Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 64th session, 1086th meeting

Good morning. Good morning, distinguished delegates.

Buenos días, distinguidas delegadas.

Good morning, delegates. I now declare open the 1,086th meeting of the Legal Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. This morning, distinguished delegates, we will continue our consideration of agenda item 3, general exchange of views. At the request of delegations, I would like to invite delegations to express their view their views on the impact of the liquidity crisis on the Office of Outer Space Affairs, which was presented by the director of the office on Monday, 5th of May. And we would like to thank her also for joining us here this morning. We will then continue our consideration of agenda item 11, general exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management. Upon the request of Indonesia. And we will continue and hopefully conclude our consideration of Agenda Item 12, General Exchange of Views on the Application of International Law to Small Satellite Activities. We will begin our consideration of Agenda Item 13, Proposals to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. For new items to be committed to be considered by the legal subcommittee at its 65th session, we will then adjourn the plenary meeting so that the working group on legal aspects of space resource activities can hold its fifth meeting. And I would like to. Recall also that we have 4 technical presentations this morning. Are there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule? I see none. So we shall now take up our first agenda item for this morning, the General Exchange of Views, item 3. Distinguished delegates, I will shortly invite delegations to express their views on the impact of the liquidity crisis on the Office of Outer Space Affairs. But before doing so, I would like to give the floor— Under this item 3, to the observer for the Ibero-American Institute of Aeronautic and Space Law and Commercial Aviation to deliver their statement under this agenda item. Distinguished observer of the Ibero-American Institute of Aeronautic and Space Law, you have the floor.

Thank you very much, Chair, distinguished delegates. Very pleased to take the floor on behalf of the Ibero-American Institute of Aeronautic and Space Law, which is a non-governmental, nonprofit organization dedicated to aeronautical and space law in the Ibero-American region. Since 1974, the Ibero-American Institute has been committed to promoting the knowledge and coordination of aeronautical and space law, coordinating for— in our region. The Ibero-American Institute became a permanent observer to the Latin American Civil Aviation Commission in 1974 and regularly participates in its annual meetings through the Executive Committee and the Group of Experts on Political, Economic, and Legal Matters of air transport. On May 14th, 1976, the Institute was granted special consultative status by the United Nations Economic and Social Council, and on the 12th of June, 2012, it obtained observer status at the United Nations Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, COPUOS. Its main goals are to promote knowledge of aeronautical and space law, in the Ibero-American regions, as well as achieving the unification of legal criteria by organizing international congresses, seminars, publications, and participating in international fora related to these topics. With the establishment of new working groups on air transport, space, and the environment, the Ibero-American Institute aims to further promote research in these areas. Each year, the Ibero-American Institute organizes an international congress in one of the Ibero-American countries addressing topics in air and space law with the participation of expert speakers from various nationalities. These congresses serve as a forum for reflection and exchange of ideas and knowledge, which are then used to draft conclusions that are approved by the Plenary Assembly and later sent to the UN, ICAO, and the Latin American Civil Aviation Commission, and to embassies and airlines of Ibero-American countries for their consideration. To date, the Institute has organized 48 international congresses, the most recent of which was held in Santa Cruz, Tenerife, in Spain. In 2024, the Institute celebrated its 60th anniversary, marking a historic milestone for the organization. To commemorate this anniversary, a special ceremony was held as part of the 48th Ibero-American Conference, which took place in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, featuring the participation of the Secretary-General of the International Civil Aviation Organization, whose presence gave the event significant institutional recognition at the international level. Noteworthy were the roundtables and keynote lectures and research papers presented on space law topics, such as dark and quiet skies, challenges of space traffic, and the present and future of aerospace activities. One of the essential activities of the Institute is the current university postgraduate course specialist in aeronautical and space law. Since 2020, a postgraduate program specialist in aeronautical and space law open to participants from Ibero-American countries and Spain. And professionals from the space, airport, and military personnel. This course is taught by a select group of jurists specializing in air and space law, and as of October, the 7th edition will be provided. This is a specialized course provided online. At 12:30 in room M3, we have a more formal presentation of this course, so You are cordially invited to attend. Furthermore, the Institute equally participated in the research of air accidents organized by the Supreme School of Aeronautic Engineering of the Madrid Polytechnic. Further essential activities of the Institute included their participation in the legal subcommittee of COPUAS during April 2024. And turning to other activities organized in 2024 by our organizations, such as participation at the 14th International Scientific and Practical Conference titled Legal Paradigm for Ukraine's Recovery Challenges and Prospects, organized by the Law Faculty of the National Aviation University of Ukraine. In March 2024, in Darmstadt, Germany, the conference Towards a Lunar Village: Building Sustainable Habitats and Society on Earth and in space was held where we equally participated. And then finally, the 56th meeting of the Group of Experts of the Latin American Civil Aviation Commission was held. Finally, we restate our commitment to the values underpinning the work of this committee and are at the disposal of the member states and organizations represented here to share our experience, our training, programs in the hope that this can provide a point of further development, coordination, and peace among our nations. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished observer of the Ibero-American Institute for Aeronautic and Space Law and Commercial Aviation for their statement. I would now like to give the floor, ladies and gentlemen, as stated earlier, To the European Union to make a right of reply. Allow me to remind delegations that in keeping with the annex of Resolution 65/206 of the General Assembly, the observer of the European Union may request a right of reply only once. And accordingly, the distinguished observer of the European Union shall deliver their statement and will then deliver their statement.

Chair, I would like to respond to the comment made by the Russian Federation yesterday under the agenda item 3 because of a reason we have explained. As explained earlier, the EU and its member states maintain their reservation towards the draft resolution proposed by Russia entitled Space Science and Technology for Promoting Peace, as well as on granting UN affiliation to the regional space center hosted by Russia.

Thank you.

I would like to thank the observer of the European Union. Any further?

The flag, we need to ask whether it's the right of reply or something.

Ukraine.

Ukraine.

Distinguished representative of Ukraine, you have the floor.

Mr.

Chair, distinguished delegates, the delegation of Ukraine would like to exercise its right of reply.

Just one moment, just one moment please. Before delivering your statement, I would like to remind delegations that in keeping with customary practice of this Committee, a state may not request— may only request 2 rights of reply under each agenda item during one specific session. Apologies for having to interrupt you. I simply wish to clarify and provide that reminder. You have the floor, sir.

Thank you, Mr.

Chair.

Mr.

Chair, distinguished delegates, the delegation of Ukraine would like to exercise its right of reply. To the politically motivated and manipulative remarks made by the Russian delegation yesterday as part of the right of reply under Agenda Item 3. First, we categorically reject the attempts of the Russian delegation to portray the legitimate concerns raised by many delegations regarding the devastating consequences of Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine as irrelevant or provocative. These are not mantras. They are facts grounded in international law, recognized by the international community, including through numerous UN resolutions and rulings of international courts. Russia's illegal and unprovoked invasion has gravely undermined Ukraine's peaceful space activities. Our infrastructure has been damaged or destroyed, scientific institutions displaced, and personnel endangered. To imply that Ukraine brought this upon itself is cynical and offensive. The claim that Ukraine's defense efforts are to blame is equally misleading. Under Article 51 of the UN Charter, Ukraine has the inherent right to self-defense. Our use of international cooperation, including access to satellite data, serves the sole purpose of protecting civilians and critical infrastructure from unlawful attacks. We firmly reject the baseless accusation that Ukraine pursues the Russophobic policy. Ukraine's position is not directed against any nation or people, but rather against the unlawful actions of the Russian state, which threaten our sovereignty, peace, and international order. Equally false is the claim that Ukraine targets civilians. Unlike Russia, which has repeatedly attacked civilian objects in Ukraine, Ukraine acts strictly in accordance with international humanitarian law, focusing only on legitimate military targets. As to the Regional Center for Education in Space Science and Technology in Russia, We do not dispute the conclusions of the relevant 2021 UNGA resolution. However, we wish to reiterate that Ukraine has expressed and will continue to express its clear position against formal UN affiliation for this center. Regarding Ukraine's national statement under Agenda Item 3, our expression of concern about the misuse of space-based data for targeting civilian populations stems from lived experience. Any Russian attempt to misrepresent this as support for their draft resolution is misleading. Ukraine's position remains clear: we do not support the Russian draft resolution of the UN General Assembly entitled Space Science and Technology for Promoting Peace.

Please.

Please, sorry.

Mr. Chair, what undermines the integrity of this subcommittee is not the raising of legitimate concerns, but attempts to suppress discussion by labeling them as non-core or politicized. There can be no true dialogue on peaceful uses of outer space while acts of aggression persist on Earth. The core principles of the Outer Space Treaty— peaceful use and benefit for humankind— are incompatible with militarization and unlawful aggression. In conclusion, Ukraine remains committed to constructive and depoliticized dialogue in this forum, but we will not allow aggression to be reframed as victimhood. Nor international law to be twisted to justify its violation. Thank you, Mr.

Chair.

Gracias a la delegación.

I thank the delegation of Ukraine. Is there any further request for the floor? Once again, I would like to recall for delegations that the exercise of right of reply must relate to matters under the agenda item under consideration. We shall now proceed to take up our agenda item. Agenda item 3, our first item for this morning, and I would like to give the floor to delegations once more to make their observations, their comments on the presentation provided by the Director last week on 5th of May on the financial situation. I would sincerely like to thank the Director for joining us this morning. And allow me now to ask whether any delegation wishes to take the floor on this.

Thank you.

United Kingdom, you have the floor.

Thank you very much, Mr. Chair, for giving me the floor. And wait a minute, please.

Do you think we can Apologies.

For the ease of our debate, Rather than asking the Director to answer each question separately, we felt it might be more efficient to group questions together and then give the Director the floor to provide an overview, as she will wish to share some information with us too. The United Kingdom has requested the floor. Are there any further requests from delegations? The Russian Federation. The United Kingdom, you have the floor.

Thank you very much, Mr. Chair, for giving me the floor, and good morning to colleagues. The UK is very happy to take the floor on this issue because it's of great concern to us. First off, we would like to thank the Director for this honest presentation that we heard on the first day of the committee. It's very important for us to fully understand the context that we're working in, but also the support that can be given by the Office for Outer Space Affairs in support of the decisions that we make here and our mandates which we have handed to the office. In particular, we're concerned that the liquidity crisis has affected UNUSA's ability to support a full range of meetings that were set out in the slides that were presented by the director on the first day. Essentially what this means is that we haven't given the office enough money to do its job, and that's concerning for us, not only for our collective efforts on outer space affairs, but also just in terms of our presence here in Vienna and our interaction with the office itself. And I was very sad to hear the, the extra strain that is put on the individuals in the office whose support we value on a daily basis. So I think we should all be concerned about the funding situation. I think we should all be concerned about the cuts that will be needed to activities in particular those for developing space economies, which the UK is very happy to support, but also the effect when it comes to projects or programs that we're running with the Office. The UK, for example, has 2 extra-budgetary projects that we're running at the moment on registration and long-term sustainability of outer space affairs. So, of course, we need to consider what is happening at the Office. At the same time as we are discussing these important issues that face us collectively. I would like to ask the Director if in her time here now as Director of the Office, if she's got any insight into whether or not there's the capacity to alter the shape of the Office, to change the shape of the Office. I think what we've seen is, over the years, the COPUSS has grown a lot, uh, the mandates have piled up, and the challenges of the— that we face collectively have changed. There's more space actors, there's more space activity, uh, and the economies are growing. So it's, it's a question about, does she think the current office, even if it was funded, uh, requires some reform? And linked to that, of course, is the ongoing discussions of UN80, which we've seen presented and discussed in New York. The second question that I have is really around what we can do now. So we heard that there is a multi-donor trust fund. I think the UK is committed to ensuring that our industry knows about the existence of the trust fund because we believe this could provide additional funding into activities. But what does the Director think about how we can help her to publicize the Fund, to provide monies into the Fund, or to provide for contact with private sector entities that may wish to provide monies into the Fund? So the first is about the shape of the Office, if she feels that something can be done. The second is about the Multi-Donor Trust Fund and how we can help her. to secure that. And finally, I think it's worth us all noting that as we're here in our discussions and make decisions and try and advance new areas of work, that it's the Office for Outer Space Affairs that ultimately has responsibility for ensuring the implementation of those decisions. So I think it's very important for us collectively to think about any new commitments that we come up with. My understanding of the liquidity crisis is that there is not capacity to deal with new issues and that we're struggling to deal with the existing issues that we currently have. So I think it's incumbent upon all of us to think carefully if we're bringing new proposals, proposals that would use up the time of the Office and stop them from focusing on the important issues that they already have to deal with. So, sorry, that was a collection, but there's 2 core questions in there, and I hope that was understood by the Director. Thank you.

Thank you very much to the distinguished representative of the United Kingdom for your statements and for your questions. Following speaker is the distinguished delegation of the Russian Federation.

Thank you very much, Chair. Good morning, distinguished delegates. First, allow us to thank the Director, Arti Holomanyi, for the briefing regarding the liquidity crisis and its consequences for the work of the LSC. Without a doubt, we are concerned regarding The reduction of program activities and obviously worried also about the issue of the payment of the salaries as well as the vacancy rate. Of even more concern are the possible consequences of the crisis for the work of the committee itself. We've heard about plans for a 10% reduction in the length of sessions and also work without interpretation on all UN languages and so on and so forth. Also heard the idea from the distinguished representative of the UK to the effect that the reason supposedly is supposedly that we didn't provide the funds. If I may, I'd like to dissent. I don't quite agree because the Russian Federation at least has fully complied with its financial obligations. The other— on the other hand, of course, the money that was sent by the Russian Federation unfortunately wasn't provided— wasn't— didn't arrive in a timely manner for a number of reasons, including sanctions. Or wasn't duly allocated. And all of that is going to need to be discussed. At this time, we would like to emphasize that any economies or savings measures must be taken solely with the agreement of member states, as they have the right alone to define the length of the sessions and the timeframe in which they are conducted, as well as to decide on whether or not there will be interpretation. And here we are grateful to you, Anusa, and the Director for the presentation for our consideration of options of possible solutions regarding this crisis situation. For the Russian Federation, a priority is retaining interpretation during the meetings, the plenary plenary official meetings as well as those of the working groups in all UN languages. For evident reasons, multilingualism is a key value of the UN, and we do not think that any savings measures should impact it. This is enshrined in a number of GA resolutions. We also would like to retain the usual length of sessions in line with longstanding practice. And I think that would be— what would be most preferable of the options would be moving this, the committee session, to August, perhaps. It seems, though, that that could be a problem for some delegations, and we do understand that. For that reason, we can also consider other options. Take other decisions, but we shall do this as an exception and with the understanding that such a decision would not be a precedent for the future. In conclusion, I would like to yet again underscore that we highly value the efforts made by UNOOSA and the Director herself personally so as to ensure the regular functioning against the backdrop of the— drop of the liquidity crisis. Thank you.

I would like to thank the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation for the statement. The following speaker is the Director of the Office of Outer Space Affairs.

Respected delegates, thank you very much for your comments received so far. We are delighted to have the opportunity to speak with you Today? Today. Let me just say one thing. We will have informal consultations concerning the length of COPUS and the preferences of member states tomorrow afternoon at 2 PM, facilitated by my colleague Takemi and also the conference management services who will be available for member states to consult with as well. So perhaps we could keep that conversation separate. But to respond to the questions that have been raised, you asked about insight into our capacity to alter or change the Office structure and whether that is possible. One year ago, we presented to distinguished delegates our strategy for the Office, and we even presented a reformed organogram for the office, so a more streamlined structure which was intended to accompany the strategy that we put in place based on the feedback we received from you. We would very much like to pursue that route which consolidates the work of the committee and legal affairs in one directorate, if you will, space sustainability and safety in another, space applications work in one, and of course administration, budget, and mission support in another. Um, we don't have the luxury to actually start implementing this, because at this point we are more concerned with retaining the staff that we have. We do not have the luxury to even fill empty vacancies that we have, let alone recruit additional people. And expertise that we need to fulfill our— what I would say are reasonably modest ambitions. That's the first thing. Secondly, you should perhaps consider all of this in the context of the UN80 discussions which are currently going on. We are informed that specialized agencies are considered in one cluster and training and research are considered separately. UNOOSA's work, of course, spans both. We are specialized because we deal with the niche of space, but at the same time, we do do training and capacity building, which is the fundament of a lot of our activities and the events that we've been forced to cancel this year. Secondly, the Multi-Partner Trust Fund is now ready. We now have even an account number, and That has all been finalized. We would very much support— welcome your support, both in contributing to it directly, but also in promoting it with potential donors and partners in your countries. This is administered by UNDP and UNOPS, the United Nations Operational Projects Support Service. And it's ready, it's open for donors. We will have a webpage as soon as the first donation is made. That is how the process works. We are, however, preparing a prospectus with a summary of what that trust fund is and how— the process of which to contribute by, and we will be sharing that with you and making that available very soon. Concerning the project proposals that we put out, Many of you will have received a few different project proposals. We have now added to them. We have received some requests for a SPIDER office for the Gulf region, for the MENA region, so there's an additional proposal for that. There is also a proposal for a Space for Ocean project to support a Space for Ocean Alliance, which will be launched at the United Nations Ocean Conference in June. So additional proposals are also coming online, and we will be sharing those with you as well. And we hope very much that you will consider all of these proposals seriously and see which ones resonate with you and against which ones you can potentially support us. Thank you.

Thank you.

I would like to thank Ms. Holomany for her clarification on behalf of the office. If there are further requests for the floor, I see the delegations of France and Chile have requested the floor. Would any other delegation like to take the floor? Then delegation of France.

Thank you very much, Chairman. I too would like to thank the Director of UNRWA and her entire team for the efforts they are making to continue work in the office and also the work of COPWOS. Many delegations already explained this, but we too care a lot about the work of UNOOSA's work, in particular in the area of cooperation, but any— also general activities in outer space. We are also very committed to COPUOS. It's the core of multilateralism in outer space affairs. If we want multilateralism here to be effective, it has to be inclusive, equitable. All delegations should stand on equal footing. Here we are very grateful for UNUSA's efforts, but also to the conference services to uphold multilingualism. Without multilingualism, it can't be considered an official session. And here I'd like to go back to the issue of the future plenary. Thank you very much to the Secretariat and the Office and all delegations for efforts made to reach consensus. In this regard, allow us to recall that we would like to retain the dates that were agreed during the last report of the plenary.

Thank you very much.

I hope we can count on the flexibility of the various services involved such that we have the formal meetings with full interpretation, but also some informals for substantive exchanges in line with UN By way of conclusion, again, we'd like to stick to the initially agreed dates, even if it means having a bit of flexibility when we organize informals, while hoping obviously that these arrangements will certainly be an exception and that we can then go back to normal working arrangements.

Thank you.

arrangements for the sessions to follow, which will allow us to tackle the big milestones ahead, notably Unispace 27, to strengthen the place of COPUOS in outer space affairs. Thank you.

I thank the French delegation for their statement. I now give the floor to the delegation of Chile.

Thank you very much, Chair. We also would like to thank UNOSA for the efforts that they have made, which we prize. We'd also like to thank the Director. Naturally, we want to support efforts geared towards further strengthening UNOSA and wish to request for the benefit of all delegations, but in particular for those of us coming from our capitals, whether we could perhaps have further explanation as to how exactly the multi-donor trust fund will work and how our states can channel these allocations, these donations. How can we contribute and how can we mobilize those contributions? Turning to multilingualism, Again, we also do not wish to see multilingualism sacrificed in any way or fashion. It's a fundamental principle. We would like to suggest an alternative rather, for instance, reducing the speaking time limit from 5 minutes to 3 minutes, as is the case in other fora too. This will enable us to preserve multilingualism. Naturally, we're interested in hearing from the Secretariat on other proposals which might be presented in order to further support savings efforts. Thank you very much, Chair.

I would like to thank the distinguished representative of Chile. And a request for the floor has come from the United Kingdom. You have the floor.

Thank you, Chair, and apologies for taking the floor again to colleagues. I think during this discussion we're going to have to be as pragmatic and flexible as possible. So I'd just like to thank the distinguished delegate from Chile for this suggestion. The UK also fully supports multilingualism. We don't want to see that sacrificed, but it seems to me that there is a shortage of funds, so we either need to meet less, have less interpretation, or speak less. And it seems that the preferable option out of those is to speak less. So we've We think it's a valuable contribution from the distinguished delegate from Chile, which we can support. And let me just also once again thank the director for her honesty and insight when it comes to this issue. We will be keeping a close watch on developments, and we're here to support. Thank you very much.

Muchas gracias.

Thank you very much, distinguished representative of the United Kingdom. The following speaker is the delegation of Italy. Thank you very much.

Thank you very much, Mr.

Chair.

And also on behalf of the Italian delegation, many thanks to the Director and the whole UNOZA office for their efforts and for the transparency in which they conducted this discussion. We heard and we commend the efforts, administrative efforts in creating the trust fund, the very interesting ideas on the project for raising XB funds. But as we are now facing also a liquidity crisis, and then— and now we are discussing with many delegations about possible solutions, I believe that there is also— and the Director was very clear in this. There's also a dear problem with the regular budget. And this is something that is discussed in New York. So I think that we need also to focus a little bit on the work to be done by member states in New York. So I have a couple of questions for the Director. And how is the perception of UNOSA in the broader UN system and within the Executive Office of the Secretary-General. How can we work with the key decision-makers in New York to secure the necessary funds in the regular budget, and in general, the political support for this very important office and for this very important Committee. Thank you very much.

I thank the distinguished representative of Italy. The director will take the floor.

Thank you very much for the questions, distinguished delegates. I think we need to separate 2 matters. One is the regular budget situation, which was covered by the slides that we showed you, and then the question of extra budgetary contributions or voluntary contributions, which brings us to the topic of the trust fund. Let me deal first with the regular budget question. You have seen, you may recall from the slides, that the overall shortfall is only $1.3 million. In the grand scheme of things, $1.3 million is, is not really that big. It should be something which is surmountable. The reason that we face this crisis is because New York, in its wisdom, has indiscriminately applied a cut across the Secretariat without any regard of the size of the offices that it would impact as a result. You can imagine that a 10% cut of a larger office has a far lower impact than a 10% cut on our office budget. So this indiscriminate application of cut without regard for the size of our office has really lamed us in this moment. That's the first thing. We, even before the current liquidity crisis, we already were in a difficult situation. Knowing that, we were advised by voices in New York to conduct a strategic review of our office. We took a consultant for a few months who looked at the question of whether our office was fit for purpose in the 21st century. The conclusion was clearly no. I give you one very simple example. We have one person in our office who is in charge of entering every object that has ever been launched into the Register of Objects, a treaty obligation that we execute on behalf of the Secretary-General. That was fine in an era when somewhere between 15 and 20 satellites per year were launched. It is not fine to have one person manually doing this work at a time when thousands of satellites are being launched. Satellites used to be out of sight and therefore out of mind. Same with our office. We are not in New York. We are out of sight. We are out of mind. We are out of their minds. We have worked very hard to raise understanding and awareness about the value and impact of our work with New York. We have been successful. We received this year multiple invitations to participate in high-level events, including the Science and Technology Innovation Forum in New York. We were not able to accept any of the invitations received because we did not have the funding to travel. Back to the strategic review. The advice that we received was to conduct a strategic review and to submit it together with our work programme for 2026, where we would propose small incremental increases to our budget. over the following years. We were asked by the Comptroller's Office to remove all those additional requests. I say all those requests, it was a few posts. We were asked to remove everything, and we were informed that the Comptroller's Office was not willing to present our work programme to Member States in the way that we had submitted it, despite having received advice to conduct a strategic review and use that to make our case. We are not sure, we do not know whether the situation of our office was presented to the Secretary-General or whether it stopped with the Comptroller's Office as a gateway, as a gatekeeper. We don't know. We do know that member states were not given the opportunity to opine on this themselves. Last year we received the 5th Committee here in Vienna. No, it wasn't last year. It was this year, sorry. During STSC, we received 5th Committee delegates here in Vienna. We presented to them the work and the impact of the Office, and they were extremely impressed. On the other hand, the Comptroller's Office was underwhelmed, I quote, underwhelmed by the impact and work of this office. Conveniently so. As a result, we feel that the decisions concerning regular budget application for our office have been taken out of both our hands, but more importantly, out of your hands, out of the member states' hands. The feedback from the 5th Committee was that they were ready and willing to consider any proposals which were brought to them. However, if those proposals are not brought to them, then clearly they cannot consider them. And the proposals were not brought to them. So, so much for the regular budget situation. In this context, we would really welcome your support by activating your counterparts in New York to pass their own messages to New York, to the Comptroller's Office, to the Secretary General, to the Executive Office of the Secretary General, to stop indiscriminatory application of budget rules to what is already a very small office with an infinite mandate, but also to allow member states the opportunity to exercise their rights to determine where budget should be allocated and not allocated, and to support you in that regard. We know, for example, that the former tech envoy, was elevated from an ASG to a USG very recently and given 6 extra positions, and this is for the subject of artificial intelligence. We struggle ourselves to understand how artificial intelligence has the same impact, positive impact, for climate monitoring, peacekeeping, and all the other things that our offices is supporting, thanks to satellite imagery and data, as we do. So, so much for the regular budget situation. I have invited my colleague Markus Woltran, who's in charge of funding and partnerships, to address you on the question of the functioning of the Multi-Partner Trust Fund. This is where you can encourage voluntary contributions. Markus, please.

Thank you, Director, distinguished delegates. Thanks a lot for allowing me to present a bit on the Multi-Partner Trust Fund, which has been recently established in collaboration with UNOPS under the MPDF office, the so-called MPDF office of UNDP. What's the background of the MPDF office? It is a framework for allowing not only member states but also other stakeholders, academic institutions, NGOs, private sector entities to funnel support to the office for the specifiers. We have done an exercise to draft the TORs It is basically, in a nutshell, set up against 2 main pillars. One pillar is on space for sustainable development, and the other pillar is space sustainability, to allow a broadest possible consideration of potential donors to support the office with different projects. In these TRRs, which will be made available to interested participants and supporters of the Multi-Partner Trust Fund, You will see very clear objectives, outcomes, and activities proposed under the trust fund. Nevertheless, to allow the potentially interested parties to make it a bit clearer, we are currently developing against this trust fund, we are developing different project proposals. The director has mentioned it at the beginning of her intervention. We are in the process to answer to your request within the— after the bilateral meetings held on different priorities of member states, and we are developing these projects so you, as a potential interested party, can select against these projects. This does not mean that this is exclusively only these projects. We are flexible against the bigger picture of the fund itself. What does it mean in the next step? As the director mentioned, there's a requirement of a first commitment. against the fund for us to be able to set up the administrative processes in the background together with UNDP. It will be very beneficial for any interested party that has full transparency accessibility through the MPDF Trust Fund webpage, where you have all the details on all of the various aspects of the funds being used and how— on the reporting itself. And once this is established, we can coordinate with the partners in New York on going forward on that. We will make this information available on the partnership webpage on UNHCR. Feel free to reach out to the office for any further questions. We are here until— we are here all the time for you if you have any questions, but very specifically in the next couple of weeks following after the LSE, we will reach out to those who have already received the funding packages directly for bilateral meetings, explain more in detail what is the setup, what's the background, and going towards COPUS, we will also have a more detailed background and to be able to answer any of your questions. So just in a nutshell, the fund is ready, it is set up, we are just looking for the first commitment against this trust fund. And this will then initiate the process to set it up officially and make it accessible.

Thank you.

Thank you. Thank you, Director. Just as a reminder, maybe also as a comparison to the past, we always had an opportunity to receive direct funds from governments directly. to UNUSA, while this MPDF might be a bit of a different opportunity for other stakeholders to contribute, there's also a bigger difference. While the previous funds funneled to the office have had an overhead of 14%— 13%— we are now looking at a different overhead model, which there is a part which remains with the MPD office in New York, but in total it's a 7% overhead.

Thank you.

overhead which is in future charged through that source. Thank you.

Thank you, Markus. So I hope you see with that that the Multi-Partner Trust Fund is a more cost-effective and efficient means for us to raise and receive contributions. Thank you very much. I hope that we have answered your question so far.

Thank you very much. Thank you very much for all of the information provided. One final round of questions or comments before we conclude on this item. I see requests from Egypt, Pakistan, and the United States. And so with those 3 Requests for the floor, with your agreement, once they have been delivered. After that, we will conclude our discussion of this agenda item. Distinguished delegation of Egypt, you have the floor.

Thank you so much, Mr. Chair. Good morning to you and, and all colleagues and Director and the Office of the United Nations Office of Outer Space. Uh, my personal contribution to the liquidity crisis is that I'll speak in English. I don't know if this will, uh, will help. First of all, I, I, it is very unfortunate to see the United Nations Office of Outer Space in this critical financial situation. The office plays a very important role to all of us as a Secretariat of the Committee of Outer Space Affairs, and I think all of us, we need collectively to support the endeavors to further consolidate the budget of the Office, as well as the delivery of its mandate and functions. So in this, my delegation would like to express support in these efforts. I want to mention maybe as to agree with what was mentioned by our colleague from Italy as well, since we are not so much versed and involved in budget discussions, and we appreciate the presentation that was given earlier in this session on budgetary matters. Maybe it will be beneficial to have more insights on the budget itself, the budget document, which is discussed in New York mainly, but since the Office is inviting us here in Vienna to take decisions and decide on financial matters, I think it's pertinent as well maybe to discuss more details about the current budget, the streams of the budget, and the programs that it's being presented, as well as the mandate included in it. I think it would also be beneficial for us as a channel, and a positive channel, to further support our colleagues in New York to allow for more support to the Office. Maybe it's also good to hear more— it doesn't have to be in this session, maybe another session or a briefing to Member States on efficiencies and the management of finances in the Office, probably cost-saving measures or possible cost-saving measures that could be applied. In the office, while I acknowledge that the office is already under massive austerity measures, but maybe to hear anything that will help us also advance the position that you are calling for to our colleagues in New York. We took note of the dynamics that you mentioned, Director, on the dynamics with what's happening with the secretariat in New York, and we hope that this will not be an obstacle in the delivery of the work and the mandate of the office. 2 final thoughts. One, on the multi-donor trust fund, I want to ask whether this is a similar activity that has been carried out by a United Nations regular committee of the General Assembly or a United Nations body where there are efforts to support specific programs and the delivery of the mandate? And number 2, can I ask if this Multidonor Trust Fund is to complement the regular budget, as far as I understand? So there will be no additional endeavors to address specific requests for additional assistance to developing countries or the programs that the office already delivered when it comes to UN Inspire or other programs. So, can I understand more about the delivery of this fund and the functionality, as well as maybe be similar cases with other UN bodies, if any. We are very concerned about the possible options that we are going to have to decide. I hear delegations mentioning that we need to be practical when it comes to addressing this issue and whether we will be able to have an option of no translation or limited time. We think that if there would be any option to manage as much as we can with the limited funds, including possible financial reallocation or internal management, would help the delivery of these meetings. We think that these meetings are the main basic mandate that we have here in the committee and the subcommittee. And to have the full meetings with full translation is extremely crucial, I think, to all of us. And maybe we can reflect on whether this is also a temporary measure, whether we are going to decide this— is it a temporary measure or something that we expect it goes along until the issue is either resolved by by New York, as far as I understood, or by the regular budget. I thank you, and again, our support to the efforts of the Office. Thank you.

Thank you very much. Following speaker is the distinguished delegation of Pakistan.

Thank you, Chair, and good morning to all colleagues. Firstly, we note with concern the presentation by the Director, and we understand that this is a critical time for the Office. And that being said, we are also aware of the vital work that is being done by the Office and everyone in the Secretariat. We extend our full support to the work and look forward to engage on further discussions regarding the Multi-Donor Trust Fund. And I also agree with my colleagues who have taken the floor before me that budget discussions can be difficult to understand and perhaps the Office can host further briefings specifically to provide more details on the questions that we have heard so far. Just a quick question regarding the Multi-Donor Partner Fund Trust Fund, that when it receives funds, will they be earmarked specifically within those 2 pillars, whoever donates it, or does— will UNOSA be able to facilitate member states to depending on the needs that are presented. And my second intervention will be more specifically towards the upcoming COPPA session. We have heard that, you know, member states have expressed their concerns and we have one proposal to save time and resources in this regard, that the agenda item which presents the reports of the STAC and LAC often has a lot of member states that take the floor to reiterate the reports that are already agreed. Perhaps for the upcoming COPES session, we can have an arrangement where the chair of COPES can present the report, but member states don't need to take the floor again, so— because those reports are already agreed in the sessions at STSC and LSE already. So perhaps that can save vital time and resources. at COPUS and also to facilitate our substantive work during that session. Thank you very much.

Thank you very much. The next speaker is the distinguished representative of the United States.

Thank you, Chair, and thank you to the Director for your creative solutions, including the multi-donor fund.

We will—

we look forward to receiving your prospectus, and we plan to circulate that with our private sector to see if we can encourage further contributions to support the vital work of the Secretariat and this body. We certainly agree that we need to find a way to ensure that UNOOSA can fulfill its mandate and meet the needs, the ever-increasing needs, of member states and space actors. So perhaps help those who are unfamiliar with the work of this body and the Secretariat to support you in this undertaking. Maybe you could provide further details or a paper to spare our interpretation time now on the extra-budgetary projects and their impact so that we can help you communicate that with our colleagues in New York who might be less familiar with our work here. Regarding the COPU session, I understand we'll have informals tomorrow, so I'll save save my more detailed intervention for that venue, but would like to express appreciation for those who have expressed flexibility— our colleagues from the Russian delegation, Chile, others— about the meeting duration, and certainly concur with Chile's intervention about shortening statements, particularly now since we can view written statements online. 3 minutes is definitely reasonable, so we can focus, saving interpretation for our more action oriented work to address the pressing matters that have been identified by this subcommittee and the other subcommittee of COPU, such as space traffic, space resources, lunar consultation. And given the resource constraints, our delegation would definitely encourage the careful stewardship of our interpretation time. We certainly understand that sometimes there are scheduling difficulties, fluctuating conversations or negotiations, but we should really endeavor to start our sessions on time to make best use of the interpreters' time and our limited resources. I would also just like to second what the UK said regarding being mindful of additional commitments and the strain that that would put on the Secretariat, so we should consider that during our deliberations as well. Thank you very much.

Thank you very much. We have thus concluded our discussion under this item. I would like to thank all delegations for their comments, for their questions, and we'll now give the floor to the Director, once again thanking her very much for her presence here this morning, for her explanations given, and for the information that she has shared with us in full transparency.

Thank you very much.

Thank you very much.

Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. If I could request our colleagues at CMS to please show the slides that we had earlier.

Thank you.

I was requested to provide Information about our actual budget with numbers. You have here a snapshot, an overview of what was approved and what was actually allocated to the office, where you can see where the reductions have been made. Overall, in the regular budget, the reduction is about 24%. Concerning salaries, around 14-15%. Non-post-budget—

15%.

more than 50%, and this is the budget from which we support member states to travel to our events to benefit from knowledge sharing and capacity building, and also general temporary assistance, which basically covers one entire job, and that's reduced almost entirely. I'm not sure what further numbers you would like. We do have a breakdown in the following slide, if I can get there. Could you please— thank you. Which breaks down the non-post grant for you further and shows you how we have had to use some of the funding received, roughly half a million received, in order to fill the salary shortfall, respond to existing commitments, and cover operational running costs. Reducing it yet further. I mean, quite frankly, I'm not sure if delegates here really want to have more detail than what is provided here, but if you do, of course, the program— the work program is public and available for member states, and if you would like us to point you in that direction, we would be happy to do so. Concerning what have we done in order to reduce costs in the office. It's reasonably simple. The clicker is not working. Could we please move forward? Can you support me in changing slide? Yes, exactly. This is what we are doing. We are stopping support on additional events, events where we do not have the funding to bring representatives and experts from developing countries, and more importantly, also where we do not have the funds to cover travel costs from our office to support these events. So, you asked about cost savings, here you have our cost savings. Okay, that's enough on the slides, thank you very much. I think it would be helpful, based on the questions that we have received, to share— to provide member states with perhaps an information circular where we would share with you the executive summary of the strategic review that was carried out, which will highlight for you the shortcomings of the Office where we are considered not fit for purpose given our mandate and expectations of Member States, but also all of the project proposals that have been put together so far, because I believe they have been shared with some Member States who have expressed an interest, but not necessarily with all. So we will share that with you. We will share with you the prospectus for the Multi-Partner Trust Fund, which should be finalized in the coming days. And in terms of noting our impact and the different areas of work where we have really made a difference, our office has become very good in packaging this in an annual report, which we can change slightly for you to use in New York, and we will make sure that this is shared with you as well. Concerning the specific question that we received on the Multi-Partner Trust Fund and whether funds are earmarked against projects, I would hand the floor to my colleague Markus.

Thank you, Director. Thanks a lot, distinguished delegates, for the questions on the MPDF. With regards to the questions regarding whether similar activities have been carried out under this already, looking at the MPDF website as it stands currently, There are over 180 government contributions already up and running. Countries of operation, 141. Implementing UN entities, over 55. So there's longstanding expertise and knowledge within the UNDP MPDF office, which currently holds a portfolio of around $13 billion. So there is already an expertise. We are not operating, creating something new. We are working with another UN entity. under the UNDP Multi-Partner Trust Fund. So there is a knowledge and expertise on this. With regards to the complementary of the funds to RB budget, as it is decided— as it is designed, you will see it also in the partnership proposals, it is meant to do additional support, operational support in activities of the office currently under development. As the Director mentioned, we will share all project proposals with all member states. On the questions from the US delegate, all of these proposals are already available on the UNOOSA website on the partnership page. We will make sure to make that more easily accessible for delegates to find it easier, and we will grow this webpage in the coming months with additional project proposals coming on board. Regarding the earmarked funding question, we have deliberately decided to design the MPDF in a way that it's relatively broad, to have it against 2 main pillars, while the support as well as the funds received should be aligned to one of these pillars. Obviously, there is within the Fund Secretariat, where Yunusa is chairing together with UNOPS, there is a decision-making process against which project these funds will be used. It can be earmarked against the funds themselves, and there is a decision-making body, a governance structure within the fund deciding on the funds used with regards to the application of projects against this fund. I leave it there in the interest of time. Thank you very much.

I would complement my colleague Markus's comments simply by saying that the fund is structured in such a way that funds can be received either against project proposals or just like that, not unearmarked. They can also be received. We are having some conversations right now and there is a possibility that some donors would consider just supporting the office. This is important because some of the staff that we have who we may not be able to renew do not necessarily work on specific projects. They also support the functioning of the office and the administrative and budget aspects as well. Thank you.

Thank you very much. I see that there is a further request for the floor from the delegation of the United States. We would like to start closing our discussion of this item, but I see a request, a further request from the Russian Federation. So after those 2 speakers, then we will close the list. United States, please.

Thank you, Chair, and apologies for taking the floor again. I'll keep this very brief and just, uh, thank Markus for the, the great explanation and also While understanding that there are some great resources available on the OOSA webpage, if it might be possible to create a consolidated one or two pager that we might be able to share with our colleagues in New York. Just, I don't want to overload them with information and want to make sure that we can best support the message that you wish to convey. So I think that would be really useful. And then also would just second the request to receive the budget slides, that would be very helpful. Thank you.

Thank you very much. Russian Federation.

Yes, thank you very much, Chairman. Madam Director, colleagues. If I may, I'd like to react to a few statements made regarding optimizing work, including ours. It's evident that the observations were very interesting with respect to perhaps reducing the time of statements from 5 to 3 minutes. Naturally, nothing stops delegations from putting the full version of their statement on the websites of the committee. Most likely that would optimize things and clearly save time. And one important aspect also was how to structure the statements. We have stated many times that we shouldn't be discussing on the committee and subcommittee matters that have nothing to do with the agenda. That's also time. As we hear it, we respond, and that leads to additional delays and makes our work harder. I think we might want to think about that as well. Perhaps we might request that the Secretariat consider the possibility of providing some sort of ideas as to how we could optimize our statement and what statements and what that might lead to in terms of resource savings if we were to do that. That type of information would be important in the future for taking the related decisions and also for optimizing delegation statements on the various agenda items.

Thank you.

Thank you very much. Turning to our director— nope. Yes, you have the floor, madam.

Sorry, just to say, distinguished delegates, that the slides that were presented on day 1 are available on the COPA's website page. They're already there. Thank you.

Then once again, thank you very much, madam director, and equally thank you to your team here in the bureau. Thank you very much for all of the information provided. We can now draw to a close our consideration of agenda item 3, which was the general exchange of views, and we will continue our consideration of this item in the afternoon. We shall now proceed to take up our consideration of agenda item 11, general exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management. And on the list of representatives that have requested to take the The first on the list is the distinguished representative of Indonesia.

You have the floor.

Apologies, I was about to give the floor. The distinguished representative of Indonesia has the floor.

My delegation associates itself with the statement of G77 and China. Further, we would like to add a statement in our national capacity as follows. Indonesia supports the discussion of space traffic management as a legal subcommittee agenda item that was first considered at the 55th session of the Legal Subcommittee in 2016. Indonesia supports the discussion of the possibility to have an international framework on space traffic management to promote safe, secure, and sustainable access, operations in outer space, and return from outer space to Earth. In relation with the current development of our discussion, my delegation appreciates the Government of Germany for its leadership in advancing the negotiation on space traffic management. My delegation appreciates the proposal and the proposal posed by Germany and the co-sponsors to establish a study group on space traffic management. Ideally, in our view, a working group would be a more appropriate forum to discuss this space traffic management. However, we understand the technicality and the political difficulties to establish a working group at the current stage. Therefore, to negotiate a possible legal framework of space traffic management at this early stage, we could see the establishment of a study group in a more realistic way. Nevertheless, my delegation would like to express our view that this study group should be aimed to negotiate a possible legal framework on space traffic management as mandated by the 2024 Pact of the Future. The work of the study group should also be in line with Action 56 of the Pact of the Future, paragraph A, which states, in quote, discuss the establishment of new frameworks for space traffic, space debris, and space resources through the Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Furthermore, to enrich the work of the Study Group on Space Traffic Management, allow us to express our view as follows. A, the discussion on space— on specific and technical on space scientific and technical work of the Space Traffic Management could enrich our legal discussion. The study group could utilize the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, including the work of its Working Group on Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities and the discussion on Global Space Situational Awareness Coordination. B, On substantive issues, the study should work on several issues as follows: a) collecting information and identifying the existing regional and national policies and legal system of space traffic management, including best practices in the area; the definition of object of discussion such as space traffic, space objects, debris, and conjunction events, and geographical scope of space traffic management, for instance, LEO, GEO, cellular space, and beyond. And also identifying possible overlapping work or collaboration or cooperation with other international organizations such as the Federal Communications, International Telecommunication Union, and IQ. Discussing some related issues as follows: space situational awareness data sharing, megaconstellation, space debris, sustainable use of outer space, definition of— definition and delimitation of outer space, and also identifying possible areas to support developing countries such as international cooperation on access data and capacity building. The Government of the Republic of Indonesia is ready and open to build a bilateral cooperation on space traffic management with other member states. My delegation would like to encourage the UN-OSA Secretariat to provide capacity building to member states and regional organizations on the issue of space traffic management. We acknowledge the issue of budgetary crisis liquidation, as mentioned and explained by the Director of UNOSA, and we hope we could discuss about how to maintain the quality and the quantity of space traffic, the technical cooperation for the issue of space traffic management. I thank you very much, Mr. Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Indonesia. For their statement. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of Azerbaijan.

Thank you very much. Since this is our first statement here, so first of all, we express our condolences to Poland. Andrzej Mistal of Poland was the distinguished distinguished diplomat chairing the COPOS Working Group on the Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities. We remember André Michel for his outstanding work and service to COPOS and for his kindness and openness. We look forward for Stephen Freeland of Australia to continue the heritage of André's achievements and to develop the legal aspects of space resource activities towards successful accomplishment. We're also looking forward to tomorrow's discussion on the liquidity shortfall. Distinguished delegates, we appreciate sustainable work at this session of the Legal Subcommittee, aiming to continue productive work towards shaping the existing regulatory framework and creating new framework for newly introduced matters. Many thanks to the Chairman of this honorable subcommittee. It's good to see see reactivation of discussion on delimitation of outer space, which also corresponds to delimitation of airspace, and subsequently this point reinforces the importance of the matter of space traffic management. You may know the Wassenaar Arrangement on export controls for conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies. That arrangement, plenary of 42 states approved the list of dual-use goods and technologies. It has a definition for space qualified and suborbital craft. Space qualified means designed, manufactured, or qualified through successful testing for operation at altitudes greater than 100 kilometers above the surface of the Earth. And suborbital craft is a craft having an enclosure designed for the transport of people or cargo, which is designed to to a) operate above the stratosphere, b) only perform non-orbital trajectories, and c) land back on Earth with the people or cargo intact. We believe active discussions will bring international clarity on one side to the legal matter of the limitation between outer space and airspace, and on another also important side to resolving on space traffic management. This matter might have a practical value also in terms of flight safety, protecting public order, and peaceful civil life. The esteemed Member States submitted the well-prepared proposal for a study group on legal and policy aspects of space traffic. Let's keep in mind that this is a proposal to study, and to study is one of the functions of our Legal Subcommittee. By resolution on 22 September in 2024, The UN General Assembly adopted the Pact for the Future, same as my colleague just referenced it. The member states have already decided to discuss the establishment of new frameworks for space traffic through COPOS, the last Action 56, Section 46— Section 84 of the Pact for the Future. Therefore, we suggest to consider accepting the proposal for for a study group on legal and policy aspects of space traffic at COPOS Legal Subcommittee, and adding the language for the report of the session of the COPOS Legal Subcommittee. Thank you very much.

Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Azerbaijan, for your statement. There are no further speakers on the list. Under this item, before concluding our consideration of this agenda item, quiero referirme a. I would like to come back to the proposal for a study group on the legal and policy aspects of space traffic. Following the rounds of consultations that were held on this proposal. I would like to seek views of distinguished delegates whether the subcommittee recommends that the committee should further consider this proposal at its 68th session, at the 68th session of the committee, with a view to taking a decision on the establishment of such a study group. Now, we will come back to this matter in the afternoon so that the subcommittee can take action on the matter. But now I would like to ask the floor— I'd like to ask delegations if they have views or comments they would like to make in this regard. The Russian Federation.

Thank you very much, Chairman. If we've understood correctly, we're supposed to comment on the proposal to establish this study group on the legal aspects of space traffic management. We have been in contact with the delegation of Germany initiated the idea, and as I said yesterday, there are certain questions regarding the proposed document. Currently, we're seeking solution to the— or resolution to those questions. It's clear that based on that, that's how we'll decide on our future position with respect to the initiative. Thank you.

Thank you very much, distinguished representative of the Russian Federation. Unless there are any further requests from delegations to take the floor on this, then allow me to repeat, we will come back to this matter this afternoon so that the subcommittee can take action on this matter. Therefore, we can conclude our consideration of agenda item 11. Apologies. Germany, you have the floor.

Thank you, Chair, for giving me the floor. And just a question to clarify again and maybe offer some remarks on behalf of our delegation. We sincerely thank everyone for their constructive spirit of discussing and listening to our ideas that we have submitted in the conference room paper, which has the number 28 and is now uploaded on the website. And in fact, it contains the original proposal on the way ahead and is co-sponsored by a really large number of delegations here assembled in this room, and we are really grateful for everyone who is supporting our original ideas. However, we of course took note of the concerns that it might be too early to agree to the establishment of the study group here in the room today, as we have also important discussions going on at the STSC which need to be concluded. And we sincerely again thank the UAE but also India for their strong dedication to bringing into life an expert group on SSA coordination there. We continue to see that we need a balanced approach and work done in both subcommittees. So, we understand that the Secretariat is going to propose report language which contains the proposal that we come back to the establishment of the study group only during the full committee. This idea, of course, not reflected in our conference room paper, as it was our original idea to have this established here. But of course, we are flexible, and our delegation is going— is committed to constructively going forward and continuing this discussion. So maybe, Chair, if you agree, I'm not sure whether you already introduced the report language or only are going to propose a decision later this afternoon, as you were just saying, but it might be helpful for delegations to actually know and understand what is on the table right now and will be up for discussion then during the report adoption. I thank you very much.

Thank you. Thank you very much to Germany for those questions. The chair and the bureau are of the following opinion. In view of the exchange of opinions, the exchange of views that is currently ongoing regarding the establishment of this study group, It does not appear to be necessary for us to adopt a decision on this matter this afternoon at our session. Rather, this is a matter that we could reflect in the report, but I would like to give delegations the opportunity to express their views. That means that we do not have to adopt an explicit decision this afternoon regarding the establishment of the study group in the understanding that there appears to be a general favorable view towards the establishment of such a group and that this would be reflected accordingly in the final report. Is this agreeable to delegations to proceed accordingly?

Yes.

Indonesia, you have the floor.

Thank you very much, Chair. First of all, in our view, as you heard about our intervention, it seems there is progress actually in the discussion of this study group. As we mentioned in our statement, Indonesia is actually not in favor to have study group. Our preference is to have working group. On STM, but we understand very well about the technicality and also political considerations, so we are taking a very pragmatic way. At early stage, study group would be good for us to start. In the end, probably we will have working group, but listening to some intervention I think you we could agree with what you said. There is a emerging support, but we need also I think to build the the paper or maybe the concept paper that that we can later on discuss. So we propose we can use today or tomorrow to discuss further how to develop the issue, including for instance the Russian. Colleague and also other states to approach and also to discuss, or probably the proponents to approach Russia, or maybe other— maybe we are going also to join of how to find a middle ground. At least that's my proposal. We still have today, 2 days, I think, so we don't have to be hurry in concluding this issue.

Thank you.

Thank you very much to the delegation of Indonesia for this statement. And I see a request also from the delegation of the Russian Federation. You have the floor.

Yes, Chairman, I'd clarify something. As I said, we have questions on the initiative. My hope is that we can resolve them in Contact with the delegation of Germany. Depending on that, we will express our position on the initiative.

Thank you.

Bien, pues muchísimas gracias.

Thank you very much.

Tiene la palabra Germany.

You have the floor.

En ese caso vamos.

Then.

We shall listen to these final requests for the floor, and I think that as part of our consideration of agenda item 11 this afternoon, we can set aside some time in order to further address and consider the matters that have been raised by some delegations just now. Then, We shall move on from this item. Agenda item 11 will be reopened in the afternoon. At this point, I would like to invite the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities to hold its 5th meeting. Following the adjournment of The working group meeting. We will then resume the plenary in order to proceed with the technical presentations, and this morning we have 4 technical presentations. Thank you very much. The meeting will continue now as the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities, chaired by Mr. Freeland.

Thank you, Mr. President.

Distinguished delegates.

Page 8.

Distinguished delegates, I would now like to proceed to the technical presentations. The first presentation on my list is Activities in Celestial Bodies Regulatory Framework, and this will be delivered by the representative of Spain. You have the floor.

Thank you very much. Chair, distinguished colleagues, thank you very much for the opportunity to outline Spain's activities regarding celestial bodies. I'm accompanied by my colleague, Rafael Moro. I'm the Head of International Relations and Cooperation. Next slide, please. Next slide, please. Next slide, please.

Thank you.

Thank you. As you know, Spain is engaging in a number of activities regarding celestial bodies. We are currently participating in teams that are exploring the surface of Mars and participated in the most recent missions carried out by NASA. To the surface of Mars. In particular, we were able to contribute to efforts regarding the REMS weather station and the HGAS antenna. Curiosity, we equally contributed to the TWINS InSight wind sensor, as well as contributing to the MEDA environmental station and to the Perseverance rover. Next slide, please. I think Furthermore, Spain participates actively through the European Space Agency and Spanish institutions and undertakings in working together with the ESA in various solar system exploration missions. For instance, the Rosetta mission, which for the first time orbited the Churyumov comet, Gerasimenko, and was able to study it closely, leaving a landing module on its surface, 2014-2015. We also participated in the European Space Agency SMILE mission with the Chinese Academy of Sciences for the observance of Earth magnetosphere and interaction with the solar winds. Next slide, please. Thank you. Spain has also participated in the European Space Agency's main missions to Mars, such as the Mars Express mission, which took place quite some time ago, the 2016 ExoMars mission, as well as a number of missions that are currently underway, including the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover and the descent module there too. We are also leading a number of critical elements of the Mars Sample Return mission, such as the use of a robotic arm for sampling and the further development of the electric drive system. Next slide. Working together with a number of Spanish institutions and undertakings, we are also participating in a number of lunar projects. We have made a substantial contribution to the Lunar Gateway orbital Through the European Space Agency, we are also developing a Spanish lunar model. You can see a photo of that here on the slide, and are studying a number of future missions. One of them would be a lunar orbiter for position, navigation, and timing services on the moon, and are also studying missions on the use of science with vessels in lunar orbit. My colleague will now outline a number of other regulatory activities related to celestial bodies in Spain. Next slide, please.

Chair, in 1961, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted Resolution 1721/16, which in paragraph A indicated that outer space and celestial bodies shall be carried out for the benefit of the interests of all countries. Outer space and celestial bodies are not subject to national appropriation, and international law, including the Charter of the United Nations, applies to outer space and to the celestial bodies. Next slide, please. These These 3 principles, these 3 fundamental principles of international outer space law were once again enshrined by the General Assembly in Resolution 1962/18, adopted in 1963, as well as in 1966 following the adoption here in COPUOS and then in the General Assembly of the Treaty on Outer Space, which was open for signature in January of 1967. The Outer Space Treaty reflected the 3 principles previously mentioned, which were further enshrined and codified in Article 1 of the 1967 Treaty, freedom of exploration and utilization of outer space and of celestial bodies; Article 2, principle of non-appropriation; and Article 3, application of international law. To outer space and to celestial bodies. Next slide, please. Here we note that the Treaty on Outer Space does not define the term celestial body. In keeping with the rules of the Vienna Convention on Treaty Law, it is to be interpreted based on its common understanding, which is that applies to. Any natural object found orbiting in outer space, in contrast to space objects, which notably are man-made. The moon, the sun, planets, natural satellites, comets, asteroids, and meteoroids would be examples, therefore, of celestial bodies. Next slide, please. Further provisions of the Space Treaty which apply to the— specifically to the exploration and utilization of celestial bodies are the following: Article 1.3, the reference to scientific research; Article 4, that they shall be exclusively used for peaceful purposes; Article 5.2, the rescue provision for astronauts in space, on the Moon, or on celestial bodies, as well as Article 5.3, obligation of reporting on phenomena— on observed phenomena which can pose a threat to life or health of astronauts on the celestial bodies. Equally, we have the obligation of informing the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the public, and the international scientific community to the greatest extent possible of activities carried out in space, on the Moon, and celestial bodies. And that is Article 11 of the treaty. And then finally, Article 12 establishes the right to visit stations, installations, and equipment sets of other States Parties on a reciprocal basis. Next slide. In this context, particular importance is attached to Article 9 of the treaty, an essential provision to guarantee coordination regarding the activities that are carried out in space in general, on celestial bodies in particular, indicating that States are to be guided by the principle of cooperation and mutual assistance. States are to preserve the environment in space and to prevent harmful contamination of celestial bodies, and equally to pay due regard to the corresponding interests of all other states parties to the treaty. This is the principle known as the principle of due regard. Due regard. And equally, that in keeping with Article 9, states shall prevent and resolve any harmful interferences in the exploration and utilization of the Moon and other celestial bodies, and shall therefore act in— with transparency, diligence, and based on frequent consultation consultations with all other interested parties, including, if necessary, through a standing coordination body, and therein lies the relevance of the Action Team on Lunar Activities, ATLAC, which has been established here in COPUOS. Next slide, please. Let us recall that Spain adhered to the Space Treaty on the 27th of November, 1968, published in the Official State Journal.

In 1969.

Spain has also ratified other United Nations treaties referring to activities on celestial bodies such as the Agreement on the Rescue of Aeronauts and Return of Astronauts, the Convention on International Liability, and the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Space. Outside of the United Nations, Spain has aligned itself with other norms and standards and documents on celestial bodies. First of all, the Artemis Accords, which are multilateral, as well as the Planetary Protection Policy as proposed by the Commission of Space Research, COSPAR. And this is being implemented by the European Next slide, please. Equally, let us recall that we have norms and standards adopted by the ITU protecting the future radio astronomy based on the Moon, preventing potential harmful interference, specifically referring to the dark side of the Moon, which has been declared as a shielded zone of the Moon by the ITU. Next slide, please. Spain is updating its regulation governing space activities, taking into due account missions to celestial bodies. This implies updating the national register using mission-relevant parameters for celestial bodies, as well as developing a law on space activities. which is a first national regulation, the first draft of which is being prepared by the Spanish Space Agency. This will facilitate the implementation and supervision of obligations derived from international treaties.

Next slide, please.

To conclude, we are participating actively in the exploration of celestial bodies in compliance with international space treaties. We support international cooperation to identify best practices to protect the celestial bodies. And we have updated our national regulatory framework so that in Turalia we can take into account missions to celestial bodies. Thank you very much for your attention. Next slide. Thank you very much for your attention.

Thank you very much to the representatives of Spain. Thank you very much for this technical presentation. Following this presentation, the second speaker on my list is the presentation on Tenacious, Europe's first lunar rover and Luxembourg's first authorization under the Space Resources Law. And this will be given by the representative of Luxembourg.

Distinguished delegates, esteemed colleagues, It is an honor for me to present you the Tenacious micro rover, Europe's first lunar rover whose activities were authorized under Luxembourg's 2017 Space Resources Law, making it the first ever application of this legal framework. Tenacious was designed, built, assembled, and will be operated from our Luxembourg office of iSpace. It is currently on its way to the Moon on board the Resilience lunar lander developed by our colleagues at iSpace Japan. Thank you. Japan, which you can see on the picture displayed. Today, my focus will be on the Luxembourg Space Resources Law, and on the mission authorization that is allowing us to operate Tenacious. But before diving into the legal aspects, I would like to briefly introduce iSpace, and provide some context about who we are, and what we do. iSpace is a Japanese exploration company, with subsidiaries in Luxembourg and the United States. At our Luxembourg office, we specialize in lunar surface mobility services, meaning the lunar rover in that situation, whilst our colleagues in Japan and the US focus more on the development and operations of lunar landers. Next slide, please. To give you a bit of background, the picture currently on the screen was taken during our first mission, Mission 1, that launched in 2022 with a landing attempt in April 2023. Although we did not achieve a soft landing, we successfully demonstrated key technical capabilities and captured stunning images such as the one you're currently seeing on the screen, which is showing the lunar surface, the Earth, and if you look closely, there is a dark spot on the Earth, and it's a solar eclipse right over Australia. Building on the lessons learned, we're now back on our way to the Moon. Next slide, please. This image shows our lunar flyby from a few weeks ago, just before we entered into deep space. We're using a low-energy transfer to the Moon, which is the reason why it's taking us a few months to end a trip into deep space at roughly a little bit over a million kilometers away from Earth to reach the surface. But I'm excited to share that as of last week, we have successfully reentered lunar orbit, and we are now aiming for a landing on June 5th, 2025. Now, a few words about the structure of the mission itself. Next slide, please. Tenacious is flying on board the Resilience lander, but it is a separately operated vehicle deployed onto the lunar surface after landing, and which will be operated independently by iSpace Europe. This is particularly relevant and significant for Europe, as Tenacious will become the first European rover to operate on the lunar surface. Being carried on Tenacious, we also have a payload called Moon House, which is an artistic payload from Sweden. As well as a scoop developed in collaboration with a mining partner, which will play a key role in executing the NASA regolith contract that I will talk about a bit later. Which brings me naturally to the legal dimension of today's discussion. Next slide, please. As some of you may know, in December 2020, NASA awarded 4 contracts for the purchase of lunar regolith. iSpace won 2 of them, one awarded to iSpace to Japan, and the other to iSpace Europe. These contracts represent the very first commercial transactions related to space resources, a development made possible only through supportive national legal frameworks. Indeed, both Japan and Luxembourg have passed law enabling, enabling private companies to operate and legally own extracted resources in space. Luxembourg's 2017 Space Resources Law is particularly relevant here. Its very first article clearly clearly states that space resources are capable of being owned. Given the division of responsibilities between iSpace Europe and iSpace Japan, with Europe managing independently the rover and Japan managing the lander, iSpace Europe had to seek and obtain a separate mission authorization from Luxembourg authorities. This authorization was needed both to operate Tenacious as well as legally execute the NASA regolith contract. Because the rover is activities include obviously the collection of lunar regolith, they fall under the scope of the 2017 space law rather than the 2020 law of space activities. So allow me now to take a closer look at the 2017 law itself. Next slide, please. Luxembourg's Space Resources Law provides a clear legal basis for private ownership of resources in space. It was part of a broader strategic initiative from Luxembourg called SpaceResources.lu. Which aimed at positioning the country as a hub for space resources activities. Luxembourg was the second country worldwide, after the United States, to pass such legislation. Importantly, Luxembourg crafted this law using its expertise in the financial market regulations, emphasizing on core elements such as corporate governance, financial solvency, operational transparency, and accountability, principles that align closely with the broader objectives of international space law. These high standards were reflected in the mission authorization process that we had to apply to. To secure the authorization, iSpace Europe had to demonstrate, amongst other things, robust corporate governance and organizational structure of the company, transparent business planning and financial stability, technical competence and mission readiness, meaning proving that we have the right suppliers doing the right tests, that our rover is ready from the technical standpoint, as well as operational capability and capacity, including the training of our operators, as well as a fully functional mission control center physically located in Luxembourg. The application process was conducted under the supervision of the Luxembourg Space Agency, with the final decision rendered by the Ministry of the Economy, the national authority competent to grant mission authorizations. Next slide, please. After months of rigorous assessment of the mission and the rover, the mission authorization was officially granted to iSpace Europe and formalized by a ministerial decree, an arrêté ministériel, in November 2024, which brings me to the significance of the legal precedent it established by our lunar mission. Our contract with NASA represents the first practical application of Luxembourg's 2017 Space Resources Law and establishes a model for how private resource transactions might take place in the future. If successful, our mission will also mark the second-ever legal transfer of lunar regolith following the iSpace Japan contract execution. But how is this regolith collection working in practice? analysis. Next slide, please. As shown on the picture, Tenacious is equipped with a rear-mounted scoop. After deployment, the scoop will open, as you can see on the picture, and the rover will drive slightly forward to collect a small amount of lunar dust. Inside the scoop, if you can see on the image, there are 3 separate compartments. One of those compartments is specifically dedicated to the NASA contract. The ownership of the dust collected in that compartment will legally be transferred to NASA under the terms of our contract. It's important to note, however, that this transaction does not involve a physical return of the material back on Earth. It is purely a legal transfer or a recognition of ownership, creating an important legal and operational precedent. Although Tenacious is a micro rover weighing only 5 kilograms. It carries significant legal and technical weight, marking key firsts both for Europe and for the development of the future cislunar economy. Next slide, please. To conclude, I would like to emphasize on the delicate balance that Luxembourg has struck with this legal framework and this mission authorization process. By enabling innovation while imposing rigorous technical financial, operational requirements, Luxembourg ensures that private space activities proceed in a way that is consistent with its international obligations. Through this pioneering law, Luxembourg has provided private space actors with legal certainty while promoting a responsible approach to space resource utilization. Our mission and the transaction it will facilitate is a concrete example of how private initiative enabled by thoughtful regulations can advance the future of space activities. And next slide, final slide. Thank you. With that, I would like to thank you for your attention today, um, and please do not forget to follow our moon landing on June 5th. Thank you very much.

Muchas gracias.

Thank you very much to the representative of Luxembourg. Thank you very much for this edifying presentation. The 3rd presentation on my list— there were 2 further technical presentations. However, we had a very intensive morning session with our discussions with the Director, and we thanked her for her participation.

Thank you.

And as a result, we will not be able to have those 2 remaining presentations. So I would like to thank APSKO for agreeing to postpone their presentation for a later moment. And as for the 3rd presentation, I've been discussing matters with interpretation services, who very kindly agreed to extend services to 1:10. And then the International Institute of Space Law. Would be delivering their presentation. Their presentation is entitled Balancing Innovation and Responsibility: International Recommendations for AI Regulation in Space, report by the IISL Working Group on Legal Aspects of AI in Space. And that presentation will be At 10 past 1, however, interpretation will end and the presentation will continue in English. You have the floor.

Mr. Chair, Your Excellencies, Distinguished delegates, it's an honor to present as chair of the International Institute of Space Law's Working Group on Legal Aspects of AI in Space our newly published report, Balancing Innovation and Responsibility: International Recommendations for AI Regulation in Space. In its general statement, IISL has already expressed its commitment to supporting the subcommittee's deliberations. With this report, we hope to further support the subcommittee's work and provide indications for possible future activities. Next, please. Prepared in 6 months, our 267-page report examines international and soft law frameworks including General Data Protection Regulation, procurement, export controls, and telecommunications. It also explores case studies on genetics and lethal autonomous weapons and environmental considerations, space traffic management, and air and maritime law, culminating in actionable recommendations for policymakers, industry, and international organizations toward ethical and enforceable AI approaches in space. Preliminary findings of the report were shared at the International Astronautical Congress in Milan, and the report has since been presented at the European Space Operations Center, University of Valencia, and the Forthia Space Symposium. We extend our sincere appreciation to the ISL present President, Professor Dr. Kayo Oshogbo, and the ISL Board of Directors for their support. Next, please. AI is rapidly transforming space operations from autonomy to analytics. Our report calls for a balanced approach to AI in space, one that fosters innovation while ensuring responsibility and accountability. I will now highlight key recommendations from our report.

Next, please.

Starting with international treaties, we do not propose amending the Outer Space Treaty or the Liability Convention. Instead, we recommend clarifying the definition of space object to explicitly include AI-integrated systems and autonomous software, a definition that may require revisiting as AI grows beyond parent object control. The existing 4-part launching state test remains sufficient, for attributing liability in current autonomous missions. However, AI-enabled functions like autonomous docking or launch decisions challenge traditional assumptions, especially with globally distributed components. Rather than assigning legal personhood to AI, our report affirms operator liability extending through ownership transfers and to developers for post-deployment actions and updates. Next, please. Next, procurement is a key contractual tool for clarifying how liability is shared between operators and developers after the state is held internationally liable. To manage responsibility below the state level, we recommend standardizing procurement frameworks, first nationally, then internationally. Contracts between operators and developers should include provisions such as risk identification, testing, indemnification, and post-deployment performance. Initiatives such as the European Commission's AI procurement clauses and the United States Office of Management and Budget Memorandum M2418 offer useful precedents. Next, please. Our report also addresses international humanitarian law. Referencing the Geneva Conventions and the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, which establish the principles of distinction, proportionality, and necessity to guide AI design and deployment. The dual-use nature of space technologies requires protecting civilian infrastructure and ensuring accountability. We emphasize enforceable standards of meaningful human control. Particularly in high-risk settings. This includes supervisory control, pre-deployment reviews, and escalation protocols that automatically flag sensitive, ambiguous, or high-impact decisions for human review. Our research highlights practical limits to MHC in space, such as automation bias and black box opacity. To reinforce safeguards, we, we call for integrating explainable AI into critical functions like collision avoidance and on-orbit servicing, supported by traceability dashboards and tiered human oversight. Ethical deployment also requires diverse training data, strong data governance, and fail-safes to prevent unauthorized actions. We recommend expanding and harmonizing existing non-binding frameworks such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's AI principles and the European Commission's ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI to support global alignment. Next, please. In data protection, AI's reliance on vast datasets often conflict with the General Data Protection Regulation, particularly regarding transparency, consent, and proportionality. These risks— bias, overreach, and inaccuracy— can be mitigated to a certain extent through pseudonymization, encryption, and data protection impact assessments. We recommend flexible yet precise definitions of necessary data alongside pre-launch and periodic reviews of AI-enabled space systems, especially in applications involving high-resolution imaging and surveillance systems must follow data minimization by design, apply strict limits on secondary use without formal review, and ensure automated decisions include escalation protocols, pause functions in high-risk scenarios, and human-in-the-loop oversight. Next, please. Regarding export controls, um, in telecommunications, the rise of AI-driven systems call for updated international standards, particularly within the ITU radio regulations covering spectrum allocation, interference management, and automated communications decision-making. We recommend establishing an ITU-R task force to develop standards tailored to AI-enabled state satellite operations. Next, please. Regarding export controls, the report highlights challenges in regulating AI's dual-use capabilities under current regimes. We recommend developing AI-specific control lists, licensing risk matrices, and stronger end-use monitoring. A bottom-up harmonization strategy beginning with national measures aligned to international norms can reduce fragmentation while preserving security and innovation.

Next, please.

To address the space debris mitigation and sustainability implications of AI in orbit, we recommend establishing a working group on AI governance in space within the legal subcommittee of UN COPUS. This body could develop phased legal and technical guidance for debris mitigation, satellite maneuvering, and automated operations modeled similarly to the Space Resources working group. Subcommittees may be formed to address specific domains such as planetary exploration, space traffic coordination, and satellite communications. Complementing this, the working group could promote interoperable protocols, robust data governance, and regulatory sandboxes to test and refine AI applications in orbit. Transparent reporting, escalation protocols, and defined oversight thresholds— direct, divided, and supervisory control— will be critical to ensuring accountability in high-risk operations.

Next, please.

On space traffic management, the report outlines 2 governance models: a decentralized approach through bilateral sector-specific frameworks, and a centralized model developing international standards via bodies like International Organization for Standardization. And existing mechanisms such as the Global Navigation Satellite Systems and the Joint Authorities for Rulemaking of Unmanned Systems could support near-term coordination and interoperability for AI-enabled operations. Long-term, these efforts may lead to a space traffic management authority modeled on the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization.

Thank you.

organization to oversee operations, enforce compliance, and ensure transparency, data sharing, and dual-use safeguards. Next, please. Now, this QR code links to the ISL website where the full report is available for download. Developed within ISL, the report is intended to support and inform the work of the Legal Subcommittee. I would like to conclude with a few remarks. If unaddressed, AI systems may become embedded in critical space infrastructure without adequate oversight. But through transparency, cooperation, and timely governance, the international community can ensure that AI strengthens rather than undermines the safety, sustainability, and equity of other space activities. The frameworks we establish today will define the future of space governance and reflect the values we collectively uphold in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space. Thank you for your kind attention.

Muchas gracias por esta interesante ponencia y con la que ponemos fin a esta sesión de esta mañana. Distinguidas delegadas y delegados, a continuación Vamos a levantar la sesión, pero, como es habitual, quiero informar a los delegados del calendario de trabajo para esta tarde. Nos reuniremos puntualmente a las 15 horas y continuaremos el examen del tema 3 del programa, Intercambio General de Opiniones. A petición de la Argentina, reabriremos el tema 5 del programa, de aplicación de los cinco tratados de Naciones Unidas relativas al espacio ultraterrestre y medios para promover su aplicación, incluida la creación de capacidad. Reabriremos también el tema siete del programa sobre función futura y método de trabajo de la Comisión para invitar a Italia, que ha liderado las cuestiones oficiosas junto con Marruecos sobre Unispace Four, a informar sobre los resultados de esas consultas. Como informé ayer a las delegaciones, bajo el tema 8 del programa, que se titula Intercambio general de opiniones sobre posibles modelos de normas jurídicas sobre las actividades de exploración, explotación y utilización de los recursos espaciales, Egipto ha nominado al señor Ayman Ahmed director senior del programa espacial de la Agencia Espacial egipcia para la vicepresidencia del Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Aspectos Jurídicos de las Actividades Relacionadas con los Recursos Espaciales. Ayer escuchamos a varias delegaciones solicitar el currículum vitae del señor Ahmed, que ya se encuentra disponible en la página web. La subcomisión tratará formalmente sobre esta cuestión esta tarde durante el examen del tema 8 para tomar una acción, una decisión sobre la vicepresidencia del grupo de trabajo. También continuaremos con el examen del tema 11 del programa, intercambio general de opiniones sobre los aspectos jurídicos de la gestión del tráfico espacial, para tomar una decisión con relación a la propuesta de Alemania Alemania y de otras delegaciones para crear un grupo de estudio sobre los aspectos jurídicos y normativos del tráfico espacial. Comenzaremos con el examen del tema 13 del programa, propuestas a la Comisión sobre la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos de nuevos temas para que la subcomisión pase a considerarlos en sus 35 periodo de sesiones. Será entonces cuando levantaremos la sesión plenaria para que el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Situación y Aplicación de los 5 Tratados de las Naciones Unidas Relativos al Espacio Ultraterrestre pueda celebrar esa quinta reunión. En esta sesión de esta tarde no habrá ponencias técnicas.

Señoría, una pregunta.

Sí, habrá una ponencia técnica, la que estaba prevista precisamente que se celebrara durante esta sesión. Vuelvo a agradecerles a los ponentes las facilidades que nos han prestado. Por último, quiero informar a las delegaciones de que la última ronda de consultas oficiosas del equipo de acción sobre consultas relativas a actividades lunares tendrá lugar en la sala de reuniones M3 durante la hora del almuerzo, desde las 14:00 a las 15:00 horas, y que también podrá accederse a esas consultas mediante el enlace de MS Teams que figura en la circular CU/2025/137, de 29 de abril. ¿Hay alguna pregunta sobre este cronograma? Muy bien. Como no hay preguntas, no parece haber ninguna pregunta, distinguidas delegadas y delegados, levantamos la sesión hasta las 15 horas. Muchas gracias. Sorry, I had forgot that translators had minutes. But anyway, more or less you have an idea now of what I was talking about. Thank you, I'm sorry.