellites and constellations thereof. Thank you.

I thank the Russian Federation for their statement and I now give the floor to the delegation of Indonesia.

Thank you, Chair. Distinguished delegates, Indonesia associates itself with the statement delivered by the Group of 77 and China on this agenda item. Indonesia is pleased to provide its views on the application of international law to small satellite activities which have expanded access to outer space and generated important socio-economic benefits for developing countries. As an emerging space-faring nation, Indonesia continues to advance its small satellite capabilities through its national space program led by the National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, or BRIN. Indonesia has already successfully launched several satellites in the small satellite category. Key milestones include the operation of LAPAN-A1 to LAPAN-A3, SuryaSat-1, and RidoSat-1. These assets are actively used for Earth observation, amateur radio, maritime surveillance, and technology demonstration. Looking ahead, Indonesia is advancing its national program through development of its flagship microsatellite NEO-1, which is expected to be launched in 2026. This satellite will further enhance national capabilities in maritime surveillance, disaster monitoring, and environmental observation, serving our vast archipelagic territory. share with regard to the international legal framework, Indonesia emphasizes that small satellite activities must adhere to the provisions of the Outer Space Treaty, the Liability Convention, and the Registration Convention. In particular, we underline the importance of timely registration of small satellite in the UN Register of Objects launched into the outer space. Effective implementation of the Liability Convention to ensure adequate compensation in the event of damage caused by small satellite and compliance in the space debris mitigation guidelines and best practices, especially as the number of small satellites in orbit continues to increase. Indonesia also notes the rapid proliferation of small satellites, including constellations, creates new challenges in spectrum management, orbital safety, and collision risk. We therefore call upon the committee to further clarify how existing international law applies to frequency coordination responsibilities, liability in collision cases, and processes for orbital debris mitigation, and to develop practical guidance on small satellite registrations that supports both innovation and long-term sustainable particularly for developing countries. From this perspective, Indonesia stands ready to share its experience in operating and developing small satellites and to contribute to the development of norms and capacity building initiatives that will benefit all states, especially developing countries. Thank you, Mr. Chair.

I thank the delegation of Indonesia for that statement, and now I give the floor to the delegation of China.

中 方 欢 迎 继 续 讨

Can you hear me? If you could begin your statement again, please, because we don't have, we didn't have interpretation.

Speaking. Mr. Chair, China welcomes the continued discussion on the application of international law to small satellites activities. We support the G77 and China for the statement. Small satellite activities constitute an important component of outer space activities. With a low cost and extensive application, small satellites have played a useful role in fields such as communications and disaster risk reduction, and have provided significant opportunities for developing countries and emerging space-faring nations to engage in space activities. Meanwhile, with the rapid increase in activities and the growing participation of private entities, the development and commercialization of small satellite constellations have to some extent exacerbated orbital congestion and the space debris problem. This has given rise to new issues regarding the application of law and government regulation and presented new challenges for improving governance of outer space. To properly address these new issues and challenges, China would like to share the following views. Firstly, upholding the rule of law in outer space. In conducting small satellite activities, all countries must strictly adhere to international space law with the 1967 Outer Space Treaty as its cornerstone. In particular, they must observe the principles of international space law, such as the exploration and uses of outer space based on the principles of cooperation and mutual assistance, the peaceful uses of outer space, freedom of access to outer space, and due regard for the interests of other states without lowering standards simply because of the low cost and other features of small satellites. Secondly, we must safeguard the security and sustainability of outer space. the provisions in the guidelines on space debris mitigation and the guidelines on the long term sustainability of outer space activities formulated by COPUOS concerning mitigating debris, improving the traceability of space objects, strengthening the registration of space objects and deorbiting are of great importance for the orderly conduct of small satellite activities and the maintenance of outer space security. Furthermore, countries may also consider further refining relevant international rules to achieve more effective governance of small satellite activities. Thirdly, promoting universal access to space. The Outer Space Treaty emphasizes that outer space activities should serve the interests of all countries and it encourages benefit sharing. As a responsible major power, China will continue to engage in the practical cooperation with other countries in the design, manufacturing and launch of small satellites, assist other developing countries in capacity building, and promote small satellite activities that better benefit the entire human race. I thank you, Mr. Chair.

I thank the delegation of China for that statement and I now give the floor to the delegation of Colombia.

Thank you, Chair. Colombia supports the importance of clearly setting the parameters for construction, launch and operation of small space objects. All space activities, no matter the scale of the project or the size of the satellite, need to comply with the existing international regulatory frameworks, including the treaties and principles of the United Nations as they relate to outer space, as well as the provisions of the International Telecommunication Union and its radio regulations. Colombia would also like to highlight the relevance of non-binding instruments which promote best practices, such as the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Guidelines on Long-Term Sustainability. Chairperson, The accelerated growth of the commercial space sector, in particular in low-Earth orbit, has led to new challenges related to orbital saturation and space traffic management. Therefore, we believe that there is a need to ensure the appropriate co-ordination of registration of small satellites, as well as their alignment with the principles of transparency, responsibility and sustainability, given that outer space is an environment that urgently needs protection and responsible long-term management. Columbia reaffirms that respect for international legal frameworks is essential to guarantee the safety, sustainability and equity required in the use of outer space. Nevertheless, we encourage Member States to consider and implement more robust multilateral mechanisms which respond to modern problems, particularly when it comes to the operation of small satellites. Moreover, bearing in mind the great concentration of technological and capacities and orbital occupancy on the part of some few stakeholders, we would like to call on the international community to take measures which allow for these activities to not continue to increase technological gaps. Along these same lines, there's a need to promote transparency in space activities and the development of inclusive regulations which allow all states to participate actively in this new space era, no matter their level of development and without leaving anyone behind. Along the same lines, Colombia would like to recognise the strategic value of small satellites as instruments which have democratised access to outer space, benefiting developing countries as well as academic and private institutions. Technological development has facilitated the emergence of new actors promoting innovation, knowledge transfer and the building of space capacity at a global level. However, this has not been enough to close technological gaps. For this, greater cooperation is required, including South-South cooperation covering technical and financial aspects. Colombia believes that there is a need to continue to incentivise access to space when it comes to nations and their private sectors in a framework of balance, equity and respect, preserving the rights of the scientific and astronomical community to carry out their activities. Outer space needs to be governed by principles of equity, sustainability and shared benefits. avoiding the reproduction of inequalities. I thank you.

I thank the delegation of Colombia for that statement and I now give the floor to the delegation of South Africa.

Thank you, Chair. The South African delegation aligns itself with the statement delivered by the Group of 77 and China on this agenda item. South Africa continues to regard small satellites as an important means by which new entrants can participate meaningfully in outer space activities. For many countries in Africa, small satellites often offer a realistic entry point into earth observation, scientific research, technology demonstration, and selected communication and data application. South Africa recalls that small satellites fall fully within the existing international legal framework. The question before the subcommittee is not whether the law applies, it is how obligations relating to authorization, Continuing supervision, registration, due regard and responsible contact should be implemented in a manner that remains proportionate to new entrants. This should be done in a way that also responds to the growing challenges posed by congestion, debris and the cumulative effects of large constellation, including where relevant, their implication for astronomy and dark and quiet skies. South Africa will therefore be concerned by any approach that fails to address those cumulative impacts while at the same time imposing disproportionate burdens on smaller operators and developing countries seeking to enter the sector responsibly. Chairperson, many states require assistance not in understanding that obligation exists, but in translating them into workable national system for licensing, registration, debris mitigation and oversight. South Africa will therefore support continued exchanges under this item that focus less on whether special legal rule for small satellites are needed and more on how the existing legal framework can be applied proportionately and effectively. This includes stronger attention to registration practice, debris related obligation, access, safety and sustainability. In conclusion, Chairperson, for my delegation, the guiding principle remains that outer space is open to all states on a basis of equality. Small satellites should remain a pathway for participation and technological advancement. Thank you.

I thank the delegation of South Africa for that statement, and I now give the floor to the delegation of India.

Thank you, Chair and distinguished delegates. As technological developments in space sector continue to advance at an unprecedented pace, an increasingly high fraction of space objects deployed in recent times could be categorized as small satellites. These satellites hold huge promise as a means for rapid technological validation of the underlying concept in an economical manner. However, activities related to small satellites raise certain concerns from a regulatory perspective on safety and sustainability aspects that need to be effectively addressed. Chair, activities in space domain, be they conducted through small satellites or bigger conventional ones, are governed through the well-known legal instruments and guidelines. In most of the cases, the primary objective of a small satellite is to demonstrate a new technology, consequently, Critical design features such as an active maneuverability, robust tracking capabilities, and end-of-life disposal plans are frequently given insufficient attention or omitted entirely. From a space situational perspective, smaller satellites, especially with less than 10 centimeter in size, are difficult from ground-based radar and optical sensors to track. Further, When deployed in groups, individual units become indistinguishable after deployment, often referred to as the CubeSat confusion. The heavy reliance on commercial off-the-shelf components increases failure probabilities, and the absence of a post-mission disposal strategy implies that such objects can linger for years, drifting through heavily populated orbital cells and heightening the risk of collision with operational spacecraft. Despite their small sizes, small satellites can cause potentially catastrophic damage due to the high orbital velocity. Coupled with the fact that typically these satellites are launched via a ride share arrangement, there have been instances wherein they are not registered by individual states. Chair, India believes that the regulatory aspect of small satellite operations need to be evolved through broader consensus-based discussions among the stakeholders, academia, private sectors, government agencies, and national regulatory bodies. India looks forward to having such discussions under the ambit of UN COPUOS, which serves as the appropriate multilateral platform for this purpose. Thank you, Chair, and distinguished delegates for your kind attention.

I thank the delegation of India for that statement and I now give the floor to the delegation of Malaysia.

Thank you, Mr. Chair. Malaysia welcomes the exchange of views on this agenda item. Small satellites, including CubeSats and NanoSats, have significantly expanded access to outer space, enabling developing countries, universities, and startups to participate in scientific research and socioeconomic development. However, Malaysia emphasises that while space has become more accessible, the legal responsibilities of States remain unchanged. Under the existing UN space treaties, the term space object applies to all satellites regardless of their size. Therefore, the principles of authorisation, continuing supervision and international responsibility apply equally to small satellite activities. Malaysia's Space Board Act establishes a comprehensive authorization and supervision regime to ensure the activities conducted under Malaysia's jurisdiction remains consistent with Article 6 and 7 of the Outer Space Treaty 1967. Given the increasing orbital congestion, we believe that effective licensing for small satellites must incorporate space situational awareness considerations. Operators should demonstrate clear debris mitigation planning of life disposal strategies and collision avoidance capabilities to ensure safe and sustainable operations. Mr. Chair, Malaysia further observes that risk may arise from regulatory asymmetry where some states may lack comprehensive frameworks for small satellites deployments or large constellations. This agenda item provides a crucial platform to promote capacity building for developing states and sharing of regulatory best practices. For that, we appreciate the continued support of UN OOSA in strengthening the regulatory capacity of emerging space nations. Mr. Chair, Malaysia believes that accessibility to space must advance together with accountability. We wish to emphasize a core principle, the democratization of access to outer space must be matched by the democratization of responsible governance. Therefore, the Malaysia Spaceport Act, we have laid our domestic foundation. Malaysia expresses its hope that the evolving legal framework for space traffic management reflects the same inclusivity and shared responsibility for the long-term sustainability of the space environment. By integrating space situational awareness into regulatory oversight and enhancing international cooperation, we ensure that the expansion of small satellite activities contribute positively to long-term sustainability. Malaysia remains committed to working with all member states to ensure that increased participation strengthens rather than strains our shared orbital commons. Thank you, Mr. Chair.

I thank the delegation of Malaysia for that statement, and I now give the floor to the delegation of Pakistan.

Thank you, respected Chair. Pakistan welcomes discussion on this important agenda item. The increasing deployment of small satellite constellations, particularly in low earth orbit, is raising multifaceted legal, environmental and operational concerns and warrants thorough deliberations. As the number of small satellites multiply, it increases the risks of space debris, space congestion and light pollution that threatens the integrity of dark skies. Chair, Pakistan acknowledges the growing significance of small satellite and CubeSat platforms in facilitating scientific research, earth observation, communications, services, and capacity building initiatives. While these technological developments have expanded the opportunities for participation in space activities, they also highlight the need to ensure that such activities remain consistent with the existing international legal framework governing outer space. Pakistan maintains that the core international space law treaties apply equally to all space objects, irrespective of their size or technical characteristics. In this regard, Pakistan underscores the following. First, the responsibility of state to authorize and continuously supervise national space activities, including those conducted by governmental and non-governmental

entities.

Second, registration of space objects and compliance with applicable international obligations should be made mandatory. Third, integration of space debris mitigation measures into the design and operational planning of small satellite missions, including end-of-life disposal. Fourth, ensuring that the rapid expansion of small satellite constellations does not adversely affect the long-term sustainability of outer space. I thank you, Chair.

I thank the delegation of Pakistan for the statement and I now give the floor to the delegation of Mexico.

Thank you very much, Chair. Mexico is interested in promoting the construction of small satellites and in capacity building on this topic, considering Inter-Alia, The development of these satellites is a versatile and accessible alternative due to its relevance for various applications and due to its low cost of production and launch. This contributes to the democratisation of access to space. Some of the potential applications of this technology include earth observation, specifically when it comes to agricultural monitoring, the prevention and management of natural disasters, and the provision of telecommunications, which makes it possible to have connectivity in remote areas without leaving out scientific research and education. All of this represents a national benefit, while there are various centres for research and universities with experience in the design and construction of small satellites in our country using the CubeSat standard. The demand for connectivity in Mexico, particularly in rural areas, see projects promoted related to the development of small satellites. Mexico recognises that mega constellations can provide relevant benefits, in particular for connectivity and certain observation services. However, their deployment should be carried out in line with international law, including the Outer Space Treaty, and in line with the non-binding tools issued by COPUOS, including particularly the guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. States should carry out due diligence and comply with their obligation to authorise and continuously supervise the space activities of non-government actors, as well as undertaking international responsibility for national activities in outer space, based on article six of the Outer Space Treaty. Mexico would also like to highlight the importance of the principle of due consideration of the interests of other states and the duty to prevent damaging interference, including those which might affect scientific activities and essential services in accordance with the applicable principles of space law. In line with what I have just said, in 2018 and 2019, The Mexican official standards relating to CubeSats and satellite systems for risk management were published. These establish respectively the technical requirements for the development of these small satellites and principles for the integrated or comprehensive management of risks in space projects. Thank you very much, Chair.

I thank the delegation of Mexico for that statement, and I now give the floor to the delegation of Panama.

Thank you very much, Chair. My delegation aligns itself with the statement made by the G77 and China, and in our national capacity we would like to make the following comments. The growth in activities related to small satellites is changing access to space, allowing for the entry of new actors, academic institutions and research institutions. The development of our first CubeSat has led us to have particular interest in ensuring that the legal framework is clear and viable. In this regard, the implementation of the Space 2030 agenda should serve as a guide to ensure that international law facilitates and does not hinder this inclusion of emerging nations. In particular, Article 6 of the Outer Space Treaty with regard to ongoing supervision, leads to implementation challenges in the context of limited resources. Moreover, with regards to the Registration Convention Articles 2 and 4, we consider there is a need to examine the possibility of registration procedures which are more flexible or more simplified, particularly designed for academic missions or small scale missions which ensure transparency without imposing excessive administrative burdens. Moreover, the provisions related to jurisdiction, control and international responsibility provided for under Articles 7 and 8 of the Outer Space Treaty are of particular relevance in scenarios where the multiplicity of objects and diversity of operators means that their practical implementation is difficult. The resolution of 1962, number 18, which contains the declaration on legal principles as well as resolution 51, 122 on international cooperation of 1996 together with resolution 80/76 which support the current work of the committee offer relevant reference points to guide the implementation of these obligations on an equitable basis. Finally we recognize the value of initiatives such as the Kibo Cube program which facilitate access to space on an equal footing and promote the compliance with technical standards and best practice The consideration of this topic at the subcommittee should bolster an implementation of international law which incorporates criteria of proportionality, ensuring legal certainty without creating barriers to those of us who are first beginning our path into space.

I thank the delegation of Panama, which is the last speaker on my list. I have a delegation which has requested the right of reply under this agenda item, I give the floor to the delegation of Iran.

Thank you, Chair. Mr. Chairman, once again, the U.S. representative raised issues irrelevant to this agenda item and expressed concerns over the so-called internet blackout in Iran, and I have to reply. Does the U.S. really care about the Iranian people? I will give you some examples of the U.S. policies and practices towards the Iranian people in the past, 48 years, and I leave the judgment to you. On 3rd July, 1988, the US Armed Forces shut down an Iranian passenger flight over the Persian Gulf and killed all 290 civilians on board. Later, the crew of the warship from which the missiles were launched were awarded medal for committing war crimes and crimes against humanity. In reference to the US sanctions on Iran, once the US Secretary of State shamelessly said, we want to starve the Iranian people under international law, starving people even during war is a war crime. On 28 February 2026, the US forces targeted an elementary school in Iran and killed 168 students aged between seven to 12 years old, mostly schoolgirls. The US conducted this attack using illegal double tap strikes. Again, a clear manifestation of a war crime and crime against humanity. With such a long dark record of crimes against the Iranian people, now they are shedding crocodile tears for the Iranian people. But Nazi propaganda technique of big lie, repeated lie often enough and it becomes a truth, does not work in the modern age. As the US president himself openly admitted, their interest lies in Iran's oil, not in freedom, democracy or human rights for the Iranian people. It could not have been stated more clearly what the United States seeks at the cost of the Iranian people. I thank you, Mr. Chairman.

I thank the delegation of Iran. And with that, we have concluded our consideration of agenda item 13. I would now like to begin and conclude our consideration of agenda item 14. I have one delegation on my list of speakers, and that is the delegation of the Russian Federation. You have the floor.

Distinguished Chairperson, we are of the view that the subcommittee should focus on the consideration of the items already on its agenda. There is no need to add additional items at this point in our view. Any decision to change the subcommittee's agenda should be linked to the outcome of the discussions on the prospects for optimizing COPRAS's work in the light of the liquidity crisis underway in the committee of the whole, the working group of the whole. We note also that we do not, uh, support the proposal from some delegations to delete from the agenda item same, uh, seven A, definition and delimitation of outer space, and seven… the character and utilization of the geostationary orbit, 7A and 7B. These items are as relevant as ever, as proven by the heightened attention paid to them by delegations. The discussions during this session have just demonstrated the particular importance of these matters for developing countries. We emphasize that for the Russian Federation, the matter of the definition and delimitation of outer space continues to be of the highest priority. Thank you.

I thank the Russian Federation and with that we have concluded our list of speakers. Colleagues, with regard to the dates for the 66th session of the subcommittee, the secretariat has informed me that it has been tentatively scheduled from the 12th to the 23rd of April 2027. from the 12th to the 23rd of April 2027, following the pattern of meetings and based on the information provided by conference management services. I was also informed by the Secretariat that the structure and duration of the sessions of the Committee and its subcommittees is one of the issues to be addressed by the working group of the whole during its intersessional meetings to be held over the following months Pending the outcome of these meetings which will be reported to the next session in June for its consideration of possible adoption the dates of the 66th session of the subcommittee may be adjusted. With that we have therefore concluded our consideration of agenda item 14. Distinguished delegates, we have now exhausted the list of speakers under all substantive agenda items. As I announced this morning, I would like to take advantage of the remaining time to hold a first round of informal consultations on the draft report in this plenary room. Delegations should have before them an advanced English version, the edited English version of the draft report, namely the introduction, agenda item 5 with addendum 2, agenda item 6 with with addendum three, agenda item seven with addendum four and thirteen, agenda item eight with addendum five, agenda item nine with addendum seven, agenda item ten with addendum eight, agenda item eleven with addendum nine, and agenda item fourteen with addendum twelve. In reality, ten out of the sixteen documents which form the draft report have already been produced, three of which depend on working groups, so there are only three additional documents to be produced and to complete the draft report. Before adjourning the meeting in order to be able to hold informal consultations, I would like to inform you of our schedule of work for tomorrow morning's session. We will meet at 10 a.m. and we will suspend the plenary so that the working group on the status and application of the five United Nations treaties on outer space can hold its fourth meeting. Then we will resume the plenary to continue and conclude our consideration of agenda item six with a view to endorsing the working group's report. If time allows we will also continue with our informal consultations on the report. I would also like to inform delegations that the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities will hold its informal consultations from 9 till 10 a.m. tomorrow morning in conference room 7 on the seventh floor. If you'll allow me then, would adjourn the session and I would give you some five to ten minutes break before inviting Member States to stay in this room to hold the informal consultations on the draft report. The session is adjourned and we'll see each other again in five minutes.