Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, 63rd session, 1045th meeting

He was a member of the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea.

Good morning, distinguished delegates. I now declare open the 1045th meeting of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Distinguished delegates, this morning we will continue our consideration of agenda item 4 on the general exchange of views at the request of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia and Chile. We will reopen and hopefully suspend our consideration of agenda item five on space for sustainable development, technology and its application, including the United Nations program on the space applications. Pending the discussion in the working group of the whole. At the request of Italy and Chile, we will also reopen and hopefully suspend our consideration of agenda item 11 on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities pending the discussion in the working group on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. We will begin and hopefully suspend our consideration of agenda item 14 on use of nuclear power sources in outer space pending the discussion in the working group. We will begin and hopefully conclude our consideration of agenda item 15 on the examination of the physical nature and technical attributes of the geostationary orbit and its utilization and applications, including the view of space communications, as well as other questions relating to the developments in space communication. taking particular account of the needs and interests of developing countries without prejudice to the role of the International Telecommunication Union. Herein after GEO, geostationary orbit, in short. We will begin and hopefully conclude our consideration of agenda item 16 on the dark and quiet skies. I'd like to kindly remind delegates that I was informed by the Chair of Wey Group on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space that its second meeting scheduled this morning is cancelled. There will be five technical presentations this morning. Delegates are reminded that the full schedule of technical presentations is available on the session webpage. Are there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule? I see none. Distinguished delegates, I would now like to continue our consideration of item four of our agenda on general exchange of views. We have dense agenda before us. In view of this limited time available and need to conclude consideration of substantive matters, in order to prepare and process the draft report in time for adoption of the report. I'd like to propose that we continue our consideration of item four on the general exchange of views this afternoon to hear the statement by the observers. I see no objection. We will continue our consideration of agenda item four on the general exchange of views this afternoon then.

Thank you.

Distinguished delegates, at the request of Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia and Chile, we will reopen and hopefully suspend our consideration of agenda item five on space system-based disaster management support pending discussion in the working group. I would like to give the floor to the distinguished of the representative of the Chile, Chile, the voice yours.

Good morning. Good morning, Chair. Chile reaffirms that space technology is a cross-cutting enabler of sustainable development and that ultimately, Its contribution depends on the capacity of states to convert data and services into effective public decisions. Accordingly, the space agenda for sustainable development requires the further strengthening of data governance, technical training, and multilateral mechanisms to reduce asymmetries for countries with emerging capacity. Chile prizes the role played by the United Nations system in democratizing the benefits of space through technical cooperation, capacity building, and platforms for exchange. Providing earth observation satellite services in telecommunications and global navigation and weather services has a direct impact on climate resilience policies, as well as on risk management, territorial planning, connectivity, and essential services. Thus, cooperation should be geared towards attaining verifiable results and the practical implementation in priority sectors. Here, the United Nations Programme on Space Applications is a central instrument to build capacity for the peaceful uses of space for development purposes. Chile recognizes its critical function in providing training, technical assistance and supporting cooperation networks, in so doing helping to close gaps among states and to expand the effective adoption of space technologies. Nationally, we are progressing towards an integrated capacity approach throughout the entire cycle of data, analysis, decision, impact, including enabling infrastructure, advanced processing, training of human capital, and public-private coordination. This approach allows us to sustain an international consistent agenda with domestic priorities based on climate resilience, disaster risk reduction, water management, land planning, connectivity and innovation. A keystone is the operational National Space Center in Cerillos, which has served to strengthen the value chain for data and space applications and helped us to build capacity for the operational use of satellite information in public policies. Space capacity, in particular Earth observation, satellite meteorology, telecommunications, positioning, navigation and weather services are essential to help reduce disaster risk while allowing for early detection, ongoing monitoring, data evaluation and the prioritization of resources. In light of the recent season of forest fires, we have strengthened our operational use of satellite products for the detection and monitoring of active outbreaks, evaluating the severity of outbreaks, estimating damage caused, and supporting evacuation and deployment decisions. Chair, a dimension of emerging importance is the impact of launches and reentries on the atmosphere. Recent studies indicate that the burn caused by satellite re-entry can generate particles that remain in the stratosphere and which may have implications for relevant atmospheric processes. This is a matter of direct scientific and environmental interest for Chile. We believe that there is a need to further develop a scientific agenda in this area with better data, shared methodologies, and international cooperation in order to characterize the accumulative impact of accelerated growth scenarios. Therefore, we deem it relevant for COPUOS and this Scientific and Technical Subcommittee to continue fostering the exchanges between science and policies, exploring mechanisms to coordinate research and reporting practices, working together with relevant scientific bodies by avoiding duplication and harnessing synergies. We restate our commitment to the use of space technologies for the benefit of sustainable development and to further strengthening international cooperation to ensure that the benefits are made accessible to all. Thank you very much.

I thank the distinguished representative of Chile for her statements. Then I next, I'd like to invite the, you know, okay. Thank you, Mr. Chair. The next speaker to the distinguished of Malaysia. Malaysia, you have the floor, please.

Thank you, Mr. Chair. Malaysia recognizes the growing importance of space science, technology, and applications as indispensable tools for advancing sustainable development for developing countries. Within this subcommittee, Malaysia emphasizes the practical and operational value of space-based technologies especially earth observation, geospatial information systems, and information communication technology. At the national level, our Malaysian Space Agency has taken concrete steps to strengthen the application of space science and technology for sustainable development. In line with STRAS II of Malaysia's National Space Policy 2030, MISAR has successfully developed and operated more than 60 space-based application systems since 2008. Key initiative includes GovRS apps, which serve as a centralized and integrated geospatial remote sensing system and database. In 2025, Malaysia further expanded these efforts through the development of five new application systems supporting transport, monitoring, land use, precision agriculture, and resource management. Mr. Chair, Malaysia places strong emphasis on capacity building as a cornerstone of meaningful participation in space activities, particularly to the United Nations programs on space applications, Recently, through Pahang Aerospace City Development Berhad, Malaysia exchanged a declaration of intent with UNOSA to advance cooperation on policy advisory support, inclusive space economy development, capacity building, and knowledge exchange. Malaysia stands ready to deepen and expand the collaboration with UNOSA that includes hosting original training program or expert workshop in Malaysia on earth observation, application for disaster risk reduction and climate resilience with a particular focus on the needs and priorities of ASEAN member states. Malaysia also recognizes ASEAN as a vital platform for strengthening collective capacity in the peaceful users of outer space. We are prepared to play a coordinating role in advancing Earth observation and space application, including through enhanced information sharing, interoperability and joint capacity building initiative across the region. Finally, Malaysia reaffirms the importance of responsible and sustainable use of outer space and supports the effective implementation of the guidelines for the long term sustainability of outer space activities. Thank you, Mr. Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Malaysia for his statement. I'd like to give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Thank you, Chair. Distinguished delegates, the Islamic Republic of Iran reiterates that access to space technologies and their peaceful utilization should not be confined to a limited number of technologically advanced countries. Rather, such access must be managed in a manner that ensures equitable benefits for all nations, irrespective of their level of economic or scientific development. Space technology plays a critical role in planning, monitoring, and implementing sustainable development activities, as well as contributing to the minimization of adverse environmental and ecological impacts. From a legal perspective, any form of monopolization of orbital resources or obstruction of free and equitable access to after space runs counter to the spirit and objectives of international space treaties. Progress in space technology should therefore be harnessed as a means to enhance living standards and to address global environment challenges. In this context, The international community must give serious considerations to the legal and technical consequences of unilateral coercive measures and unlawfully sanctions that hinder the transfer of space related knowledge, technology and equipment to developing countries. Such measures constitute a clear violation of international law and impede scientific advancement, while severely undermining international cooperation, which remains the cornerstone of the work of this committee. The following considerations merit particular emphasis. Avoidance of discriminatory commercialization. Access to remote sensing data and satellite imagery, especially during natural disasters and environmental emergencies, should be ensured on the basis of equity and non-discrimination. Protection of geostationary orbit. As a limited natural resource, the allocation of orbital positions and radio frequencies must take into account the priorities and needs of developing countries. in order to prevent the saturation of this orbit by major actors. International responsibility, in accordance with the legal regime governing outer space states, bear responsibility, bear international responsibility for national space activities, whether conducted by governmental or non-governmental entities. Accordingly, the private sector activities in outer space must be appropriately regulated to ensure that they do not undermine the sovereign rights and security of other states. Through an institutional framework encompassing the state university industry triad, space applications are advanced through gradual and sustainable progress. In this regard, The Islamic Republic of Iran has developed a certain level of national expertise to utilize the benefits of space technology for public purposes. For instance, in order to ensure food security, Iran attaches high priority to research and innovation in space applications for the agricultural sector. At the national level, Iran has implemented various programs for mapping and monitoring natural resources using space-based data. In late 2025, three satellites, Zafar-2, Paya, and upgraded version of Kosar, were successfully launched into low Earth orbit at an altitude of approximately 500 kilometers from the Vostok Cosmodrome in the Russian Federation using the Soyuz launch vehicle. Zafar-2 is the result of extensive academic research effort and is equipped with more advanced imaging and communication payloads compared to its predecessor. The Paya satellite with imaging resolution of five meters for panchromatic and 10 meters for multispectral imagery is designed for applications in agriculture, water resources management, environmental monitoring, and urban mapping. The Kosehr satellite is an advanced earth observation satellite developed and manufactured by knowledge-based companies. In light of its indigenous humans across the full cycle of space technology, the Islamic Republic of Iran reiterates its readiness to cooperate with United Nations member states and regional organization on the basis of mutual respect, sovereign equality and national ownership. Thank you, Mr. Chair.

I very much thank the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran for his statement. The distinguished representative of Iran was the last speaker on this list. under this agenda item. We will suspend our consideration of agenda item five on the space for sustainable development technologies and applications, including the United Nations program on space applications, pending the consideration of the item in the working group of the whole. Distinguished delegates, at the request of Italy and Chile, I will also reopen and hopefully suspend our consideration of agenda item 11 on long-term sustainability of outer space activities pending the discussion in the wing group. I would now like to give the floor to the distinguished representative of Italy.

Thank you very much, Mr. Chair. Distinguished delegates, Italy would like to begin by expressing its sincere appreciation for the tireless work and valuable contribution of the Long-Term Sustainability Working Group. We welcome the consensus reached at the 68th session of COPUS in June 2025 on the Working Group's report, which will be presented to the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee at this session. Italy also warmly welcomes the establishment of the expert group on space situational awareness and congratulates its chair, Madam Fatma Halchemis of the United Arab Emirates on her leadership. Italy has been a consistent and constructive contributor to the development of the LTS guidelines adopted in 2019 and has remained actively engaged in their implementation. Over the past year, we have followed the group's activity closely. and provided substantive inputs to the consolidated final report. In this regard, Italy strongly welcomes the extension of the working group's mandate, which will allow multilateral efforts to advance the sustainability of outer space activities to continue. Italy's commitment to space sustainability is comprehensive and spans national, regional, and international levels. national level, a major milestone was achieved in June 2025 with the adoption of Italy's first framework law on outer space activities and the space economy. This legislation makes sustainability a binding requirement for mission authorization, introducing mandatory environmental impact assessments across the full life cycle of space activities, robust space debris mitigation measures, and clear end-of-life obligations. Through this framework, Italy ensures that safety, resilience, and environmental responsibility are integral to all space activities under its jurisdiction. The law is supported by the National Plan for the Space Economy, including a dedicated space economy fund to promote innovation through public-private partnerships. These efforts are reinforced by Italy's National Recovery and Resilience Plan, financed through the European Union Recovery Fund, which allocates significant resources to the space sector. flagship project under this plan is the space debris laser ranging station expected to be operational by the second quarter of 2026 equipped with adaptive Optics it will enable high precision tracking of space objects across all orbital regimes in parallel the Italian Space Agency is implementing the fly eye telescope at the matera Space Center as part of the fly eye telescope Network With additional telescopes in Argentina, Mexico, and Australia, the network would provide near global coverage for space debris monitoring and is expected to be fully operational by mid-26. Together, these infrastructures will significantly enhance national, European, and global capabilities in space situational awareness, space surveillance and tracking, and space traffic management. At international level, Italy actively contributes to the European Space Agency's space safety program. Italy also participates in the EU space surveillance and tracking framework and in the work of the Interagency Space Debris Coordination Committee, reinforcing global efforts towards responsible and secure space activities. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, the sustainability of outer space is a global responsibility that can only be achieved through collective action. Italy therefore strongly supports training and capacity building initiative for emerging space nations. These include projects in Africa under the MATTAI plan, in Latin America through the ASI ILA program, and in Southeast Asia with the Asia and Italy Development Partnership. Inclusive cooperation and knowledge sharing are essential to ensure that all countries can participate meaningfully in sustainable space activities. Italy's commitment to sustainability also extends beyond Earth orbit. Italy was among the first countries to sign the Artemis Accords, promoting transparent, inclusive, and sustainable activities in the lunar and cis-lunar domains. Through the Italian Space Agency, Italy actively contributes to the Artemis program and to the international efforts for sustainable lunar exploration. Italy reaffirms its strong commitment to working with all member states within UN Copious framework to ensure the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Through shared responsibility, inclusive dialogue and continued cooperation, we can safeguard the space environment for present and future generations. Thank you very much.

Thank you, the distinguished of Italy for the statement. I'd like to give the floor to the distinguished of Chile.

Thank you, Mr. President.

The long-term sustainability of outer space activities is a central priority for the international community. Growing congestion in low Earth orbit, as well as the increase in active and inactive objects, poses a significant challenge to the safety of orbital infrastructure and to the continuity of critical services on Earth. As Chile sees it, progressing in sustainability requires a progressive transition from general principles to more operational capacities and practices. Among the key elements are the following, timely exchange of orbital high accuracy information, coordination of maneuvers, as well as collision risk mitigation, the adoption of verifiable post-mission disposal measures, debris mitigation, as well as the development of criteria and shared metrics in order to assess accumulative risks. We underscore the strategic relevance of the geostationary orbit and of the radioelectric spectrum as limited and essential resources for critical services such as telecommunications, meteorology, connectivity, and emergency management. Here we highlight the need to promote the rational, efficient and sustainable use of these resources, as well as rigorous technical coordination to prevent harmful interference and to contribute to preserving the long term access for the benefit of the full international community. Turning now to dark and quiet skies, Chile notes that operational transparency, including the availability of high accuracy ephemerides and their timely updating, contributes to collision avoidance as well as to the mitigation of impact on astronomy, in so doing optimizing our planning of observations and reducing interference on scientific research. We have acknowledged capacity in the area of data science and artificial intelligence applied to the analysis of large volumes of astronomic information, including developments related to the asteroidal broker Alerse, which serves the rapid classification of warnings from large scale astronomical surveys. This demonstrates the potential of cooperation between science, technology and governance in order to foster sustainability in the space environment. We restate our commitment to further strengthening the long-term sustainability of space activities and to promoting responsible practices to preserve the space environment for future generations. Thank you very much.

Thank you, the distinguished representative of Chile for the statement. The distinguished Minister of Chile was the last speaker on the list under this agenda item. I will suspend our consideration of agenda item 11 on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities pending the consideration of the item in the WING Group. Distinguished delegates, I would now like to begin and hopefully conclude the consideration of agenda item 14 on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space. The first speaker on my list is the distinguished of Canada. Canada, you have the floor.

Chair. Nuclear power is recognized as essential for generating the electrical and thermal power required for sustainable exploration activities on the lunar surface and deep space. Canada has longstanding expertise in nuclear innovation and has strong potential to contribute nuclear power systems and related components for exploration of the moon, Mars, and beyond. In 2025, the Canadian Space Agency, CSA, awarded funding through its Space Technology Development Program to advance a low-enriched uranium micro-reactor concept designed to provide reliable power for a sustained human presence on the Moon. Built for both lunar and terrestrial applications, the nuclear reactor system could deliver continuous energy for Moon bases, science missions and resource extraction, while also providing solutions to terrestrial challenges such as delivering reliable power to remote Canadian communities. Apart from the space technology development program, the CSA is also conducting other preparatory activities related to space nuclear power systems in collaboration with Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Canada's premier nuclear science and technology organization. Beyond space exploration, this technology supports Canada's northern and Arctic presence, helping to strengthen Canada's sovereignty and bring energy equity to indigenous communities currently reliant on diesel fuel. Through its work on space nuclear technologies, Canada is advancing preparatory activities in the emerging space nuclear economy, meeting domestic needs and supporting international space exploration efforts. Chair, as this technology and its uses evolve to support new applications, it is more important than ever to keep at the front and center of our deliberations on the Nuclear Power Sources Principles and the Safety Framework for Nuclear Power Sources. nuclear power should be used safely and consistently with existing guidance. With this in mind, Canada looks forward to the ongoing work being advanced within the nuclear power sources working group. Thank you.

I thanks the distinguished of Canada for the statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished of Italy. Italy, you have the floor.

Distinguished chair, and colleagues. First of all, Italy would like to thank the chair of the Nuclear Power Sources Working Group and all colleagues for the valuable work carried out on the five-year plan, as well as for the forthcoming consultations. Italy strongly values policy dialogue mechanisms that foster transparency, confidence building, and a shared understanding of emerging technological and regulatory challenges. Such dialogue is essential as we collectively address the evolving role of nuclear technologies in both terrestrial and space applications. At national level, Italy is currently undertaking a renewed assessment of advanced nuclear technologies with particular attention to innovative and small modular reactor concepts. This reflection takes place within a broader discussion on energy security, technological innovation, and decarbonization, and is guided by a firm commitment to safety, sustainability, and international best practices. With regard to space exploration, the Italian Space Agency has intensified its research on nuclear energy systems to support long duration missions beyond low Earth orbit. In cooperation with the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, studies have been initiated to assess compact and highly reliable nuclear reactors capable of providing continuous power for future lunar infrastructure and deep space exploration. Building on this work, the Selene project has been launched in partnership with academia and industry. The project aims to generate energy on the lunar surface through small nuclear powered plants and to explore innovative solutions for lunar energy production, addressing the inherent limitations of conventional technologies currently available for use on the moon. At the core of Selene is the development of the Moon Energy Hub, an integrated energy infrastructure designed to ensure a stable and continuous power supply for future lunar settlements. This system is based on small fission reactors known as surface nuclear reactors capable of supporting long duration human and robotic activities. Italy's strong commitment to lunar exploration and to the establishment of a sustained presence on the moon underpins this initiative. Energy solutions based solely on solar power are insufficient to meet future operational requirements, particularly in light of the moon's 14-day cycles of daylight and darkness. The Moon Energy Hub is designed to address key limitations of solar technologies, including low power density, limited scalability, and reduced operational lifetime and vulnerability to cosmic radiation. It is conceived as a flexible and resilient system capable of responding to variable energy demands and managing potential power interruptions through integrated energy storage and adaptable power transmission solutions. Through these initiatives and through continued engagement in policy dialogue frameworks such as the one recently promoted by the Lunar Policy Platform, Italy seeks to contribute responsibly to the advancement of nuclear technologies for space applications while fully respecting international safety frameworks and the principle of peaceful use of outer space. Thank you.

I thank Italy for the statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of China. China on the floor.

Distinguished delegates, Chair, the Chinese government has consistently prioritized the safety of space nuclear power sources and has actively participated in the work of SSTC of the UN COPUOS as well as its working group. Through the SSTC, the Chinese delegation has shared with all parties practical experience gained from the use of space NPS in China three and China four missions and has presented China's implementation of the NPS principles adopted in the UNGA in 1992. As human lunar and deep space exploration activities become increasingly frequent, the use of space nuclear power source is expected to increase. China knows that increasing number of countries have begun developing space NPS and plan to deploy them in future missions. China calls upon all governments to fill their national regulatory responsibilities and strengthen the safety and space NPS. States should enhance cooperation exchanges in this regard. And China encourages countries with relevant experience to share useful experience and lessons learned with others. Chair. The SSTC and its working group, NPS, play an indispensable role in promoting the safe use of space NPS. This working group serves as the important platform within the UN framework for discussions on the safety of MPS in outer space. China welcomes the participation of more OOSA members and relevant intergovernmental organizations in the working group. Under the leadership of Mr. Leopold Sommerer, Chair of the Working Group, the Working Group issued a questionnaire on the application of space in PS in 2025 and is currently preparing for a joint workshop with the IAEA in 2026. China will actively participate in the relevant work and will promote to submit the Working Group the list of recommended experts and report topics for joint workshops. And China commends the effective work of the Chair and Working Group Chair. The Chinese delegation will continue to support the activities of the Subcommittee and the NPS Working Group, as always, and stands ready to work with all States to advance the safety of nuclear power sources in outer space. Thank you.

Alright, I thank China for the statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished delegate from the Russian Federation. I'm sorry, Indonesia. Indonesia, you have the floor.

Thank you, Chair. Chair and distinguished delegates, Indonesia commends the ongoing efforts of the Working Group on Nuclear Power Sources and acknowledges its essential role in advancing the safe, secure and sustainable use of nuclear power sources for space applications. We welcome the prioritization of safety and risk-informed approaches, particularly regarding the use of nuclear materials in outer space. Indonesia values the inclusive approach of the working group on nuclear power sources, which enable Indonesia and other developing countries to strengthen their capacity for the safe use of nuclear power sources in accordance with international standards. Accordingly, our delegation reaffirms its commitment to actively participate in the joint workshop of the working group on nuclear power sources of the scientific and technical subcommittee and the International Atomic Energy Agency to be held in June 2026. Indonesia has nominated a national speaker to share national perspectives on both the opportunities and the challenges related to the use of nuclear power sources in outer space. Finally, Our delegation remains committed to ensuring that all national activities related to nuclear technologies are conducted in accordance to the highest standards of safety, sustainability and international cooperation. Thank you, Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Indonesia for the statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation. Russian Federation, the flights used.

Chairperson, the use of nuclear power sources in outer space opens up. Is there something wrong with the camera? The speaker says. Thank you. Chairperson, the use of nuclear power sources in outer space opens up new opportunities for the exploration and use of outer space. The accumulated experience of states in nuclear power source use has pinpointed the main risks involved. Comprehensive analysis of the said risks by interested states in the framework of COPUOS and its subcommittees, has resulted in the crafting of instruments governing ways of ensuring the safe use of nuclear power sources in outer space. These are the principles relevant to the use of nuclear power sources in outer space and the safety framework for nuclear power source applications in outer space. In our view, joint use of the principles and framework offers a tried and tested mechanism for states and intergovernmental and international organizations building and using nuclear power sources in outer space to assure comprehensive observance of safety measures. The Russian Federation has developed and actively implements a national system of regulatory instruments. These government measures to ensure the safety of missions with nuclear power sources at all stages of the mission life cycle. These are aligned with the ENGA approved principles and take on board the recommendations contained in the framework. An example of our regulatory instruments is the set of federal standards and rules on nuclear power use entitled General Provisions on the Safety of Space Vehicles with Nuclear Reactors. We note that increasing numbers of COPUOS member states are considering the use of nuclear power sources in future moon exploration missions. That is entirely justifiable given how the power supply needs of scientific research missions and other operations requires continuous power generation. Different kinds of systems need to be supported in very harsh conditions with large temperature swings and lengthy alternating periods of light and darkness. Radioisotope-based nuclear power sources have already proven to be reliable sources of both heat and electrical energy. Additionally, some states are considering the possibility of expeditions to the moon to extract and use local raw material deposits and to build long-term staging posts for exploration of deeper space, including Mars. Implementation of such plans requires vast increases in heat energy and electrical power capacity. Obviously, this mandates the use of powerful nuclear energy sources based on reactors. The STSC is endowed with a working group on nuclear power sources, which discusses various aspects of the safe use of nuclear power sources. When it was discussing its work plan for 2024 to 2028, the working group addressed issues directly related to the possible application of the principles and framework in the context of nuclear reactor use on the moon. At the present time, it would appear expedient to continue expert discussions exchanges of views on the potential contribution of the principles and frameworks in ensuring mission safety for such missions within the framework of the Working Group. We therefore welcome the forthcoming June 2026 joint seminar of the Working Group and IAEA where special segments will be devoted to safety rules and standards. We invite Member States to participate in the seminar and contribute national reports. We do not exclude the possibility that it may become necessary in the future to craft additional guidelines on the safe use of nuclear power sources specifically on the Moon. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation for his statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Chile. Shuli Hadufar.

Chairman, the use of nuclear power sources may be essential for specific scientific missions and for space exploration. At the same time, these activities require the utmost safety standards, stringent risk evaluations, transparency and international cooperation. given the potential risks associated to the launch operation and return of such space systems. Chile underscores the need to fully abide by the principles adopted within the United Nations framework regarding the use of nuclear power sources in outer space, and in particular we highlight the need to ensure that these activities are carried out in keeping with international law, with exhaustive safety assessments, including probabilistic risk analysis, and through the adoption of measures geared towards minimizing any risk of accidental exposure of the public to radiation or to radioactive material. The general increase in space activity underscores the need to uphold consistent, transparent practices to ensure the protection of persons and the environment. As such, Chile reaffirms its support for the safety principles regarding the use of nuclear power sources in outer space, and highlights that any such application must strictly abide by international safety frameworks and the exclusively peaceful use of outer space. Furthermore, my country believes it is necessary to enhance transparency and the exchange of information by launch states regarding the use of such systems, in particular in light of safety evaluations and risk mitigation plans. Innovation in propulsion or nuclear energy generation systems in space must include robust liability mechanisms as well as appropriate protocols for preparedness and response given potential emergencies. We reiterate our support for the safe, responsible and peaceful use of space technologies for the benefit of the international community. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished Medif of Chile for her statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of the United States. The floor is yours.

Thank you, Chair. The United States calls on member states and international organizations that are considering the use of space nuclear power sources to implement the joint safety framework developed in 2009 by this subcommittee in partnership with the International Atomic Energy Agency. The United States actively participates in the Nuclear Power Sources Working Group, which provides a useful forum to discuss specific aspects of the safety framework's guidance and to learn from presentations and papers. Our experience of more than 30 missions involving space nuclear power sources during the last 60 years allows us to offer mission-specific experiences implementing the guidance of the framework. The United States remains committed to the development of safe nuclear reactors for human and robotic space exploration efforts, as evidenced by President Trump's December 2025 executive order on space. Since 1961, nuclear power has opened the solar system to exploration, allowing us to observe and understand dark, distant planetary bodies that would otherwise be unreachable. For the last five years, The NASA Mars 2020 Perseverance rover, powered by radioisotope power, has been exploring Mars, seeking signs of ancient life and collecting samples of rock and regolith for possible future return to Earth. Nuclear power enables Perseverance to operate through the Martian winter and even during the global dust storms that inhibit solar power generation. An upcoming example of exploration uniquely enabled by nuclear power in space is the NASA Dragonfly mission. Scheduled to launch to Titan in 2028 and arrive at Saturn in 2035, Dragonfly adds nuclear power to enable unlimited flight with eight rotors to fly like a large drone on multiple sorties through the atmosphere. In another example, the United States is partnering with the European Space Agency on the Rosalind Franklin Mars Rover mission, which will be enabled by lightweight radioisotope heater units. Chair, the use of nuclear fission in space applications has become imperative as we expand into a new era for space exploration. Space-based fission systems provide mass efficient, high energy solutions to power assets that operate in harsh environments and increase mission flexibility for surface and propulsion operations. NASA and the US Department of Energy are partnering to ensure the safe use of fission reactors in space that enable and enhance such ambitious and exciting exploration missions for the benefit of humankind. In August 2025, NASA announced a 100 kilowatt electric fission surface power system effort that will provide safe, reliable solar independent energy for lunar assets as well as enabling a future industrial based lunar economy. Chair, the United States believes the principles relevant to the use of nuclear power sources in outer space in the safety framework provide a comprehensive foundation to support the safe use of nuclear power in space. The safety framework allows for states and international intergovernmental organizations to innovate new approaches based on the expansion of knowledge and best practices gained from experience and thereby continuously improve safety. The United States supports continued efforts to allow for the sharing of information in order to promote further understanding and awareness of effective processes to ensure the safe use of nuclear power in space. To support the objectives in the new five-year work plan for the Nuclear Power Sources Working Group, the United States supports further discussion about potential future uses of NPS in outer space, particularly those involving nuclear reactors, by inviting more member states and international intergovernmental organizations. in particular the International Atomic Energy Agency to join the working group to assist in analyzing the safety implications of gathered use case information. Chair of the United States delegation extends our gratitude to Austria for its chairmanship of the Nuclear Power Sources Working Group and to the Secretariat for facilitating the work of the Nuclear Power Sources Working Group. Thank you, Chair.

My thanks to the distinguished capacity for the United States very much for her statement. The next speaker on my list is the observer from the Lunar Policy Platform, LPP. LPP, you have the floor.

Thank you, Mr. Chair. On behalf of the Lunar Policy Platform, LPP, I am deeply honored to address the subcommittee on the crucial topic of nuclear power sources in outer space. The Lunar Policy Platform, LPP, is an expert, neutral, global, non-governmental organization specialized in lunar policy. Our mission at LPP is to help create and maintain a conducive policy environment enabling the peaceful, safe, and sustainable exploration and use of the Moon for the benefit of all humanity. Our work covers the entire value chain of policy, development, implementation, and education. We're driven by professional excellence, political neutrality, global openness, practical focus, and holistic thinking. Recognizing the leading role of COPUOS as the multilateral body in charge of space governance, our work intends to benefit and inform the intergovernmental discussions taking place within the committee as deemed relevant and appropriate by the member states. The production of nuclear energy is a crucial capability for the establishment of a sustained presence on the Moon, enabling the conduct of long-term and large-scale activities. At the same time, the use of nuclear reactors on the moon presents crucial legal and policy aspects, particularly around the interpretation and implementation of articles one, two, three, four, nine, 11, and 12 of the Outer Space Treaty, which will influence the development and application of technical frameworks to ensure their safety. To investigate and help address this policy and legal aspects, we are pleased to announce our 2026 policy consultations on lunar nuclear reactors. The goal is to gather stakeholder views on this topic, identify any legal and policy concerns, assess the suitability of the existing framework to address them, and identify the need for potential further principles and policies to ensure their peaceful, safe, and sustainable uses. Thanks to their scope, format and target audience, our policy consultations have been designed to naturally complement and support the ongoing leading efforts of the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space. Consistently with our established practice, the consultations will be conducted through a series of bilateral, in-depth meetings held under Chatham House rules and structure with the help of a dedicated policy questionnaire. Initial responses will be collected until April 30. All views expressed will be anonymized and analyzed to form the basis of a draft policy report, which we expect to develop in May. One month later, in June, we will circulate the draft report for a first round of feedback, including at the 69th session of COPUOS and related events that may take place in conjunction with it, as deemed relevant and appropriate by the Member States. Based on the comments received, we'll produce a revised draft of the report in July and circulated in August for a second round of reviews. Final publication of the report is expected in September 2026 and will be accompanied by online and in-person events to foster expert discussions and knowledge sharing. Detailed information on our policy consultation on lunar nuclear reactors can be found in conference room paper 18. All delegations interested in participating in the policy consultations are warmly invited to consult the CRP and approach us during the session. We will be delighted to answer questions, hear views, and foster progress in this key area. To complement the policy consultations, LPP is partnering with the Leverhulme Centre for Humanity and Space of the Leicester University for the organization of an expert workshop fostering cross-sector and action-oriented discussions. The workshop will take place in Leicester during the second-half of this year. Further information will be provided in due course, and all delegations interested in the workshop are warmly invited to approach us during the sessions. Finally, given the complexity of this topic, LPP and the Leicester Leverhulme Centre are currently drafting a research project to produce a multidisciplinary assessment of lunar nuclear reactors over the course of the next three years. Delegations interested in the research project are warmly invited to approach us during the session. We remain available to answer any question and look forward to working with all interested parties to foster the peaceful, safe and sustainable use of nuclear reactors on the Moon for the benefit of all humanity. Thank you very much for your kind attention.

Thanks very much the distinguished representative of IAEA for the statement. The distinguished observer for FPP was the last speaker on the list under this agenda item. We will suspend our consideration of agenda item 14 on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space and pending the consideration of the item in the group. Distinguished delegates, I would now like to begin and hopefully conclude our consideration of agenda item 15 on the geo stationary orbit. The first speaker on my list is a distinguished representative of Pakistan. Pakistan, you have the floor.

Thank you, Chair. Good morning to all colleagues. The geostationary orbit, the GSO, is an important limited natural resource intended to be accessible to all member states under principles set out in Article 44 of the International Telecommunication Union, the ITU's Constitution, and in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. Pakistan has two in-orbit GSO communication satellites that are parked at one eye at 38 degrees east and parked at MM1 at 38.2 degrees east to deliver space communication services to millions of Pakistani citizens. Chair, equitable access to radio frequency spectrum and orbital resources, particularly the GSO remains a significant regulatory challenge within the framework of the ITU. While the principle of equitable access is enshrined in the ITU constitution, current regulatory mechanisms have not fully enabled the effective realization for all member states. New space actors, especially from developing countries, continue to face considerable regulatory, technical, and financial constraints in accessing and operating GSO satellite systems. These challenges include the identification of viable orbital locations and associated spectrum complex and time consuming frequency coordination processes, particularly with administrations holding longstanding legacy filings, the growing concentration of usable spectrum due to large NGSO FSS constellations and international mobile telecommunications IMT systems, as well as the application of certain radio regulation provisions, including RR number 11.49 and 4.4 in ways that may inadvertently limit equitable access. in this context Pakistan considers that there is a need for collective reflection within the ITU to ensure that regulatory Frameworks evolve in a manner that preserves the right and interest of all member states particularly those with emerging space capabilities thank you chair.

I thanks the distinguished of Pakistan for the statement the next speaker on my list is the distinguished of China, China has published.

Distinguished delegates, Mr. Chair, China attaches great importance to the development and utilization of geostationary orbit frequency resources as a critical resource supporting global communications, broadcasting and meteorological services. The geostationary orbit is characterized by increasing scarcity and irreplaceability. Ensuring its fair, efficient, and rational use is of great significance for all countries, particularly for developing countries with emerging space capabilities. China stands ready to work with all states to promote the equitable and sustainable use of GSO resources. and appreciates the continued efforts of states and relevant international organizations to enhance the technical efficiency and utilization of GSO resources. China supports the STSC in continuing to examine the physical characteristics and technical aspects of the geostationary orbit with focused discussions on spectrum coordination, optimization of orbital spacing and technical approaches to interference mitigation. With the advancement of high throughput satellites, software defined payloads and related technologies, the service performance of GSO systems has been significantly enhanced, increasingly complementing low earth orbit constellations. China supports the coordinated development of multi-orbit and multi-system architectures and promotes practical technical cooperation between GSO and low orbit systems in areas such as spectrum sharing, interference coordination, and emergency backup. China actively participates in technical studies and international rule-making related to GSO satellite systems in the ITU. Within the ITO framework, China regularly engages in satellite network coordination consultations with the competent administrations of relevant countries on issues concerning frequency use with a view to achieving compatible and orderly shared use of spectrum resources among satellite systems. China consistently maintains that orbital resources are the common heritage of humankind and that the interests and technical needs of all countries, particularly those of developing countries, should be duly taken into account. China supports strengthening capacity building efforts to enhance in developing countries ability to access and utilize geo cell resources and encourages the establishment of fair, efficient and technically sound mechanisms for allocating orbital and spectrum resources. China is willing to share its technical experience in frequency coordination and interference mitigation and deepen exchanges and cooperation with a view to jointly promoting the long-term sustainability and reliability of global space-based communication services. Thank you.

Thank you very much, the distinguished Deputy Chief of China for the statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of the United Kingdom. The floor is yours.

Chair, distinguished delegates, thank you for giving me the floor. The United Kingdom would like to first thank the representative of the ITU for their continued efforts to inform this body of the important work that takes place in Geneva. These are important opportunities to understand the work that takes place at the ITU and how it is relevant to our work in Vienna. The UK would like to take this opportunity to once again encourage and endorse collaboration between the ITU and COPUOS to resolve the growing issues we see in space, from reducing debris to ensuring space remains dark and quiet for our astronomers. We can only find solutions to these problems through distinct yet complementary work of both the ITU and COPUOS. The United Kingdom recognises that access to geostationary orbit is important to all current and emerging spacefaring nations. Additionally, the UK recognises the need for institutions like the ITU to reduce the chance of interference when it comes to the use of geostationary orbits. At the same time, the United Kingdom would also like to reaffirm that spectrum and the coordination of geostationary orbit slots is a subject within the remit of the ITU, and we should ensure that we do not duplicate discussions which are better suited to the expertise of other international bodies. This is why it is so useful to have bodies like the ITU speak here at STSC to inform us of the latest developments in subjects of interest to this subcommittee. Thank you, Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of the United Kingdom for the statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Indonesia. Indonesia, the floor is yours.

Thank you, Mr. Chair. Indonesia continues to emphasize the importance of the geostationary orbit as a limited and strategically critical resource, particularly for emerging space-faring countries. As a country actively expanding its space capabilities, Indonesia underscores that access to and utilization of orbit resources must remain equitable, transparent, and consistent with international law, particularly the Outer Space Treaty. At the same time, Indonesia recognizes the growing role of non-geostationary orbit satellite systems in global connectivity and technological development. Indonesia believes that, similar to geostationary orbit, developing countries should have fair and equal opportunities to benefit from non-geostationary orbit systems, including equitable access to spectrum, orbital positions and related technological and operational capacities. Indonesia calls for continued international dialogue to ensure that both GSO and MGS resources are managed sustainably while promoting inclusive access and capacity building for all countries, especially emerging space nations. Thank you, Chair.

Thanks very much, the distinguished representative of Indonesia for her statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative from India, in the.

Thank you, Mr. Chair. Mr. Chair and distinguished delegates, India is one of the fastest growing digital economies. The demand for bandwidth is rapidly increasing with the proliferation of digital applications. Satellite communication plays a significant role in providing bandwidth for connectivity, especially to remote and underserved regions. Satellite communication also supports critical applications like disaster management, civil aviation, and maritime communications. Mr. Chair, India has a fleet of communication satellites operating over the region with communication transponders in C-band, extended C-band, Ku-band, Ka-band, and S-band. Presently, there are 19 satellites in orbit which provide 304 point operational transponders and 73 GBPS high throughput satellite capacity. The nation has built advanced high throughput satellites adopting multiple spot beams, providing user links in KU and K band. The communication satellites have played a significant role in meeting countries requirements in various sectors such as communication, broadcasting, meteorology, navigation, disaster warning, and search and rescue data services. Satcom network in the country consists of more than 38 teleport operators with 72 teleports 32 VSAT operators with 60 VSAT hubs and 2.75 lakh VSAT terminals, five DTH operators, one HTS operator, and 47 DSNJ operators. The flagship programs such as Digital India and BharatNet, which are focused to enhance digital connectivity to village level, are also well supported by our communication satellites. Mr. Chair, India has launched exclusive satellites for meteorological applications. At present, two satellites, namely INSAT-3DR and INSAT-3DS are in operation, providing meteorological data in different bands. During the year 2025, tropical cyclones Shakti, Monita, Senior and Diva were monitored with these satellites. Chair, India is a member of the International COSPAS-SARSAT program for providing distress alert and position location service through satellite system. Satellite added search and rescue payload is carried on three of our GSO satellites, INSAT-3DS, INSAT-3DR and GSAT-17. During 2025, Indian Mission Control Center provided search and rescue support to nine distress incidents in Indian service area. The mobile satellite service through GSO satellite provides communication to portable and handheld devices. ISRO has developed an MSS-based solution for tracking of fishing vessels or boats which go into deep sea and for sending emergency messages about natural disasters such as cyclones, tsunami, et cetera. This has been implemented in about 41,000 marine fishing vessels and boats. Using MSS services, an indigenous real-time train tracking solution has been developed to enhance the efficiency of train services. So far, about 10,400 trains are covered with this feature of real-time tracking. Mr. Chair, government of India has opened the space sector for larger participation of non-government entities. This enables and encourages the private initiatives to build, own, operate, and provide space-based services for both GSOs and NGOs. With this, it is expected that the capacity will be augmented substantially for supporting socioeconomic development. The Indian delegation would like to convey this esteemed gathering that India is effectively utilizing the geostationary orbit slots for operation of communication and meteorological satellites towards socioeconomic development and risk mitigation. Thank you, Chair and distinguished delegates for kind attention.

I thank the distinguished Chief of India for the statement. The distinguished of India was the last speaker on my list. under this agenda item. We have therefore concluded our consideration of agenda item 15 on the geostationary orbit. Distinguished delegates, we are now like to begin our consideration of agenda item 16 on the dark and quiet skies. The very first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Spain. Spain, you have the floor.

Mr.

President, Spain is staunchly committed to the protection of dark and quiet skies for science and for society, which has been indicated in the various discussions that have taken place here in the subcommittee. This commitment was restated this year, 2026, which moreover is the year when our on the Iberian Peninsula, it will be possible to witness a solar eclipse in full, something which has not happened in over a century. We understand that the sky is the natural resource that locates our place in the universe, which inspires thought and which is the basis for data and information that allows us to explore and understand the laws of the cosmos, which in turn underpin our existence as a species. In 2020 and in 2021, the International Astronomical Union, as well as the Astrophysics Institute in the Canaries, working together with you and OSA, organized two major international congresses, which reached the following three significant conclusions. Firstly, the need to establish a set of good practices to mitigate the impact of satellite constellations on the observation of the sky. Secondly, to promote the sustainability of space activities. And thirdly, to include a specific item in the scientific and technical subcommittee to address this matter. These conclusions have served to enrich debates and allowed for the inclusion of a specific agenda item since 2025 for the protection of dark and quiet skies for astronomy and for society. However, We still have yet to establish good practices and to continue supporting sustainability of space activities. Here we invite UNOOSA to continue efforts to organize the side event tomorrow. Chair, Spain is working closely together with UNOSA and with the International Astronomical Union in order to engage in a serious and constructive debate regarding the need to mitigate the harmful impact that human activity can have on our observation of the skies. And this is based on our belief in the need to protect international investment, the development of earth-based astronomy, and the need to guarantee the sustainability of the space environment. by further strengthening the safety of space objects. Along with the group of friends of dark and quiet skies, we have co-sponsored a new conference room paper supported by 11 countries and six observers, and we thank them for their support. This conference room paper describes the dual impact of increased number of satellites in low earth orbit by facilitating global connectivity but at the same time interfering with astronomy given the massive growth in mega constellations. This paper provides an update of the impact on astronomy, science and the scientific environment and issues operational recommendations for mitigation for member states. Here we invite UNOOSA to facilitate a technical study that will help identify gaps in knowledge in current mitigation efforts and areas where there is a need for greater analysis and cooperation internationally. We have also proposed the participation of a Spanish expert, Alejandro Borlaf, who will present a study on the risks posed by mega constellations to space observation in low Earth orbit, as well as means to resolve these risks in a timely fashion, working together. We also wish to note our concern in light of emerging projects aimed at increasing solar energy generation by using photovoltaic systems based on space reflectors, given the impact that this might have on astronomy by creating new powerful sources of artificial light at night. We would also like to recall that the group of Friends of Dark and Quiet Skies was established on the island of La Palma. where a significant astronomical observatory is located. This is recognized as an example of international scientific cooperation. As such, the protection of Earth astronomy and the sustainability of space activities is based on promoting and forging cooperation among astronomers, satellite operators, and public authorities in order to establish measures that will mitigate the impact of human activity on space observation. This was the basis of the December conference organized by UNOOSA in Vienna, and here we would encourage organizations to continue efforts in this area. At the end of the day, our work is to preserve this common province of humankind and this resource for science, namely the sky, in so doing that we can continue to benefit from and learn from scientific human events such as this total solar eclipse taking place this summer in Spain, which will be visible in totality from Spain, unlike many other places in the world.

I thank the distinguished representative of Spain for the statement. The next speaker on the list is the distinguished representative of Slovakia. Slovakia, you have the floor.

Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, the Slovak Republic wishes to express its full support for the conference room paper on the protection of dark and quiet skies for science and society prepared and presented by the group of friends of the dark and quiet skies for science and society. The group of Friends of the Dark and Quiet Skies for Science and Society is a vital initiative because it serves as the primary international platform for addressing challenges that large satellite constellations pose to astronomical research. Since the 58th session of the STSC, the Slovak Republic has been an active supporter of the initiative to support the protection of the dark and quiet skies for science and society, and after the creation of the group of friends, of the Dark and Quiet Skies and Science Society, Slovakia has elected representatives for the steering committee of this group. The conference room paper prepared by the group of friends identifies issues related to the optical infrared and radio astronomy. The paper outlines proposed mitigation efforts to address the potential negative impacts associated with the satellite constellations, including the accurate calculation of the satellite brightness and positional information, as well as the satellite operational strategies. Furthermore, the CRP discusses relevant policy measures and presents recommended actions for consideration by the Member States. Slovakia believes that COPUOS and its Scientific and Technical Subcommittee are the appropriate fora to address emerging issues related to the protection of dark and quiet skies. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, thank you for your attention.

Thanks very much, the distinguished representative of Slovakia for the statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of the United States. The United States, the floor is yours.

Thank you, Chair. My delegation commends UNOOSA and the Square Kilometer Array Observatory for their organization of an excellent workshop in December on this topic. As we address the challenges to optical and infrared astronomy presented by the increasing number of satellites in low Earth orbit, it is encouraging to see how much progress has been made already. The benefits of satellite and satellite constellations are clear. They provide services from enabling communications, especially in remote areas, to offering fast, high-resolution Earth imaging data, which is critical to responding to natural disasters. Through continued multi-stakeholder coordination to align best practices for protecting astronomy in our night sky, including cross-observatory and satellite owner/operator engagement, mitigation approaches that protect astronomy are becoming interoperable and scalable internationally. We are pleased to share updates for the United States for this past year. US National Science Foundation, or NSF, funded efforts to incorporate standardized, high precision, predictive ephemeris from satellites and telescopes scheduling algorithms by ingesting this data at the NSF National Optical Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, or NOIRLab, and the NSF National Radio Astronomy Observatory, NRAO. By incorporating information about where an individual satellite is currently located and where it is headed, telescopes can close their shutter or modify their schedule to avoid contaminating a long exposure with a bright satellite streak. Within the United States, a number of commercial operators have committed to providing high precision predictive ephemeris to astronomical observatories. We look forward to evaluating the effectiveness of this approach and providing the subcommittee with further updates on this mitigation next year. Astronomical observatories may also consider providing information about their pointing, observational cadence, and sensor characteristics, which may enable satellites to take mitigating actions. In the past year, the NSF National Radio Astronomy Observatory has fully implemented dynamic scheduling between satellite operators and six major radio observatories. Referred to as operational data sharing, or ODS, this technique has been demonstrated with field trials to mitigate negative impacts. It may be a promising technique for mitigating some optical impacts as well. NSF hosted a webinar this past summer to obtain broad international input on the technical format for the ODS system and invites further input from participants at this meeting. The first light images of the NSF DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory revealed in June 2025 displayed unequal detail. Importantly, these first light images were not hindered by satellite streaks or other artifacts, largely due to the extraordinary efforts made by satellite and satellite constellation operators. Rubin will embark on an unprecedented 10-year imaging survey of the entire southern sky in 2026. We would like to extend our gratitude to Chile for hosting the facility, as well as for their invaluable scientific collaboration. We also gratefully acknowledge the contributions of other international partners, including France and the UK, in bringing Rubin to realization. we invite everyone to explore the universe with the new Rubin Sky Viewer app. To consider the potential impact of the predicted growth in satellite launches on the Rubin Observatory and other wide-field view telescopes, NSF funded an August 2025 workshop of experts. The workshop examined the effects of satellite orbital altitude, the satellite life cycle, the importance of sharing satellite ephemeris, the difference between persistent streaks and transient glints, scientific impact, and the effect of faint objects on systematic errors. The report can be found online and is listed in our written statement, which summarizes the workshop recommendations and discusses the value of coordinated operational and observational experiments and the need to develop constellation-wide metrics. NASA has also examined these issues with analysis in a recent study suggesting ramifications can be more substantial for some space-based astronomical telescopes than previously understood. The NASA study supports previous findings from ground-based telescopes, chiefly that the effects and mitigations are highly dependent on a wide variety of characteristics, especially field of view, observational cadence, and sensor characteristics. A gathering of experts to take place this year at the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine will consider the impact of satellite reentries on astronomy, and we will continue to study the impact of the projected growth of satellites on current and future astronomical facilities. NSF and NASA will continue to invest in research to find technical solutions and converge on best practices. The United States remains committed to ensuring both a robust commercial space sector and world-leading astronomical science, and we look forward to working with this committee to further these endeavors. Thank you, Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of the United States for the statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of France, France, and the floor.

Thank you, Chairperson, distinguished delegates. France wishes to speak to the agenda item on dark and quiet skies. As we stated during previous sessions, France takes on board all of the interests at stake, scientific and industrial aspects, the implications for operators, cultural and educational aspects, and the impact of astronomy on the general public and the propagation of a culture of science. So as to accommodate all of these different interests, France introduced a new requirement into its regulatory framework so as to limit disturbances to astronomic observations. Starting on January 1, 2028, mega constellation operators affected by the regulations will need to design, produce and deploy their satellites with due regard to a luminosity index based on an apparent magnitude. threshold of seven or higher, the aim is to limit optical disturbance of astronomical observations from Earth and space. Our regulation is largely based on work done by the International Standardization Organization, ISO. And we call for the relevant technical specification to be universalized into national regulations. So as to better specify requirements for working with operators. Studies are underway, notably in the framework of innovative technological program, Tech for Space Care, to better define acceptable solutions and methods. The Tech for Space Care program is a CNES program whose aim is to provide space operators with technical solutions that enable them to meet their obligations under French regulations. We see COPUOS as having a key role in this process so as to facilitate implementation of harmonized international benchmarks to quantify satellite induced disturbances of astronomical observations from Earth and low Earth orbit, and also to define a standardized methodology to monitor the relevant indicators. Chairperson. We reiterate the importance of keeping this item on our agenda through to 2029, and we wish to commend this initiative and the states that have supported it. Since its establishment in 2024, France has participated in the Dark and Quiet Skies group of friends, whose purpose is to underpin effective international cooperation and foster solutions acceptable to all. reconcile increased human activity in space on the one hand and scientific activities conducted on Earth on the other hand. The creation of the focus group in this context, which brings together academia and industry as well as astronomers and operators prompted meetings in France among the relevant French stakeholders. We support the CRP on the protection of dark and quiet skies for science and society introduced by Spain and Chile during this session. The CRP is the fruit of the work of the focus group and contains options for constellation, satellite, manufacturing and and operations that would reduce their impact on terrestrial astronomical observations. We underscore the importance of continued discussions so as to shape practices and regulations that will be adopted by all parties. Chairperson, we thank the states and organizations that participated in the focus group and we commend the spirit of cooperation that prevailed. and which culminated in the CRP. We support the balanced recommendations crafted with the aim of arriving at solutions acceptable to all parties. We emphasize the positive spirit of international cooperation that resulted in the drafting of the recommendations. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished High Representative of France for her statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Australia. Australia, the floor.

Thank you, Chair, distinguished delegates. Australia welcomes the inclusion of dark and quiet skies, astronomy and large constellations, addressing emerging issues and challenges as a single issue item on the draft provisional agenda of the subcommittee until 2029. It provides a valuable platform for ongoing dialogue and action. We are pleased to contribute to efforts in support of dark and quiet skies and astronomy, as well as in bringing the benefits of space technologies to Earth. Chair, Australia has both a growing civil space sector and strong research capabilities in astronomy, supported by world-class infrastructure. We also acknowledge the close connection held by Australia's indigenous peoples with the night sky. Satellite constellations deliver a significant range of benefits to society, including enhanced communications, earth observation, and position navigation and timing services. However, with such opportunity also comes risk, including to observing conditions for astronomy from satellites in low earth orbit and the geodetic infrastructure from radio spectrum interference. Australia is invested in global science infrastructure projects such as the Square Kilometer Array Observatory, SKAO, and European Southern Observatory. The membership of the SKAO now includes 16 partners across five continents, demonstrating the ongoing global value of ground-based astronomy infrastructure. Australia is hosting the SKAO's low frequency radio telescope, SKA-Low. at Nyarri Nyarri Manna Ilgari Bundara, the CSIRO's Murchison Radio Astronomy Observatory. The Wajarri Yamaji are the traditional owners and native title holders of the land on which the SKA-Low is being constructed and operated. The project is proceeding with Wajarri Yamaji consent formalised through an indigenous land use agreement between the Wajarri Yamaji, the Australian government, the Western Australian government, and CSIRO, Australia's national science agency. Australia also emphasises the role of geodetic very long baseline interferometry, VLBI, in underpinning accurate position navigation and timing services. This includes the national geodetic VLBI network with telescopes at Yarragaddie, Hobart and Katherine. Together these facilities support space-based infrastructure, satellite operations, and the terrestrial reference system we rely on, including the Australian Terrestrial Reference Frame 2020, which provides the legal basis for all positioning in Australia. Chair, Australia engages in efforts to mitigate the unintended impacts of satellite constellations on astronomy. These efforts include the development and implementation of regulatory frameworks, technical standards and guidelines. Australia's Space Launches and Returns Act 2018 establishes a system for regulating space and high power rockets activities in Australia or by Australian nationals overseas. The act requires applicants for an Australian launch permit or overseas payload permit to submit a debris mitigation strategy, which must be based on internationally recognized guidelines or standards. Chair, Australia supports multi-stakeholder initiatives to develop practical solutions to address the unintended impacts of satellite constellations on astronomy. Australia is pleased to announce it has recently become a member of the group of Friends of the Dark and Quiet Sky for Science and Society. Our membership reflects Australia's commitment to contribute to the development of practical solutions in this area. We look forward to supporting the work of this group. Australia is also pleased to have virtually attended parts of the UN SKAO workshop on dark and quiet skies for science and society held in Vienna from 9 to 11 December 2025. The workshop brought together representatives from the satellite industry, the astronomy community and governments to discuss current activities in and explore further opportunities for collaboration on dark and quiet skies. Australia thanks the Office for Outer Space Affairs and the Square Kilometer Array Observatory for their organization of the workshop, which highlighted the progress that can be made through multi-stakeholder initiatives. Chair, Australia sees darkened quiet skies as an important issue and affirms that the subcommittee is uniquely placed to support international efforts in this regard. We look forward to continuing to contribute to productive discussions and practical solutions that seek to address unintended impacts of satellite constellations on observing conditions for astronomy. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Australia for the statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Germany. Germany, you have the floor.

Mr. Chair, Germany has supported efforts under this agenda item to reduce the impacts of large satellite constellations on astronomy while also ensuring that space applications and services can benefit people and societies on Earth. As part of these efforts, Germany joined the group of friends of dark and quiet sky for science and society led by Chile and Spain and supported by the International Astronomical Union. Several members of the Group of Friends last year in a conference room paper outlined preliminary actions Member States could take to reduce the impact of large constellations on astronomy. We want to highlight some of the measures that Germany has recently implemented in support of this goal. The German Space Agency at DLR updates its space debris mitigation requirements applicable to all space projects funded by the agency. The update strengthens the German Space Agency's commitment to the sustainable use of space by aligning the requirements to recent international guidelines and standards as well as practices of European and international partners. The new requirements address space situational awareness, rendezvous and on-orbit servicing missions, as well as large constellations. Additionally, first requirements are established to address the problem of scattering of sunlight at the outer surfaces of spacecraft, impacting astronomical observations on Earth. Every space project funded by the German Space Agency will be requested to assess the visual brightness of the mission. The outcome document from the 2020 conference, Dark and Quiet Skies for Science and Society, hosted jointly by UNOSA, the IAU and Spain, is referenced in the update of the requirements to provide further guidance for spacecraft manufacturers and operators. This approach aims to raise awareness of the contribution of individual space missions as well as to collect experience to refine processes and to develop more specific requirements to effectively manage the issue. Developers and operators of constellations will be required to propose and implement design and operational mitigation actions to reduce the visual brightness. This takes into account the higher frequency of the effects caused by a higher number of spacecraft in orbit compared to a single spacecraft mission. The developer and operator of a spacecraft or launch vehicle orbital stage operating in Earth orbit will also be required to protect radio astronomy in compliance with the radio regulations of the International Telecommunication Union. In particular, maximum power flux density values for different frequency bands shall be respected in order to protect radio astronomy observations on Earth from unintended electromagnetic emissions. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, the outline requirements on dark and quiet skies are new, and the necessary processes, tools, and data is still in development. there is only limited past experience to draw from. The German Space Agency is committed to sharing the findings from the application of these new requirements with the international community and to work together to improve prevention measures to preserve dark and quiet skies. Germany stays committed to engage at the scientific and technical subcommittee and within the group of friends to develop international approaches on dark and quiet skies. We hope that the international community will be able to make significant progress and produce concrete outcome by 2029 when this agenda item is set to expire. We thank you for your kind attention.

I thank the distinguished delegate from Germany for the statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished of Thailand. Thailand, you have the floor.

Mr. Chair, Excellency, distinguished delegates, Thailand supports the dark and quiet sky agenda, recognizing that preserving natural night sky is critical, not only for scientific advancement and astronomical research, but also for protecting cultural traditions and intangible heritage that share the story of the dark sky. Promoting dark and quiet sky directly advance the UN sustainable development goal by fostering education, empowering local community through the astro tourism and ensuring sustainable ecosystem. Thailand actively participate in the dark and quiet sky communities. In December 2025, a representative from the National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, or NARIT, participated in the United Nations Square Kilometer Arrays Observatory Workshop on Dark and Quiet Sky on Science Society held in Vienna.

As part of the panel.

The representative present ongoing scientific outreach initiative aimed at safeguarding dark and quiet sky in Thailand. Central to this effort, the Amazing.

Dark Sky in Thailand campaign, which promotes and shares scientific and cultural heritage of astronomy in collaboration with local communities.

On the international stage, Naris, as Thailand's representative to the International Astronomical Union, or IAU, actively supports the work of IAU Centre for Protecting of the Dark and Quiet Sky, which serves as the secretariat for the Group of Friends of the Dark and Quiet Sky for Science Society. Distinguished delegates, Thailand emphasizes and commits to conducting space activities safely and without negative impact on the environment. while ensuring that developing nations have equal access to the benefits of the space exploration and technology.

I thank you.

Thank you very much, the distinguished representative of Thailand for the statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Canada, Canada, you have the floor.

Thank you, Chair. Chair, the rapid deployment of satellites in low Earth orbit has transformed global access to space-based services, enabling improved internet and communications connectivity for rural and remote communities worldwide. These developments represent significant progress towards bridging the digital divide. In Canada, satellite services are essential to connecting communities across vast and often challenging geography. They also enable real-time monitoring of natural resources, environmental changes, and disaster response, ensuring the safety and resilience of communities that cannot rely on terrestrial infrastructure. These capabilities are vital for economic development, social inclusion, and the well-being of Canadians living in areas where traditional connectivity solutions are not feasible. However, these developments also raise important concerns. astronomical organizations, researchers, and scientists have highlighted the potential impact of large satellite constellations on astronomical observations and the preservation of dark and quiet skies. The growing number of satellites poses challenges for astronomical research and the traditional connection between humanity, including indigenous communities, and the night sky. Chair, 2025, Canada participated in a group of friends of dark and quiet skies focus group to design a survey to collect input from a diverse range of stakeholders to inform the subcommittee discussion. Canada supports this effort and encourages all member states to leverage it to gather information from diverse stakeholders nationally on this important issue and support technically focused and substantive discussion under this agenda item. Over the past months, the Canadian Space Agency has undertaken a targeted stakeholder engagement, leveraging areas identified by the Group of Friends as a basis of cross-sector outreach to gather perspectives and recommendations on dark and quiet skies, astronomy, and large satellite constellations. The diverse responses received will directly support discussions under this agenda item over the coming years. In addition, We intend to share a consolidated summary of the responses with the group of friends on dark and quiet skies. While full analysis of the response received to date is ongoing, preliminary findings indicate clear awareness of and support for the IAU CPS technical recommendations. Industry respondents generally noted that these recommendations provide a useful starting point, but emphasized the need for additional detail and operational clarity to ensure effective implementation. In addition, questions were raised regarding whether these recommendations should be considered absolute or supplemented with statistical parameters and technical specifications, such as compliance percentages over time. Astronomers identified gaps in existing measures aimed at mitigating the impacts of satellite constellations and related activities on astronomy. Key concerns include the absence of systematic monitoring of aggregate effects such as global sky brightness and radio noise, and the need to distinguish these from terrestrial light pollution. The importance of studying upper atmosphere changes associated with satellite operations were also highlighted. Canada remains committed to promoting a balanced approach that supports innovation and connectivity while safeguarding scientific research. We continue to believe that international cooperation is essential to address these challenges effectively. Canada stands ready to work with partners to develop practical solutions and ensure that space remains a sustainable and accessible domain for all. Thank you.

Thanks very much, the Canada representative, for your statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Italy. It really had the floor.

Thank you. Honorable chair, distinguished delegates, the protection of dark and quiet skies has become an increasingly pressing scientific and policy issue. The preservation of night skies is today challenged by both the growing impact of terrestrial light pollution and the rapid expansion of artificial objects in Earth orbit. We would like to express our appreciation to the continued tireless work of the group of friends of dark and quiet skies. Recent studies published in 2025 highlight the scale of this challenge, demonstrating that satellite mega constellations affect not only ground based observatories, but also space based telescopes. If currently planned constellations are fully deployed, approximately one third of the images collected by the Hubble Space Telescope could be affected by satellite trails with significantly higher impacts anticipated for future observatories. These effects degrade astronomical data across the electromagnetic spectrum and substantially increase operational and mitigational costs for a scientific community. Italy has taken concrete steps to address these challenges through a combination of national legislation and international engagement. In June 2025, Italy adopted a comprehensive space legislation establishing sustainability as a mandatory prerequisite for licensing space activities. This legislation requires operators to conduct thorough assessment of light and radio frequency pollution generated by space objects throughout the entire life cycle, from design and deployment to end of life disposal. By integrating dark and quiet skies protection into its national space framework, Italy demonstrates that space development and environmental stewardship are mutually reinforcing objectives. Mr. Chair, At international level, Italy actively participates in the IAU Centre for the Protection of Dark and Quiet Sky from Satellite Constellation Interference and participates to the group of friends of dark and quiet skies. These platforms enable essential dialogue among the astronomical community, satellite operators and policymakers. Italy welcomes and encourages industry efforts to develop mitigation strategies, including satellite brightness reduction measures and responsible orbital debris management, while recognizing that voluntary initiatives alone are insufficient to fully address the scale of the challenge. The scientific community has identified several priority actions, including reducing satellite reflectivity, minimizing bright flares during orbital maneuvers, establishing observing networks to monitor light contamination, and sharing reflectance data to support accurate impact modeling. Italy supports these technical measures and believes they should be complemented by governance frameworks that balance technological innovation with environmental protection. Mr. Chair, Italy supports and coordinates a multi-stakeholder approach that addresses both terrestrial light pollution and the sustainability of space activities, while encouraging cooperation among governments, industry, academia, and civil society to develop shared standards and best practices. These challenges are inherently transnational and require coordinated international action. Italy remains committed to contributing constructively to collective efforts within this forum to protect dark and quiet skies as a vital scientific resource and a common heritage of humankind. Thank you for your attention.

I thank the distinguished representative of Italy for her statement. The next distinguished speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of China. Can I have the floor, please?

Distinguished delegates, Chair, China welcomes and supports constructive discussions on the important item of dark and quiet skies at the platform offered by COPUOS. China follows closely new challenges presented by large constellations to dark and quiet skies and to astronomy observations. We value a proper balance between commercial space activities and scientific exploration. And we have been advancing international dialogue and coordination in this area. The impact of rapid increase of satellites in low earth orbit on astronomy is becoming increasingly clear due to optical reflection and radio interference. China understands the concerns of the astronomical community, and we believe that this issue should be addressed collectively based on scientific evidence. China takes seriously the protection of ground-based observatories from the impact of satellite constellations in low Earth orbit. In terms of domestic regulatory efforts, China's national radio frequency allocation table has included radio astronomy observatories into the footnotes to ensure their protection. These observatories also have designated regions and frequencies to operate. At the international level, China has stepped up studies on technical and regulatory provisions needed to protect radio astronomy against aggregated interference from the huge number of satellite constellations in low earth orbit. At technological level, China supports efforts to integrate dark and quiet sky considerations into the whole process of satellite design, deployment and operation so as to foster innovation. Mitigation measures including surface reflection rate reduction, satellite position optimization have been implemented. We actively responded to protection initiatives launched by IAF and SKO. We are ready to join efforts to develop technical standards and best practices so as to advance industry norms which balance commercial interests with scientific exploration to protect radio astronomy. China used its FAST telescope with a 500 meter diameter to carry out compatibility studies and implement mitigation measures. And we also implemented radio quiet zones. FAST has supported global scientists in breakthroughs in cutting edge research, for example, in neutral hydrogen surveys, power stars, and fast radio bursts. We believe that governance for mega constellations should be advanced within the UN multilateral framework through inclusive and pragmatic international cooperation. We believe that the key to balancing constellation development with astronomy observation lies in Early coordination and transparent commu- communication, we support establishment of regular dialogue mechanisms within Copus to enable consultations between operators and astronomical institu- institutions. from mission planning stage on satellite brightness and frequency compatibility. We also wish to see synergy between this item and the item of LTS and SSA in this subcommittee, as well as synergy with STM in the legal subcommittee, so as to ensure clear division of labor and focused discussions and jointly develop good practices and guidelines based on consensus. We stand ready to work with all parties to preserve outer space sustainability, protect astronomy, and advance inclusive space governance. Thank you.

I thank very much the distinguished Chief of China for his statement. We will continue our consideration of agenda item 16 on the dark and west skies this afternoon. Distinguished delegates, I would now like to turn to proceed with the technical presentations. We have six technical presentations this morning. Before I move on to the technical presentations, I'd like to advise all the presenters that if you want to have the invitation to question and answers after the presentation, you may want to finish your presentation few minutes earlier than the allotted time of 10 minutes. The first presentation on my list is on the China military exploration program on the Tianwen-2 mission by the President of China.

China, you have the floor.

Okay, good morning. China launched its first asteroid sampling mission, Tianwen-2, only on May 29, 2025, aim to explore a near-Earth small asteroid and retrieve its sample for scientists. presentation involves four parts. The brief overview of a channel planetary exploration program, Taiwan to measure the profile features and the challenges and the other kinds expected. Uh, the, the is upon the channels planetary exploration program or Taiwan as we often call it has a schedule for missions. Tianwen-1 mission achieved Mars orbit, landing and roving in one single launch on May 22nd, 2021. the Zhu-1 rover stepped onto the Martian surface. It runs normally for 358 Martian days and travels 1,921 meters. And the orbit is still conducting scientific observation. OK, team two. as Troy the sample detail and the mobile committee detection information. We can see that this spacecraft deployed the solar array, cast or found back forward glance self in the with the on the way to the asteroid. Uh, this occasion the mission team three, we conduct a month sample return. The side shows the whole process over it. Month sample for all mankind, but low the picture five seconds for you to remember. the following mission, Tianwen-4, we conducted the joint system detection, understanding the joint system and really current status mysteries. This slide shows the key checkpoints over the mission. Move on, the second mission two, let's find out more about the Tianwen-2 mission. Why we target the two? Asteroid 1062 HO3 is one of Earth's co-is satellites. It's quite rare. Through close range detection and sample return of it, we want to dig out more about the origin and orbital evolution and other scientific issue of the Earth's co-is satellite. Maple comets possess the orbital characteristics of asteroids and the physical characteristics of comets. We are convinced that it's hardly worth detecting. By the end of November 2027, we will win the 2060 HO3 sample return and the long journey towards Mabel Comet, final arrival at the 311P by the end of 2034. Come to the section three, regarding the feature and the challenges of our mission. For the features, we summarize as one, two, three. One single launch, two times our bodies. And the three detection models carry out, we will see precisely we will have effective detection, we will conduct a good sampling. At present, the only candidate we know about the asteroid is the Night Cow. The other parameters we don't know, the lack of basic information, the shape, the rotation direction, the weak gravity, all the factors cause trouble to the arrival and the detection. Mechanical properties, particle size, regularity, splintering, we could see the tough stone when sampling. Uh, the signal four, we assume the auto-cans expected. First, let's check out the panel. Measure the parameters over the targets, detecting the surface, the, the tell me, the thermal radiation, the any metal composition, detecting the internal structure, investigating the space environment and the ejector distribution. These are the things that the 11 scientific payloads of the Tianwen-2 spacecraft will do. Also, the spacecraft would get close to the asteroid step by step. or company or branch collecting the data at each point all along and all the time. We could get also satellites high resolution to photograph data over its thermal radiation, material composition, internal structure and its center. We could get the main surrounding information, possible existence of water and organics, understand its information, evolution, activity, mechanism, and so on. We also could have the sample from 2016 HO3, analyze it, and there could be surprise. That's all for today's share. Thank you.

Thank you very much. Is there any questions, comments? All right. Thank you. So the next presentation in my list is the Brazil positioning and navigation and timing. or PNT program on technical development, strategic priorities and applications by the of Brazil.

Thank you, Mr. Chair. Distinguished delegates, today I will present Brazil's Positioning, Navigation and Timing program, the PNT. This initiative is not about a single technology. It is about economic stability, national security, and Brazil's long-term technological development. At present, Brazil relies almost entirely on foreign systems, particularly GPS. This level of dependence constitutes a strategic vulnerability for Brazil. Any disruption to PNT services, even for a short period, will have immediate and significant impacts on our economy and critical infrastructure. Our proposal is to move decisively from dependency to resilience through a multi-layered PMT architecture, providing immediate protection while progressively building national capabilities over time. Traditionally, positioning, navigation, and timing has been treated as a satellite-only capability. That model is no longer sufficient. Modern PNT relies on the integration of multiple complementary sources. Space-based system, terrestrial networks, inertial sensors, and radio-based technologies must operate together to ensure resilience and continuity of service. This is critical because PMT functions as the invisible backbone of the modern economy. Sectors such as agriculture, energy, telecommunications, finance and transport all depend on accurate positioning and precise timing. The economic impact of disruption in PMT services is substantial. Estimates indicated a nationwide outage lasting only seven days could result in losses of approximately 29.5 billion reais in GDP. Beyond economic dimension, PNT resilience has important strategic implications. Countries that lack diversified and resilient PNT capabilities may face increased vulnerabilities during crises or systemic disruptions. International experience shows that resilience is strengthened when nations invest in complementary capabilities alongside international cooperation. Countries such as China, India and Japan have pursued this path in line with their national circumstances. From Brazil's perspective, Ensuring reliable positioning and timing services is essential to safeguard critical infrastructure, support sustainable development, and enhance national resilience while remaining fully committed to the peaceful use of outer space and international cooperation. Only possible pathway is the development of a resilient, multilayered PNT architecture. This approach integrates three complementary domains, the space segment, the terrestrial segment, and the user segment. Its core principle is redundancy across physically independent layers, enhancing reliability and continuity of service. In practical terms, This means combining global satellite-based systems with terrestrial technologies such as ELOREN and advanced time transfer solutions, creating complementary and mutually reinforcing capabilities. The objective is straightforward, to reduce single points of failure and ensure continuity of positioning and timing services in support of critical infrastructure, sustainable development, and peaceful applications. Brazil is not starting from zero. The country already possesses important national assets, including satellite-based monitoring systems, time and frequency labs, and continuous monitoring networks that support a range of civil and scientific application. The main challenge lies in reducing industrial dependencies, particularly in critical enabling areas such as microelectronics. To address this challenge, Brazil is proposing a phased and pragmatic roadmap supported by the establishment of an intergovernmental working group in 2025. This group will be responsible for consolidating technical, institutional and policy inputs, culminating in a strategic document to support informed decision-making at the highest level of government in 2026. This project is focusing on resilience in the short term, terrestrial capabilities in the medium term, and nationally tailored space-based capabilities in the longer term, fully aligned with international cooperation and the peaceful use of outer space. Single-domain PNT architectures are inherently vulnerable. National phenomena such as solar storms and space weather events can disrupt satellite signals. In addition, Unintentional interference or signal anomalies may also affect the availability and reliability of PNT services. A resilient PNT system is designed with the expectation that disruptions will occur. Its objective is to absorb such disturbances and maintain continuity of service rather than attempting to prevent every possible disruption. The space segment provides wide area coverage, including access to remote and hard to reach regions. The terrestrial segment adds depth, capacity and physical robustness, complementing space based services. When disturbances affect the space segment, positioning and timing services can be supported by terrestrial networks. This approach ensures service continuity through complementary pathways and system level integration, strengthening the resilience of critical civil applications. The result is enhanced resilience achieved through integration and diversification, rather than reliance on any single technology. This integrated architecture enhances resilience, redundancy, and long-term reliability of positioning and timing services. Through the integration of space and terrestrial systems, service continuity is strengthened via complementary pathways. This enhances the reliability of positioning and timing services for civil applications. Investments follows a gradual and carefully sequenced approach, allowing capabilities to be developed and validated step by step. Initial demonstration phases focus on risk reduction and system validation, while subsequent regional implementation strengthen operational experience and system integration. In the longer term, this pathway supports the development of nationally tailored PNT capabilities, fully interoperable with existing global satellite navigation systems. The program is structured under clear and transparent governance. This project is led by national institutions and supported by industry, academia, and public-private partnerships. Ensuring reliable and resilient payment services is not a long term aspiration, but a current requirement for the functioning of modern societies and economies. Through this program, Brazil seeks to strengthen the continuity, reliability and resilience of positioning and timing services that support critical infrastructure, sustainable development and civil applications in full alignment with international cooperation and the peaceful use of outer space. Thank you so much.

Thank you very much for your presentation. Are there any questions on this? presentation? All right, thank you very much. So the next presentation is the third one, is on the Space Talk, the neutral platform for the global space traffic coordination by the initiative of Switzerland. Switzerland, the pleasure.

Thank you, Mr. Chair. I'm just waiting for the tool for the presentation, and then I will proceed. SpaceTalk is a private company registered in June 2023 in Switzerland. It is providing a neutral platform for the global space traffic coordination, that is to say, the Earth orbit, moon, and deep space. It is owned by private Swiss shareholders. It is providing basic services charged on a cost recovery basis. It is also providing additional services available for a fee. We have partnership with companies in Switzerland for the development and operation of the platform, as well as partnership with the Swiss Armed Forces and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne for the defense and scientific expertise on SSA. We aim to enable dialogue among all space traffic stakeholders without exception. I'm showing on that slide only a few countries or group of countries because they currently manage a primary existing space traffic management systems. This is due to their independent access to space for which they likely had to develop accurate space situational awareness capabilities. However, many other SSA companies operate globally and there is a crucial need to ensure broad data access to guarantee equitable access to space. While a certain level of cooperation exists between some of these STM systems, an efficient coordination framework among major space powers is lacking. This absence of maneuver coordination leads to uncertainties, increasing operational costs, and risking collisions that could destroy satellites, generate new debris, or annihilate entire constellations through the so-called Kessler syndrome. Additionally, standardizing technical communication protocols for space object trajectories, status, and operation is essential to establish a common language. Finally, beyond national and regional STM and SSA entities, space traffic coordination involves diverse stakeholders under varied legal regimes, including satellite operators, launch service providers, launching states, space forces, space agencies, international organizations, astronomers, scientists, insurers, and investors. We are convinced that we can meet this challenge based on two pillars. The first is a governance framework designed to build trust among all stakeholders. We have chosen to provide this system through a private company in order to remain agile and voluntary. We believe this is the most efficient way to tailor the system according to feedback gathered from the consultation round we have been conducting since 2023 and for keeping improving the system. This approach also ensures the system delivers concrete benefits to encourage operators and SSA/STM actors to join. Nevertheless, we commit to full transparency and neutrality, which are the cornerstones of trust. Transparency and neutrality also define the technical scope, which constitutes the second pillar of our system. This technical scope is deliberately modest and to be clear, it may even seem boring to space engineers as it consists of a platform providing a catalog of space object alongside a directory of operators. We aim to provide an operational point of contact for each space object to coordinate maneuvers. The platform offers a secure communication system between one or multiple members. It enables the sharing of object trajectories, status updates, and operational plans, such as maneuvers scheduled during a defined period of time. Additionally, the system operates in seven languages, complies with all existing data communication standards, and features an open API. This allows stakeholders to continue using the existing systems while integrating our platform only for missing functionalities. But sometimes the most important aspect is what we do not do. In our case, we do not provide orbital data, trajectory analysis or propagation. Members, that is to say space operators or space situational awareness and space traffic management entities are responsible for providing such data on the Space Talk platform if they choose to. As a platform administrator, we commit to managing static data such as objects inventory with emission parameters and operators directory to make them available to all members. However, responsibility for dynamic data such as real-time object trajectories remains with members. We also remain hands-off in all member interactions. Coordination initiatives are the members' responsibility when desired. We consider this technical scope essential to serving as a credible neutral intermediary between stakeholders. By focusing on objectively deliverable services, we provide the appropriate tool for operators, SSA and STM entities, enabling them to retain full sovereignty and control over this space asset. It means that we can either connect space object operators with each other or SSA or STM actors who can act on behalf of such operators. This would result in fewer direct customers for SpaceTalk when SSA or STM actors act on behalf of several operators, but this does not matter because they act as aggregators of operators and therefore lead to better coverage of objects. This is what we aim for. We want to cover all space objects, not necessarily all space object operators or owners. Coordination can therefore go through SSA or SCM actors as long as the communication is efficient. It is therefore a platform for all space traffic stakeholders without exceptions, wherever they could be based, as in particular for space operators, STM and SSA actors, space agencies, governmental entities, space forces, international organizations, regulatory bodies, academics, scientists, astronomers, insurers and other commercial space traffic stakeholders. So in practice, here's what we are talking about, a space situational surveillance and tracking forum that you access after a secure authentication. You have the various platform features on the left side. In the center, each line corresponds to communicated data, that is to say trajectory, status, and/or operation for a space object. When you click on a line, you will access the data presented according to a standard compatible with all existing standards. We provide a closely monitored list of space objects, which we can call an inventory because we have the ambition to make it exhaustive. It is a collaborative inventory to which all members are invited to contribute. We do not list classified space objects and where members decide which object and under which responsibility and their responsibility will be listed. We focus on information necessary for space traffic coordination, meaning that we are not interested in activities of objects that we generally classify as communication, remote sensing, or positioning satellites. Members decide what kind of information is disclosed about their own space objects. We provide a closely monitored directory of space actors with operational point of contact. We perform a Know Your Customer process on each member to ensure clear identification. This involves collecting information on the domicile, registration and mailing addresses, place of operation and ownership of the entity. This transparency is crucial for building trust among members and for supporting states and managing their responsibilities regarding private space actors. However, point of contact acting on behalf of members can be anonymized to comply with personal data protection regulation. This means also that no phone numbers or e-mail addresses are provided. All communication must be conducted through the SpaceTalk platform. A secure communication system is available either through bilaterally secure messaging or through private forums that any member can create with one or more other members. Space Talk does not intervene in this discussion to avoid any risk of taking side. A few words about governance, which is of course a central aspect of an efficient global space traffic coordination system. One might question the legitimacy of a Swiss company managing a system intended for the common good. While neutrality and transparency are a good start, neutrality remains fragile in an economically integrated world. Various governance models can be considered, including private companies, associations or foundations. There are already examples of such private structures serving the common good, sometimes for better, sometimes for worse, depending on your perspective. Beyond transparency, equality and neutrality, an essential element is the guarantee of continuous service, 24 hours, seven days, per day, without discrimination. A quick solution, which would not preclude any future governance scheme chosen within existing international forums, could be envisaged through the licensing scheme already in use by other UN bodies, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization. This could take the form of a license issued by UNOSA and/or the ITU. Such a license would define the scope of monitoring, control, duration, and other specific conditions. You will see here that I'm not really advocating for my own interests, but no one wants to be held hostage by a system that is crucial for global security. Thank you.

Thanks very much for your presentation. The fourth presentation on my list is on the list of mega constellations, followers of its space telescopes and Earth's high atmosphere by the University of Spain, Spain in the floor.

Esteemed committee members, my name is Alejandra Serano Bolaf, I'm a research of the division for space science and astrobiology of NASA Ames. And it's a pleasure to be here to deliver this technical presentation entitled Risks of Mega Constellations for Low Earth Orbit Space Telescopes. Less than five years ago, we could observe the night skies with our own eyes, and it was more common to see a meteorite than a satellite. However, in 2026, it is quite the opposite. The number and intensity of the reflections caused by satellites that we see in the night skies has multiplied. This can be seen in the imagery that we obtain using Earth's telescopes, which are increasingly affected by light contamination because of satellites crossing their field of vision. Cutting-edge telescopes such as Vera C. Rubin, with a total cost of some $680 million and which were deployed in 2025, have revealed that up to between 40 to 80% of their images are affected by satellites. Satellite emissions are extremely strong and affect these telescopes across the full range of the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio telescopes deployed in optical observatories and infrared observatories, and they are thousands of times brighter than the light that we receive from distant galaxies, asteroids, and planets. We are at a historical crossroads. The drastic cost reduction in launches in Earth's orbit has led to a rocketing in the number of satellites that have been deployed. Humanity has launched more satellites in the past four years than over the previous seven decades. The number of active satellites currently is over 15,000, compared to just 750 in the year 2000. Despite the fact that 75% of these are owned by one single operator, every day more and more companies are proposing and launching new constellations, with a total number of 750,000 proposed satellites for the coming decades. As a result of this rising trend, these satellites are increasingly entering the field of vision of telescopes drastically reducing the capacity of telescopes. One proposed solution would be to replace earth-based telescopes by space telescopes, but there are various problems that would impede this, for instance the high economic costs, the necessary infrastructure, as well as technical and physical constraints. One example would be the difficulty of deploying radio telescopes in Earth's orbit because of their immense size. There are other difficulties too, however. Space telescopes can also be affected by satellite mega constellations. In an article that our team published in December in the magazine Nature, we were able to simulate the impact of future satellite constellations on a series of low-Earth telescopes, including the space telescope Hubble, SPHEREx, which is the latest NASA telescope for exploring the universe through infrared, the Xuntian telescope of the Chinese Space Agency, and the proposed Arrakis of the European Space Agency. The results set forth in our article indicate that if the satellite constellations that have been proposed to the Federal Communications Committee of the United States and to the International Telecommunication Union are deployed, then 40% of the Hubble's images will be affected. Up to 95% of images obtained by other telescopes will also be affected, with multiple satellite trails varying between five to 100 per image, depending on observation conditions. In this image, we simulate the potential impact of these satellite trails for the images obtained by a telescope that is located 800 kilometers above Earth's surface. The satellite trails are much brighter than the signals received from galaxies, stars, or planets that we're seeking to detect. There is no means of correcting the information that we lose as a result of these satellite trails because of the photonic interference produced in the detectors. The recent article that we published in Nature serves to predict the conditions that would apply in the future to low-Earth telescopes if satellite constellations are deployed as planned. We are currently working on a second magazine article to explore the actual impact on one of these telescopes, SPHEREx. Here we have examined 6,000 images that were obtained by that observatory between May and September of 2025. Results indicate that 73% of SVEREX's images have already been affected by at least one satellite, and on average, there are between two to three satellite trails per image. Here you can see the trails of two satellites that are crossing the SVEREX's field of vision, and you can see a clear trail affecting two of the detectors. Some of the proposed solutions include the following: making satellites darker or more dim, launching space based telescopes in higher orbits, or avoiding those areas where satellites cross. All of these solutions face specific constraints despite the fact that satellites are operating at a more dim level in the optical light sphere, they remain extremely bright when it comes to infrared and the radio spectrum. Moreover, with hundreds and thousands of satellites, there is nowhere left in the sky where a telescope is able to obtain images at the necessary longitude for scientific quality. But there's a further problem, namely the risk posed to our climate and to the atmosphere. The average life expectation of a Starlink satellite in low orbit is just five years. Currently, two 800 kilogram satellites disintegrate in Earth's atmosphere daily. The satellites, for the most part, are made of aluminum, which burns up on reentry, producing nanoparticles of aluminum oxide. Unfortunately, aluminum oxide is a potential catalyzer of ozone molecules, which can destroy this vital layer of the atmosphere. Various scientific publications have warned that re-entries of 60,000 satellites, which is just 10% of those planned, could lead to temperature changes in Earth's atmosphere of 1.5 degrees centigrade and could reduce the ozone layer by up to 4%, in addition to the effects caused by other greenhouse gases. Aluminium oxide nanoparticles are released at approximately 80 kilometers of altitude and it can take up to 30 years for them to reach the ozone layer. As a result, We may only start detecting the problem when it is already too late to act. The conclusions of this technical presentation are clear. If the proposed satellite constellations are indeed deployed, then almost all of the imagery we obtain from Earth-based or low Earth orbit telescopes such as Hubble will be contaminated to a certain degree. When it comes to SPHEREx, 73% of its images are already affected. The continuous reentries of disposable satellites in Earth's atmosphere will increase the hole in the ozone layer and can lead to changes of up to 1.5 degrees in the atmosphere. The immediate solution would be to restrict the number of satellites in low orbit. And among possible options here would be shared use of constellations by internet providers in a way that is similar to GPS. Moreover, A quota of aluminium emissions could be established for Earth's atmosphere, similar to the quotas for greenhouse gases, in order to ensure the responsible and sustainable use of Earth's orbit. Thank you very much for your attention.

Thank you very much. Are there any questions to these presentations? I see none. Thank you. The fifth presentation on my list is on the summary of and reflection from the U.S. slash SKO workshop on the dark and quiet skies by the observer of square kilometers array observatory.

Thank you.

Okay, start again. Distinguished delegates, it is my pleasure to give this presentation on behalf of the Square Kilometer Array Observatory. Today I would like to briefly summarize and reflect on the outcomes of the UN SKO workshop on dark and quiet skies for science and society. which took place in Vienna in December 2025. The aim of this short presentation is not to repeat the detailed discussions, but to highlight why this workshop mattered, what we learned, and how it can inform the work of the subcommittee going forward. Next slide, please. The SKAO Observatory is an international intergovernmental organization tasked with building and operating two of the most sensitive radio telescopes ever constructed in South Africa and Australia. Construction of the SKAO began in 2021 with completion planned for 2030. The SKAO is a permanent observer of UN COPUOS and a sector member of the ITUR. Therefore, protecting the dark and quiet skies is not optional for us. It is fundamental to our mandate. In the SKAO, we say three sites, two telescopes, one observatory. You can see in this picture the SKAO headquarters in Manchester, UK, an SKA mid-dish in focus in South Africa, and one of the clusters with six stations of SKA-Low in Australia. In 2019, the SKO has been actively engaged on dark and quiet skies issues. This includes direct technical interactions with major satellite constellation operators, participation in ITUR studies, and policy engagement at the UN level. We are also a co-founder of the IAU Center for the Protection of Dark and Quiet Skies and a member of the group of friends for dark and quiet skies. against this background discussions with you and OSA led to the joint decision to convene this workshop as a way to provide a platform to advance the scientific and technical subcommittee agenda item on dark and quiet skies the UN SKO workshop for dark and quiet skies for science and society took place from the 9th to the 11th of December 2025 here in Vienna so we we are one back. Apologies. There we are. And now we're sinking. My apologies. In Vienna, with both in-person and remote participation. 12th of December was used for a scenario-based capacity building exercise. We received over 500 registrations from 86 countries, demonstrating clearly that the protection of dark and quiet skies is a truly global concern. The program and presentations are publicly available through the Indico website hosted by the SKAO. This can be downloaded under timetable on the top right of each session that you can access through this QR code. Both the SKAO and UNOSA played strong emphasis on inclusivity and balance representation. 39% of participants were female and research was the largest participant group, followed by government, space agencies and private sector representatives. Importantly, 59% of registrations came from developing countries. To enable meaningful participation, SKAO and UNOOSA jointly provided financial support for speakers, covering travel and accommodation where needed. Next slide, please. No, previous. Thank you.

I should say next slide, thanks.

The program was structured over three thematic days. Day one focused on astronomy, impacts, mitigation strategies, and broader societal implications. Day two addressed satellite constellations, including project overviews, mitigation approaches, and direct dialogue between astronomers and operators. Day three moved towards policy with national regulatory initiatives, UN level processes and preparation pathways towards the STSC 2026 and further. The structure was intentional, moving from evidence to solutions. In addition, a fourth day was dedicated to a scenario-based exercise developed jointly by SKO and UNOSA. Participants were divided into diverse multidisciplinary groups and asked to work towards a realistic dark and quiet sky scenario supported by technical, legal and policy experts. This format proved extremely effective in translating abstract discussions into practical solution-oriented thinking. Next slide please. Several key highlights emerged from this workshop. First, the astronomical community presented concrete ongoing mitigation actions, not just concerns. Second, space industry participation was strong and constructive, with open acknowledgement of challenges and discussion of both current and planned mitigations. Third, the presence of COPUOS and ITU representatives, diplomats, and space law experts enriched the discussions and grounded them in existing international frameworks. The workshop generated a wide variety of proposals relevant to the work of the subcommittee. This included technical studies, consideration of interference thresholds, the possible establishment of dedicated working groups, links to the legal subcommittee, and connections with long-term sustainability activities. Crucially, These proposals did not aim to restrict space activities, but to identify balanced, technical informed pathways that can protect science while enabling responsible space use. Next slide, please. In summary, the UNSKYO workshop provided a uniquely effective venue for all stakeholders to exchange experiences, challenges, and proposals on dark and quiet skies. The SKAO and UNOOSA teams delivered a high level meeting rated very positively with a rating of 4.8 out of 5 in the provided survey, of course. The SKAO stands ready to continue supporting this dialogue and to contribute to future editions of this workshop as well as to the work of the subcommittee as it advances on the dark and quiet skies agenda. Next slide, please. So with this, I thank you very much for your attention and I look forward to continue collaboration with the UN COPUOS on this important topic.

Thank you. Thank you very much. The sixth presentation on my list is on the promoting LTS through education and responsible nano and micro operations by the observer for University Space Engineering Consortium, Global, or UNSEC Global.

Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, thank you for the opportunity to present our contribution. I'm speaking on behalf of UNICEF Global. Today, you'd like to present our efforts in promoting the long term sustainability of our outer space activities through education and responsible nano micro satellite operations. This is the outline of our presentation. I will begin with the mission. Sorry. Oh, okay. Just a moment. This is our training of, yes. Please second, yes, okay. No, no, no. No, no, no, second page, yes. no second. Yes, thank you. This is the outline of our presentation. I will begin with mission and the rule of UNICEF Global, followed by our vision for LTS and how we implement it. Then I will introduce our strategic initiatives with specific examples. Finally, I will discuss our global our global impact and reflect the proposed recommendations to the LTS working group. Next slide. First, let me introduce our community. UNESCO Global is an international non-profit organization that connects university researchers, students and space professionals across actually 30 countries and regions. Our mission goes beyond technical training. We are dedicated to promoting practical space engineering education capacity. building and most importantly responsible nano microsatellite development. UNISEC Japan as the founding chapter implement these objectives at the national level and shares the research outcomes internationally. Next slide. to establish a philosophical foundation for the for these activities unsec Global adopted the Tokyo declaration 2025 at our 11th Global meeting held in November 20 25 this declaration creates our core commitment to harness nano and microsatellite in a manner that promotes space flight safety and the protection of Earth's orbital environment. Our aspiration is to create a collaborative world where all countries including emerging space actors, can participate in sustainable space development. This represents a collaborative vision of academia working together for future generations. Next, please. Next, please. To translate this vision into reality, we must bridge the gap between philosophy and practice. The Tokyo Declaration serves as our vision. To implement it, UNICEF Japan has committed to full compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. including Japan Space Activities Act. Furthermore, we ensure that our activities align with international standards specified, the UN Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines, Guidelines 3 and 6, and the LDS guidelines. We especially focus on the LTS guideline B1 by promoting the exchange of contact information and coordination to reduce collision risk and the LTS guidelines B8 by advocating for design approaches that increase the trackability of small satellites and ensuring compliance with debris mitigation standards to limit their long-term presence in orbit. Building on this compliance, UNISAC Japan has issued a statement to advance space safety engineering. We are promoting four strategic initiatives to operationalize these principles. First, future projections and risk assessment. developing models to assess the cumulative impact of university missions. Second, promoting PMD and CAM, standardizing technology for post-mission disposal and collision avoidance maneuvers, specifically for small satellites. Third, enhanced positioning and ground control. strength, operational precision, and fourth, environmental impact assessment evaluating the consequence of orbital maneuvers to define our models. Next, please. Thank you. First example of four strategic initiatives. Allow me to highlight our first initiative regarding assessment. We may use the NEODEM, Near Earth Orbit Debris Environment Evolution Model, which was jointly developed by JAXA and the Kyushu University. This team used with Monte Carlo methods to project the future space object population in the area region reflecting outer space activities such as future insertions and mitigation measures in this initiative. Kyushu University leads the analysis using NEODEM to project the future space object population in the area or region. As shown in the graph, such projections provide a scientific basis for assessing collision risks. By understanding these long-term impacts, we can effectively promote safe and secure actions required for university satellite developers, such as implementing post-mission disposal and collision avoidance maneuvers. Second, next please. Our second initiative focuses on the technology for post-mission disposal. and collision avoidance. Nanosatellites are often resource constrained, making propulsion difficult. However, we are advancing compact solutions. The left image shows why we use propulsion modules equipped with a multi-mode thruster. The right image shows one use of the right named store. This satellite is scheduled to perform the in orbit demonstration for PMD algorithm for post mission disposal with population system requiring minimum satellite in functionary. Next, please. Integrated global impact, UNICEF Global arrives to bridge the gap between policy and practice on global scale. Sorry, no time. This slide skip, please next. Recommendation to the LTS Working Group. In light of these activities, UNICEF Global and UNICEF Japan respectively propose the following recommendations to the LTS Working Group. Recognize education. Please recognize education and youth engagement as key enablers for implementing LTS guidelines. Include university mission. We encourage the inclusion of university-level missions in capacity building and data sharing initiatives. Facilitate cooperation. We ask for cooperation with non-governmental education networks like UNICEF to promote hands-on learning. support of standardization. Please support knowledge exchange on PMD and risk assessment specified for nano microsatellites. Next, please. Yes, conclusion. commitment to feature in conclusion by coupling a global vision, the Tokyo Declaration with national technical practice. UNISAT offers a model for cultivating a culture of responsibility among nano microsatellite actors. UNISAT reaffirms its willingness to collaborate with the LTS working group. and the broader international community to ensure the long term sustainability of outer space activities for the benefit of all humankind. Thank you for your kind attention.

Thank you very much for your presentation. So this is the last presentation of this morning. Distinguished delegates, we shall adjourn this meeting. Before doing so, I would like to inform delegates our schedule of work this afternoon. We will meet promptly again at 3:00 p.m. We will continue our consideration of agenda item four on the exchange of views. We will then again reopen agenda item 15 on the geostationary orbit to give the floor to the International Telecommunication Union, or ITU, as there were some technical issues earlier and we didn't give the floor to ITU. We will then conclude this item. Then we will continue our consideration of agenda item 16 on the dark and quiet sky. If we still have some time, we will begin our consideration of agenda item 17 on the draft provisional agenda for the 64th session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee. As you may recall, as agreed at the opening session of the Subcommittee, the formal meeting of the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space, originally scheduled for Tuesday morning, tomorrow on the 5th February, will take place this afternoon instead of the Working Group of the whole. After agenda item 16 on the dark and quest skies, we will suspend the plenary meeting so that the working group on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space can hold its second meeting. Following the adjournment of the meeting of the working group, we will then resume the plenary to proceed with the technical presentations. We have five technical presentations this afternoon. Delegates are reminded that the full schedule of the technical presentation is available on the session webpage. I'd like to inform delegates that the informal consultation of the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space will be held in the conference room M6 from 1:10 p.m. to 2:00 p.m. These informal consultations are open for participation through Ms. Teams with a virtual connection made available to the Working Group members. The MESTIM link is available on the information circular USA/2036/4 displayed on the January 26, 2026. I would also like to inform the delegates that the informal consultation of the working group on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities will be held in the conference room M2 from 2:00 PM to 2:50 PM. These informal consultations are open for the participation through Ms. Teams, with the virtual connection made available to the working group members. The Ms. Teams link is available on the information circular USA/26/4, dispatched on the January 26, 2026. The schedule of the consultation is available on the webpage of this session. Are there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule? I see none. The distinguished delegate, This meeting is adjourned till 3 p.m. Have a nice lunch.