{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k1j/k1jsib5dal","kaltura_id":"1_jsib5dal","title":"18th Nelson Mandela World Human Rights Moot Court Competition","clean_title":"18th Nelson Mandela World Human Rights Moot Court Competition","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal","date":"2026-07-17T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2026-07-17T08:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"02:59:33","category":"Human Rights Council","body":null,"event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":null,"pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal"},"metadata":{"summary":"The Nelson Mandela Moot Court Competition is an annual event in which students from around the world come together in Geneva to argue a hypothetical human rights case.","description":"The Nelson Mandela World Human Rights Moot Court Competition is the only global moot court competition explicitly dedicated to human rights. It is co-organised by the Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, the Academy on Human Rights, Washington College of Law, American University, and the United Nations Human Rights Council Branch (HRCB), at the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).","categories":["Meetings & Events","Human Rights Council"],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":[],"corporate_name":[],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[{"title":"Learn more:","url":"https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/nelson-mandela-world-hr-moot-court"}]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"assemblyai-universal-3-5-pro-3ea1b187-aa68-490d-bace-5c37fb94760c","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":1.667,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=2","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"The Thakakula Town Human Rights Court is now in session in the matter between Zwambuka and Lawman Yaka, the Honourable Judge Ivana Djelic 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Judge Dladi.","start":269.119,"end":270.628,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Welcome,","start":269.119,"end":269.472},{"text":"Judge","start":270.002,"end":270.211},{"text":"Dladi.","start":270.323,"end":270.628}]},{"text":"Joining the bench is also Professor Nowak, Manfred Nowak, who is the Secretary-General of the Global Campus of Human 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Professor Chingeta.","start":349.51,"end":351.484,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Welcome,","start":349.51,"end":349.882},{"text":"Professor","start":350.416,"end":350.885},{"text":"Chingeta.","start":350.901,"end":351.484}]},{"text":"We also warmly welcome Mr. Bikram Patra, the Human Rights Officer at the Office of the United Nations Human Human Rights Commission— United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in 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Batra has extensive experience in human rights investigations, legal analysis, monitoring, and policy development.","start":370.781,"end":379.197,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":370.781,"end":371.022},{"text":"Batra","start":371.102,"end":371.407},{"text":"has","start":371.407,"end":371.664},{"text":"extensive","start":371.664,"end":372.355},{"text":"experience","start":372.612,"end":373.27},{"text":"in","start":373.27,"end":373.351},{"text":"human","start":373.351,"end":373.672},{"text":"rights","start":373.672,"end":373.945},{"text":"investigations,","start":373.993,"end":375.053},{"text":"legal","start":375.599,"end":375.904},{"text":"analysis,","start":375.904,"end":376.547},{"text":"monitoring,","start":377.269,"end":377.816},{"text":"and","start":377.912,"end":377.976},{"text":"policy","start":378.008,"end":378.458},{"text":"development.","start":378.474,"end":379.197}]},{"text":"Prior to joining the United Nations, he worked with Amnesty 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this point in time, ladies and gentlemen, I would like to hand over to the Judge President to take her session 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congratulate both teams on reaching the final round of the 18th World Human Rights Moot Court Nelson Mandela, and we look forward to your 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now declare the hearing of the final round open and the court is now in session.","start":442.154,"end":449.328,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":442.154,"end":442.203},{"text":"now","start":442.252,"end":442.431},{"text":"declare","start":442.545,"end":442.97},{"text":"the","start":442.97,"end":443.1},{"text":"hearing","start":443.116,"end":443.59},{"text":"of","start":444.193,"end":444.291},{"text":"the","start":444.34,"end":444.422},{"text":"final","start":444.422,"end":444.748},{"text":"round","start":444.748,"end":445.172},{"text":"open","start":445.809,"end":446.196},{"text":"and","start":446.616,"end":446.68},{"text":"the","start":446.713,"end":446.793},{"text":"court","start":446.874,"end":447.439},{"text":"is","start":447.907,"end":447.972},{"text":"now","start":448.02,"end":448.166},{"text":"in","start":448.392,"end":448.537},{"text":"session.","start":448.892,"end":449.328}]},{"text":"May I invite counsel for the applicant to introduce themselves, indicate the 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with me is my co-counsel Ruth Jokonya, who shall also be taking a total time of 18 minutes, and we shall then reserve before this honourable court 5 minutes for 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They disagreed on where remedies had to be pursued and when exceptions apply for widespread or impracticable violations."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":572.105,"end":572.121},{"text":"clear","start":572.25,"end":572.538},{"text":"reading","start":572.586,"end":572.939},{"text":"of","start":573.051,"end":573.196},{"text":"paragraph","start":573.452,"end":573.901},{"text":"47","start":574.029,"end":574.558},{"text":"of","start":574.59,"end":574.718},{"text":"the","start":574.735,"end":574.783},{"text":"facts","start":574.815,"end":575.344},{"text":"make","start":575.472,"end":575.728},{"text":"it","start":575.777,"end":575.873},{"text":"abundantly","start":575.873,"end":576.402},{"text":"clear","start":576.418,"end":576.835},{"text":"that","start":576.835,"end":577.091},{"text":"both","start":577.316,"end":577.604},{"text":"state","start":577.636,"end":577.957},{"text":"parties","start":577.957,"end":578.406},{"text":"before","start":578.438,"end":578.694},{"text":"this","start":578.694,"end":578.919},{"text":"court","start":578.919,"end":579.239},{"text":"at","start":579.239,"end":579.319},{"text":"this","start":579.319,"end":579.48},{"text":"present","start":579.48,"end":579.8},{"text":"time","start":579.8,"end":580.169},{"text":"have","start":580.747,"end":581.004},{"text":"ratified","start":581.245,"end":582.064},{"text":"the","start":582.353,"end":582.562},{"text":"Takakula","start":582.691,"end":583.333},{"text":"Down","start":583.333,"end":583.623},{"text":"Charter","start":583.799,"end":584.265},{"text":"on","start":584.297,"end":584.346},{"text":"Human","start":584.378,"end":584.635},{"text":"and","start":584.683,"end":584.763},{"text":"People's","start":584.779,"end":585.181},{"text":"Rights.","start":585.181,"end":585.47}]},{"text":"Not only that, but they have deposited valid optional declarations that gives this honorable court the specific jurisdiction to hear this matter.","start":586.065,"end":595.945,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. 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Speakers debated the role of the Vienna Convention, timing of withdrawal, and whether filing a later counterclaim undermined Yakar's position."}],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":596.764,"end":596.941},{"text":"Your","start":597.134,"end":597.295},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":597.295,"end":597.921},{"text":"we","start":598.114,"end":598.226},{"text":"acknowledge","start":598.291,"end":598.773},{"text":"that","start":598.821,"end":598.965},{"text":"on","start":599.062,"end":599.142},{"text":"the","start":599.142,"end":599.222},{"text":"1st","start":599.222,"end":599.56},{"text":"of","start":599.56,"end":599.64},{"text":"September","start":599.64,"end":600.122},{"text":"2025,","start":600.122,"end":601.134},{"text":"Yakar","start":601.632,"end":602.211},{"text":"withdrew","start":602.211,"end":602.789},{"text":"and","start":603.078,"end":603.158},{"text":"renounced","start":603.239,"end":604.138},{"text":"its","start":604.219,"end":604.347},{"text":"particular","start":604.54,"end":605.231},{"text":"optional","start":605.327,"end":605.761},{"text":"declaration","start":605.761,"end":606.468},{"text":"before","start":606.532,"end":606.789},{"text":"this","start":606.789,"end":606.918},{"text":"court.","start":607.03,"end":607.207}]},{"text":"However, we submit that this does not vitiate the jurisdiction of this honorable court regarding this matter, and the legal basis for this argument is under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article 56, Sub-article 2, which provides for at least a 12-month renunciation notice before a withdrawal by a state becomes valid.","start":607.977,"end":633.767,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-withdrawal","label":"Treaty Withdrawal and Court Jurisdiction","description":"A major issue was whether Yakar's withdrawal from the court's jurisdiction was legally effective and compatible with good faith and pacta sunt servanda. Speakers debated the role of the Vienna Convention, timing of withdrawal, and whether filing a later counterclaim undermined Yakar's position."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":607.977,"end":608.603},{"text":"we","start":608.7,"end":608.876},{"text":"submit","start":608.876,"end":609.534},{"text":"that","start":609.679,"end":609.887},{"text":"this","start":609.919,"end":610.24},{"text":"does","start":610.24,"end":610.449},{"text":"not","start":610.561,"end":610.898},{"text":"vitiate","start":611.283,"end":612.102},{"text":"the","start":612.487,"end":612.808},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":613.273,"end":613.819},{"text":"of","start":613.867,"end":613.947},{"text":"this","start":613.996,"end":614.06},{"text":"honorable","start":614.236,"end":614.525},{"text":"court","start":614.573,"end":614.83},{"text":"regarding","start":614.958,"end":615.279},{"text":"this","start":615.295,"end":615.424},{"text":"matter,","start":615.52,"end":615.905},{"text":"and","start":616.499,"end":616.563},{"text":"the","start":616.644,"end":616.804},{"text":"legal","start":616.804,"end":617.093},{"text":"basis","start":617.205,"end":617.655},{"text":"for","start":617.783,"end":617.927},{"text":"this","start":617.927,"end":618.168},{"text":"argument","start":618.248,"end":618.762},{"text":"is","start":618.826,"end":618.954},{"text":"under","start":619.291,"end":619.612},{"text":"the","start":619.709,"end":619.901},{"text":"Vienna","start":620.335,"end":620.704},{"text":"Convention","start":620.752,"end":621.233},{"text":"on","start":621.297,"end":621.378},{"text":"the","start":621.378,"end":621.458},{"text":"Law","start":621.474,"end":621.634},{"text":"of","start":621.634,"end":621.731},{"text":"Treaties,","start":621.731,"end":622.244},{"text":"Article","start":622.501,"end":622.918},{"text":"56,","start":622.918,"end":623.657},{"text":"Sub-article","start":623.737,"end":624.379},{"text":"2,","start":624.507,"end":624.619},{"text":"which","start":625.39,"end":625.614},{"text":"provides","start":625.791,"end":626.545},{"text":"for","start":626.77,"end":627.187},{"text":"at","start":627.251,"end":627.38},{"text":"least","start":627.492,"end":627.829},{"text":"a","start":627.893,"end":627.909},{"text":"12-month","start":628.054,"end":628.936},{"text":"renunciation","start":629.161,"end":629.931},{"text":"notice","start":629.98,"end":630.541},{"text":"before","start":630.862,"end":631.296},{"text":"a","start":631.584,"end":631.6},{"text":"withdrawal","start":631.665,"end":632.178},{"text":"by","start":632.307,"end":632.499},{"text":"a","start":632.547,"end":632.563},{"text":"state","start":632.563,"end":633.029},{"text":"becomes","start":633.029,"end":633.398},{"text":"valid.","start":633.43,"end":633.767}]},{"text":"Now, Your Excellencies, we then consequently submit that the renunciation by the State of Yakar remains at least invalid until the 1st of September, 2026.","start":634.553,"end":646.094,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-withdrawal","label":"Treaty Withdrawal and Court Jurisdiction","description":"A major issue was whether Yakar's withdrawal from the court's jurisdiction was legally effective and compatible with good faith and pacta sunt servanda. Speakers debated the role of the Vienna Convention, timing of withdrawal, and whether filing a later counterclaim undermined Yakar's position."}],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":634.553,"end":634.665},{"text":"Your","start":634.793,"end":635.017},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":635.017,"end":635.643},{"text":"we","start":635.675,"end":635.819},{"text":"then","start":635.835,"end":635.947},{"text":"consequently","start":636.059,"end":636.652},{"text":"submit","start":636.652,"end":637.213},{"text":"that","start":637.742,"end":638.015},{"text":"the","start":638.063,"end":638.143},{"text":"renunciation","start":638.143,"end":639.089},{"text":"by","start":639.281,"end":639.522},{"text":"the","start":639.522,"end":639.602},{"text":"State","start":639.602,"end":639.89},{"text":"of","start":639.987,"end":640.147},{"text":"Yakar","start":640.147,"end":640.66},{"text":"remains","start":641.109,"end":641.814},{"text":"at","start":642.086,"end":642.279},{"text":"least","start":642.311,"end":642.631},{"text":"invalid","start":642.647,"end":643.096},{"text":"until","start":643.208,"end":643.769},{"text":"the","start":643.769,"end":643.85},{"text":"1st","start":643.85,"end":644.234},{"text":"of","start":644.234,"end":644.282},{"text":"September,","start":644.314,"end":644.875},{"text":"2026.","start":645.116,"end":646.094}]},{"text":"Therefore, this court is properly seized with the requisite personal jurisdiction regarding this claim.","start":646.655,"end":652.425,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. They disagreed on where remedies had to be pursued and when exceptions apply for widespread or impracticable violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":646.655,"end":647.168},{"text":"this","start":647.28,"end":647.344},{"text":"court","start":647.52,"end":647.729},{"text":"is","start":647.921,"end":648.065},{"text":"properly","start":648.097,"end":648.514},{"text":"seized","start":648.514,"end":649.235},{"text":"with","start":649.46,"end":649.62},{"text":"the","start":649.62,"end":649.764},{"text":"requisite","start":649.764,"end":650.245},{"text":"personal","start":650.261,"end":650.646},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":650.646,"end":651.271},{"text":"regarding","start":651.544,"end":651.912},{"text":"this","start":651.944,"end":652.105},{"text":"claim.","start":652.105,"end":652.425}]},{"text":"Your Excellencies, further proceeding to make submissions regarding the requisite territorial jurisdiction on the same claim.","start":653.772,"end":661.033,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":653.772,"end":653.9},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":653.932,"end":654.557},{"text":"further","start":654.83,"end":655.198},{"text":"proceeding","start":655.23,"end":655.759},{"text":"to","start":655.952,"end":656.096},{"text":"make","start":656.096,"end":656.368},{"text":"submissions","start":656.513,"end":657.282},{"text":"regarding","start":657.635,"end":658.164},{"text":"the","start":658.356,"end":658.5},{"text":"requisite","start":658.5,"end":659.061},{"text":"territorial","start":659.077,"end":659.687},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":659.719,"end":660.328},{"text":"on","start":660.36,"end":660.408},{"text":"the","start":660.44,"end":660.52},{"text":"same","start":660.52,"end":660.728},{"text":"claim.","start":660.761,"end":661.033}]},{"text":"Well, the applicant acknowledges that the violations occurred within the region of Dabula.","start":662.604,"end":668.377,"topics":[{"key":"dabula-atrocities","label":"Atrocities in Dabula","description":"Several submissions focused on alleged torture, civilian killings, and broader abuses committed during the conflict in Dabula. These acts were framed as violations of core human rights, especially the rights to life and freedom from torture."}],"words":[{"text":"Well,","start":662.604,"end":662.733},{"text":"the","start":663.47,"end":663.551},{"text":"applicant","start":663.711,"end":664.256},{"text":"acknowledges","start":664.352,"end":664.978},{"text":"that","start":665.186,"end":665.587},{"text":"the","start":665.651,"end":665.731},{"text":"violations","start":665.731,"end":666.533},{"text":"occurred","start":666.613,"end":666.998},{"text":"within","start":666.998,"end":667.207},{"text":"the","start":667.255,"end":667.399},{"text":"region","start":667.399,"end":667.704},{"text":"of","start":667.752,"end":667.832},{"text":"Dabula.","start":667.88,"end":668.377}]},{"text":"Now, Your Excellencies, primarily jurisdiction is territorial, as clearly established by the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Ilascu versus Moldova.","start":669.259,"end":682.409,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. They disagreed on where remedies had to be pursued and when exceptions apply for widespread or impracticable violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":669.259,"end":669.372},{"text":"Your","start":669.484,"end":669.644},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":669.644,"end":670.35},{"text":"primarily","start":670.622,"end":671.392},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":671.649,"end":672.306},{"text":"is","start":672.306,"end":672.354},{"text":"territorial,","start":672.451,"end":673.204},{"text":"as","start":673.349,"end":673.477},{"text":"clearly","start":673.733,"end":674.166},{"text":"established","start":674.166,"end":674.76},{"text":"by","start":674.792,"end":674.904},{"text":"the","start":675.513,"end":675.77},{"text":"European","start":675.979,"end":676.476},{"text":"Court","start":676.556,"end":676.973},{"text":"of","start":677.101,"end":677.181},{"text":"Human","start":677.197,"end":677.614},{"text":"Rights","start":677.662,"end":677.967},{"text":"in","start":678.544,"end":678.689},{"text":"the","start":678.721,"end":678.801},{"text":"case","start":678.865,"end":679.202},{"text":"of","start":679.266,"end":679.41},{"text":"Ilascu","start":679.667,"end":680.26},{"text":"versus","start":680.645,"end":681.174},{"text":"Moldova.","start":681.751,"end":682.409}]},{"text":"Now, there are particular exceptions to this rule that then provides for the particular principle of jurisdiction being exercised by a court based on the principle of extraterritoriality.","start":683.515,"end":697.608,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. 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They disagreed on where remedies had to be pursued and when exceptions apply for widespread or impracticable violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":728.021,"end":728.181},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":728.181,"end":728.791},{"text":"the","start":728.903,"end":728.983},{"text":"other","start":729.143,"end":729.384},{"text":"exception","start":729.384,"end":729.913},{"text":"is","start":730.025,"end":730.153},{"text":"where","start":730.266,"end":730.554},{"text":"there","start":730.57,"end":730.747},{"text":"is","start":730.811,"end":730.875},{"text":"particular","start":731.148,"end":731.693},{"text":"effective","start":731.773,"end":732.206},{"text":"control","start":732.254,"end":732.559},{"text":"over","start":732.735,"end":732.911},{"text":"the","start":732.911,"end":733.072},{"text":"particular","start":733.072,"end":733.553},{"text":"violations.","start":733.553,"end":734.29}]},{"text":"Now, Your Excellencies, we further submit that the respondent state, Yakar, exercised both of these 2 criteria in order for this court's jurisdiction to be properly triggered.","start":735.381,"end":748.516,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. 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Speakers debated the role of the Vienna Convention, timing of withdrawal, and whether filing a later counterclaim undermined Yakar's position."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":826.23,"end":826.279},{"text":"just","start":826.487,"end":826.664},{"text":"wanted","start":826.728,"end":826.985},{"text":"to","start":826.985,"end":827.13},{"text":"take","start":827.13,"end":827.354},{"text":"you","start":827.354,"end":827.435},{"text":"back","start":827.451,"end":827.627},{"text":"to","start":827.627,"end":827.772},{"text":"the","start":827.772,"end":828.013},{"text":"authority","start":828.013,"end":828.494},{"text":"of","start":828.494,"end":828.623},{"text":"the","start":828.655,"end":828.816},{"text":"Vienna","start":828.816,"end":829.121},{"text":"Convention","start":829.121,"end":829.586},{"text":"that","start":829.763,"end":830.02},{"text":"you","start":830.02,"end":830.196},{"text":"cited.","start":830.277,"end":830.823}]},{"text":"In the facts, there is nowhere where it is indicated that, you know, the respondent has signed the Vienna Convention.","start":831.545,"end":840.023,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-withdrawal","label":"Treaty Withdrawal and Court Jurisdiction","description":"A major issue was whether Yakar's withdrawal from the court's jurisdiction was legally effective and compatible with good faith and pacta sunt servanda. 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Speakers debated the role of the Vienna Convention, timing of withdrawal, and whether filing a later counterclaim undermined Yakar's position."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":846.645,"end":846.741},{"text":"second","start":846.741,"end":847.096},{"text":"question","start":847.128,"end":847.498},{"text":"regarding","start":848.175,"end":848.545},{"text":"that","start":848.577,"end":848.916},{"text":"is,","start":849.125,"end":849.351},{"text":"do","start":850.929,"end":851.01},{"text":"you","start":851.01,"end":851.155},{"text":"have","start":851.155,"end":851.364},{"text":"any","start":851.541,"end":851.718},{"text":"case","start":851.783,"end":852.073},{"text":"law","start":852.121,"end":852.314},{"text":"in","start":852.685,"end":852.733},{"text":"terms","start":852.846,"end":853.184},{"text":"of","start":853.249,"end":853.377},{"text":"withdrawal","start":853.959,"end":855.16},{"text":"of","start":855.257,"end":855.322},{"text":"states","start":855.354,"end":855.776},{"text":"from","start":856.798,"end":857.107},{"text":"a","start":857.236,"end":857.382},{"text":"particular","start":857.382,"end":857.853},{"text":"treaty","start":857.853,"end":858.21},{"text":"in","start":858.21,"end":858.324},{"text":"terms","start":858.372,"end":858.599},{"text":"of","start":858.616,"end":858.697},{"text":"jurisdiction?","start":858.745,"end":859.2}]},{"text":"If you can refer us to that, please.","start":859.265,"end":860.481,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":859.265,"end":859.346},{"text":"you","start":859.346,"end":859.459},{"text":"can","start":859.475,"end":859.621},{"text":"refer","start":859.654,"end":859.767},{"text":"us","start":859.881,"end":859.93},{"text":"to","start":859.995,"end":860.141},{"text":"that,","start":860.141,"end":860.287},{"text":"please.","start":860.303,"end":860.481}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Thompson-Chengeta","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Professor"}},{"statement_number":12,"start":866.876,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=867","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Most obliged, Your Excellency.","start":866.876,"end":868.799,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Most","start":866.876,"end":867.2},{"text":"obliged,","start":867.216,"end":867.83},{"text":"Your","start":868.024,"end":868.25},{"text":"Excellency.","start":868.25,"end":868.799}]},{"text":"While the facts do not point to either party signing as part of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.","start":870.351,"end":877.778,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-withdrawal","label":"Treaty Withdrawal and Court Jurisdiction","description":"A major issue was whether Yakar's withdrawal from the court's jurisdiction was legally effective and compatible with good faith and pacta sunt servanda. 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They disagreed on where remedies had to be pursued and when exceptions apply for widespread or impracticable violations."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":923.953,"end":924.049},{"text":"was","start":924.049,"end":924.178},{"text":"highlighted","start":924.274,"end":924.851},{"text":"that","start":924.851,"end":925.219},{"text":"A","start":925.492,"end":925.508},{"text":"state","start":925.572,"end":926.085},{"text":"cannot","start":926.213,"end":926.565},{"text":"attempt","start":926.677,"end":927.174},{"text":"to","start":927.174,"end":927.446},{"text":"use","start":927.479,"end":927.895},{"text":"a","start":927.975,"end":927.991},{"text":"withdrawal","start":928.039,"end":928.664},{"text":"of","start":928.776,"end":928.905},{"text":"the","start":929.257,"end":929.481},{"text":"court's","start":929.481,"end":929.898},{"text":"consent","start":929.898,"end":930.587},{"text":"to","start":931.004,"end":931.148},{"text":"the","start":931.164,"end":931.244},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":931.324,"end":932.109},{"text":"simply","start":932.462,"end":933.071},{"text":"to","start":933.263,"end":933.375},{"text":"tactically","start":934.064,"end":934.721},{"text":"maneuver","start":934.721,"end":935.25},{"text":"away","start":935.33,"end":935.666},{"text":"from","start":935.666,"end":935.971},{"text":"particular","start":936.227,"end":936.916},{"text":"accountability","start":936.932,"end":937.797},{"text":"for","start":938.166,"end":938.374},{"text":"violations","start":938.374,"end":939.239},{"text":"that","start":939.255,"end":939.4},{"text":"crystallized","start":939.512,"end":940.393},{"text":"during","start":940.393,"end":940.762},{"text":"the","start":940.794,"end":940.954},{"text":"time","start":940.954,"end":941.29},{"text":"a","start":941.29,"end":941.434},{"text":"declaration","start":941.434,"end":941.947},{"text":"was","start":941.963,"end":942.075},{"text":"active.","start":942.156,"end":942.412}]},{"text":"Now, Your Excellencies, it is abundantly clear that Operation Purity occurred within the time of 2023 to 2024.","start":942.957,"end":950.391,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":942.957,"end":943.037},{"text":"Your","start":943.101,"end":943.261},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":943.261,"end":943.774},{"text":"it","start":943.838,"end":943.918},{"text":"is","start":943.918,"end":944.062},{"text":"abundantly","start":944.062,"end":944.559},{"text":"clear","start":944.559,"end":944.831},{"text":"that","start":944.863,"end":945.04},{"text":"Operation","start":945.04,"end":945.584},{"text":"Purity","start":945.584,"end":946.049},{"text":"occurred","start":946.562,"end":947.219},{"text":"within","start":947.283,"end":947.523},{"text":"the","start":947.523,"end":947.78},{"text":"time","start":947.924,"end":948.18},{"text":"of","start":948.308,"end":948.453},{"text":"2023","start":948.469,"end":949.286},{"text":"to","start":949.286,"end":949.43},{"text":"2024.","start":949.43,"end":950.391}]},{"text":"That is pursuant to paragraphs 7 and 8 of the facts.","start":950.808,"end":953.259,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":950.808,"end":951.032},{"text":"is","start":951.112,"end":951.176},{"text":"pursuant","start":951.273,"end":951.609},{"text":"to","start":951.609,"end":951.689},{"text":"paragraphs","start":951.689,"end":952.058},{"text":"7","start":952.09,"end":952.394},{"text":"and","start":952.394,"end":952.458},{"text":"8","start":952.554,"end":952.731},{"text":"of","start":952.731,"end":952.811},{"text":"the","start":952.811,"end":952.955},{"text":"facts.","start":952.955,"end":953.259}]},{"text":"Now, at this present time, the Court was still seized for— with the requisite jurisdiction, and consequently this Court cannot have this jurisdiction stripped away by such a bad faith attempt.","start":953.699,"end":964.039,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-withdrawal","label":"Treaty Withdrawal and Court Jurisdiction","description":"A major issue was whether Yakar's withdrawal from the court's jurisdiction was legally effective and compatible with good faith and pacta sunt servanda. 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They discussed lex specialis, whether both frameworks apply simultaneously, and how armed conflict should be classified in this case."}],"words":[{"text":"Counsel,","start":965.032,"end":965.467},{"text":"do","start":965.58,"end":965.676},{"text":"you","start":965.676,"end":965.789},{"text":"mean","start":966.481,"end":966.642},{"text":"to","start":966.642,"end":966.771},{"text":"argue","start":966.787,"end":967.125},{"text":"then","start":967.125,"end":967.334},{"text":"that","start":967.511,"end":967.737},{"text":"there","start":968.397,"end":968.509},{"text":"is","start":968.509,"end":968.59},{"text":"something,","start":968.59,"end":968.944},{"text":"a","start":970.039,"end":970.184},{"text":"different","start":970.184,"end":970.506},{"text":"consideration","start":970.506,"end":971.198},{"text":"when","start":971.472,"end":971.584},{"text":"you're","start":971.938,"end":973.033},{"text":"dealing","start":973.645,"end":973.935},{"text":"with","start":973.951,"end":974.047},{"text":"the","start":974.047,"end":974.112},{"text":"interpretation","start":974.112,"end":974.643},{"text":"of","start":974.675,"end":974.74},{"text":"human","start":974.74,"end":974.918},{"text":"rights","start":974.918,"end":975.08},{"text":"treaties","start":975.08,"end":975.436},{"text":"and","start":977.185,"end":977.25},{"text":"withdrawals","start":977.363,"end":977.979},{"text":"and","start":978.886,"end":978.999},{"text":"reservations?","start":978.999,"end":979.518}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Veronica Gómez","affiliation":"IACtHR","affiliation_full":"IACtHR","group":null,"function":"Judge"}},{"statement_number":14,"start":984.26,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=985","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Most indebted, Your Excellency. Particularly, Your Excellencies, regarding the issue of withdrawals, we refer to this honorable court's particular judgment in the case of Umuhosa versus Rwanda, where particularly the issue that is looked at is what is provided for in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties under Article 26, that is pacta sunt servanda, whereby if a state then deposits a particular declaration which gives the Court jurisdiction, evasion of such would be violation of the actual good faith that is inherent in every human rights treaty.","start":984.26,"end":1028.145,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-withdrawal","label":"Treaty Withdrawal and Court Jurisdiction","description":"A major issue was whether Yakar's withdrawal from the court's jurisdiction was legally effective and compatible with good faith and pacta sunt servanda. 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attribution?","start":1147.638,"end":1151.629,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"May","start":1147.638,"end":1147.703},{"text":"I","start":1147.703,"end":1147.719},{"text":"just","start":1147.799,"end":1148.266},{"text":"ask","start":1148.507,"end":1148.926},{"text":"you","start":1148.926,"end":1149.054},{"text":"about","start":1149.746,"end":1150.31},{"text":"attribution?","start":1151.178,"end":1151.629}]},{"text":"What do you think, what do you think about how this Court should distinguish between jurisdiction established by the Charter, talking about Takakula down human rights and people's Charter and substantive attribution of internationally wrongful acts to the respondent state.","start":1154.7,"end":1176.344,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"What","start":1154.7,"end":1154.748},{"text":"do","start":1154.748,"end":1154.796},{"text":"you","start":1154.796,"end":1154.844},{"text":"think,","start":1154.909,"end":1155.472},{"text":"what","start":1156.099,"end":1156.228},{"text":"do","start":1156.26,"end":1156.292},{"text":"you","start":1156.292,"end":1156.421},{"text":"think","start":1156.421,"end":1156.759},{"text":"about","start":1156.823,"end":1157.595},{"text":"how","start":1157.611,"end":1157.724},{"text":"this","start":1157.949,"end":1158.062},{"text":"Court","start":1158.351,"end":1160.04},{"text":"should","start":1160.346,"end":1160.507},{"text":"distinguish","start":1160.507,"end":1160.893},{"text":"between","start":1160.99,"end":1161.215},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":1161.247,"end":1162.019},{"text":"established","start":1163.5,"end":1164.354},{"text":"by","start":1164.531,"end":1164.66},{"text":"the","start":1164.708,"end":1164.869},{"text":"Charter,","start":1164.869,"end":1165.449},{"text":"talking","start":1165.738,"end":1166.028},{"text":"about","start":1166.077,"end":1166.399},{"text":"Takakula","start":1166.399,"end":1167.043},{"text":"down","start":1167.043,"end":1167.332},{"text":"human","start":1167.526,"end":1167.848},{"text":"rights","start":1167.848,"end":1168.089},{"text":"and","start":1168.089,"end":1168.17},{"text":"people's","start":1168.17,"end":1170.311},{"text":"Charter","start":1168.502,"end":1169.034},{"text":"and","start":1170.503,"end":1170.583},{"text":"substantive","start":1170.6,"end":1171.697},{"text":"attribution","start":1172.052,"end":1172.633},{"text":"of","start":1172.633,"end":1172.713},{"text":"internationally","start":1172.713,"end":1173.391},{"text":"wrongful","start":1173.488,"end":1174.021},{"text":"acts","start":1174.698,"end":1174.94},{"text":"to","start":1174.94,"end":1175.199},{"text":"the","start":1175.199,"end":1175.263},{"text":"respondent","start":1175.263,"end":1175.763},{"text":"state.","start":1175.763,"end":1176.344}]},{"text":"What 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President"}},{"statement_number":18,"start":1187.13,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=1188","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Your Excellency, Judge President, we submit that Article 35 of the Takakula Down Charter provides for this honorable court's jurisdiction for the interpretation and application of all human rights treaties to which the parties are parties 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Your Excellencies, regarding the issue of attribution, particularly regarding this initial claim of the atrocities committed within the region of Dabula, under the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Your Excellencies, under Article 8, it provides for attribution of a non-state actor's actions to a state where that particular state exercises direction or control of the particular actions.","start":1205.333,"end":1238.532,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. 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They disagreed on where remedies had to be pursued and when exceptions apply for widespread or impracticable violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":1497.761,"end":1498.31},{"text":"the","start":1498.39,"end":1498.487},{"text":"prerequisite","start":1498.487,"end":1499.262},{"text":"of","start":1499.359,"end":1499.44},{"text":"diplomatic","start":1499.698,"end":1500.344},{"text":"negotiations","start":1500.344,"end":1501.248},{"text":"outside","start":1501.377,"end":1501.845},{"text":"of","start":1501.942,"end":1502.087},{"text":"any","start":1502.136,"end":1502.33},{"text":"tribunal","start":1502.33,"end":1502.906},{"text":"was","start":1503.169,"end":1503.318},{"text":"fulfilled","start":1503.351,"end":1503.828},{"text":"before","start":1503.828,"end":1504.075},{"text":"the","start":1504.092,"end":1504.157},{"text":"application","start":1504.24,"end":1504.652},{"text":"was","start":1504.668,"end":1504.8},{"text":"brought","start":1504.833,"end":1505.047},{"text":"before","start":1505.08,"end":1505.31},{"text":"this","start":1505.31,"end":1505.475},{"text":"court.","start":1505.475,"end":1505.59}]},{"text":"Most indebted, I shall proceed to make submissions regarding the admissibility of the claims.","start":1508.024,"end":1514.467,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. 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most, Your Excellency, I shall make submissions regarding the first claim.","start":1599.355,"end":1604.471,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Most,","start":1599.355,"end":1599.726},{"text":"most,","start":1599.839,"end":1600.178},{"text":"Your","start":1600.694,"end":1600.759},{"text":"Excellency,","start":1600.759,"end":1601.308},{"text":"I","start":1601.727,"end":1601.743},{"text":"shall","start":1601.743,"end":1601.937},{"text":"make","start":1601.969,"end":1602.308},{"text":"submissions","start":1602.647,"end":1603.422},{"text":"regarding","start":1603.422,"end":1603.809},{"text":"the","start":1603.841,"end":1603.922},{"text":"first","start":1603.922,"end":1604.245},{"text":"claim.","start":1604.245,"end":1604.471}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Prince Mafigu","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"First Counsel for the applicant"}},{"statement_number":27,"start":1607.034,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=1608","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"In that, in that regard, I know we have asked you questions on procedural aspects.","start":1607.034,"end":1610.157,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1607.034,"end":1607.098},{"text":"that,","start":1607.13,"end":1607.307},{"text":"in","start":1607.372,"end":1607.436},{"text":"that","start":1607.452,"end":1607.678},{"text":"regard,","start":1607.678,"end":1607.983},{"text":"I","start":1607.999,"end":1608.016},{"text":"know","start":1608.016,"end":1608.177},{"text":"we","start":1608.177,"end":1608.273},{"text":"have","start":1608.273,"end":1608.402},{"text":"asked","start":1608.482,"end":1608.643},{"text":"you","start":1608.643,"end":1608.74},{"text":"questions","start":1608.74,"end":1609.078},{"text":"on","start":1609.078,"end":1609.191},{"text":"procedural","start":1609.223,"end":1609.786},{"text":"aspects.","start":1609.786,"end":1610.157}]},{"text":"I will just ask you to answer perhaps this question and then move to the merits of the 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about exhaustion of local remedies, in which country really?","start":1616.863,"end":1620.653,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. 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They disagreed on where remedies had to be pursued and when exceptions apply for widespread or impracticable violations."},{"key":"indigenous-consultation","label":"Indigenous Rights and Consultation","description":"The Aurora Ceasefire Agreement raised questions about the Kuru people's self-determination, ancestral land rights, and the requirement of free, prior and informed consent. 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They disagreed on where remedies had to be pursued and when exceptions apply for widespread or impracticable violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Honorable","start":1692.962,"end":1693.444},{"text":"Judge","start":1693.444,"end":1693.621},{"text":"President,","start":1693.749,"end":1694.248},{"text":"we","start":1694.89,"end":1695.067},{"text":"submit","start":1695.067,"end":1695.614},{"text":"before","start":1695.614,"end":1695.871},{"text":"this","start":1695.871,"end":1695.983},{"text":"court","start":1696.096,"end":1696.481},{"text":"the","start":1696.481,"end":1696.546},{"text":"case","start":1696.642,"end":1696.963},{"text":"of","start":1697.044,"end":1697.108},{"text":"Ireland","start":1697.365,"end":1697.783},{"text":"versus","start":1697.783,"end":1698.072},{"text":"the","start":1698.169,"end":1698.249},{"text":"United","start":1698.249,"end":1698.731},{"text":"Kingdom,","start":1698.731,"end":1699.037},{"text":"and","start":1700.178,"end":1700.242},{"text":"the","start":1700.66,"end":1700.756},{"text":"court","start":1700.836,"end":1701.222},{"text":"highlighted","start":1701.318,"end":1702.09},{"text":"the","start":1702.456,"end":1702.539},{"text":"fact","start":1702.539,"end":1703.151},{"text":"that","start":1703.184,"end":1703.449},{"text":"where","start":1704.442,"end":1704.635},{"text":"a","start":1704.763,"end":1704.779},{"text":"state","start":1704.843,"end":1705.502},{"text":"alleges","start":1705.726,"end":1706.256},{"text":"a","start":1706.513,"end":1706.529},{"text":"direct","start":1706.674,"end":1707.348},{"text":"injury","start":1707.412,"end":1707.83},{"text":"of","start":1707.958,"end":1708.103},{"text":"its","start":1708.279,"end":1708.392},{"text":"own","start":1708.601,"end":1708.777},{"text":"state","start":1708.777,"end":1709.195},{"text":"apparatus,","start":1709.339,"end":1710.158},{"text":"then","start":1710.929,"end":1711.057},{"text":"there","start":1711.25,"end":1711.427},{"text":"is","start":1711.427,"end":1711.555},{"text":"no","start":1711.667,"end":1712.069},{"text":"particular","start":1712.133,"end":1712.92},{"text":"domestic","start":1712.936,"end":1713.418},{"text":"remedy","start":1713.418,"end":1713.803},{"text":"to","start":1713.835,"end":1713.963},{"text":"pursue.","start":1713.98,"end":1714.317}]},{"text":"Now, in terms of the facts, there is the claim that has got to do with the sinking of the Madame VG, which was sunk on the region of the high seas, and the State of Yakar claims violations stemming from this, from the destruction of such apparatus.","start":1715.264,"end":1729.603,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."}],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":1715.264,"end":1715.393},{"text":"in","start":1715.521,"end":1715.569},{"text":"terms","start":1715.665,"end":1715.938},{"text":"of","start":1715.938,"end":1716.019},{"text":"the","start":1716.067,"end":1716.147},{"text":"facts,","start":1716.147,"end":1716.516},{"text":"there","start":1717.03,"end":1717.207},{"text":"is","start":1717.207,"end":1717.255},{"text":"the","start":1717.351,"end":1717.448},{"text":"claim","start":1717.448,"end":1717.753},{"text":"that","start":1717.769,"end":1717.913},{"text":"has","start":1717.913,"end":1718.026},{"text":"got","start":1718.026,"end":1718.235},{"text":"to","start":1718.235,"end":1718.331},{"text":"do","start":1718.331,"end":1718.491},{"text":"with","start":1718.491,"end":1718.652},{"text":"the","start":1718.652,"end":1718.732},{"text":"sinking","start":1718.732,"end":1719.086},{"text":"of","start":1719.134,"end":1719.182},{"text":"the","start":1719.214,"end":1719.294},{"text":"Madame","start":1719.294,"end":1719.567},{"text":"VG,","start":1719.696,"end":1720.177},{"text":"which","start":1720.563,"end":1720.707},{"text":"was","start":1720.739,"end":1720.868},{"text":"sunk","start":1720.9,"end":1721.237},{"text":"on","start":1721.317,"end":1721.398},{"text":"the","start":1721.446,"end":1721.526},{"text":"region","start":1721.542,"end":1721.831},{"text":"of","start":1721.863,"end":1721.944},{"text":"the","start":1721.944,"end":1722.088},{"text":"high","start":1722.088,"end":1722.201},{"text":"seas,","start":1722.201,"end":1722.554},{"text":"and","start":1723.292,"end":1723.597},{"text":"the","start":1723.774,"end":1723.87},{"text":"State","start":1723.87,"end":1724.192},{"text":"of","start":1724.256,"end":1724.352},{"text":"Yakar","start":1724.352,"end":1724.754},{"text":"claims","start":1724.754,"end":1725.524},{"text":"violations","start":1725.653,"end":1726.375},{"text":"stemming","start":1726.375,"end":1726.809},{"text":"from","start":1726.841,"end":1727.001},{"text":"this,","start":1727.001,"end":1727.178},{"text":"from","start":1727.724,"end":1727.868},{"text":"the","start":1727.949,"end":1728.029},{"text":"destruction","start":1728.045,"end":1728.559},{"text":"of","start":1728.591,"end":1728.639},{"text":"such","start":1728.671,"end":1728.896},{"text":"apparatus.","start":1729.009,"end":1729.603}]},{"text":"Now, that claim, clearly there is no domestic remedy to pursue because it is state apparatus that has suffered direct injury.","start":1730.312,"end":1738.177,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. They disagreed on where remedies had to be pursued and when exceptions apply for widespread or impracticable violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":1730.312,"end":1730.489},{"text":"that","start":1730.619,"end":1730.877},{"text":"claim,","start":1730.925,"end":1731.216},{"text":"clearly","start":1731.345,"end":1731.797},{"text":"there","start":1731.894,"end":1732.056},{"text":"is","start":1732.056,"end":1732.12},{"text":"no","start":1732.233,"end":1732.46},{"text":"domestic","start":1732.46,"end":1732.863},{"text":"remedy","start":1732.863,"end":1733.267},{"text":"to","start":1733.267,"end":1733.364},{"text":"pursue","start":1733.364,"end":1733.719},{"text":"because","start":1734.478,"end":1734.866},{"text":"it","start":1734.963,"end":1735.044},{"text":"is","start":1735.124,"end":1735.27},{"text":"state","start":1735.286,"end":1735.544},{"text":"apparatus","start":1735.544,"end":1736.061},{"text":"that","start":1736.271,"end":1736.4},{"text":"has","start":1736.416,"end":1736.497},{"text":"suffered","start":1736.998,"end":1737.45},{"text":"direct","start":1737.482,"end":1737.87},{"text":"injury.","start":1737.886,"end":1738.177}]},{"text":"Now, in the interest of time, I shall proceed to address the first claim.","start":1740.28,"end":1744.2,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":1740.28,"end":1740.879},{"text":"in","start":1741.025,"end":1741.073},{"text":"the","start":1741.122,"end":1741.203},{"text":"interest","start":1741.203,"end":1741.543},{"text":"of","start":1741.543,"end":1741.673},{"text":"time,","start":1741.673,"end":1741.9},{"text":"I","start":1742.078,"end":1742.094},{"text":"shall","start":1742.094,"end":1742.337},{"text":"proceed","start":1742.337,"end":1742.775},{"text":"to","start":1742.823,"end":1742.953},{"text":"address","start":1742.969,"end":1743.423},{"text":"the","start":1743.552,"end":1743.633},{"text":"first","start":1743.633,"end":1743.957},{"text":"claim.","start":1743.957,"end":1744.2}]},{"text":"Your Excellencies, regarding the atrocities committed by the— regarding the particular atrocities that were committed in the region of Dabula, Your Excellencies, we submit before this honorable court that under Article 16 of the ASIWA, it was provided that a state is complicit in the commission of an internationally wrongful act if it assists or aids another state with knowledge of the circumstances.","start":1745.091,"end":1772.083,"topics":[{"key":"dabula-atrocities","label":"Atrocities in Dabula","description":"Several submissions focused on alleged torture, civilian killings, and broader abuses committed during the conflict in Dabula. These acts were framed as violations of core human rights, especially the rights to life and freedom from torture."},{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. 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only that, Your Excellencies, it is also then abundantly clear that shortly thereafter, Your Excellencies, the applicant notes that its time has 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if I can get a minute to conclude the submission.","start":1825.817,"end":1828.755,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Perhaps","start":1825.817,"end":1826.235},{"text":"if","start":1826.379,"end":1826.556},{"text":"I","start":1826.62,"end":1826.636},{"text":"can","start":1826.7,"end":1826.909},{"text":"get","start":1826.925,"end":1827.182},{"text":"a","start":1827.182,"end":1827.198},{"text":"minute","start":1827.198,"end":1827.551},{"text":"to","start":1827.583,"end":1827.744},{"text":"conclude","start":1827.904,"end":1828.29},{"text":"the","start":1828.29,"end":1828.37},{"text":"submission.","start":1828.37,"end":1828.755}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Prince Mafigu","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"First Counsel for the applicant"}},{"statement_number":31,"start":1829.671,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=1830","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Could you just finalize your 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The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1850.303,"end":1850.384},{"text":"this","start":1850.384,"end":1850.625},{"text":"proves","start":1850.625,"end":1851.154},{"text":"the","start":1851.492,"end":1851.556},{"text":"knowledge","start":1851.556,"end":1851.909},{"text":"of","start":1851.909,"end":1851.989},{"text":"the","start":1851.989,"end":1852.07},{"text":"circumstances","start":1852.07,"end":1852.76},{"text":"and","start":1853.194,"end":1853.258},{"text":"the","start":1853.354,"end":1853.434},{"text":"intent","start":1853.434,"end":1853.964},{"text":"to","start":1854.157,"end":1854.253},{"text":"cause","start":1854.302,"end":1854.526},{"text":"violations.","start":1854.558,"end":1855.088}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":1855.361,"end":1855.666,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1855.361,"end":1855.586},{"text":"you.","start":1855.586,"end":1855.666}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Prince Mafigu","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"First Counsel for the applicant"}},{"statement_number":33,"start":1856.389,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=1857","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":1856.389,"end":1856.694,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1856.389,"end":1856.63},{"text":"you.","start":1856.63,"end":1856.694}]},{"text":"Please.","start":1857.031,"end":1857.497,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Please.","start":1857.031,"end":1857.497}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Ivana Djelic","affiliation":"ECHR","affiliation_full":"ECHR","group":null,"function":"Judge President"}},{"statement_number":34,"start":1861.447,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=1862","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"May it please this honorable court, I will be making submissions on the remaining claims before then tendering our prayer before this honorable court.","start":1861.447,"end":1868.722,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"May","start":1861.447,"end":1861.559},{"text":"it","start":1861.559,"end":1861.688},{"text":"please","start":1861.688,"end":1861.993},{"text":"this","start":1862.009,"end":1862.121},{"text":"honorable","start":1862.186,"end":1862.491},{"text":"court,","start":1862.571,"end":1862.989},{"text":"I","start":1863.374,"end":1863.422},{"text":"will","start":1863.454,"end":1863.583},{"text":"be","start":1863.615,"end":1863.695},{"text":"making","start":1863.695,"end":1864.049},{"text":"submissions","start":1864.049,"end":1864.643},{"text":"on","start":1864.739,"end":1864.804},{"text":"the","start":1864.9,"end":1864.996},{"text":"remaining","start":1864.996,"end":1865.446},{"text":"claims","start":1865.462,"end":1865.847},{"text":"before","start":1865.96,"end":1866.361},{"text":"then","start":1866.361,"end":1866.57},{"text":"tendering","start":1866.602,"end":1866.956},{"text":"our","start":1867.068,"end":1867.164},{"text":"prayer","start":1867.164,"end":1867.357},{"text":"before","start":1867.566,"end":1867.903},{"text":"this","start":1867.951,"end":1868.064},{"text":"honorable","start":1868.128,"end":1868.417},{"text":"court.","start":1868.449,"end":1868.722}]},{"text":"In relation to claim number 2, Your Excellencies, the respondent state might try to argue that there was a violation of the right to life under Article 4 of the Charter as well as Article 6 of the ICCPR.","start":1869.574,"end":1881.507,"topics":[{"key":"dabula-atrocities","label":"Atrocities in Dabula","description":"Several submissions focused on alleged torture, civilian killings, and broader abuses committed during the conflict in Dabula. These acts were framed as violations of core human rights, especially the rights to life and freedom from torture."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1869.574,"end":1869.622},{"text":"relation","start":1869.718,"end":1870.136},{"text":"to","start":1870.136,"end":1870.264},{"text":"claim","start":1870.28,"end":1870.553},{"text":"number","start":1870.553,"end":1870.907},{"text":"2,","start":1870.923,"end":1871.051},{"text":"Your","start":1871.26,"end":1871.421},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":1871.421,"end":1871.951},{"text":"the","start":1872.047,"end":1872.143},{"text":"respondent","start":1872.143,"end":1872.77},{"text":"state","start":1872.77,"end":1873.252},{"text":"might","start":1873.252,"end":1873.428},{"text":"try","start":1873.428,"end":1873.621},{"text":"to","start":1873.669,"end":1873.798},{"text":"argue","start":1873.83,"end":1874.215},{"text":"that","start":1874.231,"end":1874.569},{"text":"there","start":1874.954,"end":1875.05},{"text":"was","start":1875.05,"end":1875.211},{"text":"a","start":1875.211,"end":1875.275},{"text":"violation","start":1875.275,"end":1875.805},{"text":"of","start":1875.837,"end":1875.966},{"text":"the","start":1875.998,"end":1876.078},{"text":"right","start":1876.078,"end":1876.383},{"text":"to","start":1876.383,"end":1876.544},{"text":"life","start":1876.544,"end":1876.865},{"text":"under","start":1877.042,"end":1877.187},{"text":"Article","start":1877.267,"end":1877.684},{"text":"4","start":1877.684,"end":1877.957},{"text":"of","start":1878.166,"end":1878.295},{"text":"the","start":1878.327,"end":1878.407},{"text":"Charter","start":1878.407,"end":1878.793},{"text":"as","start":1878.873,"end":1878.937},{"text":"well","start":1878.969,"end":1879.13},{"text":"as","start":1879.13,"end":1879.178},{"text":"Article","start":1879.435,"end":1879.772},{"text":"6","start":1879.772,"end":1880.174},{"text":"of","start":1880.174,"end":1880.302},{"text":"the","start":1880.318,"end":1880.479},{"text":"ICCPR.","start":1880.559,"end":1881.507}]},{"text":"However, Your Excellencies, the applicant submits that the state of Jambuka was in no way responsible the sinking of the Madame Vigie.","start":1882.005,"end":1889.1,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. 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The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."},{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1889.645,"end":1889.725},{"text":"provisions","start":1889.725,"end":1890.27},{"text":"of","start":1890.27,"end":1890.334},{"text":"Article","start":1890.446,"end":1890.83},{"text":"8","start":1890.911,"end":1891.087},{"text":"of","start":1891.151,"end":1891.263},{"text":"RCO","start":1891.327,"end":1891.68},{"text":"make","start":1891.728,"end":1891.904},{"text":"it","start":1891.904,"end":1892.032},{"text":"abundantly","start":1892.048,"end":1892.657},{"text":"clear","start":1892.689,"end":1892.962},{"text":"that","start":1893.394,"end":1893.506},{"text":"the","start":1893.554,"end":1893.635},{"text":"only","start":1893.715,"end":1893.939},{"text":"time","start":1893.971,"end":1894.291},{"text":"where","start":1894.291,"end":1894.452},{"text":"a","start":1894.452,"end":1894.468},{"text":"state","start":1894.468,"end":1894.9},{"text":"can","start":1894.932,"end":1895.077},{"text":"be","start":1895.093,"end":1895.237},{"text":"held","start":1895.237,"end":1895.477},{"text":"responsible","start":1895.477,"end":1896.102},{"text":"for","start":1896.214,"end":1896.374},{"text":"the","start":1896.374,"end":1896.455},{"text":"activities","start":1896.455,"end":1897.063},{"text":"of","start":1897.176,"end":1897.32},{"text":"an","start":1897.32,"end":1897.368},{"text":"individual","start":1897.48,"end":1898.041},{"text":"or","start":1898.041,"end":1898.121},{"text":"a","start":1898.121,"end":1898.169},{"text":"group","start":1898.201,"end":1898.393},{"text":"of","start":1898.393,"end":1898.554},{"text":"individuals","start":1898.602,"end":1899.147},{"text":"is","start":1899.579,"end":1899.675},{"text":"where","start":1899.739,"end":1900.044},{"text":"it","start":1900.044,"end":1900.22},{"text":"directed","start":1900.22,"end":1900.877},{"text":"or","start":1900.941,"end":1901.021},{"text":"controlled","start":1901.021,"end":1901.742},{"text":"the","start":1901.742,"end":1901.822},{"text":"particular","start":1901.822,"end":1902.287},{"text":"activities.","start":1902.287,"end":1902.912}]},{"text":"Consistent with this, Your Excellencies, is the effective control test, which was established by the ICJ in the case of Nicaragua v. USA and later on in the Bosnian genocide case Wherein, in paragraphs 397 to 405 of the judgment—","start":1903.489,"end":1919.279,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."},{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."}],"words":[{"text":"Consistent","start":1903.489,"end":1904.146},{"text":"with","start":1904.146,"end":1904.37},{"text":"this,","start":1904.37,"end":1904.53},{"text":"Your","start":1904.546,"end":1904.691},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":1904.691,"end":1905.155},{"text":"is","start":1905.428,"end":1905.492},{"text":"the","start":1905.572,"end":1905.652},{"text":"effective","start":1905.732,"end":1906.357},{"text":"control","start":1906.389,"end":1906.87},{"text":"test,","start":1906.87,"end":1907.238},{"text":"which","start":1907.575,"end":1907.639},{"text":"was","start":1907.671,"end":1907.799},{"text":"established","start":1907.895,"end":1908.488},{"text":"by","start":1908.488,"end":1908.696},{"text":"the","start":1908.696,"end":1908.777},{"text":"ICJ","start":1908.857,"end":1909.241},{"text":"in","start":1909.514,"end":1909.594},{"text":"the","start":1909.594,"end":1909.738},{"text":"case","start":1909.738,"end":1909.978},{"text":"of","start":1909.978,"end":1910.123},{"text":"Nicaragua","start":1910.155,"end":1910.715},{"text":"v.","start":1910.715,"end":1910.812},{"text":"USA","start":1911.1,"end":1911.468},{"text":"and","start":1911.981,"end":1912.061},{"text":"later","start":1912.141,"end":1912.446},{"text":"on","start":1912.542,"end":1912.766},{"text":"in","start":1913.023,"end":1913.167},{"text":"the","start":1913.183,"end":1913.391},{"text":"Bosnian","start":1913.439,"end":1913.92},{"text":"genocide","start":1913.92,"end":1914.545},{"text":"case","start":1914.545,"end":1915.17},{"text":"Wherein,","start":1915.24,"end":1915.661},{"text":"in","start":1915.742,"end":1915.84},{"text":"paragraphs","start":1915.84,"end":1916.294},{"text":"397","start":1916.327,"end":1917.527},{"text":"to","start":1917.608,"end":1917.673},{"text":"405","start":1917.706,"end":1918.566},{"text":"of","start":1918.598,"end":1918.695},{"text":"the","start":1918.744,"end":1918.841},{"text":"judgment—","start":1918.841,"end":1919.279}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Ruth Jokonya","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Co-Counsel for the applicant"}},{"statement_number":35,"start":1919.393,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=1920","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Counsel, may I stop you there?","start":1919.393,"end":1920.707,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Counsel,","start":1919.393,"end":1919.653},{"text":"may","start":1919.669,"end":1919.75},{"text":"I","start":1919.799,"end":1919.831},{"text":"stop","start":1919.831,"end":1920.156},{"text":"you","start":1920.204,"end":1920.285},{"text":"there?","start":1920.285,"end":1920.707}]},{"text":"I can see the line of argument.","start":1921.421,"end":1922.395,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1921.421,"end":1921.47},{"text":"can","start":1921.518,"end":1921.632},{"text":"see","start":1921.664,"end":1921.827},{"text":"the","start":1921.827,"end":1921.908},{"text":"line","start":1921.908,"end":1922.07},{"text":"of","start":1922.07,"end":1922.167},{"text":"argument.","start":1922.167,"end":1922.395}]},{"text":"The line of argument is making a very important assumption about the facts.","start":1923.03,"end":1928.986,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1923.03,"end":1923.142},{"text":"line","start":1923.142,"end":1923.255},{"text":"of","start":1923.319,"end":1923.448},{"text":"argument","start":1923.448,"end":1923.802},{"text":"is","start":1923.802,"end":1923.915},{"text":"making","start":1923.947,"end":1924.317},{"text":"a","start":1925.783,"end":1925.799},{"text":"very","start":1925.799,"end":1926.088},{"text":"important","start":1926.282,"end":1927.135},{"text":"assumption","start":1927.876,"end":1928.31},{"text":"about","start":1928.359,"end":1928.6},{"text":"the","start":1928.6,"end":1928.681},{"text":"facts.","start":1928.681,"end":1928.986}]},{"text":"So the assumption here is that the applicant State had nothing to do with, with the bringing down of the submarine.","start":1929.759,"end":1940.256,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. 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The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":1929.759,"end":1929.969},{"text":"the","start":1929.969,"end":1930.065},{"text":"assumption","start":1930.065,"end":1930.548},{"text":"here","start":1930.548,"end":1930.967},{"text":"is","start":1931.337,"end":1931.482},{"text":"that","start":1931.772,"end":1932.045},{"text":"the","start":1932.625,"end":1932.706},{"text":"applicant","start":1932.706,"end":1933.013},{"text":"State","start":1933.029,"end":1933.417},{"text":"had","start":1933.837,"end":1934.015},{"text":"nothing","start":1934.015,"end":1934.387},{"text":"to","start":1934.565,"end":1934.662},{"text":"do","start":1934.662,"end":1934.84},{"text":"with,","start":1935.632,"end":1935.891},{"text":"with","start":1937.152,"end":1937.378},{"text":"the","start":1939.108,"end":1939.254},{"text":"bringing","start":1939.254,"end":1939.513},{"text":"down","start":1939.513,"end":1939.723},{"text":"of","start":1939.82,"end":1939.868},{"text":"the","start":1939.901,"end":1939.981},{"text":"submarine.","start":1939.981,"end":1940.256}]},{"text":"But that is contested on the facts.","start":1941.028,"end":1942.332,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":1941.028,"end":1941.124},{"text":"that","start":1941.124,"end":1941.269},{"text":"is","start":1941.269,"end":1941.334},{"text":"contested","start":1941.366,"end":1941.849},{"text":"on","start":1941.849,"end":1941.929},{"text":"the","start":1941.929,"end":1942.01},{"text":"facts.","start":1942.01,"end":1942.332}]},{"text":"On the facts, there are some allegations that in fact the non-state actor here implicated did not have the capacity to engage in such, and so by implication that it was the applicant.","start":1942.412,"end":1954.201,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."},{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":1942.412,"end":1942.509},{"text":"the","start":1942.557,"end":1942.638},{"text":"facts,","start":1942.638,"end":1943.056},{"text":"there","start":1943.378,"end":1943.539},{"text":"are","start":1943.539,"end":1943.572},{"text":"some","start":1943.572,"end":1943.91},{"text":"allegations","start":1944.103,"end":1944.876},{"text":"that","start":1945.375,"end":1945.488},{"text":"in","start":1945.488,"end":1945.552},{"text":"fact","start":1945.632,"end":1946.035},{"text":"the","start":1946.502,"end":1946.776},{"text":"non-state","start":1947.065,"end":1947.613},{"text":"actor","start":1947.709,"end":1948.048},{"text":"here","start":1948.048,"end":1948.321},{"text":"implicated","start":1948.45,"end":1949.11},{"text":"did","start":1949.32,"end":1949.432},{"text":"not","start":1949.481,"end":1949.609},{"text":"have","start":1949.642,"end":1949.803},{"text":"the","start":1949.803,"end":1949.883},{"text":"capacity","start":1949.883,"end":1950.302},{"text":"to","start":1950.302,"end":1950.399},{"text":"engage","start":1950.399,"end":1950.755},{"text":"in","start":1950.787,"end":1950.868},{"text":"such,","start":1950.868,"end":1951.159},{"text":"and","start":1951.904,"end":1952.049},{"text":"so","start":1952.308,"end":1952.729},{"text":"by","start":1952.793,"end":1952.923},{"text":"implication","start":1952.955,"end":1953.424},{"text":"that","start":1953.457,"end":1953.554},{"text":"it","start":1953.554,"end":1953.619},{"text":"was","start":1953.619,"end":1953.748},{"text":"the","start":1953.764,"end":1953.813},{"text":"applicant.","start":1953.861,"end":1954.201}]},{"text":"How do you respond to that?","start":1954.25,"end":1955.139,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"How","start":1954.25,"end":1954.363},{"text":"do","start":1954.428,"end":1954.508},{"text":"you","start":1954.508,"end":1954.573},{"text":"respond","start":1954.589,"end":1954.913},{"text":"to","start":1954.913,"end":1955.042},{"text":"that?","start":1955.059,"end":1955.139}]},{"text":"Because that seems to be the critical point for me, at least.","start":1955.188,"end":1956.932,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Because","start":1955.188,"end":1955.301},{"text":"that","start":1955.301,"end":1955.463},{"text":"seems","start":1955.463,"end":1955.641},{"text":"to","start":1955.641,"end":1955.69},{"text":"be","start":1955.69,"end":1955.722},{"text":"the","start":1955.722,"end":1955.802},{"text":"critical","start":1955.802,"end":1956.109},{"text":"point","start":1956.125,"end":1956.367},{"text":"for","start":1956.367,"end":1956.512},{"text":"me,","start":1956.512,"end":1956.593},{"text":"at","start":1956.609,"end":1956.755},{"text":"least.","start":1956.755,"end":1956.932}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Tladi","affiliation":"ICJ","affiliation_full":"ICJ","group":null,"function":"Judge"}},{"statement_number":36,"start":1962.08,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=1963","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Most indebted, Your Excellency.","start":1962.08,"end":1963.548,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Most","start":1962.08,"end":1962.402},{"text":"indebted,","start":1962.402,"end":1962.806},{"text":"Your","start":1962.822,"end":1962.967},{"text":"Excellency.","start":1962.967,"end":1963.548}]},{"text":"In response to that, we look at paragraphs 20 and 21 of the facts.","start":1964.097,"end":1967.551,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."},{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1964.097,"end":1964.145},{"text":"response","start":1964.194,"end":1964.758},{"text":"to","start":1964.758,"end":1964.823},{"text":"that,","start":1964.839,"end":1965.065},{"text":"we","start":1965.081,"end":1965.146},{"text":"look","start":1965.146,"end":1965.31},{"text":"at","start":1965.31,"end":1965.391},{"text":"paragraphs","start":1965.408,"end":1965.866},{"text":"20","start":1965.899,"end":1966.275},{"text":"and","start":1966.373,"end":1966.471},{"text":"21","start":1966.471,"end":1967.011},{"text":"of","start":1967.044,"end":1967.191},{"text":"the","start":1967.191,"end":1967.273},{"text":"facts.","start":1967.273,"end":1967.551}]},{"text":"wherein indeed it is stated that they did not have the capacity to carry out this attack that was on Madame Vigie.","start":1967.882,"end":1975.154,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."},{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"wherein","start":1967.882,"end":1968.171},{"text":"indeed","start":1968.203,"end":1968.652},{"text":"it","start":1968.829,"end":1968.925},{"text":"is","start":1968.925,"end":1969.054},{"text":"stated","start":1969.15,"end":1969.519},{"text":"that","start":1969.728,"end":1969.953},{"text":"they","start":1970.274,"end":1970.434},{"text":"did","start":1970.434,"end":1970.547},{"text":"not","start":1970.547,"end":1970.739},{"text":"have","start":1970.755,"end":1970.9},{"text":"the","start":1970.932,"end":1971.012},{"text":"capacity","start":1971.012,"end":1971.462},{"text":"to","start":1971.558,"end":1971.654},{"text":"carry","start":1971.654,"end":1971.863},{"text":"out","start":1971.959,"end":1972.152},{"text":"this","start":1972.313,"end":1972.553},{"text":"attack","start":1973.42,"end":1973.822},{"text":"that","start":1973.822,"end":1973.918},{"text":"was","start":1973.918,"end":1974.03},{"text":"on","start":1974.207,"end":1974.352},{"text":"Madame","start":1974.464,"end":1974.753},{"text":"Vigie.","start":1974.865,"end":1975.154}]},{"text":"However, Your Excellency, as stated in the effective control test, for responsibility to then be attached, the state needs to direct the specific operation, in this case the sinking of Madame Vigie.","start":1975.572,"end":1987.516,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."},{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":1975.572,"end":1975.973},{"text":"Your","start":1975.989,"end":1976.134},{"text":"Excellency,","start":1976.134,"end":1976.647},{"text":"as","start":1977.177,"end":1977.257},{"text":"stated","start":1977.257,"end":1977.803},{"text":"in","start":1977.916,"end":1977.996},{"text":"the","start":1977.996,"end":1978.14},{"text":"effective","start":1978.14,"end":1978.606},{"text":"control","start":1978.638,"end":1978.975},{"text":"test,","start":1979.04,"end":1979.409},{"text":"for","start":1979.746,"end":1979.987},{"text":"responsibility","start":1979.987,"end":1980.934},{"text":"to","start":1980.95,"end":1981.095},{"text":"then","start":1981.127,"end":1981.383},{"text":"be","start":1981.432,"end":1981.512},{"text":"attached,","start":1981.592,"end":1982.138},{"text":"the","start":1982.411,"end":1982.491},{"text":"state","start":1982.491,"end":1982.973},{"text":"needs","start":1982.973,"end":1983.182},{"text":"to","start":1983.278,"end":1983.503},{"text":"direct","start":1983.519,"end":1984.097},{"text":"the","start":1984.097,"end":1984.177},{"text":"specific","start":1984.177,"end":1984.803},{"text":"operation,","start":1984.883,"end":1985.429},{"text":"in","start":1985.542,"end":1985.67},{"text":"this","start":1985.702,"end":1985.863},{"text":"case","start":1985.863,"end":1986.104},{"text":"the","start":1986.104,"end":1986.184},{"text":"sinking","start":1986.184,"end":1986.553},{"text":"of","start":1986.649,"end":1986.762},{"text":"Madame","start":1986.762,"end":1987.115},{"text":"Vigie.","start":1987.147,"end":1987.516}]},{"text":"And Your Excellencies, there is no evidence in the facts that shows that the state of Jambuka actually directed though it is alleged that the weapons were provided, which is disputed pursuant to paragraph 22 of the facts, wherein it was stated that the only reason why the KRF had access to these weapons is because of Yaka's failure to curb regional smuggling in the area.","start":1988.014,"end":2010.323,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."},{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. 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They discussed lex specialis, whether both frameworks apply simultaneously, and how armed conflict should be classified in this case."},{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."}],"words":[{"text":"Also,","start":2270.12,"end":2270.457},{"text":"on","start":2270.906,"end":2270.954},{"text":"the","start":2271.002,"end":2271.083},{"text":"sinking","start":2271.083,"end":2271.532},{"text":"of","start":2271.564,"end":2271.741},{"text":"the","start":2271.805,"end":2272.062},{"text":"submarine,","start":2272.383,"end":2273.153},{"text":"you","start":2273.33,"end":2273.49},{"text":"seem","start":2273.49,"end":2273.779},{"text":"to","start":2273.891,"end":2274.004},{"text":"assume","start":2274.918,"end":2276.668},{"text":"that","start":2277.422,"end":2277.888},{"text":"international","start":2278.626,"end":2279.268},{"text":"humanitarian","start":2279.268,"end":2280.022},{"text":"law","start":2280.15,"end":2280.183},{"text":"is","start":2280.391,"end":2280.439},{"text":"applying.","start":2280.552,"end":2281.226}]},{"text":"That means that you assume there was an armed conflict.","start":2282.301,"end":2285.382,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-ihrl-overlap","label":"Interaction of Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law","description":"Judges and counsel repeatedly addressed how international humanitarian law and international human rights law operate during armed conflict. They discussed lex specialis, whether both frameworks apply simultaneously, and how armed conflict should be classified in this case."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":2282.301,"end":2282.478},{"text":"means","start":2282.478,"end":2282.847},{"text":"that","start":2283.2,"end":2283.424},{"text":"you","start":2283.424,"end":2283.585},{"text":"assume","start":2283.585,"end":2284.002},{"text":"there","start":2284.002,"end":2284.147},{"text":"was","start":2284.227,"end":2284.371},{"text":"an","start":2284.403,"end":2284.452},{"text":"armed","start":2284.5,"end":2284.773},{"text":"conflict.","start":2284.805,"end":2285.382}]},{"text":"Has there been at that time an armed conflict between Svanbuka and, and IACA?","start":2285.511,"end":2293.561,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-ihrl-overlap","label":"Interaction of Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law","description":"Judges and counsel repeatedly addressed how international humanitarian law and international human rights law operate during armed conflict. They discussed lex specialis, whether both frameworks apply simultaneously, and how armed conflict should be classified in this case."}],"words":[{"text":"Has","start":2285.511,"end":2285.655},{"text":"there","start":2285.768,"end":2285.992},{"text":"been","start":2285.992,"end":2286.233},{"text":"at","start":2286.233,"end":2286.281},{"text":"that","start":2286.329,"end":2286.57},{"text":"time","start":2286.57,"end":2286.859},{"text":"an","start":2287.535,"end":2287.616},{"text":"armed","start":2287.68,"end":2287.906},{"text":"conflict","start":2287.938,"end":2288.792},{"text":"between","start":2289.13,"end":2289.758},{"text":"Svanbuka","start":2290.451,"end":2291.241},{"text":"and,","start":2292.046,"end":2292.175},{"text":"and","start":2292.852,"end":2292.916},{"text":"IACA?","start":2293.158,"end":2293.561}]},{"text":"And when did that armed conflict start, and why was it during that time?","start":2294.624,"end":2301.238,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-ihrl-overlap","label":"Interaction of Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law","description":"Judges and counsel repeatedly addressed how international humanitarian law and international human rights law operate during armed conflict. They discussed lex specialis, whether both frameworks apply simultaneously, and how armed conflict should be classified in this case."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2294.624,"end":2294.93},{"text":"when","start":2295.252,"end":2295.381},{"text":"did","start":2295.494,"end":2295.72},{"text":"that","start":2295.72,"end":2295.914},{"text":"armed","start":2296.059,"end":2296.237},{"text":"conflict","start":2296.237,"end":2296.804},{"text":"start,","start":2296.804,"end":2297.467},{"text":"and","start":2298.81,"end":2299.053},{"text":"why","start":2299.619,"end":2299.749},{"text":"was","start":2299.797,"end":2300.008},{"text":"it","start":2300.121,"end":2300.428},{"text":"during","start":2300.428,"end":2300.687},{"text":"that","start":2300.687,"end":2300.914},{"text":"time?","start":2300.914,"end":2301.238}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Manfred Nowak","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Secretary-General"}},{"statement_number":45,"start":2305.636,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=2306","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Most indebted, Your Excellency.","start":2305.636,"end":2307.021,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Most","start":2305.636,"end":2305.91},{"text":"indebted,","start":2305.91,"end":2306.313},{"text":"Your","start":2306.361,"end":2306.522},{"text":"Excellency.","start":2306.522,"end":2307.021}]},{"text":"I will begin by providing the definition of an armed conflict, which was defined by the International Criminal Court in the case of Prosecutor versus Ntaganda in 2019, particularly paragraphs 701 to 706 of the facts, wherein it stated, particularly first referring to a non-international armed conflict, it defines this as a conflict that goes on between governmental authorities and an organized armed group or between such groups themselves.","start":2307.408,"end":2334.299,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-ihrl-overlap","label":"Interaction of Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law","description":"Judges and counsel repeatedly addressed how international humanitarian law and international human rights law operate during armed conflict. They discussed lex specialis, whether both frameworks apply simultaneously, and how armed conflict should be classified in this case."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2307.408,"end":2307.424},{"text":"will","start":2307.424,"end":2307.553},{"text":"begin","start":2307.585,"end":2308.036},{"text":"by","start":2308.068,"end":2308.31},{"text":"providing","start":2308.374,"end":2309.003},{"text":"the","start":2309.035,"end":2309.26},{"text":"definition","start":2309.26,"end":2309.969},{"text":"of","start":2310.082,"end":2310.211},{"text":"an","start":2310.243,"end":2310.291},{"text":"armed","start":2310.468,"end":2310.613},{"text":"conflict,","start":2310.645,"end":2311.193},{"text":"which","start":2311.451,"end":2311.58},{"text":"was","start":2311.612,"end":2311.741},{"text":"defined","start":2311.837,"end":2312.321},{"text":"by","start":2312.321,"end":2312.417},{"text":"the","start":2312.417,"end":2312.562},{"text":"International","start":2312.659,"end":2313.239},{"text":"Criminal","start":2313.287,"end":2313.577},{"text":"Court","start":2313.625,"end":2313.964},{"text":"in","start":2314.012,"end":2314.092},{"text":"the","start":2314.092,"end":2314.173},{"text":"case","start":2314.173,"end":2314.366},{"text":"of","start":2314.366,"end":2314.479},{"text":"Prosecutor","start":2314.62,"end":2315.278},{"text":"versus","start":2315.278,"end":2315.583},{"text":"Ntaganda","start":2315.696,"end":2316.563},{"text":"in","start":2316.804,"end":2316.852},{"text":"2019,","start":2316.901,"end":2317.752},{"text":"particularly","start":2318.105,"end":2318.636},{"text":"paragraphs","start":2318.652,"end":2319.037},{"text":"701","start":2319.069,"end":2320.001},{"text":"to","start":2320.098,"end":2320.274},{"text":"706","start":2320.274,"end":2321.222},{"text":"of","start":2321.238,"end":2321.334},{"text":"the","start":2321.383,"end":2321.479},{"text":"facts,","start":2321.479,"end":2321.881},{"text":"wherein","start":2322.202,"end":2322.571},{"text":"it","start":2322.684,"end":2322.764},{"text":"stated,","start":2322.764,"end":2323.407},{"text":"particularly","start":2323.792,"end":2324.29},{"text":"first","start":2324.29,"end":2324.531},{"text":"referring","start":2324.531,"end":2324.82},{"text":"to","start":2324.933,"end":2325.061},{"text":"a","start":2325.094,"end":2325.11},{"text":"non-international","start":2325.11,"end":2326.057},{"text":"armed","start":2326.057,"end":2326.282},{"text":"conflict,","start":2326.282,"end":2326.7},{"text":"it","start":2327.102,"end":2327.166},{"text":"defines","start":2327.262,"end":2327.712},{"text":"this","start":2327.728,"end":2327.889},{"text":"as","start":2327.969,"end":2328.033},{"text":"a","start":2328.066,"end":2328.21},{"text":"conflict","start":2328.21,"end":2328.644},{"text":"that","start":2328.644,"end":2328.837},{"text":"goes","start":2328.869,"end":2329.078},{"text":"on","start":2329.174,"end":2329.238},{"text":"between","start":2329.27,"end":2329.64},{"text":"governmental","start":2329.672,"end":2330.122},{"text":"authorities","start":2330.218,"end":2330.684},{"text":"and","start":2330.877,"end":2330.941},{"text":"an","start":2330.973,"end":2331.086},{"text":"organized","start":2331.198,"end":2331.744},{"text":"armed","start":2331.825,"end":2332.001},{"text":"group","start":2332.001,"end":2332.258},{"text":"or","start":2332.708,"end":2332.756},{"text":"between","start":2332.805,"end":2333.238},{"text":"such","start":2333.286,"end":2333.495},{"text":"groups","start":2333.592,"end":2333.833},{"text":"themselves.","start":2333.833,"end":2334.299}]},{"text":"It also then defined an international armed conflict as a conflict that occurs between 2 states.","start":2334.716,"end":2339.086,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-ihrl-overlap","label":"Interaction of Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law","description":"Judges and counsel repeatedly addressed how international humanitarian law and international human rights law operate during armed conflict. 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could you find a kind of parallel regarding the Charter obligations Obligations under Charter regarding state responsibility, or you insist on IHL in this 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Djelic","affiliation":"ECHR","affiliation_full":"ECHR","group":null,"function":"Judge President"}},{"statement_number":49,"start":2488.72,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=2489","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Most indebted, Your Excellency.","start":2488.72,"end":2489.948,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Most","start":2488.72,"end":2488.994},{"text":"indebted,","start":2488.994,"end":2489.398},{"text":"Your","start":2489.414,"end":2489.479},{"text":"Excellency.","start":2489.479,"end":2489.948}]},{"text":"Counsel for the applicant insists on international humanitarian law.","start":2490.029,"end":2493.196,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-ihrl-overlap","label":"Interaction of Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law","description":"Judges and counsel repeatedly addressed how international humanitarian law and international human rights law operate during armed conflict. They discussed lex specialis, whether both frameworks apply simultaneously, and how armed conflict should be classified in this case."}],"words":[{"text":"Counsel","start":2490.029,"end":2490.336},{"text":"for","start":2490.368,"end":2490.513},{"text":"the","start":2490.513,"end":2490.578},{"text":"applicant","start":2490.675,"end":2491.063},{"text":"insists","start":2491.095,"end":2491.645},{"text":"on","start":2491.725,"end":2491.871},{"text":"international","start":2492.146,"end":2492.469},{"text":"humanitarian","start":2492.469,"end":2493.002},{"text":"law.","start":2493.115,"end":2493.196}]},{"text":"However, we submit to the discretion of this honorable court in relation to this matter.","start":2493.6,"end":2497.398,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":2493.6,"end":2494.069},{"text":"we","start":2494.085,"end":2494.182},{"text":"submit","start":2494.182,"end":2494.634},{"text":"to","start":2494.634,"end":2494.747},{"text":"the","start":2494.747,"end":2494.877},{"text":"discretion","start":2494.877,"end":2495.345},{"text":"of","start":2495.378,"end":2495.523},{"text":"this","start":2495.523,"end":2495.636},{"text":"honorable","start":2495.701,"end":2496.008},{"text":"court","start":2496.024,"end":2496.283},{"text":"in","start":2496.347,"end":2496.396},{"text":"relation","start":2496.428,"end":2496.8},{"text":"to","start":2496.832,"end":2496.961},{"text":"this","start":2496.994,"end":2497.22},{"text":"matter.","start":2497.22,"end":2497.398}]},{"text":"Yeah, most indebted, Your Excellency.","start":2499.297,"end":2500.744,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yeah,","start":2499.297,"end":2499.541},{"text":"most","start":2499.557,"end":2499.801},{"text":"indebted,","start":2499.866,"end":2500.208},{"text":"Your","start":2500.224,"end":2500.354},{"text":"Excellency.","start":2500.354,"end":2500.744}]},{"text":"I will proceed to address claim number 3. which is based on the Aurora Ceasefire Agreement.","start":2500.923,"end":2505.998,"topics":[{"key":"indigenous-consultation","label":"Indigenous Rights and Consultation","description":"The Aurora Ceasefire Agreement raised questions about the Kuru people's self-determination, ancestral land rights, and the requirement of free, prior and informed consent. The debate also examined whether these obligations fall primarily on the territorial state or engage wider erga omnes concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2500.923,"end":2500.939},{"text":"will","start":2500.939,"end":2501.069},{"text":"proceed","start":2501.102,"end":2501.541},{"text":"to","start":2501.574,"end":2501.72},{"text":"address","start":2501.752,"end":2502.143},{"text":"claim","start":2502.143,"end":2502.354},{"text":"number","start":2502.403,"end":2502.647},{"text":"3.","start":2502.647,"end":2502.826},{"text":"which","start":2503.382,"end":2503.479},{"text":"is","start":2503.527,"end":2503.575},{"text":"based","start":2503.703,"end":2504.088},{"text":"on","start":2504.169,"end":2504.313},{"text":"the","start":2504.425,"end":2504.57},{"text":"Aurora","start":2504.602,"end":2504.923},{"text":"Ceasefire","start":2504.923,"end":2505.565},{"text":"Agreement.","start":2505.565,"end":2505.998}]},{"text":"Once more, Your Excellencies, we submit that the State of Jambuka is in no way responsible for any human rights violations that arose from the Aurora Ceasefire Agreement.","start":2506.576,"end":2516.397,"topics":[{"key":"indigenous-consultation","label":"Indigenous Rights and Consultation","description":"The Aurora Ceasefire Agreement raised questions about the Kuru people's self-determination, ancestral land rights, and the requirement of free, prior and informed consent. The debate also examined whether these obligations fall primarily on the territorial state or engage wider erga omnes concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"Once","start":2506.576,"end":2506.817},{"text":"more,","start":2506.833,"end":2506.977},{"text":"Your","start":2506.993,"end":2507.137},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":2507.137,"end":2507.571},{"text":"we","start":2507.635,"end":2507.715},{"text":"submit","start":2507.715,"end":2508.1},{"text":"that","start":2508.1,"end":2508.213},{"text":"the","start":2508.261,"end":2508.341},{"text":"State","start":2508.341,"end":2508.662},{"text":"of","start":2508.742,"end":2508.806},{"text":"Jambuka","start":2508.839,"end":2509.32},{"text":"is","start":2509.4,"end":2509.497},{"text":"in","start":2509.561,"end":2509.657},{"text":"no","start":2509.657,"end":2509.866},{"text":"way","start":2509.962,"end":2510.042},{"text":"responsible","start":2510.347,"end":2511.005},{"text":"for","start":2511.005,"end":2511.23},{"text":"any","start":2511.246,"end":2511.422},{"text":"human","start":2511.551,"end":2511.968},{"text":"rights","start":2511.968,"end":2512.241},{"text":"violations","start":2512.289,"end":2512.899},{"text":"that","start":2513.252,"end":2513.428},{"text":"arose","start":2514.038,"end":2514.503},{"text":"from","start":2514.68,"end":2514.905},{"text":"the","start":2515.017,"end":2515.193},{"text":"Aurora","start":2515.193,"end":2515.418},{"text":"Ceasefire","start":2515.418,"end":2515.964},{"text":"Agreement.","start":2515.964,"end":2516.397}]},{"text":"And we begin by proffering before this honorable court the provisions of Article 1 of the Charter, which places an obligation on states to respect and protect the rights that are provided for in the Charter.","start":2516.862,"end":2527.293,"topics":[{"key":"indigenous-consultation","label":"Indigenous Rights and Consultation","description":"The Aurora Ceasefire Agreement raised questions about the Kuru people's self-determination, ancestral land rights, and the requirement of free, prior and informed consent. The debate also examined whether these obligations fall primarily on the territorial state or engage wider erga omnes concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2516.862,"end":2516.927},{"text":"we","start":2516.943,"end":2517.023},{"text":"begin","start":2517.023,"end":2517.312},{"text":"by","start":2517.344,"end":2517.504},{"text":"proffering","start":2517.504,"end":2517.954},{"text":"before","start":2518.05,"end":2518.339},{"text":"this","start":2518.387,"end":2518.563},{"text":"honorable","start":2518.628,"end":2518.933},{"text":"court","start":2518.933,"end":2519.302},{"text":"the","start":2519.51,"end":2519.607},{"text":"provisions","start":2519.607,"end":2520.072},{"text":"of","start":2520.072,"end":2520.2},{"text":"Article","start":2520.297,"end":2520.618},{"text":"1","start":2520.698,"end":2520.842},{"text":"of","start":2520.955,"end":2521.083},{"text":"the","start":2521.099,"end":2521.195},{"text":"Charter,","start":2521.195,"end":2521.693},{"text":"which","start":2521.998,"end":2522.126},{"text":"places","start":2522.222,"end":2522.608},{"text":"an","start":2522.72,"end":2522.848},{"text":"obligation","start":2522.88,"end":2523.49},{"text":"on","start":2523.586,"end":2523.651},{"text":"states","start":2523.683,"end":2524.068},{"text":"to","start":2524.084,"end":2524.18},{"text":"respect","start":2524.18,"end":2524.726},{"text":"and","start":2524.726,"end":2524.806},{"text":"protect","start":2524.806,"end":2525.288},{"text":"the","start":2525.352,"end":2525.432},{"text":"rights","start":2525.432,"end":2525.705},{"text":"that","start":2525.705,"end":2525.865},{"text":"are","start":2525.865,"end":2525.929},{"text":"provided","start":2525.929,"end":2526.411},{"text":"for","start":2526.411,"end":2526.587},{"text":"in","start":2526.652,"end":2526.7},{"text":"the","start":2526.796,"end":2526.892},{"text":"Charter.","start":2526.892,"end":2527.293}]},{"text":"We now proffer before this honorable court the decision in the Velasquez Rodriguez case, wherein it was stated that the primary obligation to respect and protect rights that are provided for in the Charter lies with the state, a position that was also then cemented by the American Court of Human Rights in the case of Center of Human Rights versus Tanzania in 2025.","start":2527.855,"end":2549.342,"topics":[{"key":"indigenous-consultation","label":"Indigenous Rights and Consultation","description":"The Aurora Ceasefire Agreement raised questions about the Kuru people's self-determination, ancestral land rights, and the requirement of free, prior and informed consent. The debate also examined whether these obligations fall primarily on the territorial state or engage wider erga omnes concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2527.855,"end":2527.935},{"text":"now","start":2527.935,"end":2528.048},{"text":"proffer","start":2528.16,"end":2528.545},{"text":"before","start":2528.722,"end":2529.011},{"text":"this","start":2529.123,"end":2529.235},{"text":"honorable","start":2529.299,"end":2529.604},{"text":"court","start":2529.62,"end":2529.99},{"text":"the","start":2530.246,"end":2530.326},{"text":"decision","start":2530.342,"end":2530.791},{"text":"in","start":2530.887,"end":2530.952},{"text":"the","start":2531.064,"end":2531.256},{"text":"Velasquez","start":2531.304,"end":2531.914},{"text":"Rodriguez","start":2532.01,"end":2532.443},{"text":"case,","start":2532.507,"end":2532.827},{"text":"wherein","start":2532.908,"end":2533.1},{"text":"it","start":2533.212,"end":2533.309},{"text":"was","start":2533.309,"end":2533.405},{"text":"stated","start":2533.405,"end":2533.806},{"text":"that","start":2533.854,"end":2533.966},{"text":"the","start":2534.014,"end":2534.11},{"text":"primary","start":2534.11,"end":2534.639},{"text":"obligation","start":2534.752,"end":2535.409},{"text":"to","start":2535.714,"end":2535.858},{"text":"respect","start":2535.874,"end":2536.419},{"text":"and","start":2536.435,"end":2536.499},{"text":"protect","start":2536.676,"end":2537.702},{"text":"rights","start":2537.702,"end":2537.958},{"text":"that","start":2537.958,"end":2538.022},{"text":"are","start":2538.022,"end":2538.103},{"text":"provided","start":2538.103,"end":2538.568},{"text":"for","start":2538.584,"end":2538.76},{"text":"in","start":2538.76,"end":2538.808},{"text":"the","start":2538.92,"end":2539.001},{"text":"Charter","start":2539.001,"end":2539.498},{"text":"lies","start":2539.866,"end":2540.091},{"text":"with","start":2540.187,"end":2540.331},{"text":"the","start":2540.347,"end":2540.444},{"text":"state,","start":2540.444,"end":2540.716},{"text":"a","start":2541.325,"end":2541.341},{"text":"position","start":2541.406,"end":2541.871},{"text":"that","start":2541.871,"end":2541.983},{"text":"was","start":2541.983,"end":2542.095},{"text":"also","start":2542.271,"end":2542.464},{"text":"then","start":2542.608,"end":2542.849},{"text":"cemented","start":2542.849,"end":2543.346},{"text":"by","start":2543.41,"end":2543.602},{"text":"the","start":2543.731,"end":2543.923},{"text":"American","start":2543.971,"end":2544.5},{"text":"Court","start":2544.516,"end":2544.773},{"text":"of","start":2544.773,"end":2544.869},{"text":"Human","start":2544.917,"end":2545.125},{"text":"Rights","start":2545.174,"end":2545.655},{"text":"in","start":2545.895,"end":2545.943},{"text":"the","start":2545.975,"end":2546.055},{"text":"case","start":2546.055,"end":2546.312},{"text":"of","start":2546.312,"end":2546.392},{"text":"Center","start":2546.392,"end":2546.777},{"text":"of","start":2546.777,"end":2546.905},{"text":"Human","start":2546.921,"end":2547.146},{"text":"Rights","start":2547.178,"end":2547.499},{"text":"versus","start":2547.499,"end":2547.787},{"text":"Tanzania","start":2547.819,"end":2548.38},{"text":"in","start":2548.38,"end":2548.461},{"text":"2025.","start":2548.461,"end":2549.342}]},{"text":"Now, getting into more specific case law regarding this, Your Excellency, we begin by proffering the case of the Kichwa Indigenous People of Sarayaku v. Ecuador, decided by the Inter-American Court in 2012, wherein it was stated in paragraph 165 of the judgment that the state has an obligation to also respect the rights of the people to free, prior, and informed consultation.","start":2549.904,"end":2574,"topics":[{"key":"indigenous-consultation","label":"Indigenous Rights and Consultation","description":"The Aurora Ceasefire Agreement raised questions about the Kuru people's self-determination, ancestral land rights, and the requirement of free, prior and informed consent. The debate also examined whether these obligations fall primarily on the territorial state or engage wider erga omnes concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":2549.904,"end":2549.984},{"text":"getting","start":2550.064,"end":2550.272},{"text":"into","start":2550.465,"end":2550.737},{"text":"more","start":2550.866,"end":2551.17},{"text":"specific","start":2551.17,"end":2551.731},{"text":"case","start":2551.747,"end":2552.068},{"text":"law","start":2552.132,"end":2552.229},{"text":"regarding","start":2552.229,"end":2552.677},{"text":"this,","start":2552.71,"end":2552.838},{"text":"Your","start":2552.934,"end":2553.03},{"text":"Excellency,","start":2553.03,"end":2553.591},{"text":"we","start":2554.072,"end":2554.265},{"text":"begin","start":2554.297,"end":2554.521},{"text":"by","start":2554.634,"end":2554.794},{"text":"proffering","start":2554.794,"end":2555.243},{"text":"the","start":2555.275,"end":2555.419},{"text":"case","start":2555.419,"end":2555.692},{"text":"of","start":2555.756,"end":2555.852},{"text":"the","start":2555.852,"end":2555.996},{"text":"Kichwa","start":2555.996,"end":2556.397},{"text":"Indigenous","start":2556.397,"end":2556.959},{"text":"People","start":2556.959,"end":2557.327},{"text":"of","start":2557.423,"end":2557.488},{"text":"Sarayaku","start":2557.504,"end":2558.273},{"text":"v.","start":2558.498,"end":2558.578},{"text":"Ecuador,","start":2558.963,"end":2559.395},{"text":"decided","start":2559.508,"end":2559.892},{"text":"by","start":2559.925,"end":2560.053},{"text":"the","start":2560.069,"end":2560.149},{"text":"Inter-American","start":2560.245,"end":2560.854},{"text":"Court","start":2560.886,"end":2561.143},{"text":"in","start":2561.143,"end":2561.255},{"text":"2012,","start":2561.287,"end":2562.297},{"text":"wherein","start":2562.73,"end":2562.97},{"text":"it","start":2562.97,"end":2563.051},{"text":"was","start":2563.051,"end":2563.147},{"text":"stated","start":2563.147,"end":2563.548},{"text":"in","start":2563.548,"end":2563.644},{"text":"paragraph","start":2563.756,"end":2564.269},{"text":"165","start":2564.413,"end":2565.84},{"text":"of","start":2565.856,"end":2566},{"text":"the","start":2566,"end":2566.08},{"text":"judgment","start":2566.08,"end":2566.545},{"text":"that","start":2566.898,"end":2567.154},{"text":"the","start":2567.443,"end":2567.539},{"text":"state","start":2567.539,"end":2567.94},{"text":"has","start":2567.94,"end":2568.148},{"text":"an","start":2568.18,"end":2568.277},{"text":"obligation","start":2568.405,"end":2569.03},{"text":"to","start":2569.142,"end":2569.367},{"text":"also","start":2569.527,"end":2569.848},{"text":"respect","start":2569.848,"end":2570.521},{"text":"the","start":2570.521,"end":2570.649},{"text":"rights","start":2570.649,"end":2570.906},{"text":"of","start":2570.906,"end":2571.002},{"text":"the","start":2571.002,"end":2571.13},{"text":"people","start":2571.13,"end":2571.355},{"text":"to","start":2571.451,"end":2571.547},{"text":"free,","start":2571.547,"end":2571.9},{"text":"prior,","start":2572.252,"end":2572.461},{"text":"and","start":2572.653,"end":2572.733},{"text":"informed","start":2572.765,"end":2573.278},{"text":"consultation.","start":2573.294,"end":2574}]},{"text":"Your Excellency, we also proffer before this honorable court the case of Laka Hanhat v. Argentina, decided by the Inter-American Court in 2020, wherein paragraph 275 of the facts, it was stated that states must protect the relationship that Indigenous people have with their Indigenous land.","start":2574.753,"end":2593.294,"topics":[{"key":"indigenous-consultation","label":"Indigenous Rights and Consultation","description":"The Aurora Ceasefire Agreement raised questions about the Kuru people's self-determination, ancestral land rights, and the requirement of free, prior and informed consent. The debate also examined whether these obligations fall primarily on the territorial state or engage wider erga omnes concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":2574.753,"end":2574.897},{"text":"Excellency,","start":2574.897,"end":2575.442},{"text":"we","start":2575.619,"end":2575.699},{"text":"also","start":2575.795,"end":2575.971},{"text":"proffer","start":2576.036,"end":2576.34},{"text":"before","start":2576.436,"end":2576.709},{"text":"this","start":2576.757,"end":2576.853},{"text":"honorable","start":2576.917,"end":2577.27},{"text":"court","start":2577.382,"end":2577.655},{"text":"the","start":2578.039,"end":2578.184},{"text":"case","start":2578.184,"end":2578.504},{"text":"of","start":2578.504,"end":2578.649},{"text":"Laka","start":2579.065,"end":2579.434},{"text":"Hanhat","start":2579.482,"end":2580.043},{"text":"v.","start":2580.284,"end":2580.38},{"text":"Argentina,","start":2580.749,"end":2581.39},{"text":"decided","start":2581.646,"end":2582.063},{"text":"by","start":2582.111,"end":2582.208},{"text":"the","start":2582.208,"end":2582.352},{"text":"Inter-American","start":2582.432,"end":2582.977},{"text":"Court","start":2583.073,"end":2583.314},{"text":"in","start":2583.33,"end":2583.378},{"text":"2020,","start":2583.41,"end":2584.099},{"text":"wherein","start":2584.372,"end":2584.743},{"text":"paragraph","start":2584.76,"end":2585.244},{"text":"275","start":2585.324,"end":2586.76},{"text":"of","start":2586.792,"end":2586.889},{"text":"the","start":2586.937,"end":2587.034},{"text":"facts,","start":2587.034,"end":2587.438},{"text":"it","start":2587.76,"end":2587.905},{"text":"was","start":2587.905,"end":2588.051},{"text":"stated","start":2588.115,"end":2588.438},{"text":"that","start":2588.551,"end":2588.728},{"text":"states","start":2588.728,"end":2589.131},{"text":"must","start":2589.131,"end":2589.325},{"text":"protect","start":2589.357,"end":2589.777},{"text":"the","start":2589.777,"end":2589.841},{"text":"relationship","start":2589.841,"end":2590.422},{"text":"that","start":2590.422,"end":2590.599},{"text":"Indigenous","start":2590.599,"end":2591.148},{"text":"people","start":2591.148,"end":2591.567},{"text":"have","start":2591.858,"end":2592.084},{"text":"with","start":2592.116,"end":2592.197},{"text":"their","start":2592.197,"end":2592.422},{"text":"Indigenous","start":2592.422,"end":2592.923},{"text":"land.","start":2592.987,"end":2593.294}]},{"text":"It then went on to discuss and submit that this responsibility to ensure that the right to free, prior, and informed consultations cannot be delegated to private companies or third party, lest the private company that has interest in the particular rights in question.","start":2593.648,"end":2613.786,"topics":[{"key":"indigenous-consultation","label":"Indigenous Rights and Consultation","description":"The Aurora Ceasefire Agreement raised questions about the Kuru people's self-determination, ancestral land rights, and the requirement of free, prior and informed consent. 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They discussed lex specialis, whether both frameworks apply simultaneously, and how armed conflict should be classified in this case."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2653.221,"end":2653.399},{"text":"in","start":2653.464,"end":2653.513},{"text":"respect","start":2653.545,"end":2653.95},{"text":"of","start":2653.95,"end":2654.031},{"text":"that,","start":2654.031,"end":2654.193},{"text":"you","start":2654.274,"end":2654.403},{"text":"were","start":2654.419,"end":2654.452},{"text":"willing","start":2654.581,"end":2654.808},{"text":"to","start":2654.84,"end":2654.97},{"text":"intervene,","start":2655.002,"end":2655.439},{"text":"but","start":2656.217,"end":2656.314},{"text":"now","start":2656.362,"end":2656.459},{"text":"you're","start":2656.524,"end":2656.621},{"text":"not","start":2656.621,"end":2656.735},{"text":"willing","start":2656.783,"end":2656.994},{"text":"to","start":2657.01,"end":2657.091},{"text":"intervene?","start":2657.107,"end":2657.415}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Tladi","affiliation":"ICJ","affiliation_full":"ICJ","group":null,"function":"Judge"}},{"statement_number":51,"start":2661.851,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=2662","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Most indebted, Your Excellency.","start":2661.851,"end":2663.208,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Most","start":2661.851,"end":2662.178},{"text":"indebted,","start":2662.178,"end":2662.603},{"text":"Your","start":2662.652,"end":2662.815},{"text":"Excellency.","start":2662.815,"end":2663.208}]},{"text":"While first of all we submit that the State of Zimbabwe did not intervene, we also submit that it is also important to look at the context.","start":2663.943,"end":2672.279,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"While","start":2663.943,"end":2664.136},{"text":"first","start":2664.49,"end":2664.893},{"text":"of","start":2664.893,"end":2665.053},{"text":"all","start":2665.053,"end":2665.118},{"text":"we","start":2665.214,"end":2665.408},{"text":"submit","start":2665.488,"end":2665.971},{"text":"that","start":2666.019,"end":2666.164},{"text":"the","start":2666.196,"end":2666.276},{"text":"State","start":2666.276,"end":2666.582},{"text":"of","start":2666.582,"end":2666.663},{"text":"Zimbabwe","start":2666.663,"end":2667.049},{"text":"did","start":2667.258,"end":2667.451},{"text":"not","start":2667.5,"end":2667.741},{"text":"intervene,","start":2667.789,"end":2668.288},{"text":"we","start":2668.771,"end":2668.883},{"text":"also","start":2668.932,"end":2669.173},{"text":"submit","start":2669.173,"end":2669.704},{"text":"that","start":2669.72,"end":2669.897},{"text":"it","start":2669.897,"end":2669.994},{"text":"is","start":2669.994,"end":2670.107},{"text":"also","start":2670.203,"end":2670.396},{"text":"important","start":2670.525,"end":2671.024},{"text":"to","start":2671.024,"end":2671.153},{"text":"look","start":2671.185,"end":2671.41},{"text":"at","start":2671.41,"end":2671.587},{"text":"the","start":2671.587,"end":2671.732},{"text":"context.","start":2671.732,"end":2672.279}]},{"text":"While according to the court's discretion, if the court were to decide that Zimbabwe did intervene, it is important to note that the attack was carried out on the high seas and not in the—","start":2672.83,"end":2682.104,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. 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the essential argument that you had made.","start":2698.884,"end":2700.205,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That's","start":2698.884,"end":2699.142},{"text":"the","start":2699.142,"end":2699.19},{"text":"essential","start":2699.19,"end":2699.496},{"text":"argument","start":2699.529,"end":2699.786},{"text":"that","start":2699.786,"end":2699.947},{"text":"you","start":2699.947,"end":2699.98},{"text":"had","start":2699.98,"end":2700.108},{"text":"made.","start":2700.108,"end":2700.205}]},{"text":"And I tried to compare this with earlier on when you did, in fact, or your state did, in fact, intervene to try to help the 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is it different this time?","start":2709.301,"end":2710.458,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Why","start":2709.301,"end":2709.431},{"text":"is","start":2709.464,"end":2709.529},{"text":"it","start":2709.562,"end":2709.708},{"text":"different","start":2709.708,"end":2710.034},{"text":"this","start":2710.034,"end":2710.213},{"text":"time?","start":2710.213,"end":2710.458}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Tladi","affiliation":"ICJ","affiliation_full":"ICJ","group":null,"function":"Judge"}},{"statement_number":53,"start":2715.066,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=2716","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Most indebted, Your Excellency.","start":2715.066,"end":2716.412,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Most","start":2715.066,"end":2715.387},{"text":"indebted,","start":2715.387,"end":2715.803},{"text":"Your","start":2715.819,"end":2715.947},{"text":"Excellency.","start":2715.947,"end":2716.412}]},{"text":"We submit that the difference is that the assistance Rambuka is providing to the minorities was by bringing the matter before this honorable court, and it did not enter the territory of Debula, um, in order to achieve 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If I may begin by addressing the first half of your question.","start":2813.969,"end":2818.754,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Most","start":2813.969,"end":2814.295},{"text":"indebted,","start":2814.295,"end":2814.769},{"text":"Your","start":2814.785,"end":2814.916},{"text":"Excellency.","start":2814.916,"end":2815.357},{"text":"If","start":2815.406,"end":2815.504},{"text":"I","start":2815.504,"end":2815.52},{"text":"may","start":2815.651,"end":2815.863},{"text":"begin","start":2816.157,"end":2816.451},{"text":"by","start":2816.566,"end":2816.762},{"text":"addressing","start":2816.99,"end":2817.35},{"text":"the","start":2817.382,"end":2817.48},{"text":"first","start":2817.529,"end":2817.954},{"text":"half","start":2817.954,"end":2818.199},{"text":"of","start":2818.199,"end":2818.297},{"text":"your","start":2818.346,"end":2818.428},{"text":"question.","start":2818.428,"end":2818.754}]},{"text":"We submit that in relation to physical intervention, Your Excellency, and ensuring the right to free, prior, and informed consultations, Your Excellency, this is the most effective as physical intervention would ensure that the rights have indeed been fulfilled.","start":2819.242,"end":2832.617,"topics":[{"key":"indigenous-consultation","label":"Indigenous Rights and Consultation","description":"The Aurora Ceasefire Agreement raised questions about the Kuru people's self-determination, ancestral land rights, and the requirement of free, prior and informed consent. 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Thank you, Madam Counsel.","start":2915.02,"end":2918.836,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2915.02,"end":2915.198},{"text":"you.","start":2915.81,"end":2915.954},{"text":"Thank","start":2917.661,"end":2917.919},{"text":"you,","start":2917.919,"end":2918.048},{"text":"Madam","start":2918.08,"end":2918.305},{"text":"Counsel.","start":2918.321,"end":2918.836}]},{"text":"Now the floor goes to respondent counsels, please.","start":2919.062,"end":2922.878,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now","start":2919.062,"end":2919.239},{"text":"the","start":2919.513,"end":2919.609},{"text":"floor","start":2919.609,"end":2919.931},{"text":"goes","start":2919.931,"end":2920.221},{"text":"to","start":2920.334,"end":2920.463},{"text":"respondent","start":2920.881,"end":2921.525},{"text":"counsels,","start":2921.525,"end":2921.992},{"text":"please.","start":2922.668,"end":2922.878}]},{"text":"The floor is 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Lomunyaka.","start":2935.868,"end":2945.017,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2935.868,"end":2936.046},{"text":"name","start":2936.046,"end":2936.143},{"text":"is","start":2936.338,"end":2936.467},{"text":"Ivan","start":2936.645,"end":2936.872},{"text":"Kiriga,","start":2936.904,"end":2937.39},{"text":"and","start":2937.94,"end":2938.021},{"text":"together","start":2938.038,"end":2938.523},{"text":"with","start":2938.523,"end":2938.685},{"text":"my","start":2938.685,"end":2938.766},{"text":"co-agent,","start":2938.847,"end":2939.657},{"text":"Ms.","start":2939.754,"end":2940.045},{"text":"Saga","start":2940.094,"end":2940.385},{"text":"Ahmed,","start":2940.385,"end":2940.758},{"text":"we","start":2941.114,"end":2941.259},{"text":"rise","start":2941.259,"end":2941.648},{"text":"on","start":2941.842,"end":2941.891},{"text":"behalf","start":2942.004,"end":2942.587},{"text":"of","start":2942.652,"end":2942.749},{"text":"the","start":2942.798,"end":2942.895},{"text":"respondent","start":2942.895,"end":2943.445},{"text":"state","start":2943.445,"end":2943.915},{"text":"of","start":2944.174,"end":2944.222},{"text":"Lomunyaka.","start":2944.32,"end":2945.017}]},{"text":"I will speak for the first 25 minutes On the preliminary issues of jurisdiction and admissibility, then address this court on Merits A concerning Yakar's responsibility for the human rights violations in Dabula and Merit D concerning the legality of the selective entry 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co-agent, Ms. Sagal Ahmed, will then address this court in 20 minutes on Merits B and C. Unless directed otherwise, we wish to proceed.","start":2966.871,"end":2976.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2966.871,"end":2966.984},{"text":"co-agent,","start":2967.032,"end":2967.755},{"text":"Ms.","start":2967.851,"end":2968.028},{"text":"Sagal","start":2968.076,"end":2968.429},{"text":"Ahmed,","start":2968.461,"end":2968.847},{"text":"will","start":2969.184,"end":2969.264},{"text":"then","start":2969.264,"end":2969.329},{"text":"address","start":2969.425,"end":2969.843},{"text":"this","start":2969.843,"end":2970.084},{"text":"court","start":2970.084,"end":2970.903},{"text":"in","start":2971.128,"end":2971.192},{"text":"20","start":2971.288,"end":2971.578},{"text":"minutes","start":2971.578,"end":2971.995},{"text":"on","start":2972.252,"end":2972.413},{"text":"Merits","start":2972.413,"end":2972.686},{"text":"B","start":2972.814,"end":2973.007},{"text":"and","start":2973.296,"end":2973.36},{"text":"C.","start":2973.377,"end":2973.617},{"text":"Unless","start":2974.485,"end":2974.822},{"text":"directed","start":2974.822,"end":2975.272},{"text":"otherwise,","start":2975.368,"end":2975.834},{"text":"we","start":2976.107,"end":2976.268},{"text":"wish","start":2976.268,"end":2976.38},{"text":"to","start":2976.493,"end":2976.557},{"text":"proceed.","start":2976.589,"end":2976.91}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":2976.991,"end":2977.087,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2976.991,"end":2977.055},{"text":"you.","start":2977.055,"end":2977.087}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Ivan Kiriga","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"First Agent for the respondent"}},{"statement_number":63,"start":2978.264,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=2979","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Please.","start":2978.264,"end":2978.457,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Please.","start":2978.264,"end":2978.457}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Ivana Djelic","affiliation":"ECHR","affiliation_full":"ECHR","group":null,"function":"Judge President"}},{"statement_number":64,"start":2979.36,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=2980","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Madam President, Your Excellencies, in war, truth is always the first casualty.","start":2979.36,"end":2985.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":2979.36,"end":2979.617},{"text":"President,","start":2979.682,"end":2980.31},{"text":"Your","start":2980.649,"end":2980.874},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":2980.874,"end":2981.664},{"text":"in","start":2982.099,"end":2982.292},{"text":"war,","start":2982.341,"end":2982.679},{"text":"truth","start":2983.146,"end":2983.517},{"text":"is","start":2983.936,"end":2984.049},{"text":"always","start":2984.178,"end":2984.403},{"text":"the","start":2984.516,"end":2984.596},{"text":"first","start":2984.596,"end":2984.935},{"text":"casualty.","start":2984.999,"end":2985.37}]},{"text":"Throughout their submissions, the applicants have sought to conflate and speculate.","start":2986.192,"end":2991.542,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Throughout","start":2986.192,"end":2986.837},{"text":"their","start":2986.837,"end":2986.951},{"text":"submissions,","start":2986.951,"end":2987.716},{"text":"the","start":2988.075,"end":2988.156},{"text":"applicants","start":2988.303,"end":2988.872},{"text":"have","start":2988.954,"end":2989.149},{"text":"sought","start":2989.149,"end":2989.719},{"text":"to","start":2989.768,"end":2989.833},{"text":"conflate","start":2989.931,"end":2990.566},{"text":"and","start":2990.842,"end":2990.908},{"text":"speculate.","start":2990.94,"end":2991.542}]},{"text":"They conflate humanitarian assistance for operational control, and they speculate where the factual record remains deeply contested and highly fragmented.","start":2992.376,"end":3002.834,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"They","start":2992.376,"end":2992.473},{"text":"conflate","start":2992.618,"end":2993.199},{"text":"humanitarian","start":2993.199,"end":2994.055},{"text":"assistance","start":2994.151,"end":2994.797},{"text":"for","start":2995.055,"end":2995.216},{"text":"operational","start":2995.297,"end":2995.959},{"text":"control,","start":2996.007,"end":2996.54},{"text":"and","start":2997.056,"end":2997.153},{"text":"they","start":2997.153,"end":2997.233},{"text":"speculate","start":2997.233,"end":2998.218},{"text":"where","start":2998.428,"end":2998.524},{"text":"the","start":2998.524,"end":2998.637},{"text":"factual","start":2998.67,"end":2999.251},{"text":"record","start":2999.251,"end":2999.702},{"text":"remains","start":2999.961,"end":3000.348},{"text":"deeply","start":3000.445,"end":3000.784},{"text":"contested","start":3000.784,"end":3001.477},{"text":"and","start":3001.72,"end":3001.908},{"text":"highly","start":3001.908,"end":3002.234},{"text":"fragmented.","start":3002.251,"end":3002.834}]},{"text":"To that end, we pose a question before this honorable court: since when has international law made a decision on the basis of speculation rather than evidence?","start":3003.55,"end":3015.472,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":3003.55,"end":3003.646},{"text":"that","start":3003.695,"end":3003.984},{"text":"end,","start":3004.161,"end":3004.386},{"text":"we","start":3004.659,"end":3004.803},{"text":"pose","start":3004.9,"end":3005.189},{"text":"a","start":3005.221,"end":3005.301},{"text":"question","start":3005.301,"end":3005.832},{"text":"before","start":3006.024,"end":3006.522},{"text":"this","start":3006.651,"end":3006.715},{"text":"honorable","start":3006.892,"end":3007.294},{"text":"court:","start":3007.39,"end":3007.711},{"text":"since","start":3008.274,"end":3008.772},{"text":"when","start":3008.836,"end":3009.045},{"text":"has","start":3009.463,"end":3009.607},{"text":"international","start":3009.784,"end":3010.491},{"text":"law","start":3010.523,"end":3010.78},{"text":"made","start":3011.07,"end":3011.294},{"text":"a","start":3011.391,"end":3011.471},{"text":"decision","start":3011.471,"end":3012.017},{"text":"on","start":3012.387,"end":3012.467},{"text":"the","start":3012.5,"end":3012.612},{"text":"basis","start":3012.612,"end":3013.158},{"text":"of","start":3013.239,"end":3013.303},{"text":"speculation","start":3013.319,"end":3014.106},{"text":"rather","start":3014.379,"end":3014.62},{"text":"than","start":3014.62,"end":3014.749},{"text":"evidence?","start":3014.942,"end":3015.472}]},{"text":"It is the respondent's submission that it has never done so.","start":3016.227,"end":3019.665,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3016.227,"end":3016.323},{"text":"is","start":3016.371,"end":3016.436},{"text":"the","start":3016.468,"end":3016.548},{"text":"respondent's","start":3016.564,"end":3017.255},{"text":"submission","start":3017.255,"end":3017.801},{"text":"that","start":3017.994,"end":3018.235},{"text":"it","start":3018.235,"end":3018.332},{"text":"has","start":3018.332,"end":3018.524},{"text":"never","start":3018.54,"end":3019.006},{"text":"done","start":3019.199,"end":3019.408},{"text":"so.","start":3019.44,"end":3019.665}]},{"text":"With all this in mind, allow me to proceed to my substantive submissions on the preliminary issues.","start":3020.79,"end":3026.141,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":3020.79,"end":3020.95},{"text":"all","start":3020.95,"end":3021.127},{"text":"this","start":3021.127,"end":3021.288},{"text":"in","start":3021.288,"end":3021.432},{"text":"mind,","start":3021.432,"end":3021.786},{"text":"allow","start":3021.93,"end":3022.187},{"text":"me","start":3022.252,"end":3022.399},{"text":"to","start":3022.399,"end":3022.481},{"text":"proceed","start":3022.481,"end":3023.004},{"text":"to","start":3023.135,"end":3023.216},{"text":"my","start":3023.216,"end":3023.314},{"text":"substantive","start":3023.314,"end":3023.952},{"text":"submissions","start":3023.952,"end":3024.589},{"text":"on","start":3024.932,"end":3024.997},{"text":"the","start":3025.014,"end":3025.112},{"text":"preliminary","start":3025.112,"end":3025.733},{"text":"issues.","start":3025.782,"end":3026.141}]},{"text":"Turning first to jurisdiction and admissibility, we are in agreement with the applicant's submissions that this court does indeed have the requisite jurisdiction to hear and determine this matter.","start":3028.566,"end":3040.007,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. They disagreed on where remedies had to be pursued and when exceptions apply for widespread or impracticable violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Turning","start":3028.566,"end":3028.79},{"text":"first","start":3028.886,"end":3029.239},{"text":"to","start":3029.239,"end":3029.367},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":3029.367,"end":3029.992},{"text":"and","start":3030.248,"end":3030.425},{"text":"admissibility,","start":3030.425,"end":3031.194},{"text":"we","start":3031.626,"end":3031.755},{"text":"are","start":3031.771,"end":3031.851},{"text":"in","start":3031.851,"end":3031.915},{"text":"agreement","start":3032.091,"end":3032.764},{"text":"with","start":3032.812,"end":3032.892},{"text":"the","start":3032.892,"end":3033.037},{"text":"applicant's","start":3033.069,"end":3033.63},{"text":"submissions","start":3033.63,"end":3034.158},{"text":"that","start":3034.415,"end":3034.591},{"text":"this","start":3034.591,"end":3034.831},{"text":"court","start":3034.831,"end":3035.232},{"text":"does","start":3035.232,"end":3035.536},{"text":"indeed","start":3035.536,"end":3035.889},{"text":"have","start":3036.017,"end":3036.21},{"text":"the","start":3036.21,"end":3036.29},{"text":"requisite","start":3036.29,"end":3036.915},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":3036.915,"end":3037.684},{"text":"to","start":3037.94,"end":3038.004},{"text":"hear","start":3038.036,"end":3038.533},{"text":"and","start":3038.677,"end":3038.741},{"text":"determine","start":3038.822,"end":3039.27},{"text":"this","start":3039.479,"end":3039.623},{"text":"matter.","start":3039.639,"end":3040.007}]},{"text":"However, before I move to, to address this honorable court on its admissibility, may I offer some clarity on its personal jurisdiction?","start":3040.52,"end":3049.446,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. They disagreed on where remedies had to be pursued and when exceptions apply for widespread or impracticable violations."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":3040.52,"end":3040.937},{"text":"before","start":3041.562,"end":3041.834},{"text":"I","start":3042.027,"end":3042.075},{"text":"move","start":3042.123,"end":3042.299},{"text":"to,","start":3042.363,"end":3042.491},{"text":"to","start":3043.084,"end":3043.453},{"text":"address","start":3043.549,"end":3044.11},{"text":"this","start":3044.11,"end":3044.27},{"text":"honorable","start":3044.286,"end":3044.671},{"text":"court","start":3044.671,"end":3044.991},{"text":"on","start":3045.071,"end":3045.119},{"text":"its","start":3045.183,"end":3045.344},{"text":"admissibility,","start":3045.344,"end":3046.129},{"text":"may","start":3046.449,"end":3046.626},{"text":"I","start":3046.626,"end":3046.674},{"text":"offer","start":3046.754,"end":3046.946},{"text":"some","start":3046.946,"end":3047.235},{"text":"clarity","start":3047.235,"end":3047.779},{"text":"on","start":3047.972,"end":3048.02},{"text":"its","start":3048.116,"end":3048.276},{"text":"personal","start":3048.292,"end":3048.725},{"text":"jurisdiction?","start":3048.837,"end":3049.446}]},{"text":"Counsel for the respondent submitted that our withdrawal to paragraph 14 of the fact pattern was done on bad faith.","start":3050.76,"end":3058.111,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-withdrawal","label":"Treaty Withdrawal and Court Jurisdiction","description":"A major issue was whether Yakar's withdrawal from the court's jurisdiction was legally effective and compatible with good faith and pacta sunt servanda. Speakers debated the role of the Vienna Convention, timing of withdrawal, and whether filing a later counterclaim undermined Yakar's position."}],"words":[{"text":"Counsel","start":3050.76,"end":3051.081},{"text":"for","start":3051.097,"end":3051.241},{"text":"the","start":3051.257,"end":3051.337},{"text":"respondent","start":3051.353,"end":3051.898},{"text":"submitted","start":3051.898,"end":3052.507},{"text":"that","start":3052.619,"end":3052.891},{"text":"our","start":3053.244,"end":3053.42},{"text":"withdrawal","start":3053.42,"end":3054.029},{"text":"to","start":3054.318,"end":3054.543},{"text":"paragraph","start":3054.543,"end":3055.186},{"text":"14","start":3055.186,"end":3055.716},{"text":"of","start":3055.829,"end":3055.909},{"text":"the","start":3055.909,"end":3055.989},{"text":"fact","start":3055.989,"end":3056.359},{"text":"pattern","start":3056.391,"end":3056.761},{"text":"was","start":3056.938,"end":3057.082},{"text":"done","start":3057.179,"end":3057.404},{"text":"on","start":3057.581,"end":3057.725},{"text":"bad","start":3057.757,"end":3057.966},{"text":"faith.","start":3057.982,"end":3058.111}]},{"text":"However, Your Excellencies, may I direct this court's attention to paragraph 14, specifically the sentence beginning with on 1st September.","start":3058.786,"end":3067.49,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-withdrawal","label":"Treaty Withdrawal and Court Jurisdiction","description":"A major issue was whether Yakar's withdrawal from the court's jurisdiction was legally effective and compatible with good faith and pacta sunt servanda. Speakers debated the role of the Vienna Convention, timing of withdrawal, and whether filing a later counterclaim undermined Yakar's position."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":3058.786,"end":3059.204},{"text":"Your","start":3059.22,"end":3059.429},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":3059.429,"end":3060.136},{"text":"may","start":3060.393,"end":3060.49},{"text":"I","start":3060.635,"end":3060.795},{"text":"direct","start":3060.811,"end":3061.197},{"text":"this","start":3061.197,"end":3061.358},{"text":"court's","start":3061.374,"end":3061.599},{"text":"attention","start":3061.631,"end":3062.226},{"text":"to","start":3062.499,"end":3062.579},{"text":"paragraph","start":3062.579,"end":3063.062},{"text":"14,","start":3063.062,"end":3063.5},{"text":"specifically","start":3063.808,"end":3064.57},{"text":"the","start":3064.749,"end":3064.781},{"text":"sentence","start":3064.781,"end":3065.414},{"text":"beginning","start":3065.414,"end":3065.787},{"text":"with","start":3066.127,"end":3066.289},{"text":"on","start":3066.289,"end":3066.435},{"text":"1st","start":3066.452,"end":3066.873},{"text":"September.","start":3066.873,"end":3067.49}]},{"text":"On 1st September 2025, Yakar's Parliament, arguing that Yakar was being unfairly targeted by international institutions, in particular the Takakula down human rights system by a 2/3 majority formally withdrew from the jurisdiction of this court, declaring that the court had become politicized and inconsistent with the charter's original spirit.","start":3070.023,"end":3094.04,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-withdrawal","label":"Treaty Withdrawal and Court Jurisdiction","description":"A major issue was whether Yakar's withdrawal from the court's jurisdiction was legally effective and compatible with good faith and pacta sunt servanda. 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The Gambia in 2001 by the African Commission, which established that local remedies are only to be exhausted where they are available, efficient, and sufficient.","start":3509.523,"end":3524.636,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. 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They disagreed on where remedies had to be pursued and when exceptions apply for widespread or impracticable violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":3533.729,"end":3533.81},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":3533.89,"end":3534.595},{"text":"local","start":3534.947,"end":3535.204},{"text":"remedies","start":3535.252,"end":3535.636},{"text":"are","start":3535.748,"end":3535.829},{"text":"considered","start":3535.829,"end":3536.373},{"text":"available","start":3536.389,"end":3537.078},{"text":"where","start":3537.255,"end":3537.351},{"text":"they","start":3537.351,"end":3537.495},{"text":"can","start":3537.495,"end":3537.623},{"text":"be","start":3537.751,"end":3537.832},{"text":"pursued","start":3537.896,"end":3538.36},{"text":"without","start":3538.553,"end":3539.001},{"text":"an","start":3539.033,"end":3539.081},{"text":"impediment.","start":3539.178,"end":3539.722}]},{"text":"In the present case, we submit that Yaka and Swambuka being sovereign states, Your Excellencies, Yaka is impeded by the doctrine of equality of states from taking a matter before the court— the courts in Swambuka, and therefore, despite the lack of exhaustion of local remedies, Merit B remains admissible before this honorable court.","start":3540.395,"end":3560.894,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. 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concluded— having concluded on the preliminary matters before this honorable court, I now turn to—","start":3562.79,"end":3568.452,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Having","start":3562.79,"end":3562.952},{"text":"concluded—","start":3563.066,"end":3563.684},{"text":"having","start":3564.124,"end":3564.4},{"text":"concluded","start":3564.433,"end":3565.002},{"text":"on","start":3565.019,"end":3565.068},{"text":"the","start":3565.1,"end":3565.181},{"text":"preliminary","start":3565.181,"end":3565.832},{"text":"matters","start":3565.832,"end":3566.207},{"text":"before","start":3566.304,"end":3566.565},{"text":"this","start":3566.565,"end":3566.744},{"text":"honorable","start":3566.809,"end":3567.167},{"text":"court,","start":3567.215,"end":3567.541},{"text":"I","start":3567.687,"end":3567.785},{"text":"now","start":3567.785,"end":3567.98},{"text":"turn","start":3568.029,"end":3568.322},{"text":"to—","start":3568.419,"end":3568.452}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Ivan Kiriga","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"First Agent for the respondent"}},{"statement_number":83,"start":3568.452,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=3569","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I just have one question.","start":3568.452,"end":3569.298,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3568.452,"end":3568.468},{"text":"just","start":3568.517,"end":3568.712},{"text":"have","start":3568.745,"end":3568.81},{"text":"one","start":3568.843,"end":3568.973},{"text":"question.","start":3569.07,"end":3569.298}]},{"text":"It's a question I would have liked to ask the applicant, but I didn't.","start":3569.782,"end":3572.048,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":3569.782,"end":3569.878},{"text":"a","start":3569.878,"end":3569.894},{"text":"question","start":3569.942,"end":3570.2},{"text":"I","start":3570.248,"end":3570.264},{"text":"would","start":3570.264,"end":3570.36},{"text":"have","start":3570.36,"end":3570.473},{"text":"liked","start":3570.505,"end":3570.73},{"text":"to","start":3570.73,"end":3570.826},{"text":"ask","start":3570.826,"end":3570.987},{"text":"the","start":3570.987,"end":3571.132},{"text":"applicant,","start":3571.132,"end":3571.469},{"text":"but","start":3571.55,"end":3571.646},{"text":"I","start":3571.646,"end":3571.791},{"text":"didn't.","start":3571.791,"end":3572.048}]},{"text":"So you don't contest that the applicant has standing to raise the issue of the responsibility of the respondent for violations of the rights of the minorities in Ndabula?","start":3572.177,"end":3592.975,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. 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These acts were framed as violations of core human rights, especially the rights to life and freedom from torture."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3572.177,"end":3572.402},{"text":"you","start":3572.916,"end":3573.141},{"text":"don't","start":3573.157,"end":3573.479},{"text":"contest","start":3573.479,"end":3574.33},{"text":"that","start":3575.327,"end":3575.665},{"text":"the","start":3576.115,"end":3576.307},{"text":"applicant","start":3576.854,"end":3577.497},{"text":"has","start":3578.284,"end":3578.445},{"text":"standing","start":3578.542,"end":3579.158},{"text":"to","start":3580.39,"end":3580.52},{"text":"raise","start":3580.958,"end":3581.185},{"text":"the","start":3581.299,"end":3581.444},{"text":"issue","start":3581.526,"end":3581.882},{"text":"of","start":3582.742,"end":3582.888},{"text":"the","start":3582.936,"end":3583.066},{"text":"responsibility","start":3583.066,"end":3583.861},{"text":"of","start":3585.502,"end":3585.632},{"text":"the","start":3585.648,"end":3585.729},{"text":"respondent","start":3585.729,"end":3586.555},{"text":"for","start":3586.555,"end":3587.057},{"text":"violations","start":3587.43,"end":3588.191},{"text":"of","start":3588.483,"end":3588.629},{"text":"the","start":3588.677,"end":3588.807},{"text":"rights","start":3588.807,"end":3589.163},{"text":"of","start":3590.281,"end":3590.362},{"text":"the","start":3590.362,"end":3590.443},{"text":"minorities","start":3590.443,"end":3591.107},{"text":"in","start":3592.32,"end":3592.451},{"text":"Ndabula?","start":3592.549,"end":3592.975}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Tladi","affiliation":"ICJ","affiliation_full":"ICJ","group":null,"function":"Judge"}},{"statement_number":84,"start":3596.72,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=3597","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"In answering your question, may I direct this Court's attention to paragraph 48 of the fact pattern, specifically the line beginning with state parties to the Charter.","start":3596.72,"end":3605.728,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. 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Kiriga","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"First Agent for the respondent"}},{"statement_number":98,"start":4018.986,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=4019","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"May I ask you something?","start":4018.986,"end":4019.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"May","start":4018.986,"end":4019.149},{"text":"I","start":4019.214,"end":4019.23},{"text":"ask","start":4019.23,"end":4019.458},{"text":"you","start":4019.458,"end":4019.54},{"text":"something?","start":4019.54,"end":4019.93}]},{"text":"Maybe I misunderstood, but I have the impression that you claimed that there was no effective 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so that you answer the questions together, because they are related on the question of effective control.","start":4032.172,"end":4038.638,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. 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The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"Further,","start":4367.488,"end":4367.712},{"text":"Your","start":4367.728,"end":4367.953},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":4367.953,"end":4368.66},{"text":"under","start":4368.997,"end":4369.158},{"text":"Article","start":4369.238,"end":4369.495},{"text":"16","start":4369.495,"end":4369.961},{"text":"of","start":4369.961,"end":4370.057},{"text":"RCWA,","start":4370.057,"end":4370.459},{"text":"assistance","start":4370.924,"end":4371.599},{"text":"is","start":4371.76,"end":4371.872},{"text":"not","start":4371.92,"end":4372.225},{"text":"enough","start":4372.225,"end":4372.547},{"text":"to","start":4372.547,"end":4372.627},{"text":"prove","start":4372.627,"end":4372.868},{"text":"attribution.","start":4372.868,"end":4373.462}]},{"text":"And while the respondent state might have provided assistance, the applicants have not shown that the respondent state knew that its assistance was going to be used to commit human rights violations.","start":4373.815,"end":4384.358,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4373.815,"end":4373.88},{"text":"while","start":4373.976,"end":4374.169},{"text":"the","start":4374.474,"end":4374.554},{"text":"respondent","start":4374.57,"end":4375.116},{"text":"state","start":4375.116,"end":4375.437},{"text":"might","start":4375.437,"end":4375.678},{"text":"have","start":4375.678,"end":4375.823},{"text":"provided","start":4375.823,"end":4376.257},{"text":"assistance,","start":4376.257,"end":4376.883},{"text":"the","start":4377.124,"end":4377.284},{"text":"applicants","start":4377.284,"end":4377.83},{"text":"have","start":4377.83,"end":4377.975},{"text":"not","start":4378.087,"end":4378.312},{"text":"shown","start":4378.312,"end":4378.617},{"text":"that","start":4379.115,"end":4379.292},{"text":"the","start":4379.292,"end":4379.324},{"text":"respondent","start":4379.372,"end":4379.854},{"text":"state","start":4379.854,"end":4380.352},{"text":"knew","start":4380.416,"end":4380.641},{"text":"that","start":4380.882,"end":4380.994},{"text":"its","start":4381.043,"end":4381.155},{"text":"assistance","start":4381.155,"end":4381.878},{"text":"was","start":4381.862,"end":4381.96},{"text":"going","start":4382.025,"end":4382.156},{"text":"to","start":4382.27,"end":4382.352},{"text":"be","start":4382.352,"end":4382.498},{"text":"used","start":4382.515,"end":4382.759},{"text":"to","start":4382.759,"end":4382.922},{"text":"commit","start":4382.922,"end":4383.249},{"text":"human","start":4383.249,"end":4383.575},{"text":"rights","start":4383.575,"end":4383.82},{"text":"violations.","start":4383.82,"end":4384.358}]},{"text":"Turning swiftly to merit D, Your Excellencies, the question before this honorable court is whether the visa policy is justified.","start":4386.367,"end":4393.554,"topics":[{"key":"visa-countermeasures","label":"Visa Restrictions and Countermeasures","description":"Another issue was the legality of Zwambuka's selective entry or visa policy toward Yakarians. The discussion focused on whether such restrictions could qualify as lawful countermeasures and what human rights limits and due process requirements still apply."}],"words":[{"text":"Turning","start":4386.367,"end":4386.512},{"text":"swiftly","start":4386.512,"end":4386.836},{"text":"to","start":4386.852,"end":4386.949},{"text":"merit","start":4386.949,"end":4387.322},{"text":"D,","start":4387.354,"end":4387.5},{"text":"Your","start":4387.516,"end":4387.678},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":4387.678,"end":4388.374},{"text":"the","start":4388.487,"end":4388.633},{"text":"question","start":4388.633,"end":4389.021},{"text":"before","start":4389.054,"end":4389.329},{"text":"this","start":4389.377,"end":4389.555},{"text":"honorable","start":4389.62,"end":4390.025},{"text":"court","start":4390.09,"end":4390.51},{"text":"is","start":4390.51,"end":4390.64},{"text":"whether","start":4390.753,"end":4391.207},{"text":"the","start":4391.563,"end":4391.644},{"text":"visa","start":4391.967,"end":4392.21},{"text":"policy","start":4392.21,"end":4392.663},{"text":"is","start":4392.793,"end":4392.906},{"text":"justified.","start":4393.003,"end":4393.554}]},{"text":"Counsel for the applicants have not submitted on this merit, and therefore we place reliance on the statements by the Minister of the Estate at paragraph 40 that the visa policy is a lawful countermeasure.","start":4394.298,"end":4406.261,"topics":[{"key":"visa-countermeasures","label":"Visa Restrictions and Countermeasures","description":"Another issue was the legality of Zwambuka's selective entry or visa policy toward Yakarians. 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The discussion focused on whether such restrictions could qualify as lawful countermeasures and what human rights limits and due process requirements still apply."}],"words":[{"text":"Countermeasures","start":4406.988,"end":4407.666},{"text":"are","start":4407.859,"end":4408.037},{"text":"guided","start":4408.037,"end":4408.424},{"text":"by","start":4408.521,"end":4408.715},{"text":"Article","start":4408.702,"end":4409.009},{"text":"49","start":4409.025,"end":4409.557},{"text":"of","start":4409.67,"end":4409.815},{"text":"our","start":4409.815,"end":4409.928},{"text":"CWA,","start":4409.928,"end":4410.315},{"text":"and","start":4410.718,"end":4410.783},{"text":"therefore—","start":4410.944,"end":4412.025}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Ivan Kiriga","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"First Agent for the respondent"}},{"statement_number":107,"start":4412.493,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=4413","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"You don't have much time left, and so I'm just going to ask you one question.","start":4412.493,"end":4414.799,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":4412.493,"end":4412.573},{"text":"don't","start":4412.573,"end":4412.718},{"text":"have","start":4412.718,"end":4412.815},{"text":"much","start":4412.815,"end":4412.944},{"text":"time","start":4413.057,"end":4413.186},{"text":"left,","start":4413.299,"end":4413.46},{"text":"and","start":4413.541,"end":4413.605},{"text":"so","start":4413.605,"end":4413.638},{"text":"I'm","start":4413.638,"end":4413.783},{"text":"just","start":4413.783,"end":4413.896},{"text":"going","start":4413.896,"end":4413.976},{"text":"to","start":4413.976,"end":4414.073},{"text":"ask","start":4414.089,"end":4414.267},{"text":"you","start":4414.267,"end":4414.396},{"text":"one","start":4414.428,"end":4414.541},{"text":"question.","start":4414.541,"end":4414.799}]},{"text":"So even if we forget countermeasures and everything, is there anything unlawful about that conduct?","start":4416.15,"end":4422.755,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4416.15,"end":4416.182},{"text":"even","start":4416.198,"end":4416.439},{"text":"if","start":4416.487,"end":4416.567},{"text":"we","start":4416.567,"end":4416.648},{"text":"forget","start":4416.648,"end":4416.969},{"text":"countermeasures","start":4416.985,"end":4417.548},{"text":"and","start":4417.548,"end":4417.644},{"text":"everything,","start":4417.644,"end":4417.998},{"text":"is","start":4418.978,"end":4419.026},{"text":"there","start":4419.155,"end":4419.267},{"text":"anything","start":4419.54,"end":4419.862},{"text":"unlawful","start":4420.199,"end":4420.858},{"text":"about","start":4421.003,"end":4421.324},{"text":"that","start":4422.047,"end":4422.272},{"text":"conduct?","start":4422.272,"end":4422.755}]},{"text":"Is it not up to the state to determine its, its visa policies?","start":4423.317,"end":4428.122,"topics":[{"key":"visa-countermeasures","label":"Visa Restrictions and Countermeasures","description":"Another issue was the legality of Zwambuka's selective entry or visa policy toward Yakarians. The discussion focused on whether such restrictions could qualify as lawful countermeasures and what human rights limits and due process requirements still apply."}],"words":[{"text":"Is","start":4423.317,"end":4423.381},{"text":"it","start":4423.414,"end":4423.51},{"text":"not","start":4423.59,"end":4423.928},{"text":"up","start":4424.442,"end":4424.538},{"text":"to","start":4424.603,"end":4424.715},{"text":"the","start":4424.715,"end":4424.78},{"text":"state","start":4424.78,"end":4425.165},{"text":"to","start":4425.165,"end":4425.23},{"text":"determine","start":4425.23,"end":4425.615},{"text":"its,","start":4425.663,"end":4425.776},{"text":"its","start":4427.206,"end":4427.415},{"text":"visa","start":4427.415,"end":4427.672},{"text":"policies?","start":4427.672,"end":4428.122}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Tladi","affiliation":"ICJ","affiliation_full":"ICJ","group":null,"function":"Judge"}},{"statement_number":108,"start":4431.449,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=4432","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"We do— could I kindly get Thank you.","start":4431.449,"end":4434.913,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4431.449,"end":4431.594},{"text":"do—","start":4431.61,"end":4431.723},{"text":"could","start":4433.362,"end":4433.523},{"text":"I","start":4433.523,"end":4433.571},{"text":"kindly","start":4433.603,"end":4433.844},{"text":"get","start":4433.86,"end":4434.375},{"text":"Thank","start":4434.576,"end":4434.752},{"text":"you.","start":4434.752,"end":4434.913}]},{"text":"In answering Judge's question, Honorable Justice's question, it is true that states have the right to regulate entry and exit of aliens into its territory.","start":4436.037,"end":4445.125,"topics":[{"key":"visa-countermeasures","label":"Visa Restrictions and Countermeasures","description":"Another issue was the legality of Zwambuka's selective entry or visa policy toward Yakarians. 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applicants have not provided any thresholds before this honorable court, and therefore we submit that the respondent state cannot be held responsible for any 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cede floor to my co-agent, Ms. Agal Ahmed.","start":4504.197,"end":4506.525,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4504.197,"end":4504.229},{"text":"cede","start":4504.278,"end":4504.486},{"text":"floor","start":4504.518,"end":4504.759},{"text":"to","start":4504.759,"end":4504.84},{"text":"my","start":4504.84,"end":4505},{"text":"co-agent,","start":4505,"end":4505.642},{"text":"Ms.","start":4505.658,"end":4505.819},{"text":"Agal","start":4505.883,"end":4506.124},{"text":"Ahmed.","start":4506.124,"end":4506.525}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Ivan Kiriga","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"First Agent for the respondent"}},{"statement_number":111,"start":4507.328,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=4508","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":4507.328,"end":4507.585,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4507.328,"end":4507.473},{"text":"you.","start":4507.473,"end":4507.585}]},{"text":"Please, the floor is 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the leave of this court, I shall be taking the next 20 minutes to dispense with Merit B, on the responsibility for the sinking of Madame Viji, and Meritsea on Zimbabwe's inconsistency with its human rights obligations under the Aurora ceasefire agreement.","start":4531.395,"end":4548.664,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."},{"key":"ihl-ihrl-overlap","label":"Interaction of Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law","description":"Judges and counsel repeatedly addressed how international humanitarian law and international human rights law operate during armed conflict. They discussed lex specialis, whether both frameworks apply simultaneously, and how armed conflict should be classified in this case."},{"key":"indigenous-consultation","label":"Indigenous Rights and Consultation","description":"The Aurora Ceasefire Agreement raised questions about the Kuru people's self-determination, ancestral land rights, and the requirement of free, prior and informed consent. 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Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."}],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":4549.851,"end":4549.931},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":4549.931,"end":4550.718},{"text":"I","start":4551.215,"end":4551.263},{"text":"posit","start":4551.376,"end":4551.857},{"text":"a","start":4551.857,"end":4551.873},{"text":"question","start":4551.873,"end":4552.242},{"text":"before","start":4552.338,"end":4552.675},{"text":"this","start":4552.675,"end":4552.9},{"text":"court:","start":4552.9,"end":4553.253},{"text":"does","start":4553.718,"end":4554.007},{"text":"international","start":4554.039,"end":4554.729},{"text":"law","start":4554.825,"end":4555.002},{"text":"permit","start":4555.066,"end":4555.483},{"text":"destruction,","start":4555.483,"end":4556.093},{"text":"or","start":4556.446,"end":4556.51},{"text":"does","start":4556.59,"end":4556.751},{"text":"it","start":4556.751,"end":4556.847},{"text":"demand","start":4556.847,"end":4557.296},{"text":"restraint?","start":4557.409,"end":4558.018}]},{"text":"The respondents submit that the law is unequivocal, that where verification is possible yet not undertaken, Where alternatives exist yet are ignored, and where lives could be spared but are not, the law is not applied, it is violated.","start":4558.596,"end":4573.755,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4558.596,"end":4558.676},{"text":"respondents","start":4558.676,"end":4559.366},{"text":"submit","start":4559.447,"end":4559.864},{"text":"that","start":4559.896,"end":4560.024},{"text":"the","start":4560.056,"end":4560.137},{"text":"law","start":4560.201,"end":4560.329},{"text":"is","start":4560.538,"end":4560.666},{"text":"unequivocal,","start":4560.762,"end":4561.581},{"text":"that","start":4562.126,"end":4562.303},{"text":"where","start":4562.303,"end":4562.543},{"text":"verification","start":4562.543,"end":4563.298},{"text":"is","start":4563.426,"end":4563.474},{"text":"possible","start":4563.586,"end":4564.212},{"text":"yet","start":4564.212,"end":4564.405},{"text":"not","start":4564.405,"end":4564.629},{"text":"undertaken,","start":4564.629,"end":4565.239},{"text":"Where","start":4565.821,"end":4565.999},{"text":"alternatives","start":4565.999,"end":4566.792},{"text":"exist","start":4566.792,"end":4567.521},{"text":"yet","start":4567.602,"end":4567.845},{"text":"are","start":4567.845,"end":4567.877},{"text":"ignored,","start":4567.877,"end":4568.314},{"text":"and","start":4568.832,"end":4568.994},{"text":"where","start":4568.994,"end":4569.172},{"text":"lives","start":4569.221,"end":4569.529},{"text":"could","start":4569.642,"end":4569.885},{"text":"be","start":4569.885,"end":4569.982},{"text":"spared","start":4569.982,"end":4570.419},{"text":"but","start":4570.516,"end":4570.694},{"text":"are","start":4570.694,"end":4570.792},{"text":"not,","start":4570.792,"end":4571.051},{"text":"the","start":4571.504,"end":4571.585},{"text":"law","start":4571.65,"end":4571.747},{"text":"is","start":4572.006,"end":4572.119},{"text":"not","start":4572.152,"end":4572.33},{"text":"applied,","start":4572.378,"end":4572.848},{"text":"it","start":4573.204,"end":4573.301},{"text":"is","start":4573.35,"end":4573.512},{"text":"violated.","start":4573.512,"end":4573.755}]},{"text":"With this, Your Excellencies, allow me to move to our substantive submissions, beginning with Merit B. It is the respondents' submission that Zomboka bears international responsibility for the sinking of Madame VG, and to this end, we shall be advancing our 2 arguments.","start":4574.632,"end":4592.315,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. 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Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."},{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."},{"key":"ihl-ihrl-overlap","label":"Interaction of Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law","description":"Judges and counsel repeatedly addressed how international humanitarian law and international human rights law operate during armed conflict. They discussed lex specialis, whether both frameworks apply simultaneously, and how armed conflict should be classified in this case."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":4592.802,"end":4593.042},{"text":"firstly,","start":4593.042,"end":4593.411},{"text":"the","start":4593.828,"end":4593.924},{"text":"attack","start":4594.004,"end":4594.421},{"text":"on","start":4594.469,"end":4594.534},{"text":"Madame","start":4594.566,"end":4594.87},{"text":"Vijay","start":4594.886,"end":4595.255},{"text":"was","start":4595.271,"end":4595.415},{"text":"unlawful","start":4595.672,"end":4596.329},{"text":"under","start":4596.329,"end":4596.474},{"text":"international","start":4596.49,"end":4597.051},{"text":"humanitarian","start":4597.051,"end":4597.66},{"text":"law,","start":4597.836,"end":4597.885},{"text":"and","start":4598.478,"end":4598.574},{"text":"second,","start":4598.574,"end":4599.103},{"text":"that","start":4599.376,"end":4599.456},{"text":"that","start":4599.456,"end":4599.76},{"text":"attack","start":4599.76,"end":4600.258},{"text":"is","start":4600.498,"end":4600.594},{"text":"in","start":4600.658,"end":4600.755},{"text":"fact","start":4600.819,"end":4601.364},{"text":"attributable","start":4601.364,"end":4602.15},{"text":"to","start":4602.278,"end":4602.39},{"text":"the","start":4602.422,"end":4602.486},{"text":"applicant","start":4602.566,"end":4603.047},{"text":"state.","start":4603.047,"end":4603.32}]},{"text":"Turning first to the unlawfulness of the attack, it is our submission, Your Excellencies, that the attack on Madame Vijay was unlawful as the vessel itself constituted a dual-use object by definition under page 92 of the ICRC guide, Your Excellencies, wherein a dual-use object is one that has both simultaneous civilian and military functions.","start":4604.17,"end":4627.292,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. 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Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."}],"words":[{"text":"Did","start":4628.382,"end":4628.527},{"text":"the","start":4628.943,"end":4629.04},{"text":"applicant","start":4630.162,"end":4630.499},{"text":"state—","start":4630.499,"end":4630.98},{"text":"know","start":4631.189,"end":4631.381},{"text":"that","start":4631.429,"end":4631.542},{"text":"it","start":4631.542,"end":4631.59},{"text":"was","start":4631.59,"end":4631.638},{"text":"dual-use?","start":4631.638,"end":4632.263}]},{"text":"Is there anything in the facts to indicate that it knew that it was dual-use?","start":4632.392,"end":4637.379,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. 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Kupreskić decision, it was stated that the principle of precaution under international humanitarian law has attained the status of customary international law.","start":4658.714,"end":4673.431,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."},{"key":"ihl-ihrl-overlap","label":"Interaction of Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law","description":"Judges and counsel repeatedly addressed how international humanitarian law and international human rights law operate during armed conflict. 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Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."}],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":5115.917,"end":5116.014},{"text":"Excellency,","start":5116.014,"end":5116.709},{"text":"it","start":5116.822,"end":5117.048},{"text":"is","start":5117.048,"end":5117.21},{"text":"a","start":5117.21,"end":5117.226},{"text":"submission,","start":5117.226,"end":5117.84},{"text":"as","start":5118.034,"end":5118.163},{"text":"the","start":5118.438,"end":5118.583},{"text":"facts","start":5118.583,"end":5119.003},{"text":"are","start":5119.003,"end":5119.084},{"text":"unclear","start":5119.084,"end":5119.666},{"text":"as","start":5119.714,"end":5119.779},{"text":"to","start":5119.892,"end":5120.021},{"text":"the","start":5120.037,"end":5120.215},{"text":"time","start":5120.215,"end":5120.506},{"text":"of","start":5120.7,"end":5120.829},{"text":"the","start":5120.862,"end":5120.958},{"text":"attack","start":5120.958,"end":5121.072},{"text":"and","start":5121.072,"end":5121.152},{"text":"the","start":5121.152,"end":5121.201},{"text":"knowledge","start":5121.201,"end":5121.314},{"text":"of","start":5121.427,"end":5121.459},{"text":"the","start":5121.508,"end":5121.54},{"text":"people","start":5121.54,"end":5121.621},{"text":"on","start":5121.621,"end":5121.653},{"text":"board,","start":5121.669,"end":5121.847},{"text":"It","start":5123.442,"end":5123.602},{"text":"is","start":5123.602,"end":5123.731},{"text":"a","start":5123.763,"end":5123.779},{"text":"submission","start":5123.779,"end":5124.356},{"text":"that","start":5124.725,"end":5124.982},{"text":"they","start":5125.11,"end":5125.158},{"text":"should","start":5125.206,"end":5125.511},{"text":"have","start":5125.511,"end":5125.655},{"text":"verified","start":5125.687,"end":5126.329},{"text":"considering","start":5126.57,"end":5127.067},{"text":"they","start":5127.115,"end":5127.211},{"text":"did","start":5127.291,"end":5127.468},{"text":"have","start":5127.532,"end":5127.74},{"text":"the","start":5127.773,"end":5127.853},{"text":"capability","start":5127.853,"end":5128.542},{"text":"to","start":5128.574,"end":5128.671},{"text":"verify","start":5128.799,"end":5129.152},{"text":"who","start":5129.28,"end":5129.312},{"text":"was","start":5129.312,"end":5129.425},{"text":"on","start":5129.537,"end":5129.585},{"text":"board","start":5129.697,"end":5129.986},{"text":"before","start":5130.178,"end":5130.676},{"text":"making","start":5130.74,"end":5131.028},{"text":"the","start":5131.045,"end":5131.125},{"text":"attack.","start":5131.125,"end":5131.494}]},{"text":"Moving then to the attribution of that attack, agents for the applicant have stated and relied on Article 8 on the articles of state responsibility.","start":5132.023,"end":5140.01,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."},{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"Moving","start":5132.023,"end":5132.296},{"text":"then","start":5132.424,"end":5132.536},{"text":"to","start":5132.664,"end":5132.761},{"text":"the","start":5132.761,"end":5132.825},{"text":"attribution","start":5132.825,"end":5133.354},{"text":"of","start":5133.402,"end":5133.515},{"text":"that","start":5133.531,"end":5133.723},{"text":"attack,","start":5133.723,"end":5134.188},{"text":"agents","start":5134.653,"end":5135.054},{"text":"for","start":5135.054,"end":5135.118},{"text":"the","start":5135.134,"end":5135.199},{"text":"applicant","start":5135.311,"end":5135.856},{"text":"have","start":5135.856,"end":5135.952},{"text":"stated","start":5135.952,"end":5136.546},{"text":"and","start":5136.594,"end":5136.658},{"text":"relied","start":5136.738,"end":5137.155},{"text":"on","start":5137.155,"end":5137.204},{"text":"Article","start":5137.3,"end":5137.685},{"text":"8","start":5137.781,"end":5138.022},{"text":"on","start":5138.022,"end":5138.086},{"text":"the","start":5138.118,"end":5138.214},{"text":"articles","start":5138.214,"end":5138.663},{"text":"of","start":5138.663,"end":5138.711},{"text":"state","start":5138.711,"end":5139.08},{"text":"responsibility.","start":5139.08,"end":5140.01}]},{"text":"However, we seek to clarify something before this court.","start":5140.508,"end":5143.571,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5140.508,"end":5140.909},{"text":"we","start":5141.326,"end":5141.406},{"text":"seek","start":5141.406,"end":5141.823},{"text":"to","start":5141.823,"end":5141.935},{"text":"clarify","start":5141.967,"end":5142.464},{"text":"something","start":5142.464,"end":5142.817},{"text":"before","start":5142.849,"end":5143.17},{"text":"this","start":5143.17,"end":5143.282},{"text":"court.","start":5143.395,"end":5143.571}]},{"text":"Agents for the applicant have stated that in fact the requisite standard and threshold under Article 8 is one of effective control.","start":5144.277,"end":5151.863,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"Agents","start":5144.277,"end":5144.758},{"text":"for","start":5144.758,"end":5144.854},{"text":"the","start":5144.854,"end":5144.982},{"text":"applicant","start":5145.015,"end":5145.48},{"text":"have","start":5145.48,"end":5145.528},{"text":"stated","start":5145.528,"end":5146.025},{"text":"that","start":5146.378,"end":5146.618},{"text":"in","start":5146.618,"end":5146.667},{"text":"fact","start":5146.699,"end":5147.276},{"text":"the","start":5147.404,"end":5147.645},{"text":"requisite","start":5148.126,"end":5148.607},{"text":"standard","start":5148.607,"end":5149.089},{"text":"and","start":5149.089,"end":5149.249},{"text":"threshold","start":5149.249,"end":5149.81},{"text":"under","start":5149.826,"end":5149.955},{"text":"Article","start":5149.987,"end":5150.388},{"text":"8","start":5150.452,"end":5150.628},{"text":"is","start":5150.628,"end":5150.724},{"text":"one","start":5150.773,"end":5150.933},{"text":"of","start":5150.933,"end":5151.029},{"text":"effective","start":5151.029,"end":5151.382},{"text":"control.","start":5151.43,"end":5151.863}]},{"text":"However, we submit to the contrary that that is in fact a misdirection before this court.","start":5152.296,"end":5157.28,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5152.296,"end":5152.841},{"text":"we","start":5153.113,"end":5153.274},{"text":"submit","start":5153.274,"end":5153.738},{"text":"to","start":5153.738,"end":5153.834},{"text":"the","start":5153.834,"end":5153.979},{"text":"contrary","start":5153.979,"end":5154.524},{"text":"that","start":5154.716,"end":5154.876},{"text":"that","start":5154.94,"end":5155.148},{"text":"is","start":5155.213,"end":5155.341},{"text":"in","start":5155.341,"end":5155.453},{"text":"fact","start":5155.501,"end":5155.838},{"text":"a","start":5155.838,"end":5155.854},{"text":"misdirection","start":5155.854,"end":5156.527},{"text":"before","start":5156.639,"end":5156.879},{"text":"this","start":5156.879,"end":5157.007},{"text":"court.","start":5157.12,"end":5157.28}]},{"text":"We seek to rely on the ILC Commentary to Article 8 at paragraph 7, where it states that a state may assume responsibility under 3 limbs.","start":5157.841,"end":5167.904,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5157.841,"end":5158.001},{"text":"seek","start":5158.001,"end":5158.337},{"text":"to","start":5158.337,"end":5158.418},{"text":"rely","start":5158.418,"end":5158.786},{"text":"on","start":5158.802,"end":5158.85},{"text":"the","start":5158.946,"end":5159.091},{"text":"ILC","start":5159.123,"end":5159.443},{"text":"Commentary","start":5159.684,"end":5160.244},{"text":"to","start":5160.244,"end":5160.373},{"text":"Article","start":5160.469,"end":5160.869},{"text":"8","start":5160.95,"end":5161.142},{"text":"at","start":5161.446,"end":5161.607},{"text":"paragraph","start":5161.607,"end":5161.991},{"text":"7,","start":5161.991,"end":5162.296},{"text":"where","start":5162.712,"end":5162.825},{"text":"it","start":5162.825,"end":5162.905},{"text":"states","start":5162.905,"end":5163.53},{"text":"that","start":5163.61,"end":5163.786},{"text":"a","start":5163.786,"end":5163.85},{"text":"state","start":5163.85,"end":5164.299},{"text":"may","start":5164.491,"end":5164.812},{"text":"assume","start":5164.876,"end":5165.212},{"text":"responsibility","start":5165.212,"end":5166.142},{"text":"under","start":5166.558,"end":5166.879},{"text":"3","start":5166.991,"end":5167.328},{"text":"limbs.","start":5167.536,"end":5167.904}]},{"text":"Firstly, if it exercised direction, control, or instruction.","start":5168.321,"end":5172.776,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"Firstly,","start":5168.321,"end":5168.786},{"text":"if","start":5169.122,"end":5169.235},{"text":"it","start":5169.235,"end":5169.443},{"text":"exercised","start":5169.443,"end":5169.94},{"text":"direction,","start":5169.94,"end":5170.468},{"text":"control,","start":5170.981,"end":5171.59},{"text":"or","start":5172.007,"end":5172.119},{"text":"instruction.","start":5172.167,"end":5172.776}]},{"text":"It was stated in the text of Article 8 that these 3 are disjunctive.","start":5173.369,"end":5177.439,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5173.369,"end":5173.481},{"text":"was","start":5173.481,"end":5173.577},{"text":"stated","start":5173.577,"end":5174.042},{"text":"in","start":5174.042,"end":5174.106},{"text":"the","start":5174.106,"end":5174.347},{"text":"text","start":5174.347,"end":5174.667},{"text":"of","start":5174.667,"end":5174.747},{"text":"Article","start":5174.747,"end":5175.196},{"text":"8","start":5175.292,"end":5175.484},{"text":"that","start":5175.709,"end":5175.837},{"text":"these","start":5175.933,"end":5175.997},{"text":"3","start":5176.109,"end":5176.462},{"text":"are","start":5176.654,"end":5176.911},{"text":"disjunctive.","start":5176.911,"end":5177.439}]},{"text":"and it is sufficient to establish any one of them for responsibility to arise.","start":5178.017,"end":5182.499,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":5178.017,"end":5178.13},{"text":"it","start":5178.13,"end":5178.274},{"text":"is","start":5178.274,"end":5178.323},{"text":"sufficient","start":5178.355,"end":5178.981},{"text":"to","start":5178.981,"end":5179.062},{"text":"establish","start":5179.062,"end":5179.576},{"text":"any","start":5179.704,"end":5179.849},{"text":"one","start":5179.881,"end":5179.993},{"text":"of","start":5180.057,"end":5180.138},{"text":"them","start":5180.202,"end":5180.379},{"text":"for","start":5180.748,"end":5180.844},{"text":"responsibility","start":5180.844,"end":5181.856},{"text":"to","start":5181.953,"end":5182.001},{"text":"arise.","start":5182.049,"end":5182.499}]},{"text":"While they have relied on control, it is a submission that we seek to ground responsibility under direction.","start":5182.933,"end":5190.37,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":5182.933,"end":5183.912},{"text":"they","start":5184.282,"end":5184.378},{"text":"have","start":5184.378,"end":5184.603},{"text":"relied","start":5184.603,"end":5184.957},{"text":"on","start":5184.957,"end":5185.037},{"text":"control,","start":5185.101,"end":5185.615},{"text":"it","start":5185.985,"end":5186.129},{"text":"is","start":5186.129,"end":5186.193},{"text":"a","start":5186.225,"end":5186.242},{"text":"submission","start":5186.242,"end":5186.82},{"text":"that","start":5187.093,"end":5187.253},{"text":"we","start":5187.253,"end":5187.35},{"text":"seek","start":5187.35,"end":5187.751},{"text":"to","start":5187.751,"end":5187.832},{"text":"ground","start":5187.896,"end":5188.217},{"text":"responsibility","start":5188.217,"end":5189.085},{"text":"under","start":5189.502,"end":5189.807},{"text":"direction.","start":5189.84,"end":5190.37}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Sagal Ahmed","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Second Agent for the respondent"}},{"statement_number":130,"start":5191.366,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=5192","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Paragraph—","start":5191.366,"end":5191.815,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph—","start":5191.366,"end":5191.815}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Manfred Nowak","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Secretary-General"}},{"statement_number":131,"start":5192.008,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=5193","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"page 69, paragraph 7 of the ILC Commentary states that the actual threshold required and standard for direction is one of actual direction of an operative kind.","start":5192.008,"end":5202.979,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. 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The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."},{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. 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The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."},{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."}],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":5236.262,"end":5236.423},{"text":"Excellency,","start":5236.423,"end":5236.97},{"text":"if","start":5237.228,"end":5237.389},{"text":"I","start":5237.389,"end":5237.405},{"text":"may","start":5237.405,"end":5237.63},{"text":"guide","start":5237.63,"end":5237.871},{"text":"this","start":5237.871,"end":5238.113},{"text":"Court's","start":5238.113,"end":5238.306},{"text":"attention","start":5238.306,"end":5238.901},{"text":"to","start":5239.175,"end":5239.255},{"text":"paragraph","start":5239.255,"end":5239.722},{"text":"20","start":5239.722,"end":5240.108},{"text":"of","start":5240.14,"end":5240.22},{"text":"the","start":5240.22,"end":5240.413},{"text":"fact","start":5240.43,"end":5240.623},{"text":"record,","start":5240.623,"end":5240.993},{"text":"where","start":5241.331,"end":5241.444},{"text":"it","start":5241.444,"end":5241.573},{"text":"is","start":5241.573,"end":5241.605},{"text":"stated","start":5241.605,"end":5242.12},{"text":"that","start":5242.378,"end":5242.523},{"text":"this","start":5242.555,"end":5242.716},{"text":"technology","start":5242.716,"end":5243.408},{"text":"was","start":5243.763,"end":5243.972},{"text":"of—","start":5244.149,"end":5244.262},{"text":"was","start":5244.648,"end":5244.777},{"text":"sophisticated","start":5244.809,"end":5245.663},{"text":"and","start":5245.92,"end":5246.065},{"text":"of","start":5246.081,"end":5246.226},{"text":"restricted","start":5246.403,"end":5247.063},{"text":"export.","start":5247.063,"end":5247.45}]},{"text":"Further, this technology was within the exclusive control of Zambuka, and therefore, in this regard, It is our submission that they in fact directed the attack on Madame Viji.","start":5247.852,"end":5259.057,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."},{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."}],"words":[{"text":"Further,","start":5247.852,"end":5248.351},{"text":"this","start":5248.577,"end":5248.641},{"text":"technology","start":5248.754,"end":5249.446},{"text":"was","start":5249.543,"end":5249.688},{"text":"within","start":5249.72,"end":5249.962},{"text":"the","start":5249.962,"end":5250.107},{"text":"exclusive","start":5250.107,"end":5250.817},{"text":"control","start":5250.995,"end":5251.479},{"text":"of","start":5251.56,"end":5251.608},{"text":"Zambuka,","start":5251.673,"end":5252.222},{"text":"and","start":5252.69,"end":5252.755},{"text":"therefore,","start":5252.787,"end":5253.287},{"text":"in","start":5253.513,"end":5253.562},{"text":"this","start":5253.659,"end":5253.723},{"text":"regard,","start":5253.836,"end":5254.272},{"text":"It","start":5254.562,"end":5254.658},{"text":"is","start":5254.738,"end":5254.819},{"text":"our","start":5254.819,"end":5254.963},{"text":"submission","start":5254.963,"end":5255.525},{"text":"that","start":5255.766,"end":5256.248},{"text":"they","start":5256.248,"end":5256.408},{"text":"in","start":5256.408,"end":5256.537},{"text":"fact","start":5256.553,"end":5256.97},{"text":"directed","start":5256.97,"end":5257.58},{"text":"the","start":5257.757,"end":5257.837},{"text":"attack","start":5257.917,"end":5258.335},{"text":"on","start":5258.335,"end":5258.383},{"text":"Madame","start":5258.479,"end":5258.688},{"text":"Viji.","start":5258.801,"end":5259.057}]},{"text":"And to that end, we submit that Zimbabwe bears international responsibility for the sinking of Madame Viji in violation of its human rights.","start":5259.539,"end":5268.226,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."},{"key":"dabula-atrocities","label":"Atrocities in Dabula","description":"Several submissions focused on alleged torture, civilian killings, and broader abuses committed during the conflict in Dabula. These acts were framed as violations of core human rights, especially the rights to life and freedom from torture."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5259.539,"end":5259.603},{"text":"to","start":5259.619,"end":5259.764},{"text":"that","start":5259.764,"end":5259.973},{"text":"end,","start":5260.085,"end":5260.31},{"text":"we","start":5260.647,"end":5260.759},{"text":"submit","start":5260.759,"end":5261.321},{"text":"that","start":5261.466,"end":5261.627},{"text":"Zimbabwe","start":5261.627,"end":5262.108},{"text":"bears","start":5262.333,"end":5262.606},{"text":"international","start":5262.67,"end":5263.377},{"text":"responsibility","start":5263.377,"end":5264.244},{"text":"for","start":5264.581,"end":5264.693},{"text":"the","start":5264.693,"end":5264.774},{"text":"sinking","start":5264.774,"end":5265.175},{"text":"of","start":5265.223,"end":5265.271},{"text":"Madame","start":5265.271,"end":5265.528},{"text":"Viji","start":5265.641,"end":5266.01},{"text":"in","start":5266.363,"end":5266.411},{"text":"violation","start":5266.524,"end":5267.214},{"text":"of","start":5267.246,"end":5267.343},{"text":"its","start":5267.343,"end":5267.535},{"text":"human","start":5267.535,"end":5267.696},{"text":"rights.","start":5267.808,"end":5268.226}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Sagal Ahmed","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Second Agent for the respondent"}},{"statement_number":134,"start":5268.515,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=5269","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"So earlier on, in respect of the first claim, there was allegations made that some of the armaments that were used for some of the gross violations of human rights could only have or were the kinds of armaments that came from your state.","start":5268.515,"end":5286.937,"topics":[{"key":"dabula-atrocities","label":"Atrocities in Dabula","description":"Several submissions focused on alleged torture, civilian killings, and broader abuses committed during the conflict in Dabula. 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The debate also examined whether these obligations fall primarily on the territorial state or engage wider erga omnes concerns."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5576.69,"end":5577.172},{"text":"considering","start":5577.412,"end":5578.07},{"text":"that","start":5578.118,"end":5578.262},{"text":"this","start":5578.278,"end":5578.407},{"text":"is","start":5578.615,"end":5578.663},{"text":"a","start":5578.76,"end":5578.776},{"text":"us","start":5578.856,"end":5579.016},{"text":"cogens","start":5579.016,"end":5579.433},{"text":"obligation,","start":5579.498,"end":5580.107},{"text":"then","start":5580.46,"end":5580.572},{"text":"it","start":5581.086,"end":5581.246},{"text":"is","start":5581.246,"end":5581.358},{"text":"a","start":5581.358,"end":5581.374},{"text":"submission","start":5581.423,"end":5582.032},{"text":"that","start":5582.048,"end":5582.144},{"text":"they","start":5582.144,"end":5582.257},{"text":"have","start":5582.305,"end":5582.545},{"text":"an","start":5582.545,"end":5582.594},{"text":"erga","start":5582.93,"end":5583.107},{"text":"omnes","start":5583.187,"end":5583.476},{"text":"obligation.","start":5583.524,"end":5584.118}]},{"text":"And the court went ahead to state that in assessing free, prior, and informed consent, the court should also consider whether an environmental impact assessment was conducted.","start":5584.631,"end":5593.951,"topics":[{"key":"indigenous-consultation","label":"Indigenous Rights and Consultation","description":"The Aurora Ceasefire Agreement raised questions about the Kuru people's self-determination, ancestral land rights, and the requirement of free, prior and informed consent. The debate also examined whether these obligations fall primarily on the territorial state or engage wider erga omnes concerns."},{"key":"environmental-mining","label":"Environmental Harm from Extractive Activities","description":"Mining and extractive activities under the ceasefire agreement were discussed as a source of river pollution, ecosystem damage, and harm to pastoral lands. Speakers linked these impacts to the absence of environmental impact assessment and to the protection of indigenous communities."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5584.631,"end":5584.695},{"text":"the","start":5584.711,"end":5584.855},{"text":"court","start":5584.855,"end":5585.176},{"text":"went","start":5585.176,"end":5585.353},{"text":"ahead","start":5585.353,"end":5585.641},{"text":"to","start":5585.69,"end":5585.754},{"text":"state","start":5585.754,"end":5586.155},{"text":"that","start":5586.379,"end":5586.556},{"text":"in","start":5586.556,"end":5586.604},{"text":"assessing","start":5586.636,"end":5587.085},{"text":"free,","start":5587.181,"end":5587.438},{"text":"prior,","start":5587.502,"end":5587.711},{"text":"and","start":5587.743,"end":5587.807},{"text":"informed","start":5587.823,"end":5588.24},{"text":"consent,","start":5588.24,"end":5588.77},{"text":"the","start":5589.042,"end":5589.187},{"text":"court","start":5589.187,"end":5589.491},{"text":"should","start":5589.507,"end":5589.7},{"text":"also","start":5589.909,"end":5590.31},{"text":"consider","start":5590.486,"end":5590.967},{"text":"whether","start":5590.967,"end":5591.336},{"text":"an","start":5591.368,"end":5591.448},{"text":"environmental","start":5591.448,"end":5592.17},{"text":"impact","start":5592.251,"end":5592.716},{"text":"assessment","start":5592.716,"end":5593.277},{"text":"was","start":5593.277,"end":5593.422},{"text":"conducted.","start":5593.454,"end":5593.951}]},{"text":"It is a submission, Your Excellency, that by relying on the Pulp Mills Uruguay decision, it was stated that it is mandatory for an environmental impact assessment to be conducted in the case where there's a proposed industrial activity that has an adverse impact on the climate and the environment.","start":5594.673,"end":5613.132,"topics":[{"key":"environmental-mining","label":"Environmental Harm from Extractive Activities","description":"Mining and extractive activities under the ceasefire agreement were discussed as a source of river pollution, ecosystem damage, and harm to pastoral lands. 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Speakers debated the role of the Vienna Convention, timing of withdrawal, and whether filing a later counterclaim undermined Yakar's position."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5824.449,"end":5825.027},{"text":"this","start":5825.107,"end":5825.219},{"text":"is","start":5825.364,"end":5825.476},{"text":"a","start":5825.508,"end":5825.572},{"text":"hypocritical","start":5825.653,"end":5826.295},{"text":"argument","start":5826.375,"end":5826.969},{"text":"as","start":5827.338,"end":5827.482},{"text":"the","start":5828.317,"end":5828.397},{"text":"State","start":5828.397,"end":5828.943},{"text":"of","start":5828.943,"end":5829.119},{"text":"Yakar","start":5829.119,"end":5829.521},{"text":"claims","start":5829.521,"end":5830.05},{"text":"to","start":5830.098,"end":5830.211},{"text":"have","start":5830.227,"end":5830.371},{"text":"withdrawn","start":5830.387,"end":5830.772},{"text":"from","start":5830.805,"end":5830.949},{"text":"the","start":5830.965,"end":5831.045},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":5831.11,"end":5831.495},{"text":"of","start":5831.543,"end":5831.623},{"text":"this","start":5831.671,"end":5831.735},{"text":"honorable","start":5831.848,"end":5832.137},{"text":"court","start":5832.169,"end":5832.49},{"text":"but","start":5832.49,"end":5832.57},{"text":"then","start":5832.57,"end":5832.699},{"text":"proceeds","start":5832.731,"end":5833.019},{"text":"proceeded","start":5833.02,"end":5833.356},{"text":"to","start":5833.356,"end":5833.452},{"text":"file","start":5833.452,"end":5833.821},{"text":"its","start":5833.853,"end":5833.95},{"text":"counter-application.","start":5833.95,"end":5834.784}]},{"text":"We surely do not understand how that holds legal weight, and it should only lead this honorable court to conclude that the respondent state is acting clearly in bad faith, in contrary with the provisions of the VCLT.","start":5835.457,"end":5848.607,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-withdrawal","label":"Treaty Withdrawal and Court Jurisdiction","description":"A major issue was whether Yakar's withdrawal from the court's jurisdiction was legally effective and compatible with good faith and pacta sunt servanda. Speakers debated the role of the Vienna Convention, timing of withdrawal, and whether filing a later counterclaim undermined Yakar's position."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5835.457,"end":5835.617},{"text":"surely","start":5835.617,"end":5836.098},{"text":"do","start":5836.098,"end":5836.275},{"text":"not","start":5836.275,"end":5836.483},{"text":"understand","start":5836.483,"end":5837.109},{"text":"how","start":5837.141,"end":5837.253},{"text":"that","start":5837.365,"end":5837.638},{"text":"holds","start":5837.686,"end":5837.991},{"text":"legal","start":5838.087,"end":5838.408},{"text":"weight,","start":5838.408,"end":5838.744},{"text":"and","start":5839.129,"end":5839.21},{"text":"it","start":5839.226,"end":5839.37},{"text":"should","start":5839.37,"end":5839.514},{"text":"only","start":5839.691,"end":5839.995},{"text":"lead","start":5840.108,"end":5840.332},{"text":"this","start":5840.332,"end":5840.492},{"text":"honorable","start":5840.573,"end":5840.909},{"text":"court","start":5840.909,"end":5841.214},{"text":"to","start":5841.214,"end":5841.278},{"text":"conclude","start":5841.31,"end":5842.08},{"text":"that","start":5842.353,"end":5842.513},{"text":"the","start":5842.513,"end":5842.577},{"text":"respondent","start":5842.577,"end":5843.058},{"text":"state","start":5843.058,"end":5843.283},{"text":"is","start":5843.331,"end":5843.443},{"text":"acting","start":5843.62,"end":5843.844},{"text":"clearly","start":5843.94,"end":5844.405},{"text":"in","start":5844.598,"end":5844.646},{"text":"bad","start":5844.758,"end":5844.967},{"text":"faith,","start":5844.999,"end":5845.608},{"text":"in","start":5845.865,"end":5845.929},{"text":"contrary","start":5846.041,"end":5846.57},{"text":"with","start":5846.666,"end":5846.779},{"text":"the","start":5846.843,"end":5846.923},{"text":"provisions","start":5846.923,"end":5847.404},{"text":"of","start":5847.548,"end":5847.629},{"text":"the","start":5847.805,"end":5847.885},{"text":"VCLT.","start":5847.885,"end":5848.607}]},{"text":"Your Excellencies, we further submit, in contrast to the submissions made by the respondent state regarding the issue of interstate applications.","start":5849.729,"end":5860.842,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. They disagreed on where remedies had to be pursued and when exceptions apply for widespread or impracticable violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":5849.729,"end":5849.842},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":5849.874,"end":5850.579},{"text":"we","start":5850.852,"end":5851.012},{"text":"further","start":5851.012,"end":5851.574},{"text":"submit,","start":5851.59,"end":5852.231},{"text":"in","start":5853.113,"end":5853.193},{"text":"contrast","start":5853.338,"end":5854.027},{"text":"to","start":5854.123,"end":5854.3},{"text":"the","start":5854.3,"end":5854.396},{"text":"submissions","start":5854.396,"end":5854.989},{"text":"made","start":5855.021,"end":5855.23},{"text":"by","start":5855.262,"end":5855.342},{"text":"the","start":5855.342,"end":5855.438},{"text":"respondent","start":5855.438,"end":5855.903},{"text":"state","start":5855.903,"end":5856.256},{"text":"regarding","start":5857.651,"end":5858.277},{"text":"the","start":5858.389,"end":5858.63},{"text":"issue","start":5858.694,"end":5859.014},{"text":"of","start":5859.095,"end":5859.175},{"text":"interstate","start":5859.496,"end":5860.153},{"text":"applications.","start":5860.153,"end":5860.842}]},{"text":"Your Excellencies, we note that in line with this, there's a concern that was raised by Judge Veronica Gomez regarding how the mechanics of interstate applications and exhaustion of domestic remedies function under international law.","start":5861.66,"end":5875.498,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. They disagreed on where remedies had to be pursued and when exceptions apply for widespread or impracticable violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":5861.66,"end":5861.772},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":5861.772,"end":5862.334},{"text":"we","start":5862.398,"end":5862.494},{"text":"note","start":5862.494,"end":5862.831},{"text":"that","start":5862.863,"end":5863.007},{"text":"in","start":5863.103,"end":5863.151},{"text":"line","start":5863.264,"end":5863.488},{"text":"with","start":5863.52,"end":5863.713},{"text":"this,","start":5863.745,"end":5864.001},{"text":"there's","start":5864.081,"end":5864.322},{"text":"a","start":5864.322,"end":5864.402},{"text":"concern","start":5864.402,"end":5864.835},{"text":"that","start":5864.883,"end":5865.06},{"text":"was","start":5865.06,"end":5865.172},{"text":"raised","start":5865.284,"end":5865.653},{"text":"by","start":5865.685,"end":5865.797},{"text":"Judge","start":5865.925,"end":5866.294},{"text":"Veronica","start":5866.31,"end":5866.871},{"text":"Gomez","start":5866.871,"end":5867.256},{"text":"regarding","start":5867.914,"end":5868.539},{"text":"how","start":5868.731,"end":5869.084},{"text":"the","start":5869.453,"end":5869.549},{"text":"mechanics","start":5869.549,"end":5870.351},{"text":"of","start":5870.479,"end":5870.543},{"text":"interstate","start":5870.656,"end":5871.201},{"text":"applications","start":5871.281,"end":5871.986},{"text":"and","start":5872.419,"end":5872.483},{"text":"exhaustion","start":5872.644,"end":5873.109},{"text":"of","start":5873.157,"end":5873.269},{"text":"domestic","start":5873.301,"end":5873.766},{"text":"remedies","start":5873.766,"end":5874.151},{"text":"function","start":5874.247,"end":5874.552},{"text":"under","start":5874.648,"end":5874.728},{"text":"international","start":5874.744,"end":5875.37},{"text":"law.","start":5875.37,"end":5875.498}]},{"text":"Your Excellencies, we submit that the respondent state failed to clearly articulate what this means, and in this regard, we submit that in the case of Ahmadou Diallo Sadio, it was highlighted that where an applicant state— that is regarding interstate applications— where a state seeks to espouse or vindicate the rights of victims which are its nationals, then in that context those particular nationals and individuals must at least attempt to pursue domestic remedies within the particular state where the violations occurred.","start":5876.348,"end":5911.057,"topics":[{"key":"interstate-admissibility","label":"Admissibility of Interstate Human Rights Claims","description":"The parties repeatedly discussed standing, the existence of a legal dispute, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies in interstate human rights litigation. They disagreed on where remedies had to be pursued and when exceptions apply for widespread or impracticable violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":5876.348,"end":5876.476},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":5876.508,"end":5877.117},{"text":"we","start":5877.31,"end":5877.454},{"text":"submit","start":5877.454,"end":5878.047},{"text":"that","start":5878.128,"end":5878.528},{"text":"the","start":5878.817,"end":5878.897},{"text":"respondent","start":5878.897,"end":5879.378},{"text":"state","start":5879.378,"end":5879.603},{"text":"failed","start":5879.635,"end":5880.276},{"text":"to","start":5880.276,"end":5880.405},{"text":"clearly","start":5880.501,"end":5880.805},{"text":"articulate","start":5880.902,"end":5881.399},{"text":"what","start":5881.399,"end":5881.543},{"text":"this","start":5881.543,"end":5881.655},{"text":"means,","start":5881.783,"end":5882.008},{"text":"and","start":5882.12,"end":5882.329},{"text":"in","start":5883.243,"end":5883.339},{"text":"this","start":5883.467,"end":5883.708},{"text":"regard,","start":5883.708,"end":5884.205},{"text":"we","start":5884.269,"end":5884.381},{"text":"submit","start":5884.381,"end":5884.846},{"text":"that","start":5884.846,"end":5885.071},{"text":"in","start":5885.071,"end":5885.151},{"text":"the","start":5885.151,"end":5885.215},{"text":"case","start":5885.247,"end":5885.632},{"text":"of","start":5885.712,"end":5885.792},{"text":"Ahmadou","start":5886.033,"end":5886.61},{"text":"Diallo","start":5886.61,"end":5887.155},{"text":"Sadio,","start":5887.428,"end":5888.134},{"text":"it","start":5888.535,"end":5888.616},{"text":"was","start":5888.616,"end":5888.744},{"text":"highlighted","start":5888.84,"end":5889.354},{"text":"that","start":5889.402,"end":5889.659},{"text":"where","start":5889.659,"end":5889.9},{"text":"an","start":5889.9,"end":5889.948},{"text":"applicant","start":5890.124,"end":5890.478},{"text":"state—","start":5890.478,"end":5891.007},{"text":"that","start":5891.007,"end":5891.168},{"text":"is","start":5891.2,"end":5891.28},{"text":"regarding","start":5891.409,"end":5891.954},{"text":"interstate","start":5892.211,"end":5892.597},{"text":"applications—","start":5892.693,"end":5893.367},{"text":"where","start":5894.057,"end":5894.314},{"text":"a","start":5894.314,"end":5894.33},{"text":"state","start":5894.33,"end":5894.78},{"text":"seeks","start":5894.78,"end":5895.261},{"text":"to","start":5895.261,"end":5895.406},{"text":"espouse","start":5895.422,"end":5896.048},{"text":"or","start":5896.305,"end":5896.369},{"text":"vindicate","start":5896.385,"end":5897.14},{"text":"the","start":5897.589,"end":5897.685},{"text":"rights","start":5897.685,"end":5898.103},{"text":"of","start":5898.231,"end":5898.376},{"text":"victims","start":5898.472,"end":5898.937},{"text":"which","start":5898.969,"end":5899.098},{"text":"are","start":5899.194,"end":5899.355},{"text":"its","start":5899.355,"end":5899.531},{"text":"nationals,","start":5899.531,"end":5900.061},{"text":"then","start":5900.719,"end":5900.944},{"text":"in","start":5900.976,"end":5901.024},{"text":"that","start":5901.121,"end":5901.265},{"text":"context","start":5901.361,"end":5901.987},{"text":"those","start":5902.084,"end":5902.389},{"text":"particular","start":5902.501,"end":5903.079},{"text":"nationals","start":5903.079,"end":5903.721},{"text":"and","start":5903.721,"end":5903.85},{"text":"individuals","start":5903.866,"end":5904.556},{"text":"must","start":5904.893,"end":5905.102},{"text":"at","start":5905.15,"end":5905.31},{"text":"least","start":5905.31,"end":5905.535},{"text":"attempt","start":5905.615,"end":5906.129},{"text":"to","start":5906.273,"end":5906.386},{"text":"pursue","start":5907.076,"end":5907.622},{"text":"domestic","start":5907.622,"end":5908.039},{"text":"remedies","start":5908.039,"end":5908.489},{"text":"within","start":5908.505,"end":5908.81},{"text":"the","start":5909.163,"end":5909.243},{"text":"particular","start":5909.243,"end":5909.725},{"text":"state","start":5909.725,"end":5910.046},{"text":"where","start":5910.046,"end":5910.19},{"text":"the","start":5910.19,"end":5910.271},{"text":"violations","start":5910.271,"end":5910.768},{"text":"occurred.","start":5910.768,"end":5911.057}]},{"text":"Now, Your Excellencies, we further proceed to make relevant submissions regarding the initial claim on the atrocities committed within the region of Dabula.","start":5912.036,"end":5921.672,"topics":[{"key":"dabula-atrocities","label":"Atrocities in Dabula","description":"Several submissions focused on alleged torture, civilian killings, and broader abuses committed during the conflict in Dabula. These acts were framed as violations of core human rights, especially the rights to life and freedom from torture."}],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":5912.036,"end":5912.165},{"text":"Your","start":5912.373,"end":5912.534},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":5912.534,"end":5913.128},{"text":"we","start":5913.337,"end":5913.513},{"text":"further","start":5913.513,"end":5914.027},{"text":"proceed","start":5914.043,"end":5914.669},{"text":"to","start":5914.942,"end":5915.054},{"text":"make","start":5915.054,"end":5915.438},{"text":"relevant","start":5915.663,"end":5916.063},{"text":"submissions","start":5916.063,"end":5916.753},{"text":"regarding","start":5917.41,"end":5917.938},{"text":"the","start":5918.051,"end":5918.131},{"text":"initial","start":5918.147,"end":5918.627},{"text":"claim","start":5918.627,"end":5918.996},{"text":"on","start":5919.188,"end":5919.236},{"text":"the","start":5919.268,"end":5919.333},{"text":"atrocities","start":5919.333,"end":5919.958},{"text":"committed","start":5919.99,"end":5920.438},{"text":"within","start":5920.55,"end":5920.759},{"text":"the","start":5920.791,"end":5920.935},{"text":"region","start":5920.935,"end":5921.159},{"text":"of","start":5921.191,"end":5921.272},{"text":"Dabula.","start":5921.272,"end":5921.672}]},{"text":"Your Excellencies, the respondent has told this honorable court that it had no knowledge of the circumstances.","start":5923.114,"end":5927.329,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":5923.114,"end":5923.227},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":5923.259,"end":5923.852},{"text":"the","start":5923.916,"end":5923.996},{"text":"respondent","start":5923.996,"end":5924.557},{"text":"has","start":5924.557,"end":5924.653},{"text":"told","start":5924.717,"end":5924.877},{"text":"this","start":5924.877,"end":5925.021},{"text":"honorable","start":5925.037,"end":5925.358},{"text":"court","start":5925.358,"end":5925.582},{"text":"that","start":5925.582,"end":5925.695},{"text":"it","start":5925.695,"end":5925.807},{"text":"had","start":5925.823,"end":5925.967},{"text":"no","start":5925.983,"end":5926.079},{"text":"knowledge","start":5926.095,"end":5926.464},{"text":"of","start":5926.464,"end":5926.512},{"text":"the","start":5926.544,"end":5926.624},{"text":"circumstances.","start":5926.624,"end":5927.329}]},{"text":"However, as clearly highlighted by Judge Dhiretladi, it is apparent that according to the reports under paragraph 14 and paragraph 16 of the facts, it is a clear and lucid situation where these violations were known by each and every individual.","start":5927.906,"end":5943.887,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. 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These acts were framed as violations of core human rights, especially the rights to life and freedom from torture."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5927.906,"end":5928.371},{"text":"as","start":5928.403,"end":5928.451},{"text":"clearly","start":5928.563,"end":5928.932},{"text":"highlighted","start":5928.964,"end":5929.492},{"text":"by","start":5929.524,"end":5929.637},{"text":"Judge","start":5929.749,"end":5930.053},{"text":"Dhiretladi,","start":5930.149,"end":5930.855},{"text":"it","start":5931.512,"end":5931.608},{"text":"is","start":5931.688,"end":5931.784},{"text":"apparent","start":5931.912,"end":5932.473},{"text":"that","start":5932.473,"end":5932.649},{"text":"according","start":5932.649,"end":5933.034},{"text":"to","start":5933.05,"end":5933.21},{"text":"the","start":5933.21,"end":5933.354},{"text":"reports","start":5933.354,"end":5933.787},{"text":"under","start":5934.076,"end":5934.22},{"text":"paragraph","start":5934.252,"end":5934.733},{"text":"14","start":5934.733,"end":5935.149},{"text":"and","start":5935.149,"end":5935.277},{"text":"paragraph","start":5935.277,"end":5935.598},{"text":"16","start":5935.598,"end":5935.967},{"text":"of","start":5936.015,"end":5936.095},{"text":"the","start":5936.095,"end":5936.175},{"text":"facts,","start":5936.175,"end":5936.576},{"text":"it","start":5937.136,"end":5937.265},{"text":"is","start":5937.361,"end":5937.425},{"text":"a","start":5937.537,"end":5937.697},{"text":"clear","start":5937.697,"end":5938.098},{"text":"and","start":5938.098,"end":5938.322},{"text":"lucid","start":5938.322,"end":5938.787},{"text":"situation","start":5939.059,"end":5939.813},{"text":"where","start":5939.941,"end":5940.117},{"text":"these","start":5940.646,"end":5940.871},{"text":"violations","start":5940.967,"end":5941.673},{"text":"were","start":5942.01,"end":5942.106},{"text":"known","start":5942.122,"end":5942.475},{"text":"by","start":5942.507,"end":5942.668},{"text":"each","start":5942.748,"end":5942.908},{"text":"and","start":5942.908,"end":5942.989},{"text":"every","start":5942.989,"end":5943.197},{"text":"individual.","start":5943.229,"end":5943.887}]},{"text":"Your Excellencies, more particularly, the respondent has also highlighted that there is no particular form of responsibility that is arising at its instance.","start":5944.753,"end":5955.47,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."}],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":5944.753,"end":5944.882},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":5944.914,"end":5945.523},{"text":"more","start":5945.732,"end":5945.989},{"text":"particularly,","start":5946.037,"end":5946.807},{"text":"the","start":5947.705,"end":5947.786},{"text":"respondent","start":5947.786,"end":5948.524},{"text":"has","start":5948.588,"end":5948.78},{"text":"also","start":5948.989,"end":5949.422},{"text":"highlighted","start":5949.566,"end":5950.128},{"text":"that","start":5950.128,"end":5950.465},{"text":"there","start":5950.754,"end":5950.93},{"text":"is","start":5950.93,"end":5951.058},{"text":"no","start":5951.107,"end":5951.331},{"text":"particular","start":5951.331,"end":5951.796},{"text":"form","start":5951.796,"end":5951.941},{"text":"of","start":5951.973,"end":5952.053},{"text":"responsibility","start":5952.053,"end":5952.823},{"text":"that","start":5952.855,"end":5953.064},{"text":"is","start":5953.16,"end":5953.224},{"text":"arising","start":5953.722,"end":5954.187},{"text":"at","start":5954.235,"end":5954.315},{"text":"its","start":5954.315,"end":5954.476},{"text":"instance.","start":5955.085,"end":5955.47}]},{"text":"Your Excellencies, we submit pursuant to the reasoning of Judge Diretladi in his declaration regarding the Nicaragua and Germany jurisprudence Prudence of 2024, where in paragraphs 1 and 13 he highlighted that where a state is aware of grave situations and ongoing allegations of gross violations, it is under a strict and continuing obligation of due diligence.","start":5956.305,"end":5982.24,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."},{"key":"dabula-atrocities","label":"Atrocities in Dabula","description":"Several submissions focused on alleged torture, civilian killings, and broader abuses committed during the conflict in Dabula. These acts were framed as violations of core human rights, especially the rights to life and freedom from torture."}],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":5956.305,"end":5956.417},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":5956.449,"end":5956.995},{"text":"we","start":5957.091,"end":5957.203},{"text":"submit","start":5957.203,"end":5957.877},{"text":"pursuant","start":5958.23,"end":5959.016},{"text":"to","start":5959.016,"end":5959.176},{"text":"the","start":5959.176,"end":5959.337},{"text":"reasoning","start":5959.337,"end":5959.786},{"text":"of","start":5959.979,"end":5960.123},{"text":"Judge","start":5960.299,"end":5960.524},{"text":"Diretladi","start":5960.701,"end":5961.406},{"text":"in","start":5961.824,"end":5961.984},{"text":"his","start":5961.984,"end":5962.128},{"text":"declaration","start":5962.241,"end":5963.091},{"text":"regarding","start":5963.588,"end":5964.102},{"text":"the","start":5964.166,"end":5964.342},{"text":"Nicaragua","start":5964.342,"end":5965.193},{"text":"and","start":5965.209,"end":5965.337},{"text":"Germany","start":5965.433,"end":5965.851},{"text":"jurisprudence","start":5965.915,"end":5968.113},{"text":"Prudence","start":5966.22,"end":5966.557},{"text":"of","start":5966.573,"end":5966.669},{"text":"2024,","start":5966.669,"end":5967.65},{"text":"where","start":5968.1,"end":5968.341},{"text":"in","start":5968.341,"end":5968.405},{"text":"paragraphs","start":5968.501,"end":5968.951},{"text":"1","start":5969.128,"end":5969.256},{"text":"and","start":5969.369,"end":5969.465},{"text":"13","start":5969.465,"end":5969.996},{"text":"he","start":5970.494,"end":5970.654},{"text":"highlighted","start":5970.654,"end":5971.217},{"text":"that","start":5971.217,"end":5971.474},{"text":"where","start":5971.474,"end":5971.779},{"text":"a","start":5971.779,"end":5971.795},{"text":"state","start":5971.795,"end":5972.293},{"text":"is","start":5972.438,"end":5972.486},{"text":"aware","start":5972.663,"end":5973.161},{"text":"of","start":5973.161,"end":5973.29},{"text":"grave","start":5973.467,"end":5973.933},{"text":"situations","start":5974.061,"end":5975.057},{"text":"and","start":5975.491,"end":5975.555},{"text":"ongoing","start":5975.796,"end":5976.262},{"text":"allegations","start":5976.375,"end":5976.953},{"text":"of","start":5976.953,"end":5977.066},{"text":"gross","start":5977.098,"end":5977.403},{"text":"violations,","start":5977.419,"end":5978.03},{"text":"it","start":5978.56,"end":5978.689},{"text":"is","start":5978.689,"end":5978.801},{"text":"under","start":5978.946,"end":5979.155},{"text":"a","start":5979.187,"end":5979.203},{"text":"strict","start":5979.203,"end":5979.894},{"text":"and","start":5979.91,"end":5980.119},{"text":"continuing","start":5980.135,"end":5980.681},{"text":"obligation","start":5980.794,"end":5981.356},{"text":"of","start":5981.356,"end":5981.485},{"text":"due","start":5981.501,"end":5981.726},{"text":"diligence.","start":5981.742,"end":5982.24}]},{"text":"Your Excellencies, to this effect, because of these widespread reports, the respondent state had an obligation to exercise due diligence even in the alleged supply of humanitarian aid, which we still vehemently dispute before this honorable court, it proceeded to supply these despite the volatile situation within the Darbula region, which is a consistent violation of due diligence under international law.","start":5982.947,"end":6008.669,"topics":[{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. The discussion covered effective control, direction, assistance, knowledge of circumstances, and due diligence under the law of state responsibility."},{"key":"dabula-atrocities","label":"Atrocities in Dabula","description":"Several submissions focused on alleged torture, civilian killings, and broader abuses committed during the conflict in Dabula. These acts were framed as violations of core human rights, especially the rights to life and freedom from torture."}],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":5982.947,"end":5983.076},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":5983.108,"end":5983.734},{"text":"to","start":5983.992,"end":5984.056},{"text":"this","start":5984.088,"end":5984.2},{"text":"effect,","start":5984.329,"end":5984.747},{"text":"because","start":5985.213,"end":5985.614},{"text":"of","start":5985.614,"end":5985.743},{"text":"these","start":5985.775,"end":5985.968},{"text":"widespread","start":5986.097,"end":5986.546},{"text":"reports,","start":5986.579,"end":5986.948},{"text":"the","start":5987.768,"end":5987.848},{"text":"respondent","start":5987.848,"end":5988.427},{"text":"state","start":5988.427,"end":5988.812},{"text":"had","start":5988.812,"end":5989.117},{"text":"an","start":5989.15,"end":5989.278},{"text":"obligation","start":5989.391,"end":5990.146},{"text":"to","start":5990.419,"end":5990.532},{"text":"exercise","start":5990.66,"end":5991.126},{"text":"due","start":5991.239,"end":5991.48},{"text":"diligence","start":5991.48,"end":5992.058},{"text":"even","start":5992.026,"end":5992.444},{"text":"in","start":5992.508,"end":5992.556},{"text":"the","start":5992.604,"end":5992.749},{"text":"alleged","start":5992.765,"end":5993.263},{"text":"supply","start":5993.263,"end":5993.648},{"text":"of","start":5993.648,"end":5993.793},{"text":"humanitarian","start":5993.793,"end":5994.42},{"text":"aid,","start":5994.516,"end":5994.693},{"text":"which","start":5994.998,"end":5995.126},{"text":"we","start":5995.239,"end":5995.319},{"text":"still","start":5995.319,"end":5995.64},{"text":"vehemently","start":5995.64,"end":5996.299},{"text":"dispute","start":5996.299,"end":5996.749},{"text":"before","start":5996.781,"end":5997.006},{"text":"this","start":5997.006,"end":5997.118},{"text":"honorable","start":5997.183,"end":5997.472},{"text":"court,","start":5997.568,"end":5997.841},{"text":"it","start":5998.484,"end":5998.596},{"text":"proceeded","start":5998.628,"end":5999.255},{"text":"to","start":5999.255,"end":5999.351},{"text":"supply","start":5999.351,"end":5999.914},{"text":"these","start":5999.914,"end":6000.122},{"text":"despite","start":6000.235,"end":6001.215},{"text":"the","start":6001.359,"end":6001.44},{"text":"volatile","start":6001.6,"end":6002.034},{"text":"situation","start":6002.082,"end":6002.693},{"text":"within","start":6002.725,"end":6002.934},{"text":"the","start":6002.966,"end":6003.046},{"text":"Darbula","start":6003.11,"end":6003.624},{"text":"region,","start":6003.914,"end":6004.299},{"text":"which","start":6004.733,"end":6004.861},{"text":"is","start":6004.958,"end":6005.022},{"text":"a","start":6005.199,"end":6005.215},{"text":"consistent","start":6005.295,"end":6005.922},{"text":"violation","start":6005.922,"end":6006.484},{"text":"of","start":6006.564,"end":6006.629},{"text":"due","start":6006.966,"end":6007.223},{"text":"diligence","start":6007.223,"end":6007.769},{"text":"under","start":6007.785,"end":6007.93},{"text":"international","start":6007.93,"end":6008.46},{"text":"law.","start":6008.572,"end":6008.669}]},{"text":"Your Excellencies, lastly, regarding the issue of the crates of armaments, the respondent has also highlighted before this honorable court that the crates of armaments were in the particular submarine and this does not constitute any violation, and they referred to the San Remo Manual.","start":6009.552,"end":6026.162,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."}],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":6009.552,"end":6009.665},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":6009.697,"end":6010.227},{"text":"lastly,","start":6010.58,"end":6010.966},{"text":"regarding","start":6011.223,"end":6011.769},{"text":"the","start":6011.801,"end":6011.946},{"text":"issue","start":6011.978,"end":6012.251},{"text":"of","start":6012.283,"end":6012.38},{"text":"the","start":6012.428,"end":6012.588},{"text":"crates","start":6012.588,"end":6012.846},{"text":"of","start":6012.846,"end":6012.974},{"text":"armaments,","start":6013.07,"end":6013.44},{"text":"the","start":6013.986,"end":6014.115},{"text":"respondent","start":6014.115,"end":6014.709},{"text":"has","start":6014.709,"end":6014.821},{"text":"also","start":6014.918,"end":6015.159},{"text":"highlighted","start":6015.159,"end":6015.576},{"text":"before","start":6015.576,"end":6015.785},{"text":"this","start":6015.817,"end":6015.978},{"text":"honorable","start":6016.042,"end":6016.332},{"text":"court","start":6016.444,"end":6016.797},{"text":"that","start":6017.745,"end":6017.986},{"text":"the","start":6018.131,"end":6018.195},{"text":"crates","start":6018.291,"end":6018.548},{"text":"of","start":6018.548,"end":6018.677},{"text":"armaments","start":6018.773,"end":6019.544},{"text":"were","start":6019.592,"end":6019.784},{"text":"in","start":6019.993,"end":6020.041},{"text":"the","start":6020.153,"end":6020.233},{"text":"particular","start":6020.233,"end":6020.73},{"text":"submarine","start":6020.73,"end":6021.323},{"text":"and","start":6021.435,"end":6021.499},{"text":"this","start":6021.595,"end":6021.755},{"text":"does","start":6021.755,"end":6021.964},{"text":"not","start":6021.98,"end":6022.22},{"text":"constitute","start":6022.22,"end":6023.021},{"text":"any","start":6023.358,"end":6023.518},{"text":"violation,","start":6023.518,"end":6024.159},{"text":"and","start":6024.223,"end":6024.319},{"text":"they","start":6024.319,"end":6024.48},{"text":"referred","start":6024.48,"end":6024.864},{"text":"to","start":6024.864,"end":6024.976},{"text":"the","start":6025.185,"end":6025.217},{"text":"San","start":6025.217,"end":6025.409},{"text":"Remo","start":6025.521,"end":6025.729},{"text":"Manual.","start":6025.729,"end":6026.162}]},{"text":"Your Excellencies, we submit that under paragraph 67 of the San Remo Manual, it is highlighted that where a vessel is harboring particular weaponry in order to protect the individuals therein, such weaponry in terms of its threshold and amount should be at least adequate to protect the individuals within the particular machine.","start":6026.787,"end":6048.084,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. Speakers debated attribution, whether the vessel was a military objective, and how precaution and proportionality should apply."}],"words":[{"text":"Your","start":6026.787,"end":6026.899},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":6026.947,"end":6027.492},{"text":"we","start":6027.524,"end":6027.684},{"text":"submit","start":6027.684,"end":6028.085},{"text":"that","start":6028.566,"end":6028.678},{"text":"under","start":6028.806,"end":6028.966},{"text":"paragraph","start":6028.966,"end":6029.447},{"text":"67","start":6029.447,"end":6030.457},{"text":"of","start":6030.569,"end":6030.713},{"text":"the","start":6030.713,"end":6030.793},{"text":"San","start":6030.793,"end":6031.258},{"text":"Remo","start":6031.29,"end":6031.53},{"text":"Manual,","start":6031.53,"end":6031.915},{"text":"it","start":6032.476,"end":6032.572},{"text":"is","start":6032.572,"end":6032.7},{"text":"highlighted","start":6032.732,"end":6033.277},{"text":"that","start":6033.277,"end":6033.453},{"text":"where","start":6033.453,"end":6033.566},{"text":"a","start":6033.678,"end":6033.694},{"text":"vessel","start":6033.694,"end":6034.223},{"text":"is","start":6034.271,"end":6034.383},{"text":"harboring","start":6034.479,"end":6034.944},{"text":"particular","start":6034.976,"end":6035.793},{"text":"weaponry","start":6035.921,"end":6036.386},{"text":"in","start":6036.819,"end":6036.867},{"text":"order","start":6037.123,"end":6037.299},{"text":"to","start":6037.299,"end":6037.396},{"text":"protect","start":6037.46,"end":6037.892},{"text":"the","start":6037.94,"end":6038.004},{"text":"individuals","start":6038.101,"end":6038.71},{"text":"therein,","start":6038.742,"end":6039.11},{"text":"such","start":6039.559,"end":6039.831},{"text":"weaponry","start":6040.008,"end":6040.472},{"text":"in","start":6040.665,"end":6040.713},{"text":"terms","start":6040.889,"end":6041.113},{"text":"of","start":6041.161,"end":6041.274},{"text":"its","start":6041.37,"end":6041.546},{"text":"threshold","start":6041.546,"end":6042.027},{"text":"and","start":6042.027,"end":6042.107},{"text":"amount","start":6042.107,"end":6042.716},{"text":"should","start":6042.732,"end":6043.036},{"text":"be","start":6043.148,"end":6043.293},{"text":"at","start":6043.389,"end":6043.581},{"text":"least","start":6043.693,"end":6044.19},{"text":"adequate","start":6044.511,"end":6045.264},{"text":"to","start":6045.152,"end":6045.28},{"text":"protect","start":6045.296,"end":6045.696},{"text":"the","start":6045.696,"end":6045.776},{"text":"individuals","start":6045.793,"end":6046.321},{"text":"within","start":6046.337,"end":6046.578},{"text":"the","start":6046.594,"end":6046.786},{"text":"particular","start":6046.994,"end":6047.603},{"text":"machine.","start":6047.699,"end":6048.084}]},{"text":"Your Excellencies, the facts make it abundantly clear, and this court can clearly see that there were merely 97 individuals and an additional 33, making them 130, and there were hundreds of crates of armaments.","start":6048.837,"end":6063.547,"topics":[{"key":"madame-vigie-attack","label":"Attack on the Madame Vigie","description":"The hearing examined responsibility for the sinking of the Madame Vigie and whether the attack was lawful under international law. 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Thank you, Veronica.","start":8363.771,"end":8365.473,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8363.771,"end":8364.012},{"text":"you.","start":8364.012,"end":8364.124},{"text":"Thank","start":8364.333,"end":8364.51},{"text":"you,","start":8364.51,"end":8364.622},{"text":"Veronica.","start":8364.751,"end":8365.473}]},{"text":"Now the floor goes to Judge Tladi.","start":8365.553,"end":8368.7,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now","start":8365.553,"end":8365.73},{"text":"the","start":8366.115,"end":8366.356},{"text":"floor","start":8366.838,"end":8367.031},{"text":"goes","start":8367.143,"end":8367.368},{"text":"to","start":8367.544,"end":8367.657},{"text":"Judge","start":8367.898,"end":8368.171},{"text":"Tladi.","start":8368.187,"end":8368.7}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Ivana Djelic","affiliation":"ECHR","affiliation_full":"ECHR","group":null,"function":"Judge 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on that, on that, on that beat, really congratulations.","start":8617.229,"end":8619.853,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":8617.229,"end":8617.357},{"text":"on","start":8617.374,"end":8617.438},{"text":"that,","start":8617.535,"end":8617.647},{"text":"on","start":8617.856,"end":8617.921},{"text":"that,","start":8617.953,"end":8618.114},{"text":"on","start":8618.195,"end":8618.259},{"text":"that","start":8618.259,"end":8618.404},{"text":"beat,","start":8618.436,"end":8618.678},{"text":"really","start":8618.742,"end":8619.048},{"text":"congratulations.","start":8619.064,"end":8619.853}]},{"text":"2 things that I want to add on the question of advocacy would simply say what I noticed for both 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you are claiming, if you are making claims, And also when you are defending, it may be a little bit perhaps helpful to differentiate the tone and approach when you're defending and when you are claiming, to show that, you know, for example, if you are defending that there is a human rights violation and when you are claiming there is, the tone there should be a little bit different, at least for 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I would say that in terms of language, it's a point that I have to say excellent, excellent, excellent language that was being 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would have to actually acknowledge the respondent, very respectful in every bit of your submissions.","start":8656.751,"end":8662.676,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8656.751,"end":8656.799},{"text":"would","start":8656.831,"end":8656.992},{"text":"have","start":8656.992,"end":8657.136},{"text":"to","start":8657.168,"end":8657.249},{"text":"actually","start":8657.249,"end":8657.859},{"text":"acknowledge","start":8657.875,"end":8658.26},{"text":"the","start":8658.292,"end":8658.373},{"text":"respondent,","start":8658.373,"end":8658.902},{"text":"very","start":8658.935,"end":8659.111},{"text":"respectful","start":8659.159,"end":8659.657},{"text":"in","start":8659.657,"end":8659.705},{"text":"every","start":8659.818,"end":8660.107},{"text":"bit","start":8660.701,"end":8660.925},{"text":"of","start":8660.925,"end":8661.038},{"text":"your","start":8661.038,"end":8661.134},{"text":"submissions.","start":8662.162,"end":8662.676}]},{"text":"Applicant, without mentioning exactly which one, I think there was some time point where I think there's certain language I will be saying, uh, take it a little 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example, you wouldn't use language as hypocritical, uh, referring to, to submissions of co-counsel.","start":8671.603,"end":8678.892,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":8671.603,"end":8671.715},{"text":"example,","start":8671.715,"end":8672.084},{"text":"you","start":8672.117,"end":8672.229},{"text":"wouldn't","start":8672.245,"end":8672.582},{"text":"use","start":8672.807,"end":8672.968},{"text":"language","start":8672.968,"end":8673.915},{"text":"as","start":8674.091,"end":8674.156},{"text":"hypocritical,","start":8674.573,"end":8675.344},{"text":"uh,","start":8676.018,"end":8676.195},{"text":"referring","start":8676.42,"end":8676.725},{"text":"to,","start":8676.757,"end":8676.869},{"text":"to","start":8677.062,"end":8677.158},{"text":"submissions","start":8677.158,"end":8677.816},{"text":"of","start":8677.816,"end":8677.929},{"text":"co-counsel.","start":8678.266,"end":8678.892}]},{"text":"Also on the respondent side, last comment, uh, perhaps letting 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Uh, so Mr. Batra, please.","start":8699.671,"end":8703.866,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8699.671,"end":8699.93},{"text":"you.","start":8699.93,"end":8700.044},{"text":"Uh,","start":8701.048,"end":8701.064},{"text":"so","start":8701.89,"end":8702.181},{"text":"Mr.","start":8702.262,"end":8702.667},{"text":"Batra,","start":8702.748,"end":8703.331},{"text":"please.","start":8703.574,"end":8703.866}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Ivana Djelic","affiliation":"ECHR","affiliation_full":"ECHR","group":null,"function":"Judge President"}},{"statement_number":166,"start":8705.841,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=8706","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam President.","start":8705.841,"end":8706.635,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8705.841,"end":8706.068},{"text":"you,","start":8706.068,"end":8706.149},{"text":"Madam","start":8706.165,"end":8706.359},{"text":"President.","start":8706.408,"end":8706.635}]},{"text":"My fellow judges have already praised both teams, and I wholeheartedly agree with their views.","start":8708.251,"end":8712.928,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":8708.251,"end":8708.348},{"text":"fellow","start":8708.348,"end":8708.591},{"text":"judges","start":8708.591,"end":8708.963},{"text":"have","start":8708.963,"end":8709.125},{"text":"already","start":8709.384,"end":8709.691},{"text":"praised","start":8709.805,"end":8710.161},{"text":"both","start":8710.355,"end":8710.581},{"text":"teams,","start":8710.678,"end":8711.083},{"text":"and","start":8711.099,"end":8711.164},{"text":"I","start":8711.18,"end":8711.293},{"text":"wholeheartedly","start":8711.407,"end":8712.038},{"text":"agree","start":8712.054,"end":8712.313},{"text":"with","start":8712.313,"end":8712.458},{"text":"their","start":8712.458,"end":8712.572},{"text":"views.","start":8712.572,"end":8712.928}]},{"text":"Not much more for me to say on that point other than it was very competitive and extremely difficult to decide and mark 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think many are in the room, and I think you may not have made it to the final, but congratulations Congratulations for making it to the final rounds, and I want to thank the organizers for the incredible competition that they 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let me take this opportunity then to congratulate you, the finalists, and all participants and organizers on behalf of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, who could not be here 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has now convened the Global Alliance on Human Rights, a multi-stakeholder, cross-regional mobilization to connect people and to, to fight exactly against what we are facing 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I hope, and join my colleague in praying, that the finalists and all the others in this room will continue their advocacy for human rights and join us in this global alliance and this global initiative to push back against the attacks on human rights that we are seeing 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with that, thank you very much, and pass you back to Madam President.","start":8820.035,"end":8823.566,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":8820.035,"end":8820.131},{"text":"with","start":8820.179,"end":8820.34},{"text":"that,","start":8820.34,"end":8820.597},{"text":"thank","start":8820.805,"end":8820.982},{"text":"you","start":8820.982,"end":8821.062},{"text":"very","start":8821.062,"end":8821.158},{"text":"much,","start":8821.158,"end":8821.431},{"text":"and","start":8821.688,"end":8822.009},{"text":"pass","start":8822.346,"end":8822.506},{"text":"you","start":8822.506,"end":8822.587},{"text":"back","start":8822.587,"end":8822.763},{"text":"to","start":8822.827,"end":8822.892},{"text":"Madam","start":8822.892,"end":8823.068},{"text":"President.","start":8823.068,"end":8823.566}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Bikram Patra","affiliation":"OHCHR","affiliation_full":"OHCHR","group":null,"function":"Human Rights Officer"}},{"statement_number":167,"start":8824.577,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=8825","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, thank you all.","start":8824.577,"end":8826.149,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8824.577,"end":8824.849},{"text":"you,","start":8824.898,"end":8825.026},{"text":"thank","start":8825.636,"end":8825.861},{"text":"you","start":8825.861,"end":8825.957},{"text":"all.","start":8825.957,"end":8826.149}]},{"text":"I would also like to express my sincere congratulations to both teams, but also to all participants of this exceptional world human rights moot court, unique of its 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always very happy, actually I'm very proud of you being here and doing all this work for the human rights 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the judges, thank you for lending your expertise, your time, and your authority to this 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think it just reinforces our appreciation and acknowledges your own great stature.","start":9682.386,"end":9688.907,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9682.386,"end":9682.418},{"text":"think","start":9682.515,"end":9682.692},{"text":"it","start":9682.692,"end":9682.773},{"text":"just","start":9682.773,"end":9683.129},{"text":"reinforces","start":9683.841,"end":9684.602},{"text":"our","start":9685.12,"end":9685.346},{"text":"appreciation","start":9685.379,"end":9686.22},{"text":"and","start":9686.414,"end":9686.479},{"text":"acknowledges","start":9686.512,"end":9687.11},{"text":"your","start":9687.369,"end":9687.499},{"text":"own","start":9687.612,"end":9687.677},{"text":"great","start":9688.114,"end":9688.357},{"text":"stature.","start":9688.357,"end":9688.907}]},{"text":"I think all of you are in one way or another 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of the main characteristics also of this competition, there were 15 teams from Asia, 14 from Africa, 8 from the West European and Other, 7 from Latin America, and 6 from East European that made it into the 50 teams that now advanced to the virtual 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you know, those virtual rounds then took place subsequently.","start":9790.703,"end":9794.906,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":9790.703,"end":9790.847},{"text":"you","start":9790.944,"end":9791.04},{"text":"know,","start":9791.04,"end":9791.264},{"text":"those","start":9791.601,"end":9791.89},{"text":"virtual","start":9791.986,"end":9792.388},{"text":"rounds","start":9792.404,"end":9792.692},{"text":"then","start":9792.789,"end":9792.933},{"text":"took","start":9793.35,"end":9793.527},{"text":"place","start":9793.527,"end":9793.864},{"text":"subsequently.","start":9794.249,"end":9794.906}]},{"text":"Let me, however, come to the first of our prizes, and that is the prize for those 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we believe that they are not present here, so that this will be sent to them by 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teams.","start":9829.54,"end":9831.36,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"5,","start":9829.54,"end":9829.781},{"text":"just","start":9829.813,"end":9829.991},{"text":"because","start":9830.039,"end":9830.297},{"text":"there","start":9830.313,"end":9830.442},{"text":"were","start":9830.442,"end":9830.474},{"text":"so","start":9830.474,"end":9830.716},{"text":"many","start":9830.716,"end":9830.941},{"text":"teams.","start":9831.022,"end":9831.36}]},{"text":"In the 5th place was the Royal University of Law and Economics in Cambodia.","start":9831.425,"end":9835.936,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9831.425,"end":9831.521},{"text":"the","start":9831.521,"end":9831.65},{"text":"5th","start":9831.65,"end":9831.876},{"text":"place","start":9831.908,"end":9832.214},{"text":"was","start":9832.214,"end":9832.359},{"text":"the","start":9832.472,"end":9832.569},{"text":"Royal","start":9832.569,"end":9832.794},{"text":"University","start":9832.794,"end":9833.374},{"text":"of","start":9833.503,"end":9833.648},{"text":"Law","start":9833.745,"end":9833.841},{"text":"and","start":9833.922,"end":9834.164},{"text":"Economics","start":9834.164,"end":9834.824},{"text":"in","start":9835.13,"end":9835.179},{"text":"Cambodia.","start":9835.292,"end":9835.936}]},{"text":"The 4th was Strathmore University in Kenya.","start":9836.564,"end":9840.209,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9836.564,"end":9836.661},{"text":"4th","start":9836.661,"end":9836.951},{"text":"was","start":9837.692,"end":9837.918},{"text":"Strathmore","start":9838.176,"end":9838.998},{"text":"University","start":9838.998,"end":9839.563},{"text":"in","start":9839.563,"end":9839.692},{"text":"Kenya.","start":9839.725,"end":9840.209}]},{"text":"The 3rd was University of Allahabad in India.","start":9841.096,"end":9846.453,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9841.096,"end":9841.241},{"text":"3rd","start":9841.241,"end":9841.79},{"text":"was","start":9842.548,"end":9842.758},{"text":"University","start":9842.871,"end":9843.403},{"text":"of","start":9844.065,"end":9844.21},{"text":"Allahabad","start":9844.71,"end":9845.468},{"text":"in","start":9845.92,"end":9846.017},{"text":"India.","start":9846.017,"end":9846.453}]},{"text":"The 2nd was Kenyatta University in Kenya, and the Winner of the Memorial Award then is an Indian university, NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad.","start":9849.368,"end":9861.807,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9849.368,"end":9849.449},{"text":"2nd","start":9849.449,"end":9849.997},{"text":"was","start":9850.061,"end":9850.206},{"text":"Kenyatta","start":9850.303,"end":9850.866},{"text":"University","start":9850.866,"end":9851.495},{"text":"in","start":9851.511,"end":9851.575},{"text":"Kenya,","start":9851.607,"end":9852.091},{"text":"and","start":9854.169,"end":9854.684},{"text":"the","start":9854.813,"end":9855.183},{"text":"Winner","start":9855.711,"end":9855.954},{"text":"of","start":9856.035,"end":9856.181},{"text":"the","start":9856.214,"end":9856.36},{"text":"Memorial","start":9856.36,"end":9856.862},{"text":"Award","start":9856.862,"end":9857.203},{"text":"then","start":9857.251,"end":9857.316},{"text":"is","start":9857.576,"end":9857.64},{"text":"an","start":9857.819,"end":9858.013},{"text":"Indian","start":9858.159,"end":9858.37},{"text":"university,","start":9858.403,"end":9859.019},{"text":"NALSAR","start":9859.359,"end":9859.781},{"text":"University","start":9859.781,"end":9860.348},{"text":"of","start":9860.348,"end":9860.526},{"text":"Law,","start":9860.591,"end":9860.818},{"text":"Hyderabad.","start":9861.078,"end":9861.807}]},{"text":"Unfortunately also not present here.","start":9863.656,"end":9866.812,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Unfortunately","start":9863.656,"end":9864.445},{"text":"also","start":9864.622,"end":9864.928},{"text":"not","start":9865.427,"end":9865.749},{"text":"present","start":9865.749,"end":9866.361},{"text":"here.","start":9866.57,"end":9866.812}]},{"text":"So it brings us to the Spanish memorials, and the 3rd position for the best memorials in that initial phase goes to Universidad Austral in 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second position is the Autonomous University of Coahuila in Mexico.","start":9882.393,"end":9888.793,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9882.393,"end":9882.49},{"text":"second","start":9882.49,"end":9883.267},{"text":"position","start":9883.267,"end":9883.818},{"text":"is","start":9884.012,"end":9884.142},{"text":"the","start":9884.255,"end":9884.433},{"text":"Autonomous","start":9884.433,"end":9885.016},{"text":"University","start":9885.211,"end":9885.761},{"text":"of","start":9885.858,"end":9886.085},{"text":"Coahuila","start":9886.425,"end":9887.267},{"text":"in","start":9887.575,"end":9888.273},{"text":"Mexico.","start":9888.306,"end":9888.793}]},{"text":"And the winning team for the memorials is Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo in 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our custom, we will mention the 10 highest teams just in terms of the scoring.","start":9984.878,"end":9990.801,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9984.878,"end":9985.023},{"text":"our","start":9985.119,"end":9985.28},{"text":"custom,","start":9985.28,"end":9985.713},{"text":"we","start":9986.162,"end":9986.339},{"text":"will","start":9986.339,"end":9986.612},{"text":"mention","start":9986.724,"end":9987.061},{"text":"the","start":9987.061,"end":9987.158},{"text":"10","start":9987.302,"end":9987.511},{"text":"highest","start":9988.089,"end":9988.602},{"text":"teams","start":9988.827,"end":9989.276},{"text":"just","start":9989.469,"end":9989.726},{"text":"in","start":9989.726,"end":9989.806},{"text":"terms","start":9989.87,"end":9990.079},{"text":"of","start":9990.175,"end":9990.272},{"text":"the","start":9990.272,"end":9990.352},{"text":"scoring.","start":9990.352,"end":9990.801}]},{"text":"You know that you were part of the 24 that advanced, but among the 24, we highlight just the 10 top teams from the various languages as they are.","start":9991.138,"end":9999.472,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":9991.138,"end":9991.283},{"text":"know","start":9991.299,"end":9991.475},{"text":"that","start":9991.475,"end":9991.7},{"text":"you","start":9991.7,"end":9991.78},{"text":"were","start":9991.796,"end":9991.909},{"text":"part","start":9992.037,"end":9992.294},{"text":"of","start":9992.294,"end":9992.358},{"text":"the","start":9992.358,"end":9992.519},{"text":"24","start":9992.519,"end":9993.113},{"text":"that","start":9993.161,"end":9993.45},{"text":"advanced,","start":9993.37,"end":9993.789},{"text":"but","start":9994.112,"end":9994.225},{"text":"among","start":9994.225,"end":9994.419},{"text":"the","start":9994.516,"end":9994.613},{"text":"24,","start":9994.613,"end":9995.129},{"text":"we","start":9995.242,"end":9995.339},{"text":"highlight","start":9995.339,"end":9995.823},{"text":"just","start":9995.823,"end":9996.049},{"text":"the","start":9996.049,"end":9996.211},{"text":"10","start":9996.211,"end":9996.437},{"text":"top","start":9996.453,"end":9996.695},{"text":"teams","start":9996.695,"end":9997.05},{"text":"from","start":9997.68,"end":9997.89},{"text":"the","start":9997.922,"end":9998.019},{"text":"various","start":9998.019,"end":9998.39},{"text":"languages","start":9998.39,"end":9998.777},{"text":"as","start":9998.955,"end":9999.02},{"text":"they","start":9999.116,"end":9999.197},{"text":"are.","start":9999.359,"end":9999.472}]},{"text":"There are unfortunately no plaques, but honorable mention.","start":9999.762,"end":10003.538,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"There","start":9999.762,"end":10000.037},{"text":"are","start":10000.085,"end":10000.263},{"text":"unfortunately","start":10000.263,"end":10000.844},{"text":"no","start":10000.844,"end":10001.07},{"text":"plaques,","start":10001.07,"end":10001.489},{"text":"but","start":10001.941,"end":10002.167},{"text":"honorable","start":10002.845,"end":10003.199},{"text":"mention.","start":10003.232,"end":10003.538}]},{"text":"In number 10 position, it was Hidayalathula National Law University in India.","start":10003.586,"end":10010.388,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":10003.586,"end":10003.731},{"text":"number","start":10003.731,"end":10004.037},{"text":"10","start":10004.037,"end":10004.263},{"text":"position,","start":10004.295,"end":10004.747},{"text":"it","start":10005.327,"end":10005.633},{"text":"was","start":10005.665,"end":10005.956},{"text":"Hidayalathula","start":10006.391,"end":10007.68},{"text":"National","start":10008.067,"end":10008.599},{"text":"Law","start":10008.712,"end":10008.76},{"text":"University","start":10008.889,"end":10009.502},{"text":"in","start":10009.84,"end":10009.937},{"text":"India.","start":10009.937,"end":10010.388}]},{"text":"In number 9 position was Universidade Católica Boliviana São Paulo.","start":10012.207,"end":10017.155,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":10012.207,"end":10012.271},{"text":"number","start":10012.611,"end":10012.918},{"text":"9","start":10013.015,"end":10013.242},{"text":"position","start":10013.339,"end":10013.743},{"text":"was","start":10013.759,"end":10013.969},{"text":"Universidade","start":10014.066,"end":10014.697},{"text":"Católica","start":10015.037,"end":10015.797},{"text":"Boliviana","start":10015.942,"end":10016.508},{"text":"São","start":10016.508,"end":10016.67},{"text":"Paulo.","start":10016.815,"end":10017.155}]},{"text":"Number 8 was Ukrainian Catholic University in Ukraine.","start":10019.17,"end":10022.84,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Number","start":10019.17,"end":10019.497},{"text":"8","start":10019.579,"end":10019.825},{"text":"was","start":10019.825,"end":10020.055},{"text":"Ukrainian","start":10020.251,"end":10020.792},{"text":"Catholic","start":10021.054,"end":10021.464},{"text":"University","start":10021.464,"end":10021.939},{"text":"in","start":10021.972,"end":10022.381},{"text":"Ukraine.","start":10022.381,"end":10022.84}]},{"text":"Number 7, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia.","start":10025.186,"end":10028.907,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Number","start":10025.186,"end":10025.429},{"text":"7,","start":10025.429,"end":10025.963},{"text":"Universidad","start":10026.141,"end":10026.901},{"text":"Nacional","start":10026.901,"end":10027.516},{"text":"de","start":10027.516,"end":10027.613},{"text":"Colombia,","start":10027.613,"end":10028.243},{"text":"Colombia.","start":10028.26,"end":10028.907}]},{"text":"Number 6 was University of Allahabad in India.","start":10031.576,"end":10035.502,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Number","start":10031.576,"end":10031.818},{"text":"6","start":10031.818,"end":10032.287},{"text":"was","start":10032.287,"end":10032.514},{"text":"University","start":10032.53,"end":10033.08},{"text":"of","start":10033.258,"end":10033.42},{"text":"Allahabad","start":10034.002,"end":10034.464},{"text":"in","start":10034.909,"end":10035.057},{"text":"India.","start":10035.057,"end":10035.502}]},{"text":"In the 5th position, Koç University in Turkey, Türkiye.","start":10038.244,"end":10041.561,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":10038.244,"end":10038.292},{"text":"the","start":10038.325,"end":10038.47},{"text":"5th","start":10038.47,"end":10038.697},{"text":"position,","start":10038.729,"end":10039.101},{"text":"Koç","start":10039.36,"end":10039.7},{"text":"University","start":10039.765,"end":10040.299},{"text":"in","start":10040.331,"end":10040.396},{"text":"Turkey,","start":10040.59,"end":10040.962},{"text":"Türkiye.","start":10041.075,"end":10041.561}]},{"text":"4 in these preliminary rounds was the Kenyatta University in Kenya.","start":10044.82,"end":10049.096,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"4","start":10044.82,"end":10045.196},{"text":"in","start":10045.246,"end":10045.344},{"text":"these","start":10045.344,"end":10045.557},{"text":"preliminary","start":10046.081,"end":10046.458},{"text":"rounds","start":10046.491,"end":10046.901},{"text":"was","start":10047.048,"end":10047.277},{"text":"the","start":10047.327,"end":10047.458},{"text":"Kenyatta","start":10047.458,"end":10047.949},{"text":"University","start":10047.949,"end":10048.441},{"text":"in","start":10048.441,"end":10048.588},{"text":"Kenya.","start":10048.621,"end":10049.096}]},{"text":"The 3rd position in those preliminary rounds, Universidad Austral in Argentina.","start":10052.519,"end":10057.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10052.519,"end":10052.6},{"text":"3rd","start":10052.6,"end":10052.825},{"text":"position","start":10052.857,"end":10053.228},{"text":"in","start":10053.324,"end":10053.389},{"text":"those","start":10053.421,"end":10053.63},{"text":"preliminary","start":10053.662,"end":10054.033},{"text":"rounds,","start":10054.065,"end":10054.403},{"text":"Universidad","start":10054.629,"end":10055.885},{"text":"Austral","start":10055.917,"end":10056.368},{"text":"in","start":10056.625,"end":10056.722},{"text":"Argentina.","start":10056.786,"end":10057.35}]},{"text":"The 2nd-ranked university in those virtual rounds, Oxford University, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.","start":10061.699,"end":10068.337,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10061.699,"end":10061.732},{"text":"2nd-ranked","start":10061.732,"end":10063.257},{"text":"university","start":10063.257,"end":10063.793},{"text":"in","start":10063.809,"end":10063.874},{"text":"those","start":10063.89,"end":10064.117},{"text":"virtual","start":10064.637,"end":10065.075},{"text":"rounds,","start":10065.107,"end":10065.448},{"text":"Oxford","start":10066.081,"end":10066.487},{"text":"University,","start":10066.487,"end":10066.795},{"text":"University","start":10066.828,"end":10067.217},{"text":"of","start":10067.217,"end":10067.282},{"text":"Oxford,","start":10067.396,"end":10067.688},{"text":"United","start":10067.72,"end":10068.045},{"text":"Kingdom.","start":10068.045,"end":10068.337}]},{"text":"And the top university of those rounds, University of New South Wales in Australia.","start":10071.883,"end":10076.636,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":10071.883,"end":10072.062},{"text":"the","start":10072.062,"end":10072.225},{"text":"top","start":10072.225,"end":10072.452},{"text":"university","start":10072.452,"end":10072.924},{"text":"of","start":10072.957,"end":10073.12},{"text":"those","start":10073.12,"end":10073.364},{"text":"rounds,","start":10073.429,"end":10073.657},{"text":"University","start":10073.999,"end":10074.406},{"text":"of","start":10074.487,"end":10074.634},{"text":"New","start":10074.682,"end":10074.926},{"text":"South","start":10075.089,"end":10075.561},{"text":"Wales","start":10075.626,"end":10075.936},{"text":"in","start":10076.05,"end":10076.131},{"text":"Australia.","start":10076.131,"end":10076.636}]},{"text":"But where we do have plaques are for the individual orators in those rounds.","start":10081.443,"end":10085.233,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":10081.443,"end":10081.637},{"text":"where","start":10081.686,"end":10081.945},{"text":"we","start":10081.945,"end":10082.026},{"text":"do","start":10082.171,"end":10082.333},{"text":"have","start":10082.333,"end":10082.479},{"text":"plaques","start":10082.593,"end":10083.078},{"text":"are","start":10083.224,"end":10083.321},{"text":"for","start":10083.321,"end":10083.435},{"text":"the","start":10083.467,"end":10083.564},{"text":"individual","start":10083.564,"end":10084.099},{"text":"orators","start":10084.196,"end":10084.423},{"text":"in","start":10084.617,"end":10084.666},{"text":"those","start":10084.698,"end":10084.909},{"text":"rounds.","start":10085.022,"end":10085.233}]},{"text":"So again, in the French rounds, the best orators in those virtual rounds were— was Alde de Sousa from Université Catholique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest.","start":10085.281,"end":10095.752,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":10085.281,"end":10085.573},{"text":"again,","start":10086.221,"end":10086.528},{"text":"in","start":10086.544,"end":10086.642},{"text":"the","start":10086.642,"end":10086.723},{"text":"French","start":10086.723,"end":10087.111},{"text":"rounds,","start":10087.111,"end":10087.419},{"text":"the","start":10087.451,"end":10087.613},{"text":"best","start":10087.613,"end":10087.873},{"text":"orators","start":10087.937,"end":10088.229},{"text":"in","start":10088.326,"end":10088.375},{"text":"those","start":10088.423,"end":10088.634},{"text":"virtual","start":10089.217,"end":10089.557},{"text":"rounds","start":10089.557,"end":10089.93},{"text":"were—","start":10090.027,"end":10090.075},{"text":"was","start":10090.432,"end":10090.659},{"text":"Alde","start":10091.162,"end":10091.584},{"text":"de","start":10091.892,"end":10091.941},{"text":"Sousa","start":10091.973,"end":10092.541},{"text":"from","start":10092.541,"end":10092.768},{"text":"Université","start":10093.027,"end":10093.53},{"text":"Catholique","start":10093.919,"end":10094.325},{"text":"de","start":10094.325,"end":10094.357},{"text":"l'Afrique","start":10094.357,"end":10094.941},{"text":"de","start":10094.941,"end":10095.168},{"text":"l'Ouest.","start":10095.314,"end":10095.752}]},{"text":"but we believe that she is not here.","start":10096.233,"end":10098.192,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"but","start":10096.233,"end":10096.474},{"text":"we","start":10096.474,"end":10096.618},{"text":"believe","start":10096.618,"end":10096.843},{"text":"that","start":10097.02,"end":10097.212},{"text":"she","start":10097.212,"end":10097.517},{"text":"is","start":10097.517,"end":10097.565},{"text":"not","start":10097.678,"end":10097.822},{"text":"here.","start":10097.919,"end":10098.192}]},{"text":"But congratulations.","start":10099.267,"end":10100.135,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":10099.267,"end":10099.364},{"text":"congratulations.","start":10099.428,"end":10100.135}]},{"text":"To the Spanish best oralists, the award is in fact shared because up to 2 decimals these 2 people could not be separated in their scoring.","start":10100.568,"end":10113.14,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":10100.568,"end":10100.713},{"text":"the","start":10100.713,"end":10100.889},{"text":"Spanish","start":10100.889,"end":10101.419},{"text":"best","start":10102.655,"end":10102.993},{"text":"oralists,","start":10103.041,"end":10103.619},{"text":"the","start":10103.86,"end":10104.1},{"text":"award","start":10104.406,"end":10105.048},{"text":"is","start":10105.048,"end":10105.192},{"text":"in","start":10105.385,"end":10105.449},{"text":"fact","start":10105.61,"end":10106.075},{"text":"shared","start":10106.204,"end":10106.718},{"text":"because","start":10107.296,"end":10107.681},{"text":"up","start":10107.938,"end":10108.099},{"text":"to","start":10108.099,"end":10108.259},{"text":"2","start":10108.372,"end":10108.468},{"text":"decimals","start":10108.661,"end":10109.206},{"text":"these","start":10109.704,"end":10109.929},{"text":"2","start":10110.619,"end":10110.732},{"text":"people","start":10110.844,"end":10111.23},{"text":"could","start":10111.23,"end":10111.358},{"text":"not","start":10111.406,"end":10111.631},{"text":"be","start":10111.631,"end":10111.711},{"text":"separated","start":10111.711,"end":10112.45},{"text":"in","start":10112.45,"end":10112.498},{"text":"their","start":10112.53,"end":10112.755},{"text":"scoring.","start":10112.755,"end":10113.14}]},{"text":"And that is then— it goes to Ana Inés Gutiérrez from Universidad Austral and to Karen Sofia Rodriguez from Universidad Nacional de Colombia.","start":10114.136,"end":10126.497,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":10114.136,"end":10114.248},{"text":"that","start":10114.296,"end":10114.473},{"text":"is","start":10114.602,"end":10114.746},{"text":"then—","start":10114.842,"end":10114.987},{"text":"it","start":10115.26,"end":10115.404},{"text":"goes","start":10115.404,"end":10115.549},{"text":"to","start":10115.742,"end":10115.854},{"text":"Ana","start":10116.448,"end":10116.865},{"text":"Inés","start":10116.865,"end":10117.235},{"text":"Gutiérrez","start":10117.588,"end":10118.118},{"text":"from","start":10118.696,"end":10119.097},{"text":"Universidad","start":10119.097,"end":10119.884},{"text":"Austral","start":10119.997,"end":10120.43},{"text":"and","start":10120.783,"end":10121.249},{"text":"to","start":10121.507,"end":10121.719},{"text":"Karen","start":10121.752,"end":10122.062},{"text":"Sofia","start":10122.16,"end":10122.828},{"text":"Rodriguez","start":10122.893,"end":10123.448},{"text":"from","start":10123.806,"end":10124.018},{"text":"Universidad","start":10124.018,"end":10124.752},{"text":"Nacional","start":10124.85,"end":10125.404},{"text":"de","start":10125.682,"end":10125.845},{"text":"Colombia.","start":10125.845,"end":10126.497}]},{"text":"If I could ask Professor Novak to please hand these to the best oralists in the Spanish rounds.","start":10133.31,"end":10140.619,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":10133.31,"end":10133.876},{"text":"I","start":10133.892,"end":10134.005},{"text":"could","start":10134.054,"end":10134.264},{"text":"ask","start":10134.442,"end":10134.765},{"text":"Professor","start":10134.765,"end":10135.347},{"text":"Novak","start":10135.347,"end":10135.929},{"text":"to","start":10135.978,"end":10136.091},{"text":"please","start":10136.317,"end":10136.608},{"text":"hand","start":10137.045,"end":10137.611},{"text":"these","start":10137.611,"end":10137.821},{"text":"to","start":10138.08,"end":10138.29},{"text":"the","start":10138.322,"end":10138.824},{"text":"best","start":10138.824,"end":10139.163},{"text":"oralists","start":10139.228,"end":10139.697},{"text":"in","start":10139.697,"end":10139.794},{"text":"the","start":10139.794,"end":10139.859},{"text":"Spanish","start":10139.859,"end":10140.344},{"text":"rounds.","start":10140.344,"end":10140.619}]},{"text":"I believe they are present, and they are welcome to come to receive their awards.","start":10140.683,"end":10145.537,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10140.683,"end":10140.764},{"text":"believe","start":10140.764,"end":10141.007},{"text":"they","start":10141.007,"end":10141.104},{"text":"are","start":10141.152,"end":10141.249},{"text":"present,","start":10141.249,"end":10141.831},{"text":"and","start":10142.219,"end":10142.284},{"text":"they","start":10142.365,"end":10142.43},{"text":"are","start":10142.43,"end":10142.528},{"text":"welcome","start":10142.528,"end":10142.871},{"text":"to","start":10142.937,"end":10143.1},{"text":"come","start":10143.182,"end":10143.329},{"text":"to","start":10143.836,"end":10143.951},{"text":"receive","start":10144.572,"end":10144.932},{"text":"their","start":10144.932,"end":10145.095},{"text":"awards.","start":10145.145,"end":10145.537}]},{"text":"For the Anglophone— yeah, the other one, we will keep it then.","start":10161.298,"end":10164.807,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":10161.298,"end":10161.538},{"text":"the","start":10161.538,"end":10161.714},{"text":"Anglophone—","start":10162.499,"end":10162.948},{"text":"yeah,","start":10163.381,"end":10163.541},{"text":"the","start":10163.557,"end":10163.717},{"text":"other","start":10163.717,"end":10163.878},{"text":"one,","start":10163.878,"end":10164.006},{"text":"we","start":10164.118,"end":10164.262},{"text":"will","start":10164.262,"end":10164.406},{"text":"keep","start":10164.422,"end":10164.599},{"text":"it","start":10164.599,"end":10164.679},{"text":"then.","start":10164.679,"end":10164.807}]},{"text":"We'll make a plan with the other one.","start":10165.56,"end":10166.714,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We'll","start":10165.56,"end":10165.72},{"text":"make","start":10165.72,"end":10165.897},{"text":"a","start":10165.897,"end":10165.913},{"text":"plan","start":10165.961,"end":10166.249},{"text":"with","start":10166.265,"end":10166.329},{"text":"the","start":10166.329,"end":10166.409},{"text":"other","start":10166.441,"end":10166.57},{"text":"one.","start":10166.602,"end":10166.714}]},{"text":"That person is not present.","start":10166.762,"end":10167.82,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":10166.762,"end":10166.986},{"text":"person","start":10166.986,"end":10167.243},{"text":"is","start":10167.243,"end":10167.371},{"text":"not","start":10167.387,"end":10167.547},{"text":"present.","start":10167.547,"end":10167.82}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":10167.868,"end":10168.573,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10167.868,"end":10168.044},{"text":"you","start":10168.044,"end":10168.124},{"text":"very","start":10168.188,"end":10168.3},{"text":"much.","start":10168.3,"end":10168.573}]},{"text":"And for the Anglophone rounds, perhaps we mention just the top 5 orators in the preliminary 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India.","start":10176.504,"end":10182.448,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Number","start":10176.504,"end":10176.748},{"text":"5","start":10176.748,"end":10177.202},{"text":"was","start":10177.381,"end":10177.771},{"text":"Ananya","start":10178.534,"end":10179.119},{"text":"Mishra","start":10179.119,"end":10179.769},{"text":"from","start":10179.915,"end":10180.126},{"text":"University","start":10180.24,"end":10180.776},{"text":"of","start":10180.808,"end":10180.938},{"text":"Allahabad,","start":10181.035,"end":10181.587},{"text":"India.","start":10182.009,"end":10182.448}]},{"text":"Number 4 was Mushkan Goyal, University of 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just to clarify that the calculation is done as per usual in this competition, namely that the scores are added and the highest and the lowest scores are discarded and the winner is calculated through those 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may just add that perhaps, you know, keeping the suspense going for one second longer, that we have a tradition also of handing out certificates to all 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are not dispensing with that, but we are moving into the electronic age, so you'll all receive your electronic versions of those certificates in due course for you to have this token of your presence and your participation 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what I propose to do is to hand this result to the President of the Court to make the announcement, and then we have 2 teams who will come forward, I suppose, a winning team and a runner-up team, and I will ask that between her, the Judge President of the Court, Court and Professor and Judge Tladi, that then you hand your— these plaques to the runners-up, maybe Judge Tladi, and then to the winners, Judge 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might also now reveal, for those who are still in the dark, that the applicant team is in fact Midlands State University, which is based in Zimbabwe, and that the respondent team is Strathmore University based in 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with this, I'm going to hand over the results, and the announcement will be made by the President, and then she'll call forward the teams to receive their 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Viljoen","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Professor"}},{"statement_number":188,"start":10595.089,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1j/k1jsib5dal?t=10596","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"So it is my honor to announce that the winning team is the applicant 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They discussed lex specialis, whether both frameworks apply simultaneously, and how armed conflict should be classified in this case."},{"key":"dabula-atrocities","label":"Atrocities in Dabula","description":"Several submissions focused on alleged torture, civilian killings, and broader abuses committed during the conflict in Dabula. These acts were framed as violations of core human rights, especially the rights to life and freedom from torture."},{"key":"state-attribution","label":"State Attribution and Complicity","description":"A central topic was whether the conduct of armed groups or another state's forces could be attributed to Yakar or Zwambuka. 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