{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k1t/k1tiandw3u","kaltura_id":"1_tiandw3u","title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 65th session, 1099th meeting","clean_title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 65th session, 1099th meeting","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u","date":"2026-04-17T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2026-04-17T13:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"04:04:19","category":"General Assembly","body":"General Assembly","event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":"65th session","pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u"},"metadata":{"summary":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 65th session","description":null,"categories":["Meetings & Events","General Assembly","Subsidiary organs of the General Assembly","Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space"],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":[],"corporate_name":[],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[{"title":"Website","url":"https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/lsc/2026/index.html"}]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"assemblyai-universal-3-5-pro-0610627d-21ee-4f23-8997-325c584f73e7","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":2002.169,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=2003","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good afternoon, distinguished delegates.","start":2002.169,"end":2004.394,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":2002.169,"end":2002.395},{"text":"afternoon,","start":2002.395,"end":2003.024},{"text":"distinguished","start":2003.137,"end":2003.862},{"text":"delegates.","start":2003.862,"end":2004.394}]},{"text":"I now declare open the meeting of the legal committee of the— the legal subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.","start":2006.909,"end":2016.219,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2006.909,"end":2006.958},{"text":"now","start":2007.828,"end":2007.973},{"text":"declare","start":2008.151,"end":2008.554},{"text":"open","start":2008.763,"end":2009.07},{"text":"the","start":2009.896,"end":2010.041},{"text":"meeting","start":2010.041,"end":2010.348},{"text":"of","start":2010.396,"end":2010.509},{"text":"the","start":2010.541,"end":2010.622},{"text":"legal","start":2010.622,"end":2010.993},{"text":"committee","start":2011.025,"end":2011.493},{"text":"of","start":2011.589,"end":2011.735},{"text":"the—","start":2011.735,"end":2011.831},{"text":"the","start":2012.944,"end":2013.025},{"text":"legal","start":2013.025,"end":2013.267},{"text":"subcommittee","start":2013.283,"end":2013.928},{"text":"of","start":2013.928,"end":2014.057},{"text":"the","start":2014.073,"end":2014.17},{"text":"Committee","start":2014.17,"end":2014.573},{"text":"on","start":2014.573,"end":2014.654},{"text":"the","start":2014.654,"end":2014.799},{"text":"Peaceful","start":2014.799,"end":2015.202},{"text":"Uses","start":2015.202,"end":2015.476},{"text":"of","start":2015.476,"end":2015.621},{"text":"Outer","start":2015.67,"end":2015.799},{"text":"Space.","start":2015.799,"end":2016.219}]},{"text":"As I said before lunch, we will continue our consideration of agenda item 4.","start":2019.001,"end":2028.009,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":2019.001,"end":2019.228},{"text":"I","start":2019.891,"end":2019.988},{"text":"said","start":2019.988,"end":2020.554},{"text":"before","start":2021.524,"end":2022.188},{"text":"lunch,","start":2022.398,"end":2022.786},{"text":"we","start":2023.951,"end":2024.112},{"text":"will","start":2024.112,"end":2024.226},{"text":"continue","start":2024.339,"end":2025.067},{"text":"our","start":2025.39,"end":2025.455},{"text":"consideration","start":2025.487,"end":2026.538},{"text":"of","start":2026.538,"end":2026.651},{"text":"agenda","start":2026.764,"end":2027.362},{"text":"item","start":2027.411,"end":2027.75},{"text":"4.","start":2027.75,"end":2028.009}]},{"text":"Then we will continue with agenda item 10.","start":2029.61,"end":2034.476,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Then","start":2029.61,"end":2029.901},{"text":"we","start":2030.822,"end":2031.081},{"text":"will","start":2031.857,"end":2032.083},{"text":"continue","start":2032.665,"end":2033.102},{"text":"with","start":2033.151,"end":2033.28},{"text":"agenda","start":2033.328,"end":2033.733},{"text":"item","start":2033.878,"end":2034.25},{"text":"10.","start":2034.282,"end":2034.476}]},{"text":"Then agenda item 11, and we will begin our consideration of agenda item 12.","start":2036.219,"end":2044.411,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Then","start":2036.219,"end":2036.444},{"text":"agenda","start":2037.441,"end":2037.843},{"text":"item","start":2037.843,"end":2038.117},{"text":"11,","start":2038.181,"end":2038.616},{"text":"and","start":2040.562,"end":2040.868},{"text":"we","start":2040.98,"end":2041.061},{"text":"will","start":2041.141,"end":2041.334},{"text":"begin","start":2041.527,"end":2041.913},{"text":"our","start":2041.93,"end":2042.074},{"text":"consideration","start":2042.09,"end":2042.895},{"text":"of","start":2042.895,"end":2043.056},{"text":"agenda","start":2043.056,"end":2043.395},{"text":"item","start":2043.54,"end":2043.927},{"text":"12.","start":2043.959,"end":2044.411}]},{"text":"And then we shall adjourn the plenary so that the Working Group on the Status and Application of the 5 United Nations Treaties on Outer Space can hold its 3rd meeting.","start":2046.122,"end":2059.778,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2046.122,"end":2046.509},{"text":"then","start":2046.848,"end":2046.977},{"text":"we","start":2047.106,"end":2047.251},{"text":"shall","start":2047.251,"end":2047.606},{"text":"adjourn","start":2047.655,"end":2048.042},{"text":"the","start":2048.074,"end":2048.155},{"text":"plenary","start":2048.219,"end":2048.607},{"text":"so","start":2049.849,"end":2050.172},{"text":"that","start":2050.172,"end":2050.414},{"text":"the","start":2050.414,"end":2050.624},{"text":"Working","start":2050.64,"end":2051.027},{"text":"Group","start":2051.124,"end":2051.527},{"text":"on","start":2052.108,"end":2052.205},{"text":"the","start":2052.254,"end":2052.48},{"text":"Status","start":2052.48,"end":2052.707},{"text":"and","start":2052.82,"end":2052.966},{"text":"Application","start":2053.063,"end":2053.777},{"text":"of","start":2053.955,"end":2054.037},{"text":"the","start":2054.134,"end":2054.215},{"text":"5","start":2054.28,"end":2054.669},{"text":"United","start":2055.172,"end":2055.642},{"text":"Nations","start":2055.675,"end":2056.178},{"text":"Treaties","start":2056.307,"end":2056.697},{"text":"on","start":2056.794,"end":2056.94},{"text":"Outer","start":2057.037,"end":2057.313},{"text":"Space","start":2057.313,"end":2057.816},{"text":"can","start":2058.254,"end":2058.383},{"text":"hold","start":2058.513,"end":2058.838},{"text":"its","start":2058.838,"end":2059.146},{"text":"3rd","start":2059.146,"end":2059.47},{"text":"meeting.","start":2059.47,"end":2059.778}]},{"text":"So I will now go to the list of speakers on agenda item 4, general exchange of views, and I have 2 observers on my list.","start":2063.897,"end":2075.992,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2063.897,"end":2064.14},{"text":"I","start":2064.593,"end":2064.609},{"text":"will","start":2064.674,"end":2064.771},{"text":"now","start":2064.771,"end":2065.046},{"text":"go","start":2065.322,"end":2065.581},{"text":"to","start":2065.581,"end":2065.791},{"text":"the","start":2065.808,"end":2065.969},{"text":"list","start":2065.969,"end":2066.374},{"text":"of","start":2066.374,"end":2066.488},{"text":"speakers","start":2066.488,"end":2067.087},{"text":"on","start":2067.913,"end":2067.961},{"text":"agenda","start":2068.01,"end":2068.56},{"text":"item","start":2068.641,"end":2068.981},{"text":"4,","start":2068.981,"end":2069.176},{"text":"general","start":2069.386,"end":2069.791},{"text":"exchange","start":2069.791,"end":2070.423},{"text":"of","start":2070.423,"end":2070.52},{"text":"views,","start":2070.52,"end":2070.892},{"text":"and","start":2071.88,"end":2072.107},{"text":"I","start":2072.301,"end":2072.35},{"text":"have","start":2072.35,"end":2072.511},{"text":"2","start":2073.252,"end":2073.59},{"text":"observers","start":2073.736,"end":2074.283},{"text":"on","start":2074.477,"end":2074.557},{"text":"my","start":2074.557,"end":2074.638},{"text":"list.","start":2074.719,"end":2075.992}]},{"text":"First, I will give the floor to the Moon Village Association.","start":2076.491,"end":2080.569,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":2076.491,"end":2076.975},{"text":"I","start":2077.201,"end":2077.249},{"text":"will","start":2077.281,"end":2077.41},{"text":"give","start":2077.458,"end":2077.636},{"text":"the","start":2077.684,"end":2077.845},{"text":"floor","start":2077.845,"end":2078.28},{"text":"to","start":2078.748,"end":2078.973},{"text":"the","start":2078.973,"end":2079.07},{"text":"Moon","start":2079.086,"end":2079.441},{"text":"Village","start":2079.473,"end":2079.956},{"text":"Association.","start":2079.956,"end":2080.569}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":2,"start":2083.648,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=2084","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates.","start":2083.648,"end":2085.663,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":2083.648,"end":2083.908},{"text":"Chair,","start":2083.973,"end":2084.25},{"text":"distinguished","start":2084.607,"end":2085.192},{"text":"delegates.","start":2085.192,"end":2085.663}]},{"text":"The Moon Village Association is honored in its capacity as an observer to address this session of the Legal Subcommittee.","start":2086.263,"end":2093.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2086.263,"end":2086.327},{"text":"Moon","start":2086.327,"end":2086.552},{"text":"Village","start":2086.584,"end":2086.905},{"text":"Association","start":2086.905,"end":2087.515},{"text":"is","start":2087.708,"end":2087.756},{"text":"honored","start":2088.254,"end":2088.591},{"text":"in","start":2088.832,"end":2088.88},{"text":"its","start":2088.928,"end":2089.089},{"text":"capacity","start":2089.089,"end":2089.683},{"text":"as","start":2089.699,"end":2089.747},{"text":"an","start":2089.811,"end":2089.939},{"text":"observer","start":2089.939,"end":2090.598},{"text":"to","start":2090.598,"end":2090.694},{"text":"address","start":2090.742,"end":2091.144},{"text":"this","start":2091.144,"end":2091.272},{"text":"session","start":2091.32,"end":2091.673},{"text":"of","start":2091.866,"end":2091.93},{"text":"the","start":2091.962,"end":2092.043},{"text":"Legal","start":2092.043,"end":2092.38},{"text":"Subcommittee.","start":2092.38,"end":2093.07}]},{"text":"MVA would like to congratulate the United States delegation for the successful completion of the Artemis II mission.","start":2093.632,"end":2100.182,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"MVA","start":2093.632,"end":2093.969},{"text":"would","start":2094.049,"end":2094.274},{"text":"like","start":2094.274,"end":2094.531},{"text":"to","start":2094.531,"end":2094.611},{"text":"congratulate","start":2094.611,"end":2095.334},{"text":"the","start":2095.334,"end":2095.398},{"text":"United","start":2095.398,"end":2095.864},{"text":"States","start":2095.912,"end":2096.49},{"text":"delegation","start":2096.843,"end":2097.389},{"text":"for","start":2097.421,"end":2097.614},{"text":"the","start":2097.646,"end":2097.726},{"text":"successful","start":2097.726,"end":2098.304},{"text":"completion","start":2098.304,"end":2098.914},{"text":"of","start":2099.026,"end":2099.107},{"text":"the","start":2099.107,"end":2099.251},{"text":"Artemis","start":2099.267,"end":2099.62},{"text":"II","start":2099.733,"end":2099.893},{"text":"mission.","start":2099.893,"end":2100.182}]},{"text":"This is a major step in the return of humanity to the Moon.","start":2100.632,"end":2104.886,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2100.632,"end":2100.792},{"text":"is","start":2100.792,"end":2100.953},{"text":"a","start":2100.953,"end":2100.969},{"text":"major","start":2100.969,"end":2101.435},{"text":"step","start":2101.435,"end":2101.852},{"text":"in","start":2101.9,"end":2101.948},{"text":"the","start":2101.996,"end":2102.077},{"text":"return","start":2102.077,"end":2102.526},{"text":"of","start":2103.265,"end":2103.329},{"text":"humanity","start":2103.441,"end":2104.051},{"text":"to","start":2104.389,"end":2104.485},{"text":"the","start":2104.485,"end":2104.565},{"text":"Moon.","start":2104.565,"end":2104.886}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, MVA stands as the oldest and most comprehensive global organization dedicated to lunar activities.","start":2105.368,"end":2112.207,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":2105.368,"end":2105.609},{"text":"Chair,","start":2105.689,"end":2105.946},{"text":"MVA","start":2106.411,"end":2106.765},{"text":"stands","start":2106.813,"end":2107.182},{"text":"as","start":2107.359,"end":2107.503},{"text":"the","start":2107.535,"end":2107.664},{"text":"oldest","start":2107.696,"end":2108.097},{"text":"and","start":2108.161,"end":2108.226},{"text":"most","start":2108.322,"end":2108.531},{"text":"comprehensive","start":2108.579,"end":2109.269},{"text":"global","start":2109.462,"end":2109.847},{"text":"organization","start":2109.879,"end":2110.634},{"text":"dedicated","start":2110.81,"end":2111.308},{"text":"to","start":2111.308,"end":2111.469},{"text":"lunar","start":2111.469,"end":2111.838},{"text":"activities.","start":2111.87,"end":2112.207}]},{"text":"Advancing peaceful cooperation and supporting the work of the UN Copious.","start":2112.833,"end":2116.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Advancing","start":2112.833,"end":2113.282},{"text":"peaceful","start":2113.394,"end":2113.811},{"text":"cooperation","start":2113.875,"end":2114.565},{"text":"and","start":2114.677,"end":2114.741},{"text":"supporting","start":2114.757,"end":2115.286},{"text":"the","start":2115.318,"end":2115.447},{"text":"work","start":2115.463,"end":2115.783},{"text":"of","start":2115.799,"end":2115.928},{"text":"the","start":2115.96,"end":2116.04},{"text":"UN","start":2116.056,"end":2116.248},{"text":"Copious.","start":2116.361,"end":2116.73}]},{"text":"In 2025, MVA has carried out many activities and they are described in details in the MVA 2025 Annual Report available on moonvillageassociation.org.","start":2117.403,"end":2128.372,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2117.403,"end":2117.531},{"text":"2025,","start":2117.547,"end":2118.494},{"text":"MVA","start":2118.59,"end":2118.991},{"text":"has","start":2118.991,"end":2119.167},{"text":"carried","start":2119.231,"end":2119.632},{"text":"out","start":2119.632,"end":2119.969},{"text":"many","start":2120.113,"end":2120.306},{"text":"activities","start":2120.306,"end":2120.899},{"text":"and","start":2121.075,"end":2121.14},{"text":"they","start":2121.172,"end":2121.252},{"text":"are","start":2121.396,"end":2121.444},{"text":"described","start":2121.572,"end":2122.182},{"text":"in","start":2122.214,"end":2122.262},{"text":"details","start":2122.294,"end":2122.743},{"text":"in","start":2122.855,"end":2122.904},{"text":"the","start":2122.936,"end":2123.08},{"text":"MVA","start":2123.096,"end":2123.561},{"text":"2025","start":2123.753,"end":2124.828},{"text":"Annual","start":2124.924,"end":2125.181},{"text":"Report","start":2125.181,"end":2125.662},{"text":"available","start":2125.662,"end":2126.207},{"text":"on","start":2126.287,"end":2126.351},{"text":"moonvillageassociation.org.","start":2126.848,"end":2128.372}]},{"text":"I will summarize just a few of them.","start":2128.869,"end":2130.649,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2128.869,"end":2128.917},{"text":"will","start":2128.949,"end":2129.11},{"text":"summarize","start":2129.11,"end":2129.559},{"text":"just","start":2129.655,"end":2129.879},{"text":"a","start":2129.879,"end":2129.976},{"text":"few","start":2129.976,"end":2130.264},{"text":"of","start":2130.312,"end":2130.441},{"text":"them.","start":2130.473,"end":2130.649}]},{"text":"More details are available in the conference room paper CRP20.","start":2131.194,"end":2135.492,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"More","start":2131.194,"end":2131.387},{"text":"details","start":2131.435,"end":2131.964},{"text":"are","start":2132.14,"end":2132.189},{"text":"available","start":2132.317,"end":2132.75},{"text":"in","start":2132.878,"end":2132.942},{"text":"the","start":2132.942,"end":2133.038},{"text":"conference","start":2133.038,"end":2133.536},{"text":"room","start":2133.536,"end":2133.696},{"text":"paper","start":2133.76,"end":2134.129},{"text":"CRP20.","start":2134.498,"end":2135.492}]},{"text":"Several new working groups were initiated such lunar industry, agriculture, and disruptive technologies.","start":2136.085,"end":2142.468,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Several","start":2136.085,"end":2136.486},{"text":"new","start":2136.486,"end":2136.599},{"text":"working","start":2136.647,"end":2136.983},{"text":"groups","start":2137.048,"end":2137.529},{"text":"were","start":2137.529,"end":2137.689},{"text":"initiated","start":2137.769,"end":2138.379},{"text":"such","start":2138.395,"end":2138.539},{"text":"lunar","start":2139.212,"end":2139.581},{"text":"industry,","start":2139.613,"end":2140.143},{"text":"agriculture,","start":2140.399,"end":2141.121},{"text":"and","start":2141.217,"end":2141.281},{"text":"disruptive","start":2141.313,"end":2141.826},{"text":"technologies.","start":2141.858,"end":2142.468}]},{"text":"For your information, an MVA newsletter is monthly available on LinkedIn.","start":2142.997,"end":2146.942,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2142.997,"end":2143.141},{"text":"your","start":2143.141,"end":2143.302},{"text":"information,","start":2143.302,"end":2143.911},{"text":"an","start":2144.168,"end":2144.216},{"text":"MVA","start":2144.264,"end":2144.681},{"text":"newsletter","start":2144.681,"end":2145.37},{"text":"is","start":2145.386,"end":2145.515},{"text":"monthly","start":2145.531,"end":2145.868},{"text":"available","start":2145.948,"end":2146.317},{"text":"on","start":2146.429,"end":2146.477},{"text":"LinkedIn.","start":2146.573,"end":2146.942}]},{"text":"In 2025, the 9th Global Moon Village Workshop and Symposium was successfully held in Turin, Italy, hosted by the Italian Association of Aeronautics and Astronautics under the patronage of the Italian Space Agency.","start":2147.455,"end":2161.952,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2147.455,"end":2147.519},{"text":"2025,","start":2147.551,"end":2148.514},{"text":"the","start":2148.578,"end":2148.61},{"text":"9th","start":2148.61,"end":2148.963},{"text":"Global","start":2149.059,"end":2149.412},{"text":"Moon","start":2149.412,"end":2149.684},{"text":"Village","start":2149.716,"end":2149.973},{"text":"Workshop","start":2150.037,"end":2150.582},{"text":"and","start":2150.582,"end":2150.662},{"text":"Symposium","start":2150.662,"end":2151.384},{"text":"was","start":2151.384,"end":2151.528},{"text":"successfully","start":2151.56,"end":2152.25},{"text":"held","start":2152.266,"end":2152.667},{"text":"in","start":2152.988,"end":2153.084},{"text":"Turin,","start":2153.148,"end":2153.533},{"text":"Italy,","start":2153.645,"end":2154.014},{"text":"hosted","start":2154.447,"end":2154.848},{"text":"by","start":2154.848,"end":2155.008},{"text":"the","start":2155.008,"end":2155.169},{"text":"Italian","start":2155.169,"end":2155.618},{"text":"Association","start":2155.634,"end":2156.243},{"text":"of","start":2156.371,"end":2156.5},{"text":"Aeronautics","start":2156.596,"end":2157.366},{"text":"and","start":2157.638,"end":2157.718},{"text":"Astronautics","start":2157.975,"end":2158.809},{"text":"under","start":2158.921,"end":2159.162},{"text":"the","start":2159.178,"end":2159.258},{"text":"patronage","start":2159.258,"end":2159.964},{"text":"of","start":2160.284,"end":2160.493},{"text":"the","start":2160.621,"end":2160.765},{"text":"Italian","start":2160.765,"end":2161.118},{"text":"Space","start":2161.118,"end":2161.439},{"text":"Agency.","start":2161.503,"end":2161.952}]},{"text":"This event attracted the participation of over than 100 individuals and industry from around the world.","start":2162.465,"end":2170.049,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2162.465,"end":2162.738},{"text":"event","start":2162.77,"end":2163.139},{"text":"attracted","start":2163.251,"end":2163.78},{"text":"the","start":2163.828,"end":2163.908},{"text":"participation","start":2163.908,"end":2164.662},{"text":"of","start":2164.79,"end":2164.919},{"text":"over","start":2165.015,"end":2165.368},{"text":"than","start":2165.817,"end":2165.929},{"text":"100","start":2166.057,"end":2166.762},{"text":"individuals","start":2167.275,"end":2167.965},{"text":"and","start":2168.301,"end":2168.366},{"text":"industry","start":2168.478,"end":2169.007},{"text":"from","start":2169.119,"end":2169.456},{"text":"around","start":2169.504,"end":2169.824},{"text":"the","start":2169.824,"end":2169.921},{"text":"world.","start":2169.921,"end":2170.049}]},{"text":"In 2026, the 10th Global Moon Village Workshop and Symposium is planned in Bangkok, Thailand on 26th and 27th October alongside the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum and Thailand Space Expo, making it one of the largest integrated space gatherings in Southeast Asia.","start":2170.706,"end":2190.28,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2170.706,"end":2170.77},{"text":"2026,","start":2170.802,"end":2171.844},{"text":"the","start":2172.149,"end":2172.261},{"text":"10th","start":2172.261,"end":2172.614},{"text":"Global","start":2172.726,"end":2173.111},{"text":"Moon","start":2173.111,"end":2173.335},{"text":"Village","start":2173.367,"end":2173.688},{"text":"Workshop","start":2173.768,"end":2174.249},{"text":"and","start":2174.313,"end":2174.393},{"text":"Symposium","start":2174.393,"end":2175.066},{"text":"is","start":2175.131,"end":2175.179},{"text":"planned","start":2175.355,"end":2175.596},{"text":"in","start":2175.692,"end":2175.74},{"text":"Bangkok,","start":2175.852,"end":2176.333},{"text":"Thailand","start":2176.349,"end":2176.862},{"text":"on","start":2177.279,"end":2177.327},{"text":"26th","start":2177.439,"end":2178.241},{"text":"and","start":2178.257,"end":2178.321},{"text":"27th","start":2178.401,"end":2179.106},{"text":"October","start":2179.202,"end":2179.731},{"text":"alongside","start":2180.084,"end":2180.725},{"text":"the","start":2180.725,"end":2180.806},{"text":"Asia-Pacific","start":2180.886,"end":2181.783},{"text":"Regional","start":2181.783,"end":2182.264},{"text":"Space","start":2182.264,"end":2182.537},{"text":"Agency","start":2182.729,"end":2183.114},{"text":"Forum","start":2183.146,"end":2183.627},{"text":"and","start":2183.932,"end":2184.012},{"text":"Thailand","start":2184.028,"end":2184.461},{"text":"Space","start":2184.493,"end":2184.781},{"text":"Expo,","start":2184.909,"end":2185.374},{"text":"making","start":2185.695,"end":2186},{"text":"it","start":2186.048,"end":2186.256},{"text":"one","start":2186.256,"end":2186.464},{"text":"of","start":2186.657,"end":2186.817},{"text":"the","start":2186.817,"end":2186.897},{"text":"largest","start":2186.913,"end":2187.41},{"text":"integrated","start":2187.474,"end":2188.116},{"text":"space","start":2188.116,"end":2188.516},{"text":"gatherings","start":2188.516,"end":2188.965},{"text":"in","start":2189.078,"end":2189.158},{"text":"Southeast","start":2189.158,"end":2189.879},{"text":"Asia.","start":2189.879,"end":2190.28}]},{"text":"The event is hosted by the Geoinformatics and Space Technology Development Agency, part of Thailand's Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation.","start":2190.761,"end":2200.583,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2190.761,"end":2190.905},{"text":"event","start":2190.985,"end":2191.242},{"text":"is","start":2191.258,"end":2191.37},{"text":"hosted","start":2191.402,"end":2191.852},{"text":"by","start":2191.884,"end":2192.109},{"text":"the","start":2192.109,"end":2192.205},{"text":"Geoinformatics","start":2192.205,"end":2193.393},{"text":"and","start":2193.409,"end":2193.473},{"text":"Space","start":2193.553,"end":2193.826},{"text":"Technology","start":2193.826,"end":2194.42},{"text":"Development","start":2194.452,"end":2195.094},{"text":"Agency,","start":2195.094,"end":2195.543},{"text":"part","start":2195.977,"end":2196.217},{"text":"of","start":2196.217,"end":2196.362},{"text":"Thailand's","start":2196.362,"end":2196.811},{"text":"Ministry","start":2196.94,"end":2197.341},{"text":"of","start":2197.421,"end":2197.517},{"text":"Higher","start":2197.582,"end":2197.822},{"text":"Education,","start":2197.967,"end":2198.432},{"text":"Science,","start":2198.545,"end":2199.042},{"text":"Research,","start":2199.251,"end":2199.748},{"text":"and","start":2199.829,"end":2199.893},{"text":"Innovation.","start":2200.053,"end":2200.583}]},{"text":"To foster lunar cooperation, the Moon Village Center has been defined as a world-class facility dedicated to implement the vision and activities of MVA, as well as created synergies and outreach with the host priorities.","start":2201.129,"end":2216.729,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":2201.129,"end":2201.257},{"text":"foster","start":2201.257,"end":2201.69},{"text":"lunar","start":2201.739,"end":2202.14},{"text":"cooperation,","start":2202.14,"end":2202.75},{"text":"the","start":2202.942,"end":2203.023},{"text":"Moon","start":2203.023,"end":2203.231},{"text":"Village","start":2203.344,"end":2203.697},{"text":"Center","start":2203.745,"end":2204.339},{"text":"has","start":2204.387,"end":2204.612},{"text":"been","start":2204.708,"end":2204.852},{"text":"defined","start":2204.884,"end":2205.494},{"text":"as","start":2205.847,"end":2205.976},{"text":"a","start":2206.088,"end":2206.104},{"text":"world-class","start":2206.168,"end":2206.875},{"text":"facility","start":2206.875,"end":2207.42},{"text":"dedicated","start":2207.773,"end":2208.255},{"text":"to","start":2208.255,"end":2208.367},{"text":"implement","start":2208.48,"end":2209.138},{"text":"the","start":2209.138,"end":2209.218},{"text":"vision","start":2209.282,"end":2209.587},{"text":"and","start":2209.699,"end":2209.764},{"text":"activities","start":2209.844,"end":2210.47},{"text":"of","start":2210.646,"end":2210.791},{"text":"MVA,","start":2211.208,"end":2211.609},{"text":"as","start":2212.171,"end":2212.235},{"text":"well","start":2212.348,"end":2212.46},{"text":"as","start":2212.813,"end":2212.958},{"text":"created","start":2213.054,"end":2213.6},{"text":"synergies","start":2213.616,"end":2214.402},{"text":"and","start":2214.819,"end":2214.9},{"text":"outreach","start":2214.996,"end":2215.445},{"text":"with","start":2215.798,"end":2216.023},{"text":"the","start":2216.023,"end":2216.103},{"text":"host","start":2216.103,"end":2216.424},{"text":"priorities.","start":2216.424,"end":2216.729}]},{"text":"The call for Moon Village Centers is open on the MVA website.","start":2218.348,"end":2222.562,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2218.348,"end":2218.444},{"text":"call","start":2218.444,"end":2218.732},{"text":"for","start":2218.764,"end":2218.957},{"text":"Moon","start":2219.021,"end":2219.277},{"text":"Village","start":2219.389,"end":2219.646},{"text":"Centers","start":2219.662,"end":2220.174},{"text":"is","start":2220.751,"end":2220.815},{"text":"open","start":2220.992,"end":2221.28},{"text":"on","start":2221.472,"end":2221.536},{"text":"the","start":2221.568,"end":2221.713},{"text":"MVA","start":2221.793,"end":2222.129},{"text":"website.","start":2222.129,"end":2222.562}]},{"text":"I am pleased to inform you that 2 proposals have been received with agreement on the commencement of activities expected shortly.","start":2223.171,"end":2231.038,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2223.171,"end":2223.219},{"text":"am","start":2223.315,"end":2223.363},{"text":"pleased","start":2223.411,"end":2223.715},{"text":"to","start":2223.715,"end":2223.764},{"text":"inform","start":2223.812,"end":2224.244},{"text":"you","start":2224.292,"end":2224.42},{"text":"that","start":2224.533,"end":2224.837},{"text":"2","start":2224.837,"end":2225.013},{"text":"proposals","start":2225.013,"end":2225.702},{"text":"have","start":2225.734,"end":2225.943},{"text":"been","start":2226.039,"end":2226.167},{"text":"received","start":2226.68,"end":2227.257},{"text":"with","start":2227.257,"end":2227.497},{"text":"agreement","start":2227.497,"end":2228.09},{"text":"on","start":2228.282,"end":2228.346},{"text":"the","start":2228.378,"end":2228.458},{"text":"commencement","start":2228.458,"end":2229.179},{"text":"of","start":2229.179,"end":2229.324},{"text":"activities","start":2229.34,"end":2229.868},{"text":"expected","start":2230.045,"end":2230.541},{"text":"shortly.","start":2230.541,"end":2231.038}]},{"text":"We encourage the submission of further proposals from delegations.","start":2231.503,"end":2235.797,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2231.503,"end":2231.727},{"text":"encourage","start":2231.807,"end":2232.192},{"text":"the","start":2232.288,"end":2232.48},{"text":"submission","start":2232.48,"end":2233.057},{"text":"of","start":2233.249,"end":2233.281},{"text":"further","start":2233.281,"end":2233.874},{"text":"proposals","start":2233.89,"end":2234.515},{"text":"from","start":2234.868,"end":2235.06},{"text":"delegations.","start":2235.108,"end":2235.797}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, the 4th International Moon Day took place in July 2025 with the involvement of more than 30 countries and 60 global events.","start":2236.39,"end":2246.585,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":2236.39,"end":2236.646},{"text":"Chair,","start":2236.71,"end":2236.983},{"text":"the","start":2237.431,"end":2237.511},{"text":"4th","start":2237.511,"end":2237.896},{"text":"International","start":2237.912,"end":2238.633},{"text":"Moon","start":2238.633,"end":2238.841},{"text":"Day","start":2238.953,"end":2239.05},{"text":"took","start":2239.258,"end":2239.418},{"text":"place","start":2239.498,"end":2239.707},{"text":"in","start":2239.899,"end":2239.979},{"text":"July","start":2239.979,"end":2240.251},{"text":"2025","start":2240.412,"end":2241.485},{"text":"with","start":2241.838,"end":2241.998},{"text":"the","start":2241.998,"end":2242.158},{"text":"involvement","start":2242.158,"end":2242.783},{"text":"of","start":2242.799,"end":2242.895},{"text":"more","start":2243.103,"end":2243.232},{"text":"than","start":2243.44,"end":2243.568},{"text":"30","start":2243.76,"end":2244.081},{"text":"countries","start":2244.081,"end":2244.53},{"text":"and","start":2244.947,"end":2245.027},{"text":"60","start":2245.124,"end":2245.606},{"text":"global","start":2245.606,"end":2246.023},{"text":"events.","start":2246.152,"end":2246.585}]},{"text":"The main event took place on the 28th of July in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, hosted by the University of Dubai.","start":2247.035,"end":2253.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2247.035,"end":2247.083},{"text":"main","start":2247.083,"end":2247.34},{"text":"event","start":2247.453,"end":2247.726},{"text":"took","start":2247.774,"end":2247.999},{"text":"place","start":2247.999,"end":2248.4},{"text":"on","start":2248.481,"end":2248.513},{"text":"the","start":2248.513,"end":2248.657},{"text":"28th","start":2248.657,"end":2249.155},{"text":"of","start":2249.155,"end":2249.236},{"text":"July","start":2249.3,"end":2249.557},{"text":"in","start":2249.942,"end":2250.071},{"text":"Dubai,","start":2250.103,"end":2250.376},{"text":"United","start":2250.585,"end":2251.147},{"text":"Arab","start":2251.147,"end":2251.372},{"text":"Emirates,","start":2251.452,"end":2251.95},{"text":"hosted","start":2252.175,"end":2252.544},{"text":"by","start":2252.592,"end":2252.817},{"text":"the","start":2252.817,"end":2252.898},{"text":"University","start":2252.898,"end":2253.524},{"text":"of","start":2253.62,"end":2253.685},{"text":"Dubai.","start":2253.717,"end":2253.99}]},{"text":"The annual report is available on the IMD website.","start":2254.68,"end":2257.877,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2254.68,"end":2254.761},{"text":"annual","start":2254.905,"end":2255.162},{"text":"report","start":2255.162,"end":2255.708},{"text":"is","start":2255.708,"end":2255.773},{"text":"available","start":2255.805,"end":2256.351},{"text":"on","start":2256.431,"end":2256.495},{"text":"the","start":2256.527,"end":2256.672},{"text":"IMD","start":2256.752,"end":2257.17},{"text":"website.","start":2257.17,"end":2257.877}]},{"text":"The main sponsor of IMD is M-Pact 46 from Saudi Arabia.","start":2258.278,"end":2262.968,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2258.278,"end":2258.358},{"text":"main","start":2258.358,"end":2258.567},{"text":"sponsor","start":2258.615,"end":2259.146},{"text":"of","start":2259.242,"end":2259.386},{"text":"IMD","start":2259.579,"end":2259.997},{"text":"is","start":2260.302,"end":2260.35},{"text":"M-Pact","start":2260.527,"end":2261.025},{"text":"46","start":2261.025,"end":2261.731},{"text":"from","start":2261.731,"end":2261.86},{"text":"Saudi","start":2261.908,"end":2262.438},{"text":"Arabia.","start":2262.454,"end":2262.968}]},{"text":"One of the main events is to be held on the 20th of July in Bogotá, Colombia.","start":2263.9,"end":2268.734,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"One","start":2263.9,"end":2264.044},{"text":"of","start":2264.157,"end":2264.253},{"text":"the","start":2264.301,"end":2264.382},{"text":"main","start":2264.382,"end":2264.606},{"text":"events","start":2264.703,"end":2265.185},{"text":"is","start":2265.201,"end":2265.249},{"text":"to","start":2265.345,"end":2265.442},{"text":"be","start":2265.442,"end":2265.602},{"text":"held","start":2265.666,"end":2265.988},{"text":"on","start":2266.068,"end":2266.132},{"text":"the","start":2266.148,"end":2266.261},{"text":"20th","start":2266.261,"end":2266.743},{"text":"of","start":2266.743,"end":2266.855},{"text":"July","start":2266.887,"end":2267.16},{"text":"in","start":2267.369,"end":2267.498},{"text":"Bogotá,","start":2267.53,"end":2267.931},{"text":"Colombia.","start":2268.172,"end":2268.734}]},{"text":"This will involve a major participation of Latin American countries that will discuss about the role of lunar exploration in this region.","start":2269.055,"end":2277.506,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2269.055,"end":2269.168},{"text":"will","start":2269.296,"end":2269.441},{"text":"involve","start":2269.521,"end":2269.987},{"text":"a","start":2270.083,"end":2270.116},{"text":"major","start":2270.116,"end":2270.678},{"text":"participation","start":2270.63,"end":2271.335},{"text":"of","start":2271.463,"end":2271.607},{"text":"Latin","start":2271.623,"end":2271.912},{"text":"American","start":2272.008,"end":2272.425},{"text":"countries","start":2272.505,"end":2273.034},{"text":"that","start":2273.467,"end":2273.579},{"text":"will","start":2273.707,"end":2273.819},{"text":"discuss","start":2273.948,"end":2274.38},{"text":"about","start":2274.509,"end":2274.893},{"text":"the","start":2274.893,"end":2274.973},{"text":"role","start":2274.989,"end":2275.182},{"text":"of","start":2275.294,"end":2275.358},{"text":"lunar","start":2275.47,"end":2275.759},{"text":"exploration","start":2275.855,"end":2276.544},{"text":"in","start":2276.753,"end":2276.801},{"text":"this","start":2276.897,"end":2277.009},{"text":"region.","start":2277.137,"end":2277.506}]},{"text":"The event will be livestreamed.","start":2277.955,"end":2279.894,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2277.955,"end":2278.115},{"text":"event","start":2278.115,"end":2278.58},{"text":"will","start":2278.58,"end":2278.74},{"text":"be","start":2278.756,"end":2278.949},{"text":"livestreamed.","start":2278.981,"end":2279.894}]},{"text":"The call for the IM26 Global Events is now open for events scheduled between the 1st of July and the 31st of October.","start":2280.423,"end":2289.801,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2280.423,"end":2280.584},{"text":"call","start":2280.584,"end":2280.712},{"text":"for","start":2280.84,"end":2281.081},{"text":"the","start":2281.081,"end":2281.145},{"text":"IM26","start":2281.385,"end":2282.443},{"text":"Global","start":2282.764,"end":2283.148},{"text":"Events","start":2283.229,"end":2283.597},{"text":"is","start":2283.741,"end":2283.854},{"text":"now","start":2283.886,"end":2283.982},{"text":"open","start":2284.19,"end":2284.415},{"text":"for","start":2284.463,"end":2284.767},{"text":"events","start":2284.767,"end":2285.152},{"text":"scheduled","start":2285.152,"end":2285.729},{"text":"between","start":2286.114,"end":2286.499},{"text":"the","start":2286.595,"end":2286.771},{"text":"1st","start":2286.771,"end":2287.316},{"text":"of","start":2287.316,"end":2287.38},{"text":"July","start":2287.476,"end":2287.749},{"text":"and","start":2288.053,"end":2288.117},{"text":"the","start":2288.198,"end":2288.278},{"text":"31st","start":2288.374,"end":2289.031},{"text":"of","start":2289.079,"end":2289.143},{"text":"October.","start":2289.24,"end":2289.801}]},{"text":"We cordially invite all members and observers of the Legal Subcommittee to observe this important day by organizing events Information can be found on the IMD website.","start":2290.217,"end":2301.34,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2290.217,"end":2290.442},{"text":"cordially","start":2290.442,"end":2290.907},{"text":"invite","start":2291.099,"end":2291.724},{"text":"all","start":2291.724,"end":2291.788},{"text":"members","start":2291.9,"end":2292.429},{"text":"and","start":2292.542,"end":2292.606},{"text":"observers","start":2292.702,"end":2293.231},{"text":"of","start":2293.423,"end":2293.551},{"text":"the","start":2293.567,"end":2293.648},{"text":"Legal","start":2293.664,"end":2293.984},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":2293.984,"end":2294.786},{"text":"to","start":2294.786,"end":2294.946},{"text":"observe","start":2294.962,"end":2295.523},{"text":"this","start":2295.651,"end":2295.78},{"text":"important","start":2295.844,"end":2296.453},{"text":"day","start":2296.453,"end":2296.581},{"text":"by","start":2296.709,"end":2296.87},{"text":"organizing","start":2297.014,"end":2297.559},{"text":"events","start":2297.735,"end":2299.803},{"text":"Information","start":2298.536,"end":2299.129},{"text":"can","start":2299.193,"end":2299.402},{"text":"be","start":2299.434,"end":2299.514},{"text":"found","start":2299.578,"end":2299.994},{"text":"on","start":2300.059,"end":2300.123},{"text":"the","start":2300.155,"end":2300.235},{"text":"IMD","start":2300.459,"end":2300.699},{"text":"website.","start":2300.715,"end":2301.34}]},{"text":"Thank you for your attention.","start":2301.661,"end":2302.766,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2301.661,"end":2301.901},{"text":"you","start":2301.901,"end":2301.997},{"text":"for","start":2301.997,"end":2302.142},{"text":"your","start":2302.142,"end":2302.318},{"text":"attention.","start":2302.318,"end":2302.766}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"MVA","affiliation_full":"MVA","group":null,"function":"Observer"}},{"statement_number":3,"start":2303.664,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=2304","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Agradezco MVA.","start":2303.664,"end":2304.593,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Agradezco","start":2303.664,"end":2304.273},{"text":"MVA.","start":2304.305,"end":2304.593}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":null}},{"statement_number":4,"start":2305.106,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=2306","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the MVA for their statement, and now I give the floor to the Regional Center for Remote Sensing of North African States.","start":2305.106,"end":2314.864,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2305.106,"end":2305.154},{"text":"thank","start":2305.282,"end":2305.667},{"text":"the","start":2305.683,"end":2305.875},{"text":"MVA","start":2306.067,"end":2306.516},{"text":"for","start":2306.868,"end":2307.045},{"text":"their","start":2307.045,"end":2307.205},{"text":"statement,","start":2307.205,"end":2307.814},{"text":"and","start":2308.326,"end":2308.471},{"text":"now","start":2308.471,"end":2308.567},{"text":"I","start":2308.711,"end":2308.871},{"text":"give","start":2308.871,"end":2309.015},{"text":"the","start":2309.048,"end":2309.192},{"text":"floor","start":2309.192,"end":2309.592},{"text":"to","start":2309.929,"end":2310.057},{"text":"the","start":2310.073,"end":2310.153},{"text":"Regional","start":2310.169,"end":2310.57},{"text":"Center","start":2310.57,"end":2310.97},{"text":"for","start":2310.97,"end":2311.211},{"text":"Remote","start":2311.211,"end":2311.675},{"text":"Sensing","start":2311.675,"end":2312.124},{"text":"of","start":2312.172,"end":2312.3},{"text":"North","start":2312.316,"end":2312.573},{"text":"African","start":2312.573,"end":2312.941},{"text":"States.","start":2312.989,"end":2314.864}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":5,"start":2315.937,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=2316","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, dear delegates, it is an honor for the Regional Center for Remote of North African States to congratulate you upon your assuming the chairmanship.","start":2315.937,"end":2333.323,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2315.937,"end":2316.21},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":2317.364,"end":2318.069},{"text":"ladies","start":2318.485,"end":2318.95},{"text":"and","start":2319.142,"end":2319.206},{"text":"gentlemen,","start":2319.447,"end":2319.911},{"text":"dear","start":2320.007,"end":2320.2},{"text":"delegates,","start":2320.68,"end":2321.417},{"text":"it","start":2321.866,"end":2322.09},{"text":"is","start":2322.17,"end":2322.235},{"text":"an","start":2322.651,"end":2322.795},{"text":"honor","start":2322.972,"end":2323.324},{"text":"for","start":2323.404,"end":2323.661},{"text":"the","start":2323.789,"end":2323.949},{"text":"Regional","start":2323.949,"end":2324.334},{"text":"Center","start":2324.334,"end":2324.75},{"text":"for","start":2324.75,"end":2325.007},{"text":"Remote","start":2325.295,"end":2325.904},{"text":"of","start":2326.112,"end":2326.24},{"text":"North","start":2326.272,"end":2326.497},{"text":"African","start":2326.577,"end":2327.041},{"text":"States","start":2327.33,"end":2327.811},{"text":"to","start":2328.115,"end":2328.371},{"text":"congratulate","start":2328.74,"end":2329.557},{"text":"you","start":2329.557,"end":2329.653},{"text":"upon","start":2330.855,"end":2331.127},{"text":"your","start":2331.32,"end":2331.592},{"text":"assuming","start":2332.105,"end":2332.409},{"text":"the","start":2332.505,"end":2332.601},{"text":"chairmanship.","start":2332.601,"end":2333.323}]},{"text":"We express our appreciation to UNOSA and to the Secretariat for their unrelenting efforts in support of the Legal Subcommittee and for the strengthening of international dialogue on the development and the application of space law.","start":2333.403,"end":2349.698,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2333.403,"end":2333.547},{"text":"express","start":2333.563,"end":2334.076},{"text":"our","start":2334.188,"end":2334.428},{"text":"appreciation","start":2334.508,"end":2335.197},{"text":"to","start":2335.245,"end":2335.406},{"text":"UNOSA","start":2335.406,"end":2336.03},{"text":"and","start":2336.111,"end":2336.191},{"text":"to","start":2336.191,"end":2336.255},{"text":"the","start":2336.287,"end":2336.367},{"text":"Secretariat","start":2336.367,"end":2337.168},{"text":"for","start":2337.168,"end":2337.344},{"text":"their","start":2337.408,"end":2337.585},{"text":"unrelenting","start":2337.793,"end":2338.498},{"text":"efforts","start":2338.754,"end":2339.363},{"text":"in","start":2339.636,"end":2339.732},{"text":"support","start":2339.732,"end":2340.132},{"text":"of","start":2340.132,"end":2340.228},{"text":"the","start":2340.293,"end":2340.485},{"text":"Legal","start":2340.853,"end":2341.094},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":2341.094,"end":2341.815},{"text":"and","start":2342.279,"end":2342.712},{"text":"for","start":2343.161,"end":2343.353},{"text":"the","start":2343.417,"end":2343.497},{"text":"strengthening","start":2343.497,"end":2344.026},{"text":"of","start":2344.074,"end":2344.202},{"text":"international","start":2344.202,"end":2345.035},{"text":"dialogue","start":2345.276,"end":2345.965},{"text":"on","start":2345.965,"end":2346.013},{"text":"the","start":2346.061,"end":2346.157},{"text":"development","start":2346.205,"end":2346.942},{"text":"and","start":2346.942,"end":2347.038},{"text":"the","start":2347.038,"end":2347.07},{"text":"application","start":2347.102,"end":2347.775},{"text":"of","start":2348.048,"end":2348.4},{"text":"space","start":2348.881,"end":2349.378},{"text":"law.","start":2349.506,"end":2349.698}]},{"text":"The Center is focused on extending support to the policies of member states in space activities, including remote sensing, through coordination and cooperation.","start":2350.788,"end":2362.631,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2350.788,"end":2351.028},{"text":"Center","start":2351.365,"end":2351.829},{"text":"is","start":2351.829,"end":2351.957},{"text":"focused","start":2352.054,"end":2352.486},{"text":"on","start":2352.614,"end":2352.678},{"text":"extending","start":2352.871,"end":2353.319},{"text":"support","start":2353.4,"end":2353.977},{"text":"to","start":2353.977,"end":2354.122},{"text":"the","start":2354.138,"end":2354.186},{"text":"policies","start":2354.234,"end":2354.844},{"text":"of","start":2354.941,"end":2355.005},{"text":"member","start":2355.037,"end":2355.454},{"text":"states","start":2355.454,"end":2356.193},{"text":"in","start":2356.626,"end":2356.755},{"text":"space","start":2356.98,"end":2357.477},{"text":"activities,","start":2357.509,"end":2358.184},{"text":"including","start":2358.248,"end":2358.778},{"text":"remote","start":2358.89,"end":2359.227},{"text":"sensing,","start":2359.227,"end":2359.741},{"text":"through","start":2360.511,"end":2360.784},{"text":"coordination","start":2360.961,"end":2361.587},{"text":"and","start":2361.764,"end":2361.924},{"text":"cooperation.","start":2361.924,"end":2362.631}]},{"text":"Over the last few years, we focused particularly on capacity building in space law and the development of legal and institutional frameworks at the regional and national levels.","start":2363.064,"end":2374.19,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Over","start":2363.064,"end":2363.401},{"text":"the","start":2363.465,"end":2363.546},{"text":"last","start":2363.61,"end":2363.931},{"text":"few","start":2363.931,"end":2364.22},{"text":"years,","start":2364.252,"end":2364.557},{"text":"we","start":2364.653,"end":2364.75},{"text":"focused","start":2364.75,"end":2365.103},{"text":"particularly","start":2365.151,"end":2365.922},{"text":"on","start":2366.098,"end":2366.146},{"text":"capacity","start":2366.435,"end":2366.997},{"text":"building","start":2366.997,"end":2367.447},{"text":"in","start":2367.704,"end":2367.816},{"text":"space","start":2367.88,"end":2368.394},{"text":"law","start":2368.522,"end":2368.635},{"text":"and","start":2368.683,"end":2368.779},{"text":"the","start":2368.779,"end":2368.908},{"text":"development","start":2368.908,"end":2369.63},{"text":"of","start":2369.71,"end":2369.855},{"text":"legal","start":2370.048,"end":2370.433},{"text":"and","start":2370.513,"end":2370.674},{"text":"institutional","start":2370.69,"end":2371.525},{"text":"frameworks","start":2371.733,"end":2372.44},{"text":"at","start":2372.44,"end":2372.552},{"text":"the","start":2372.552,"end":2372.68},{"text":"regional","start":2372.68,"end":2373.21},{"text":"and","start":2373.258,"end":2373.323},{"text":"national","start":2373.339,"end":2373.82},{"text":"levels.","start":2373.82,"end":2374.19}]},{"text":"This was born of the felt necessity to strengthen the legal foundation at the national level governing space activities.","start":2375.089,"end":2385.828,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2375.089,"end":2375.378},{"text":"was","start":2375.506,"end":2375.715},{"text":"born","start":2376.068,"end":2376.437},{"text":"of","start":2376.533,"end":2377.208},{"text":"the","start":2377.898,"end":2378.107},{"text":"felt","start":2378.235,"end":2378.942},{"text":"necessity","start":2379.038,"end":2379.68},{"text":"to","start":2379.68,"end":2379.776},{"text":"strengthen","start":2379.776,"end":2380.354},{"text":"the","start":2380.627,"end":2380.788},{"text":"legal","start":2380.788,"end":2381.237},{"text":"foundation","start":2381.35,"end":2382.088},{"text":"at","start":2382.088,"end":2382.184},{"text":"the","start":2382.184,"end":2382.265},{"text":"national","start":2382.265,"end":2382.73},{"text":"level","start":2382.73,"end":2383.116},{"text":"governing","start":2383.453,"end":2383.902},{"text":"space","start":2384.753,"end":2385.202},{"text":"activities.","start":2385.218,"end":2385.828}]},{"text":"This ensures alignment of national legislations and cooperation at the regional level and prepares for a clear legal ecosystem for space activities to be carried out in a peaceful and organized manner and in line with space law principles.","start":2385.94,"end":2401.798,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2385.94,"end":2386.133},{"text":"ensures","start":2386.326,"end":2387.272},{"text":"alignment","start":2387.545,"end":2388.733},{"text":"of","start":2388.749,"end":2388.878},{"text":"national","start":2388.894,"end":2389.439},{"text":"legislations","start":2389.792,"end":2390.482},{"text":"and","start":2390.9,"end":2391.012},{"text":"cooperation","start":2391.012,"end":2391.526},{"text":"at","start":2391.622,"end":2391.734},{"text":"the","start":2391.734,"end":2391.863},{"text":"regional","start":2391.863,"end":2392.28},{"text":"level","start":2392.28,"end":2392.649},{"text":"and","start":2393.147,"end":2393.323},{"text":"prepares","start":2393.468,"end":2393.773},{"text":"for","start":2393.869,"end":2394.126},{"text":"a","start":2394.126,"end":2394.19},{"text":"clear","start":2394.19,"end":2394.399},{"text":"legal","start":2394.511,"end":2394.832},{"text":"ecosystem","start":2394.832,"end":2395.378},{"text":"for","start":2395.41,"end":2395.522},{"text":"space","start":2395.522,"end":2395.875},{"text":"activities","start":2395.875,"end":2396.421},{"text":"to","start":2396.453,"end":2396.614},{"text":"be","start":2396.614,"end":2396.774},{"text":"carried","start":2396.774,"end":2397.159},{"text":"out","start":2397.159,"end":2397.561},{"text":"in","start":2397.561,"end":2397.609},{"text":"a","start":2397.657,"end":2397.689},{"text":"peaceful","start":2397.737,"end":2398.235},{"text":"and","start":2398.363,"end":2398.588},{"text":"organized","start":2398.684,"end":2399.23},{"text":"manner","start":2399.246,"end":2399.567},{"text":"and","start":2399.647,"end":2399.808},{"text":"in","start":2399.824,"end":2399.952},{"text":"line","start":2399.968,"end":2400.193},{"text":"with","start":2400.385,"end":2400.594},{"text":"space","start":2400.626,"end":2401.011},{"text":"law","start":2401.011,"end":2401.14},{"text":"principles.","start":2401.252,"end":2401.798}]},{"text":"Therefore, we focused on a multi-year consultative, technical, and legal pathway through the development of an indicative model law on the organization of space activities to guide member states when developing their national legislations.","start":2402.376,"end":2418.815,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":2402.376,"end":2402.825},{"text":"we","start":2404.077,"end":2404.318},{"text":"focused","start":2404.558,"end":2405.072},{"text":"on","start":2405.184,"end":2405.232},{"text":"a","start":2405.281,"end":2405.297},{"text":"multi-year","start":2405.297,"end":2405.89},{"text":"consultative,","start":2405.907,"end":2406.532},{"text":"technical,","start":2406.629,"end":2407.014},{"text":"and","start":2407.126,"end":2407.191},{"text":"legal","start":2407.592,"end":2408.089},{"text":"pathway","start":2408.234,"end":2408.747},{"text":"through","start":2408.812,"end":2409.229},{"text":"the","start":2409.614,"end":2409.855},{"text":"development","start":2409.855,"end":2410.562},{"text":"of","start":2410.562,"end":2410.722},{"text":"an","start":2410.883,"end":2410.931},{"text":"indicative","start":2410.995,"end":2411.911},{"text":"model","start":2411.943,"end":2412.328},{"text":"law","start":2412.328,"end":2412.456},{"text":"on","start":2412.729,"end":2412.794},{"text":"the","start":2412.89,"end":2412.97},{"text":"organization","start":2412.97,"end":2413.677},{"text":"of","start":2413.773,"end":2413.918},{"text":"space","start":2413.934,"end":2414.271},{"text":"activities","start":2414.271,"end":2414.801},{"text":"to","start":2414.897,"end":2414.993},{"text":"guide","start":2414.993,"end":2415.379},{"text":"member","start":2415.379,"end":2415.636},{"text":"states","start":2415.636,"end":2416.117},{"text":"when","start":2416.599,"end":2416.728},{"text":"developing","start":2416.76,"end":2417.29},{"text":"their","start":2417.418,"end":2417.579},{"text":"national","start":2417.579,"end":2418.092},{"text":"legislations.","start":2418.124,"end":2418.815}]},{"text":"This was preceded by a number of expert meetings, workshops in Khartoum, Cairo, and Tunisia, and the forming of a working group of legal experts from member states was in late late 2017, entrusted with the gradual drafting and revision of the model law.","start":2418.927,"end":2439.992,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2418.927,"end":2419.056},{"text":"was","start":2419.152,"end":2419.377},{"text":"preceded","start":2419.57,"end":2420.099},{"text":"by","start":2420.132,"end":2420.292},{"text":"a","start":2420.292,"end":2420.372},{"text":"number","start":2420.372,"end":2420.677},{"text":"of","start":2420.838,"end":2421.063},{"text":"expert","start":2421.159,"end":2421.705},{"text":"meetings,","start":2421.737,"end":2422.267},{"text":"workshops","start":2422.701,"end":2423.455},{"text":"in","start":2423.808,"end":2423.953},{"text":"Khartoum,","start":2424.21,"end":2424.836},{"text":"Cairo,","start":2425.735,"end":2426.137},{"text":"and","start":2426.297,"end":2426.522},{"text":"Tunisia,","start":2426.699,"end":2427.357},{"text":"and","start":2427.582,"end":2428.015},{"text":"the","start":2428.401,"end":2428.642},{"text":"forming","start":2429.3,"end":2429.733},{"text":"of","start":2429.926,"end":2430.071},{"text":"a","start":2430.071,"end":2430.151},{"text":"working","start":2430.151,"end":2430.6},{"text":"group","start":2430.873,"end":2431.114},{"text":"of","start":2431.114,"end":2431.275},{"text":"legal","start":2431.275,"end":2431.596},{"text":"experts","start":2431.596,"end":2432.254},{"text":"from","start":2432.27,"end":2432.463},{"text":"member","start":2432.495,"end":2432.816},{"text":"states","start":2432.816,"end":2433.314},{"text":"was","start":2433.362,"end":2433.475},{"text":"in","start":2434.165,"end":2434.197},{"text":"late","start":2434.197,"end":2434.438},{"text":"late","start":2434.31,"end":2434.502},{"text":"2017,","start":2434.502,"end":2435.353},{"text":"entrusted","start":2435.385,"end":2435.995},{"text":"with","start":2436.332,"end":2436.445},{"text":"the","start":2436.493,"end":2436.589},{"text":"gradual","start":2436.589,"end":2437.263},{"text":"drafting","start":2437.327,"end":2437.761},{"text":"and","start":2437.937,"end":2438.178},{"text":"revision","start":2438.339,"end":2438.724},{"text":"of","start":2438.82,"end":2438.884},{"text":"the","start":2438.933,"end":2439.013},{"text":"model","start":2439.013,"end":2439.462},{"text":"law.","start":2439.799,"end":2439.992}]},{"text":"We focused on a number of legal backgrounds and organizational and regulatory considerations that the model law was supposed to focus on, this for ease of access and reference.","start":2440.586,"end":2453.284,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2440.586,"end":2440.779},{"text":"focused","start":2441.003,"end":2441.71},{"text":"on","start":2441.79,"end":2441.854},{"text":"a","start":2442.047,"end":2442.063},{"text":"number","start":2442.063,"end":2442.625},{"text":"of","start":2442.914,"end":2443.074},{"text":"legal","start":2443.074,"end":2443.476},{"text":"backgrounds","start":2443.492,"end":2444.102},{"text":"and","start":2444.294,"end":2444.358},{"text":"organizational","start":2444.455,"end":2445.643},{"text":"and","start":2445.643,"end":2445.835},{"text":"regulatory","start":2445.883,"end":2446.51},{"text":"considerations","start":2446.526,"end":2447.312},{"text":"that","start":2447.729,"end":2447.874},{"text":"the","start":2447.89,"end":2447.97},{"text":"model","start":2447.97,"end":2448.291},{"text":"law","start":2448.291,"end":2448.34},{"text":"was","start":2448.468,"end":2448.596},{"text":"supposed","start":2448.628,"end":2449.03},{"text":"to","start":2449.03,"end":2449.174},{"text":"focus","start":2449.174,"end":2449.479},{"text":"on,","start":2449.672,"end":2449.881},{"text":"this","start":2450.057,"end":2450.33},{"text":"for","start":2450.892,"end":2451.149},{"text":"ease","start":2451.422,"end":2451.646},{"text":"of","start":2451.839,"end":2451.967},{"text":"access","start":2452.064,"end":2452.369},{"text":"and","start":2452.545,"end":2452.706},{"text":"reference.","start":2452.706,"end":2453.284}]},{"text":"The board of directors of the center adopted this model law during its 29th session held in Cairo in 2020.","start":2454.391,"end":2461.695,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2454.391,"end":2454.568},{"text":"board","start":2454.568,"end":2454.873},{"text":"of","start":2454.889,"end":2454.985},{"text":"directors","start":2454.985,"end":2455.579},{"text":"of","start":2455.676,"end":2455.836},{"text":"the","start":2455.836,"end":2455.868},{"text":"center","start":2455.868,"end":2456.51},{"text":"adopted","start":2456.799,"end":2457.682},{"text":"this","start":2457.682,"end":2457.795},{"text":"model","start":2457.859,"end":2458.164},{"text":"law","start":2458.164,"end":2458.212},{"text":"during","start":2458.324,"end":2458.597},{"text":"its","start":2458.677,"end":2458.902},{"text":"29th","start":2458.902,"end":2459.913},{"text":"session","start":2460.026,"end":2460.395},{"text":"held","start":2460.507,"end":2460.828},{"text":"in","start":2460.893,"end":2460.957},{"text":"Cairo","start":2460.989,"end":2461.246},{"text":"in","start":2461.246,"end":2461.31},{"text":"2020.","start":2461.31,"end":2461.695}]},{"text":"In addition to the above, we continued carrying out regular training and capacity building activities, workshops, and seminars focusing on space law, international sources, international responsibility for space damage, space governance, UN treaties.","start":2462.826,"end":2483.718,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2462.826,"end":2462.875},{"text":"addition","start":2463.085,"end":2463.376},{"text":"to","start":2463.473,"end":2463.537},{"text":"the","start":2463.57,"end":2463.731},{"text":"above,","start":2463.731,"end":2464.184},{"text":"we","start":2464.766,"end":2464.96},{"text":"continued","start":2465.493,"end":2466.366},{"text":"carrying","start":2467.287,"end":2467.627},{"text":"out","start":2467.756,"end":2467.999},{"text":"regular","start":2467.999,"end":2468.435},{"text":"training","start":2468.645,"end":2469.033},{"text":"and","start":2469.13,"end":2469.227},{"text":"capacity","start":2469.227,"end":2469.68},{"text":"building","start":2469.712,"end":2470.486},{"text":"activities,","start":2471.469,"end":2472.178},{"text":"workshops,","start":2472.597,"end":2473.258},{"text":"and","start":2473.339,"end":2473.404},{"text":"seminars","start":2473.484,"end":2474.113},{"text":"focusing","start":2474.451,"end":2475.08},{"text":"on","start":2475.419,"end":2475.644},{"text":"space","start":2476.176,"end":2476.676},{"text":"law,","start":2476.789,"end":2476.918},{"text":"international","start":2477.128,"end":2477.692},{"text":"sources,","start":2477.692,"end":2478.144},{"text":"international","start":2478.241,"end":2478.807},{"text":"responsibility","start":2478.807,"end":2479.679},{"text":"for","start":2479.695,"end":2479.776},{"text":"space","start":2479.792,"end":2480.196},{"text":"damage,","start":2480.196,"end":2480.649},{"text":"space","start":2481.23,"end":2481.634},{"text":"governance,","start":2481.634,"end":2482.313},{"text":"UN","start":2482.781,"end":2482.991},{"text":"treaties.","start":2483.104,"end":2483.718}]},{"text":"In addition to including the topic, the above-mentioned topic, in the regular scientific conferences held every 2 years, TNGO 2022 and TNGO 2024.","start":2484.219,"end":2501.508,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2484.219,"end":2484.268},{"text":"addition","start":2484.316,"end":2484.849},{"text":"to","start":2484.882,"end":2485.011},{"text":"including","start":2485.043,"end":2485.738},{"text":"the","start":2486.324,"end":2486.585},{"text":"topic,","start":2486.748,"end":2487.401},{"text":"the","start":2487.793,"end":2487.875},{"text":"above-mentioned","start":2487.875,"end":2488.609},{"text":"topic,","start":2488.609,"end":2488.887},{"text":"in","start":2489.36,"end":2489.424},{"text":"the","start":2490.571,"end":2490.765},{"text":"regular","start":2492.122,"end":2492.639},{"text":"scientific","start":2493.415,"end":2494.142},{"text":"conferences","start":2494.206,"end":2494.998},{"text":"held","start":2495.983,"end":2496.484},{"text":"every","start":2497.066,"end":2497.26},{"text":"2","start":2497.26,"end":2497.501},{"text":"years,","start":2497.517,"end":2497.823},{"text":"TNGO","start":2498.338,"end":2498.982},{"text":"2022","start":2498.982,"end":2499.754},{"text":"and","start":2500.012,"end":2500.108},{"text":"TNGO","start":2500.108,"end":2500.591},{"text":"2024.","start":2500.591,"end":2501.508}]},{"text":"On the 10th of December 2025, we held a workshop with the participation with— of UNOSA entitled Key Essentials of Space Regulation, focusing on African states, which strengthened a dialogue on basic elements that must be included when establishing a national comprehensive legal framework governing space activities.","start":2503.311,"end":2531.224,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":2503.311,"end":2503.456},{"text":"the","start":2503.568,"end":2503.729},{"text":"10th","start":2503.729,"end":2504.019},{"text":"of","start":2504.132,"end":2504.18},{"text":"December","start":2504.277,"end":2504.679},{"text":"2025,","start":2504.679,"end":2505.58},{"text":"we","start":2506.36,"end":2506.392},{"text":"held","start":2506.392,"end":2506.765},{"text":"a","start":2506.878,"end":2506.894},{"text":"workshop","start":2507.202,"end":2507.915},{"text":"with","start":2507.915,"end":2507.996},{"text":"the","start":2507.996,"end":2508.093},{"text":"participation","start":2508.093,"end":2508.871},{"text":"with—","start":2508.985,"end":2509.211},{"text":"of","start":2509.454,"end":2509.6},{"text":"UNOSA","start":2509.779,"end":2510.281},{"text":"entitled","start":2510.281,"end":2511.172},{"text":"Key","start":2511.172,"end":2511.334},{"text":"Essentials","start":2511.35,"end":2511.95},{"text":"of","start":2512.128,"end":2512.274},{"text":"Space","start":2512.29,"end":2512.647},{"text":"Regulation,","start":2512.711,"end":2513.489},{"text":"focusing","start":2513.927,"end":2514.462},{"text":"on","start":2514.727,"end":2514.957},{"text":"African","start":2515.138,"end":2516.52},{"text":"states,","start":2516.742,"end":2517.271},{"text":"which","start":2517.624,"end":2517.752},{"text":"strengthened","start":2517.929,"end":2518.666},{"text":"a","start":2518.811,"end":2518.827},{"text":"dialogue","start":2518.907,"end":2519.532},{"text":"on","start":2520.013,"end":2520.062},{"text":"basic","start":2520.751,"end":2521.328},{"text":"elements","start":2521.457,"end":2522.05},{"text":"that","start":2523.221,"end":2523.461},{"text":"must","start":2523.461,"end":2523.638},{"text":"be","start":2523.638,"end":2523.798},{"text":"included","start":2523.798,"end":2524.392},{"text":"when","start":2524.664,"end":2524.809},{"text":"establishing","start":2525.001,"end":2525.691},{"text":"a","start":2526.204,"end":2526.22},{"text":"national","start":2526.22,"end":2526.749},{"text":"comprehensive","start":2526.765,"end":2527.391},{"text":"legal","start":2527.391,"end":2527.711},{"text":"framework","start":2527.711,"end":2528.69},{"text":"governing","start":2528.69,"end":2529.123},{"text":"space","start":2529.908,"end":2530.341},{"text":"activities.","start":2530.55,"end":2531.224}]},{"text":"The center is focused on capacity building in order to assist states in the development of national governance of space activities while upholding international principles relevant to this domain.","start":2531.817,"end":2548.875,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2531.817,"end":2531.897},{"text":"center","start":2531.897,"end":2532.474},{"text":"is","start":2532.603,"end":2532.667},{"text":"focused","start":2532.763,"end":2533.18},{"text":"on","start":2533.244,"end":2533.324},{"text":"capacity","start":2533.324,"end":2533.95},{"text":"building","start":2534.623,"end":2535.072},{"text":"in","start":2536.388,"end":2536.436},{"text":"order","start":2536.612,"end":2536.949},{"text":"to","start":2537.51,"end":2537.638},{"text":"assist","start":2537.991,"end":2538.504},{"text":"states","start":2538.537,"end":2538.954},{"text":"in","start":2539.034,"end":2539.114},{"text":"the","start":2539.114,"end":2539.194},{"text":"development","start":2539.21,"end":2539.996},{"text":"of","start":2539.996,"end":2540.525},{"text":"national","start":2540.573,"end":2541.07},{"text":"governance","start":2541.343,"end":2541.792},{"text":"of","start":2542.065,"end":2542.257},{"text":"space","start":2542.482,"end":2542.772},{"text":"activities","start":2542.901,"end":2543.738},{"text":"while","start":2544.093,"end":2544.35},{"text":"upholding","start":2544.399,"end":2544.946},{"text":"international","start":2545.139,"end":2545.961},{"text":"principles","start":2546.25,"end":2546.878},{"text":"relevant","start":2547.056,"end":2547.684},{"text":"to","start":2548.038,"end":2548.279},{"text":"this","start":2548.279,"end":2548.408},{"text":"domain.","start":2548.505,"end":2548.875}]},{"text":"We reiterate our readiness to cooperate with UNOSA member states, regional and international partners in support of training, exchange of expertise, and legal tools through basic— through serving basic priorities for the furtherance of the equitable use of outer","start":2550.212,"end":2572.464,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2550.212,"end":2550.405},{"text":"reiterate","start":2550.55,"end":2551.484},{"text":"our","start":2551.565,"end":2551.806},{"text":"readiness","start":2551.807,"end":2552.229},{"text":"to","start":2552.229,"end":2552.31},{"text":"cooperate","start":2552.31,"end":2552.959},{"text":"with","start":2552.959,"end":2553.202},{"text":"UNOSA","start":2553.219,"end":2554.014},{"text":"member","start":2554.014,"end":2554.273},{"text":"states,","start":2554.273,"end":2554.841},{"text":"regional","start":2555.214,"end":2555.782},{"text":"and","start":2555.782,"end":2555.896},{"text":"international","start":2555.945,"end":2556.675},{"text":"partners","start":2556.691,"end":2557.226},{"text":"in","start":2557.486,"end":2557.535},{"text":"support","start":2557.648,"end":2558.281},{"text":"of","start":2558.46,"end":2558.606},{"text":"training,","start":2558.865,"end":2559.336},{"text":"exchange","start":2559.612,"end":2560.163},{"text":"of","start":2560.163,"end":2560.31},{"text":"expertise,","start":2560.31,"end":2561.117},{"text":"and","start":2561.536,"end":2561.972},{"text":"legal","start":2562.344,"end":2562.957},{"text":"tools","start":2563.006,"end":2563.377},{"text":"through","start":2565.104,"end":2565.524},{"text":"basic—","start":2566.961,"end":2567.623},{"text":"through","start":2568.075,"end":2568.333},{"text":"serving","start":2568.333,"end":2568.85},{"text":"basic","start":2568.979,"end":2569.302},{"text":"priorities","start":2569.65,"end":2570.468},{"text":"for","start":2570.484,"end":2570.631},{"text":"the","start":2570.68,"end":2570.811},{"text":"furtherance","start":2570.811,"end":2571.45},{"text":"of","start":2571.45,"end":2571.482},{"text":"the","start":2571.482,"end":2571.564},{"text":"equitable","start":2571.564,"end":2572.055},{"text":"use","start":2572.055,"end":2572.12},{"text":"of","start":2572.12,"end":2572.202},{"text":"outer","start":2572.202,"end":2572.464}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"Regional Center for Remote Sensing of North African States","affiliation_full":"Regional Center for Remote Sensing of North African States","group":null,"function":null}},{"statement_number":6,"start":2573.857,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=2574","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the Regional Centre for their statement, which was the last speaker on Agenda Item 4.","start":2573.857,"end":2588.837,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2573.857,"end":2573.905},{"text":"thank","start":2575.32,"end":2575.721},{"text":"the","start":2577.554,"end":2579.853},{"text":"Regional","start":2580.062,"end":2580.705},{"text":"Centre","start":2580.705,"end":2581.235},{"text":"for","start":2581.894,"end":2582.12},{"text":"their","start":2582.12,"end":2582.328},{"text":"statement,","start":2582.328,"end":2583.164},{"text":"which","start":2584.401,"end":2584.53},{"text":"was","start":2584.626,"end":2584.691},{"text":"the","start":2584.787,"end":2584.98},{"text":"last","start":2585.028,"end":2585.51},{"text":"speaker","start":2586.555,"end":2587.182},{"text":"on","start":2587.278,"end":2587.439},{"text":"Agenda","start":2587.439,"end":2588.001},{"text":"Item","start":2588.082,"end":2588.339},{"text":"4.","start":2588.339,"end":2588.837}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"On Monday morning, we will continue with our consideration of Agenda Item 4.","start":2591.055,"end":2596.745,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":2591.055,"end":2591.199},{"text":"Monday","start":2591.28,"end":2591.779},{"text":"morning,","start":2591.779,"end":2592.231},{"text":"we","start":2592.763,"end":2592.844},{"text":"will","start":2592.989,"end":2593.118},{"text":"continue","start":2593.327,"end":2594.037},{"text":"with","start":2594.359,"end":2594.472},{"text":"our","start":2594.536,"end":2594.698},{"text":"consideration","start":2594.698,"end":2595.794},{"text":"of","start":2595.972,"end":2596.149},{"text":"Agenda","start":2596.149,"end":2596.536},{"text":"Item","start":2596.536,"end":2596.665},{"text":"4.","start":2596.665,"end":2596.745}]},{"text":"And now, we will move on to Agenda Item 5.","start":2596.794,"end":2597.648,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2596.794,"end":2596.842},{"text":"now,","start":2596.874,"end":2596.907},{"text":"we","start":2596.955,"end":2597.003},{"text":"will","start":2597.003,"end":2597.052},{"text":"move","start":2597.052,"end":2597.132},{"text":"on","start":2597.132,"end":2597.181},{"text":"to","start":2597.181,"end":2597.213},{"text":"Agenda","start":2597.213,"end":2597.439},{"text":"Item","start":2597.439,"end":2597.6},{"text":"5.","start":2597.6,"end":2597.648}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":7,"start":2597.761,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=2598","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":2597.761,"end":2598.906,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2597.761,"end":2598.551},{"text":"you,","start":2598.551,"end":2598.616},{"text":"Chair.","start":2598.68,"end":2598.906}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":null}},{"statement_number":8,"start":2600.597,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=2601","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"We will go.","start":2600.597,"end":2602.202,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2600.597,"end":2600.759},{"text":"will","start":2600.824,"end":2600.954},{"text":"go.","start":2602.04,"end":2602.202}]},{"text":"We will continue and conclude agenda item ten.","start":2602.527,"end":2606.564,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2602.527,"end":2602.592},{"text":"will","start":2602.624,"end":2602.851},{"text":"continue","start":2602.851,"end":2603.402},{"text":"and","start":2603.743,"end":2604.051},{"text":"conclude","start":2604.067,"end":2604.7},{"text":"agenda","start":2605.219,"end":2605.624},{"text":"item","start":2605.77,"end":2606.013},{"text":"ten.","start":2606.175,"end":2606.564}]},{"text":"The first speaker on my list is Panama.","start":2608.77,"end":2613.039,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2608.77,"end":2608.802},{"text":"first","start":2608.802,"end":2609.405},{"text":"speaker","start":2609.454,"end":2610.187},{"text":"on","start":2611.149,"end":2611.296},{"text":"my","start":2611.491,"end":2611.605},{"text":"list","start":2611.654,"end":2612.045},{"text":"is","start":2612.045,"end":2612.11},{"text":"Panama.","start":2612.632,"end":2613.039}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":2613.349,"end":2614.164,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":2613.349,"end":2613.496},{"text":"have","start":2613.512,"end":2613.691},{"text":"the","start":2613.691,"end":2613.838},{"text":"floor.","start":2613.838,"end":2614.164}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":9,"start":2617.27,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=2618","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chair.","start":2617.27,"end":2619.102,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2617.27,"end":2617.529},{"text":"you","start":2617.529,"end":2617.642},{"text":"very","start":2617.691,"end":2618.324},{"text":"much,","start":2618.356,"end":2618.648},{"text":"Chair.","start":2618.761,"end":2619.102}]},{"text":"In the contemporary orbital environment.","start":2622.163,"end":2625.267,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2622.163,"end":2622.295},{"text":"the","start":2622.575,"end":2622.658},{"text":"contemporary","start":2622.823,"end":2623.616},{"text":"orbital","start":2624.21,"end":2624.639},{"text":"environment.","start":2624.639,"end":2625.267}]},{"text":"We can see a growing disassociation between technical capacities and the reach of prevailing international legal instruments.","start":2626.038,"end":2635.721,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2626.038,"end":2626.215},{"text":"can","start":2626.215,"end":2626.344},{"text":"see","start":2626.392,"end":2626.777},{"text":"a","start":2626.777,"end":2626.938},{"text":"growing","start":2626.938,"end":2627.227},{"text":"disassociation","start":2627.34,"end":2628.577},{"text":"between","start":2629.011,"end":2629.557},{"text":"technical","start":2629.895,"end":2630.537},{"text":"capacities","start":2630.537,"end":2631.325},{"text":"and","start":2631.984,"end":2632.08},{"text":"the","start":2632.08,"end":2632.16},{"text":"reach","start":2632.241,"end":2632.53},{"text":"of","start":2633.028,"end":2633.253},{"text":"prevailing","start":2633.607,"end":2634.137},{"text":"international","start":2634.169,"end":2634.796},{"text":"legal","start":2634.796,"end":2635.137},{"text":"instruments.","start":2635.137,"end":2635.721}]},{"text":"Specifically, the sustained increase in the number of objects in orbit because of the deployment of mega satellite constellations is raising questions about.","start":2636.419,"end":2652.026,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Specifically,","start":2636.419,"end":2637.214},{"text":"the","start":2637.96,"end":2638.058},{"text":"sustained","start":2638.058,"end":2638.756},{"text":"increase","start":2638.853,"end":2639.437},{"text":"in","start":2640.07,"end":2640.135},{"text":"the","start":2640.151,"end":2640.249},{"text":"number","start":2640.249,"end":2640.476},{"text":"of","start":2640.476,"end":2640.702},{"text":"objects","start":2640.895,"end":2641.444},{"text":"in","start":2641.444,"end":2641.492},{"text":"orbit","start":2641.686,"end":2642.073},{"text":"because","start":2644.849,"end":2645.22},{"text":"of","start":2645.414,"end":2645.543},{"text":"the","start":2645.559,"end":2645.72},{"text":"deployment","start":2645.72,"end":2646.543},{"text":"of","start":2646.931,"end":2647.157},{"text":"mega","start":2647.851,"end":2648.319},{"text":"satellite","start":2648.319,"end":2648.883},{"text":"constellations","start":2648.948,"end":2649.739},{"text":"is","start":2650.254,"end":2650.321},{"text":"raising","start":2650.522,"end":2650.906},{"text":"questions","start":2650.939,"end":2651.458},{"text":"about.","start":2651.458,"end":2652.026}]},{"text":"The sufficiency of existing rules to deal with operational scenarios that were not contemplated when they were adopted.","start":2652.763,"end":2660.767,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2652.763,"end":2652.923},{"text":"sufficiency","start":2652.923,"end":2653.774},{"text":"of","start":2653.95,"end":2654.094},{"text":"existing","start":2654.271,"end":2654.977},{"text":"rules","start":2655.73,"end":2656.019},{"text":"to","start":2656.292,"end":2656.613},{"text":"deal","start":2656.677,"end":2656.805},{"text":"with","start":2656.917,"end":2657.142},{"text":"operational","start":2657.238,"end":2657.735},{"text":"scenarios","start":2657.735,"end":2658.265},{"text":"that","start":2658.297,"end":2658.521},{"text":"were","start":2658.521,"end":2658.57},{"text":"not","start":2658.634,"end":2658.922},{"text":"contemplated","start":2658.938,"end":2659.789},{"text":"when","start":2659.805,"end":2659.949},{"text":"they","start":2659.981,"end":2660.125},{"text":"were","start":2660.125,"end":2660.222},{"text":"adopted.","start":2660.222,"end":2660.767}]},{"text":"We can see that recent phenomena such as the uncontrolled reentry of space— of large space objects raise legal questions not just about international responsibility but also the fact that there is a lack of regulatory parameters for risk prevention and coordinated management.","start":2661.826,"end":2684.362,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2661.826,"end":2661.986},{"text":"can","start":2661.986,"end":2662.162},{"text":"see","start":2662.162,"end":2662.467},{"text":"that","start":2662.467,"end":2662.596},{"text":"recent","start":2662.628,"end":2662.964},{"text":"phenomena","start":2663.013,"end":2663.574},{"text":"such","start":2664.055,"end":2664.44},{"text":"as","start":2664.697,"end":2664.761},{"text":"the","start":2664.937,"end":2665.114},{"text":"uncontrolled","start":2665.499,"end":2666.333},{"text":"reentry","start":2666.702,"end":2667.247},{"text":"of","start":2667.376,"end":2667.472},{"text":"space—","start":2667.504,"end":2667.953},{"text":"of","start":2668.145,"end":2668.306},{"text":"large","start":2668.306,"end":2668.611},{"text":"space","start":2669.22,"end":2669.637},{"text":"objects","start":2669.669,"end":2670.215},{"text":"raise","start":2671.113,"end":2671.337},{"text":"legal","start":2671.851,"end":2672.188},{"text":"questions","start":2672.252,"end":2672.861},{"text":"not","start":2672.893,"end":2673.07},{"text":"just","start":2673.198,"end":2673.519},{"text":"about","start":2673.519,"end":2673.84},{"text":"international","start":2673.92,"end":2674.578},{"text":"responsibility","start":2674.578,"end":2675.588},{"text":"but","start":2676.021,"end":2676.149},{"text":"also","start":2676.342,"end":2676.791},{"text":"the","start":2676.807,"end":2676.903},{"text":"fact","start":2676.903,"end":2677.208},{"text":"that","start":2677.208,"end":2677.304},{"text":"there","start":2677.304,"end":2677.481},{"text":"is","start":2677.481,"end":2677.593},{"text":"a","start":2677.689,"end":2677.786},{"text":"lack","start":2677.786,"end":2678.09},{"text":"of","start":2678.427,"end":2678.523},{"text":"regulatory","start":2678.572,"end":2679.39},{"text":"parameters","start":2679.47,"end":2680.16},{"text":"for","start":2680.691,"end":2681.093},{"text":"risk","start":2681.544,"end":2682.06},{"text":"prevention","start":2682.108,"end":2682.72},{"text":"and","start":2682.848,"end":2683.01},{"text":"coordinated","start":2683.01,"end":2683.702},{"text":"management.","start":2683.734,"end":2684.362}]},{"text":"We see that the development of technical capacities for the active removal of space debris has also raised legal questions, especially with regards to deal with space objects registered by other states because they still remain under their jurisdiction and control.","start":2685.087,"end":2705.875,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2685.087,"end":2685.183},{"text":"see","start":2685.183,"end":2685.537},{"text":"that","start":2685.988,"end":2686.326},{"text":"the","start":2686.471,"end":2686.632},{"text":"development","start":2686.632,"end":2687.357},{"text":"of","start":2687.437,"end":2687.502},{"text":"technical","start":2687.663,"end":2688.194},{"text":"capacities","start":2688.307,"end":2689.015},{"text":"for","start":2689.531,"end":2689.66},{"text":"the","start":2689.66,"end":2689.708},{"text":"active","start":2689.919,"end":2690.259},{"text":"removal","start":2690.259,"end":2690.761},{"text":"of","start":2690.761,"end":2690.955},{"text":"space","start":2691.085,"end":2691.425},{"text":"debris","start":2691.555,"end":2692.041},{"text":"has","start":2693.077,"end":2693.223},{"text":"also","start":2693.32,"end":2693.741},{"text":"raised","start":2693.806,"end":2694.276},{"text":"legal","start":2694.551,"end":2694.859},{"text":"questions,","start":2695.021,"end":2695.458},{"text":"especially","start":2695.523,"end":2695.896},{"text":"with","start":2695.912,"end":2696.106},{"text":"regards","start":2696.155,"end":2696.625},{"text":"to","start":2697.046,"end":2697.386},{"text":"deal","start":2698.909,"end":2699.103},{"text":"with","start":2699.168,"end":2699.379},{"text":"space","start":2699.492,"end":2699.767},{"text":"objects","start":2699.962,"end":2700.383},{"text":"registered","start":2700.383,"end":2700.999},{"text":"by","start":2701.031,"end":2701.258},{"text":"other","start":2701.339,"end":2701.517},{"text":"states","start":2701.517,"end":2702.149},{"text":"because","start":2702.554,"end":2702.861},{"text":"they","start":2703.056,"end":2703.169},{"text":"still","start":2703.299,"end":2703.607},{"text":"remain","start":2703.688,"end":2703.996},{"text":"under","start":2704.255,"end":2704.498},{"text":"their","start":2704.498,"end":2704.676},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":2704.676,"end":2705.356},{"text":"and","start":2705.389,"end":2705.534},{"text":"control.","start":2705.567,"end":2705.875}]},{"text":"And this is in a scenario in which prevailing international law has no specific detailed regime to regulate those operations.","start":2706.633,"end":2714.747,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2706.633,"end":2706.745},{"text":"this","start":2706.777,"end":2706.97},{"text":"is","start":2706.97,"end":2707.082},{"text":"in","start":2707.114,"end":2707.21},{"text":"a","start":2707.274,"end":2707.29},{"text":"scenario","start":2707.29,"end":2707.932},{"text":"in","start":2707.932,"end":2708.012},{"text":"which","start":2708.076,"end":2708.205},{"text":"prevailing","start":2708.381,"end":2708.926},{"text":"international","start":2709.038,"end":2709.84},{"text":"law","start":2709.84,"end":2709.92},{"text":"has","start":2710.466,"end":2710.61},{"text":"no","start":2710.738,"end":2711.059},{"text":"specific","start":2711.059,"end":2711.845},{"text":"detailed","start":2712.085,"end":2712.582},{"text":"regime","start":2712.63,"end":2713.047},{"text":"to","start":2713.047,"end":2713.192},{"text":"regulate","start":2713.208,"end":2713.769},{"text":"those","start":2713.769,"end":2713.897},{"text":"operations.","start":2714.01,"end":2714.747}]},{"text":"The growing density of the orbital environment and the disaggregation of space objects means additional challenges to regimes of liability, especially regarding damage and the traceability of objects that are not fully identified.","start":2715.758,"end":2732.595,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2715.758,"end":2715.854},{"text":"growing","start":2715.854,"end":2716.142},{"text":"density","start":2716.239,"end":2716.864},{"text":"of","start":2717.056,"end":2717.153},{"text":"the","start":2717.153,"end":2717.297},{"text":"orbital","start":2717.297,"end":2717.762},{"text":"environment","start":2717.762,"end":2718.436},{"text":"and","start":2718.885,"end":2718.997},{"text":"the","start":2719.045,"end":2719.285},{"text":"disaggregation","start":2719.767,"end":2720.713},{"text":"of","start":2720.809,"end":2720.873},{"text":"space","start":2720.905,"end":2721.418},{"text":"objects","start":2721.611,"end":2722.108},{"text":"means","start":2722.429,"end":2722.637},{"text":"additional","start":2722.733,"end":2723.182},{"text":"challenges","start":2723.23,"end":2723.92},{"text":"to","start":2724.513,"end":2724.69},{"text":"regimes","start":2724.914,"end":2725.443},{"text":"of","start":2725.54,"end":2725.604},{"text":"liability,","start":2726.021,"end":2726.694},{"text":"especially","start":2726.838,"end":2727.32},{"text":"regarding","start":2727.464,"end":2728.089},{"text":"damage","start":2728.522,"end":2728.891},{"text":"and","start":2728.987,"end":2729.083},{"text":"the","start":2729.083,"end":2729.244},{"text":"traceability","start":2729.244,"end":2730.062},{"text":"of","start":2730.062,"end":2730.286},{"text":"objects","start":2730.286,"end":2730.687},{"text":"that","start":2730.687,"end":2730.912},{"text":"are","start":2730.912,"end":2731.008},{"text":"not","start":2731.008,"end":2731.2},{"text":"fully","start":2731.248,"end":2731.537},{"text":"identified.","start":2732.114,"end":2732.595}]},{"text":"We have to continue to implement the guidelines for the mitigation of space debris and the long-term sustainability of outer space activities, with practical references to guide different states.","start":2734.778,"end":2750.778,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2734.778,"end":2734.938},{"text":"have","start":2735.645,"end":2735.789},{"text":"to","start":2735.837,"end":2736.062},{"text":"continue","start":2736.062,"end":2736.624},{"text":"to","start":2736.784,"end":2736.961},{"text":"implement","start":2737.811,"end":2738.357},{"text":"the","start":2738.453,"end":2738.63},{"text":"guidelines","start":2738.63,"end":2739.272},{"text":"for","start":2739.336,"end":2739.432},{"text":"the","start":2739.432,"end":2739.512},{"text":"mitigation","start":2739.512,"end":2740.234},{"text":"of","start":2740.234,"end":2740.395},{"text":"space","start":2740.475,"end":2740.908},{"text":"debris","start":2741.583,"end":2742.016},{"text":"and","start":2742.224,"end":2742.401},{"text":"the","start":2742.401,"end":2742.481},{"text":"long-term","start":2742.545,"end":2743.043},{"text":"sustainability","start":2743.043,"end":2744.215},{"text":"of","start":2744.247,"end":2744.391},{"text":"outer","start":2744.391,"end":2744.664},{"text":"space","start":2744.664,"end":2744.937},{"text":"activities,","start":2745.049,"end":2745.739},{"text":"with","start":2746.654,"end":2746.911},{"text":"practical","start":2747.2,"end":2747.825},{"text":"references","start":2747.922,"end":2748.628},{"text":"to","start":2749.125,"end":2749.334},{"text":"guide","start":2749.446,"end":2749.832},{"text":"different","start":2749.944,"end":2750.329},{"text":"states.","start":2750.329,"end":2750.778}]},{"text":"We understand that in the development of the debate on the remediation or mitigation of space debris, we have to.","start":2751.533,"end":2758.979,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2751.533,"end":2751.629},{"text":"understand","start":2751.693,"end":2752.271},{"text":"that","start":2752.271,"end":2752.512},{"text":"in","start":2752.512,"end":2752.608},{"text":"the","start":2752.656,"end":2752.752},{"text":"development","start":2752.833,"end":2753.426},{"text":"of","start":2753.539,"end":2753.603},{"text":"the","start":2753.699,"end":2753.876},{"text":"debate","start":2753.876,"end":2754.277},{"text":"on","start":2754.823,"end":2755.047},{"text":"the","start":2755.144,"end":2755.24},{"text":"remediation","start":2755.24,"end":2756.074},{"text":"or","start":2756.123,"end":2756.219},{"text":"mitigation","start":2756.219,"end":2756.781},{"text":"of","start":2756.781,"end":2756.893},{"text":"space","start":2756.909,"end":2757.198},{"text":"debris,","start":2757.31,"end":2757.711},{"text":"we","start":2758.129,"end":2758.385},{"text":"have","start":2758.514,"end":2758.819},{"text":"to.","start":2758.915,"end":2758.979}]},{"text":"Look at possible legal developments so that we can have an equitable distribution of activities and take into account the different levels of development of states.","start":2759.797,"end":2772.887,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Look","start":2759.797,"end":2759.989},{"text":"at","start":2760.117,"end":2760.261},{"text":"possible","start":2760.373,"end":2760.998},{"text":"legal","start":2761.495,"end":2762.024},{"text":"developments","start":2762.2,"end":2762.921},{"text":"so","start":2763.193,"end":2763.418},{"text":"that","start":2763.482,"end":2763.594},{"text":"we","start":2763.642,"end":2763.738},{"text":"can","start":2763.738,"end":2763.962},{"text":"have","start":2763.962,"end":2764.139},{"text":"an","start":2764.139,"end":2764.267},{"text":"equitable","start":2764.523,"end":2764.972},{"text":"distribution","start":2765.404,"end":2766.269},{"text":"of","start":2766.846,"end":2767.071},{"text":"activities","start":2768.529,"end":2769.314},{"text":"and","start":2769.57,"end":2769.842},{"text":"take","start":2769.907,"end":2770.147},{"text":"into","start":2770.211,"end":2770.387},{"text":"account","start":2770.387,"end":2770.66},{"text":"the","start":2770.708,"end":2770.9},{"text":"different","start":2770.932,"end":2771.413},{"text":"levels","start":2771.413,"end":2771.717},{"text":"of","start":2771.765,"end":2771.877},{"text":"development","start":2771.909,"end":2772.374},{"text":"of","start":2772.374,"end":2772.438},{"text":"states.","start":2772.454,"end":2772.887}]},{"text":"We can see that our first PANSAT mission is being designed in consonance with the principles of the long-term sustainability of outer space.","start":2773.672,"end":2783.67,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2773.672,"end":2773.736},{"text":"can","start":2773.896,"end":2774.008},{"text":"see","start":2774.056,"end":2774.313},{"text":"that","start":2774.313,"end":2774.537},{"text":"our","start":2774.569,"end":2774.777},{"text":"first","start":2775.098,"end":2775.418},{"text":"PANSAT","start":2775.418,"end":2775.995},{"text":"mission","start":2775.995,"end":2776.363},{"text":"is","start":2777.197,"end":2777.309},{"text":"being","start":2777.837,"end":2778.094},{"text":"designed","start":2778.318,"end":2778.799},{"text":"in","start":2778.799,"end":2778.927},{"text":"consonance","start":2778.943,"end":2779.744},{"text":"with","start":2779.744,"end":2779.984},{"text":"the","start":2779.984,"end":2780.193},{"text":"principles","start":2780.465,"end":2781.01},{"text":"of","start":2781.202,"end":2781.346},{"text":"the","start":2781.346,"end":2781.426},{"text":"long-term","start":2781.442,"end":2782.067},{"text":"sustainability","start":2782.067,"end":2782.965},{"text":"of","start":2782.965,"end":2783.109},{"text":"outer","start":2783.109,"end":2783.301},{"text":"space.","start":2783.301,"end":2783.67}]},{"text":"It is important for our country to take into account mitigation measures right from the design phase.","start":2784.086,"end":2790.308,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2784.086,"end":2784.182},{"text":"is","start":2784.182,"end":2784.294},{"text":"important","start":2784.326,"end":2784.775},{"text":"for","start":2784.807,"end":2784.903},{"text":"our","start":2784.951,"end":2785.128},{"text":"country","start":2785.128,"end":2785.528},{"text":"to","start":2785.913,"end":2786.073},{"text":"take","start":2786.073,"end":2786.233},{"text":"into","start":2786.329,"end":2786.57},{"text":"account","start":2786.57,"end":2787.002},{"text":"mitigation","start":2787.034,"end":2787.739},{"text":"measures","start":2788.429,"end":2788.702},{"text":"right","start":2788.879,"end":2789.12},{"text":"from","start":2789.216,"end":2789.441},{"text":"the","start":2789.441,"end":2789.489},{"text":"design","start":2789.553,"end":2789.922},{"text":"phase.","start":2790.019,"end":2790.308}]},{"text":"And finally, we have to continue to examine how the growing participation of non-governmental actors has an impact on the effective application of these rules, especially regarding authorization and oversight by states.","start":2790.741,"end":2806.477,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2790.741,"end":2790.805},{"text":"finally,","start":2790.886,"end":2791.351},{"text":"we","start":2791.929,"end":2791.994},{"text":"have","start":2792.01,"end":2792.154},{"text":"to","start":2792.17,"end":2792.315},{"text":"continue","start":2792.331,"end":2792.909},{"text":"to","start":2792.909,"end":2793.037},{"text":"examine","start":2793.053,"end":2793.487},{"text":"how","start":2793.872,"end":2793.969},{"text":"the","start":2794.113,"end":2794.193},{"text":"growing","start":2794.193,"end":2794.402},{"text":"participation","start":2794.515,"end":2795.462},{"text":"of","start":2795.462,"end":2795.558},{"text":"non-governmental","start":2795.622,"end":2796.666},{"text":"actors","start":2796.666,"end":2797.051},{"text":"has","start":2797.469,"end":2797.613},{"text":"an","start":2797.71,"end":2797.758},{"text":"impact","start":2797.886,"end":2798.352},{"text":"on","start":2798.352,"end":2798.416},{"text":"the","start":2798.448,"end":2798.609},{"text":"effective","start":2798.609,"end":2799.219},{"text":"application","start":2799.315,"end":2799.974},{"text":"of","start":2800.439,"end":2800.584},{"text":"these","start":2800.841,"end":2801.066},{"text":"rules,","start":2801.563,"end":2801.868},{"text":"especially","start":2802.061,"end":2802.607},{"text":"regarding","start":2802.687,"end":2803.153},{"text":"authorization","start":2803.249,"end":2804.1},{"text":"and","start":2804.694,"end":2804.839},{"text":"oversight","start":2805.176,"end":2805.818},{"text":"by","start":2805.834,"end":2805.931},{"text":"states.","start":2805.931,"end":2806.477}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":2806.557,"end":2807.103,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2806.557,"end":2806.862},{"text":"you.","start":2806.862,"end":2807.103}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"PAN","affiliation_full":"Panama","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":10,"start":2807.922,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=2808","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Panama for their statement, and now I give the floor to the United Kingdom.","start":2807.922,"end":2813.381,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2807.922,"end":2808.082},{"text":"thank","start":2808.082,"end":2808.387},{"text":"Panama","start":2808.789,"end":2809.078},{"text":"for","start":2809.287,"end":2809.527},{"text":"their","start":2809.527,"end":2809.688},{"text":"statement,","start":2809.688,"end":2810.314},{"text":"and","start":2810.716,"end":2810.796},{"text":"now","start":2810.876,"end":2810.908},{"text":"I","start":2811.92,"end":2812.016},{"text":"give","start":2812.016,"end":2812.193},{"text":"the","start":2812.193,"end":2812.305},{"text":"floor","start":2812.321,"end":2812.578},{"text":"to","start":2812.578,"end":2812.691},{"text":"the","start":2812.723,"end":2812.803},{"text":"United","start":2812.803,"end":2813.188},{"text":"Kingdom.","start":2813.22,"end":2813.381}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":11,"start":2815.457,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=2816","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, distinguished delegates, ensuring the long-term sustainability of outer space across Earth's orbit, cislunar space, and the lunar environment remains central to the UK's national and international space policy.","start":2815.457,"end":2829.212,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2815.457,"end":2815.811},{"text":"distinguished","start":2816.198,"end":2816.6},{"text":"delegates,","start":2816.6,"end":2817.019},{"text":"ensuring","start":2817.984,"end":2818.403},{"text":"the","start":2818.451,"end":2818.596},{"text":"long-term","start":2818.596,"end":2819.111},{"text":"sustainability","start":2819.111,"end":2819.916},{"text":"of","start":2819.916,"end":2819.997},{"text":"outer","start":2820.045,"end":2820.286},{"text":"space","start":2820.286,"end":2820.576},{"text":"across","start":2820.721,"end":2820.979},{"text":"Earth's","start":2821.252,"end":2821.429},{"text":"orbit,","start":2821.574,"end":2821.912},{"text":"cislunar","start":2822.234,"end":2822.717},{"text":"space,","start":2822.717,"end":2823.2},{"text":"and","start":2823.281,"end":2823.41},{"text":"the","start":2823.41,"end":2823.506},{"text":"lunar","start":2823.506,"end":2823.764},{"text":"environment","start":2823.764,"end":2824.57},{"text":"remains","start":2824.812,"end":2825.183},{"text":"central","start":2825.682,"end":2826.295},{"text":"to","start":2826.359,"end":2826.488},{"text":"the","start":2826.488,"end":2826.569},{"text":"UK's","start":2826.569,"end":2827.149},{"text":"national","start":2827.23,"end":2827.649},{"text":"and","start":2827.778,"end":2827.842},{"text":"international","start":2827.874,"end":2828.455},{"text":"space","start":2828.455,"end":2828.761},{"text":"policy.","start":2828.761,"end":2829.212}]},{"text":"The Outer Space Treaty, the Liability Convention, and the Registration Convention continue to provide the enduring legal foundation for responsible behavior, transparency, and accountability.","start":2831.19,"end":2843.045,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2831.19,"end":2831.27},{"text":"Outer","start":2831.286,"end":2831.464},{"text":"Space","start":2831.464,"end":2831.771},{"text":"Treaty,","start":2831.771,"end":2832.159},{"text":"the","start":2832.418,"end":2832.498},{"text":"Liability","start":2832.498,"end":2833.048},{"text":"Convention,","start":2833.064,"end":2833.662},{"text":"and","start":2833.726,"end":2833.791},{"text":"the","start":2833.807,"end":2833.953},{"text":"Registration","start":2833.953,"end":2834.599},{"text":"Convention","start":2834.599,"end":2835.068},{"text":"continue","start":2835.52,"end":2836.069},{"text":"to","start":2836.069,"end":2836.215},{"text":"provide","start":2836.215,"end":2836.764},{"text":"the","start":2837.265,"end":2837.394},{"text":"enduring","start":2837.685,"end":2838.299},{"text":"legal","start":2838.412,"end":2838.703},{"text":"foundation","start":2838.735,"end":2839.673},{"text":"for","start":2839.687,"end":2839.767},{"text":"responsible","start":2839.767,"end":2840.345},{"text":"behavior,","start":2840.345,"end":2840.956},{"text":"transparency,","start":2841.069,"end":2842},{"text":"and","start":2842.193,"end":2842.258},{"text":"accountability.","start":2842.258,"end":2843.045}]},{"text":"These instruments guide our collective work to strengthen legal mechanisms that reduce the risk posed by space debris.","start":2843.881,"end":2850.163,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":2843.881,"end":2844.089},{"text":"instruments","start":2844.202,"end":2844.636},{"text":"guide","start":2844.748,"end":2845.021},{"text":"our","start":2845.021,"end":2845.15},{"text":"collective","start":2845.15,"end":2845.616},{"text":"work","start":2845.648,"end":2845.953},{"text":"to","start":2845.953,"end":2846.05},{"text":"strengthen","start":2846.05,"end":2846.516},{"text":"legal","start":2846.516,"end":2846.789},{"text":"mechanisms","start":2846.789,"end":2847.464},{"text":"that","start":2847.801,"end":2847.882},{"text":"reduce","start":2847.898,"end":2848.251},{"text":"the","start":2848.38,"end":2848.46},{"text":"risk","start":2848.524,"end":2848.862},{"text":"posed","start":2848.862,"end":2849.408},{"text":"by","start":2849.408,"end":2849.505},{"text":"space","start":2849.505,"end":2849.778},{"text":"debris.","start":2849.89,"end":2850.163}]},{"text":"Over the past year, the UK has continued to play a leading role within the Interagency Space Debris Coordination Committee, or IADC.","start":2851.272,"end":2859.274,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Over","start":2851.272,"end":2851.433},{"text":"the","start":2851.433,"end":2851.513},{"text":"past","start":2851.513,"end":2851.915},{"text":"year,","start":2851.915,"end":2852.092},{"text":"the","start":2852.542,"end":2852.622},{"text":"UK","start":2852.622,"end":2852.879},{"text":"has","start":2852.879,"end":2853.008},{"text":"continued","start":2853.04,"end":2853.522},{"text":"to","start":2853.522,"end":2853.602},{"text":"play","start":2853.602,"end":2853.875},{"text":"a","start":2854.084,"end":2854.229},{"text":"leading","start":2854.245,"end":2854.534},{"text":"role","start":2854.647,"end":2854.791},{"text":"within","start":2855.048,"end":2855.37},{"text":"the","start":2855.37,"end":2855.611},{"text":"Interagency","start":2855.611,"end":2856.382},{"text":"Space","start":2856.43,"end":2856.784},{"text":"Debris","start":2856.816,"end":2857.218},{"text":"Coordination","start":2857.218,"end":2857.909},{"text":"Committee,","start":2857.941,"end":2858.391},{"text":"or","start":2858.728,"end":2858.792},{"text":"IADC.","start":2858.824,"end":2859.274}]},{"text":"The UK Space Agency Chief Engineer Andrew Ratcliffe has had the honor of serving as the chair as the committee expanded its membership and published its 4th annual assessment of the debris environment.","start":2860.271,"end":2872.799,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2860.271,"end":2860.319},{"text":"UK","start":2860.335,"end":2860.592},{"text":"Space","start":2860.608,"end":2860.946},{"text":"Agency","start":2861.219,"end":2861.685},{"text":"Chief","start":2861.717,"end":2862.038},{"text":"Engineer","start":2862.038,"end":2862.536},{"text":"Andrew","start":2862.745,"end":2862.922},{"text":"Ratcliffe","start":2862.986,"end":2863.5},{"text":"has","start":2863.806,"end":2863.95},{"text":"had","start":2863.95,"end":2864.111},{"text":"the","start":2864.111,"end":2864.272},{"text":"honor","start":2864.352,"end":2864.625},{"text":"of","start":2864.69,"end":2864.754},{"text":"serving","start":2864.754,"end":2865.14},{"text":"as","start":2865.172,"end":2865.22},{"text":"the","start":2865.252,"end":2865.396},{"text":"chair","start":2865.396,"end":2865.75},{"text":"as","start":2866.119,"end":2866.183},{"text":"the","start":2866.199,"end":2866.296},{"text":"committee","start":2866.296,"end":2866.617},{"text":"expanded","start":2866.617,"end":2867.179},{"text":"its","start":2867.179,"end":2867.323},{"text":"membership","start":2867.323,"end":2867.885},{"text":"and","start":2868.206,"end":2868.303},{"text":"published","start":2868.303,"end":2868.833},{"text":"its","start":2868.929,"end":2869.089},{"text":"4th","start":2869.089,"end":2869.475},{"text":"annual","start":2869.732,"end":2870.021},{"text":"assessment","start":2870.326,"end":2870.984},{"text":"of","start":2871.418,"end":2871.562},{"text":"the","start":2871.578,"end":2871.658},{"text":"debris","start":2871.675,"end":2872.092},{"text":"environment.","start":2872.237,"end":2872.799}]},{"text":"These outputs inform evidence-based policymaking and support the implementation, um, of updated debris mitigation guidelines.","start":2873.906,"end":2882.32,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":2873.906,"end":2874.131},{"text":"outputs","start":2874.228,"end":2874.677},{"text":"inform","start":2874.806,"end":2875.175},{"text":"evidence-based","start":2875.352,"end":2876.154},{"text":"policymaking","start":2876.154,"end":2876.861},{"text":"and","start":2877.278,"end":2877.343},{"text":"support","start":2877.359,"end":2877.696},{"text":"the","start":2877.696,"end":2877.776},{"text":"implementation,","start":2877.776,"end":2878.595},{"text":"um,","start":2879.526,"end":2879.687},{"text":"of","start":2879.928,"end":2880.072},{"text":"updated","start":2880.185,"end":2880.65},{"text":"debris","start":2880.65,"end":2881.068},{"text":"mitigation","start":2881.132,"end":2881.678},{"text":"guidelines.","start":2881.79,"end":2882.32}]},{"text":"Nationally, the UK remains committed to strong regulatory measures under the Space Industry Act and the Outer Space Act.","start":2883.38,"end":2890.268,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"Nationally,","start":2883.38,"end":2883.765},{"text":"the","start":2884.118,"end":2884.183},{"text":"UK","start":2884.183,"end":2884.44},{"text":"remains","start":2884.456,"end":2884.841},{"text":"committed","start":2884.905,"end":2885.323},{"text":"to","start":2885.323,"end":2885.467},{"text":"strong","start":2885.467,"end":2885.772},{"text":"regulatory","start":2885.965,"end":2886.382},{"text":"measures","start":2886.382,"end":2886.816},{"text":"under","start":2887.169,"end":2887.394},{"text":"the","start":2887.394,"end":2887.474},{"text":"Space","start":2887.474,"end":2887.892},{"text":"Industry","start":2887.892,"end":2888.293},{"text":"Act","start":2888.293,"end":2888.582},{"text":"and","start":2889,"end":2889.321},{"text":"the","start":2889.321,"end":2889.481},{"text":"Outer","start":2889.481,"end":2889.658},{"text":"Space","start":2889.658,"end":2890.043},{"text":"Act.","start":2890.043,"end":2890.268}]},{"text":"With the international good practice on debris mitigation being incorporated into UK regulatory requirements.","start":2890.862,"end":2897.042,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":2890.862,"end":2891.023},{"text":"the","start":2891.023,"end":2891.167},{"text":"international","start":2891.167,"end":2891.809},{"text":"good","start":2891.809,"end":2891.922},{"text":"practice","start":2891.97,"end":2892.355},{"text":"on","start":2892.548,"end":2892.596},{"text":"debris","start":2892.692,"end":2892.933},{"text":"mitigation","start":2892.933,"end":2893.655},{"text":"being","start":2893.655,"end":2893.736},{"text":"incorporated","start":2893.736,"end":2894.763},{"text":"into","start":2895.036,"end":2895.18},{"text":"UK","start":2895.261,"end":2895.678},{"text":"regulatory","start":2895.822,"end":2896.368},{"text":"requirements.","start":2896.464,"end":2897.042}]},{"text":"Chair, the UK continues to strengthen remediation capabilities.","start":2898.006,"end":2901.746,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2898.006,"end":2898.343},{"text":"the","start":2898.953,"end":2899.033},{"text":"UK","start":2899.033,"end":2899.29},{"text":"continues","start":2899.29,"end":2899.707},{"text":"to","start":2899.707,"end":2899.852},{"text":"strengthen","start":2899.852,"end":2900.333},{"text":"remediation","start":2900.333,"end":2901.007},{"text":"capabilities.","start":2901.04,"end":2901.746}]},{"text":"The UK's National Active Debris Removal Mission, currently in procurement, will demonstrate the ability to rendezvous with, dock, and to deorbit 2 unprepared, uncooperative UK-licensed satellites, marking a significant national step towards enabling safe and responsible in-orbit servicing.","start":2902.42,"end":2920.608,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2902.42,"end":2902.484},{"text":"UK's","start":2902.565,"end":2902.918},{"text":"National","start":2902.918,"end":2903.383},{"text":"Active","start":2903.383,"end":2903.592},{"text":"Debris","start":2903.624,"end":2904.025},{"text":"Removal","start":2904.025,"end":2904.427},{"text":"Mission,","start":2904.427,"end":2904.7},{"text":"currently","start":2904.908,"end":2905.277},{"text":"in","start":2905.47,"end":2905.663},{"text":"procurement,","start":2905.791,"end":2906.674},{"text":"will","start":2906.995,"end":2907.14},{"text":"demonstrate","start":2907.156,"end":2907.782},{"text":"the","start":2907.782,"end":2907.878},{"text":"ability","start":2907.878,"end":2908.343},{"text":"to","start":2908.343,"end":2908.456},{"text":"rendezvous","start":2908.504,"end":2909.066},{"text":"with,","start":2909.082,"end":2909.451},{"text":"dock,","start":2909.788,"end":2910.109},{"text":"and","start":2910.43,"end":2910.511},{"text":"to","start":2910.527,"end":2910.655},{"text":"deorbit","start":2910.687,"end":2911.249},{"text":"2","start":2911.249,"end":2911.538},{"text":"unprepared,","start":2911.795,"end":2912.501},{"text":"uncooperative","start":2912.918,"end":2913.785},{"text":"UK-licensed","start":2913.882,"end":2914.556},{"text":"satellites,","start":2914.556,"end":2915.342},{"text":"marking","start":2915.728,"end":2916.081},{"text":"a","start":2916.129,"end":2916.145},{"text":"significant","start":2916.145,"end":2916.851},{"text":"national","start":2916.851,"end":2917.14},{"text":"step","start":2917.14,"end":2917.574},{"text":"towards","start":2917.574,"end":2917.847},{"text":"enabling","start":2917.847,"end":2918.28},{"text":"safe","start":2918.216,"end":2918.601},{"text":"and","start":2918.858,"end":2919.035},{"text":"responsible","start":2919.035,"end":2919.565},{"text":"in-orbit","start":2919.757,"end":2920.078},{"text":"servicing.","start":2920.078,"end":2920.608}]},{"text":"To complement this, the UK is advancing its Rendezvous and Proximity Operations Regulatory Sandbox, an innovative project that will allow industry colleagues and the independent regulator to test and improve the regulatory requirements, operational concepts, and safety protocols in a controlled environment.","start":2921.668,"end":2940.454,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":2921.668,"end":2921.732},{"text":"complement","start":2921.748,"end":2922.166},{"text":"this,","start":2922.166,"end":2922.358},{"text":"the","start":2922.808,"end":2922.872},{"text":"UK","start":2922.872,"end":2923.161},{"text":"is","start":2923.209,"end":2923.258},{"text":"advancing","start":2923.354,"end":2923.9},{"text":"its","start":2924.012,"end":2924.173},{"text":"Rendezvous","start":2924.253,"end":2924.783},{"text":"and","start":2924.879,"end":2924.976},{"text":"Proximity","start":2924.976,"end":2925.506},{"text":"Operations","start":2925.554,"end":2926.308},{"text":"Regulatory","start":2926.485,"end":2926.886},{"text":"Sandbox,","start":2926.886,"end":2927.625},{"text":"an","start":2928.187,"end":2928.315},{"text":"innovative","start":2928.428,"end":2928.877},{"text":"project","start":2928.91,"end":2929.391},{"text":"that","start":2929.616,"end":2929.712},{"text":"will","start":2929.712,"end":2929.857},{"text":"allow","start":2929.857,"end":2929.985},{"text":"industry","start":2930.194,"end":2930.595},{"text":"colleagues","start":2930.595,"end":2931.125},{"text":"and","start":2931.543,"end":2931.623},{"text":"the","start":2931.623,"end":2931.719},{"text":"independent","start":2931.719,"end":2932.201},{"text":"regulator","start":2932.201,"end":2932.924},{"text":"to","start":2932.924,"end":2933.052},{"text":"test","start":2933.084,"end":2933.486},{"text":"and","start":2933.566,"end":2933.63},{"text":"improve","start":2933.646,"end":2934.256},{"text":"the","start":2934.289,"end":2934.353},{"text":"regulatory","start":2934.369,"end":2934.85},{"text":"requirements,","start":2934.85,"end":2935.637},{"text":"operational","start":2935.958,"end":2936.488},{"text":"concepts,","start":2936.52,"end":2937.066},{"text":"and","start":2937.5,"end":2937.564},{"text":"safety","start":2937.564,"end":2937.949},{"text":"protocols","start":2937.965,"end":2938.592},{"text":"in","start":2939.025,"end":2939.122},{"text":"a","start":2939.122,"end":2939.186},{"text":"controlled","start":2939.186,"end":2939.732},{"text":"environment.","start":2939.748,"end":2940.454}]},{"text":"The sandbox is helping refine guidance on licensing, operator responsibility, and the safety assurance for complex in-orbit activities, making it a critical enabler for future debris removal, in-orbit servicing, and wider in-orbit servicing assembly manufacturing activities.","start":2941.193,"end":2959.052,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2941.193,"end":2941.273},{"text":"sandbox","start":2941.273,"end":2941.771},{"text":"is","start":2941.771,"end":2941.867},{"text":"helping","start":2941.899,"end":2942.365},{"text":"refine","start":2942.461,"end":2942.927},{"text":"guidance","start":2943.023,"end":2943.617},{"text":"on","start":2943.922,"end":2943.986},{"text":"licensing,","start":2944.067,"end":2944.676},{"text":"operator","start":2944.981,"end":2945.382},{"text":"responsibility,","start":2945.382,"end":2946.136},{"text":"and","start":2946.73,"end":2946.794},{"text":"the","start":2946.81,"end":2946.874},{"text":"safety","start":2946.874,"end":2947.275},{"text":"assurance","start":2947.275,"end":2947.853},{"text":"for","start":2947.917,"end":2948.062},{"text":"complex","start":2948.078,"end":2948.607},{"text":"in-orbit","start":2948.896,"end":2949.297},{"text":"activities,","start":2949.297,"end":2949.987},{"text":"making","start":2950.42,"end":2950.709},{"text":"it","start":2950.805,"end":2950.837},{"text":"a","start":2950.837,"end":2950.901},{"text":"critical","start":2950.901,"end":2951.383},{"text":"enabler","start":2951.383,"end":2951.912},{"text":"for","start":2952.105,"end":2952.249},{"text":"future","start":2952.249,"end":2952.506},{"text":"debris","start":2952.506,"end":2952.827},{"text":"removal,","start":2952.827,"end":2953.292},{"text":"in-orbit","start":2953.709,"end":2954.03},{"text":"servicing,","start":2954.03,"end":2954.64},{"text":"and","start":2955.057,"end":2955.153},{"text":"wider","start":2955.153,"end":2955.554},{"text":"in-orbit","start":2955.779,"end":2956.244},{"text":"servicing","start":2956.453,"end":2957.046},{"text":"assembly","start":2957.142,"end":2957.544},{"text":"manufacturing","start":2957.72,"end":2958.33},{"text":"activities.","start":2958.522,"end":2959.052}]},{"text":"Chair, the United Kingdom remains fully committed to advancing legal, technical, and collaborative mechanisms that ensure a safe, secure, and sustainable space environment.","start":2959.87,"end":2969.175,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2959.87,"end":2960.223},{"text":"the","start":2960.608,"end":2960.656},{"text":"United","start":2960.656,"end":2961.009},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2961.009,"end":2961.346},{"text":"remains","start":2961.346,"end":2961.731},{"text":"fully","start":2961.795,"end":2962.02},{"text":"committed","start":2962.036,"end":2962.501},{"text":"to","start":2962.533,"end":2962.694},{"text":"advancing","start":2962.694,"end":2963.223},{"text":"legal,","start":2963.335,"end":2963.72},{"text":"technical,","start":2963.736,"end":2964.266},{"text":"and","start":2964.619,"end":2964.683},{"text":"collaborative","start":2964.763,"end":2965.341},{"text":"mechanisms","start":2965.341,"end":2965.951},{"text":"that","start":2966.223,"end":2966.368},{"text":"ensure","start":2966.368,"end":2966.656},{"text":"a","start":2966.705,"end":2966.721},{"text":"safe,","start":2966.721,"end":2967.17},{"text":"secure,","start":2967.282,"end":2967.683},{"text":"and","start":2967.828,"end":2967.908},{"text":"sustainable","start":2967.908,"end":2968.437},{"text":"space","start":2968.566,"end":2968.951},{"text":"environment.","start":2968.967,"end":2969.175}]},{"text":"environment for all.","start":2969.337,"end":2971.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"environment","start":2969.337,"end":2970.357},{"text":"for","start":2971.297,"end":2971.394},{"text":"all.","start":2971.604,"end":2971.75}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":2971.815,"end":2972.204,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2971.815,"end":2972.09},{"text":"you.","start":2972.09,"end":2972.204}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"GBR","affiliation_full":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":12,"start":2972.528,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=2973","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the United Kingdom for their statement, and now I give the floor to the Russian Federation.","start":2972.528,"end":2977.355,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2972.528,"end":2972.544},{"text":"thank","start":2972.592,"end":2972.916},{"text":"the","start":2972.916,"end":2973.062},{"text":"United","start":2973.062,"end":2973.581},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2973.581,"end":2974.131},{"text":"for","start":2974.455,"end":2974.617},{"text":"their","start":2974.617,"end":2974.779},{"text":"statement,","start":2974.779,"end":2975.265},{"text":"and","start":2975.33,"end":2975.427},{"text":"now","start":2975.427,"end":2975.508},{"text":"I","start":2975.605,"end":2975.622},{"text":"give","start":2975.735,"end":2975.978},{"text":"the","start":2975.978,"end":2976.026},{"text":"floor","start":2976.075,"end":2976.399},{"text":"to","start":2976.399,"end":2976.561},{"text":"the","start":2976.561,"end":2976.707},{"text":"Russian","start":2976.707,"end":2977.112},{"text":"Federation.","start":2977.112,"end":2977.355}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":13,"start":2981.2,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=2982","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Distinguished Chairperson, distinguished delegates, the issue of space debris mitigation is a key factor for the long-term safety of spaceflight.","start":2981.2,"end":2993.037,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":2981.2,"end":2981.62},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":2981.62,"end":2982.267},{"text":"distinguished","start":2982.284,"end":2982.769},{"text":"delegates,","start":2982.769,"end":2983.206},{"text":"the","start":2984.533,"end":2984.792},{"text":"issue","start":2985.18,"end":2985.406},{"text":"of","start":2985.503,"end":2985.681},{"text":"space","start":2985.681,"end":2985.973},{"text":"debris","start":2986.07,"end":2986.426},{"text":"mitigation","start":2986.426,"end":2987.024},{"text":"is","start":2987.38,"end":2987.591},{"text":"a","start":2987.93,"end":2988.108},{"text":"key","start":2988.335,"end":2988.448},{"text":"factor","start":2988.578,"end":2989.112},{"text":"for","start":2989.144,"end":2989.451},{"text":"the","start":2989.629,"end":2989.84},{"text":"long-term","start":2990.18,"end":2990.778},{"text":"safety","start":2990.778,"end":2991.259},{"text":"of","start":2991.442,"end":2991.675},{"text":"spaceflight.","start":2992.223,"end":2993.037}]},{"text":"The instruments currently adopted on that matter consolidate international efforts on space debris mitigation.","start":2995.795,"end":3002.136,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2995.795,"end":2996.007},{"text":"instruments","start":2996.023,"end":2996.446},{"text":"currently","start":2996.446,"end":2996.853},{"text":"adopted","start":2996.853,"end":2997.326},{"text":"on","start":2997.407,"end":2997.456},{"text":"that","start":2997.57,"end":2997.765},{"text":"matter","start":2997.765,"end":2998.059},{"text":"consolidate","start":2998.059,"end":2998.792},{"text":"international","start":2998.792,"end":2999.573},{"text":"efforts","start":2999.687,"end":3000.176},{"text":"on","start":3000.176,"end":3000.257},{"text":"space","start":3000.73,"end":3001.085},{"text":"debris","start":3001.085,"end":3001.425},{"text":"mitigation.","start":3001.425,"end":3002.136}]},{"text":"However, they are inadequate in the face of the fast pace of evolution of space activities that we see today.","start":3004.14,"end":3010.865,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":3004.14,"end":3004.674},{"text":"they","start":3005.999,"end":3006.064},{"text":"are","start":3006.064,"end":3006.258},{"text":"inadequate","start":3006.258,"end":3007.066},{"text":"in","start":3007.066,"end":3007.147},{"text":"the","start":3007.147,"end":3007.195},{"text":"face","start":3007.227,"end":3007.551},{"text":"of","start":3007.551,"end":3007.632},{"text":"the","start":3007.632,"end":3007.728},{"text":"fast","start":3007.728,"end":3008.036},{"text":"pace","start":3008.036,"end":3008.472},{"text":"of","start":3008.504,"end":3008.731},{"text":"evolution","start":3008.908,"end":3009.377},{"text":"of","start":3009.636,"end":3009.717},{"text":"space","start":3009.717,"end":3009.991},{"text":"activities","start":3009.991,"end":3010.428},{"text":"that","start":3010.444,"end":3010.525},{"text":"we","start":3010.525,"end":3010.59},{"text":"see","start":3010.59,"end":3010.638},{"text":"today.","start":3010.638,"end":3010.865}]},{"text":"Firstly, the instruments are not legally binding.","start":3011.366,"end":3013.665,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Firstly,","start":3011.366,"end":3011.852},{"text":"the","start":3011.901,"end":3011.998},{"text":"instruments","start":3011.998,"end":3012.483},{"text":"are","start":3012.564,"end":3012.597},{"text":"not","start":3012.597,"end":3012.758},{"text":"legally","start":3012.872,"end":3013.179},{"text":"binding.","start":3013.212,"end":3013.665}]},{"text":"Secondly, they barely touch upon international law aspects and are solely focused on technical measures.","start":3015.29,"end":3022.609,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Secondly,","start":3015.29,"end":3015.611},{"text":"they","start":3016.609,"end":3016.689},{"text":"barely","start":3016.769,"end":3017.059},{"text":"touch","start":3017.091,"end":3017.268},{"text":"upon","start":3017.268,"end":3017.767},{"text":"international","start":3017.815,"end":3018.442},{"text":"law","start":3018.442,"end":3018.571},{"text":"aspects","start":3018.684,"end":3019.247},{"text":"and","start":3020.373,"end":3020.694},{"text":"are","start":3020.71,"end":3020.759},{"text":"solely","start":3020.791,"end":3021.241},{"text":"focused","start":3021.257,"end":3021.82},{"text":"on","start":3021.82,"end":3021.965},{"text":"technical","start":3021.997,"end":3022.416},{"text":"measures.","start":3022.416,"end":3022.609}]},{"text":"Finally, they focus solely on prevention and ignore matters related to removing existing debris.","start":3024.476,"end":3030.889,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":3024.476,"end":3024.783},{"text":"they","start":3025.122,"end":3025.219},{"text":"focus","start":3025.219,"end":3025.542},{"text":"solely","start":3025.542,"end":3025.865},{"text":"on","start":3025.865,"end":3026.027},{"text":"prevention","start":3026.027,"end":3026.641},{"text":"and","start":3026.738,"end":3026.835},{"text":"ignore","start":3026.835,"end":3027.335},{"text":"matters","start":3027.965,"end":3028.353},{"text":"related","start":3028.353,"end":3028.676},{"text":"to","start":3028.676,"end":3028.837},{"text":"removing","start":3028.837,"end":3029.225},{"text":"existing","start":3029.419,"end":3030.114},{"text":"debris.","start":3030.55,"end":3030.889}]},{"text":"Some states are actively promoting the concept of responsible conduct in space, in accordance with which a space vehicle has only to be defunct or non-functioning for it to be considered for removal.","start":3034.45,"end":3047.269,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Some","start":3034.45,"end":3034.498},{"text":"states","start":3034.498,"end":3034.886},{"text":"are","start":3034.886,"end":3035.032},{"text":"actively","start":3035.032,"end":3035.388},{"text":"promoting","start":3035.452,"end":3035.986},{"text":"the","start":3036.164,"end":3036.423},{"text":"concept","start":3036.423,"end":3036.941},{"text":"of","start":3036.989,"end":3037.313},{"text":"responsible","start":3037.394,"end":3037.944},{"text":"conduct","start":3037.944,"end":3038.235},{"text":"in","start":3038.283,"end":3038.348},{"text":"space,","start":3038.348,"end":3038.785},{"text":"in","start":3039.497,"end":3039.578},{"text":"accordance","start":3039.578,"end":3039.917},{"text":"with","start":3039.966,"end":3040.031},{"text":"which","start":3040.128,"end":3040.354},{"text":"a","start":3041.842,"end":3041.956},{"text":"space","start":3042.166,"end":3042.554},{"text":"vehicle","start":3042.57,"end":3042.991},{"text":"has","start":3043.039,"end":3043.104},{"text":"only","start":3043.201,"end":3043.379},{"text":"to","start":3043.379,"end":3043.46},{"text":"be","start":3043.46,"end":3043.703},{"text":"defunct","start":3043.72,"end":3044.128},{"text":"or","start":3044.488,"end":3044.554},{"text":"non-functioning","start":3044.652,"end":3045.437},{"text":"for","start":3045.633,"end":3045.797},{"text":"it","start":3045.797,"end":3045.944},{"text":"to","start":3045.944,"end":3046.026},{"text":"be","start":3046.026,"end":3046.124},{"text":"considered","start":3046.124,"end":3046.664},{"text":"for","start":3046.68,"end":3046.843},{"text":"removal.","start":3046.843,"end":3047.269}]},{"text":"For the Russian Federation, this simplified approach is unacceptable.","start":3050.754,"end":3054.852,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3050.754,"end":3050.852},{"text":"the","start":3050.852,"end":3050.933},{"text":"Russian","start":3050.933,"end":3051.244},{"text":"Federation,","start":3051.244,"end":3051.799},{"text":"this","start":3051.897,"end":3051.979},{"text":"simplified","start":3052.256,"end":3052.909},{"text":"approach","start":3052.909,"end":3053.268},{"text":"is","start":3053.611,"end":3053.758},{"text":"unacceptable.","start":3054.101,"end":3054.852}]},{"text":"Only the state of registration has the right to deem a space vehicle defunct.","start":3057.86,"end":3063.049,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Only","start":3057.86,"end":3057.941},{"text":"the","start":3057.974,"end":3058.055},{"text":"state","start":3058.055,"end":3058.431},{"text":"of","start":3058.48,"end":3058.545},{"text":"registration","start":3058.545,"end":3059.328},{"text":"has","start":3059.752,"end":3059.899},{"text":"the","start":3059.997,"end":3060.079},{"text":"right","start":3060.079,"end":3060.356},{"text":"to","start":3060.356,"end":3060.503},{"text":"deem","start":3060.503,"end":3060.764},{"text":"a","start":3060.993,"end":3061.172},{"text":"space","start":3061.335,"end":3061.89},{"text":"vehicle","start":3061.89,"end":3062.249},{"text":"defunct.","start":3062.543,"end":3063.049}]},{"text":"This raises the need to craft and adopt legally significant definitions of the terms space debris and space debris object.","start":3065.6,"end":3074.259,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3065.6,"end":3065.648},{"text":"raises","start":3065.778,"end":3066.166},{"text":"the","start":3066.263,"end":3066.344},{"text":"need","start":3066.36,"end":3066.732},{"text":"to","start":3066.765,"end":3067.008},{"text":"craft","start":3067.008,"end":3067.428},{"text":"and","start":3067.428,"end":3067.509},{"text":"adopt","start":3067.509,"end":3068.092},{"text":"legally","start":3069.031,"end":3069.403},{"text":"significant","start":3069.435,"end":3070.245},{"text":"definitions","start":3070.39,"end":3071.07},{"text":"of","start":3071.281,"end":3071.394},{"text":"the","start":3071.394,"end":3071.523},{"text":"terms","start":3071.523,"end":3071.993},{"text":"space","start":3072.203,"end":3072.462},{"text":"debris","start":3072.511,"end":3072.915},{"text":"and","start":3073.142,"end":3073.449},{"text":"space","start":3073.498,"end":3073.822},{"text":"debris","start":3073.822,"end":3074.113},{"text":"object.","start":3074.113,"end":3074.259}]},{"text":"We also call for the drafting of international standards on managing the lifecycle of space vehicles, including on minimizing their impact on orbital space.","start":3077.584,"end":3087.242,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3077.584,"end":3077.664},{"text":"also","start":3077.68,"end":3077.985},{"text":"call","start":3077.985,"end":3078.146},{"text":"for","start":3078.226,"end":3078.338},{"text":"the","start":3078.338,"end":3078.466},{"text":"drafting","start":3078.466,"end":3078.835},{"text":"of","start":3078.884,"end":3079.044},{"text":"international","start":3079.044,"end":3079.589},{"text":"standards","start":3079.589,"end":3080.183},{"text":"on","start":3080.873,"end":3080.937},{"text":"managing","start":3080.969,"end":3081.37},{"text":"the","start":3081.37,"end":3081.515},{"text":"lifecycle","start":3081.515,"end":3082.012},{"text":"of","start":3082.012,"end":3082.076},{"text":"space","start":3082.092,"end":3082.477},{"text":"vehicles,","start":3082.477,"end":3082.942},{"text":"including","start":3084.178,"end":3084.547},{"text":"on","start":3084.579,"end":3084.723},{"text":"minimizing","start":3084.723,"end":3085.22},{"text":"their","start":3085.22,"end":3085.333},{"text":"impact","start":3085.365,"end":3085.846},{"text":"on","start":3085.846,"end":3085.99},{"text":"orbital","start":3086.408,"end":3086.76},{"text":"space.","start":3086.76,"end":3087.242}]},{"text":"That implies strict compliance with space vehicle service life, measures to prevent space debris from arising in near-Earth space due to the active existence of a space vehicle ceasing, and also measures to mitigate further space debris, including on the moon and other celestial bodies.","start":3088.734,"end":3110.613,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":3088.734,"end":3088.83},{"text":"implies","start":3088.83,"end":3089.199},{"text":"strict","start":3089.295,"end":3089.632},{"text":"compliance","start":3089.632,"end":3090.386},{"text":"with","start":3090.579,"end":3090.819},{"text":"space","start":3091.156,"end":3091.541},{"text":"vehicle","start":3091.557,"end":3091.862},{"text":"service","start":3091.862,"end":3092.247},{"text":"life,","start":3092.343,"end":3092.552},{"text":"measures","start":3093.787,"end":3094.252},{"text":"to","start":3094.349,"end":3094.445},{"text":"prevent","start":3094.445,"end":3094.974},{"text":"space","start":3095.343,"end":3095.969},{"text":"debris","start":3096.033,"end":3096.354},{"text":"from","start":3096.354,"end":3096.595},{"text":"arising","start":3096.595,"end":3097.14},{"text":"in","start":3097.333,"end":3097.397},{"text":"near-Earth","start":3097.493,"end":3097.894},{"text":"space","start":3097.91,"end":3098.391},{"text":"due","start":3098.76,"end":3099.001},{"text":"to","start":3099.001,"end":3099.226},{"text":"the","start":3099.322,"end":3099.53},{"text":"active","start":3099.883,"end":3100.22},{"text":"existence","start":3100.22,"end":3102.563},{"text":"of","start":3101.749,"end":3101.849},{"text":"a","start":3101.849,"end":3101.915},{"text":"space","start":3101.915,"end":3102.263},{"text":"vehicle","start":3102.263,"end":3102.677},{"text":"ceasing,","start":3102.677,"end":3103.14},{"text":"and","start":3104.89,"end":3105.083},{"text":"also","start":3105.083,"end":3105.164},{"text":"measures","start":3105.164,"end":3105.534},{"text":"to","start":3105.712,"end":3105.809},{"text":"mitigate","start":3105.809,"end":3106.421},{"text":"further","start":3106.454,"end":3107.195},{"text":"space","start":3107.26,"end":3107.631},{"text":"debris,","start":3107.727,"end":3108.05},{"text":"including","start":3108.13,"end":3108.469},{"text":"on","start":3108.469,"end":3108.55},{"text":"the","start":3108.55,"end":3108.63},{"text":"moon","start":3108.63,"end":3108.92},{"text":"and","start":3109.017,"end":3109.195},{"text":"other","start":3109.34,"end":3109.614},{"text":"celestial","start":3109.759,"end":3110.243},{"text":"bodies.","start":3110.243,"end":3110.613}]},{"text":"By way of conclusion, in the current context of continuous growth in the number of space operators and orbital constellations in near-Earth space, We must secure strict compliance with international space law and the relevant COPOS recommendations when space projects are implemented.","start":3111.774,"end":3137.626,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"By","start":3111.774,"end":3111.871},{"text":"way","start":3111.871,"end":3112.016},{"text":"of","start":3112.016,"end":3112.161},{"text":"conclusion,","start":3112.161,"end":3112.677},{"text":"in","start":3114.95,"end":3114.982},{"text":"the","start":3114.982,"end":3115.241},{"text":"current","start":3115.953,"end":3116.406},{"text":"context","start":3116.438,"end":3116.956},{"text":"of","start":3117.07,"end":3117.296},{"text":"continuous","start":3117.328,"end":3117.895},{"text":"growth","start":3117.895,"end":3118.267},{"text":"in","start":3118.542,"end":3118.607},{"text":"the","start":3118.623,"end":3118.704},{"text":"number","start":3118.704,"end":3118.931},{"text":"of","start":3118.931,"end":3119.012},{"text":"space","start":3119.012,"end":3119.432},{"text":"operators","start":3119.432,"end":3119.966},{"text":"and","start":3121.115,"end":3121.261},{"text":"orbital","start":3122.329,"end":3122.734},{"text":"constellations","start":3122.993,"end":3123.77},{"text":"in","start":3123.868,"end":3123.999},{"text":"near-Earth","start":3124.279,"end":3125.002},{"text":"space,","start":3125.1,"end":3125.79},{"text":"We","start":3126.954,"end":3127.034},{"text":"must","start":3127.034,"end":3127.259},{"text":"secure","start":3127.259,"end":3127.628},{"text":"strict","start":3127.756,"end":3128.302},{"text":"compliance","start":3128.302,"end":3128.992},{"text":"with","start":3129.024,"end":3129.216},{"text":"international","start":3129.281,"end":3129.955},{"text":"space","start":3130.003,"end":3130.436},{"text":"law","start":3130.468,"end":3130.597},{"text":"and","start":3131.592,"end":3131.688},{"text":"the","start":3131.688,"end":3131.768},{"text":"relevant","start":3131.832,"end":3132.378},{"text":"COPOS","start":3133.293,"end":3133.758},{"text":"recommendations","start":3133.758,"end":3134.544},{"text":"when","start":3135.379,"end":3135.587},{"text":"space","start":3135.796,"end":3136.261},{"text":"projects","start":3136.326,"end":3136.839},{"text":"are","start":3137.048,"end":3137.096},{"text":"implemented.","start":3137.224,"end":3137.626}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":3137.706,"end":3138.091,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3137.706,"end":3137.946},{"text":"you.","start":3137.946,"end":3138.091}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian Federation","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":14,"start":3139.054,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=3140","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the Russian Federation for their statement, and now I give the floor to the Philippines.","start":3139.054,"end":3145.007,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3139.054,"end":3139.198},{"text":"thank","start":3140.273,"end":3140.514},{"text":"the","start":3140.514,"end":3140.675},{"text":"Russian","start":3140.675,"end":3141.044},{"text":"Federation","start":3141.06,"end":3141.766},{"text":"for","start":3141.782,"end":3141.942},{"text":"their","start":3141.958,"end":3142.039},{"text":"statement,","start":3142.039,"end":3142.616},{"text":"and","start":3143.066,"end":3143.162},{"text":"now","start":3143.162,"end":3143.274},{"text":"I","start":3143.339,"end":3143.355},{"text":"give","start":3143.483,"end":3143.692},{"text":"the","start":3143.724,"end":3143.804},{"text":"floor","start":3143.804,"end":3144.125},{"text":"to","start":3144.125,"end":3144.269},{"text":"the","start":3144.269,"end":3144.35},{"text":"Philippines.","start":3144.35,"end":3145.007}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":15,"start":3145.954,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=3146","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair. The Philippines remains firmly dedicated to promoting the long-term sustainability of outer space activities, addressing the risks posed by space debris to both the Earth and the space environment, and enhancing the safety of space operations through the application of mitigation and remediation measures in the design, mission planning, and operational phases of its satellites.","start":3145.954,"end":3169.217,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3145.954,"end":3146.131},{"text":"you,","start":3146.131,"end":3146.195},{"text":"Mr.","start":3146.211,"end":3146.339},{"text":"Chair.","start":3146.452,"end":3146.709},{"text":"The","start":3147.816,"end":3147.896},{"text":"Philippines","start":3147.896,"end":3148.345},{"text":"remains","start":3148.378,"end":3148.747},{"text":"firmly","start":3148.923,"end":3149.244},{"text":"dedicated","start":3149.26,"end":3149.87},{"text":"to","start":3150.207,"end":3150.255},{"text":"promoting","start":3150.303,"end":3150.737},{"text":"the","start":3150.785,"end":3150.929},{"text":"long-term","start":3150.945,"end":3151.411},{"text":"sustainability","start":3151.411,"end":3152.197},{"text":"of","start":3152.229,"end":3152.357},{"text":"outer","start":3152.454,"end":3152.646},{"text":"space","start":3152.646,"end":3152.903},{"text":"activities,","start":3153.08,"end":3153.56},{"text":"addressing","start":3154.249,"end":3154.666},{"text":"the","start":3154.714,"end":3154.794},{"text":"risks","start":3154.794,"end":3155.307},{"text":"posed","start":3155.355,"end":3155.644},{"text":"by","start":3155.756,"end":3155.836},{"text":"space","start":3155.852,"end":3156.301},{"text":"debris","start":3156.301,"end":3156.701},{"text":"to","start":3156.701,"end":3156.845},{"text":"both","start":3156.877,"end":3157.086},{"text":"the","start":3157.118,"end":3157.262},{"text":"Earth","start":3157.278,"end":3157.486},{"text":"and","start":3157.679,"end":3157.743},{"text":"the","start":3157.759,"end":3157.855},{"text":"space","start":3157.855,"end":3158.159},{"text":"environment,","start":3158.159,"end":3158.816},{"text":"and","start":3159.762,"end":3159.826},{"text":"enhancing","start":3159.906,"end":3160.291},{"text":"the","start":3160.323,"end":3160.419},{"text":"safety","start":3160.419,"end":3160.772},{"text":"of","start":3160.788,"end":3160.9},{"text":"space","start":3160.9,"end":3161.204},{"text":"operations","start":3161.204,"end":3161.813},{"text":"through","start":3161.909,"end":3162.086},{"text":"the","start":3162.086,"end":3162.166},{"text":"application","start":3162.166,"end":3162.695},{"text":"of","start":3162.743,"end":3162.855},{"text":"mitigation","start":3162.951,"end":3163.496},{"text":"and","start":3163.608,"end":3163.784},{"text":"remediation","start":3163.784,"end":3164.457},{"text":"measures","start":3164.489,"end":3164.938},{"text":"in","start":3165.371,"end":3165.419},{"text":"the","start":3165.467,"end":3165.595},{"text":"design,","start":3165.611,"end":3166.076},{"text":"mission","start":3166.573,"end":3166.781},{"text":"planning,","start":3166.893,"end":3167.246},{"text":"and","start":3167.294,"end":3167.39},{"text":"operational","start":3167.39,"end":3167.999},{"text":"phases","start":3167.999,"end":3168.335},{"text":"of","start":3168.335,"end":3168.496},{"text":"its","start":3168.496,"end":3168.576},{"text":"satellites.","start":3168.576,"end":3169.217}]},{"text":"The Philippines undertakes to incorporate relevant provisions of the LTS guidelines in the development of its space policy and regulatory framework for space activities and to diligently observe the space debris mitigation guidelines throughout the duration of every space activity and life cycle of every space object, also taking into account the obligations under the UN treaties as state responsible for national activities in outer space and as launching states.","start":3170.483,"end":3198.542,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3170.483,"end":3170.563},{"text":"Philippines","start":3170.563,"end":3171.076},{"text":"undertakes","start":3171.204,"end":3171.717},{"text":"to","start":3171.717,"end":3171.861},{"text":"incorporate","start":3171.861,"end":3172.486},{"text":"relevant","start":3172.486,"end":3172.903},{"text":"provisions","start":3172.903,"end":3173.431},{"text":"of","start":3173.544,"end":3173.624},{"text":"the","start":3173.624,"end":3173.768},{"text":"LTS","start":3173.784,"end":3174.152},{"text":"guidelines","start":3174.265,"end":3174.906},{"text":"in","start":3174.906,"end":3174.954},{"text":"the","start":3174.986,"end":3175.082},{"text":"development","start":3175.082,"end":3175.723},{"text":"of","start":3175.723,"end":3175.835},{"text":"its","start":3175.867,"end":3176.011},{"text":"space","start":3176.011,"end":3176.508},{"text":"policy","start":3176.508,"end":3176.957},{"text":"and","start":3177.309,"end":3177.374},{"text":"regulatory","start":3177.486,"end":3178.079},{"text":"framework","start":3178.095,"end":3178.591},{"text":"for","start":3178.64,"end":3178.688},{"text":"space","start":3178.688,"end":3179.056},{"text":"activities","start":3179.056,"end":3179.601},{"text":"and","start":3180.194,"end":3180.258},{"text":"to","start":3180.338,"end":3180.386},{"text":"diligently","start":3180.498,"end":3181.043},{"text":"observe","start":3181.075,"end":3181.492},{"text":"the","start":3181.78,"end":3181.86},{"text":"space","start":3181.86,"end":3182.181},{"text":"debris","start":3182.277,"end":3182.598},{"text":"mitigation","start":3182.598,"end":3183.062},{"text":"guidelines","start":3183.159,"end":3183.767},{"text":"throughout","start":3183.8,"end":3184.296},{"text":"the","start":3184.296,"end":3184.392},{"text":"duration","start":3184.424,"end":3184.809},{"text":"of","start":3184.857,"end":3184.969},{"text":"every","start":3185.146,"end":3185.322},{"text":"space","start":3185.322,"end":3185.594},{"text":"activity","start":3185.706,"end":3186.251},{"text":"and","start":3186.764,"end":3186.828},{"text":"life","start":3186.988,"end":3187.181},{"text":"cycle","start":3187.181,"end":3187.581},{"text":"of","start":3187.581,"end":3187.71},{"text":"every","start":3187.79,"end":3187.966},{"text":"space","start":3187.966,"end":3188.238},{"text":"object,","start":3188.431,"end":3188.831},{"text":"also","start":3189.568,"end":3189.761},{"text":"taking","start":3189.809,"end":3190.129},{"text":"into","start":3190.129,"end":3190.258},{"text":"account","start":3190.354,"end":3190.899},{"text":"the","start":3191.011,"end":3191.123},{"text":"obligations","start":3191.171,"end":3191.86},{"text":"under","start":3191.956,"end":3192.213},{"text":"the","start":3192.213,"end":3192.357},{"text":"UN","start":3192.357,"end":3192.565},{"text":"treaties","start":3192.677,"end":3193.062},{"text":"as","start":3193.254,"end":3193.302},{"text":"state","start":3193.43,"end":3193.879},{"text":"responsible","start":3193.879,"end":3194.536},{"text":"for","start":3194.536,"end":3194.696},{"text":"national","start":3194.76,"end":3195.193},{"text":"activities","start":3195.193,"end":3195.786},{"text":"in","start":3195.978,"end":3196.026},{"text":"outer","start":3196.123,"end":3196.379},{"text":"space","start":3196.379,"end":3196.796},{"text":"and","start":3197.26,"end":3197.324},{"text":"as","start":3197.421,"end":3197.549},{"text":"launching","start":3197.645,"end":3197.949},{"text":"states.","start":3197.981,"end":3198.542}]},{"text":"The Philippines actively participates and engages in meaningful dialogue towards shaping and operationalizing sustainability for the present and future generations, such as the UN Space Law and Policy Conference held in Vienna on November 2025 and the ASEAN SSA and STM Seminar Workshop held in Manila on March 2026.","start":3199.728,"end":3221.618,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3199.728,"end":3199.808},{"text":"Philippines","start":3199.808,"end":3200.241},{"text":"actively","start":3200.369,"end":3200.786},{"text":"participates","start":3200.786,"end":3201.571},{"text":"and","start":3201.587,"end":3201.747},{"text":"engages","start":3201.747,"end":3202.196},{"text":"in","start":3202.308,"end":3202.372},{"text":"meaningful","start":3202.452,"end":3202.997},{"text":"dialogue","start":3203.013,"end":3203.558},{"text":"towards","start":3203.59,"end":3203.879},{"text":"shaping","start":3203.911,"end":3204.423},{"text":"and","start":3204.472,"end":3204.632},{"text":"operationalizing","start":3204.632,"end":3205.561},{"text":"sustainability","start":3205.978,"end":3206.843},{"text":"for","start":3206.875,"end":3207.02},{"text":"the","start":3207.02,"end":3207.18},{"text":"present","start":3207.18,"end":3207.596},{"text":"and","start":3207.677,"end":3207.821},{"text":"future","start":3207.821,"end":3208.221},{"text":"generations,","start":3208.221,"end":3208.927},{"text":"such","start":3209.455,"end":3209.648},{"text":"as","start":3209.824,"end":3209.968},{"text":"the","start":3210.481,"end":3210.625},{"text":"UN","start":3210.641,"end":3210.914},{"text":"Space","start":3210.962,"end":3211.362},{"text":"Law","start":3211.426,"end":3211.555},{"text":"and","start":3211.603,"end":3211.811},{"text":"Policy","start":3211.843,"end":3212.164},{"text":"Conference","start":3212.164,"end":3212.724},{"text":"held","start":3212.724,"end":3213.045},{"text":"in","start":3213.045,"end":3213.173},{"text":"Vienna","start":3213.189,"end":3213.446},{"text":"on","start":3213.462,"end":3213.59},{"text":"November","start":3213.59,"end":3214.006},{"text":"2025","start":3214.006,"end":3214.856},{"text":"and","start":3215.369,"end":3215.465},{"text":"the","start":3215.513,"end":3215.609},{"text":"ASEAN","start":3215.609,"end":3215.978},{"text":"SSA","start":3216.074,"end":3216.603},{"text":"and","start":3216.891,"end":3216.955},{"text":"STM","start":3217.131,"end":3217.692},{"text":"Seminar","start":3217.692,"end":3218.173},{"text":"Workshop","start":3218.173,"end":3218.574},{"text":"held","start":3218.798,"end":3218.974},{"text":"in","start":3218.974,"end":3219.022},{"text":"Manila","start":3219.134,"end":3219.615},{"text":"on","start":3220.08,"end":3220.128},{"text":"March","start":3220.24,"end":3220.465},{"text":"2026.","start":3220.577,"end":3221.618}]},{"text":"These conferences brought together stakeholders across the globe to establish a common understanding and commitment to LTS through the translation of space sustainability principles into practice and through coordinated regional approach to space safety through data transparency and cooperation, respectively.","start":3222.275,"end":3241.915,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":3222.275,"end":3222.468},{"text":"conferences","start":3222.58,"end":3223.269},{"text":"brought","start":3223.445,"end":3223.718},{"text":"together","start":3223.718,"end":3224.118},{"text":"stakeholders","start":3224.118,"end":3225.064},{"text":"across","start":3225.144,"end":3225.432},{"text":"the","start":3225.529,"end":3225.625},{"text":"globe","start":3225.625,"end":3226.089},{"text":"to","start":3226.089,"end":3226.186},{"text":"establish","start":3226.186,"end":3226.698},{"text":"a","start":3226.907,"end":3226.939},{"text":"common","start":3227.067,"end":3227.355},{"text":"understanding","start":3227.468,"end":3228.237},{"text":"and","start":3228.653,"end":3228.717},{"text":"commitment","start":3228.814,"end":3229.375},{"text":"to","start":3229.375,"end":3229.407},{"text":"LTS","start":3229.535,"end":3230.016},{"text":"through","start":3230.531,"end":3230.773},{"text":"the","start":3230.773,"end":3230.95},{"text":"translation","start":3230.999,"end":3231.675},{"text":"of","start":3231.74,"end":3231.853},{"text":"space","start":3231.869,"end":3232.239},{"text":"sustainability","start":3232.239,"end":3232.948},{"text":"principles","start":3233.013,"end":3233.545},{"text":"into","start":3233.722,"end":3233.851},{"text":"practice","start":3233.964,"end":3234.334},{"text":"and","start":3234.947,"end":3235.011},{"text":"through","start":3235.092,"end":3235.269},{"text":"coordinated","start":3235.269,"end":3236.139},{"text":"regional","start":3236.155,"end":3236.574},{"text":"approach","start":3236.574,"end":3237.009},{"text":"to","start":3237.38,"end":3237.477},{"text":"space","start":3237.509,"end":3237.944},{"text":"safety","start":3237.944,"end":3238.492},{"text":"through","start":3238.492,"end":3238.684},{"text":"data","start":3238.797,"end":3239.215},{"text":"transparency","start":3239.52,"end":3240.243},{"text":"and","start":3240.243,"end":3240.34},{"text":"cooperation,","start":3240.34,"end":3241.063},{"text":"respectively.","start":3241.224,"end":3241.915}]},{"text":"In line with this, the Philippines would like to express its gratitude to the United Arab Emirates for its leadership in the LTS Working Group, particularly in the establishment of the SSA Expert Group.","start":3243.457,"end":3255.005,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3243.457,"end":3243.538},{"text":"line","start":3243.554,"end":3243.682},{"text":"with","start":3243.779,"end":3243.939},{"text":"this,","start":3243.939,"end":3244.132},{"text":"the","start":3244.438,"end":3244.518},{"text":"Philippines","start":3244.518,"end":3245.096},{"text":"would","start":3245.145,"end":3245.305},{"text":"like","start":3245.305,"end":3245.546},{"text":"to","start":3245.546,"end":3245.595},{"text":"express","start":3245.627,"end":3246.125},{"text":"its","start":3246.189,"end":3246.366},{"text":"gratitude","start":3246.366,"end":3246.977},{"text":"to","start":3247.009,"end":3247.105},{"text":"the","start":3247.153,"end":3247.234},{"text":"United","start":3247.234,"end":3247.587},{"text":"Arab","start":3247.716,"end":3248.04},{"text":"Emirates","start":3248.04,"end":3248.654},{"text":"for","start":3249.009,"end":3249.123},{"text":"its","start":3249.123,"end":3249.284},{"text":"leadership","start":3249.413,"end":3249.979},{"text":"in","start":3249.979,"end":3250.028},{"text":"the","start":3250.076,"end":3250.141},{"text":"LTS","start":3250.222,"end":3250.609},{"text":"Working","start":3250.723,"end":3250.949},{"text":"Group,","start":3251.046,"end":3251.288},{"text":"particularly","start":3251.676,"end":3252.387},{"text":"in","start":3252.5,"end":3252.581},{"text":"the","start":3252.581,"end":3252.646},{"text":"establishment","start":3252.646,"end":3253.405},{"text":"of","start":3253.567,"end":3253.712},{"text":"the","start":3253.712,"end":3253.777},{"text":"SSA","start":3253.858,"end":3254.262},{"text":"Expert","start":3254.359,"end":3254.828},{"text":"Group.","start":3254.828,"end":3255.005}]},{"text":"As part of this engagement, the Philippines completed and submitted the expert group survey provided by UNOSA in support of the ongoing discussions in identifying common priorities and practical approaches in SSA.","start":3255.682,"end":3269.086,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3255.682,"end":3255.73},{"text":"part","start":3255.842,"end":3256.147},{"text":"of","start":3256.147,"end":3256.243},{"text":"this","start":3256.243,"end":3256.388},{"text":"engagement,","start":3256.404,"end":3257.126},{"text":"the","start":3257.223,"end":3257.351},{"text":"Philippines","start":3257.351,"end":3257.865},{"text":"completed","start":3257.929,"end":3258.539},{"text":"and","start":3258.651,"end":3258.748},{"text":"submitted","start":3258.748,"end":3259.518},{"text":"the","start":3259.518,"end":3259.615},{"text":"expert","start":3259.615,"end":3260.08},{"text":"group","start":3260.08,"end":3260.257},{"text":"survey","start":3260.257,"end":3260.61},{"text":"provided","start":3261.124,"end":3261.702},{"text":"by","start":3261.702,"end":3261.734},{"text":"UNOSA","start":3261.862,"end":3262.424},{"text":"in","start":3262.745,"end":3262.825},{"text":"support","start":3262.825,"end":3263.387},{"text":"of","start":3263.387,"end":3263.532},{"text":"the","start":3263.532,"end":3263.628},{"text":"ongoing","start":3263.628,"end":3263.997},{"text":"discussions","start":3264.11,"end":3264.8},{"text":"in","start":3264.992,"end":3265.057},{"text":"identifying","start":3265.153,"end":3265.924},{"text":"common","start":3266.02,"end":3266.261},{"text":"priorities","start":3266.357,"end":3266.887},{"text":"and","start":3266.999,"end":3267.063},{"text":"practical","start":3267.144,"end":3267.657},{"text":"approaches","start":3267.657,"end":3268.171},{"text":"in","start":3268.364,"end":3268.412},{"text":"SSA.","start":3268.524,"end":3269.086}]},{"text":"We look forward to seeing how these collective inputs can contribute to translating sustainability principles into legal frameworks in outer space.","start":3269.969,"end":3278.236,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3269.969,"end":3270.033},{"text":"look","start":3270.033,"end":3270.194},{"text":"forward","start":3270.21,"end":3270.611},{"text":"to","start":3270.611,"end":3270.723},{"text":"seeing","start":3270.74,"end":3271.028},{"text":"how","start":3271.157,"end":3271.285},{"text":"these","start":3271.398,"end":3271.51},{"text":"collective","start":3271.574,"end":3272.072},{"text":"inputs","start":3272.12,"end":3272.521},{"text":"can","start":3272.521,"end":3272.666},{"text":"contribute","start":3272.698,"end":3273.42},{"text":"to","start":3273.501,"end":3273.581},{"text":"translating","start":3273.581,"end":3274.207},{"text":"sustainability","start":3274.239,"end":3275.026},{"text":"principles","start":3275.026,"end":3275.636},{"text":"into","start":3276.069,"end":3276.262},{"text":"legal","start":3276.294,"end":3276.631},{"text":"frameworks","start":3276.631,"end":3277.305},{"text":"in","start":3277.434,"end":3277.482},{"text":"outer","start":3277.578,"end":3277.819},{"text":"space.","start":3277.819,"end":3278.236}]},{"text":"In closing, the Philippines recognizes that long-term sustainability of outer space activities is not not merely a common aspiration but a shared responsibility and operational necessity.","start":3279.28,"end":3291.691,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3279.28,"end":3279.44},{"text":"closing,","start":3279.44,"end":3279.81},{"text":"the","start":3280.805,"end":3280.885},{"text":"Philippines","start":3280.885,"end":3281.495},{"text":"recognizes","start":3281.591,"end":3282.218},{"text":"that","start":3282.41,"end":3282.539},{"text":"long-term","start":3282.651,"end":3283.133},{"text":"sustainability","start":3283.133,"end":3283.983},{"text":"of","start":3284.015,"end":3284.144},{"text":"outer","start":3284.24,"end":3284.513},{"text":"space","start":3284.513,"end":3284.898},{"text":"activities","start":3284.898,"end":3285.508},{"text":"is","start":3285.605,"end":3285.733},{"text":"not","start":3285.733,"end":3285.958},{"text":"not","start":3285.83,"end":3285.958},{"text":"merely","start":3286.038,"end":3286.472},{"text":"a","start":3286.905,"end":3286.922},{"text":"common","start":3287.13,"end":3287.355},{"text":"aspiration","start":3287.468,"end":3288.158},{"text":"but","start":3288.19,"end":3288.367},{"text":"a","start":3288.415,"end":3288.495},{"text":"shared","start":3288.495,"end":3288.913},{"text":"responsibility","start":3288.929,"end":3289.844},{"text":"and","start":3290.342,"end":3290.455},{"text":"operational","start":3290.455,"end":3291.161},{"text":"necessity.","start":3291.161,"end":3291.691}]},{"text":"The escalating challenge of space debris highlights this point.","start":3292.767,"end":3296.702,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3292.767,"end":3292.912},{"text":"escalating","start":3292.928,"end":3293.538},{"text":"challenge","start":3293.634,"end":3294.132},{"text":"of","start":3294.132,"end":3294.229},{"text":"space","start":3294.229,"end":3294.566},{"text":"debris","start":3294.71,"end":3295.128},{"text":"highlights","start":3295.561,"end":3296.14},{"text":"this","start":3296.14,"end":3296.364},{"text":"point.","start":3296.364,"end":3296.702}]},{"text":"Domestically, we have seen rocket debris increasingly being discarded in Philippine archipelagic waters.","start":3297.569,"end":3304.137,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Domestically,","start":3297.569,"end":3298.195},{"text":"we","start":3298.549,"end":3298.629},{"text":"have","start":3298.629,"end":3298.805},{"text":"seen","start":3298.805,"end":3299.111},{"text":"rocket","start":3299.111,"end":3299.464},{"text":"debris","start":3299.496,"end":3299.865},{"text":"increasingly","start":3299.978,"end":3300.684},{"text":"being","start":3300.797,"end":3301.006},{"text":"discarded","start":3301.102,"end":3301.696},{"text":"in","start":3301.841,"end":3301.969},{"text":"Philippine","start":3301.985,"end":3302.612},{"text":"archipelagic","start":3302.965,"end":3303.768},{"text":"waters.","start":3303.768,"end":3304.137}]},{"text":"These incidents illustrate that space debris threaten not only the continued use of outer space but also the safety of life and the environment on Earth.","start":3305.518,"end":3314.576,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":3305.518,"end":3305.663},{"text":"incidents","start":3305.775,"end":3306.402},{"text":"illustrate","start":3306.434,"end":3307.028},{"text":"that","start":3307.14,"end":3307.285},{"text":"space","start":3307.285,"end":3307.702},{"text":"debris","start":3307.702,"end":3308.136},{"text":"threaten","start":3308.248,"end":3308.634},{"text":"not","start":3308.891,"end":3309.132},{"text":"only","start":3309.212,"end":3309.389},{"text":"the","start":3309.469,"end":3309.549},{"text":"continued","start":3309.549,"end":3310.159},{"text":"use","start":3310.175,"end":3310.368},{"text":"of","start":3310.368,"end":3310.497},{"text":"outer","start":3310.577,"end":3310.77},{"text":"space","start":3310.77,"end":3311.123},{"text":"but","start":3311.637,"end":3311.797},{"text":"also","start":3311.862,"end":3312.054},{"text":"the","start":3312.119,"end":3312.199},{"text":"safety","start":3312.199,"end":3312.568},{"text":"of","start":3312.6,"end":3312.729},{"text":"life","start":3312.761,"end":3313.034},{"text":"and","start":3313.227,"end":3313.323},{"text":"the","start":3313.323,"end":3313.403},{"text":"environment","start":3313.403,"end":3314.207},{"text":"on","start":3314.207,"end":3314.367},{"text":"Earth.","start":3314.367,"end":3314.576}]},{"text":"We therefore reaffirm that space activities must be conducted with due regard to the interests of all states, and that progress in space must never come at the expense of harm to life and the environment on Earth.","start":3315.331,"end":3329.16,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3315.331,"end":3315.556},{"text":"therefore","start":3315.556,"end":3316.005},{"text":"reaffirm","start":3316.471,"end":3317.098},{"text":"that","start":3317.098,"end":3317.242},{"text":"space","start":3317.242,"end":3317.531},{"text":"activities","start":3317.644,"end":3318.19},{"text":"must","start":3318.366,"end":3318.623},{"text":"be","start":3318.704,"end":3318.945},{"text":"conducted","start":3318.945,"end":3319.555},{"text":"with","start":3319.828,"end":3319.957},{"text":"due","start":3320.053,"end":3320.149},{"text":"regard","start":3320.149,"end":3320.599},{"text":"to","start":3320.968,"end":3321.049},{"text":"the","start":3321.097,"end":3321.193},{"text":"interests","start":3321.193,"end":3321.852},{"text":"of","start":3321.932,"end":3322.045},{"text":"all","start":3322.221,"end":3322.253},{"text":"states,","start":3322.253,"end":3322.799},{"text":"and","start":3323.281,"end":3323.346},{"text":"that","start":3323.362,"end":3323.57},{"text":"progress","start":3323.603,"end":3323.972},{"text":"in","start":3324.084,"end":3324.165},{"text":"space","start":3324.165,"end":3324.534},{"text":"must","start":3324.968,"end":3325.209},{"text":"never","start":3325.273,"end":3325.61},{"text":"come","start":3325.61,"end":3325.819},{"text":"at","start":3325.931,"end":3326.028},{"text":"the","start":3326.076,"end":3326.124},{"text":"expense","start":3326.156,"end":3326.67},{"text":"of","start":3326.67,"end":3326.783},{"text":"harm","start":3326.831,"end":3327.008},{"text":"to","start":3327.12,"end":3327.168},{"text":"life","start":3327.2,"end":3327.538},{"text":"and","start":3327.602,"end":3327.698},{"text":"the","start":3327.698,"end":3327.827},{"text":"environment","start":3327.843,"end":3328.662},{"text":"on","start":3328.742,"end":3328.903},{"text":"Earth.","start":3328.903,"end":3329.16}]},{"text":"The Philippines remains committed to constructive dialogue towards this end.","start":3330.172,"end":3333.802,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3330.172,"end":3330.252},{"text":"Philippines","start":3330.252,"end":3330.718},{"text":"remains","start":3330.766,"end":3331.039},{"text":"committed","start":3331.135,"end":3331.521},{"text":"to","start":3331.73,"end":3331.858},{"text":"constructive","start":3331.858,"end":3332.452},{"text":"dialogue","start":3332.517,"end":3332.966},{"text":"towards","start":3333.079,"end":3333.416},{"text":"this","start":3333.464,"end":3333.641},{"text":"end.","start":3333.641,"end":3333.802}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr.","start":3334.364,"end":3336.307,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3334.364,"end":3334.524},{"text":"you,","start":3334.524,"end":3334.717},{"text":"Mr.","start":3334.749,"end":3336.307}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair.","start":3336.452,"end":3336.693,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":3336.452,"end":3336.693}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"PHL","affiliation_full":"Philippines","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":16,"start":3337.175,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=3338","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the Philippines for this statement.","start":3337.175,"end":3338.925,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3337.175,"end":3337.191},{"text":"thank","start":3337.191,"end":3337.496},{"text":"the","start":3337.496,"end":3337.64},{"text":"Philippines","start":3337.64,"end":3338.235},{"text":"for","start":3338.363,"end":3338.443},{"text":"this","start":3338.443,"end":3338.54},{"text":"statement.","start":3338.54,"end":3338.925}]},{"text":"And now I give the floor to Japan.","start":3339.567,"end":3341.685,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3339.567,"end":3339.663},{"text":"now","start":3339.663,"end":3339.76},{"text":"I","start":3340.289,"end":3340.385},{"text":"give","start":3340.385,"end":3340.594},{"text":"the","start":3340.626,"end":3340.706},{"text":"floor","start":3340.706,"end":3341.011},{"text":"to","start":3341.011,"end":3341.171},{"text":"Japan.","start":3341.171,"end":3341.685}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":17,"start":3342.407,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=3343","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair, distinguished delegates.","start":3342.407,"end":3345.535,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3342.407,"end":3342.712},{"text":"you,","start":3342.712,"end":3342.904},{"text":"Chair,","start":3344.059,"end":3344.46},{"text":"distinguished","start":3344.477,"end":3345.07},{"text":"delegates.","start":3345.07,"end":3345.535}]},{"text":"Above our heads, the once open lanes of orbit grow crowded.","start":3346.322,"end":3351.183,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Above","start":3346.322,"end":3346.707},{"text":"our","start":3346.707,"end":3346.771},{"text":"heads,","start":3346.803,"end":3347.092},{"text":"the","start":3347.83,"end":3347.926},{"text":"once","start":3347.926,"end":3348.183},{"text":"open","start":3348.552,"end":3348.808},{"text":"lanes","start":3348.808,"end":3349.177},{"text":"of","start":3349.29,"end":3349.418},{"text":"orbit","start":3349.595,"end":3350.092},{"text":"grow","start":3350.397,"end":3350.669},{"text":"crowded.","start":3350.798,"end":3351.183}]},{"text":"Fragments, some no larger than a bolt, others the husks of defunct machines, race unseen at immense speed, crossing paths with working satellites that must now swerve curve to avoid them.","start":3352.081,"end":3365.831,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Fragments,","start":3352.081,"end":3352.691},{"text":"some","start":3352.996,"end":3353.188},{"text":"no","start":3353.301,"end":3353.381},{"text":"larger","start":3353.381,"end":3353.782},{"text":"than","start":3353.862,"end":3353.974},{"text":"a","start":3354.167,"end":3354.247},{"text":"bolt,","start":3354.247,"end":3354.68},{"text":"others","start":3355.21,"end":3355.434},{"text":"the","start":3355.547,"end":3355.627},{"text":"husks","start":3355.627,"end":3355.996},{"text":"of","start":3356.173,"end":3356.269},{"text":"defunct","start":3356.269,"end":3356.814},{"text":"machines,","start":3356.814,"end":3357.44},{"text":"race","start":3357.953,"end":3358.146},{"text":"unseen","start":3358.354,"end":3358.788},{"text":"at","start":3359.237,"end":3359.413},{"text":"immense","start":3359.462,"end":3359.75},{"text":"speed,","start":3359.798,"end":3360.2},{"text":"crossing","start":3360.264,"end":3360.585},{"text":"paths","start":3360.681,"end":3360.954},{"text":"with","start":3361.146,"end":3361.371},{"text":"working","start":3361.387,"end":3361.676},{"text":"satellites","start":3361.724,"end":3362.815},{"text":"that","start":3362.847,"end":3363.136},{"text":"must","start":3363.392,"end":3363.569},{"text":"now","start":3363.665,"end":3363.841},{"text":"swerve","start":3364.307,"end":3364.644},{"text":"curve","start":3364.58,"end":3364.82},{"text":"to","start":3365.029,"end":3365.189},{"text":"avoid","start":3365.317,"end":3365.574},{"text":"them.","start":3365.574,"end":3365.831}]},{"text":"Each near miss is a warning.","start":3366.697,"end":3369.232,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"Each","start":3366.697,"end":3366.906},{"text":"near","start":3367.339,"end":3367.58},{"text":"miss","start":3367.74,"end":3367.933},{"text":"is","start":3368.301,"end":3368.462},{"text":"a","start":3368.687,"end":3368.703},{"text":"warning.","start":3368.863,"end":3369.232}]},{"text":"As noted by the Director of UNOOSA at COPUS 2025, the risk of collision is rising.","start":3370.211,"end":3377.414,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3370.211,"end":3370.275},{"text":"noted","start":3370.451,"end":3370.804},{"text":"by","start":3370.868,"end":3371.029},{"text":"the","start":3371.029,"end":3371.189},{"text":"Director","start":3371.189,"end":3371.831},{"text":"of","start":3371.831,"end":3371.959},{"text":"UNOOSA","start":3372.072,"end":3372.633},{"text":"at","start":3372.858,"end":3373.002},{"text":"COPUS","start":3373.034,"end":3373.435},{"text":"2025,","start":3373.435,"end":3374.558},{"text":"the","start":3375.441,"end":3375.585},{"text":"risk","start":3375.585,"end":3375.938},{"text":"of","start":3376.066,"end":3376.211},{"text":"collision","start":3376.227,"end":3376.692},{"text":"is","start":3376.82,"end":3376.933},{"text":"rising.","start":3377.029,"end":3377.414}]},{"text":"If we do not act together, the safety and sustainability of outer space will be placed in grave jeopardy.","start":3378.312,"end":3385.195,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":3378.312,"end":3378.425},{"text":"we","start":3378.489,"end":3378.649},{"text":"do","start":3378.649,"end":3378.81},{"text":"not","start":3378.81,"end":3379.05},{"text":"act","start":3379.131,"end":3379.307},{"text":"together,","start":3379.355,"end":3379.804},{"text":"the","start":3380.254,"end":3380.35},{"text":"safety","start":3380.35,"end":3380.863},{"text":"and","start":3380.976,"end":3381.104},{"text":"sustainability","start":3381.152,"end":3382.082},{"text":"of","start":3382.082,"end":3382.243},{"text":"outer","start":3382.243,"end":3382.5},{"text":"space","start":3382.5,"end":3383.061},{"text":"will","start":3383.382,"end":3383.542},{"text":"be","start":3383.558,"end":3383.767},{"text":"placed","start":3383.767,"end":3384.345},{"text":"in","start":3384.345,"end":3384.393},{"text":"grave","start":3384.505,"end":3384.826},{"text":"jeopardy.","start":3384.826,"end":3385.195}]},{"text":"Japan is tackling the challenge of space debris through a comprehensive approach, mitigation and remediation.","start":3386.591,"end":3393.938,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":3386.591,"end":3386.863},{"text":"is","start":3386.911,"end":3387.04},{"text":"tackling","start":3387.072,"end":3387.441},{"text":"the","start":3387.537,"end":3387.633},{"text":"challenge","start":3387.633,"end":3388.083},{"text":"of","start":3388.58,"end":3388.837},{"text":"space","start":3388.853,"end":3389.238},{"text":"debris","start":3389.238,"end":3389.639},{"text":"through","start":3389.719,"end":3389.928},{"text":"a","start":3390.024,"end":3390.04},{"text":"comprehensive","start":3390.361,"end":3392.559},{"text":"approach,","start":3391.002,"end":3391.419},{"text":"mitigation","start":3392.125,"end":3392.815},{"text":"and","start":3393.072,"end":3393.232},{"text":"remediation.","start":3393.232,"end":3393.938}]},{"text":"Japan has been taking a proactive and targeted approach to space debris mitigation.","start":3394.852,"end":3400.836,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":3394.852,"end":3395.125},{"text":"has","start":3395.253,"end":3395.462},{"text":"been","start":3395.558,"end":3395.67},{"text":"taking","start":3395.735,"end":3396.488},{"text":"a","start":3396.553,"end":3396.681},{"text":"proactive","start":3396.681,"end":3397.307},{"text":"and","start":3397.403,"end":3397.547},{"text":"targeted","start":3397.579,"end":3398.125},{"text":"approach","start":3398.125,"end":3398.51},{"text":"to","start":3399.183,"end":3399.344},{"text":"space","start":3399.344,"end":3399.729},{"text":"debris","start":3399.729,"end":3400.13},{"text":"mitigation.","start":3400.13,"end":3400.836}]},{"text":"Japan adheres to the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Long-Term Sustainability Guidelines by incorporating them into Japanese national guidelines and space activities.","start":3401.429,"end":3412.786,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":3401.429,"end":3401.718},{"text":"adheres","start":3401.814,"end":3402.279},{"text":"to","start":3402.311,"end":3402.472},{"text":"the","start":3402.472,"end":3402.552},{"text":"Space","start":3402.568,"end":3402.857},{"text":"Debris","start":3402.953,"end":3403.37},{"text":"Mitigation","start":3403.418,"end":3403.964},{"text":"Guidelines","start":3404.06,"end":3404.653},{"text":"and","start":3405.183,"end":3405.359},{"text":"the","start":3405.359,"end":3405.439},{"text":"Long-Term","start":3405.439,"end":3405.937},{"text":"Sustainability","start":3405.937,"end":3406.803},{"text":"Guidelines","start":3406.803,"end":3407.413},{"text":"by","start":3407.445,"end":3407.637},{"text":"incorporating","start":3408.07,"end":3408.84},{"text":"them","start":3408.952,"end":3409.257},{"text":"into","start":3409.755,"end":3409.963},{"text":"Japanese","start":3410.011,"end":3410.541},{"text":"national","start":3410.573,"end":3410.942},{"text":"guidelines","start":3410.974,"end":3411.503},{"text":"and","start":3411.615,"end":3411.776},{"text":"space","start":3411.776,"end":3412.129},{"text":"activities.","start":3412.241,"end":3412.786}]},{"text":"As for remediation, we have established national guidelines for on all— on-orbit servicing, including active debris removal, to ensure safe and responsible operations.","start":3413.685,"end":3426.59,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3413.685,"end":3413.829},{"text":"for","start":3413.941,"end":3414.134},{"text":"remediation,","start":3414.182,"end":3415.032},{"text":"we","start":3415.706,"end":3415.834},{"text":"have","start":3415.866,"end":3416.107},{"text":"established","start":3416.107,"end":3416.829},{"text":"national","start":3416.829,"end":3417.294},{"text":"guidelines","start":3417.31,"end":3417.855},{"text":"for","start":3417.855,"end":3419.812},{"text":"on","start":3417.952,"end":3418.08},{"text":"all—","start":3418.257,"end":3418.305},{"text":"on-orbit","start":3418.835,"end":3419.413},{"text":"servicing,","start":3419.413,"end":3419.927},{"text":"including","start":3421.067,"end":3421.5},{"text":"active","start":3421.629,"end":3421.934},{"text":"debris","start":3421.95,"end":3422.367},{"text":"removal,","start":3422.367,"end":3422.849},{"text":"to","start":3423.395,"end":3423.539},{"text":"ensure","start":3423.796,"end":3424.39},{"text":"safe","start":3424.455,"end":3424.92},{"text":"and","start":3425,"end":3425.161},{"text":"responsible","start":3425.161,"end":3425.9},{"text":"operations.","start":3425.9,"end":3426.59}]},{"text":"Japan seeks to pair innovation with stewardship, offering not only capability but also an example of best practices.","start":3427.104,"end":3436.786,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":3427.104,"end":3427.393},{"text":"seeks","start":3427.425,"end":3427.826},{"text":"to","start":3427.826,"end":3428.051},{"text":"pair","start":3428.051,"end":3428.404},{"text":"innovation","start":3428.854,"end":3429.32},{"text":"with","start":3429.496,"end":3429.721},{"text":"stewardship,","start":3429.914,"end":3430.877},{"text":"offering","start":3431.295,"end":3431.808},{"text":"not","start":3431.841,"end":3432.017},{"text":"only","start":3432.065,"end":3432.37},{"text":"capability","start":3432.403,"end":3433.254},{"text":"but","start":3433.687,"end":3433.848},{"text":"also","start":3433.848,"end":3434.313},{"text":"an","start":3434.474,"end":3434.538},{"text":"example","start":3434.795,"end":3435.341},{"text":"of","start":3435.678,"end":3435.758},{"text":"best","start":3435.919,"end":3436.24},{"text":"practices.","start":3436.24,"end":3436.786}]},{"text":"Japan is keen to take an active role in addressing the global challenge of space debris, and has been working to clarify issues related to coordination among stakeholders such as government agencies and private companies when conducting international on-orbit servicing, including for active debris removal.","start":3438.183,"end":3460.328,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":3438.183,"end":3438.568},{"text":"is","start":3438.568,"end":3438.633},{"text":"keen","start":3438.729,"end":3439.114},{"text":"to","start":3439.451,"end":3439.628},{"text":"take","start":3439.628,"end":3439.933},{"text":"an","start":3439.933,"end":3439.997},{"text":"active","start":3440.094,"end":3440.511},{"text":"role","start":3440.511,"end":3440.656},{"text":"in","start":3440.913,"end":3440.961},{"text":"addressing","start":3441.073,"end":3441.523},{"text":"the","start":3441.555,"end":3441.715},{"text":"global","start":3441.715,"end":3442.085},{"text":"challenge","start":3442.117,"end":3442.534},{"text":"of","start":3442.534,"end":3442.679},{"text":"space","start":3442.679,"end":3443},{"text":"debris,","start":3443,"end":3443.417},{"text":"and","start":3443.947,"end":3444.091},{"text":"has","start":3444.188,"end":3444.412},{"text":"been","start":3444.524,"end":3444.653},{"text":"working","start":3444.749,"end":3445.054},{"text":"to","start":3445.23,"end":3445.295},{"text":"clarify","start":3445.407,"end":3446.081},{"text":"issues","start":3446.626,"end":3446.979},{"text":"related","start":3447.156,"end":3447.621},{"text":"to","start":3447.653,"end":3447.942},{"text":"coordination","start":3447.958,"end":3448.568},{"text":"among","start":3448.76,"end":3448.985},{"text":"stakeholders","start":3449.097,"end":3449.947},{"text":"such","start":3450.461,"end":3450.669},{"text":"as","start":3450.782,"end":3450.91},{"text":"government","start":3451.006,"end":3451.568},{"text":"agencies","start":3451.648,"end":3452.274},{"text":"and","start":3452.306,"end":3452.434},{"text":"private","start":3452.466,"end":3452.931},{"text":"companies","start":3452.931,"end":3453.557},{"text":"when","start":3453.974,"end":3454.199},{"text":"conducting","start":3454.536,"end":3455.065},{"text":"international","start":3455.418,"end":3456.413},{"text":"on-orbit","start":3456.541,"end":3457.103},{"text":"servicing,","start":3457.103,"end":3457.568},{"text":"including","start":3458.082,"end":3458.531},{"text":"for","start":3458.627,"end":3458.948},{"text":"active","start":3458.948,"end":3459.333},{"text":"debris","start":3459.365,"end":3459.798},{"text":"removal.","start":3459.911,"end":3460.328}]},{"text":"A newly established domestic study group is now bringing these questions into focus.","start":3461.05,"end":3465.991,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":3461.05,"end":3461.066},{"text":"newly","start":3461.066,"end":3461.499},{"text":"established","start":3461.611,"end":3462.125},{"text":"domestic","start":3462.253,"end":3462.798},{"text":"study","start":3462.798,"end":3463.183},{"text":"group","start":3463.2,"end":3463.52},{"text":"is","start":3463.52,"end":3463.585},{"text":"now","start":3463.681,"end":3463.809},{"text":"bringing","start":3464.002,"end":3464.387},{"text":"these","start":3464.499,"end":3464.708},{"text":"questions","start":3464.804,"end":3465.237},{"text":"into","start":3465.365,"end":3465.574},{"text":"focus.","start":3465.686,"end":3465.991}]},{"text":"Japan contributes to UN discussions by sharing the progress and outcomes of this effort with the international community, as we did in our technical presentation on Monday, aiming to help shape international norms in future.","start":3467.066,"end":3484.289,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":3467.066,"end":3467.435},{"text":"contributes","start":3467.451,"end":3468.013},{"text":"to","start":3468.013,"end":3468.285},{"text":"UN","start":3468.574,"end":3469.04},{"text":"discussions","start":3469.04,"end":3469.681},{"text":"by","start":3469.857,"end":3470.066},{"text":"sharing","start":3470.515,"end":3471.124},{"text":"the","start":3471.236,"end":3471.317},{"text":"progress","start":3471.317,"end":3471.91},{"text":"and","start":3472.022,"end":3472.247},{"text":"outcomes","start":3472.343,"end":3472.808},{"text":"of","start":3472.84,"end":3473},{"text":"this","start":3473,"end":3473.353},{"text":"effort","start":3473.385,"end":3473.85},{"text":"with","start":3474.203,"end":3474.459},{"text":"the","start":3474.844,"end":3475.101},{"text":"international","start":3475.229,"end":3475.774},{"text":"community,","start":3475.806,"end":3476.416},{"text":"as","start":3477.009,"end":3477.137},{"text":"we","start":3477.25,"end":3477.474},{"text":"did","start":3477.474,"end":3477.779},{"text":"in","start":3478.051,"end":3478.196},{"text":"our","start":3478.196,"end":3478.292},{"text":"technical","start":3478.292,"end":3478.773},{"text":"presentation","start":3478.773,"end":3479.543},{"text":"on","start":3479.559,"end":3479.591},{"text":"Monday,","start":3479.591,"end":3480.056},{"text":"aiming","start":3480.601,"end":3480.986},{"text":"to","start":3481.242,"end":3481.483},{"text":"help","start":3481.483,"end":3481.724},{"text":"shape","start":3481.724,"end":3482.124},{"text":"international","start":3482.621,"end":3483.263},{"text":"norms","start":3483.295,"end":3483.552},{"text":"in","start":3483.76,"end":3483.84},{"text":"future.","start":3483.888,"end":3484.289}]},{"text":"Chair, in concluding, Japan continues to address these challenges at home while advancing cooperation abroad.","start":3484.947,"end":3492.644,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":3484.947,"end":3485.331},{"text":"in","start":3485.364,"end":3485.476},{"text":"concluding,","start":3485.508,"end":3486.037},{"text":"Japan","start":3486.711,"end":3487.079},{"text":"continues","start":3487.095,"end":3487.56},{"text":"to","start":3487.592,"end":3487.833},{"text":"address","start":3487.833,"end":3488.186},{"text":"these","start":3488.539,"end":3488.683},{"text":"challenges","start":3488.779,"end":3489.324},{"text":"at","start":3489.437,"end":3489.581},{"text":"home","start":3489.581,"end":3489.998},{"text":"while","start":3490.479,"end":3490.8},{"text":"advancing","start":3490.8,"end":3491.329},{"text":"cooperation","start":3491.441,"end":3492.05},{"text":"abroad.","start":3492.163,"end":3492.644}]},{"text":"Japan stands ready to share its findings and practices with international community to support the timely development of effective norm.","start":3493.285,"end":3501.876,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":3493.285,"end":3493.574},{"text":"stands","start":3493.606,"end":3493.894},{"text":"ready","start":3494.007,"end":3494.295},{"text":"to","start":3494.311,"end":3494.472},{"text":"share","start":3494.472,"end":3494.808},{"text":"its","start":3494.808,"end":3494.953},{"text":"findings","start":3494.953,"end":3495.498},{"text":"and","start":3495.53,"end":3495.754},{"text":"practices","start":3495.754,"end":3496.22},{"text":"with","start":3496.812,"end":3497.117},{"text":"international","start":3497.133,"end":3497.614},{"text":"community","start":3497.614,"end":3498.142},{"text":"to","start":3498.191,"end":3498.351},{"text":"support","start":3498.351,"end":3499.024},{"text":"the","start":3499.232,"end":3499.36},{"text":"timely","start":3499.36,"end":3499.825},{"text":"development","start":3499.857,"end":3500.482},{"text":"of","start":3500.482,"end":3500.626},{"text":"effective","start":3500.755,"end":3501.428},{"text":"norm.","start":3501.604,"end":3501.876}]},{"text":"Japan reaffirms that COPUS and its legal subcommittee remain the central forum for this endeavor.","start":3502.645,"end":3509.76,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":3502.645,"end":3503.03},{"text":"reaffirms","start":3503.607,"end":3504.312},{"text":"that","start":3504.729,"end":3504.873},{"text":"COPUS","start":3504.905,"end":3505.45},{"text":"and","start":3505.45,"end":3505.594},{"text":"its","start":3505.69,"end":3505.866},{"text":"legal","start":3505.866,"end":3506.107},{"text":"subcommittee","start":3506.107,"end":3506.812},{"text":"remain","start":3506.812,"end":3507.197},{"text":"the","start":3507.789,"end":3507.886},{"text":"central","start":3507.886,"end":3508.35},{"text":"forum","start":3508.35,"end":3508.751},{"text":"for","start":3508.751,"end":3508.991},{"text":"this","start":3508.991,"end":3509.232},{"text":"endeavor.","start":3509.296,"end":3509.76}]},{"text":"Japan welcomes the references in the Pact for the Future to new frameworks addressing space debris and looks toward their realization.","start":3510.289,"end":3519.776,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":3510.289,"end":3510.626},{"text":"welcomes","start":3510.658,"end":3511.123},{"text":"the","start":3511.155,"end":3511.315},{"text":"references","start":3511.315,"end":3511.924},{"text":"in","start":3512.02,"end":3512.068},{"text":"the","start":3512.1,"end":3512.196},{"text":"Pact","start":3512.196,"end":3512.517},{"text":"for","start":3512.517,"end":3512.693},{"text":"the","start":3512.693,"end":3512.773},{"text":"Future","start":3512.773,"end":3513.238},{"text":"to","start":3513.863,"end":3513.975},{"text":"new","start":3514.52,"end":3514.696},{"text":"frameworks","start":3514.824,"end":3515.561},{"text":"addressing","start":3515.642,"end":3516.01},{"text":"space","start":3516.138,"end":3516.523},{"text":"debris","start":3516.523,"end":3516.924},{"text":"and","start":3516.988,"end":3517.196},{"text":"looks","start":3517.228,"end":3517.565},{"text":"toward","start":3517.645,"end":3518.125},{"text":"their","start":3518.43,"end":3518.558},{"text":"realization.","start":3518.991,"end":3519.776}]},{"text":"Let us not wait for the conclusion of collision to teach us what foresight still can.","start":3520.513,"end":3527.037,"topics":[{"key":"space-space-situational-awareness","label":"space-space-situational-awareness","description":""}],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":3520.513,"end":3520.673},{"text":"us","start":3520.673,"end":3520.721},{"text":"not","start":3520.85,"end":3521.074},{"text":"wait","start":3521.074,"end":3521.314},{"text":"for","start":3521.314,"end":3521.587},{"text":"the","start":3521.587,"end":3521.715},{"text":"conclusion","start":3521.715,"end":3522.02},{"text":"of","start":3522.295,"end":3522.991},{"text":"collision","start":3523.088,"end":3523.606},{"text":"to","start":3524.059,"end":3524.302},{"text":"teach","start":3524.302,"end":3524.642},{"text":"us","start":3524.706,"end":3524.836},{"text":"what","start":3525.435,"end":3525.629},{"text":"foresight","start":3525.694,"end":3526.438},{"text":"still","start":3526.438,"end":3526.746},{"text":"can.","start":3526.746,"end":3527.037}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":3527.49,"end":3528.526,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3527.49,"end":3527.782},{"text":"you,","start":3527.782,"end":3527.895},{"text":"Mr.","start":3527.944,"end":3528.138},{"text":"Chair.","start":3528.186,"end":3528.526}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"JPN","affiliation_full":"Japan","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":18,"start":3530.47,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=3531","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Japan for their statement, and now I give the floor to Canada.","start":3530.47,"end":3534.614,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3530.47,"end":3530.567},{"text":"thank","start":3530.567,"end":3531.039},{"text":"Japan","start":3531.526,"end":3531.998},{"text":"for","start":3532.111,"end":3532.258},{"text":"their","start":3532.258,"end":3532.371},{"text":"statement,","start":3532.371,"end":3532.924},{"text":"and","start":3533.005,"end":3533.07},{"text":"now","start":3533.152,"end":3533.2},{"text":"I","start":3533.314,"end":3533.33},{"text":"give","start":3533.412,"end":3533.542},{"text":"the","start":3533.574,"end":3533.672},{"text":"floor","start":3533.672,"end":3534.062},{"text":"to","start":3534.062,"end":3534.192},{"text":"Canada.","start":3534.224,"end":3534.614}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":19,"start":3537.18,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=3538","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr. President, Chairperson, distinguished delegates, the space debris mitigation guidelines elaborated by this committee were a very timely initiative in terms of addressing the growing challenges posed by space debris.","start":3537.18,"end":3551.368,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":3537.18,"end":3537.292},{"text":"President,","start":3537.373,"end":3537.985},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":3538.725,"end":3539.144},{"text":"distinguished","start":3539.16,"end":3539.546},{"text":"delegates,","start":3539.546,"end":3540.094},{"text":"the","start":3540.174,"end":3540.367},{"text":"space","start":3540.367,"end":3540.754},{"text":"debris","start":3540.754,"end":3541.092},{"text":"mitigation","start":3541.301,"end":3541.768},{"text":"guidelines","start":3542.187,"end":3542.734},{"text":"elaborated","start":3543.008,"end":3543.539},{"text":"by","start":3543.572,"end":3543.813},{"text":"this","start":3543.877,"end":3544.087},{"text":"committee","start":3544.682,"end":3544.988},{"text":"were","start":3545.568,"end":3545.745},{"text":"a","start":3545.745,"end":3545.761},{"text":"very","start":3545.761,"end":3545.954},{"text":"timely","start":3545.987,"end":3546.389},{"text":"initiative","start":3546.389,"end":3546.793},{"text":"in","start":3546.793,"end":3546.878},{"text":"terms","start":3546.878,"end":3547.3},{"text":"of","start":3547.3,"end":3547.418},{"text":"addressing","start":3547.918,"end":3548.32},{"text":"the","start":3548.384,"end":3548.624},{"text":"growing","start":3548.624,"end":3548.833},{"text":"challenges","start":3548.849,"end":3549.314},{"text":"posed","start":3549.812,"end":3550.068},{"text":"by","start":3550.068,"end":3550.261},{"text":"space","start":3550.726,"end":3551.031},{"text":"debris.","start":3551.031,"end":3551.368}]},{"text":"The Compendium of Space Debris Mitigation Standards on the USO website shows that states do undertake measures to mitigate space debris in line with the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines.","start":3551.592,"end":3563.753,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3551.592,"end":3551.64},{"text":"Compendium","start":3551.672,"end":3552.138},{"text":"of","start":3552.138,"end":3552.234},{"text":"Space","start":3552.234,"end":3552.555},{"text":"Debris","start":3552.555,"end":3552.795},{"text":"Mitigation","start":3552.795,"end":3553.341},{"text":"Standards","start":3553.341,"end":3553.87},{"text":"on","start":3554.464,"end":3554.608},{"text":"the","start":3554.64,"end":3554.881},{"text":"USO","start":3555.122,"end":3555.587},{"text":"website","start":3555.683,"end":3556.325},{"text":"shows","start":3556.63,"end":3556.934},{"text":"that","start":3556.967,"end":3557.191},{"text":"states","start":3557.191,"end":3557.496},{"text":"do","start":3557.608,"end":3557.849},{"text":"undertake","start":3557.849,"end":3558.234},{"text":"measures","start":3558.234,"end":3558.587},{"text":"to","start":3558.651,"end":3558.795},{"text":"mitigate","start":3558.795,"end":3559.196},{"text":"space","start":3559.196,"end":3559.533},{"text":"debris","start":3559.533,"end":3559.95},{"text":"in","start":3560.48,"end":3560.56},{"text":"line","start":3560.56,"end":3560.785},{"text":"with","start":3560.881,"end":3561.09},{"text":"the","start":3561.122,"end":3561.33},{"text":"Space","start":3561.475,"end":3561.892},{"text":"Debris","start":3562.325,"end":3562.726},{"text":"Mitigation","start":3562.726,"end":3563.111},{"text":"Guidelines.","start":3563.223,"end":3563.753}]},{"text":"Canada recommends that all states consult the compendium regularly and provide up-to-date information.","start":3564.426,"end":3569.993,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Canada","start":3564.426,"end":3564.747},{"text":"recommends","start":3564.747,"end":3565.196},{"text":"that","start":3565.229,"end":3565.469},{"text":"all","start":3565.533,"end":3565.598},{"text":"states","start":3565.886,"end":3566.271},{"text":"consult","start":3566.271,"end":3566.656},{"text":"the","start":3566.656,"end":3566.737},{"text":"compendium","start":3566.737,"end":3567.94},{"text":"regularly","start":3567.956,"end":3568.405},{"text":"and","start":3568.437,"end":3568.517},{"text":"provide","start":3568.517,"end":3568.902},{"text":"up-to-date","start":3568.902,"end":3569.287},{"text":"information.","start":3569.4,"end":3569.993}]},{"text":"The compendium also contains information on measures implemented by other states that states can draw inspiration from.","start":3570.747,"end":3576.958,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3570.747,"end":3570.827},{"text":"compendium","start":3570.827,"end":3571.212},{"text":"also","start":3571.309,"end":3571.726},{"text":"contains","start":3571.87,"end":3572.223},{"text":"information","start":3572.223,"end":3572.737},{"text":"on","start":3572.833,"end":3572.865},{"text":"measures","start":3572.865,"end":3573.378},{"text":"implemented","start":3573.571,"end":3575.704},{"text":"by","start":3574.052,"end":3574.213},{"text":"other","start":3574.213,"end":3574.373},{"text":"states","start":3574.373,"end":3574.855},{"text":"that","start":3574.855,"end":3575},{"text":"states","start":3575,"end":3575.417},{"text":"can","start":3575.417,"end":3575.578},{"text":"draw","start":3575.578,"end":3575.77},{"text":"inspiration","start":3576.043,"end":3576.669},{"text":"from.","start":3576.685,"end":3576.958}]},{"text":"The Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines provide international— internationally accepted standards that can be applied by all states in a manner adapted to their space activities and their regulatory framework.","start":3578.211,"end":3590.494,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3578.211,"end":3578.243},{"text":"Space","start":3578.243,"end":3578.484},{"text":"Debris","start":3578.484,"end":3578.709},{"text":"Mitigation","start":3578.709,"end":3579.399},{"text":"Guidelines","start":3579.495,"end":3580.202},{"text":"provide","start":3580.298,"end":3581.117},{"text":"international—","start":3581.679,"end":3582.514},{"text":"internationally","start":3582.803,"end":3583.285},{"text":"accepted","start":3583.285,"end":3583.67},{"text":"standards","start":3583.67,"end":3584.136},{"text":"that","start":3584.152,"end":3584.248},{"text":"can","start":3584.248,"end":3584.393},{"text":"be","start":3584.393,"end":3584.489},{"text":"applied","start":3584.489,"end":3584.81},{"text":"by","start":3584.81,"end":3584.89},{"text":"all","start":3585.276,"end":3585.436},{"text":"states","start":3585.436,"end":3585.886},{"text":"in","start":3586.801,"end":3586.849},{"text":"a","start":3586.881,"end":3586.897},{"text":"manner","start":3586.897,"end":3587.154},{"text":"adapted","start":3587.154,"end":3587.62},{"text":"to","start":3587.62,"end":3587.781},{"text":"their","start":3587.781,"end":3587.941},{"text":"space","start":3587.941,"end":3588.359},{"text":"activities","start":3588.359,"end":3588.872},{"text":"and","start":3589.049,"end":3589.21},{"text":"their","start":3589.21,"end":3589.338},{"text":"regulatory","start":3589.531,"end":3589.932},{"text":"framework.","start":3589.932,"end":3590.494}]},{"text":"The flexible nature of international standards means that they can be updated and refined as new technology emerges and the space debris situation evolves.","start":3590.896,"end":3599.229,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3590.896,"end":3590.992},{"text":"flexible","start":3590.992,"end":3591.682},{"text":"nature","start":3591.698,"end":3592.132},{"text":"of","start":3592.26,"end":3592.437},{"text":"international","start":3592.437,"end":3592.951},{"text":"standards","start":3592.951,"end":3593.449},{"text":"means","start":3593.786,"end":3593.978},{"text":"that","start":3593.978,"end":3594.107},{"text":"they","start":3594.107,"end":3594.203},{"text":"can","start":3594.203,"end":3594.284},{"text":"be","start":3594.284,"end":3594.508},{"text":"updated","start":3594.91,"end":3595.568},{"text":"and","start":3595.568,"end":3595.713},{"text":"refined","start":3595.713,"end":3596.146},{"text":"as","start":3596.146,"end":3596.258},{"text":"new","start":3596.291,"end":3596.451},{"text":"technology","start":3596.451,"end":3596.82},{"text":"emerges","start":3596.853,"end":3597.302},{"text":"and","start":3597.495,"end":3597.559},{"text":"the","start":3597.639,"end":3597.736},{"text":"space","start":3597.736,"end":3598.073},{"text":"debris","start":3598.073,"end":3598.298},{"text":"situation","start":3598.298,"end":3598.86},{"text":"evolves.","start":3598.86,"end":3599.229}]},{"text":"The efforts currently underway to promote application of the 21 guidelines on the long-term sustainability of space activities is also aligned with an approach that seeks to evolve and adapt to the situation in outer space and offers great potential for addressing the challenges we face.","start":3601.03,"end":3620.372,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3601.03,"end":3601.273},{"text":"efforts","start":3601.419,"end":3601.662},{"text":"currently","start":3601.662,"end":3601.937},{"text":"underway","start":3601.937,"end":3602.487},{"text":"to","start":3602.487,"end":3602.73},{"text":"promote","start":3602.73,"end":3603.281},{"text":"application","start":3603.362,"end":3603.993},{"text":"of","start":3604.252,"end":3604.56},{"text":"the","start":3604.657,"end":3604.851},{"text":"21","start":3604.997,"end":3605.466},{"text":"guidelines","start":3605.466,"end":3605.968},{"text":"on","start":3605.968,"end":3606.065},{"text":"the","start":3606.065,"end":3606.146},{"text":"long-term","start":3606.146,"end":3606.615},{"text":"sustainability","start":3606.615,"end":3607.393},{"text":"of","start":3607.652,"end":3607.765},{"text":"space","start":3607.765,"end":3608.234},{"text":"activities","start":3608.234,"end":3608.898},{"text":"is","start":3609.107,"end":3609.331},{"text":"also","start":3609.589,"end":3609.846},{"text":"aligned","start":3609.846,"end":3610.279},{"text":"with","start":3611.998,"end":3612.416},{"text":"an","start":3612.496,"end":3612.577},{"text":"approach","start":3612.577,"end":3612.85},{"text":"that","start":3612.962,"end":3613.059},{"text":"seeks","start":3613.059,"end":3613.3},{"text":"to","start":3613.3,"end":3613.428},{"text":"evolve","start":3613.46,"end":3614.071},{"text":"and","start":3614.167,"end":3614.28},{"text":"adapt","start":3614.28,"end":3614.81},{"text":"to","start":3614.81,"end":3614.874},{"text":"the","start":3614.97,"end":3615.003},{"text":"situation","start":3615.003,"end":3615.597},{"text":"in","start":3615.95,"end":3616.159},{"text":"outer","start":3616.336,"end":3616.529},{"text":"space","start":3616.529,"end":3616.947},{"text":"and","start":3617.38,"end":3617.718},{"text":"offers","start":3617.718,"end":3618.007},{"text":"great","start":3618.119,"end":3618.264},{"text":"potential","start":3618.28,"end":3618.65},{"text":"for","start":3618.65,"end":3618.794},{"text":"addressing","start":3618.827,"end":3619.052},{"text":"the","start":3619.068,"end":3619.261},{"text":"challenges","start":3619.31,"end":3619.777},{"text":"we","start":3619.809,"end":3619.889},{"text":"face.","start":3619.954,"end":3620.372}]},{"text":"However, space debris mitigation measures alone will not be sufficient to address the challenges.","start":3620.453,"end":3624.833,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":3620.453,"end":3620.807},{"text":"space","start":3620.952,"end":3621.339},{"text":"debris","start":3621.339,"end":3621.596},{"text":"mitigation","start":3621.596,"end":3622.047},{"text":"measures","start":3622.047,"end":3622.321},{"text":"alone","start":3622.321,"end":3622.595},{"text":"will","start":3623.351,"end":3623.432},{"text":"not","start":3623.432,"end":3623.754},{"text":"be","start":3623.754,"end":3623.851},{"text":"sufficient","start":3623.851,"end":3624.318},{"text":"to","start":3624.318,"end":3624.463},{"text":"address","start":3624.463,"end":3624.656},{"text":"the","start":3624.656,"end":3624.688},{"text":"challenges.","start":3624.688,"end":3624.833}]},{"text":"posed by debris congestion in outer space, in order to ensure the long-term sustainability of space activities, active removal could become necessary.","start":3625.222,"end":3633.456,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"posed","start":3625.222,"end":3625.463},{"text":"by","start":3625.463,"end":3625.656},{"text":"debris","start":3625.704,"end":3626.121},{"text":"congestion","start":3626.49,"end":3626.956},{"text":"in","start":3626.988,"end":3627.068},{"text":"outer","start":3627.068,"end":3627.229},{"text":"space,","start":3627.229,"end":3627.662},{"text":"in","start":3627.79,"end":3627.935},{"text":"order","start":3627.935,"end":3628.079},{"text":"to","start":3628.111,"end":3628.272},{"text":"ensure","start":3628.272,"end":3628.705},{"text":"the","start":3628.737,"end":3628.834},{"text":"long-term","start":3628.834,"end":3629.331},{"text":"sustainability","start":3629.572,"end":3630.246},{"text":"of","start":3630.278,"end":3630.326},{"text":"space","start":3630.358,"end":3630.647},{"text":"activities,","start":3630.647,"end":3631.048},{"text":"active","start":3631.707,"end":3631.979},{"text":"removal","start":3632.028,"end":3632.493},{"text":"could","start":3632.509,"end":3632.67},{"text":"become","start":3632.67,"end":3632.894},{"text":"necessary.","start":3632.926,"end":3633.456}]},{"text":"Such activities raise major legal implications.","start":3633.905,"end":3637.067,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":3633.905,"end":3634.098},{"text":"activities","start":3634.146,"end":3634.612},{"text":"raise","start":3634.612,"end":3634.9},{"text":"major","start":3635.173,"end":3635.687},{"text":"legal","start":3635.831,"end":3636.217},{"text":"implications.","start":3636.217,"end":3637.067}]},{"text":"For example, precise identification of the state of registration, the launch state or states, the state of the owner and operator of any space object earmarked for removal is essential in order to ensure that consent is obtained from all of them.","start":3637.244,"end":3653.817,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3637.244,"end":3637.404},{"text":"example,","start":3637.404,"end":3637.982},{"text":"precise","start":3639.266,"end":3639.78},{"text":"identification","start":3639.844,"end":3640.47},{"text":"of","start":3640.47,"end":3640.566},{"text":"the","start":3640.566,"end":3640.646},{"text":"state","start":3640.646,"end":3640.935},{"text":"of","start":3640.935,"end":3641.016},{"text":"registration,","start":3641.016,"end":3641.722},{"text":"the","start":3642.219,"end":3642.284},{"text":"launch","start":3642.38,"end":3642.685},{"text":"state","start":3642.717,"end":3643.102},{"text":"or","start":3643.102,"end":3643.15},{"text":"states,","start":3643.182,"end":3643.76},{"text":"the","start":3644.306,"end":3644.402},{"text":"state","start":3644.402,"end":3644.659},{"text":"of","start":3644.659,"end":3644.771},{"text":"the","start":3644.787,"end":3644.884},{"text":"owner","start":3644.884,"end":3645.237},{"text":"and","start":3645.349,"end":3645.477},{"text":"operator","start":3645.67,"end":3646.023},{"text":"of","start":3646.087,"end":3646.328},{"text":"any","start":3646.328,"end":3646.489},{"text":"space","start":3646.489,"end":3646.954},{"text":"object","start":3647.034,"end":3647.452},{"text":"earmarked","start":3647.452,"end":3647.773},{"text":"for","start":3647.773,"end":3647.997},{"text":"removal","start":3648.078,"end":3648.447},{"text":"is","start":3648.639,"end":3648.703},{"text":"essential","start":3648.736,"end":3649.249},{"text":"in","start":3649.442,"end":3649.602},{"text":"order","start":3649.602,"end":3649.859},{"text":"to","start":3649.859,"end":3650.164},{"text":"ensure","start":3650.26,"end":3652.459},{"text":"that","start":3650.921,"end":3651.212},{"text":"consent","start":3651.212,"end":3651.568},{"text":"is","start":3651.568,"end":3651.681},{"text":"obtained","start":3651.713,"end":3652.086},{"text":"from","start":3652.118,"end":3652.636},{"text":"all","start":3653.477,"end":3653.59},{"text":"of","start":3653.59,"end":3653.72},{"text":"them.","start":3653.72,"end":3653.817}]},{"text":"There are also important issues of liability in the context of debris removal attempts.","start":3655.58,"end":3659.301,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"There","start":3655.58,"end":3655.677},{"text":"are","start":3655.677,"end":3655.871},{"text":"also","start":3655.904,"end":3656.163},{"text":"important","start":3656.163,"end":3656.454},{"text":"issues","start":3656.567,"end":3656.777},{"text":"of","start":3656.891,"end":3657.036},{"text":"liability","start":3657.036,"end":3657.425},{"text":"in","start":3657.457,"end":3657.538},{"text":"the","start":3657.538,"end":3657.619},{"text":"context","start":3657.619,"end":3658.023},{"text":"of","start":3658.023,"end":3658.12},{"text":"debris","start":3658.12,"end":3658.428},{"text":"removal","start":3658.428,"end":3658.767},{"text":"attempts.","start":3658.767,"end":3659.301}]},{"text":"The Liability Convention provides for agreements assigning liability between joint launch states of a single space object.","start":3659.398,"end":3668.015,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3659.398,"end":3659.641},{"text":"Liability","start":3659.69,"end":3660.044},{"text":"Convention","start":3660.044,"end":3660.496},{"text":"provides","start":3660.529,"end":3661.061},{"text":"for","start":3661.255,"end":3661.61},{"text":"agreements","start":3662.126,"end":3662.642},{"text":"assigning","start":3662.642,"end":3663.078},{"text":"liability","start":3663.094,"end":3663.691},{"text":"between","start":3663.917,"end":3664.433},{"text":"joint","start":3664.562,"end":3665.063},{"text":"launch","start":3665.514,"end":3665.644},{"text":"states","start":3665.644,"end":3666.111},{"text":"of","start":3666.499,"end":3666.579},{"text":"a","start":3666.579,"end":3666.596},{"text":"single","start":3666.596,"end":3666.934},{"text":"space","start":3666.967,"end":3667.37},{"text":"object.","start":3667.451,"end":3668.015}]},{"text":"In the context of debris removal, agreements assigning liability between the launch state and the state of the space object conducting the removal and the launch state of the space object for removal would also be useful.","start":3668.742,"end":3682.357,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3668.742,"end":3668.774},{"text":"the","start":3668.774,"end":3668.838},{"text":"context","start":3668.838,"end":3669.21},{"text":"of","start":3669.21,"end":3669.452},{"text":"debris","start":3669.791,"end":3670.049},{"text":"removal,","start":3670.275,"end":3670.727},{"text":"agreements","start":3671.098,"end":3671.438},{"text":"assigning","start":3671.438,"end":3671.873},{"text":"liability","start":3671.906,"end":3672.519},{"text":"between","start":3672.552,"end":3672.874},{"text":"the","start":3672.874,"end":3672.955},{"text":"launch","start":3672.955,"end":3673.117},{"text":"state","start":3673.117,"end":3673.585},{"text":"and","start":3673.585,"end":3673.649},{"text":"the","start":3673.682,"end":3673.875},{"text":"state","start":3674.101,"end":3674.78},{"text":"of","start":3676.818,"end":3676.962},{"text":"the","start":3676.994,"end":3677.075},{"text":"space","start":3677.075,"end":3677.46},{"text":"object","start":3677.46,"end":3677.878},{"text":"conducting","start":3677.878,"end":3678.215},{"text":"the","start":3678.215,"end":3678.343},{"text":"removal","start":3678.343,"end":3678.905},{"text":"and","start":3678.905,"end":3679.002},{"text":"the","start":3679.066,"end":3679.146},{"text":"launch","start":3679.226,"end":3679.451},{"text":"state","start":3679.467,"end":3679.804},{"text":"of","start":3679.804,"end":3679.836},{"text":"the","start":3679.836,"end":3679.901},{"text":"space","start":3679.901,"end":3680.286},{"text":"object","start":3680.286,"end":3680.575},{"text":"for","start":3680.607,"end":3680.8},{"text":"removal","start":3680.848,"end":3681.362},{"text":"would","start":3681.555,"end":3681.635},{"text":"also","start":3681.635,"end":3681.827},{"text":"be","start":3681.827,"end":3682.036},{"text":"useful.","start":3682.036,"end":3682.357}]},{"text":"Of course, this is subject to the Liability Convention's reservation concerning the right of a state offering damages, or rather suffering damages, to seek compensation from one or other of the relevant launch states.","start":3683.032,"end":3694.111,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Of","start":3683.032,"end":3683.144},{"text":"course,","start":3683.16,"end":3683.449},{"text":"this","start":3683.658,"end":3683.722},{"text":"is","start":3683.722,"end":3683.786},{"text":"subject","start":3683.819,"end":3684.204},{"text":"to","start":3684.204,"end":3684.3},{"text":"the","start":3684.3,"end":3684.445},{"text":"Liability","start":3684.445,"end":3684.991},{"text":"Convention's","start":3685.103,"end":3686.195},{"text":"reservation","start":3686.291,"end":3686.917},{"text":"concerning","start":3686.933,"end":3687.223},{"text":"the","start":3687.223,"end":3687.335},{"text":"right","start":3687.335,"end":3687.608},{"text":"of","start":3687.608,"end":3687.752},{"text":"a","start":3687.752,"end":3687.768},{"text":"state","start":3687.768,"end":3688.314},{"text":"offering","start":3688.314,"end":3688.571},{"text":"damages,","start":3688.619,"end":3689.005},{"text":"or","start":3689.519,"end":3689.567},{"text":"rather","start":3689.567,"end":3689.776},{"text":"suffering","start":3689.776,"end":3690.209},{"text":"damages,","start":3690.241,"end":3690.691},{"text":"to","start":3690.723,"end":3691.012},{"text":"seek","start":3691.124,"end":3691.67},{"text":"compensation","start":3691.67,"end":3692.296},{"text":"from","start":3692.393,"end":3692.521},{"text":"one","start":3692.553,"end":3692.618},{"text":"or","start":3692.65,"end":3692.746},{"text":"other","start":3692.794,"end":3692.955},{"text":"of","start":3693.035,"end":3693.18},{"text":"the","start":3693.212,"end":3693.356},{"text":"relevant","start":3693.356,"end":3693.677},{"text":"launch","start":3693.677,"end":3693.79},{"text":"states.","start":3693.79,"end":3694.111}]},{"text":"Finally, the potential for harmful interference in the peaceful activities of other states not directly involved in the debris removal It cannot be ignored.","start":3694.175,"end":3702.812,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":3694.175,"end":3694.625},{"text":"the","start":3694.994,"end":3695.122},{"text":"potential","start":3695.122,"end":3695.524},{"text":"for","start":3695.524,"end":3695.668},{"text":"harmful","start":3695.7,"end":3696.343},{"text":"interference","start":3696.343,"end":3697.226},{"text":"in","start":3697.386,"end":3697.531},{"text":"the","start":3698.494,"end":3698.591},{"text":"peaceful","start":3698.591,"end":3698.896},{"text":"activities","start":3698.896,"end":3699.442},{"text":"of","start":3699.49,"end":3699.618},{"text":"other","start":3699.618,"end":3699.731},{"text":"states","start":3699.731,"end":3700.1},{"text":"not","start":3700.1,"end":3700.212},{"text":"directly","start":3700.212,"end":3700.533},{"text":"involved","start":3700.533,"end":3700.919},{"text":"in","start":3700.919,"end":3700.967},{"text":"the","start":3701.063,"end":3701.095},{"text":"debris","start":3701.095,"end":3701.384},{"text":"removal","start":3701.384,"end":3703.584},{"text":"It","start":3701.818,"end":3701.898},{"text":"cannot","start":3701.946,"end":3702.123},{"text":"be","start":3702.123,"end":3702.267},{"text":"ignored.","start":3702.267,"end":3702.812}]},{"text":"An attempt to remove a space debris object carries inherent risks of damage to the targeted space object, but also to other nearby space objects, and can lead to additional debris.","start":3703.165,"end":3713.846,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"An","start":3703.165,"end":3703.213},{"text":"attempt","start":3703.245,"end":3703.726},{"text":"to","start":3703.726,"end":3703.951},{"text":"remove","start":3704.127,"end":3704.656},{"text":"a","start":3704.705,"end":3704.721},{"text":"space","start":3704.769,"end":3705.009},{"text":"debris","start":3705.009,"end":3705.234},{"text":"object","start":3705.314,"end":3705.635},{"text":"carries","start":3705.635,"end":3705.939},{"text":"inherent","start":3706.356,"end":3706.693},{"text":"risks","start":3706.693,"end":3707.03},{"text":"of","start":3707.078,"end":3707.19},{"text":"damage","start":3707.254,"end":3707.623},{"text":"to","start":3707.736,"end":3707.944},{"text":"the","start":3707.96,"end":3708.153},{"text":"targeted","start":3708.217,"end":3708.602},{"text":"space","start":3708.602,"end":3709.003},{"text":"object,","start":3709.003,"end":3709.339},{"text":"but","start":3709.644,"end":3709.724},{"text":"also","start":3709.724,"end":3709.981},{"text":"to","start":3709.981,"end":3710.221},{"text":"other","start":3710.366,"end":3710.622},{"text":"nearby","start":3710.622,"end":3710.943},{"text":"space","start":3710.943,"end":3711.328},{"text":"objects,","start":3711.328,"end":3711.697},{"text":"and","start":3712.21,"end":3712.402},{"text":"can","start":3712.451,"end":3712.675},{"text":"lead","start":3712.707,"end":3712.932},{"text":"to","start":3712.932,"end":3713.092},{"text":"additional","start":3713.092,"end":3713.445},{"text":"debris.","start":3713.445,"end":3713.846}]},{"text":"For that reason, it can be relevant or even useful to use the mechanism, the consultation mechanism of Article 9 of the Outer Space Treaty, so as to involve a broader group of stakeholders before moving forward.","start":3713.974,"end":3727.365,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3713.974,"end":3714.086},{"text":"that","start":3714.086,"end":3714.295},{"text":"reason,","start":3714.295,"end":3714.535},{"text":"it","start":3714.551,"end":3714.632},{"text":"can","start":3714.632,"end":3714.792},{"text":"be","start":3714.792,"end":3715.017},{"text":"relevant","start":3716.219,"end":3716.54},{"text":"or","start":3716.54,"end":3716.572},{"text":"even","start":3716.572,"end":3716.861},{"text":"useful","start":3716.861,"end":3717.166},{"text":"to","start":3717.839,"end":3718.016},{"text":"use","start":3718.224,"end":3718.449},{"text":"the","start":3718.481,"end":3718.561},{"text":"mechanism,","start":3718.561,"end":3719.026},{"text":"the","start":3719.122,"end":3719.202},{"text":"consultation","start":3719.202,"end":3719.924},{"text":"mechanism","start":3719.924,"end":3720.293},{"text":"of","start":3720.325,"end":3720.421},{"text":"Article","start":3720.421,"end":3720.726},{"text":"9","start":3720.726,"end":3721.095},{"text":"of","start":3721.191,"end":3721.351},{"text":"the","start":3721.351,"end":3721.592},{"text":"Outer","start":3721.672,"end":3721.768},{"text":"Space","start":3721.768,"end":3722.121},{"text":"Treaty,","start":3722.474,"end":3722.811},{"text":"so","start":3722.907,"end":3723.276},{"text":"as","start":3723.356,"end":3723.548},{"text":"to","start":3723.548,"end":3723.629},{"text":"involve","start":3723.629,"end":3724.206},{"text":"a","start":3724.719,"end":3724.896},{"text":"broader","start":3724.896,"end":3725.297},{"text":"group","start":3725.361,"end":3725.601},{"text":"of","start":3725.633,"end":3725.697},{"text":"stakeholders","start":3725.697,"end":3726.467},{"text":"before","start":3726.563,"end":3726.836},{"text":"moving","start":3726.884,"end":3727.189},{"text":"forward.","start":3727.205,"end":3727.365}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"CAN","affiliation_full":"Canada","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":20,"start":3727.927,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=3728","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Canada for the floor.","start":3727.927,"end":3730.813,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3727.927,"end":3727.943},{"text":"thank","start":3727.943,"end":3728.68},{"text":"Canada","start":3729.787,"end":3730.252},{"text":"for","start":3730.252,"end":3730.428},{"text":"the","start":3730.428,"end":3730.508},{"text":"floor.","start":3730.508,"end":3730.813}]},{"text":"Now I give— for their statement.","start":3730.893,"end":3732.449,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now","start":3730.893,"end":3731.006},{"text":"I","start":3731.134,"end":3731.166},{"text":"give—","start":3731.23,"end":3731.455},{"text":"for","start":3731.775,"end":3731.952},{"text":"their","start":3731.952,"end":3732.048},{"text":"statement.","start":3732.048,"end":3732.449}]},{"text":"And now I give the floor to Colombia.","start":3732.497,"end":3733.876,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3732.497,"end":3732.561},{"text":"now","start":3732.593,"end":3732.673},{"text":"I","start":3732.753,"end":3732.834},{"text":"give","start":3732.834,"end":3732.994},{"text":"the","start":3732.994,"end":3733.09},{"text":"floor","start":3733.09,"end":3733.267},{"text":"to","start":3733.315,"end":3733.443},{"text":"Colombia.","start":3733.459,"end":3733.876}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":21,"start":3734.277,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=3735","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":3734.277,"end":3735.159,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3734.277,"end":3734.598},{"text":"you,","start":3734.598,"end":3734.742},{"text":"Chair.","start":3734.758,"end":3735.159}]},{"text":"Colombia acknowledges that the responsible management of space debris is one of the main contemporary challenges for the sustainability of space activities.","start":3735.704,"end":3744.267,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Colombia","start":3735.704,"end":3736.185},{"text":"acknowledges","start":3736.265,"end":3736.891},{"text":"that","start":3737.003,"end":3737.115},{"text":"the","start":3737.163,"end":3737.244},{"text":"responsible","start":3737.244,"end":3737.885},{"text":"management","start":3737.901,"end":3738.526},{"text":"of","start":3738.526,"end":3738.623},{"text":"space","start":3738.623,"end":3739.008},{"text":"debris","start":3739.008,"end":3739.408},{"text":"is","start":3739.665,"end":3739.777},{"text":"one","start":3739.793,"end":3739.906},{"text":"of","start":3739.906,"end":3740.034},{"text":"the","start":3740.034,"end":3740.066},{"text":"main","start":3740.066,"end":3740.499},{"text":"contemporary","start":3740.771,"end":3741.413},{"text":"challenges","start":3741.413,"end":3741.942},{"text":"for","start":3742.038,"end":3742.135},{"text":"the","start":3742.135,"end":3742.215},{"text":"sustainability","start":3742.231,"end":3743.193},{"text":"of","start":3743.193,"end":3743.273},{"text":"space","start":3743.273,"end":3743.658},{"text":"activities.","start":3743.658,"end":3744.267}]},{"text":"The elimination of these materials should take place under criteria that prevent negative long-term impacts on the space environment, celestial bodies, and Earth.","start":3744.78,"end":3754.049,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3744.78,"end":3744.861},{"text":"elimination","start":3744.861,"end":3745.454},{"text":"of","start":3745.502,"end":3745.63},{"text":"these","start":3745.662,"end":3745.791},{"text":"materials","start":3745.887,"end":3746.432},{"text":"should","start":3746.849,"end":3747.09},{"text":"take","start":3747.09,"end":3747.33},{"text":"place","start":3747.33,"end":3747.587},{"text":"under","start":3747.587,"end":3747.891},{"text":"criteria","start":3747.891,"end":3748.357},{"text":"that","start":3748.373,"end":3748.613},{"text":"prevent","start":3748.613,"end":3748.982},{"text":"negative","start":3749.03,"end":3749.591},{"text":"long-term","start":3749.655,"end":3750.137},{"text":"impacts","start":3750.217,"end":3750.81},{"text":"on","start":3751.115,"end":3751.195},{"text":"the","start":3751.195,"end":3751.291},{"text":"space","start":3751.291,"end":3751.644},{"text":"environment,","start":3751.756,"end":3752.398},{"text":"celestial","start":3752.414,"end":3753.087},{"text":"bodies,","start":3753.119,"end":3753.488},{"text":"and","start":3753.584,"end":3753.825},{"text":"Earth.","start":3753.825,"end":3754.049}]},{"text":"The constant increase of objects in orbit, both operational as well as inactive fragments, represents a growing risk for the security of space operations, the protection of the space environment, and the preservation of outer space as a shared resource for the whole of humankind.","start":3754.578,"end":3772.181,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3754.578,"end":3754.787},{"text":"constant","start":3754.787,"end":3755.268},{"text":"increase","start":3755.268,"end":3755.652},{"text":"of","start":3756.149,"end":3756.31},{"text":"objects","start":3756.31,"end":3756.727},{"text":"in","start":3756.727,"end":3756.823},{"text":"orbit,","start":3756.951,"end":3757.288},{"text":"both","start":3757.368,"end":3757.576},{"text":"operational","start":3757.688,"end":3758.538},{"text":"as","start":3758.891,"end":3759.019},{"text":"well","start":3759.051,"end":3759.163},{"text":"as","start":3759.211,"end":3759.26},{"text":"inactive","start":3759.516,"end":3760.398},{"text":"fragments,","start":3760.398,"end":3760.975},{"text":"represents","start":3761.44,"end":3762.017},{"text":"a","start":3762.017,"end":3762.097},{"text":"growing","start":3762.097,"end":3762.305},{"text":"risk","start":3762.418,"end":3762.722},{"text":"for","start":3762.722,"end":3762.883},{"text":"the","start":3762.899,"end":3762.979},{"text":"security","start":3762.979,"end":3763.54},{"text":"of","start":3763.54,"end":3763.636},{"text":"space","start":3763.636,"end":3763.893},{"text":"operations,","start":3764.021,"end":3764.678},{"text":"the","start":3765.127,"end":3765.207},{"text":"protection","start":3765.207,"end":3765.688},{"text":"of","start":3765.688,"end":3765.8},{"text":"the","start":3765.8,"end":3765.88},{"text":"space","start":3765.88,"end":3766.153},{"text":"environment,","start":3766.329,"end":3766.858},{"text":"and","start":3767.307,"end":3767.371},{"text":"the","start":3767.387,"end":3767.532},{"text":"preservation","start":3767.532,"end":3768.173},{"text":"of","start":3768.173,"end":3768.221},{"text":"outer","start":3768.349,"end":3768.542},{"text":"space","start":3768.574,"end":3769.023},{"text":"as","start":3769.135,"end":3769.279},{"text":"a","start":3769.536,"end":3769.552},{"text":"shared","start":3770.097,"end":3770.481},{"text":"resource","start":3770.497,"end":3770.994},{"text":"for","start":3770.994,"end":3771.107},{"text":"the","start":3771.107,"end":3771.203},{"text":"whole","start":3771.219,"end":3771.411},{"text":"of","start":3771.411,"end":3771.523},{"text":"humankind.","start":3771.555,"end":3772.181}]},{"text":"For that reason, Colombia reaffirms its commitment to preserving the space environment for future generations and calls upon all states to strengthen international legal instruments in this field.","start":3772.662,"end":3783.612,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3772.662,"end":3772.758},{"text":"that","start":3772.758,"end":3772.982},{"text":"reason,","start":3772.982,"end":3773.367},{"text":"Colombia","start":3773.399,"end":3773.88},{"text":"reaffirms","start":3773.88,"end":3774.441},{"text":"its","start":3774.441,"end":3774.601},{"text":"commitment","start":3774.601,"end":3775.082},{"text":"to","start":3775.082,"end":3775.243},{"text":"preserving","start":3775.243,"end":3775.82},{"text":"the","start":3776.285,"end":3776.365},{"text":"space","start":3776.365,"end":3776.75},{"text":"environment","start":3776.75,"end":3777.231},{"text":"for","start":3777.231,"end":3777.391},{"text":"future","start":3777.391,"end":3777.744},{"text":"generations","start":3777.744,"end":3778.465},{"text":"and","start":3778.85,"end":3778.914},{"text":"calls","start":3778.93,"end":3779.138},{"text":"upon","start":3779.186,"end":3779.443},{"text":"all","start":3779.491,"end":3779.587},{"text":"states","start":3779.587,"end":3781.623},{"text":"to","start":3779.974,"end":3780.119},{"text":"strengthen","start":3780.119,"end":3780.653},{"text":"international","start":3780.847,"end":3781.429},{"text":"legal","start":3781.429,"end":3781.898},{"text":"instruments","start":3782.302,"end":3782.884},{"text":"in","start":3782.884,"end":3782.965},{"text":"this","start":3782.965,"end":3783.24},{"text":"field.","start":3783.272,"end":3783.612}]},{"text":"We highlight that it is only through transparency, shared responsibility, and active cooperation to strengthen the capacity of countries, especially developing ones, that is the only way to make it possible that outer space will continue to be a safe, sustainable, and accessible environment for the whole of humankind.","start":3785.6,"end":3805.175,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3785.6,"end":3785.632},{"text":"highlight","start":3785.632,"end":3786.225},{"text":"that","start":3786.357,"end":3786.522},{"text":"it","start":3786.522,"end":3786.637},{"text":"is","start":3786.637,"end":3786.851},{"text":"only","start":3786.851,"end":3787.032},{"text":"through","start":3787.032,"end":3787.345},{"text":"transparency,","start":3787.345,"end":3788.037},{"text":"shared","start":3789.26,"end":3789.357},{"text":"responsibility,","start":3789.357,"end":3790.246},{"text":"and","start":3790.262,"end":3790.392},{"text":"active","start":3790.489,"end":3790.796},{"text":"cooperation","start":3790.828,"end":3791.589},{"text":"to","start":3791.637,"end":3791.766},{"text":"strengthen","start":3792.688,"end":3793.222},{"text":"the","start":3793.238,"end":3793.4},{"text":"capacity","start":3793.4,"end":3793.869},{"text":"of","start":3793.869,"end":3793.95},{"text":"countries,","start":3793.966,"end":3794.354},{"text":"especially","start":3794.468,"end":3795.001},{"text":"developing","start":3795.034,"end":3795.648},{"text":"ones,","start":3795.664,"end":3795.972},{"text":"that","start":3796.635,"end":3796.764},{"text":"is","start":3796.829,"end":3796.942},{"text":"the","start":3796.974,"end":3797.072},{"text":"only","start":3797.072,"end":3797.266},{"text":"way","start":3797.282,"end":3797.379},{"text":"to","start":3797.443,"end":3797.508},{"text":"make","start":3797.541,"end":3797.718},{"text":"it","start":3797.718,"end":3797.864},{"text":"possible","start":3797.864,"end":3798.365},{"text":"that","start":3798.365,"end":3798.576},{"text":"outer","start":3798.576,"end":3798.753},{"text":"space","start":3798.753,"end":3799.139},{"text":"will","start":3799.638,"end":3799.799},{"text":"continue","start":3799.799,"end":3800.362},{"text":"to","start":3800.362,"end":3800.523},{"text":"be","start":3800.523,"end":3800.749},{"text":"a","start":3800.829,"end":3800.845},{"text":"safe,","start":3800.845,"end":3801.167},{"text":"sustainable,","start":3801.183,"end":3802.052},{"text":"and","start":3802.6,"end":3802.728},{"text":"accessible","start":3802.922,"end":3803.662},{"text":"environment","start":3803.662,"end":3804.177},{"text":"for","start":3804.209,"end":3804.37},{"text":"the","start":3804.37,"end":3804.435},{"text":"whole","start":3804.451,"end":3804.628},{"text":"of","start":3804.628,"end":3804.757},{"text":"humankind.","start":3804.773,"end":3805.175}]},{"text":"In this regard, Colombia is in favor of the creation of regulations that will contribute to the mitigation of space debris to achieve better climate and space traffic, which will facilitate the study of astronomy from Earth.","start":3805.983,"end":3820.714,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3805.983,"end":3806.032},{"text":"this","start":3806.064,"end":3806.192},{"text":"regard,","start":3806.304,"end":3806.593},{"text":"Colombia","start":3806.69,"end":3807.091},{"text":"is","start":3807.091,"end":3807.155},{"text":"in","start":3807.251,"end":3807.347},{"text":"favor","start":3807.347,"end":3807.813},{"text":"of","start":3807.845,"end":3807.957},{"text":"the","start":3807.989,"end":3808.23},{"text":"creation","start":3808.551,"end":3809.064},{"text":"of","start":3809.337,"end":3809.498},{"text":"regulations","start":3809.514,"end":3810.204},{"text":"that","start":3810.22,"end":3810.332},{"text":"will","start":3810.38,"end":3810.444},{"text":"contribute","start":3810.541,"end":3811.118},{"text":"to","start":3811.118,"end":3811.263},{"text":"the","start":3811.263,"end":3811.343},{"text":"mitigation","start":3811.343,"end":3812.065},{"text":"of","start":3812.065,"end":3812.129},{"text":"space","start":3812.161,"end":3812.563},{"text":"debris","start":3813.188,"end":3813.606},{"text":"to","start":3813.75,"end":3813.991},{"text":"achieve","start":3813.991,"end":3814.456},{"text":"better","start":3815.05,"end":3815.611},{"text":"climate","start":3815.692,"end":3816.205},{"text":"and","start":3816.333,"end":3816.478},{"text":"space","start":3816.478,"end":3816.895},{"text":"traffic,","start":3816.895,"end":3817.441},{"text":"which","start":3817.457,"end":3817.585},{"text":"will","start":3817.681,"end":3817.794},{"text":"facilitate","start":3817.842,"end":3818.5},{"text":"the","start":3818.5,"end":3818.58},{"text":"study","start":3818.58,"end":3819.029},{"text":"of","start":3819.527,"end":3819.623},{"text":"astronomy","start":3819.623,"end":3820.153},{"text":"from","start":3820.249,"end":3820.441},{"text":"Earth.","start":3820.57,"end":3820.714}]},{"text":"We believe that guidelines to reduce space debris and guidelines for the long-term sustainability of space activities can be the basis to guide agreements and measures to be adopted to reduce and eliminate space debris.","start":3821.147,"end":3836.227,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3821.147,"end":3821.308},{"text":"believe","start":3821.308,"end":3821.629},{"text":"that","start":3821.629,"end":3821.853},{"text":"guidelines","start":3821.853,"end":3822.351},{"text":"to","start":3822.431,"end":3822.592},{"text":"reduce","start":3822.592,"end":3822.993},{"text":"space","start":3822.993,"end":3823.474},{"text":"debris","start":3823.474,"end":3823.94},{"text":"and","start":3824.276,"end":3824.341},{"text":"guidelines","start":3824.421,"end":3824.966},{"text":"for","start":3824.999,"end":3825.143},{"text":"the","start":3825.143,"end":3825.239},{"text":"long-term","start":3825.239,"end":3825.721},{"text":"sustainability","start":3825.721,"end":3826.764},{"text":"of","start":3826.764,"end":3826.86},{"text":"space","start":3826.86,"end":3827.277},{"text":"activities","start":3827.309,"end":3827.935},{"text":"can","start":3828.529,"end":3828.737},{"text":"be","start":3828.77,"end":3828.93},{"text":"the","start":3828.93,"end":3829.01},{"text":"basis","start":3829.09,"end":3829.54},{"text":"to","start":3830.053,"end":3830.31},{"text":"guide","start":3830.374,"end":3830.743},{"text":"agreements","start":3830.92,"end":3831.562},{"text":"and","start":3831.562,"end":3831.626},{"text":"measures","start":3831.658,"end":3832.027},{"text":"to","start":3832.139,"end":3832.3},{"text":"be","start":3832.3,"end":3832.46},{"text":"adopted","start":3832.46,"end":3832.958},{"text":"to","start":3833.406,"end":3833.647},{"text":"reduce","start":3833.807,"end":3834.176},{"text":"and","start":3834.368,"end":3834.625},{"text":"eliminate","start":3834.625,"end":3835.362},{"text":"space","start":3835.41,"end":3835.699},{"text":"debris.","start":3835.811,"end":3836.227}]},{"text":"In this context, Colombia highlights the need to strengthen and increase cooperation among states with consolidated space capacity and those that are developing technology.","start":3837.333,"end":3851.743,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3837.333,"end":3837.398},{"text":"this","start":3837.414,"end":3837.542},{"text":"context,","start":3837.654,"end":3838.311},{"text":"Colombia","start":3838.696,"end":3839.193},{"text":"highlights","start":3839.193,"end":3839.738},{"text":"the","start":3839.738,"end":3839.834},{"text":"need","start":3839.834,"end":3840.122},{"text":"to","start":3840.459,"end":3840.555},{"text":"strengthen","start":3840.555,"end":3841.18},{"text":"and","start":3841.18,"end":3841.277},{"text":"increase","start":3841.421,"end":3841.886},{"text":"cooperation","start":3842.318,"end":3843.248},{"text":"among","start":3843.745,"end":3844.05},{"text":"states","start":3845.444,"end":3845.877},{"text":"with","start":3846.149,"end":3846.278},{"text":"consolidated","start":3846.39,"end":3847.223},{"text":"space","start":3847.223,"end":3847.608},{"text":"capacity","start":3847.608,"end":3848.217},{"text":"and","start":3848.714,"end":3848.858},{"text":"those","start":3849.051,"end":3849.419},{"text":"that","start":3849.612,"end":3849.932},{"text":"are","start":3849.996,"end":3850.349},{"text":"developing","start":3850.397,"end":3851.022},{"text":"technology.","start":3851.054,"end":3851.743}]},{"text":"This cooperation should be focused on the exchange of lessons learned, good practices, technical data, and methodological analysis in space situational awareness in order to prevent collisions, improve the traceability of objects, and to foster the implementation of international standards for debris mitigation.","start":3852.32,"end":3872.266,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3852.32,"end":3852.561},{"text":"cooperation","start":3852.561,"end":3853.026},{"text":"should","start":3853.122,"end":3853.298},{"text":"be","start":3853.298,"end":3853.394},{"text":"focused","start":3853.394,"end":3853.923},{"text":"on","start":3853.923,"end":3853.971},{"text":"the","start":3854.019,"end":3854.18},{"text":"exchange","start":3854.18,"end":3854.661},{"text":"of","start":3854.661,"end":3854.805},{"text":"lessons","start":3854.805,"end":3855.286},{"text":"learned,","start":3855.302,"end":3855.59},{"text":"good","start":3855.943,"end":3856.151},{"text":"practices,","start":3856.183,"end":3856.873},{"text":"technical","start":3857.466,"end":3858.091},{"text":"data,","start":3858.091,"end":3858.572},{"text":"and","start":3858.892,"end":3858.956},{"text":"methodological","start":3859.053,"end":3860.078},{"text":"analysis","start":3860.11,"end":3861.04},{"text":"in","start":3861.217,"end":3861.361},{"text":"space","start":3861.553,"end":3861.826},{"text":"situational","start":3861.89,"end":3862.74},{"text":"awareness","start":3862.74,"end":3863.125},{"text":"in","start":3863.558,"end":3863.686},{"text":"order","start":3863.702,"end":3863.895},{"text":"to","start":3863.895,"end":3864.007},{"text":"prevent","start":3864.039,"end":3864.408},{"text":"collisions,","start":3864.504,"end":3865.097},{"text":"improve","start":3865.546,"end":3865.947},{"text":"the","start":3865.947,"end":3866.044},{"text":"traceability","start":3866.044,"end":3866.701},{"text":"of","start":3866.701,"end":3866.91},{"text":"objects,","start":3866.91,"end":3867.423},{"text":"and","start":3867.487,"end":3867.567},{"text":"to","start":3867.631,"end":3867.808},{"text":"foster","start":3867.888,"end":3868.417},{"text":"the","start":3868.754,"end":3868.834},{"text":"implementation","start":3868.914,"end":3869.588},{"text":"of","start":3869.588,"end":3869.7},{"text":"international","start":3869.812,"end":3870.47},{"text":"standards","start":3870.47,"end":3870.903},{"text":"for","start":3871.015,"end":3871.239},{"text":"debris","start":3871.239,"end":3871.56},{"text":"mitigation.","start":3871.56,"end":3872.266}]},{"text":"Chair, to conclude, Colombia is committed to reducing space debris given that in 2023 it approved Law 2302 regarding the regulation of space activity.","start":3872.699,"end":3887.019,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":3872.699,"end":3873.035},{"text":"to","start":3874.142,"end":3874.366},{"text":"conclude,","start":3874.366,"end":3874.944},{"text":"Colombia","start":3875.329,"end":3875.89},{"text":"is","start":3875.922,"end":3876.034},{"text":"committed","start":3876.13,"end":3876.708},{"text":"to","start":3877.173,"end":3877.317},{"text":"reducing","start":3877.894,"end":3878.44},{"text":"space","start":3878.552,"end":3878.825},{"text":"debris","start":3879.033,"end":3879.45},{"text":"given","start":3879.835,"end":3880.075},{"text":"that","start":3880.075,"end":3880.3},{"text":"in","start":3880.3,"end":3880.348},{"text":"2023","start":3880.396,"end":3881.599},{"text":"it","start":3881.92,"end":3882.064},{"text":"approved","start":3882.064,"end":3882.609},{"text":"Law","start":3882.721,"end":3882.914},{"text":"2302","start":3882.962,"end":3884.133},{"text":"regarding","start":3884.71,"end":3885.095},{"text":"the","start":3885.127,"end":3885.207},{"text":"regulation","start":3885.271,"end":3885.929},{"text":"of","start":3885.929,"end":3886.025},{"text":"space","start":3886.025,"end":3886.49},{"text":"activity.","start":3886.634,"end":3887.019}]},{"text":"And whose Article 3 includes the explicit commitment to protect both the Earth and the space environment.","start":3887.919,"end":3896.274,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3887.919,"end":3888.144},{"text":"whose","start":3888.16,"end":3888.304},{"text":"Article","start":3888.561,"end":3888.899},{"text":"3","start":3888.899,"end":3889.317},{"text":"includes","start":3890.088,"end":3890.602},{"text":"the","start":3890.907,"end":3891.052},{"text":"explicit","start":3891.052,"end":3892.08},{"text":"commitment","start":3892.273,"end":3892.819},{"text":"to","start":3892.819,"end":3892.884},{"text":"protect","start":3892.98,"end":3893.559},{"text":"both","start":3893.96,"end":3894.249},{"text":"the","start":3894.426,"end":3894.619},{"text":"Earth","start":3894.748,"end":3894.892},{"text":"and","start":3895.005,"end":3895.149},{"text":"the","start":3895.149,"end":3895.23},{"text":"space","start":3895.23,"end":3895.567},{"text":"environment.","start":3895.567,"end":3896.274}]},{"text":"This law means that all space activities undertaken under Colombian jurisdiction have to endeavor to have the minimum of adverse impacts, especially through reduction of space debris emissions, avoiding damaging pollution or unfavorable alterations to the environment.","start":3896.836,"end":3920.724,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3896.836,"end":3897.045},{"text":"law","start":3897.495,"end":3897.576},{"text":"means","start":3898.283,"end":3898.508},{"text":"that","start":3898.54,"end":3898.781},{"text":"all","start":3898.925,"end":3898.957},{"text":"space","start":3898.957,"end":3899.456},{"text":"activities","start":3899.488,"end":3900.195},{"text":"undertaken","start":3900.789,"end":3901.48},{"text":"under","start":3902.3,"end":3902.605},{"text":"Colombian","start":3902.621,"end":3903.44},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":3903.44,"end":3904.196},{"text":"have","start":3904.71,"end":3904.935},{"text":"to","start":3905.272,"end":3905.497},{"text":"endeavor","start":3906.477,"end":3907.136},{"text":"to","start":3908.245,"end":3908.389},{"text":"have","start":3908.405,"end":3908.55},{"text":"the","start":3908.598,"end":3908.839},{"text":"minimum","start":3908.904,"end":3909.643},{"text":"of","start":3909.771,"end":3909.819},{"text":"adverse","start":3910.173,"end":3910.543},{"text":"impacts,","start":3910.751,"end":3911.153},{"text":"especially","start":3911.25,"end":3911.699},{"text":"through","start":3911.699,"end":3911.876},{"text":"reduction","start":3911.957,"end":3912.551},{"text":"of","start":3912.744,"end":3912.888},{"text":"space","start":3913.338,"end":3913.675},{"text":"debris","start":3913.804,"end":3914.221},{"text":"emissions,","start":3914.27,"end":3914.815},{"text":"avoiding","start":3915.313,"end":3915.779},{"text":"damaging","start":3916.116,"end":3916.742},{"text":"pollution","start":3917.256,"end":3917.866},{"text":"or","start":3918.043,"end":3918.236},{"text":"unfavorable","start":3918.444,"end":3919.135},{"text":"alterations","start":3919.327,"end":3919.954},{"text":"to","start":3919.986,"end":3920.13},{"text":"the","start":3920.13,"end":3920.178},{"text":"environment.","start":3920.227,"end":3920.724}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COL","affiliation_full":"Colombia","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":22,"start":3921.11,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=3922","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you to Colombia.","start":3921.11,"end":3922.378,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3921.11,"end":3921.415},{"text":"you","start":3921.415,"end":3921.591},{"text":"to","start":3921.591,"end":3921.8},{"text":"Colombia.","start":3921.816,"end":3922.378}]},{"text":"And now I give the floor to the Republic of Korea.","start":3922.86,"end":3925.846,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3922.86,"end":3923.052},{"text":"now","start":3923.823,"end":3923.984},{"text":"I","start":3923.984,"end":3924.064},{"text":"give","start":3924.064,"end":3924.241},{"text":"the","start":3924.241,"end":3924.385},{"text":"floor","start":3924.385,"end":3924.626},{"text":"to","start":3924.626,"end":3924.722},{"text":"the","start":3924.722,"end":3924.867},{"text":"Republic","start":3924.867,"end":3925.365},{"text":"of","start":3925.365,"end":3925.461},{"text":"Korea.","start":3925.525,"end":3925.846}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":23,"start":3925.991,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=3926","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr.","start":3925.991,"end":3926.489,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3925.991,"end":3926.103},{"text":"you,","start":3926.135,"end":3926.167},{"text":"Mr.","start":3926.184,"end":3926.489}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair.","start":3926.569,"end":3926.746,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":3926.569,"end":3926.746}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"As space activity increasingly benefits human society in diverse ways, the scale of these operations is expanding at an unprecedented rate.","start":3927.211,"end":3934.838,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3927.211,"end":3927.307},{"text":"space","start":3927.372,"end":3927.661},{"text":"activity","start":3927.837,"end":3928.303},{"text":"increasingly","start":3928.335,"end":3928.897},{"text":"benefits","start":3928.897,"end":3929.443},{"text":"human","start":3929.443,"end":3929.748},{"text":"society","start":3929.78,"end":3930.39},{"text":"in","start":3930.487,"end":3930.551},{"text":"diverse","start":3930.583,"end":3930.952},{"text":"ways,","start":3931.065,"end":3931.193},{"text":"the","start":3931.53,"end":3931.595},{"text":"scale","start":3931.611,"end":3931.9},{"text":"of","start":3932.012,"end":3932.076},{"text":"these","start":3932.108,"end":3932.237},{"text":"operations","start":3932.333,"end":3932.911},{"text":"is","start":3932.911,"end":3933.04},{"text":"expanding","start":3933.072,"end":3933.602},{"text":"at","start":3933.698,"end":3933.81},{"text":"an","start":3933.81,"end":3933.939},{"text":"unprecedented","start":3933.939,"end":3934.597},{"text":"rate.","start":3934.597,"end":3934.838}]},{"text":"While only about 8,000 satellites were launched in 6 decades, Leading up to 2020, tens of thousands more are projected to enter Earth's orbit in the next few years.","start":3935.239,"end":3945.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"While","start":3935.239,"end":3935.512},{"text":"only","start":3935.625,"end":3935.769},{"text":"about","start":3935.866,"end":3936.203},{"text":"8,000","start":3936.203,"end":3936.797},{"text":"satellites","start":3936.797,"end":3937.311},{"text":"were","start":3937.391,"end":3937.487},{"text":"launched","start":3937.487,"end":3937.905},{"text":"in","start":3937.969,"end":3938.049},{"text":"6","start":3938.049,"end":3938.435},{"text":"decades,","start":3938.435,"end":3938.595},{"text":"Leading","start":3938.852,"end":3939.092},{"text":"up","start":3939.156,"end":3939.236},{"text":"to","start":3939.236,"end":3939.268},{"text":"2020,","start":3939.333,"end":3939.942},{"text":"tens","start":3940.358,"end":3940.583},{"text":"of","start":3940.679,"end":3940.743},{"text":"thousands","start":3940.791,"end":3941.24},{"text":"more","start":3941.256,"end":3941.528},{"text":"are","start":3941.656,"end":3941.8},{"text":"projected","start":3941.8,"end":3942.361},{"text":"to","start":3942.361,"end":3942.473},{"text":"enter","start":3942.602,"end":3942.778},{"text":"Earth's","start":3942.778,"end":3943.163},{"text":"orbit","start":3943.243,"end":3943.643},{"text":"in","start":3943.98,"end":3944.108},{"text":"the","start":3944.124,"end":3944.781},{"text":"next","start":3944.781,"end":3945.086},{"text":"few","start":3945.102,"end":3945.278},{"text":"years.","start":3945.278,"end":3945.63}]},{"text":"Without a concerted global commitment to space debris management, our orbital environment faces a future of severe congestion and constant collision risk.","start":3945.967,"end":3955.534,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Without","start":3945.967,"end":3946.319},{"text":"a","start":3946.448,"end":3946.624},{"text":"concerted","start":3946.624,"end":3947.233},{"text":"global","start":3947.329,"end":3947.634},{"text":"commitment","start":3947.65,"end":3948.21},{"text":"to","start":3948.21,"end":3948.323},{"text":"space","start":3948.323,"end":3948.691},{"text":"debris","start":3948.707,"end":3948.964},{"text":"management,","start":3948.964,"end":3949.573},{"text":"our","start":3949.893,"end":3950.037},{"text":"orbital","start":3950.053,"end":3950.502},{"text":"environment","start":3950.55,"end":3951.175},{"text":"faces","start":3951.175,"end":3951.72},{"text":"a","start":3951.832,"end":3951.848},{"text":"future","start":3951.912,"end":3952.409},{"text":"of","start":3952.617,"end":3952.842},{"text":"severe","start":3952.858,"end":3953.354},{"text":"congestion","start":3953.354,"end":3953.867},{"text":"and","start":3954.156,"end":3954.22},{"text":"constant","start":3954.3,"end":3954.797},{"text":"collision","start":3954.797,"end":3955.197},{"text":"risk.","start":3955.197,"end":3955.534}]},{"text":"The Republic of Korea is deeply committed to minimizing the generation of space debris in alignment with international expectations and standards.","start":3955.902,"end":3963.659,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3955.902,"end":3955.983},{"text":"Republic","start":3955.983,"end":3956.495},{"text":"of","start":3956.543,"end":3956.64},{"text":"Korea","start":3956.64,"end":3956.976},{"text":"is","start":3956.976,"end":3957.008},{"text":"deeply","start":3957.04,"end":3957.409},{"text":"committed","start":3957.441,"end":3957.938},{"text":"to","start":3957.938,"end":3958.066},{"text":"minimizing","start":3958.066,"end":3958.643},{"text":"the","start":3958.723,"end":3958.803},{"text":"generation","start":3958.867,"end":3959.428},{"text":"of","start":3959.524,"end":3959.62},{"text":"space","start":3959.62,"end":3960.005},{"text":"debris","start":3960.005,"end":3960.47},{"text":"in","start":3960.726,"end":3960.87},{"text":"alignment","start":3960.87,"end":3961.431},{"text":"with","start":3961.431,"end":3961.559},{"text":"international","start":3961.607,"end":3962.216},{"text":"expectations","start":3962.248,"end":3962.986},{"text":"and","start":3963.05,"end":3963.114},{"text":"standards.","start":3963.13,"end":3963.659}]},{"text":"First, in July 2020, the Korean government enacted a national recommendation for space debris mitigation based on the COPUOS Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines.","start":3964.22,"end":3974.016,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":3964.22,"end":3964.511},{"text":"in","start":3964.657,"end":3964.706},{"text":"July","start":3964.755,"end":3965.095},{"text":"2020,","start":3965.128,"end":3965.76},{"text":"the","start":3966.1,"end":3966.165},{"text":"Korean","start":3966.198,"end":3966.538},{"text":"government","start":3966.587,"end":3967.025},{"text":"enacted","start":3967.073,"end":3967.706},{"text":"a","start":3967.884,"end":3967.917},{"text":"national","start":3967.917,"end":3968.387},{"text":"recommendation","start":3968.387,"end":3969.165},{"text":"for","start":3969.181,"end":3969.295},{"text":"space","start":3969.295,"end":3969.668},{"text":"debris","start":3969.668,"end":3969.943},{"text":"mitigation","start":3969.943,"end":3970.624},{"text":"based","start":3970.981,"end":3971.289},{"text":"on","start":3971.37,"end":3971.597},{"text":"the","start":3971.76,"end":3971.792},{"text":"COPUOS","start":3971.792,"end":3972.162},{"text":"Space","start":3972.195,"end":3972.581},{"text":"Debris","start":3972.597,"end":3972.888},{"text":"Mitigation","start":3972.904,"end":3973.452},{"text":"Guidelines.","start":3973.484,"end":3974.016}]},{"text":"We remain dedicated to ensuring full compliance with this recommendation in all our future space activities.","start":3974.451,"end":3981.667,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3974.451,"end":3974.531},{"text":"remain","start":3974.531,"end":3974.902},{"text":"dedicated","start":3974.998,"end":3975.643},{"text":"to","start":3975.643,"end":3975.74},{"text":"ensuring","start":3975.82,"end":3976.255},{"text":"full","start":3976.304,"end":3976.513},{"text":"compliance","start":3976.545,"end":3977.271},{"text":"with","start":3977.335,"end":3977.545},{"text":"this","start":3977.577,"end":3977.77},{"text":"recommendation","start":3977.818,"end":3978.528},{"text":"in","start":3978.705,"end":3978.753},{"text":"all","start":3978.946,"end":3979.092},{"text":"our","start":3979.188,"end":3979.301},{"text":"future","start":3979.301,"end":3979.929},{"text":"space","start":3980.718,"end":3981.007},{"text":"activities.","start":3981.136,"end":3981.667}]},{"text":"Furthermore, on October 24th, Korea established the Second Basic Plan for Space Hazard Preparedness 2024-2030.","start":3982.519,"end":3990.061,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":3982.519,"end":3983.178},{"text":"on","start":3983.387,"end":3983.436},{"text":"October","start":3983.548,"end":3983.934},{"text":"24th,","start":3983.934,"end":3985.526},{"text":"Korea","start":3985.558,"end":3985.944},{"text":"established","start":3985.944,"end":3986.507},{"text":"the","start":3986.507,"end":3986.604},{"text":"Second","start":3986.604,"end":3987.166},{"text":"Basic","start":3987.166,"end":3987.488},{"text":"Plan","start":3987.488,"end":3987.729},{"text":"for","start":3987.729,"end":3987.858},{"text":"Space","start":3987.89,"end":3988.212},{"text":"Hazard","start":3988.212,"end":3988.549},{"text":"Preparedness","start":3988.598,"end":3989.08},{"text":"2024-2030.","start":3989.08,"end":3990.061}]},{"text":"To 2033.","start":3990.306,"end":3991.22,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":3990.306,"end":3990.354},{"text":"2033.","start":3990.402,"end":3991.22}]},{"text":"This plan outlines our mid- to long-term strategies to further assess management and mitigation of this orbital debris risk.","start":3992.005,"end":4000.665,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3992.005,"end":3992.246},{"text":"plan","start":3992.246,"end":3992.455},{"text":"outlines","start":3992.631,"end":3992.936},{"text":"our","start":3993.112,"end":3993.224},{"text":"mid-","start":3993.224,"end":3993.513},{"text":"to","start":3993.513,"end":3993.673},{"text":"long-term","start":3993.673,"end":3994.01},{"text":"strategies","start":3994.01,"end":3994.587},{"text":"to","start":3994.892,"end":3994.972},{"text":"further","start":3994.972,"end":3995.357},{"text":"assess","start":3995.357,"end":3995.71},{"text":"management","start":3995.71,"end":3997.105},{"text":"and","start":3997.282,"end":3997.554},{"text":"mitigation","start":3998.1,"end":3998.709},{"text":"of","start":3998.805,"end":3998.869},{"text":"this","start":3999.062,"end":3999.318},{"text":"orbital","start":3999.687,"end":4000.024},{"text":"debris","start":4000.024,"end":4000.345},{"text":"risk.","start":4000.345,"end":4000.665}]},{"text":"A key pillar of this strategy is development of advanced technology, including active debris removal and localization-critical space hazard response system.","start":4000.97,"end":4010.769,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":4000.97,"end":4001.05},{"text":"key","start":4001.05,"end":4001.227},{"text":"pillar","start":4001.307,"end":4001.628},{"text":"of","start":4001.692,"end":4001.82},{"text":"this","start":4001.868,"end":4002.093},{"text":"strategy","start":4002.093,"end":4002.718},{"text":"is","start":4002.911,"end":4002.975},{"text":"development","start":4003.151,"end":4003.857},{"text":"of","start":4003.937,"end":4004.097},{"text":"advanced","start":4004.113,"end":4004.595},{"text":"technology,","start":4004.595,"end":4005.204},{"text":"including","start":4005.316,"end":4005.894},{"text":"active","start":4006.262,"end":4006.583},{"text":"debris","start":4006.679,"end":4007.144},{"text":"removal","start":4007.144,"end":4007.626},{"text":"and","start":4007.946,"end":4008.026},{"text":"localization-critical","start":4008.026,"end":4009.261},{"text":"space","start":4009.261,"end":4009.63},{"text":"hazard","start":4009.63,"end":4009.951},{"text":"response","start":4009.951,"end":4010.4},{"text":"system.","start":4010.4,"end":4010.769}]},{"text":"The plan also emphasizes a comprehensive approach integrating enhanced space environment monitoring with improved international information sharing.","start":4011.314,"end":4019.557,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4011.314,"end":4011.41},{"text":"plan","start":4011.41,"end":4011.699},{"text":"also","start":4011.795,"end":4011.988},{"text":"emphasizes","start":4012.116,"end":4012.677},{"text":"a","start":4012.677,"end":4012.693},{"text":"comprehensive","start":4012.773,"end":4013.736},{"text":"approach","start":4013.736,"end":4014.088},{"text":"integrating","start":4014.377,"end":4014.987},{"text":"enhanced","start":4015.099,"end":4015.58},{"text":"space","start":4015.58,"end":4015.901},{"text":"environment","start":4015.901,"end":4018.13},{"text":"monitoring","start":4016.286,"end":4016.911},{"text":"with","start":4017.168,"end":4017.296},{"text":"improved","start":4017.344,"end":4017.793},{"text":"international","start":4017.889,"end":4018.595},{"text":"information","start":4018.627,"end":4019.188},{"text":"sharing.","start":4019.188,"end":4019.557}]},{"text":"To operationalize this goal, the Republic of Korea has officially launched the KSSA, Korea Space Situational Awareness System, this year.","start":4020.054,"end":4029.677,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":4020.054,"end":4020.118},{"text":"operationalize","start":4020.135,"end":4021.241},{"text":"this","start":4021.337,"end":4021.514},{"text":"goal,","start":4021.514,"end":4021.834},{"text":"the","start":4022.075,"end":4022.155},{"text":"Republic","start":4022.155,"end":4022.652},{"text":"of","start":4022.652,"end":4022.765},{"text":"Korea","start":4022.797,"end":4023.117},{"text":"has","start":4023.117,"end":4023.406},{"text":"officially","start":4023.454,"end":4024.384},{"text":"launched","start":4024.384,"end":4024.625},{"text":"the","start":4024.625,"end":4024.721},{"text":"KSSA,","start":4024.721,"end":4025.587},{"text":"Korea","start":4025.924,"end":4026.261},{"text":"Space","start":4026.261,"end":4026.63},{"text":"Situational","start":4026.63,"end":4028.233},{"text":"Awareness","start":4028.233,"end":4028.731},{"text":"System,","start":4028.747,"end":4029.18},{"text":"this","start":4029.196,"end":4029.324},{"text":"year.","start":4029.436,"end":4029.677}]},{"text":"Planned for development through 2030, KSSA will provide integrated lifecycle management for both governmental and commercial satellites.","start":4030.094,"end":4038.337,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Planned","start":4030.094,"end":4030.414},{"text":"for","start":4030.414,"end":4030.575},{"text":"development","start":4030.575,"end":4031.248},{"text":"through","start":4031.28,"end":4031.457},{"text":"2030,","start":4031.457,"end":4032.034},{"text":"KSSA","start":4032.339,"end":4033.029},{"text":"will","start":4033.061,"end":4033.205},{"text":"provide","start":4033.221,"end":4033.766},{"text":"integrated","start":4033.766,"end":4034.424},{"text":"lifecycle","start":4034.488,"end":4035.306},{"text":"management","start":4035.306,"end":4035.979},{"text":"for","start":4036.108,"end":4036.22},{"text":"both","start":4036.268,"end":4036.461},{"text":"governmental","start":4036.509,"end":4037.214},{"text":"and","start":4037.214,"end":4037.311},{"text":"commercial","start":4037.311,"end":4037.744},{"text":"satellites.","start":4037.744,"end":4038.337}]},{"text":"Its capability will include high-precision collision warning, anomaly detection and behavioral analysis of space objects.","start":4038.818,"end":4046.297,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"Its","start":4038.818,"end":4038.93},{"text":"capability","start":4038.93,"end":4039.604},{"text":"will","start":4039.716,"end":4039.957},{"text":"include","start":4039.957,"end":4040.406},{"text":"high-precision","start":4040.438,"end":4041.32},{"text":"collision","start":4041.32,"end":4041.753},{"text":"warning,","start":4041.801,"end":4041.977},{"text":"anomaly","start":4042.507,"end":4042.925},{"text":"detection","start":4042.925,"end":4043.455},{"text":"and","start":4043.647,"end":4043.712},{"text":"behavioral","start":4043.808,"end":4044.354},{"text":"analysis","start":4044.37,"end":4044.948},{"text":"of","start":4045.076,"end":4045.381},{"text":"space","start":4045.494,"end":4045.927},{"text":"objects.","start":4045.959,"end":4046.297}]},{"text":"In addition, the Republic of Korea reaffirms its commitment to regional and global security by refraining from conducting destructive direct ascent anti-satellite missile testing.","start":4047.099,"end":4057.231,"topics":[{"key":"destructive-asat-tests","label":"Destructive ASAT Tests","description":"Some delegations raised the intentional destruction of space objects, especially direct-ascent anti-satellite tests, as a serious source of debris and a threat to peaceful use of outer space. The debate also touched on whether this issue should be addressed under debris discussions, arms control forums, or both."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4047.099,"end":4047.148},{"text":"addition,","start":4047.244,"end":4047.629},{"text":"the","start":4047.806,"end":4047.902},{"text":"Republic","start":4047.902,"end":4048.448},{"text":"of","start":4048.464,"end":4048.512},{"text":"Korea","start":4048.609,"end":4048.93},{"text":"reaffirms","start":4048.946,"end":4049.476},{"text":"its","start":4049.572,"end":4049.652},{"text":"commitment","start":4049.669,"end":4050.423},{"text":"to","start":4050.455,"end":4050.568},{"text":"regional","start":4050.632,"end":4051.162},{"text":"and","start":4051.194,"end":4051.258},{"text":"global","start":4051.354,"end":4051.676},{"text":"security","start":4051.676,"end":4052.286},{"text":"by","start":4052.398,"end":4052.559},{"text":"refraining","start":4052.559,"end":4053.169},{"text":"from","start":4053.201,"end":4053.329},{"text":"conducting","start":4053.442,"end":4053.94},{"text":"destructive","start":4054.004,"end":4054.726},{"text":"direct","start":4054.726,"end":4055.192},{"text":"ascent","start":4055.208,"end":4055.609},{"text":"anti-satellite","start":4055.915,"end":4056.541},{"text":"missile","start":4056.573,"end":4056.814},{"text":"testing.","start":4056.814,"end":4057.231}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, my delegation believes that space debris mitigation is a shared global challenge that demands collective action and international cooperation.","start":4057.857,"end":4066.367,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":4057.857,"end":4058.114},{"text":"Chair,","start":4058.179,"end":4058.371},{"text":"my","start":4058.821,"end":4058.981},{"text":"delegation","start":4058.981,"end":4059.511},{"text":"believes","start":4059.543,"end":4059.832},{"text":"that","start":4059.881,"end":4060.025},{"text":"space","start":4060.025,"end":4060.426},{"text":"debris","start":4060.426,"end":4060.683},{"text":"mitigation","start":4060.683,"end":4061.374},{"text":"is","start":4061.454,"end":4061.518},{"text":"a","start":4061.55,"end":4061.615},{"text":"shared","start":4061.615,"end":4061.872},{"text":"global","start":4061.952,"end":4062.257},{"text":"challenge","start":4062.273,"end":4062.771},{"text":"that","start":4063.06,"end":4063.252},{"text":"demands","start":4063.252,"end":4063.686},{"text":"collective","start":4063.863,"end":4064.408},{"text":"action","start":4064.441,"end":4064.714},{"text":"and","start":4064.922,"end":4064.987},{"text":"international","start":4065.083,"end":4065.661},{"text":"cooperation.","start":4065.661,"end":4066.367}]},{"text":"In this regard, The role of COPUS is remain pivotal.","start":4067.01,"end":4069.96,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4067.01,"end":4067.106},{"text":"this","start":4067.154,"end":4067.315},{"text":"regard,","start":4067.315,"end":4067.491},{"text":"The","start":4067.733,"end":4067.814},{"text":"role","start":4067.814,"end":4068.121},{"text":"of","start":4068.201,"end":4068.298},{"text":"COPUS","start":4068.298,"end":4068.75},{"text":"is","start":4068.944,"end":4069.073},{"text":"remain","start":4069.105,"end":4069.492},{"text":"pivotal.","start":4069.492,"end":4069.96}]},{"text":"The Republic of Korea will continue to participate actively in collaborative effort and discussion to ensure a safe and sustainable space environment.","start":4070.477,"end":4080.589,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4070.477,"end":4070.622},{"text":"Republic","start":4070.622,"end":4071.203},{"text":"of","start":4071.203,"end":4071.284},{"text":"Korea","start":4071.348,"end":4071.816},{"text":"will","start":4071.833,"end":4071.994},{"text":"continue","start":4071.994,"end":4072.446},{"text":"to","start":4072.559,"end":4072.607},{"text":"participate","start":4072.656,"end":4073.301},{"text":"actively","start":4073.301,"end":4073.85},{"text":"in","start":4074.027,"end":4074.076},{"text":"collaborative","start":4074.173,"end":4076.045},{"text":"effort","start":4076.045,"end":4076.674},{"text":"and","start":4076.755,"end":4076.82},{"text":"discussion","start":4076.82,"end":4077.386},{"text":"to","start":4077.645,"end":4077.742},{"text":"ensure","start":4077.742,"end":4078.162},{"text":"a","start":4078.227,"end":4078.243},{"text":"safe","start":4078.243,"end":4078.648},{"text":"and","start":4078.939,"end":4079.036},{"text":"sustainable","start":4079.036,"end":4079.635},{"text":"space","start":4079.635,"end":4080.007},{"text":"environment.","start":4080.007,"end":4080.589}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":4080.881,"end":4081.285,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4080.881,"end":4081.123},{"text":"you.","start":4081.123,"end":4081.285}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"KOR","affiliation_full":"Republic of Korea","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":24,"start":4082.661,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=4083","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the Republic of Korea for their statement, and now I give the floor to Ecuador.","start":4082.661,"end":4089.484,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4082.661,"end":4082.758},{"text":"thank","start":4082.758,"end":4083.34},{"text":"the","start":4083.583,"end":4084.845},{"text":"Republic","start":4084.845,"end":4085.346},{"text":"of","start":4085.346,"end":4085.476},{"text":"Korea","start":4085.508,"end":4085.816},{"text":"for","start":4085.816,"end":4085.995},{"text":"their","start":4085.995,"end":4086.175},{"text":"statement,","start":4086.175,"end":4086.859},{"text":"and","start":4088.033,"end":4088.147},{"text":"now","start":4088.147,"end":4088.213},{"text":"I","start":4088.343,"end":4088.441},{"text":"give","start":4088.441,"end":4088.571},{"text":"the","start":4088.604,"end":4088.685},{"text":"floor","start":4088.685,"end":4088.946},{"text":"to","start":4088.946,"end":4089.028},{"text":"Ecuador.","start":4089.175,"end":4089.484}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":25,"start":4091.36,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=4092","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, on dealing with the impact of space debris.","start":4091.36,"end":4094.734,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":4091.36,"end":4091.572},{"text":"on","start":4092.621,"end":4092.703},{"text":"dealing","start":4092.703,"end":4092.998},{"text":"with","start":4093.03,"end":4093.194},{"text":"the","start":4093.194,"end":4093.358},{"text":"impact","start":4093.424,"end":4093.866},{"text":"of","start":4093.866,"end":4093.98},{"text":"space","start":4093.997,"end":4094.292},{"text":"debris.","start":4094.423,"end":4094.734}]},{"text":"at this 65th session.","start":4095.307,"end":4096.897,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"at","start":4095.307,"end":4095.404},{"text":"this","start":4095.404,"end":4095.564},{"text":"65th","start":4095.564,"end":4096.415},{"text":"session.","start":4096.447,"end":4096.897}]},{"text":"My delegation would like to take the floor not just as a nation with space ambitions, but as one of the most mega-diverse countries on the planet.","start":4097.732,"end":4108.281,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":4097.732,"end":4097.828},{"text":"delegation","start":4097.973,"end":4098.567},{"text":"would","start":4098.615,"end":4098.759},{"text":"like","start":4098.775,"end":4099.081},{"text":"to","start":4099.081,"end":4099.241},{"text":"take","start":4099.241,"end":4099.498},{"text":"the","start":4099.514,"end":4099.643},{"text":"floor","start":4099.643,"end":4100.076},{"text":"not","start":4101.007,"end":4101.264},{"text":"just","start":4101.264,"end":4101.634},{"text":"as","start":4101.81,"end":4101.874},{"text":"a","start":4101.971,"end":4101.987},{"text":"nation","start":4102.003,"end":4102.436},{"text":"with","start":4102.629,"end":4102.79},{"text":"space","start":4102.79,"end":4103.079},{"text":"ambitions,","start":4103.191,"end":4103.801},{"text":"but","start":4104.46,"end":4104.588},{"text":"as","start":4104.781,"end":4104.845},{"text":"one","start":4104.941,"end":4105.005},{"text":"of","start":4105.118,"end":4105.198},{"text":"the","start":4105.262,"end":4105.359},{"text":"most","start":4105.359,"end":4105.776},{"text":"mega-diverse","start":4105.776,"end":4106.675},{"text":"countries","start":4107.189,"end":4107.655},{"text":"on","start":4107.687,"end":4107.767},{"text":"the","start":4107.767,"end":4107.912},{"text":"planet.","start":4107.912,"end":4108.281}]},{"text":"For us, protecting the natural environment does not end with our atmosphere.","start":4109.116,"end":4113.821,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":4109.116,"end":4109.357},{"text":"us,","start":4109.357,"end":4109.533},{"text":"protecting","start":4109.919,"end":4110.545},{"text":"the","start":4110.561,"end":4110.657},{"text":"natural","start":4110.657,"end":4111.059},{"text":"environment","start":4111.059,"end":4111.781},{"text":"does","start":4112.167,"end":4112.311},{"text":"not","start":4112.359,"end":4112.536},{"text":"end","start":4112.648,"end":4112.889},{"text":"with","start":4112.889,"end":4113.05},{"text":"our","start":4113.05,"end":4113.226},{"text":"atmosphere.","start":4113.226,"end":4113.821}]},{"text":"The sustainability of earthly orbits is the logical extension of our responsibility to the shared heritage of mankind.","start":4114.334,"end":4122.958,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4114.334,"end":4114.431},{"text":"sustainability","start":4114.431,"end":4115.763},{"text":"of","start":4115.779,"end":4115.924},{"text":"earthly","start":4116.101,"end":4116.406},{"text":"orbits","start":4116.518,"end":4116.984},{"text":"is","start":4116.984,"end":4117.048},{"text":"the","start":4117.08,"end":4117.225},{"text":"logical","start":4117.241,"end":4117.658},{"text":"extension","start":4117.706,"end":4118.332},{"text":"of","start":4118.846,"end":4118.975},{"text":"our","start":4119.071,"end":4119.183},{"text":"responsibility","start":4119.232,"end":4120.34},{"text":"to","start":4120.613,"end":4120.709},{"text":"the","start":4120.773,"end":4120.934},{"text":"shared","start":4120.934,"end":4121.384},{"text":"heritage","start":4121.561,"end":4122.107},{"text":"of","start":4122.219,"end":4122.316},{"text":"mankind.","start":4122.38,"end":4122.958}]},{"text":"The Galápagos Islands are a fragile ecosystem that require clear and strict rules to preserve them.","start":4124.308,"end":4131.741,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4124.308,"end":4124.372},{"text":"Galápagos","start":4124.95,"end":4125.529},{"text":"Islands","start":4125.738,"end":4126.043},{"text":"are","start":4126.139,"end":4126.172},{"text":"a","start":4126.172,"end":4126.236},{"text":"fragile","start":4126.236,"end":4126.894},{"text":"ecosystem","start":4127.039,"end":4127.746},{"text":"that","start":4127.746,"end":4127.875},{"text":"require","start":4127.987,"end":4128.742},{"text":"clear","start":4129.513,"end":4129.722},{"text":"and","start":4129.835,"end":4130.06},{"text":"strict","start":4130.06,"end":4130.334},{"text":"rules","start":4130.334,"end":4130.625},{"text":"to","start":4131.046,"end":4131.159},{"text":"preserve","start":4131.159,"end":4131.595},{"text":"them.","start":4131.628,"end":4131.741}]},{"text":"Outer space is also vulnerable.","start":4132.258,"end":4134.408,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Outer","start":4132.258,"end":4132.452},{"text":"space","start":4132.452,"end":4132.872},{"text":"is","start":4133.083,"end":4133.212},{"text":"also","start":4133.309,"end":4133.616},{"text":"vulnerable.","start":4133.794,"end":4134.408}]},{"text":"The uncontrolled proliferation of debris is a kind of cross-border pollution that threatens the balance of a shared asset.","start":4135.104,"end":4145.693,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4135.104,"end":4135.233},{"text":"uncontrolled","start":4135.896,"end":4136.542},{"text":"proliferation","start":4136.542,"end":4137.286},{"text":"of","start":4137.286,"end":4137.415},{"text":"debris","start":4137.448,"end":4137.868},{"text":"is","start":4138.322,"end":4138.387},{"text":"a","start":4140.023,"end":4140.185},{"text":"kind","start":4140.185,"end":4140.46},{"text":"of","start":4140.46,"end":4140.574},{"text":"cross-border","start":4140.687,"end":4141.578},{"text":"pollution","start":4141.578,"end":4142.194},{"text":"that","start":4142.631,"end":4142.744},{"text":"threatens","start":4143.02,"end":4143.49},{"text":"the","start":4143.603,"end":4143.765},{"text":"balance","start":4143.765,"end":4144.332},{"text":"of","start":4144.656,"end":4144.753},{"text":"a","start":4144.753,"end":4144.834},{"text":"shared","start":4144.834,"end":4145.434},{"text":"asset.","start":4145.612,"end":4145.693}]},{"text":"Chair, our country has undertaken the development of space capacities, and we observe with concern that the increase of debris in orbit compromises future and equitable access to outer space, especially for those countries that have not participated fully in its benefits.","start":4146.872,"end":4167.287,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":4146.872,"end":4147.228},{"text":"our","start":4147.373,"end":4147.583},{"text":"country","start":4147.6,"end":4147.988},{"text":"has","start":4150.689,"end":4150.899},{"text":"undertaken","start":4151.158,"end":4151.902},{"text":"the","start":4151.902,"end":4152.064},{"text":"development","start":4152.064,"end":4152.581},{"text":"of","start":4152.614,"end":4152.662},{"text":"space","start":4152.694,"end":4153.099},{"text":"capacities,","start":4153.099,"end":4153.81},{"text":"and","start":4154.312,"end":4154.393},{"text":"we","start":4154.393,"end":4154.49},{"text":"observe","start":4154.554,"end":4154.878},{"text":"with","start":4154.894,"end":4155.072},{"text":"concern","start":4155.072,"end":4155.864},{"text":"that","start":4155.864,"end":4156.106},{"text":"the","start":4156.106,"end":4156.267},{"text":"increase","start":4156.348,"end":4156.88},{"text":"of","start":4157.461,"end":4157.687},{"text":"debris","start":4157.719,"end":4158.123},{"text":"in","start":4158.123,"end":4158.252},{"text":"orbit","start":4158.429,"end":4158.671},{"text":"compromises","start":4159.155,"end":4160.027},{"text":"future","start":4160.527,"end":4161.108},{"text":"and","start":4161.108,"end":4161.269},{"text":"equitable","start":4161.35,"end":4161.786},{"text":"access","start":4161.899,"end":4162.237},{"text":"to","start":4162.237,"end":4162.415},{"text":"outer","start":4162.463,"end":4162.721},{"text":"space,","start":4162.721,"end":4162.996},{"text":"especially","start":4163.206,"end":4163.625},{"text":"for","start":4163.625,"end":4163.77},{"text":"those","start":4163.77,"end":4163.98},{"text":"countries","start":4164.077,"end":4164.464},{"text":"that","start":4164.819,"end":4164.964},{"text":"have","start":4164.964,"end":4165.11},{"text":"not","start":4165.11,"end":4165.288},{"text":"participated","start":4165.288,"end":4166.085},{"text":"fully","start":4166.101,"end":4166.328},{"text":"in","start":4166.426,"end":4166.507},{"text":"its","start":4166.507,"end":4166.751},{"text":"benefits.","start":4166.751,"end":4167.287}]},{"text":"We acknowledge the importance of continuing to strengthen international efforts To boost the sustainability of the space environment, Ecuador believes we have to establish clear obligations and principles of shared but differentiated responsibility in line with the precepts established in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and the Liability Convention of 1972.","start":4167.743,"end":4194.345,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4167.743,"end":4167.889},{"text":"acknowledge","start":4167.889,"end":4168.279},{"text":"the","start":4168.311,"end":4168.393},{"text":"importance","start":4168.393,"end":4168.962},{"text":"of","start":4168.962,"end":4169.092},{"text":"continuing","start":4169.124,"end":4169.498},{"text":"to","start":4169.53,"end":4169.628},{"text":"strengthen","start":4169.628,"end":4170.229},{"text":"international","start":4170.343,"end":4171.221},{"text":"efforts","start":4171.302,"end":4171.53},{"text":"To","start":4172.527,"end":4172.8},{"text":"boost","start":4173.666,"end":4173.906},{"text":"the","start":4173.906,"end":4174.002},{"text":"sustainability","start":4174.002,"end":4175.108},{"text":"of","start":4175.108,"end":4175.253},{"text":"the","start":4175.253,"end":4175.333},{"text":"space","start":4175.333,"end":4175.621},{"text":"environment,","start":4175.749,"end":4176.311},{"text":"Ecuador","start":4176.856,"end":4177.192},{"text":"believes","start":4177.192,"end":4177.561},{"text":"we","start":4177.898,"end":4178.074},{"text":"have","start":4178.074,"end":4178.282},{"text":"to","start":4178.378,"end":4178.475},{"text":"establish","start":4178.475,"end":4178.972},{"text":"clear","start":4179.501,"end":4179.789},{"text":"obligations","start":4179.981,"end":4180.687},{"text":"and","start":4180.799,"end":4180.911},{"text":"principles","start":4180.959,"end":4181.649},{"text":"of","start":4182.065,"end":4182.13},{"text":"shared","start":4182.178,"end":4182.53},{"text":"but","start":4182.707,"end":4182.835},{"text":"differentiated","start":4183.364,"end":4184.31},{"text":"responsibility","start":4184.31,"end":4185.336},{"text":"in","start":4185.913,"end":4185.977},{"text":"line","start":4186.073,"end":4186.217},{"text":"with","start":4186.249,"end":4186.41},{"text":"the","start":4186.41,"end":4186.554},{"text":"precepts","start":4186.554,"end":4187.099},{"text":"established","start":4187.147,"end":4187.804},{"text":"in","start":4187.917,"end":4188.061},{"text":"the","start":4188.237,"end":4188.349},{"text":"1967","start":4188.349,"end":4189.6},{"text":"Outer","start":4189.6,"end":4189.808},{"text":"Space","start":4189.856,"end":4190.225},{"text":"Treaty","start":4190.337,"end":4190.706},{"text":"and","start":4191.363,"end":4191.475},{"text":"the","start":4191.523,"end":4191.684},{"text":"Liability","start":4191.684,"end":4192.389},{"text":"Convention","start":4192.485,"end":4193.014},{"text":"of","start":4193.062,"end":4193.191},{"text":"1972.","start":4193.207,"end":4194.345}]},{"text":"The non-binding nature of existing provisions generates legal uncertainty and limits the efficacy of measures to protect the space environment.","start":4194.97,"end":4204.992,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4194.97,"end":4195.066},{"text":"non-binding","start":4195.066,"end":4195.836},{"text":"nature","start":4195.868,"end":4196.413},{"text":"of","start":4196.749,"end":4196.91},{"text":"existing","start":4196.91,"end":4197.519},{"text":"provisions","start":4197.615,"end":4197.92},{"text":"generates","start":4198.577,"end":4199.138},{"text":"legal","start":4199.138,"end":4199.539},{"text":"uncertainty","start":4199.539,"end":4200.245},{"text":"and","start":4200.742,"end":4200.822},{"text":"limits","start":4200.822,"end":4201.271},{"text":"the","start":4201.303,"end":4201.496},{"text":"efficacy","start":4201.961,"end":4202.538},{"text":"of","start":4202.747,"end":4202.875},{"text":"measures","start":4202.875,"end":4203.18},{"text":"to","start":4203.244,"end":4203.34},{"text":"protect","start":4203.388,"end":4203.757},{"text":"the","start":4203.789,"end":4203.869},{"text":"space","start":4203.869,"end":4204.27},{"text":"environment.","start":4204.27,"end":4204.992}]},{"text":"We need standards for design and end of useful life which guarantee that the polluter has to fix it, protecting the right of new space actors to inherit a clean environment.","start":4205.714,"end":4219.811,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4205.714,"end":4205.826},{"text":"need","start":4206.05,"end":4206.5},{"text":"standards","start":4206.548,"end":4207.253},{"text":"for","start":4207.67,"end":4207.991},{"text":"design","start":4208.296,"end":4208.841},{"text":"and","start":4208.841,"end":4208.985},{"text":"end","start":4209.082,"end":4209.322},{"text":"of","start":4209.322,"end":4209.466},{"text":"useful","start":4210.124,"end":4210.653},{"text":"life","start":4210.862,"end":4211.166},{"text":"which","start":4211.182,"end":4211.311},{"text":"guarantee","start":4211.487,"end":4212.016},{"text":"that","start":4212.209,"end":4212.385},{"text":"the","start":4212.385,"end":4212.546},{"text":"polluter","start":4212.546,"end":4213.027},{"text":"has","start":4213.813,"end":4213.957},{"text":"to","start":4214.069,"end":4214.165},{"text":"fix","start":4214.213,"end":4214.55},{"text":"it,","start":4214.55,"end":4214.679},{"text":"protecting","start":4215.031,"end":4215.641},{"text":"the","start":4215.769,"end":4215.913},{"text":"right","start":4215.913,"end":4216.218},{"text":"of","start":4216.298,"end":4216.362},{"text":"new","start":4216.475,"end":4216.795},{"text":"space","start":4216.795,"end":4217.277},{"text":"actors","start":4217.421,"end":4217.806},{"text":"to","start":4218.223,"end":4218.319},{"text":"inherit","start":4218.319,"end":4218.784},{"text":"a","start":4218.816,"end":4218.832},{"text":"clean","start":4218.945,"end":4219.265},{"text":"environment.","start":4219.265,"end":4219.811}]},{"text":"Considering the technical capacity and historic contribution of each state in the generation of debris.","start":4220.468,"end":4227.38,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Considering","start":4220.468,"end":4220.997},{"text":"the","start":4221.045,"end":4221.126},{"text":"technical","start":4221.206,"end":4221.703},{"text":"capacity","start":4221.751,"end":4222.409},{"text":"and","start":4222.409,"end":4222.521},{"text":"historic","start":4222.569,"end":4223.05},{"text":"contribution","start":4223.05,"end":4223.66},{"text":"of","start":4224.157,"end":4224.301},{"text":"each","start":4224.397,"end":4224.542},{"text":"state","start":4224.574,"end":4225.055},{"text":"in","start":4225.199,"end":4225.263},{"text":"the","start":4225.456,"end":4225.616},{"text":"generation","start":4225.937,"end":4226.706},{"text":"of","start":4226.883,"end":4226.947},{"text":"debris.","start":4227.043,"end":4227.38}]},{"text":"Establishing obligations and principles means we could have growing convergence with regards to the need of limiting debris, promoting responsible conduct in the use of orbits, and safeguarding safety, stability, and long-term sustainability of the space environment.","start":4227.845,"end":4244.314,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Establishing","start":4227.845,"end":4228.47},{"text":"obligations","start":4228.567,"end":4229.112},{"text":"and","start":4229.144,"end":4229.304},{"text":"principles","start":4229.304,"end":4229.753},{"text":"means","start":4229.882,"end":4230.234},{"text":"we","start":4230.651,"end":4230.748},{"text":"could","start":4230.748,"end":4230.908},{"text":"have","start":4230.908,"end":4231.036},{"text":"growing","start":4231.132,"end":4231.437},{"text":"convergence","start":4231.469,"end":4232.271},{"text":"with","start":4232.271,"end":4232.496},{"text":"regards","start":4232.496,"end":4232.8},{"text":"to","start":4232.816,"end":4232.88},{"text":"the","start":4232.896,"end":4232.993},{"text":"need","start":4232.993,"end":4233.281},{"text":"of","start":4234.179,"end":4234.356},{"text":"limiting","start":4234.42,"end":4234.885},{"text":"debris,","start":4235.478,"end":4235.895},{"text":"promoting","start":4235.959,"end":4236.569},{"text":"responsible","start":4236.601,"end":4237.274},{"text":"conduct","start":4237.403,"end":4237.948},{"text":"in","start":4237.948,"end":4238.012},{"text":"the","start":4238.028,"end":4238.108},{"text":"use","start":4238.108,"end":4238.285},{"text":"of","start":4238.285,"end":4238.445},{"text":"orbits,","start":4238.445,"end":4238.75},{"text":"and","start":4238.766,"end":4238.878},{"text":"safeguarding","start":4238.91,"end":4239.455},{"text":"safety,","start":4239.503,"end":4239.936},{"text":"stability,","start":4240.305,"end":4240.899},{"text":"and","start":4241.011,"end":4241.155},{"text":"long-term","start":4241.155,"end":4241.556},{"text":"sustainability","start":4241.556,"end":4242.502},{"text":"of","start":4242.999,"end":4243.064},{"text":"the","start":4243.176,"end":4243.272},{"text":"space","start":4243.272,"end":4243.689},{"text":"environment.","start":4243.721,"end":4244.314}]},{"text":"Finally, we would like to highlight the value of international cooperation and technical assistance as essential components in capacity building, including initiatives to foster transparency, timely exchange, and verifiable information, as well as the transfer of knowledge, technology, and best practices in dealing with space debris.","start":4244.683,"end":4264.67,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":4244.683,"end":4244.924},{"text":"we","start":4244.94,"end":4245.036},{"text":"would","start":4245.036,"end":4245.18},{"text":"like","start":4245.18,"end":4245.357},{"text":"to","start":4245.357,"end":4245.501},{"text":"highlight","start":4245.501,"end":4245.966},{"text":"the","start":4245.966,"end":4245.998},{"text":"value","start":4245.998,"end":4246.239},{"text":"of","start":4246.239,"end":4246.367},{"text":"international","start":4246.367,"end":4246.928},{"text":"cooperation","start":4246.944,"end":4247.49},{"text":"and","start":4247.49,"end":4247.586},{"text":"technical","start":4247.586,"end":4248.067},{"text":"assistance","start":4248.067,"end":4248.692},{"text":"as","start":4249.093,"end":4249.157},{"text":"essential","start":4249.205,"end":4249.638},{"text":"components","start":4249.735,"end":4251.964},{"text":"in","start":4250.955,"end":4251.099},{"text":"capacity","start":4251.099,"end":4251.677},{"text":"building,","start":4251.677,"end":4251.966},{"text":"including","start":4252.159,"end":4252.689},{"text":"initiatives","start":4252.721,"end":4253.332},{"text":"to","start":4253.685,"end":4253.765},{"text":"foster","start":4253.765,"end":4254.167},{"text":"transparency,","start":4254.167,"end":4255.034},{"text":"timely","start":4255.114,"end":4255.5},{"text":"exchange,","start":4255.676,"end":4256.303},{"text":"and","start":4257.041,"end":4257.459},{"text":"verifiable","start":4257.764,"end":4258.487},{"text":"information,","start":4258.487,"end":4259.017},{"text":"as","start":4259.065,"end":4259.113},{"text":"well","start":4259.226,"end":4259.29},{"text":"as","start":4259.29,"end":4259.354},{"text":"the","start":4259.451,"end":4259.547},{"text":"transfer","start":4259.547,"end":4260.061},{"text":"of","start":4260.591,"end":4260.751},{"text":"knowledge,","start":4260.751,"end":4261.121},{"text":"technology,","start":4261.474,"end":4261.924},{"text":"and","start":4262.036,"end":4262.149},{"text":"best","start":4262.181,"end":4262.438},{"text":"practices","start":4262.438,"end":4263.048},{"text":"in","start":4263.305,"end":4263.353},{"text":"dealing","start":4263.401,"end":4263.69},{"text":"with","start":4263.787,"end":4263.835},{"text":"space","start":4263.835,"end":4264.156},{"text":"debris.","start":4264.204,"end":4264.67}]},{"text":"This would mean we could reduce existing inequalities, facilitate broader participation on a more equitable footing in space activities in an environment characterized by inclusion, mutual confidence, and sustainability.","start":4265.072,"end":4279.349,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4265.072,"end":4265.2},{"text":"would","start":4265.329,"end":4265.618},{"text":"mean","start":4265.65,"end":4265.859},{"text":"we","start":4265.891,"end":4265.971},{"text":"could","start":4266.051,"end":4266.228},{"text":"reduce","start":4266.276,"end":4266.71},{"text":"existing","start":4266.838,"end":4267.304},{"text":"inequalities,","start":4267.416,"end":4268.107},{"text":"facilitate","start":4268.541,"end":4269.52},{"text":"broader","start":4269.745,"end":4270.115},{"text":"participation","start":4270.131,"end":4271.158},{"text":"on","start":4271.175,"end":4271.271},{"text":"a","start":4271.271,"end":4271.287},{"text":"more","start":4271.287,"end":4271.592},{"text":"equitable","start":4271.592,"end":4272.058},{"text":"footing","start":4272.09,"end":4272.604},{"text":"in","start":4273.182,"end":4273.246},{"text":"space","start":4273.278,"end":4273.68},{"text":"activities","start":4273.68,"end":4274.451},{"text":"in","start":4275.19,"end":4275.318},{"text":"an","start":4275.447,"end":4275.495},{"text":"environment","start":4275.591,"end":4276.057},{"text":"characterized","start":4276.153,"end":4276.78},{"text":"by","start":4276.812,"end":4276.988},{"text":"inclusion,","start":4276.988,"end":4277.502},{"text":"mutual","start":4277.599,"end":4277.936},{"text":"confidence,","start":4277.936,"end":4278.514},{"text":"and","start":4278.562,"end":4278.659},{"text":"sustainability.","start":4278.659,"end":4279.349}]},{"text":"to the benefit of the international community as a whole.","start":4279.927,"end":4282.317,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"to","start":4279.927,"end":4280.023},{"text":"the","start":4280.023,"end":4280.087},{"text":"benefit","start":4280.168,"end":4280.617},{"text":"of","start":4280.809,"end":4280.873},{"text":"the","start":4280.906,"end":4280.986},{"text":"international","start":4280.986,"end":4281.515},{"text":"community","start":4281.531,"end":4281.932},{"text":"as","start":4281.932,"end":4281.996},{"text":"a","start":4282.093,"end":4282.109},{"text":"whole.","start":4282.173,"end":4282.317}]},{"text":"Chair, Ecuador calls for substantive dialogue reflecting the challenges of the 21st century.","start":4282.734,"end":4288.735,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":4282.734,"end":4283.071},{"text":"Ecuador","start":4283.376,"end":4283.777},{"text":"calls","start":4284.034,"end":4284.323},{"text":"for","start":4284.499,"end":4284.692},{"text":"substantive","start":4284.692,"end":4285.446},{"text":"dialogue","start":4285.478,"end":4285.943},{"text":"reflecting","start":4286.2,"end":4286.745},{"text":"the","start":4286.842,"end":4286.922},{"text":"challenges","start":4286.922,"end":4287.451},{"text":"of","start":4287.483,"end":4287.58},{"text":"the","start":4287.628,"end":4287.708},{"text":"21st","start":4287.708,"end":4288.286},{"text":"century.","start":4288.286,"end":4288.735}]},{"text":"Having a strong legal framework and fair and equitable access to outer space is a necessary step to guarantee the long-term sustainability of this environment as a safe and resilient legacy for future generations.","start":4289.232,"end":4303.415,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Having","start":4289.232,"end":4289.537},{"text":"a","start":4289.713,"end":4289.81},{"text":"strong","start":4289.81,"end":4290.259},{"text":"legal","start":4290.692,"end":4291.029},{"text":"framework","start":4291.077,"end":4291.719},{"text":"and","start":4292.056,"end":4292.12},{"text":"fair","start":4292.2,"end":4292.441},{"text":"and","start":4292.441,"end":4292.585},{"text":"equitable","start":4292.697,"end":4293.243},{"text":"access","start":4293.323,"end":4293.628},{"text":"to","start":4293.676,"end":4293.804},{"text":"outer","start":4293.885,"end":4294.077},{"text":"space","start":4294.125,"end":4294.43},{"text":"is","start":4294.863,"end":4295.024},{"text":"a","start":4295.024,"end":4295.04},{"text":"necessary","start":4295.04,"end":4295.666},{"text":"step","start":4295.666,"end":4295.97},{"text":"to","start":4295.97,"end":4296.067},{"text":"guarantee","start":4296.067,"end":4296.612},{"text":"the","start":4296.612,"end":4296.708},{"text":"long-term","start":4296.708,"end":4297.109},{"text":"sustainability","start":4297.109,"end":4297.896},{"text":"of","start":4297.896,"end":4297.976},{"text":"this","start":4297.976,"end":4298.104},{"text":"environment","start":4298.216,"end":4298.746},{"text":"as","start":4299.259,"end":4299.404},{"text":"a","start":4299.66,"end":4299.676},{"text":"safe","start":4300.094,"end":4300.463},{"text":"and","start":4300.623,"end":4300.783},{"text":"resilient","start":4300.783,"end":4301.489},{"text":"legacy","start":4301.826,"end":4302.211},{"text":"for","start":4302.243,"end":4302.468},{"text":"future","start":4302.468,"end":4302.789},{"text":"generations.","start":4302.789,"end":4303.415}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"ECU","affiliation_full":"Ecuador","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":26,"start":4304.072,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=4305","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Ecuador for their their statement.","start":4304.072,"end":4305.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4304.072,"end":4304.12},{"text":"thank","start":4304.169,"end":4304.554},{"text":"Ecuador","start":4304.634,"end":4305.003},{"text":"for","start":4305.067,"end":4305.195},{"text":"their","start":4305.195,"end":4305.58},{"text":"their","start":4305.26,"end":4305.324},{"text":"statement.","start":4305.324,"end":4305.87}]},{"text":"And now I give the floor to the Netherlands.","start":4306.255,"end":4309.113,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4306.255,"end":4306.319},{"text":"now","start":4306.335,"end":4306.528},{"text":"I","start":4307.042,"end":4307.218},{"text":"give","start":4307.218,"end":4307.427},{"text":"the","start":4308.005,"end":4308.069},{"text":"floor","start":4308.085,"end":4308.358},{"text":"to","start":4308.358,"end":4308.519},{"text":"the","start":4308.519,"end":4308.599},{"text":"Netherlands.","start":4308.599,"end":4309.113}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":27,"start":4309.627,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=4310","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr. Chair, thank you for giving me the floor.","start":4309.627,"end":4311.473,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":4309.627,"end":4309.82},{"text":"Chair,","start":4309.868,"end":4310.109},{"text":"thank","start":4310.125,"end":4310.414},{"text":"you","start":4310.414,"end":4310.51},{"text":"for","start":4310.51,"end":4310.638},{"text":"giving","start":4310.671,"end":4310.879},{"text":"me","start":4310.911,"end":4310.992},{"text":"the","start":4310.992,"end":4311.072},{"text":"floor.","start":4311.072,"end":4311.473}]},{"text":"On the website of the European Space Agency, information is provided about space debris, and the numbers should be a cause of concern to us all.","start":4312.597,"end":4320.032,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":4312.597,"end":4312.678},{"text":"the","start":4312.678,"end":4312.758},{"text":"website","start":4312.758,"end":4313.4},{"text":"of","start":4313.4,"end":4313.497},{"text":"the","start":4313.497,"end":4313.625},{"text":"European","start":4313.625,"end":4314.01},{"text":"Space","start":4314.042,"end":4314.315},{"text":"Agency,","start":4314.428,"end":4314.893},{"text":"information","start":4315.327,"end":4315.857},{"text":"is","start":4315.889,"end":4315.937},{"text":"provided","start":4316.033,"end":4316.467},{"text":"about","start":4316.467,"end":4316.708},{"text":"space","start":4316.708,"end":4317.013},{"text":"debris,","start":4317.013,"end":4317.43},{"text":"and","start":4317.639,"end":4317.719},{"text":"the","start":4317.735,"end":4317.832},{"text":"numbers","start":4317.832,"end":4318.217},{"text":"should","start":4318.217,"end":4318.458},{"text":"be","start":4318.458,"end":4318.619},{"text":"a","start":4318.619,"end":4318.699},{"text":"cause","start":4318.699,"end":4318.908},{"text":"of","start":4318.956,"end":4319.068},{"text":"concern","start":4319.1,"end":4319.47},{"text":"to","start":4319.566,"end":4319.678},{"text":"us","start":4319.678,"end":4319.887},{"text":"all.","start":4319.967,"end":4320.032}]},{"text":"These numbers were shared with us earlier this week during the symposium.","start":4320.867,"end":4324.319,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":4320.867,"end":4320.995},{"text":"numbers","start":4321.091,"end":4321.396},{"text":"were","start":4321.509,"end":4321.589},{"text":"shared","start":4321.589,"end":4321.958},{"text":"with","start":4321.99,"end":4322.215},{"text":"us","start":4322.215,"end":4322.392},{"text":"earlier","start":4322.456,"end":4322.729},{"text":"this","start":4322.777,"end":4322.97},{"text":"week","start":4323.018,"end":4323.259},{"text":"during","start":4323.259,"end":4323.484},{"text":"the","start":4323.516,"end":4323.596},{"text":"symposium.","start":4323.596,"end":4324.319}]},{"text":"ESA lists more than 650 breakups, explosions, collisions, or anomalous events resulting in fragmentation: 1.2 million space debris objects greater than 1 cm to 10 cm, and 140 million space debris objects from greater than 1 mm to 1 cm.","start":4325.186,"end":4345.605,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"ESA","start":4325.186,"end":4325.362},{"text":"lists","start":4325.764,"end":4326.245},{"text":"more","start":4326.245,"end":4326.358},{"text":"than","start":4326.486,"end":4326.599},{"text":"650","start":4326.647,"end":4327.851},{"text":"breakups,","start":4327.915,"end":4328.349},{"text":"explosions,","start":4328.493,"end":4329.104},{"text":"collisions,","start":4329.216,"end":4329.826},{"text":"or","start":4330.26,"end":4330.34},{"text":"anomalous","start":4330.34,"end":4330.79},{"text":"events","start":4330.822,"end":4331.161},{"text":"resulting","start":4331.306,"end":4331.758},{"text":"in","start":4331.806,"end":4331.887},{"text":"fragmentation:","start":4331.936,"end":4332.646},{"text":"1.2","start":4333.389,"end":4334.083},{"text":"million","start":4334.276,"end":4334.632},{"text":"space","start":4334.632,"end":4334.954},{"text":"debris","start":4334.954,"end":4335.342},{"text":"objects","start":4335.406,"end":4335.858},{"text":"greater","start":4336.375,"end":4336.779},{"text":"than","start":4336.779,"end":4336.924},{"text":"1","start":4337.101,"end":4337.247},{"text":"cm","start":4337.279,"end":4337.86},{"text":"to","start":4338.005,"end":4338.231},{"text":"10","start":4338.231,"end":4338.377},{"text":"cm,","start":4338.409,"end":4338.829},{"text":"and","start":4339.684,"end":4339.83},{"text":"140","start":4339.83,"end":4340.768},{"text":"million","start":4340.768,"end":4341.253},{"text":"space","start":4341.253,"end":4341.658},{"text":"debris","start":4341.658,"end":4342.03},{"text":"objects","start":4342.11,"end":4342.563},{"text":"from","start":4342.661,"end":4342.774},{"text":"greater","start":4342.838,"end":4343.324},{"text":"than","start":4343.324,"end":4343.469},{"text":"1","start":4343.502,"end":4343.631},{"text":"mm","start":4343.761,"end":4344.1},{"text":"to","start":4344.149,"end":4344.812},{"text":"1","start":4344.877,"end":4345.006},{"text":"cm.","start":4345.055,"end":4345.605}]},{"text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands is grateful to ESA for providing this information, and is pleased to announce that the Netherlands will also sign the Zero Debris Charter soon.","start":4346.602,"end":4354.522,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4346.602,"end":4346.682},{"text":"Kingdom","start":4346.682,"end":4346.955},{"text":"of","start":4346.987,"end":4347.051},{"text":"the","start":4347.084,"end":4347.164},{"text":"Netherlands","start":4347.164,"end":4347.582},{"text":"is","start":4347.582,"end":4347.694},{"text":"grateful","start":4347.726,"end":4348.16},{"text":"to","start":4348.208,"end":4348.369},{"text":"ESA","start":4348.369,"end":4348.69},{"text":"for","start":4348.69,"end":4348.835},{"text":"providing","start":4348.851,"end":4349.317},{"text":"this","start":4349.397,"end":4349.494},{"text":"information,","start":4349.494,"end":4350.104},{"text":"and","start":4350.682,"end":4350.747},{"text":"is","start":4350.779,"end":4350.827},{"text":"pleased","start":4350.923,"end":4351.148},{"text":"to","start":4351.18,"end":4351.357},{"text":"announce","start":4351.357,"end":4351.646},{"text":"that","start":4351.646,"end":4351.759},{"text":"the","start":4351.759,"end":4351.839},{"text":"Netherlands","start":4351.839,"end":4352.273},{"text":"will","start":4352.305,"end":4352.45},{"text":"also","start":4352.546,"end":4352.787},{"text":"sign","start":4352.787,"end":4353.157},{"text":"the","start":4353.189,"end":4353.221},{"text":"Zero","start":4353.269,"end":4353.526},{"text":"Debris","start":4353.574,"end":4353.831},{"text":"Charter","start":4353.896,"end":4354.233},{"text":"soon.","start":4354.233,"end":4354.522}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, There is a clear urgency of addressing space debris, which poses a growing threat to the safe and sustainable use of outer space.","start":4355.84,"end":4364.187,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":4355.84,"end":4356.097},{"text":"Chair,","start":4356.145,"end":4356.209},{"text":"There","start":4356.817,"end":4356.914},{"text":"is","start":4356.914,"end":4356.962},{"text":"a","start":4357.01,"end":4357.138},{"text":"clear","start":4357.138,"end":4357.347},{"text":"urgency","start":4357.476,"end":4357.925},{"text":"of","start":4358.294,"end":4358.407},{"text":"addressing","start":4358.439,"end":4358.873},{"text":"space","start":4358.921,"end":4359.242},{"text":"debris,","start":4359.242,"end":4359.659},{"text":"which","start":4360.189,"end":4360.334},{"text":"poses","start":4360.366,"end":4360.735},{"text":"a","start":4360.767,"end":4360.847},{"text":"growing","start":4360.912,"end":4361.297},{"text":"threat","start":4361.49,"end":4361.891},{"text":"to","start":4361.891,"end":4362.02},{"text":"the","start":4362.052,"end":4362.132},{"text":"safe","start":4362.132,"end":4362.517},{"text":"and","start":4362.517,"end":4362.598},{"text":"sustainable","start":4362.598,"end":4363.24},{"text":"use","start":4363.24,"end":4363.433},{"text":"of","start":4363.433,"end":4363.641},{"text":"outer","start":4363.641,"end":4363.818},{"text":"space.","start":4363.818,"end":4364.187}]},{"text":"As most debris is human-made and preventable, this underlines the need for stronger mitigation and remediation efforts.","start":4365.006,"end":4372.264,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4365.006,"end":4365.07},{"text":"most","start":4365.183,"end":4365.584},{"text":"debris","start":4365.584,"end":4366.002},{"text":"is","start":4366.066,"end":4366.114},{"text":"human-made","start":4366.146,"end":4367.013},{"text":"and","start":4367.029,"end":4367.093},{"text":"preventable,","start":4367.19,"end":4367.784},{"text":"this","start":4368.378,"end":4368.539},{"text":"underlines","start":4368.619,"end":4369.165},{"text":"the","start":4369.277,"end":4369.357},{"text":"need","start":4369.357,"end":4369.646},{"text":"for","start":4369.663,"end":4369.775},{"text":"stronger","start":4369.775,"end":4370.305},{"text":"mitigation","start":4370.305,"end":4370.931},{"text":"and","start":4371.027,"end":4371.124},{"text":"remediation","start":4371.188,"end":4371.814},{"text":"efforts.","start":4371.91,"end":4372.264}]},{"text":"In this regard, we also underline the close link between space debris and space traffic management.","start":4373.05,"end":4378.751,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4373.05,"end":4373.099},{"text":"this","start":4373.195,"end":4373.436},{"text":"regard,","start":4373.436,"end":4373.821},{"text":"we","start":4374.239,"end":4374.399},{"text":"also","start":4374.496,"end":4374.801},{"text":"underline","start":4374.881,"end":4375.298},{"text":"the","start":4375.298,"end":4375.459},{"text":"close","start":4375.459,"end":4375.844},{"text":"link","start":4375.844,"end":4376.037},{"text":"between","start":4376.101,"end":4376.39},{"text":"space","start":4376.487,"end":4376.776},{"text":"debris","start":4376.824,"end":4377.257},{"text":"and","start":4377.37,"end":4377.418},{"text":"space","start":4377.418,"end":4377.739},{"text":"traffic","start":4377.867,"end":4378.189},{"text":"management.","start":4378.189,"end":4378.751}]},{"text":"Effective space traffic management measures measures should contribute directly to space debris mitigation and to the long-term sustainability of the space environment.","start":4379.634,"end":4389.091,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Effective","start":4379.634,"end":4380.164},{"text":"space","start":4380.292,"end":4380.629},{"text":"traffic","start":4380.742,"end":4381.079},{"text":"management","start":4381.079,"end":4381.721},{"text":"measures","start":4381.721,"end":4382.09},{"text":"measures","start":4381.85,"end":4382.01},{"text":"should","start":4382.444,"end":4382.652},{"text":"contribute","start":4382.684,"end":4383.182},{"text":"directly","start":4383.182,"end":4383.696},{"text":"to","start":4383.744,"end":4383.873},{"text":"space","start":4383.873,"end":4384.29},{"text":"debris","start":4384.29,"end":4384.643},{"text":"mitigation","start":4384.675,"end":4385.382},{"text":"and","start":4385.88,"end":4386.056},{"text":"to","start":4386.056,"end":4386.201},{"text":"the","start":4386.201,"end":4386.361},{"text":"long-term","start":4386.361,"end":4386.811},{"text":"sustainability","start":4386.859,"end":4387.71},{"text":"of","start":4387.967,"end":4388.079},{"text":"the","start":4388.079,"end":4388.16},{"text":"space","start":4388.16,"end":4388.545},{"text":"environment.","start":4388.545,"end":4389.091}]},{"text":"The freedom of access to outer space, as enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty, must remain meaningful not only today, but also for future generations.","start":4390.215,"end":4399.672,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4390.215,"end":4390.295},{"text":"freedom","start":4390.295,"end":4390.729},{"text":"of","start":4390.729,"end":4390.841},{"text":"access","start":4390.954,"end":4391.435},{"text":"to","start":4391.435,"end":4391.564},{"text":"outer","start":4391.66,"end":4391.853},{"text":"space,","start":4391.853,"end":4392.27},{"text":"as","start":4392.945,"end":4393.009},{"text":"enshrined","start":4393.105,"end":4393.683},{"text":"in","start":4393.683,"end":4393.764},{"text":"the","start":4393.764,"end":4393.844},{"text":"Outer","start":4393.908,"end":4394.101},{"text":"Space","start":4394.101,"end":4394.486},{"text":"Treaty,","start":4394.486,"end":4394.855},{"text":"must","start":4395.289,"end":4395.546},{"text":"remain","start":4395.594,"end":4395.819},{"text":"meaningful","start":4395.931,"end":4396.461},{"text":"not","start":4396.509,"end":4396.718},{"text":"only","start":4396.718,"end":4396.895},{"text":"today,","start":4396.959,"end":4397.232},{"text":"but","start":4397.842,"end":4397.954},{"text":"also","start":4398.083,"end":4398.42},{"text":"for","start":4398.42,"end":4398.564},{"text":"future","start":4398.564,"end":4398.853},{"text":"generations.","start":4398.902,"end":4399.672}]},{"text":"This requires both preventing the creation of new debris and reducing the existing debris population.","start":4400.507,"end":4406.625,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4400.507,"end":4400.78},{"text":"requires","start":4400.812,"end":4401.198},{"text":"both","start":4401.31,"end":4401.487},{"text":"preventing","start":4401.551,"end":4402.161},{"text":"the","start":4402.193,"end":4402.274},{"text":"creation","start":4402.338,"end":4402.771},{"text":"of","start":4402.771,"end":4402.852},{"text":"new","start":4402.98,"end":4403.076},{"text":"debris","start":4403.157,"end":4403.51},{"text":"and","start":4403.943,"end":4404.024},{"text":"reducing","start":4404.04,"end":4404.57},{"text":"the","start":4404.843,"end":4404.987},{"text":"existing","start":4404.987,"end":4405.453},{"text":"debris","start":4405.565,"end":4405.95},{"text":"population.","start":4405.95,"end":4406.625}]},{"text":"In our view, existing international law already provides a foundation for responsible behavior.","start":4408.375,"end":4413.434,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4408.375,"end":4408.423},{"text":"our","start":4408.52,"end":4408.68},{"text":"view,","start":4408.68,"end":4408.953},{"text":"existing","start":4409.114,"end":4409.612},{"text":"international","start":4409.66,"end":4410.303},{"text":"law","start":4410.303,"end":4410.335},{"text":"already","start":4410.367,"end":4410.865},{"text":"provides","start":4410.865,"end":4411.395},{"text":"a","start":4411.443,"end":4411.459},{"text":"foundation","start":4411.491,"end":4412.117},{"text":"for","start":4412.15,"end":4412.278},{"text":"responsible","start":4412.294,"end":4412.888},{"text":"behavior.","start":4412.888,"end":4413.434}]},{"text":"States are under an obligation to ensure that outer space is used in a safe and sustainable manner.","start":4414.013,"end":4419.618,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"States","start":4414.013,"end":4414.35},{"text":"are","start":4414.462,"end":4414.735},{"text":"under","start":4414.816,"end":4415.025},{"text":"an","start":4415.025,"end":4415.089},{"text":"obligation","start":4415.121,"end":4415.731},{"text":"to","start":4415.763,"end":4415.892},{"text":"ensure","start":4415.924,"end":4416.325},{"text":"that","start":4416.47,"end":4416.647},{"text":"outer","start":4416.711,"end":4416.855},{"text":"space","start":4416.888,"end":4417.369},{"text":"is","start":4417.369,"end":4417.418},{"text":"used","start":4417.514,"end":4417.739},{"text":"in","start":4417.851,"end":4417.948},{"text":"a","start":4417.948,"end":4417.964},{"text":"safe","start":4417.996,"end":4418.413},{"text":"and","start":4418.494,"end":4418.622},{"text":"sustainable","start":4418.638,"end":4419.136},{"text":"manner.","start":4419.136,"end":4419.618}]},{"text":"This subcommittee therefore has an important role to play in strengthening the legal and normative framework, promoting compliance, and advancing further rules and principles.","start":4420.341,"end":4429.785,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4420.341,"end":4420.517},{"text":"subcommittee","start":4420.517,"end":4421.24},{"text":"therefore","start":4421.369,"end":4421.85},{"text":"has","start":4421.85,"end":4421.963},{"text":"an","start":4422.027,"end":4422.107},{"text":"important","start":4422.107,"end":4422.573},{"text":"role","start":4422.573,"end":4422.798},{"text":"to","start":4422.83,"end":4422.927},{"text":"play","start":4422.975,"end":4423.184},{"text":"in","start":4423.296,"end":4423.344},{"text":"strengthening","start":4423.392,"end":4424.003},{"text":"the","start":4424.356,"end":4424.484},{"text":"legal","start":4424.517,"end":4424.79},{"text":"and","start":4424.838,"end":4424.934},{"text":"normative","start":4424.934,"end":4425.32},{"text":"framework,","start":4425.32,"end":4426.026},{"text":"promoting","start":4426.348,"end":4426.733},{"text":"compliance,","start":4426.829,"end":4427.44},{"text":"and","start":4427.729,"end":4427.857},{"text":"advancing","start":4427.889,"end":4428.419},{"text":"further","start":4428.532,"end":4428.837},{"text":"rules","start":4428.917,"end":4429.142},{"text":"and","start":4429.174,"end":4429.319},{"text":"principles.","start":4429.319,"end":4429.785}]},{"text":"In this regard, we encourage the continued implementation of existing instruments, including the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Long-Term Sustainability Guidelines, as well as initiatives such as the Artemis Accords.","start":4430.78,"end":4443.815,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4430.78,"end":4430.829},{"text":"this","start":4430.925,"end":4430.989},{"text":"regard,","start":4431.102,"end":4431.632},{"text":"we","start":4431.664,"end":4431.808},{"text":"encourage","start":4431.824,"end":4432.274},{"text":"the","start":4432.852,"end":4433.045},{"text":"continued","start":4433.093,"end":4433.72},{"text":"implementation","start":4433.72,"end":4434.441},{"text":"of","start":4434.489,"end":4434.569},{"text":"existing","start":4434.617,"end":4435.066},{"text":"instruments,","start":4435.13,"end":4435.643},{"text":"including","start":4436.219,"end":4436.684},{"text":"the","start":4436.716,"end":4436.748},{"text":"Space","start":4436.78,"end":4437.181},{"text":"Debris","start":4437.181,"end":4437.437},{"text":"Mitigation","start":4437.437,"end":4438.046},{"text":"Guidelines","start":4438.078,"end":4438.607},{"text":"and","start":4438.639,"end":4438.751},{"text":"the","start":4438.783,"end":4438.864},{"text":"Long-Term","start":4438.88,"end":4439.28},{"text":"Sustainability","start":4439.28,"end":4440.081},{"text":"Guidelines,","start":4440.081,"end":4440.61},{"text":"as","start":4441.123,"end":4441.171},{"text":"well","start":4441.283,"end":4441.476},{"text":"as","start":4441.508,"end":4441.572},{"text":"initiatives","start":4441.684,"end":4442.277},{"text":"such","start":4442.277,"end":4442.533},{"text":"as","start":4442.565,"end":4442.694},{"text":"the","start":4442.726,"end":4442.87},{"text":"Artemis","start":4442.95,"end":4443.351},{"text":"Accords.","start":4443.351,"end":4443.815}]},{"text":"We also support efforts to enhance national frameworks and promote active debris removal.","start":4444.633,"end":4450.145,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4444.633,"end":4444.745},{"text":"also","start":4444.873,"end":4445.145},{"text":"support","start":4445.145,"end":4445.578},{"text":"efforts","start":4445.674,"end":4445.963},{"text":"to","start":4446.011,"end":4446.155},{"text":"enhance","start":4446.171,"end":4446.636},{"text":"national","start":4446.652,"end":4447.004},{"text":"frameworks","start":4447.052,"end":4447.741},{"text":"and","start":4448.238,"end":4448.318},{"text":"promote","start":4448.318,"end":4448.799},{"text":"active","start":4448.799,"end":4449.152},{"text":"debris","start":4449.152,"end":4449.568},{"text":"removal.","start":4449.761,"end":4450.145}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, the intentional creation of space debris in this day and age and at this level of development is irresponsible and frankly unlawful, including the deliberate and unnecessary destruction of a space object in outer space.","start":4451.299,"end":4466.184,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"destructive-asat-tests","label":"Destructive ASAT Tests","description":"Some delegations raised the intentional destruction of space objects, especially direct-ascent anti-satellite tests, as a serious source of debris and a threat to peaceful use of outer space. The debate also touched on whether this issue should be addressed under debris discussions, arms control forums, or both."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":4451.299,"end":4451.523},{"text":"Chair,","start":4451.603,"end":4451.956},{"text":"the","start":4452.485,"end":4452.565},{"text":"intentional","start":4452.581,"end":4453.222},{"text":"creation","start":4453.222,"end":4453.735},{"text":"of","start":4453.767,"end":4453.831},{"text":"space","start":4453.847,"end":4454.135},{"text":"debris","start":4454.248,"end":4454.664},{"text":"in","start":4454.744,"end":4454.792},{"text":"this","start":4454.905,"end":4455.145},{"text":"day","start":4455.145,"end":4455.257},{"text":"and","start":4455.369,"end":4455.433},{"text":"age","start":4455.53,"end":4455.754},{"text":"and","start":4455.946,"end":4456.01},{"text":"at","start":4456.091,"end":4456.187},{"text":"this","start":4456.187,"end":4456.427},{"text":"level","start":4456.491,"end":4456.699},{"text":"of","start":4456.732,"end":4456.796},{"text":"development","start":4456.844,"end":4457.549},{"text":"is","start":4457.613,"end":4457.677},{"text":"irresponsible","start":4457.885,"end":4458.558},{"text":"and","start":4458.911,"end":4458.959},{"text":"frankly","start":4458.991,"end":4459.28},{"text":"unlawful,","start":4459.697,"end":4460.323},{"text":"including","start":4460.998,"end":4461.511},{"text":"the","start":4461.8,"end":4461.881},{"text":"deliberate","start":4461.945,"end":4462.459},{"text":"and","start":4462.764,"end":4462.828},{"text":"unnecessary","start":4462.989,"end":4463.695},{"text":"destruction","start":4463.727,"end":4464.418},{"text":"of","start":4464.45,"end":4464.546},{"text":"a","start":4464.546,"end":4464.61},{"text":"space","start":4464.61,"end":4464.996},{"text":"object","start":4465.076,"end":4465.477},{"text":"in","start":4465.477,"end":4465.526},{"text":"outer","start":4465.638,"end":4465.815},{"text":"space.","start":4465.815,"end":4466.184}]},{"text":"Direct ascent ASAT tests constitute the most glaring example of the disregard for the safety and sustainability of outer space activity.","start":4467.115,"end":4475.336,"topics":[{"key":"destructive-asat-tests","label":"Destructive ASAT Tests","description":"Some delegations raised the intentional destruction of space objects, especially direct-ascent anti-satellite tests, as a serious source of debris and a threat to peaceful use of outer space. The debate also touched on whether this issue should be addressed under debris discussions, arms control forums, or both."}],"words":[{"text":"Direct","start":4467.115,"end":4467.5},{"text":"ascent","start":4467.5,"end":4467.998},{"text":"ASAT","start":4468.127,"end":4468.512},{"text":"tests","start":4468.608,"end":4468.978},{"text":"constitute","start":4469.411,"end":4470.07},{"text":"the","start":4470.07,"end":4470.166},{"text":"most","start":4470.166,"end":4470.423},{"text":"glaring","start":4470.455,"end":4470.84},{"text":"example","start":4470.872,"end":4471.499},{"text":"of","start":4471.515,"end":4471.611},{"text":"the","start":4471.611,"end":4471.755},{"text":"disregard","start":4471.755,"end":4472.366},{"text":"for","start":4472.382,"end":4472.51},{"text":"the","start":4472.51,"end":4472.574},{"text":"safety","start":4472.574,"end":4473.04},{"text":"and","start":4473.04,"end":4473.233},{"text":"sustainability","start":4473.233,"end":4474.084},{"text":"of","start":4474.084,"end":4474.228},{"text":"outer","start":4474.228,"end":4474.421},{"text":"space","start":4474.421,"end":4474.806},{"text":"activity.","start":4474.806,"end":4475.336}]},{"text":"My government has joined a growing number of states creating an undeniable international consensus declaring a moratorium on ASAT tests.","start":4476.171,"end":4484.633,"topics":[{"key":"destructive-asat-tests","label":"Destructive ASAT Tests","description":"Some delegations raised the intentional destruction of space objects, especially direct-ascent anti-satellite tests, as a serious source of debris and a threat to peaceful use of outer space. The debate also touched on whether this issue should be addressed under debris discussions, arms control forums, or both."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":4476.171,"end":4476.267},{"text":"government","start":4476.332,"end":4476.733},{"text":"has","start":4476.733,"end":4476.861},{"text":"joined","start":4476.958,"end":4477.295},{"text":"a","start":4477.295,"end":4477.359},{"text":"growing","start":4477.359,"end":4477.664},{"text":"number","start":4477.696,"end":4478.018},{"text":"of","start":4478.018,"end":4478.114},{"text":"states","start":4478.162,"end":4478.547},{"text":"creating","start":4478.901,"end":4479.35},{"text":"an","start":4479.382,"end":4479.511},{"text":"undeniable","start":4479.607,"end":4480.298},{"text":"international","start":4480.41,"end":4480.988},{"text":"consensus","start":4481.052,"end":4481.727},{"text":"declaring","start":4482.112,"end":4482.562},{"text":"a","start":4482.658,"end":4482.674},{"text":"moratorium","start":4482.674,"end":4483.429},{"text":"on","start":4483.557,"end":4483.605},{"text":"ASAT","start":4483.718,"end":4484.103},{"text":"tests.","start":4484.103,"end":4484.633}]},{"text":"and would support the codification of that notion.","start":4485.082,"end":4487.7,"topics":[{"key":"destructive-asat-tests","label":"Destructive ASAT Tests","description":"Some delegations raised the intentional destruction of space objects, especially direct-ascent anti-satellite tests, as a serious source of debris and a threat to peaceful use of outer space. The debate also touched on whether this issue should be addressed under debris discussions, arms control forums, or both."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":4485.082,"end":4485.147},{"text":"would","start":4485.243,"end":4485.371},{"text":"support","start":4485.388,"end":4485.885},{"text":"the","start":4485.885,"end":4486.03},{"text":"codification","start":4486.03,"end":4486.897},{"text":"of","start":4486.993,"end":4487.057},{"text":"that","start":4487.106,"end":4487.314},{"text":"notion.","start":4487.314,"end":4487.7}]},{"text":"However, also the incidental but preventable permanent loss of control over a space object would be unlawful.","start":4488.679,"end":4495.294,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":4488.679,"end":4489.065},{"text":"also","start":4489.643,"end":4490.028},{"text":"the","start":4490.044,"end":4490.221},{"text":"incidental","start":4490.221,"end":4490.927},{"text":"but","start":4491.088,"end":4491.264},{"text":"preventable","start":4491.264,"end":4491.874},{"text":"permanent","start":4491.907,"end":4492.452},{"text":"loss","start":4492.452,"end":4492.645},{"text":"of","start":4492.645,"end":4492.758},{"text":"control","start":4492.774,"end":4493.143},{"text":"over","start":4493.352,"end":4493.56},{"text":"a","start":4493.576,"end":4493.609},{"text":"space","start":4493.609,"end":4493.978},{"text":"object","start":4494.058,"end":4494.347},{"text":"would","start":4494.395,"end":4494.524},{"text":"be","start":4494.556,"end":4494.652},{"text":"unlawful.","start":4494.781,"end":4495.294}]},{"text":"Such an object may become space debris itself or cause collisions that in turn create further long-lived space debris.","start":4495.856,"end":4503.066,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":4495.856,"end":4496.129},{"text":"an","start":4496.242,"end":4496.29},{"text":"object","start":4496.467,"end":4496.804},{"text":"may","start":4496.804,"end":4497.045},{"text":"become","start":4497.045,"end":4497.35},{"text":"space","start":4497.35,"end":4497.687},{"text":"debris","start":4497.687,"end":4498.024},{"text":"itself","start":4498.088,"end":4498.666},{"text":"or","start":4498.971,"end":4499.02},{"text":"cause","start":4499.116,"end":4499.341},{"text":"collisions","start":4499.453,"end":4499.983},{"text":"that","start":4500.095,"end":4500.32},{"text":"in","start":4500.32,"end":4500.368},{"text":"turn","start":4500.417,"end":4500.625},{"text":"create","start":4500.738,"end":4501.107},{"text":"further","start":4501.123,"end":4501.524},{"text":"long-lived","start":4501.524,"end":4502.151},{"text":"space","start":4502.199,"end":4502.536},{"text":"debris.","start":4502.664,"end":4503.066}]},{"text":"That should be on our minds as well.","start":4503.612,"end":4505.699,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":4503.612,"end":4503.788},{"text":"should","start":4503.788,"end":4503.965},{"text":"be","start":4504.029,"end":4504.27},{"text":"on","start":4504.591,"end":4504.639},{"text":"our","start":4504.688,"end":4504.768},{"text":"minds","start":4504.768,"end":4505.121},{"text":"as","start":4505.25,"end":4505.362},{"text":"well.","start":4505.458,"end":4505.699}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair, for your kind attention.","start":4505.956,"end":4508.702,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4505.956,"end":4506.181},{"text":"you,","start":4506.181,"end":4506.229},{"text":"Mr.","start":4506.261,"end":4506.47},{"text":"Chair,","start":4506.518,"end":4506.711},{"text":"for","start":4506.839,"end":4506.936},{"text":"your","start":4506.936,"end":4507.064},{"text":"kind","start":4507.08,"end":4507.321},{"text":"attention.","start":4507.321,"end":4508.702}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"NLD","affiliation_full":"Netherlands (Kingdom of the)","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":28,"start":4509.826,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=4510","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank The Netherlands for their statement, and now we give the floor to France.","start":4509.826,"end":4514.413,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4509.826,"end":4509.858},{"text":"thank","start":4509.97,"end":4510.356},{"text":"The","start":4511.157,"end":4511.189},{"text":"Netherlands","start":4511.189,"end":4511.783},{"text":"for","start":4511.879,"end":4511.959},{"text":"their","start":4511.975,"end":4512.072},{"text":"statement,","start":4512.072,"end":4512.745},{"text":"and","start":4512.857,"end":4512.922},{"text":"now","start":4512.938,"end":4513.05},{"text":"we","start":4513.098,"end":4513.178},{"text":"give","start":4513.242,"end":4513.387},{"text":"the","start":4513.435,"end":4513.563},{"text":"floor","start":4513.563,"end":4513.82},{"text":"to","start":4513.82,"end":4513.996},{"text":"France.","start":4513.996,"end":4514.413}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":29,"start":4515.728,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=4516","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Monsieur le Président, Mesdames et Messieurs.","start":4515.728,"end":4517.556,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Monsieur","start":4515.728,"end":4515.921},{"text":"le","start":4515.921,"end":4516.049},{"text":"Président,","start":4516.049,"end":4516.706},{"text":"Mesdames","start":4516.787,"end":4517.123},{"text":"et","start":4517.123,"end":4517.187},{"text":"Messieurs.","start":4517.187,"end":4517.556}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chairperson, distinguished delegates, space debris mitigation, which primarily means preventing the creation of new space debris in the first place, is a key component of the long-term sustainability of outer space activities.","start":4517.893,"end":4530.867,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Chairperson,","start":4517.893,"end":4518.438},{"text":"distinguished","start":4518.47,"end":4518.936},{"text":"delegates,","start":4518.936,"end":4519.593},{"text":"space","start":4519.85,"end":4520.235},{"text":"debris","start":4520.235,"end":4520.475},{"text":"mitigation,","start":4520.475,"end":4521.101},{"text":"which","start":4521.742,"end":4521.886},{"text":"primarily","start":4521.999,"end":4522.496},{"text":"means","start":4522.496,"end":4522.768},{"text":"preventing","start":4522.801,"end":4523.362},{"text":"the","start":4523.426,"end":4523.506},{"text":"creation","start":4523.506,"end":4523.971},{"text":"of","start":4524.148,"end":4524.372},{"text":"new","start":4524.404,"end":4524.501},{"text":"space","start":4524.565,"end":4525.046},{"text":"debris","start":4525.046,"end":4525.35},{"text":"in","start":4525.35,"end":4525.415},{"text":"the","start":4525.431,"end":4525.511},{"text":"first","start":4525.511,"end":4525.751},{"text":"place,","start":4525.751,"end":4525.992},{"text":"is","start":4526.072,"end":4526.136},{"text":"a","start":4526.184,"end":4526.249},{"text":"key","start":4526.249,"end":4526.65},{"text":"component","start":4526.65,"end":4527.195},{"text":"of","start":4527.275,"end":4527.387},{"text":"the","start":4527.451,"end":4527.708},{"text":"long-term","start":4528.317,"end":4528.606},{"text":"sustainability","start":4528.654,"end":4529.344},{"text":"of","start":4529.36,"end":4529.424},{"text":"outer","start":4529.52,"end":4529.681},{"text":"space","start":4529.681,"end":4530.13},{"text":"activities.","start":4530.194,"end":4530.867}]},{"text":"It's a priority for France in the framework of work within COPRO.","start":4531.846,"end":4535.999,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":4531.846,"end":4531.958},{"text":"a","start":4531.958,"end":4532.022},{"text":"priority","start":4532.022,"end":4532.471},{"text":"for","start":4532.583,"end":4532.792},{"text":"France","start":4532.888,"end":4533.465},{"text":"in","start":4533.465,"end":4533.754},{"text":"the","start":4533.866,"end":4533.93},{"text":"framework","start":4533.93,"end":4534.492},{"text":"of","start":4534.572,"end":4534.957},{"text":"work","start":4535.374,"end":4535.55},{"text":"within","start":4535.55,"end":4535.791},{"text":"COPRO.","start":4535.791,"end":4535.999}]},{"text":"France has long been involved in initiatives seeking to mitigate space debris.","start":4537.621,"end":4542.631,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"France","start":4537.621,"end":4537.862},{"text":"has","start":4537.862,"end":4537.958},{"text":"long","start":4538.022,"end":4538.151},{"text":"been","start":4538.199,"end":4538.327},{"text":"involved","start":4538.36,"end":4538.889},{"text":"in","start":4539.066,"end":4539.291},{"text":"initiatives","start":4539.323,"end":4539.74},{"text":"seeking","start":4539.74,"end":4540.174},{"text":"to","start":4540.206,"end":4540.447},{"text":"mitigate","start":4540.447,"end":4541.105},{"text":"space","start":4541.892,"end":4542.229},{"text":"debris.","start":4542.229,"end":4542.631}]},{"text":"Our commitment takes the form of our active participation in fora that contribute to crafting standards and guidelines on space debris mitigation.","start":4543.321,"end":4553.742,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":4543.321,"end":4543.417},{"text":"commitment","start":4543.417,"end":4543.803},{"text":"takes","start":4543.803,"end":4544.044},{"text":"the","start":4544.044,"end":4544.14},{"text":"form","start":4544.14,"end":4544.349},{"text":"of","start":4544.397,"end":4544.493},{"text":"our","start":4544.525,"end":4544.67},{"text":"active","start":4544.927,"end":4545.248},{"text":"participation","start":4545.505,"end":4546.275},{"text":"in","start":4546.548,"end":4546.677},{"text":"fora","start":4546.709,"end":4547.367},{"text":"that","start":4548.074,"end":4548.443},{"text":"contribute","start":4549.037,"end":4549.342},{"text":"to","start":4549.342,"end":4549.439},{"text":"crafting","start":4549.439,"end":4549.936},{"text":"standards","start":4549.936,"end":4550.45},{"text":"and","start":4550.547,"end":4550.643},{"text":"guidelines","start":4550.643,"end":4551.333},{"text":"on","start":4552.313,"end":4552.457},{"text":"space","start":4552.666,"end":4552.971},{"text":"debris","start":4552.971,"end":4553.148},{"text":"mitigation.","start":4553.148,"end":4553.742}]},{"text":"Regarding measures for the long-term management of space debris populations, including active removal measures, Research and discussion are necessary in order to ensure that their development and use is properly framed.","start":4554.721,"end":4567.848,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":4554.721,"end":4555.026},{"text":"measures","start":4555.042,"end":4555.508},{"text":"for","start":4555.717,"end":4555.942},{"text":"the","start":4555.942,"end":4556.022},{"text":"long-term","start":4556.022,"end":4556.632},{"text":"management","start":4556.889,"end":4557.355},{"text":"of","start":4557.451,"end":4557.627},{"text":"space","start":4557.627,"end":4558.27},{"text":"debris","start":4558.27,"end":4558.607},{"text":"populations,","start":4558.655,"end":4559.281},{"text":"including","start":4559.715,"end":4560.004},{"text":"active","start":4560.1,"end":4560.437},{"text":"removal","start":4560.437,"end":4560.871},{"text":"measures,","start":4560.903,"end":4561.369},{"text":"Research","start":4562.147,"end":4562.582},{"text":"and","start":4562.582,"end":4562.679},{"text":"discussion","start":4562.679,"end":4563.081},{"text":"are","start":4563.113,"end":4563.146},{"text":"necessary","start":4563.146,"end":4563.774},{"text":"in","start":4563.774,"end":4563.822},{"text":"order","start":4563.854,"end":4564.015},{"text":"to","start":4564.015,"end":4564.112},{"text":"ensure","start":4564.112,"end":4564.579},{"text":"that","start":4564.579,"end":4564.74},{"text":"their","start":4564.74,"end":4564.981},{"text":"development","start":4564.981,"end":4565.545},{"text":"and","start":4565.545,"end":4565.642},{"text":"use","start":4565.69,"end":4565.98},{"text":"is","start":4566.189,"end":4566.479},{"text":"properly","start":4566.511,"end":4566.962},{"text":"framed.","start":4567.155,"end":4567.848}]},{"text":"As we approach the 20-year mark since their adoption, we support the updating now of the UN Space debris mitigation guidelines adopted in 2007, basing ourselves on the recommendations of IADC updated in 2025.","start":4569.95,"end":4585.504,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4569.95,"end":4569.998},{"text":"we","start":4570.03,"end":4570.063},{"text":"approach","start":4570.063,"end":4570.354},{"text":"the","start":4570.467,"end":4570.548},{"text":"20-year","start":4570.548,"end":4570.985},{"text":"mark","start":4571.099,"end":4571.455},{"text":"since","start":4571.455,"end":4571.682},{"text":"their","start":4571.682,"end":4571.762},{"text":"adoption,","start":4571.762,"end":4572.297},{"text":"we","start":4572.572,"end":4572.815},{"text":"support","start":4572.815,"end":4573.478},{"text":"the","start":4573.543,"end":4573.786},{"text":"updating","start":4574.012,"end":4574.563},{"text":"now","start":4574.822,"end":4574.951},{"text":"of","start":4575.307,"end":4575.437},{"text":"the","start":4575.485,"end":4575.712},{"text":"UN","start":4575.712,"end":4575.906},{"text":"Space","start":4575.906,"end":4576.149},{"text":"debris","start":4576.149,"end":4576.376},{"text":"mitigation","start":4576.376,"end":4576.829},{"text":"guidelines","start":4576.926,"end":4577.347},{"text":"adopted","start":4577.347,"end":4577.671},{"text":"in","start":4577.671,"end":4577.752},{"text":"2007,","start":4577.752,"end":4578.529},{"text":"basing","start":4579.55,"end":4579.795},{"text":"ourselves","start":4579.828,"end":4580.025},{"text":"on","start":4580.074,"end":4580.14},{"text":"the","start":4580.14,"end":4580.238},{"text":"recommendations","start":4580.238,"end":4580.894},{"text":"of","start":4580.894,"end":4581.025},{"text":"IADC","start":4581.206,"end":4583.42},{"text":"updated","start":4584.138,"end":4584.55},{"text":"in","start":4584.55,"end":4584.599},{"text":"2025.","start":4584.632,"end":4585.504}]},{"text":"CNES is also actively contributing to the updating of ISO 24113 on space debris mitigation requirements.","start":4585.603,"end":4592.71,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"CNES","start":4585.603,"end":4585.965},{"text":"is","start":4585.965,"end":4586.08},{"text":"also","start":4586.179,"end":4586.426},{"text":"actively","start":4586.442,"end":4586.771},{"text":"contributing","start":4586.837,"end":4587.396},{"text":"to","start":4587.267,"end":4587.38},{"text":"the","start":4587.38,"end":4587.51},{"text":"updating","start":4587.591,"end":4587.979},{"text":"of","start":4588.158,"end":4588.384},{"text":"ISO","start":4588.887,"end":4589.47},{"text":"24113","start":4589.632,"end":4590.815},{"text":"on","start":4590.912,"end":4591.009},{"text":"space","start":4591.009,"end":4591.333},{"text":"debris","start":4591.333,"end":4591.56},{"text":"mitigation","start":4591.56,"end":4591.997},{"text":"requirements.","start":4591.997,"end":4592.71}]},{"text":"Chairperson Frans is of the view that international regulatory efforts have allowed considerable progress and need to be pursued, deepened, and flanked by national efforts.","start":4593.63,"end":4604.314,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"Chairperson","start":4593.63,"end":4593.953},{"text":"Frans","start":4593.969,"end":4594.276},{"text":"is","start":4594.293,"end":4594.39},{"text":"of","start":4594.39,"end":4594.47},{"text":"the","start":4594.47,"end":4594.616},{"text":"view","start":4594.616,"end":4594.972},{"text":"that","start":4595.441,"end":4595.603},{"text":"international","start":4595.603,"end":4596.12},{"text":"regulatory","start":4596.233,"end":4596.783},{"text":"efforts","start":4596.815,"end":4597.22},{"text":"have","start":4597.22,"end":4597.511},{"text":"allowed","start":4597.689,"end":4598.239},{"text":"considerable","start":4598.352,"end":4598.95},{"text":"progress","start":4600.778,"end":4601.344},{"text":"and","start":4601.344,"end":4601.441},{"text":"need","start":4601.457,"end":4601.522},{"text":"to","start":4601.522,"end":4601.603},{"text":"be","start":4601.603,"end":4601.748},{"text":"pursued,","start":4601.813,"end":4602.282},{"text":"deepened,","start":4602.33,"end":4602.718},{"text":"and","start":4602.735,"end":4602.961},{"text":"flanked","start":4603.01,"end":4603.267},{"text":"by","start":4603.267,"end":4603.364},{"text":"national","start":4603.364,"end":4603.927},{"text":"efforts.","start":4603.927,"end":4604.314}]},{"text":"In line with Article 6 of the Outer Space Treaty, states bear international responsibility for national activities in outer space.","start":4604.99,"end":4612.396,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4604.99,"end":4605.054},{"text":"line","start":4605.119,"end":4605.344},{"text":"with","start":4605.441,"end":4605.795},{"text":"Article","start":4606.004,"end":4606.294},{"text":"6","start":4606.326,"end":4606.809},{"text":"of","start":4606.809,"end":4606.97},{"text":"the","start":4606.97,"end":4607.099},{"text":"Outer","start":4607.212,"end":4607.324},{"text":"Space","start":4607.324,"end":4607.63},{"text":"Treaty,","start":4607.63,"end":4608.001},{"text":"states","start":4609.16,"end":4609.514},{"text":"bear","start":4609.723,"end":4609.9},{"text":"international","start":4610.206,"end":4610.577},{"text":"responsibility","start":4610.609,"end":4611.317},{"text":"for","start":4611.317,"end":4611.414},{"text":"national","start":4611.414,"end":4611.736},{"text":"activities","start":4611.736,"end":4612.138},{"text":"in","start":4612.138,"end":4612.219},{"text":"outer","start":4612.219,"end":4612.331},{"text":"space.","start":4612.331,"end":4612.396}]},{"text":"The conduct of such activities requires the issuance of a license based on compliance with binding technical requirements, notably when it comes to space debris mitigation.","start":4612.812,"end":4622.787,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4612.812,"end":4612.892},{"text":"conduct","start":4612.892,"end":4613.373},{"text":"of","start":4613.437,"end":4613.662},{"text":"such","start":4613.694,"end":4613.902},{"text":"activities","start":4613.95,"end":4614.464},{"text":"requires","start":4614.961,"end":4615.666},{"text":"the","start":4616.26,"end":4616.34},{"text":"issuance","start":4616.34,"end":4616.661},{"text":"of","start":4616.661,"end":4616.741},{"text":"a","start":4616.741,"end":4616.805},{"text":"license","start":4616.805,"end":4617.222},{"text":"based","start":4617.222,"end":4617.543},{"text":"on","start":4617.543,"end":4617.591},{"text":"compliance","start":4617.623,"end":4618.088},{"text":"with","start":4618.104,"end":4618.344},{"text":"binding","start":4618.505,"end":4618.954},{"text":"technical","start":4618.986,"end":4619.387},{"text":"requirements,","start":4619.387,"end":4620.028},{"text":"notably","start":4620.493,"end":4620.83},{"text":"when","start":4620.83,"end":4620.926},{"text":"it","start":4620.926,"end":4620.99},{"text":"comes","start":4620.99,"end":4621.199},{"text":"to","start":4621.311,"end":4621.568},{"text":"space","start":4621.728,"end":4622.049},{"text":"debris","start":4622.049,"end":4622.273},{"text":"mitigation.","start":4622.273,"end":4622.787}]},{"text":"In 2024, France updated its national technical regulations so as to strengthen the requirements on combating space debris alongside already integrated measures such as non-generation of debris during the nominal maneuvers of a space object.","start":4622.915,"end":4639.738,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4622.915,"end":4622.963},{"text":"2024,","start":4622.995,"end":4623.749},{"text":"France","start":4623.877,"end":4624.358},{"text":"updated","start":4624.358,"end":4624.871},{"text":"its","start":4624.984,"end":4625.176},{"text":"national","start":4625.385,"end":4625.994},{"text":"technical","start":4626.427,"end":4626.908},{"text":"regulations","start":4627.389,"end":4628.015},{"text":"so","start":4628.143,"end":4628.351},{"text":"as","start":4628.351,"end":4628.415},{"text":"to","start":4628.448,"end":4628.56},{"text":"strengthen","start":4628.592,"end":4629.217},{"text":"the","start":4629.314,"end":4629.41},{"text":"requirements","start":4629.714,"end":4630.228},{"text":"on","start":4631.158,"end":4631.302},{"text":"combating","start":4631.799,"end":4632.104},{"text":"space","start":4632.136,"end":4632.457},{"text":"debris","start":4632.457,"end":4632.842},{"text":"alongside","start":4633.419,"end":4634.189},{"text":"already","start":4634.285,"end":4634.59},{"text":"integrated","start":4634.622,"end":4635.151},{"text":"measures","start":4635.167,"end":4635.584},{"text":"such","start":4635.584,"end":4635.905},{"text":"as","start":4635.905,"end":4636.033},{"text":"non-generation","start":4636.129,"end":4636.867},{"text":"of","start":4636.867,"end":4636.995},{"text":"debris","start":4637.043,"end":4637.46},{"text":"during","start":4637.572,"end":4637.797},{"text":"the","start":4637.893,"end":4638.15},{"text":"nominal","start":4638.15,"end":4638.406},{"text":"maneuvers","start":4638.406,"end":4638.92},{"text":"of","start":4638.936,"end":4639.032},{"text":"a","start":4639.032,"end":4639.048},{"text":"space","start":4639.048,"end":4639.337},{"text":"object.","start":4639.498,"end":4639.738}]},{"text":"It also introduces restricted access to some orbits that are— that have high debris populations for non-maneuvering objects and a reduction in the residual orbital time of objects following removal from service.","start":4639.851,"end":4657.963,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4639.851,"end":4640.06},{"text":"also","start":4640.14,"end":4640.622},{"text":"introduces","start":4640.638,"end":4641.328},{"text":"restricted","start":4642.002,"end":4642.484},{"text":"access","start":4642.548,"end":4642.966},{"text":"to","start":4642.966,"end":4643.223},{"text":"some","start":4643.223,"end":4643.608},{"text":"orbits","start":4644.555,"end":4644.844},{"text":"that","start":4644.973,"end":4645.069},{"text":"are—","start":4645.069,"end":4645.294},{"text":"that","start":4645.76,"end":4645.84},{"text":"have","start":4645.84,"end":4645.952},{"text":"high","start":4646.033,"end":4646.289},{"text":"debris","start":4646.418,"end":4646.659},{"text":"populations","start":4646.723,"end":4647.269},{"text":"for","start":4647.381,"end":4647.574},{"text":"non-maneuvering","start":4647.606,"end":4649.742},{"text":"objects","start":4649.934,"end":4650.32},{"text":"and","start":4650.978,"end":4651.363},{"text":"a","start":4651.636,"end":4651.652},{"text":"reduction","start":4651.717,"end":4652.182},{"text":"in","start":4652.182,"end":4652.214},{"text":"the","start":4652.214,"end":4652.343},{"text":"residual","start":4652.343,"end":4653.354},{"text":"orbital","start":4654.286,"end":4654.639},{"text":"time","start":4654.671,"end":4654.976},{"text":"of","start":4655.313,"end":4655.506},{"text":"objects","start":4655.795,"end":4656.196},{"text":"following","start":4656.196,"end":4656.501},{"text":"removal","start":4657.16,"end":4657.465},{"text":"from","start":4657.481,"end":4657.642},{"text":"service.","start":4657.642,"end":4657.963}]},{"text":"Regulatory efforts need to be flanked with research and innovation efforts to provide technical solutions that will allow operators to meet their obligations.","start":4658.38,"end":4665.573,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Regulatory","start":4658.38,"end":4658.846},{"text":"efforts","start":4658.846,"end":4659.054},{"text":"need","start":4659.054,"end":4659.183},{"text":"to","start":4659.183,"end":4659.263},{"text":"be","start":4659.263,"end":4659.408},{"text":"flanked","start":4659.408,"end":4659.713},{"text":"with","start":4659.745,"end":4659.905},{"text":"research","start":4659.97,"end":4660.339},{"text":"and","start":4660.451,"end":4660.596},{"text":"innovation","start":4660.612,"end":4660.981},{"text":"efforts","start":4661.013,"end":4661.351},{"text":"to","start":4661.351,"end":4661.479},{"text":"provide","start":4661.495,"end":4662.009},{"text":"technical","start":4662.314,"end":4662.699},{"text":"solutions","start":4662.699,"end":4663.165},{"text":"that","start":4663.197,"end":4663.309},{"text":"will","start":4663.342,"end":4663.438},{"text":"allow","start":4663.438,"end":4663.695},{"text":"operators","start":4664.16,"end":4664.69},{"text":"to","start":4664.562,"end":4664.706},{"text":"meet","start":4664.706,"end":4664.819},{"text":"their","start":4664.819,"end":4664.963},{"text":"obligations.","start":4664.963,"end":4665.573}]},{"text":"We organize international workshops on space debris so as to mobilize the technical community and the scientific community.","start":4666.087,"end":4672.879,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4666.087,"end":4666.184},{"text":"organize","start":4666.312,"end":4666.778},{"text":"international","start":4666.89,"end":4667.452},{"text":"workshops","start":4667.516,"end":4667.934},{"text":"on","start":4667.934,"end":4668.03},{"text":"space","start":4668.03,"end":4668.367},{"text":"debris","start":4668.48,"end":4668.897},{"text":"so","start":4669.716,"end":4669.941},{"text":"as","start":4669.941,"end":4670.069},{"text":"to","start":4670.101,"end":4670.198},{"text":"mobilize","start":4670.198,"end":4670.712},{"text":"the","start":4670.824,"end":4671.065},{"text":"technical","start":4671.065,"end":4671.53},{"text":"community","start":4671.53,"end":4672.028},{"text":"and","start":4672.028,"end":4672.092},{"text":"the","start":4672.092,"end":4672.173},{"text":"scientific","start":4672.173,"end":4672.574},{"text":"community.","start":4672.574,"end":4672.879}]},{"text":"We encourage the holding of UNISPACE 4.","start":4673.313,"end":4675.352,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4673.313,"end":4673.393},{"text":"encourage","start":4673.393,"end":4673.746},{"text":"the","start":4673.875,"end":4673.955},{"text":"holding","start":4673.955,"end":4674.324},{"text":"of","start":4674.34,"end":4674.485},{"text":"UNISPACE","start":4674.581,"end":4675.079},{"text":"4.","start":4675.079,"end":4675.352}]},{"text":"One of its focuses is on space debris mitigation and contributing to sustainable and safe governance of space.","start":4676.444,"end":4684.456,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"One","start":4676.444,"end":4676.556},{"text":"of","start":4676.588,"end":4676.636},{"text":"its","start":4676.685,"end":4676.797},{"text":"focuses","start":4677.889,"end":4678.371},{"text":"is","start":4678.371,"end":4678.499},{"text":"on","start":4678.595,"end":4678.82},{"text":"space","start":4679.109,"end":4679.559},{"text":"debris","start":4679.559,"end":4679.8},{"text":"mitigation","start":4679.8,"end":4680.329},{"text":"and","start":4680.378,"end":4680.49},{"text":"contributing","start":4680.522,"end":4680.988},{"text":"to","start":4681.02,"end":4681.197},{"text":"sustainable","start":4681.678,"end":4682.272},{"text":"and","start":4682.321,"end":4682.449},{"text":"safe","start":4682.449,"end":4683.059},{"text":"governance","start":4683.589,"end":4684.006},{"text":"of","start":4684.006,"end":4684.087},{"text":"space.","start":4684.087,"end":4684.456}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":4684.552,"end":4685.452,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4684.552,"end":4684.793},{"text":"you.","start":4684.793,"end":4685.452}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"FRA","affiliation_full":"France","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":30,"start":4686.865,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=4687","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank France for this statement, and now I give the floor to New Zealand.","start":4686.865,"end":4689.899,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4686.865,"end":4686.945},{"text":"thank","start":4686.945,"end":4687.202},{"text":"France","start":4687.202,"end":4687.523},{"text":"for","start":4687.523,"end":4687.667},{"text":"this","start":4687.667,"end":4687.764},{"text":"statement,","start":4687.764,"end":4688.245},{"text":"and","start":4688.31,"end":4688.406},{"text":"now","start":4688.406,"end":4688.486},{"text":"I","start":4688.631,"end":4688.711},{"text":"give","start":4688.711,"end":4688.839},{"text":"the","start":4688.888,"end":4689.032},{"text":"floor","start":4689.032,"end":4689.289},{"text":"to","start":4689.289,"end":4689.434},{"text":"New","start":4689.434,"end":4689.61},{"text":"Zealand.","start":4689.61,"end":4689.899}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":31,"start":4691.125,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=4692","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair. For New Zealand, effective debris mitigation and remediation is supported by 3 main tools: a national authorization system, transparency measures, and non-binding international instruments that help put existing international space law obligations into practice.","start":4691.125,"end":4709.425,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4691.125,"end":4691.302},{"text":"you,","start":4691.302,"end":4691.351},{"text":"Chair.","start":4691.383,"end":4691.576},{"text":"For","start":4692.496,"end":4692.625},{"text":"New","start":4692.625,"end":4692.754},{"text":"Zealand,","start":4692.754,"end":4693.157},{"text":"effective","start":4693.399,"end":4693.851},{"text":"debris","start":4693.883,"end":4694.222},{"text":"mitigation","start":4694.222,"end":4694.98},{"text":"and","start":4694.996,"end":4695.077},{"text":"remediation","start":4695.157,"end":4695.883},{"text":"is","start":4696.077,"end":4696.19},{"text":"supported","start":4696.222,"end":4696.706},{"text":"by","start":4696.706,"end":4696.867},{"text":"3","start":4696.867,"end":4697.125},{"text":"main","start":4697.125,"end":4697.367},{"text":"tools:","start":4697.4,"end":4697.722},{"text":"a","start":4698.704,"end":4698.721},{"text":"national","start":4698.721,"end":4699.172},{"text":"authorization","start":4699.204,"end":4699.929},{"text":"system,","start":4699.929,"end":4700.412},{"text":"transparency","start":4700.976,"end":4701.669},{"text":"measures,","start":4701.701,"end":4702.071},{"text":"and","start":4702.667,"end":4702.732},{"text":"non-binding","start":4702.829,"end":4703.441},{"text":"international","start":4703.554,"end":4704.15},{"text":"instruments","start":4704.279,"end":4704.907},{"text":"that","start":4704.907,"end":4705.052},{"text":"help","start":4705.068,"end":4705.39},{"text":"put","start":4705.39,"end":4705.583},{"text":"existing","start":4705.745,"end":4706.212},{"text":"international","start":4706.292,"end":4706.87},{"text":"space","start":4706.87,"end":4707.288},{"text":"law","start":4707.497,"end":4707.69},{"text":"obligations","start":4707.883,"end":4708.59},{"text":"into","start":4708.702,"end":4708.814},{"text":"practice.","start":4708.863,"end":4709.425}]},{"text":"Under New Zealand's national authorization system, operators seeking permission to launch launch payloads from New Zealand must show how they plan to reduce the creation of debris across the entire life of their mission.","start":4710.871,"end":4723.473,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Under","start":4710.871,"end":4711.048},{"text":"New","start":4711.048,"end":4711.192},{"text":"Zealand's","start":4711.192,"end":4711.594},{"text":"national","start":4711.594,"end":4712.044},{"text":"authorization","start":4712.06,"end":4712.799},{"text":"system,","start":4712.799,"end":4713.329},{"text":"operators","start":4714.084,"end":4714.534},{"text":"seeking","start":4714.582,"end":4714.936},{"text":"permission","start":4715.048,"end":4715.482},{"text":"to","start":4715.611,"end":4715.643},{"text":"launch","start":4715.643,"end":4715.948},{"text":"launch","start":4715.84,"end":4716.002},{"text":"payloads","start":4716.034,"end":4716.57},{"text":"from","start":4716.668,"end":4716.895},{"text":"New","start":4716.928,"end":4717.09},{"text":"Zealand","start":4717.09,"end":4717.464},{"text":"must","start":4717.967,"end":4718.292},{"text":"show","start":4718.292,"end":4718.552},{"text":"how","start":4718.617,"end":4718.731},{"text":"they","start":4718.779,"end":4718.958},{"text":"plan","start":4718.958,"end":4719.25},{"text":"to","start":4719.283,"end":4719.429},{"text":"reduce","start":4719.429,"end":4719.819},{"text":"the","start":4719.933,"end":4720.014},{"text":"creation","start":4720.014,"end":4720.55},{"text":"of","start":4721.07,"end":4721.118},{"text":"debris","start":4721.167,"end":4721.589},{"text":"across","start":4721.638,"end":4721.93},{"text":"the","start":4722.109,"end":4722.19},{"text":"entire","start":4722.19,"end":4722.613},{"text":"life","start":4722.613,"end":4722.807},{"text":"of","start":4722.954,"end":4723.051},{"text":"their","start":4723.084,"end":4723.197},{"text":"mission.","start":4723.197,"end":4723.473}]},{"text":"This is done by submitting a debris mitigation plan that follows internationally recognized guidelines.","start":4724.68,"end":4730.794,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4724.68,"end":4724.776},{"text":"is","start":4724.776,"end":4724.84},{"text":"done","start":4724.873,"end":4725.162},{"text":"by","start":4725.339,"end":4725.516},{"text":"submitting","start":4725.516,"end":4726.047},{"text":"a","start":4726.224,"end":4726.305},{"text":"debris","start":4726.305,"end":4726.659},{"text":"mitigation","start":4726.659,"end":4727.254},{"text":"plan","start":4727.286,"end":4727.656},{"text":"that","start":4728.171,"end":4728.332},{"text":"follows","start":4728.332,"end":4728.622},{"text":"internationally","start":4728.734,"end":4729.426},{"text":"recognized","start":4729.523,"end":4730.198},{"text":"guidelines.","start":4730.327,"end":4730.794}]},{"text":"New Zealand has also developed domestic regulatory policy to support active debris removal and in-orbit servicing missions.","start":4732.86,"end":4740.173,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"New","start":4732.86,"end":4732.892},{"text":"Zealand","start":4732.892,"end":4733.213},{"text":"has","start":4733.213,"end":4733.374},{"text":"also","start":4733.374,"end":4733.663},{"text":"developed","start":4733.679,"end":4734.21},{"text":"domestic","start":4734.21,"end":4734.74},{"text":"regulatory","start":4734.74,"end":4735.287},{"text":"policy","start":4735.383,"end":4735.913},{"text":"to","start":4736.428,"end":4736.524},{"text":"support","start":4736.524,"end":4736.974},{"text":"active","start":4736.974,"end":4737.28},{"text":"debris","start":4737.312,"end":4737.778},{"text":"removal","start":4737.858,"end":4738.405},{"text":"and","start":4738.517,"end":4738.582},{"text":"in-orbit","start":4738.742,"end":4739.176},{"text":"servicing","start":4739.176,"end":4739.691},{"text":"missions.","start":4739.803,"end":4740.173}]},{"text":"This policy provides a clear pathway for assessing novel and complex missions, including those involving proximity operations or interaction with other space objects, while managing safety and security risks.","start":4741.169,"end":4754.615,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4741.169,"end":4741.33},{"text":"policy","start":4741.33,"end":4741.62},{"text":"provides","start":4741.752,"end":4742.124},{"text":"a","start":4742.237,"end":4742.301},{"text":"clear","start":4742.301,"end":4742.559},{"text":"pathway","start":4742.559,"end":4743.302},{"text":"for","start":4743.754,"end":4743.85},{"text":"assessing","start":4743.85,"end":4744.383},{"text":"novel","start":4744.593,"end":4745.045},{"text":"and","start":4745.045,"end":4745.141},{"text":"complex","start":4745.141,"end":4745.706},{"text":"missions,","start":4745.706,"end":4746.158},{"text":"including","start":4746.755,"end":4747.207},{"text":"those","start":4747.223,"end":4747.449},{"text":"involving","start":4747.562,"end":4747.933},{"text":"proximity","start":4748.288,"end":4748.902},{"text":"operations","start":4748.934,"end":4749.547},{"text":"or","start":4749.902,"end":4749.999},{"text":"interaction","start":4750.064,"end":4750.628},{"text":"with","start":4750.628,"end":4750.79},{"text":"other","start":4750.79,"end":4751},{"text":"space","start":4751,"end":4751.273},{"text":"objects,","start":4751.273,"end":4751.835},{"text":"while","start":4752.462,"end":4752.558},{"text":"managing","start":4752.558,"end":4753.008},{"text":"safety","start":4753.04,"end":4753.571},{"text":"and","start":4753.748,"end":4753.844},{"text":"security","start":4753.844,"end":4754.294},{"text":"risks.","start":4754.31,"end":4754.615}]},{"text":"This approach promotes transparency and safety and seeks to enable activity that supports sustainability.","start":4756.078,"end":4762.404,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4756.078,"end":4756.19},{"text":"approach","start":4756.19,"end":4756.544},{"text":"promotes","start":4756.801,"end":4757.09},{"text":"transparency","start":4757.283,"end":4757.99},{"text":"and","start":4758.086,"end":4758.263},{"text":"safety","start":4758.263,"end":4758.713},{"text":"and","start":4759.227,"end":4759.356},{"text":"seeks","start":4759.372,"end":4759.71},{"text":"to","start":4759.71,"end":4759.806},{"text":"enable","start":4759.806,"end":4760.259},{"text":"activity","start":4760.259,"end":4760.902},{"text":"that","start":4761.018,"end":4761.117},{"text":"supports","start":4761.117,"end":4761.612},{"text":"sustainability.","start":4761.744,"end":4762.404}]},{"text":"New Zealand recognizes that debris mitigation should not be limited to Earth orbit.","start":4764.384,"end":4769.406,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"New","start":4764.384,"end":4764.417},{"text":"Zealand","start":4764.417,"end":4764.859},{"text":"recognizes","start":4764.892,"end":4765.58},{"text":"that","start":4765.695,"end":4765.843},{"text":"debris","start":4766.121,"end":4766.449},{"text":"mitigation","start":4766.449,"end":4766.99},{"text":"should","start":4767.498,"end":4767.695},{"text":"not","start":4767.695,"end":4767.875},{"text":"be","start":4767.924,"end":4767.957},{"text":"limited","start":4767.957,"end":4770.121},{"text":"to","start":4768.442,"end":4768.587},{"text":"Earth","start":4768.667,"end":4768.812},{"text":"orbit.","start":4769.069,"end":4769.406}]},{"text":"This is reflected in domestic policy settings for lunar missions, which include requirements to plan for post-mission disposal.","start":4770.37,"end":4777.63,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4770.37,"end":4770.498},{"text":"is","start":4770.546,"end":4770.659},{"text":"reflected","start":4770.675,"end":4771.157},{"text":"in","start":4771.157,"end":4771.205},{"text":"domestic","start":4771.253,"end":4771.671},{"text":"policy","start":4771.735,"end":4772.105},{"text":"settings","start":4772.137,"end":4772.635},{"text":"for","start":4772.683,"end":4772.843},{"text":"lunar","start":4772.843,"end":4773.1},{"text":"missions,","start":4773.1,"end":4773.55},{"text":"which","start":4774.305,"end":4774.434},{"text":"include","start":4774.482,"end":4774.819},{"text":"requirements","start":4774.819,"end":4775.381},{"text":"to","start":4775.43,"end":4775.59},{"text":"plan","start":4775.59,"end":4775.879},{"text":"for","start":4776.056,"end":4776.233},{"text":"post-mission","start":4776.233,"end":4777.084},{"text":"disposal.","start":4777.116,"end":4777.63}]},{"text":"New Zealand has also developed a non-binding arrangement with the United Kingdom to support cooperation on active debris removal and in-orbit servicing activities.","start":4779.108,"end":4788.97,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"New","start":4779.108,"end":4779.188},{"text":"Zealand","start":4779.188,"end":4779.445},{"text":"has","start":4779.445,"end":4779.542},{"text":"also","start":4779.75,"end":4780.007},{"text":"developed","start":4780.007,"end":4780.57},{"text":"a","start":4780.57,"end":4780.586},{"text":"non-binding","start":4780.586,"end":4781.421},{"text":"arrangement","start":4781.453,"end":4781.967},{"text":"with","start":4782.015,"end":4782.079},{"text":"the","start":4782.079,"end":4782.16},{"text":"United","start":4782.16,"end":4782.497},{"text":"Kingdom","start":4782.497,"end":4782.947},{"text":"to","start":4783.461,"end":4783.557},{"text":"support","start":4783.557,"end":4783.943},{"text":"cooperation","start":4783.943,"end":4784.714},{"text":"on","start":4784.89,"end":4785.131},{"text":"active","start":4785.131,"end":4785.437},{"text":"debris","start":4785.469,"end":4785.87},{"text":"removal","start":4785.87,"end":4786.416},{"text":"and","start":4786.834,"end":4786.898},{"text":"in-orbit","start":4787.075,"end":4787.669},{"text":"servicing","start":4787.701,"end":4788.167},{"text":"activities.","start":4788.36,"end":4788.97}]},{"text":"This arrangement shows how states can address legal uncertainty associated with debris remediation missions, including by promoting cooperation, transparency, and shared approaches to legal risk while operating within the framework of existing international space law.","start":4790.191,"end":4807.772,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4790.191,"end":4790.304},{"text":"arrangement","start":4790.368,"end":4791.075},{"text":"shows","start":4791.075,"end":4791.38},{"text":"how","start":4791.476,"end":4791.524},{"text":"states","start":4791.589,"end":4792.151},{"text":"can","start":4792.44,"end":4792.52},{"text":"address","start":4792.552,"end":4792.97},{"text":"legal","start":4793.082,"end":4793.404},{"text":"uncertainty","start":4793.404,"end":4793.87},{"text":"associated","start":4794.225,"end":4794.919},{"text":"with","start":4795.016,"end":4795.161},{"text":"debris","start":4795.193,"end":4795.613},{"text":"remediation","start":4795.92,"end":4796.598},{"text":"missions,","start":4796.646,"end":4797.018},{"text":"including","start":4797.615,"end":4798.067},{"text":"by","start":4798.18,"end":4798.341},{"text":"promoting","start":4798.341,"end":4798.842},{"text":"cooperation,","start":4798.906,"end":4799.681},{"text":"transparency,","start":4800.101,"end":4800.892},{"text":"and","start":4801.328,"end":4801.393},{"text":"shared","start":4801.473,"end":4801.877},{"text":"approaches","start":4801.877,"end":4802.345},{"text":"to","start":4802.442,"end":4802.603},{"text":"legal","start":4802.603,"end":4802.862},{"text":"risk","start":4802.862,"end":4803.248},{"text":"while","start":4803.812,"end":4804.069},{"text":"operating","start":4804.069,"end":4804.6},{"text":"within","start":4804.777,"end":4804.922},{"text":"the","start":4804.955,"end":4805.035},{"text":"framework","start":4805.035,"end":4805.598},{"text":"of","start":4805.598,"end":4805.695},{"text":"existing","start":4805.695,"end":4806.194},{"text":"international","start":4806.323,"end":4806.886},{"text":"space","start":4806.886,"end":4807.402},{"text":"law.","start":4807.563,"end":4807.772}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":4808.48,"end":4808.963,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4808.48,"end":4808.657},{"text":"you,","start":4808.657,"end":4808.706},{"text":"Chair.","start":4808.722,"end":4808.963}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"NZL","affiliation_full":"New Zealand","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":32,"start":4812.504,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=4813","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank New Zealand for their statement, and now I give the floor to South Africa.","start":4812.504,"end":4817.767,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4812.504,"end":4812.585},{"text":"thank","start":4812.585,"end":4812.909},{"text":"New","start":4812.909,"end":4812.958},{"text":"Zealand","start":4813.022,"end":4813.557},{"text":"for","start":4813.557,"end":4813.719},{"text":"their","start":4813.719,"end":4813.8},{"text":"statement,","start":4813.816,"end":4814.334},{"text":"and","start":4815.257,"end":4815.451},{"text":"now","start":4815.921,"end":4816.034},{"text":"I","start":4816.099,"end":4816.228},{"text":"give","start":4816.228,"end":4816.358},{"text":"the","start":4816.406,"end":4816.552},{"text":"floor","start":4816.552,"end":4816.746},{"text":"to","start":4816.746,"end":4816.925},{"text":"South","start":4816.957,"end":4817.216},{"text":"Africa.","start":4817.216,"end":4817.767}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":33,"start":4818.835,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=4819","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chairperson, South Africa regards the proliferation of space debris as a clear example of how sustainability in outer space has become a legal issue, not merely a technical one.","start":4818.835,"end":4830.417,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Chairperson,","start":4818.835,"end":4819.224},{"text":"South","start":4820.618,"end":4820.891},{"text":"Africa","start":4820.891,"end":4821.292},{"text":"regards","start":4821.292,"end":4821.725},{"text":"the","start":4821.821,"end":4821.885},{"text":"proliferation","start":4821.982,"end":4822.799},{"text":"of","start":4822.864,"end":4822.96},{"text":"space","start":4822.96,"end":4823.345},{"text":"debris","start":4823.361,"end":4823.826},{"text":"as","start":4823.906,"end":4823.97},{"text":"a","start":4824.018,"end":4824.034},{"text":"clear","start":4824.082,"end":4824.387},{"text":"example","start":4824.387,"end":4824.868},{"text":"of","start":4824.868,"end":4824.932},{"text":"how","start":4825.029,"end":4825.125},{"text":"sustainability","start":4825.205,"end":4826.055},{"text":"in","start":4826.071,"end":4826.215},{"text":"outer","start":4826.312,"end":4826.488},{"text":"space","start":4826.504,"end":4826.873},{"text":"has","start":4826.873,"end":4826.937},{"text":"become","start":4827.049,"end":4827.258},{"text":"a","start":4827.354,"end":4827.37},{"text":"legal","start":4827.434,"end":4827.755},{"text":"issue,","start":4827.755,"end":4828.092},{"text":"not","start":4828.894,"end":4829.102},{"text":"merely","start":4829.198,"end":4829.519},{"text":"a","start":4829.551,"end":4829.567},{"text":"technical","start":4829.679,"end":4830.241},{"text":"one.","start":4830.241,"end":4830.417}]},{"text":"Existing mitigation guidelines remain important, and we welcome the extent to which they have informed national regulation.","start":4831.299,"end":4838.243,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"Existing","start":4831.299,"end":4831.845},{"text":"mitigation","start":4831.845,"end":4832.39},{"text":"guidelines","start":4832.486,"end":4832.967},{"text":"remain","start":4832.967,"end":4833.352},{"text":"important,","start":4833.464,"end":4834.122},{"text":"and","start":4834.731,"end":4834.892},{"text":"we","start":4834.892,"end":4835.02},{"text":"welcome","start":4835.052,"end":4835.357},{"text":"the","start":4835.389,"end":4835.549},{"text":"extent","start":4835.549,"end":4835.902},{"text":"to","start":4835.95,"end":4836.094},{"text":"which","start":4836.094,"end":4836.207},{"text":"they","start":4836.335,"end":4836.383},{"text":"have","start":4836.495,"end":4836.64},{"text":"informed","start":4836.672,"end":4837.121},{"text":"national","start":4837.233,"end":4837.586},{"text":"regulation.","start":4837.634,"end":4838.243}]},{"text":"At the same time, the present environment of congestion, congestion and collision risks suggest that mitigation alone is no longer sufficient.","start":4839.382,"end":4848.879,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":4839.382,"end":4839.478},{"text":"the","start":4839.542,"end":4839.575},{"text":"same","start":4839.575,"end":4839.847},{"text":"time,","start":4839.943,"end":4840.248},{"text":"the","start":4840.825,"end":4840.906},{"text":"present","start":4840.906,"end":4841.323},{"text":"environment","start":4841.323,"end":4841.964},{"text":"of","start":4841.964,"end":4842.06},{"text":"congestion,","start":4842.124,"end":4842.798},{"text":"congestion","start":4843.167,"end":4844.306},{"text":"and","start":4844.45,"end":4844.514},{"text":"collision","start":4844.61,"end":4844.979},{"text":"risks","start":4845.14,"end":4845.412},{"text":"suggest","start":4845.412,"end":4845.814},{"text":"that","start":4845.814,"end":4846.054},{"text":"mitigation","start":4846.52,"end":4847.065},{"text":"alone","start":4847.162,"end":4847.37},{"text":"is","start":4847.434,"end":4847.547},{"text":"no","start":4847.643,"end":4847.739},{"text":"longer","start":4847.804,"end":4848.141},{"text":"sufficient.","start":4848.157,"end":4848.879}]},{"text":"The legal discussion must now engage more directly with remediation, including active debris removal, and with the question this raises in relation to jurisdiction, consent, liability, and standard of responsible conduct.","start":4849.745,"end":4864.237,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4849.745,"end":4849.89},{"text":"legal","start":4849.89,"end":4850.227},{"text":"discussion","start":4850.227,"end":4850.676},{"text":"must","start":4850.773,"end":4851.013},{"text":"now","start":4851.013,"end":4851.11},{"text":"engage","start":4851.254,"end":4851.559},{"text":"more","start":4851.655,"end":4851.864},{"text":"directly","start":4851.912,"end":4852.361},{"text":"with","start":4852.393,"end":4852.65},{"text":"remediation,","start":4852.65,"end":4853.308},{"text":"including","start":4854.063,"end":4854.432},{"text":"active","start":4854.544,"end":4854.881},{"text":"debris","start":4854.897,"end":4855.218},{"text":"removal,","start":4855.218,"end":4855.844},{"text":"and","start":4856.486,"end":4856.614},{"text":"with","start":4856.646,"end":4856.791},{"text":"the","start":4856.791,"end":4856.887},{"text":"question","start":4856.951,"end":4857.417},{"text":"this","start":4857.433,"end":4857.673},{"text":"raises","start":4857.673,"end":4858.059},{"text":"in","start":4858.155,"end":4858.267},{"text":"relation","start":4858.267,"end":4858.701},{"text":"to","start":4858.733,"end":4859.294},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":4859.294,"end":4860.065},{"text":"consent,","start":4860.402,"end":4861.06},{"text":"liability,","start":4861.525,"end":4862.263},{"text":"and","start":4862.408,"end":4862.504},{"text":"standard","start":4862.504,"end":4862.889},{"text":"of","start":4862.986,"end":4863.13},{"text":"responsible","start":4863.13,"end":4863.74},{"text":"conduct.","start":4863.788,"end":4864.237}]},{"text":"South Africa notes in this regard that other developing countries have also recognized remediation as a necessary part of the discussion, while stressing that it must be approached through a consultative and multilateral process.","start":4865.489,"end":4878.444,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"South","start":4865.489,"end":4865.73},{"text":"Africa","start":4865.73,"end":4866.131},{"text":"notes","start":4866.131,"end":4866.516},{"text":"in","start":4866.516,"end":4866.613},{"text":"this","start":4866.661,"end":4866.837},{"text":"regard","start":4866.837,"end":4867.158},{"text":"that","start":4867.158,"end":4867.463},{"text":"other","start":4867.479,"end":4867.72},{"text":"developing","start":4867.72,"end":4868.169},{"text":"countries","start":4868.201,"end":4868.571},{"text":"have","start":4868.683,"end":4868.891},{"text":"also","start":4869.148,"end":4869.341},{"text":"recognized","start":4869.341,"end":4869.903},{"text":"remediation","start":4869.951,"end":4870.544},{"text":"as","start":4870.673,"end":4870.769},{"text":"a","start":4870.785,"end":4870.914},{"text":"necessary","start":4870.914,"end":4871.54},{"text":"part","start":4871.54,"end":4871.7},{"text":"of","start":4871.877,"end":4871.941},{"text":"the","start":4872.053,"end":4872.198},{"text":"discussion,","start":4872.198,"end":4872.856},{"text":"while","start":4873.723,"end":4873.916},{"text":"stressing","start":4873.916,"end":4874.478},{"text":"that","start":4874.526,"end":4874.719},{"text":"it","start":4874.719,"end":4874.863},{"text":"must","start":4874.863,"end":4875.072},{"text":"be","start":4875.104,"end":4875.168},{"text":"approached","start":4875.265,"end":4875.698},{"text":"through","start":4875.746,"end":4875.955},{"text":"a","start":4875.987,"end":4876.067},{"text":"consultative","start":4876.067,"end":4876.999},{"text":"and","start":4877.095,"end":4877.272},{"text":"multilateral","start":4877.272,"end":4877.994},{"text":"process.","start":4877.994,"end":4878.444}]},{"text":"South Africa's view is that the next stage of the legal discussion should be more precise.","start":4879.857,"end":4884.305,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"South","start":4879.857,"end":4880.098},{"text":"Africa's","start":4880.146,"end":4880.644},{"text":"view","start":4880.644,"end":4880.836},{"text":"is","start":4880.965,"end":4881.093},{"text":"that","start":4881.109,"end":4881.286},{"text":"the","start":4881.286,"end":4881.366},{"text":"next","start":4881.366,"end":4881.639},{"text":"stage","start":4881.639,"end":4881.992},{"text":"of","start":4882.073,"end":4882.137},{"text":"the","start":4882.233,"end":4882.33},{"text":"legal","start":4882.33,"end":4882.667},{"text":"discussion","start":4882.667,"end":4883.213},{"text":"should","start":4883.213,"end":4883.421},{"text":"be","start":4883.454,"end":4883.598},{"text":"more","start":4883.598,"end":4883.855},{"text":"precise.","start":4883.855,"end":4884.305}]},{"text":"It should be acknowledged that Article 8 of the Outer Space Treaty and the continued jurisdiction and control of the State of Registry place real legal constraints on remediation measures.","start":4885.236,"end":4896.427,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4885.236,"end":4885.3},{"text":"should","start":4885.3,"end":4885.509},{"text":"be","start":4885.541,"end":4885.621},{"text":"acknowledged","start":4885.701,"end":4886.199},{"text":"that","start":4886.247,"end":4886.392},{"text":"Article","start":4886.488,"end":4886.89},{"text":"8","start":4886.986,"end":4887.227},{"text":"of","start":4887.227,"end":4887.323},{"text":"the","start":4887.371,"end":4887.452},{"text":"Outer","start":4887.532,"end":4887.709},{"text":"Space","start":4887.709,"end":4888.03},{"text":"Treaty","start":4888.03,"end":4888.415},{"text":"and","start":4889.234,"end":4889.362},{"text":"the","start":4889.394,"end":4889.539},{"text":"continued","start":4889.539,"end":4890.021},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":4890.021,"end":4890.647},{"text":"and","start":4890.743,"end":4890.904},{"text":"control","start":4890.904,"end":4891.321},{"text":"of","start":4891.321,"end":4891.53},{"text":"the","start":4891.562,"end":4891.642},{"text":"State","start":4891.642,"end":4892.044},{"text":"of","start":4892.044,"end":4892.188},{"text":"Registry","start":4892.188,"end":4892.734},{"text":"place","start":4893.328,"end":4893.682},{"text":"real","start":4893.714,"end":4894.131},{"text":"legal","start":4894.131,"end":4894.5},{"text":"constraints","start":4894.517,"end":4895.159},{"text":"on","start":4895.239,"end":4895.287},{"text":"remediation","start":4895.351,"end":4896.058},{"text":"measures.","start":4896.058,"end":4896.427}]},{"text":"At the same time, prolonged inaction in relation to defunct objects imposes growing costs on all users of the space environment.","start":4897.486,"end":4905.36,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":4897.486,"end":4897.583},{"text":"the","start":4897.583,"end":4897.663},{"text":"same","start":4897.663,"end":4897.871},{"text":"time,","start":4897.984,"end":4898.352},{"text":"prolonged","start":4899.026,"end":4899.603},{"text":"inaction","start":4899.603,"end":4900.116},{"text":"in","start":4900.148,"end":4900.293},{"text":"relation","start":4900.293,"end":4900.742},{"text":"to","start":4900.79,"end":4900.918},{"text":"defunct","start":4901.014,"end":4901.447},{"text":"objects","start":4901.511,"end":4901.896},{"text":"imposes","start":4901.896,"end":4902.361},{"text":"growing","start":4902.458,"end":4902.682},{"text":"costs","start":4902.778,"end":4903.051},{"text":"on","start":4903.115,"end":4903.243},{"text":"all","start":4903.42,"end":4903.516},{"text":"users","start":4903.516,"end":4903.885},{"text":"of","start":4904.061,"end":4904.125},{"text":"the","start":4904.157,"end":4904.237},{"text":"space","start":4904.237,"end":4904.622},{"text":"environment.","start":4904.638,"end":4905.36}]},{"text":"The legal task is therefore to give practical effect to due regard and international cooperation in circumstances where the risk is shared but legal control remains attached to individual states.","start":4906.707,"end":4918.172,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4906.707,"end":4906.867},{"text":"legal","start":4906.867,"end":4907.204},{"text":"task","start":4907.204,"end":4907.605},{"text":"is","start":4907.605,"end":4907.653},{"text":"therefore","start":4907.829,"end":4908.182},{"text":"to","start":4908.23,"end":4908.343},{"text":"give","start":4908.391,"end":4908.567},{"text":"practical","start":4908.647,"end":4909.209},{"text":"effect","start":4909.209,"end":4909.529},{"text":"to","start":4909.529,"end":4909.625},{"text":"due","start":4909.754,"end":4909.866},{"text":"regard","start":4909.866,"end":4910.379},{"text":"and","start":4910.491,"end":4910.652},{"text":"international","start":4910.652,"end":4911.261},{"text":"cooperation","start":4911.293,"end":4911.822},{"text":"in","start":4911.935,"end":4911.983},{"text":"circumstances","start":4912.079,"end":4912.945},{"text":"where","start":4913.121,"end":4913.298},{"text":"the","start":4913.298,"end":4913.378},{"text":"risk","start":4913.378,"end":4913.763},{"text":"is","start":4913.763,"end":4913.827},{"text":"shared","start":4913.859,"end":4914.34},{"text":"but","start":4914.981,"end":4915.158},{"text":"legal","start":4915.222,"end":4915.543},{"text":"control","start":4915.543,"end":4915.976},{"text":"remains","start":4916.088,"end":4916.393},{"text":"attached","start":4916.505,"end":4916.842},{"text":"to","start":4916.89,"end":4917.098},{"text":"individual","start":4917.146,"end":4917.659},{"text":"states.","start":4917.707,"end":4918.172}]},{"text":"In that regard, South Africa considers that notification, consultation, Consent and coordination will remain central to any future multilateral guidance on remediation measures.","start":4919.215,"end":4930.871,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4919.215,"end":4919.279},{"text":"that","start":4919.311,"end":4919.552},{"text":"regard,","start":4919.552,"end":4920.081},{"text":"South","start":4920.754,"end":4920.947},{"text":"Africa","start":4921.011,"end":4921.38},{"text":"considers","start":4921.38,"end":4921.845},{"text":"that","start":4921.957,"end":4922.197},{"text":"notification,","start":4922.197,"end":4923.095},{"text":"consultation,","start":4923.16,"end":4923.929},{"text":"Consent","start":4924.284,"end":4924.897},{"text":"and","start":4924.93,"end":4925.091},{"text":"coordination","start":4925.091,"end":4925.785},{"text":"will","start":4926.447,"end":4926.56},{"text":"remain","start":4926.625,"end":4926.996},{"text":"central","start":4927.093,"end":4927.594},{"text":"to","start":4927.594,"end":4927.723},{"text":"any","start":4927.836,"end":4928.062},{"text":"future","start":4928.062,"end":4928.401},{"text":"multilateral","start":4928.401,"end":4929.176},{"text":"guidance","start":4929.192,"end":4929.612},{"text":"on","start":4929.612,"end":4929.741},{"text":"remediation","start":4929.773,"end":4930.483},{"text":"measures.","start":4930.483,"end":4930.871}]},{"text":"Chairperson, South Africa also considers that the legal treatment of debris cannot ignore questions of equity.","start":4932.87,"end":4940.235,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Chairperson,","start":4932.87,"end":4933.274},{"text":"South","start":4934.375,"end":4934.699},{"text":"Africa","start":4934.699,"end":4935.152},{"text":"also","start":4935.233,"end":4935.476},{"text":"considers","start":4935.476,"end":4936.026},{"text":"that","start":4936.123,"end":4936.301},{"text":"the","start":4936.301,"end":4936.463},{"text":"legal","start":4936.463,"end":4936.868},{"text":"treatment","start":4936.868,"end":4937.418},{"text":"of","start":4937.418,"end":4937.58},{"text":"debris","start":4937.58,"end":4937.871},{"text":"cannot","start":4938.082,"end":4938.422},{"text":"ignore","start":4938.422,"end":4938.972},{"text":"questions","start":4938.972,"end":4939.345},{"text":"of","start":4939.523,"end":4939.668},{"text":"equity.","start":4939.717,"end":4940.235}]},{"text":"The current debris environment was not created equally, and future legal responses should reflect that reality.","start":4941.17,"end":4948.806,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4941.17,"end":4941.202},{"text":"current","start":4941.267,"end":4941.639},{"text":"debris","start":4941.687,"end":4942.011},{"text":"environment","start":4942.156,"end":4942.82},{"text":"was","start":4942.82,"end":4942.949},{"text":"not","start":4943.143,"end":4943.386},{"text":"created","start":4943.386,"end":4944.033},{"text":"equally,","start":4944.033,"end":4944.486},{"text":"and","start":4945.473,"end":4945.57},{"text":"future","start":4945.57,"end":4946.039},{"text":"legal","start":4946.039,"end":4946.363},{"text":"responses","start":4946.379,"end":4947.075},{"text":"should","start":4947.107,"end":4947.398},{"text":"reflect","start":4947.512,"end":4947.981},{"text":"that","start":4947.981,"end":4948.223},{"text":"reality.","start":4948.223,"end":4948.806}]},{"text":"In our view, view, greater attention should be given to differentiated responsibilities and capabilities, particularly in relation to the cost of compliance, access to data and technology, and support for developing countries in implementing debt-related obligations.","start":4949.615,"end":4968.049,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4949.615,"end":4949.679},{"text":"our","start":4949.922,"end":4950.052},{"text":"view,","start":4950.052,"end":4950.116},{"text":"view,","start":4950.26,"end":4950.437},{"text":"greater","start":4951.081,"end":4951.484},{"text":"attention","start":4951.5,"end":4952.079},{"text":"should","start":4952.079,"end":4952.305},{"text":"be","start":4952.386,"end":4952.466},{"text":"given","start":4952.547,"end":4952.836},{"text":"to","start":4952.933,"end":4952.998},{"text":"differentiated","start":4953.094,"end":4953.98},{"text":"responsibilities","start":4953.98,"end":4955.011},{"text":"and","start":4955.204,"end":4955.43},{"text":"capabilities,","start":4955.43,"end":4956.299},{"text":"particularly","start":4957.137,"end":4957.797},{"text":"in","start":4957.926,"end":4958.023},{"text":"relation","start":4958.023,"end":4958.506},{"text":"to","start":4958.506,"end":4958.635},{"text":"the","start":4958.667,"end":4958.747},{"text":"cost","start":4958.828,"end":4959.166},{"text":"of","start":4959.166,"end":4959.279},{"text":"compliance,","start":4959.36,"end":4960.061},{"text":"access","start":4960.762,"end":4961.169},{"text":"to","start":4961.169,"end":4961.316},{"text":"data","start":4961.332,"end":4961.723},{"text":"and","start":4961.74,"end":4961.903},{"text":"technology,","start":4961.903,"end":4962.62},{"text":"and","start":4963.484,"end":4963.615},{"text":"support","start":4963.631,"end":4964.185},{"text":"for","start":4964.185,"end":4964.348},{"text":"developing","start":4964.348,"end":4964.74},{"text":"countries","start":4964.772,"end":4965.224},{"text":"in","start":4965.337,"end":4965.466},{"text":"implementing","start":4965.498,"end":4966.112},{"text":"debt-related","start":4966.225,"end":4967.177},{"text":"obligations.","start":4967.193,"end":4968.049}]},{"text":"South Africa knows that the G77 and China have similarly called for common but differentiated responsibilities in the context of remediation, and for those actors, for those actors most responsible for creating debris to be most actively involved in removal efforts and in sharing relevant expertise with developing countries.","start":4969.776,"end":4991.252,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"South","start":4969.776,"end":4970.018},{"text":"Africa","start":4970.034,"end":4970.422},{"text":"knows","start":4970.422,"end":4970.712},{"text":"that","start":4970.809,"end":4971.003},{"text":"the","start":4971.003,"end":4971.116},{"text":"G77","start":4971.148,"end":4971.972},{"text":"and","start":4972.02,"end":4972.198},{"text":"China","start":4972.198,"end":4972.601},{"text":"have","start":4972.601,"end":4972.73},{"text":"similarly","start":4972.779,"end":4973.328},{"text":"called","start":4973.392,"end":4973.65},{"text":"for","start":4973.65,"end":4973.812},{"text":"common","start":4973.812,"end":4974.105},{"text":"but","start":4974.219,"end":4974.446},{"text":"differentiated","start":4974.446,"end":4975.439},{"text":"responsibilities","start":4975.439,"end":4976.382},{"text":"in","start":4976.512,"end":4976.593},{"text":"the","start":4976.593,"end":4976.785},{"text":"context","start":4976.818,"end":4977.331},{"text":"of","start":4977.38,"end":4977.476},{"text":"remediation,","start":4977.476,"end":4978.247},{"text":"and","start":4979.065,"end":4979.162},{"text":"for","start":4979.162,"end":4979.467},{"text":"those","start":4979.467,"end":4979.692},{"text":"actors,","start":4979.868,"end":4980.254},{"text":"for","start":4980.767,"end":4980.912},{"text":"those","start":4980.928,"end":4981.137},{"text":"actors","start":4981.249,"end":4981.618},{"text":"most","start":4981.651,"end":4981.924},{"text":"responsible","start":4981.924,"end":4982.582},{"text":"for","start":4982.694,"end":4982.919},{"text":"creating","start":4982.919,"end":4983.304},{"text":"debris","start":4983.401,"end":4983.674},{"text":"to","start":4983.899,"end":4984.059},{"text":"be","start":4984.059,"end":4984.204},{"text":"most","start":4984.204,"end":4984.75},{"text":"actively","start":4984.846,"end":4985.311},{"text":"involved","start":4985.344,"end":4985.761},{"text":"in","start":4985.809,"end":4985.873},{"text":"removal","start":4985.97,"end":4986.933},{"text":"efforts","start":4987.013,"end":4987.415},{"text":"and","start":4988.057,"end":4988.202},{"text":"in","start":4988.298,"end":4988.346},{"text":"sharing","start":4988.394,"end":4988.78},{"text":"relevant","start":4988.78,"end":4989.261},{"text":"expertise","start":4989.261,"end":4989.807},{"text":"with","start":4989.904,"end":4990.096},{"text":"developing","start":4990.096,"end":4990.69},{"text":"countries.","start":4990.723,"end":4991.252}]},{"text":"In conclusion, South Africa will therefore support continued work towards practical multilateral guidance on remediation measures.","start":4992.649,"end":5001.657,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4992.649,"end":4992.858},{"text":"conclusion,","start":4992.874,"end":4993.741},{"text":"South","start":4995.074,"end":4995.379},{"text":"Africa","start":4995.379,"end":4995.845},{"text":"will","start":4995.845,"end":4995.989},{"text":"therefore","start":4996.085,"end":4996.503},{"text":"support","start":4996.503,"end":4996.969},{"text":"continued","start":4996.969,"end":4997.515},{"text":"work","start":4997.932,"end":4998.205},{"text":"towards","start":4998.205,"end":4998.558},{"text":"practical","start":4998.671,"end":4999.297},{"text":"multilateral","start":4999.297,"end":4999.907},{"text":"guidance","start":5000.019,"end":5000.517},{"text":"on","start":5000.517,"end":5000.646},{"text":"remediation","start":5000.678,"end":5001.4},{"text":"measures.","start":5001.4,"end":5001.657}]},{"text":"Including notification, consent, coordination, and liability-related questions.","start":5002.604,"end":5009.477,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Including","start":5002.604,"end":5003.054},{"text":"notification,","start":5003.086,"end":5004.017},{"text":"consent,","start":5005.157,"end":5005.832},{"text":"coordination,","start":5006.683,"end":5007.47},{"text":"and","start":5007.566,"end":5007.662},{"text":"liability-related","start":5007.662,"end":5008.915},{"text":"questions.","start":5008.947,"end":5009.477}]},{"text":"Pending the development of more specific legal mechanisms, non-legally binding guidance may continue to play a useful supporting role, but such guidance should remain firmly within an inclusive multilateral process and should not obscure The need for a more coherent legal response to the long-term sustainability challenges now facing the space environment.","start":5010.874,"end":5034.782,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Pending","start":5010.874,"end":5011.291},{"text":"the","start":5011.339,"end":5011.42},{"text":"development","start":5011.436,"end":5012.158},{"text":"of","start":5012.158,"end":5012.383},{"text":"more","start":5012.383,"end":5012.495},{"text":"specific","start":5012.495,"end":5013.122},{"text":"legal","start":5013.122,"end":5013.443},{"text":"mechanisms,","start":5013.443,"end":5014.133},{"text":"non-legally","start":5015.209,"end":5015.851},{"text":"binding","start":5015.931,"end":5016.381},{"text":"guidance","start":5016.477,"end":5016.959},{"text":"may","start":5016.959,"end":5017.136},{"text":"continue","start":5017.136,"end":5017.649},{"text":"to","start":5017.794,"end":5017.906},{"text":"play","start":5018.019,"end":5018.276},{"text":"a","start":5018.661,"end":5018.693},{"text":"useful","start":5018.806,"end":5019.175},{"text":"supporting","start":5019.223,"end":5019.753},{"text":"role,","start":5019.785,"end":5019.978},{"text":"but","start":5021.391,"end":5021.535},{"text":"such","start":5021.567,"end":5021.953},{"text":"guidance","start":5022.033,"end":5022.515},{"text":"should","start":5022.515,"end":5022.772},{"text":"remain","start":5022.772,"end":5023.045},{"text":"firmly","start":5023.157,"end":5023.687},{"text":"within","start":5023.703,"end":5024.008},{"text":"an","start":5024.104,"end":5024.217},{"text":"inclusive","start":5024.217,"end":5024.827},{"text":"multilateral","start":5024.827,"end":5025.533},{"text":"process","start":5025.63,"end":5026.095},{"text":"and","start":5026.352,"end":5026.432},{"text":"should","start":5026.513,"end":5026.738},{"text":"not","start":5026.77,"end":5027.01},{"text":"obscure","start":5027.075,"end":5029.194},{"text":"The","start":5027.492,"end":5027.589},{"text":"need","start":5027.589,"end":5027.942},{"text":"for","start":5027.974,"end":5028.199},{"text":"a","start":5028.199,"end":5028.231},{"text":"more","start":5028.231,"end":5028.6},{"text":"coherent","start":5028.6,"end":5029.258},{"text":"legal","start":5029.563,"end":5029.901},{"text":"response","start":5029.901,"end":5030.527},{"text":"to","start":5030.527,"end":5030.671},{"text":"the","start":5030.687,"end":5030.848},{"text":"long-term","start":5030.848,"end":5031.281},{"text":"sustainability","start":5031.346,"end":5032.245},{"text":"challenges","start":5032.293,"end":5032.759},{"text":"now","start":5032.871,"end":5032.951},{"text":"facing","start":5033.112,"end":5033.529},{"text":"the","start":5033.577,"end":5033.61},{"text":"space","start":5033.61,"end":5033.979},{"text":"environment.","start":5033.995,"end":5034.782}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":5035.52,"end":5035.922,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5035.52,"end":5035.761},{"text":"you.","start":5035.761,"end":5035.922}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"ZAF","affiliation_full":"South Africa","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":34,"start":5036.243,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=5037","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Agradezco la delegación de Sudáfrica por.","start":5036.243,"end":5038.651,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Agradezco","start":5036.243,"end":5037.222},{"text":"la","start":5037.222,"end":5037.318},{"text":"delegación","start":5037.318,"end":5037.848},{"text":"de","start":5037.848,"end":5037.929},{"text":"Sudáfrica","start":5037.929,"end":5038.555},{"text":"por.","start":5038.555,"end":5038.651}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":null}},{"statement_number":35,"start":5039.213,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=5040","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank South Africa for their statement, and now I give the floor to India.","start":5039.213,"end":5043.484,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5039.213,"end":5039.261},{"text":"thank","start":5039.293,"end":5039.55},{"text":"South","start":5039.55,"end":5039.855},{"text":"Africa","start":5039.855,"end":5040.209},{"text":"for","start":5040.321,"end":5040.498},{"text":"their","start":5040.498,"end":5040.835},{"text":"statement,","start":5040.835,"end":5041.686},{"text":"and","start":5042.023,"end":5042.087},{"text":"now","start":5042.103,"end":5042.183},{"text":"I","start":5042.264,"end":5042.344},{"text":"give","start":5042.344,"end":5042.569},{"text":"the","start":5042.569,"end":5042.649},{"text":"floor","start":5042.649,"end":5042.922},{"text":"to","start":5042.97,"end":5043.115},{"text":"India.","start":5043.147,"end":5043.484}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":36,"start":5043.934,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=5044","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"India has been an active participant in ongoing deliberations at the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on Space Debris and Allied Matters, primarily through the.","start":5043.934,"end":5053.005,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"India","start":5043.934,"end":5044.19},{"text":"has","start":5044.19,"end":5044.319},{"text":"been","start":5044.335,"end":5044.463},{"text":"an","start":5044.512,"end":5044.64},{"text":"active","start":5044.752,"end":5044.993},{"text":"participant","start":5044.993,"end":5045.764},{"text":"in","start":5045.86,"end":5045.925},{"text":"ongoing","start":5046.262,"end":5046.487},{"text":"deliberations","start":5046.519,"end":5047.129},{"text":"at","start":5047.241,"end":5047.337},{"text":"the","start":5047.337,"end":5047.418},{"text":"Scientific","start":5047.418,"end":5047.883},{"text":"and","start":5047.883,"end":5048.028},{"text":"Technical","start":5048.028,"end":5048.317},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":5048.317,"end":5048.991},{"text":"on","start":5049.232,"end":5049.28},{"text":"Space","start":5049.409,"end":5049.73},{"text":"Debris","start":5049.73,"end":5050.163},{"text":"and","start":5050.436,"end":5050.677},{"text":"Allied","start":5050.677,"end":5051.014},{"text":"Matters,","start":5051.014,"end":5051.384},{"text":"primarily","start":5052.058,"end":5052.588},{"text":"through","start":5052.861,"end":5052.973},{"text":"the.","start":5052.973,"end":5053.005}]},{"text":"Working Group on Long-Term Sustainability and Expert Group on Space Situational Awareness.","start":5053.102,"end":5057.241,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Working","start":5053.102,"end":5053.342},{"text":"Group","start":5053.342,"end":5053.663},{"text":"on","start":5053.727,"end":5053.775},{"text":"Long-Term","start":5053.824,"end":5054.225},{"text":"Sustainability","start":5054.225,"end":5054.866},{"text":"and","start":5055.107,"end":5055.267},{"text":"Expert","start":5055.348,"end":5055.701},{"text":"Group","start":5055.749,"end":5056.005},{"text":"on","start":5056.07,"end":5056.118},{"text":"Space","start":5056.214,"end":5056.503},{"text":"Situational","start":5056.503,"end":5056.888},{"text":"Awareness.","start":5056.936,"end":5057.241}]},{"text":"India has also been an active member of the Interagency Space Debris Coordination Committee, IADC, through its National Space Agency, ISRO.","start":5058.316,"end":5066.337,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"India","start":5058.316,"end":5058.524},{"text":"has","start":5058.54,"end":5058.605},{"text":"also","start":5058.701,"end":5058.893},{"text":"been","start":5058.941,"end":5059.086},{"text":"an","start":5059.118,"end":5059.262},{"text":"active","start":5059.262,"end":5059.615},{"text":"member","start":5059.904,"end":5060.225},{"text":"of","start":5060.241,"end":5060.369},{"text":"the","start":5060.385,"end":5060.61},{"text":"Interagency","start":5060.963,"end":5061.573},{"text":"Space","start":5061.605,"end":5061.909},{"text":"Debris","start":5061.926,"end":5062.311},{"text":"Coordination","start":5062.311,"end":5062.728},{"text":"Committee,","start":5062.728,"end":5063.049},{"text":"IADC,","start":5063.209,"end":5063.803},{"text":"through","start":5064.396,"end":5064.637},{"text":"its","start":5064.733,"end":5065.054},{"text":"National","start":5065.054,"end":5065.375},{"text":"Space","start":5065.375,"end":5065.632},{"text":"Agency,","start":5065.632,"end":5066.001},{"text":"ISRO.","start":5066.081,"end":5066.337}]},{"text":"Chair, taking cognizance of its responsibility as a spacefaring nation, India embraces the normative framework espoused in the IADC Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the UN LTS guidelines.","start":5067.541,"end":5080.988,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":5067.541,"end":5067.862},{"text":"taking","start":5068.985,"end":5069.193},{"text":"cognizance","start":5069.225,"end":5069.803},{"text":"of","start":5070.172,"end":5070.252},{"text":"its","start":5070.509,"end":5070.621},{"text":"responsibility","start":5070.733,"end":5071.52},{"text":"as","start":5071.696,"end":5071.808},{"text":"a","start":5071.808,"end":5071.824},{"text":"spacefaring","start":5071.872,"end":5072.434},{"text":"nation,","start":5072.434,"end":5072.803},{"text":"India","start":5073.541,"end":5073.734},{"text":"embraces","start":5073.942,"end":5074.327},{"text":"the","start":5074.6,"end":5074.68},{"text":"normative","start":5074.68,"end":5075.21},{"text":"framework","start":5075.546,"end":5076.06},{"text":"espoused","start":5076.188,"end":5076.573},{"text":"in","start":5076.83,"end":5076.878},{"text":"the","start":5076.91,"end":5077.006},{"text":"IADC","start":5077.006,"end":5077.648},{"text":"Debris","start":5077.728,"end":5078.129},{"text":"Mitigation","start":5078.129,"end":5078.531},{"text":"Guidelines","start":5078.531,"end":5078.9},{"text":"and","start":5079.494,"end":5079.558},{"text":"the","start":5079.574,"end":5079.735},{"text":"UN","start":5079.735,"end":5079.928},{"text":"LTS","start":5080.201,"end":5080.522},{"text":"guidelines.","start":5080.539,"end":5080.988}]},{"text":"These are included in the national setup through the Indian Space Policy 2023, accompanied by the norms, guidelines, and procedures.","start":5081.985,"end":5090.549,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":5081.985,"end":5082.194},{"text":"are","start":5082.21,"end":5082.451},{"text":"included","start":5082.483,"end":5082.997},{"text":"in","start":5083.174,"end":5083.222},{"text":"the","start":5083.254,"end":5083.286},{"text":"national","start":5083.286,"end":5083.672},{"text":"setup","start":5083.672,"end":5084.17},{"text":"through","start":5084.299,"end":5084.475},{"text":"the","start":5084.475,"end":5084.636},{"text":"Indian","start":5084.636,"end":5084.925},{"text":"Space","start":5084.941,"end":5085.343},{"text":"Policy","start":5085.343,"end":5085.729},{"text":"2023,","start":5085.761,"end":5086.468},{"text":"accompanied","start":5087.111,"end":5087.689},{"text":"by","start":5087.689,"end":5087.882},{"text":"the","start":5088.155,"end":5088.235},{"text":"norms,","start":5088.235,"end":5088.621},{"text":"guidelines,","start":5089.039,"end":5089.505},{"text":"and","start":5089.842,"end":5089.939},{"text":"procedures.","start":5090.003,"end":5090.549}]},{"text":"Further, newer measures such as the Debris-Free Space Mission initiative announced in 2024 aim to avoid creation of new debris by 2030.","start":5091.369,"end":5102.199,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Further,","start":5091.369,"end":5091.787},{"text":"newer","start":5092.51,"end":5092.767},{"text":"measures","start":5092.831,"end":5093.201},{"text":"such","start":5093.731,"end":5093.924},{"text":"as","start":5094.02,"end":5094.084},{"text":"the","start":5094.438,"end":5094.583},{"text":"Debris-Free","start":5094.583,"end":5095.177},{"text":"Space","start":5095.177,"end":5095.547},{"text":"Mission","start":5095.547,"end":5095.852},{"text":"initiative","start":5096.366,"end":5096.913},{"text":"announced","start":5097.17,"end":5097.491},{"text":"in","start":5097.491,"end":5097.539},{"text":"2024","start":5097.571,"end":5098.311},{"text":"aim","start":5098.921,"end":5098.985},{"text":"to","start":5099.098,"end":5099.226},{"text":"avoid","start":5099.339,"end":5099.709},{"text":"creation","start":5099.821,"end":5100.191},{"text":"of","start":5100.223,"end":5100.351},{"text":"new","start":5100.383,"end":5100.48},{"text":"debris","start":5100.56,"end":5101.01},{"text":"by","start":5101.187,"end":5101.38},{"text":"2030.","start":5101.573,"end":5102.199}]},{"text":"Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center in space implements regulatory aspects related to space activity, including authorization, registration, and implementation of debris mitigation guidelines, and ensuring accountability throughout its mission life.","start":5103.276,"end":5120.506,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Indian","start":5103.276,"end":5103.549},{"text":"National","start":5103.581,"end":5103.967},{"text":"Space","start":5104.015,"end":5104.401},{"text":"Promotion","start":5104.401,"end":5106.457},{"text":"and","start":5104.866,"end":5105.091},{"text":"Authorization","start":5105.123,"end":5105.685},{"text":"Center","start":5105.685,"end":5106.151},{"text":"in","start":5106.312,"end":5106.36},{"text":"space","start":5106.408,"end":5106.793},{"text":"implements","start":5107.066,"end":5107.724},{"text":"regulatory","start":5108.078,"end":5108.495},{"text":"aspects","start":5108.881,"end":5109.25},{"text":"related","start":5109.298,"end":5109.699},{"text":"to","start":5109.699,"end":5109.78},{"text":"space","start":5109.78,"end":5110.085},{"text":"activity,","start":5110.085,"end":5110.55},{"text":"including","start":5111.145,"end":5111.594},{"text":"authorization,","start":5112.108,"end":5112.798},{"text":"registration,","start":5113.136,"end":5113.762},{"text":"and","start":5114.019,"end":5114.099},{"text":"implementation","start":5114.436,"end":5115.014},{"text":"of","start":5115.062,"end":5115.223},{"text":"debris","start":5115.223,"end":5115.576},{"text":"mitigation","start":5115.624,"end":5116.042},{"text":"guidelines,","start":5116.042,"end":5116.572},{"text":"and","start":5117.085,"end":5117.246},{"text":"ensuring","start":5117.326,"end":5117.712},{"text":"accountability","start":5117.953,"end":5118.659},{"text":"throughout","start":5119.173,"end":5119.655},{"text":"its","start":5119.719,"end":5119.863},{"text":"mission","start":5119.976,"end":5120.265},{"text":"life.","start":5120.297,"end":5120.506}]},{"text":"Chair, in 2025, autonomous rendezvous, docking, and undocking capabilities were demonstrated through the ISRO's SPADAX mission.","start":5121.26,"end":5129.979,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":5121.26,"end":5121.597},{"text":"in","start":5122.32,"end":5122.464},{"text":"2025,","start":5122.464,"end":5123.155},{"text":"autonomous","start":5123.669,"end":5124.263},{"text":"rendezvous,","start":5124.311,"end":5124.712},{"text":"docking,","start":5124.937,"end":5125.242},{"text":"and","start":5125.66,"end":5125.804},{"text":"undocking","start":5125.981,"end":5126.35},{"text":"capabilities","start":5126.398,"end":5127.008},{"text":"were","start":5127.057,"end":5127.201},{"text":"demonstrated","start":5127.201,"end":5127.972},{"text":"through","start":5128.004,"end":5128.197},{"text":"the","start":5128.325,"end":5128.518},{"text":"ISRO's","start":5128.55,"end":5128.951},{"text":"SPADAX","start":5129.224,"end":5129.642},{"text":"mission.","start":5129.69,"end":5129.979}]},{"text":"Further, a robotic manipulator was successfully demonstrated on the upper stage of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle named the PS-4 Orbital Experimental Module or POEM-4 platform.","start":5130.798,"end":5142.223,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Further,","start":5130.798,"end":5131.28},{"text":"a","start":5131.762,"end":5131.778},{"text":"robotic","start":5131.778,"end":5132.164},{"text":"manipulator","start":5132.164,"end":5132.726},{"text":"was","start":5132.726,"end":5132.871},{"text":"successfully","start":5132.887,"end":5133.353},{"text":"demonstrated","start":5133.466,"end":5134.044},{"text":"on","start":5134.189,"end":5134.237},{"text":"the","start":5134.269,"end":5134.526},{"text":"upper","start":5134.831,"end":5135.008},{"text":"stage","start":5135.008,"end":5135.362},{"text":"of","start":5135.554,"end":5135.651},{"text":"the","start":5135.651,"end":5135.795},{"text":"Polar","start":5135.795,"end":5136.053},{"text":"Satellite","start":5136.053,"end":5136.519},{"text":"Launch","start":5136.519,"end":5136.743},{"text":"Vehicle","start":5136.743,"end":5137.161},{"text":"named","start":5137.563,"end":5137.804},{"text":"the","start":5137.804,"end":5137.965},{"text":"PS-4","start":5137.965,"end":5138.8},{"text":"Orbital","start":5139.154,"end":5139.7},{"text":"Experimental","start":5139.732,"end":5140.23},{"text":"Module","start":5140.23,"end":5140.584},{"text":"or","start":5140.68,"end":5140.728},{"text":"POEM-4","start":5140.857,"end":5141.612},{"text":"platform.","start":5141.805,"end":5142.223}]},{"text":"These technical endeavors serve as stepping stones towards embarking on an operational active debris removal mission in the future.","start":5143.572,"end":5151.044,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":5143.572,"end":5143.717},{"text":"technical","start":5143.83,"end":5144.215},{"text":"endeavors","start":5144.296,"end":5144.681},{"text":"serve","start":5145.131,"end":5145.404},{"text":"as","start":5145.661,"end":5145.79},{"text":"stepping","start":5145.79,"end":5146.208},{"text":"stones","start":5146.24,"end":5146.529},{"text":"towards","start":5147.204,"end":5147.573},{"text":"embarking","start":5147.911,"end":5148.329},{"text":"on","start":5148.329,"end":5148.377},{"text":"an","start":5148.425,"end":5148.537},{"text":"operational","start":5148.554,"end":5148.987},{"text":"active","start":5149.036,"end":5149.293},{"text":"debris","start":5149.293,"end":5149.614},{"text":"removal","start":5149.614,"end":5150.064},{"text":"mission","start":5150.096,"end":5150.385},{"text":"in","start":5150.498,"end":5150.578},{"text":"the","start":5150.578,"end":5150.658},{"text":"future.","start":5150.658,"end":5151.044}]},{"text":"India believes that the accompanying legal and regulatory practice have to be developed in tandem with the pace of technological progress in these arenas so as to be not overly restrictive on the innovative front while ensuring long-term safety and sustainability of outer space.","start":5152.506,"end":5169.32,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"India","start":5152.506,"end":5152.747},{"text":"believes","start":5152.747,"end":5153.117},{"text":"that","start":5153.952,"end":5154.097},{"text":"the","start":5154.097,"end":5154.193},{"text":"accompanying","start":5154.193,"end":5154.643},{"text":"legal","start":5154.74,"end":5155.029},{"text":"and","start":5155.158,"end":5155.254},{"text":"regulatory","start":5155.302,"end":5155.768},{"text":"practice","start":5155.865,"end":5157.937},{"text":"have","start":5156.362,"end":5156.571},{"text":"to","start":5156.619,"end":5156.747},{"text":"be","start":5156.747,"end":5156.843},{"text":"developed","start":5156.843,"end":5157.421},{"text":"in","start":5157.565,"end":5157.773},{"text":"tandem","start":5157.886,"end":5158.287},{"text":"with","start":5158.287,"end":5158.431},{"text":"the","start":5158.431,"end":5158.527},{"text":"pace","start":5158.527,"end":5158.832},{"text":"of","start":5158.832,"end":5158.944},{"text":"technological","start":5158.944,"end":5159.505},{"text":"progress","start":5159.554,"end":5159.922},{"text":"in","start":5160.307,"end":5160.388},{"text":"these","start":5160.452,"end":5160.66},{"text":"arenas","start":5160.837,"end":5161.141},{"text":"so","start":5161.799,"end":5161.975},{"text":"as","start":5161.975,"end":5162.104},{"text":"to","start":5162.216,"end":5162.472},{"text":"be","start":5162.617,"end":5162.777},{"text":"not","start":5162.777,"end":5163.098},{"text":"overly","start":5163.162,"end":5163.419},{"text":"restrictive","start":5163.419,"end":5164.028},{"text":"on","start":5164.301,"end":5164.589},{"text":"the","start":5164.718,"end":5164.958},{"text":"innovative","start":5165.022,"end":5165.423},{"text":"front","start":5165.423,"end":5165.872},{"text":"while","start":5166.466,"end":5166.722},{"text":"ensuring","start":5166.883,"end":5167.235},{"text":"long-term","start":5167.268,"end":5167.668},{"text":"safety","start":5167.668,"end":5167.989},{"text":"and","start":5168.053,"end":5168.134},{"text":"sustainability","start":5168.134,"end":5168.711},{"text":"of","start":5168.711,"end":5168.839},{"text":"outer","start":5168.935,"end":5169.096},{"text":"space.","start":5169.096,"end":5169.32}]},{"text":"Such considerations are particularly important in the context of rapidly increasing number of active satellites because technical studies show that without active remediation to the mitigation effort alone would be insufficient to curtail the growth of space debris.","start":5170.571,"end":5185.474,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":5170.571,"end":5170.78},{"text":"considerations","start":5170.796,"end":5171.405},{"text":"are","start":5171.437,"end":5171.517},{"text":"particularly","start":5171.517,"end":5171.999},{"text":"important","start":5171.999,"end":5172.624},{"text":"in","start":5172.624,"end":5172.672},{"text":"the","start":5172.704,"end":5172.784},{"text":"context","start":5172.784,"end":5173.282},{"text":"of","start":5173.282,"end":5173.41},{"text":"rapidly","start":5173.442,"end":5173.843},{"text":"increasing","start":5173.843,"end":5174.212},{"text":"number","start":5174.244,"end":5174.484},{"text":"of","start":5174.484,"end":5174.581},{"text":"active","start":5174.581,"end":5174.869},{"text":"satellites","start":5174.869,"end":5175.318},{"text":"because","start":5176.248,"end":5176.537},{"text":"technical","start":5176.89,"end":5177.227},{"text":"studies","start":5177.227,"end":5177.58},{"text":"show","start":5177.612,"end":5177.932},{"text":"that","start":5178.173,"end":5178.462},{"text":"without","start":5178.574,"end":5178.895},{"text":"active","start":5178.895,"end":5179.199},{"text":"remediation","start":5179.199,"end":5179.905},{"text":"to","start":5180.563,"end":5180.643},{"text":"the","start":5180.643,"end":5180.771},{"text":"mitigation","start":5181.461,"end":5181.91},{"text":"effort","start":5181.862,"end":5182.408},{"text":"alone","start":5182.408,"end":5182.632},{"text":"would","start":5182.729,"end":5182.953},{"text":"be","start":5183.066,"end":5183.162},{"text":"insufficient","start":5183.451,"end":5184.029},{"text":"to","start":5184.029,"end":5184.11},{"text":"curtail","start":5184.11,"end":5184.431},{"text":"the","start":5184.495,"end":5184.575},{"text":"growth","start":5184.575,"end":5184.816},{"text":"of","start":5184.816,"end":5184.912},{"text":"space","start":5184.912,"end":5185.169},{"text":"debris.","start":5185.169,"end":5185.474}]},{"text":"In addition to the technological challenges, the regulatory practices for space debris remediation should be developed considering the utilization of these technologies for active assets as well, such as servicing or on-orbit refueling missions.","start":5186.582,"end":5201.499,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5186.582,"end":5186.679},{"text":"addition","start":5186.679,"end":5187.128},{"text":"to","start":5187.417,"end":5187.497},{"text":"the","start":5187.497,"end":5187.626},{"text":"technological","start":5187.626,"end":5188.204},{"text":"challenges,","start":5188.204,"end":5188.654},{"text":"the","start":5189.472,"end":5189.665},{"text":"regulatory","start":5189.81,"end":5190.291},{"text":"practices","start":5190.291,"end":5190.741},{"text":"for","start":5190.934,"end":5191.11},{"text":"space","start":5191.11,"end":5191.399},{"text":"debris","start":5191.415,"end":5191.736},{"text":"remediation","start":5191.736,"end":5192.427},{"text":"should","start":5192.603,"end":5192.796},{"text":"be","start":5192.86,"end":5192.941},{"text":"developed","start":5192.941,"end":5193.31},{"text":"considering","start":5193.342,"end":5193.792},{"text":"the","start":5193.808,"end":5193.904},{"text":"utilization","start":5193.904,"end":5194.546},{"text":"of","start":5194.546,"end":5194.643},{"text":"these","start":5194.691,"end":5194.835},{"text":"technologies","start":5194.867,"end":5195.478},{"text":"for","start":5195.911,"end":5196.2},{"text":"active","start":5196.297,"end":5196.682},{"text":"assets","start":5196.858,"end":5197.228},{"text":"as","start":5197.42,"end":5197.485},{"text":"well,","start":5197.581,"end":5197.854},{"text":"such","start":5198.657,"end":5198.898},{"text":"as","start":5198.946,"end":5198.978},{"text":"servicing","start":5198.978,"end":5199.492},{"text":"or","start":5199.749,"end":5199.861},{"text":"on-orbit","start":5200.15,"end":5200.792},{"text":"refueling","start":5200.792,"end":5201.13},{"text":"missions.","start":5201.13,"end":5201.499}]},{"text":"Chair, voluntary compliance with debris mitigation guideline is essential, yet But the scale of the current debris problems calls for collective coordinated action.","start":5202.318,"end":5211.883,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":5202.318,"end":5202.575},{"text":"voluntary","start":5203.538,"end":5203.988},{"text":"compliance","start":5204.004,"end":5204.582},{"text":"with","start":5204.582,"end":5204.742},{"text":"debris","start":5204.742,"end":5204.983},{"text":"mitigation","start":5205.047,"end":5205.449},{"text":"guideline","start":5205.465,"end":5205.818},{"text":"is","start":5206.027,"end":5206.075},{"text":"essential,","start":5206.268,"end":5206.878},{"text":"yet","start":5207.295,"end":5209.206},{"text":"But","start":5207.36,"end":5207.472},{"text":"the","start":5207.472,"end":5207.504},{"text":"scale","start":5207.504,"end":5207.745},{"text":"of","start":5207.793,"end":5207.921},{"text":"the","start":5207.953,"end":5208.113},{"text":"current","start":5208.113,"end":5208.354},{"text":"debris","start":5208.354,"end":5208.739},{"text":"problems","start":5208.739,"end":5209.124},{"text":"calls","start":5209.236,"end":5209.445},{"text":"for","start":5209.638,"end":5209.814},{"text":"collective","start":5210.343,"end":5210.712},{"text":"coordinated","start":5211.001,"end":5211.563},{"text":"action.","start":5211.563,"end":5211.883}]},{"text":"India values the pivotal work of the UN Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, particularly the Working Group of Long-Term Sustainability.","start":5212.766,"end":5220.306,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"India","start":5212.766,"end":5213.006},{"text":"values","start":5213.006,"end":5213.375},{"text":"the","start":5213.391,"end":5213.504},{"text":"pivotal","start":5213.552,"end":5213.969},{"text":"work","start":5213.969,"end":5214.29},{"text":"of","start":5214.755,"end":5214.835},{"text":"the","start":5214.835,"end":5214.915},{"text":"UN","start":5214.915,"end":5215.14},{"text":"Committee","start":5215.477,"end":5215.798},{"text":"on","start":5215.878,"end":5215.942},{"text":"Peaceful","start":5216.054,"end":5216.439},{"text":"Uses","start":5216.439,"end":5216.712},{"text":"of","start":5216.712,"end":5216.824},{"text":"Outer","start":5216.921,"end":5217.097},{"text":"Space,","start":5217.097,"end":5217.418},{"text":"particularly","start":5217.803,"end":5218.348},{"text":"the","start":5218.541,"end":5218.621},{"text":"Working","start":5218.621,"end":5218.878},{"text":"Group","start":5218.878,"end":5219.119},{"text":"of","start":5219.167,"end":5219.215},{"text":"Long-Term","start":5219.327,"end":5219.664},{"text":"Sustainability.","start":5219.664,"end":5220.306}]},{"text":"We stand ready to deepen cooperation with all stakeholders— government agencies, academia, the private sector, and the emerging space nations— to forge binding norms, share best practices, and jointly develop remediation capabilities.","start":5221.733,"end":5234.714,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5221.733,"end":5221.83},{"text":"stand","start":5221.83,"end":5222.199},{"text":"ready","start":5222.391,"end":5222.6},{"text":"to","start":5222.632,"end":5222.728},{"text":"deepen","start":5222.728,"end":5223.001},{"text":"cooperation","start":5223.273,"end":5223.675},{"text":"with","start":5223.675,"end":5223.835},{"text":"all","start":5223.835,"end":5223.931},{"text":"stakeholders—","start":5223.931,"end":5224.605},{"text":"government","start":5224.878,"end":5225.279},{"text":"agencies,","start":5225.279,"end":5225.728},{"text":"academia,","start":5225.985,"end":5226.546},{"text":"the","start":5226.562,"end":5226.707},{"text":"private","start":5226.707,"end":5226.963},{"text":"sector,","start":5226.963,"end":5227.348},{"text":"and","start":5227.685,"end":5227.749},{"text":"the","start":5227.749,"end":5227.846},{"text":"emerging","start":5227.846,"end":5228.15},{"text":"space","start":5228.231,"end":5228.6},{"text":"nations—","start":5229.193,"end":5229.578},{"text":"to","start":5229.835,"end":5229.899},{"text":"forge","start":5229.931,"end":5230.236},{"text":"binding","start":5230.252,"end":5230.541},{"text":"norms,","start":5230.573,"end":5230.861},{"text":"share","start":5231.279,"end":5231.455},{"text":"best","start":5231.455,"end":5231.696},{"text":"practices,","start":5231.696,"end":5232.145},{"text":"and","start":5232.658,"end":5232.722},{"text":"jointly","start":5232.738,"end":5233.139},{"text":"develop","start":5233.139,"end":5233.476},{"text":"remediation","start":5233.476,"end":5233.974},{"text":"capabilities.","start":5234.133,"end":5234.714}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5234.86,"end":5237.62,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5234.86,"end":5235.086},{"text":"you,","start":5235.086,"end":5235.118},{"text":"Chair.","start":5235.183,"end":5237.62}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IND","affiliation_full":"India","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":37,"start":5238.799,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=5239","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank India for their statement, and now I give the floor to Malaysia.","start":5238.799,"end":5242.819,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5238.799,"end":5238.896},{"text":"thank","start":5238.896,"end":5239.299},{"text":"India","start":5239.299,"end":5239.622},{"text":"for","start":5239.622,"end":5239.784},{"text":"their","start":5239.784,"end":5239.945},{"text":"statement,","start":5239.945,"end":5240.559},{"text":"and","start":5241.382,"end":5241.463},{"text":"now","start":5241.479,"end":5241.56},{"text":"I","start":5241.656,"end":5241.673},{"text":"give","start":5241.802,"end":5241.963},{"text":"the","start":5241.963,"end":5242.108},{"text":"floor","start":5242.108,"end":5242.367},{"text":"to","start":5242.367,"end":5242.464},{"text":"Malaysia.","start":5242.464,"end":5242.819}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":38,"start":5245.426,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=5246","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":5245.426,"end":5246.496,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5245.426,"end":5245.685},{"text":"you,","start":5245.734,"end":5245.896},{"text":"Mr.","start":5245.993,"end":5246.253},{"text":"Chair.","start":5246.318,"end":5246.496}]},{"text":"Malaysia welcomes this exchange of views.","start":5247.274,"end":5250.256,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":5247.274,"end":5247.793},{"text":"welcomes","start":5248.182,"end":5248.716},{"text":"this","start":5249.073,"end":5249.316},{"text":"exchange","start":5249.397,"end":5249.738},{"text":"of","start":5249.802,"end":5249.883},{"text":"views.","start":5249.883,"end":5250.256}]},{"text":"The rapid growth in satellite deployments and increasing orbital congestion underscore that space debris is no longer just as an orbital sustainability issue, it is a matter of terrestrial safety and national preparedness.","start":5251.164,"end":5268.511,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5251.164,"end":5251.261},{"text":"rapid","start":5251.261,"end":5251.601},{"text":"growth","start":5251.731,"end":5252.039},{"text":"in","start":5252.298,"end":5252.396},{"text":"satellite","start":5252.412,"end":5252.85},{"text":"deployments","start":5252.85,"end":5253.626},{"text":"and","start":5254.079,"end":5254.338},{"text":"increasing","start":5254.338,"end":5254.871},{"text":"orbital","start":5255.13,"end":5255.599},{"text":"congestion","start":5255.615,"end":5256.165},{"text":"underscore","start":5256.683,"end":5257.265},{"text":"that","start":5257.314,"end":5257.54},{"text":"space","start":5257.88,"end":5258.219},{"text":"debris","start":5258.3,"end":5258.721},{"text":"is","start":5259.254,"end":5259.319},{"text":"no","start":5259.448,"end":5259.74},{"text":"longer","start":5259.756,"end":5260.031},{"text":"just","start":5260.112,"end":5260.322},{"text":"as","start":5260.31,"end":5260.39},{"text":"an","start":5261.064,"end":5261.192},{"text":"orbital","start":5261.305,"end":5261.658},{"text":"sustainability","start":5261.706,"end":5262.428},{"text":"issue,","start":5262.573,"end":5262.797},{"text":"it","start":5263.616,"end":5263.664},{"text":"is","start":5263.776,"end":5263.921},{"text":"a","start":5263.953,"end":5263.969},{"text":"matter","start":5264.033,"end":5264.563},{"text":"of","start":5265.141,"end":5265.205},{"text":"terrestrial","start":5265.397,"end":5265.959},{"text":"safety","start":5265.959,"end":5266.408},{"text":"and","start":5267.067,"end":5267.307},{"text":"national","start":5267.307,"end":5267.805},{"text":"preparedness.","start":5267.805,"end":5268.511}]},{"text":"While foundational principles of responsibility and liability are established under the Outer Space Treaty and Liability Convention, states should therefore strengthen their national space debris mitigation and remediation measures.","start":5269.635,"end":5288.021,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":5269.635,"end":5269.891},{"text":"foundational","start":5269.891,"end":5270.742},{"text":"principles","start":5270.758,"end":5271.304},{"text":"of","start":5271.561,"end":5271.705},{"text":"responsibility","start":5271.737,"end":5272.636},{"text":"and","start":5273.326,"end":5273.47},{"text":"liability","start":5273.503,"end":5274.064},{"text":"are","start":5274.289,"end":5274.466},{"text":"established","start":5274.546,"end":5275.236},{"text":"under","start":5275.268,"end":5275.509},{"text":"the","start":5275.509,"end":5275.653},{"text":"Outer","start":5275.75,"end":5275.974},{"text":"Space","start":5275.974,"end":5276.392},{"text":"Treaty","start":5276.392,"end":5276.761},{"text":"and","start":5277.499,"end":5277.676},{"text":"Liability","start":5277.676,"end":5278.157},{"text":"Convention,","start":5278.237,"end":5278.928},{"text":"states","start":5279.505,"end":5280.051},{"text":"should","start":5280.083,"end":5280.372},{"text":"therefore","start":5280.484,"end":5280.902},{"text":"strengthen","start":5281.287,"end":5281.961},{"text":"their","start":5282.555,"end":5282.747},{"text":"national","start":5282.812,"end":5283.293},{"text":"space","start":5283.293,"end":5283.598},{"text":"debris","start":5283.694,"end":5283.999},{"text":"mitigation","start":5284.096,"end":5284.786},{"text":"and","start":5285.283,"end":5285.396},{"text":"remediation","start":5285.46,"end":5285.989},{"text":"measures.","start":5286.73,"end":5288.021}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, Malaysia has gained practical experience in handling incidents and accidents involving suspected space objects discovered within our territory.","start":5288.457,"end":5303.041,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":5288.457,"end":5288.764},{"text":"Chair,","start":5288.845,"end":5289.119},{"text":"Malaysia","start":5290.314,"end":5290.75},{"text":"has","start":5290.863,"end":5291.009},{"text":"gained","start":5291.203,"end":5291.606},{"text":"practical","start":5291.929,"end":5292.559},{"text":"experience","start":5292.559,"end":5293.673},{"text":"in","start":5293.77,"end":5293.835},{"text":"handling","start":5293.932,"end":5294.4},{"text":"incidents","start":5294.578,"end":5295.304},{"text":"and","start":5295.627,"end":5295.773},{"text":"accidents","start":5295.902,"end":5296.483},{"text":"involving","start":5297.016,"end":5297.549},{"text":"suspected","start":5298.066,"end":5298.842},{"text":"space","start":5298.874,"end":5299.213},{"text":"objects","start":5299.294,"end":5299.891},{"text":"discovered","start":5300.231,"end":5300.861},{"text":"within","start":5301.281,"end":5301.717},{"text":"our","start":5302.169,"end":5302.395},{"text":"territory.","start":5302.573,"end":5303.041}]},{"text":"This event reinforces the critical need for clear procedural and interagency coordination framework works.","start":5303.784,"end":5311.956,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5303.784,"end":5303.913},{"text":"event","start":5304.027,"end":5304.754},{"text":"reinforces","start":5304.754,"end":5305.465},{"text":"the","start":5305.902,"end":5306.064},{"text":"critical","start":5306.064,"end":5306.516},{"text":"need","start":5306.549,"end":5306.839},{"text":"for","start":5307.26,"end":5307.454},{"text":"clear","start":5307.502,"end":5307.793},{"text":"procedural","start":5308.004,"end":5308.602},{"text":"and","start":5309.2,"end":5309.459},{"text":"interagency","start":5309.459,"end":5310.315},{"text":"coordination","start":5310.493,"end":5311.124},{"text":"framework","start":5311.463,"end":5313.597},{"text":"works.","start":5311.7,"end":5311.956}]},{"text":"In response, Malaysia established the work process for the investigation of the discovery of suspected space object, a comprehensive guideline to coordinate national responses safely.","start":5312.998,"end":5326.769,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5312.998,"end":5313.158},{"text":"response,","start":5313.158,"end":5313.703},{"text":"Malaysia","start":5313.768,"end":5314.585},{"text":"established","start":5314.601,"end":5315.258},{"text":"the","start":5315.258,"end":5315.387},{"text":"work","start":5315.419,"end":5315.643},{"text":"process","start":5315.659,"end":5316.252},{"text":"for","start":5316.685,"end":5316.862},{"text":"the","start":5316.862,"end":5317.022},{"text":"investigation","start":5317.022,"end":5317.872},{"text":"of","start":5318.449,"end":5318.513},{"text":"the","start":5318.561,"end":5318.689},{"text":"discovery","start":5318.689,"end":5319.395},{"text":"of","start":5319.827,"end":5319.956},{"text":"suspected","start":5320.052,"end":5320.853},{"text":"space","start":5320.853,"end":5321.254},{"text":"object,","start":5321.254,"end":5321.671},{"text":"a","start":5322.136,"end":5322.232},{"text":"comprehensive","start":5322.232,"end":5323.002},{"text":"guideline","start":5323.034,"end":5323.611},{"text":"to","start":5324.22,"end":5324.364},{"text":"coordinate","start":5324.46,"end":5325.118},{"text":"national","start":5325.118,"end":5325.534},{"text":"responses","start":5325.534,"end":5326.208},{"text":"safely.","start":5326.32,"end":5326.769}]},{"text":"Furthermore, Malaysia have established the guideline on non-catastrophic space accident investigation involving fallen space objects.","start":5327.667,"end":5338.329,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":5327.667,"end":5328.26},{"text":"Malaysia","start":5328.949,"end":5329.446},{"text":"have","start":5329.51,"end":5329.815},{"text":"established","start":5329.847,"end":5330.44},{"text":"the","start":5330.809,"end":5331.049},{"text":"guideline","start":5331.049,"end":5331.658},{"text":"on","start":5331.915,"end":5331.979},{"text":"non-catastrophic","start":5332.155,"end":5333.39},{"text":"space","start":5333.39,"end":5333.855},{"text":"accident","start":5333.935,"end":5334.416},{"text":"investigation","start":5334.416,"end":5335.185},{"text":"involving","start":5335.923,"end":5336.548},{"text":"fallen","start":5336.997,"end":5337.43},{"text":"space","start":5337.462,"end":5337.863},{"text":"objects.","start":5337.944,"end":5338.329}]},{"text":"This guideline strengthens our national preparedness by clarifying investigation procedures, institutional responsibilities, interagency coordination, and safety protocols.","start":5339.228,"end":5353.567,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5339.228,"end":5339.533},{"text":"guideline","start":5339.549,"end":5340.079},{"text":"strengthens","start":5340.288,"end":5341.043},{"text":"our","start":5341.155,"end":5341.332},{"text":"national","start":5341.332,"end":5341.926},{"text":"preparedness","start":5342.022,"end":5342.793},{"text":"by","start":5343.467,"end":5343.596},{"text":"clarifying","start":5343.724,"end":5344.414},{"text":"investigation","start":5344.607,"end":5345.474},{"text":"procedures,","start":5345.474,"end":5346.02},{"text":"institutional","start":5346.759,"end":5347.802},{"text":"responsibilities,","start":5347.802,"end":5348.75},{"text":"interagency","start":5349.488,"end":5350.355},{"text":"coordination,","start":5350.387,"end":5351.158},{"text":"and","start":5351.977,"end":5352.202},{"text":"safety","start":5352.33,"end":5352.844},{"text":"protocols.","start":5352.876,"end":5353.567}]},{"text":"These mechanisms ensure that Malaysia is equipped to manage the terrestrial impact of space debris through a structured and technically sound approach.","start":5354.402,"end":5365.499,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":5354.402,"end":5354.61},{"text":"mechanisms","start":5354.642,"end":5355.413},{"text":"ensure","start":5356.072,"end":5356.505},{"text":"that","start":5356.553,"end":5356.81},{"text":"Malaysia","start":5356.81,"end":5357.308},{"text":"is","start":5357.372,"end":5357.468},{"text":"equipped","start":5357.629,"end":5358.063},{"text":"to","start":5358.592,"end":5358.705},{"text":"manage","start":5358.737,"end":5359.106},{"text":"the","start":5359.138,"end":5359.524},{"text":"terrestrial","start":5359.524,"end":5360.07},{"text":"impact","start":5360.102,"end":5360.503},{"text":"of","start":5360.567,"end":5360.648},{"text":"space","start":5360.648,"end":5361.049},{"text":"debris","start":5361.065,"end":5361.45},{"text":"through","start":5361.45,"end":5362.205},{"text":"a","start":5362.285,"end":5362.35},{"text":"structured","start":5362.35,"end":5362.944},{"text":"and","start":5363.378,"end":5363.506},{"text":"technically","start":5363.635,"end":5364.133},{"text":"sound","start":5364.583,"end":5365.017},{"text":"approach.","start":5365.017,"end":5365.499}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, Malaysia believes that effective legal mechanism must encompass 2 pillars.","start":5366.125,"end":5373.163,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":5366.125,"end":5366.382},{"text":"Chair,","start":5366.447,"end":5366.784},{"text":"Malaysia","start":5367.797,"end":5368.214},{"text":"believes","start":5368.214,"end":5368.584},{"text":"that","start":5368.616,"end":5368.986},{"text":"effective","start":5369.355,"end":5369.869},{"text":"legal","start":5370.062,"end":5370.448},{"text":"mechanism","start":5370.448,"end":5371.075},{"text":"must","start":5371.508,"end":5371.814},{"text":"encompass","start":5371.83,"end":5372.569},{"text":"2","start":5372.714,"end":5372.874},{"text":"pillars.","start":5372.874,"end":5373.163}]},{"text":"First, preventive mitigation requirement embedded with national authorization frameworks, and second, remedial preparedness for re-entry incidents and accidents.","start":5373.983,"end":5387.32,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":5373.983,"end":5374.449},{"text":"preventive","start":5374.883,"end":5375.622},{"text":"mitigation","start":5375.67,"end":5376.329},{"text":"requirement","start":5376.329,"end":5377.02},{"text":"embedded","start":5377.534,"end":5378.145},{"text":"with","start":5378.402,"end":5378.547},{"text":"national","start":5378.643,"end":5379.141},{"text":"authorization","start":5379.205,"end":5379.832},{"text":"frameworks,","start":5379.928,"end":5380.443},{"text":"and","start":5381.294,"end":5381.391},{"text":"second,","start":5381.391,"end":5382.001},{"text":"remedial","start":5382.821,"end":5383.431},{"text":"preparedness","start":5383.56,"end":5384.299},{"text":"for","start":5384.444,"end":5384.701},{"text":"re-entry","start":5384.765,"end":5385.295},{"text":"incidents","start":5385.472,"end":5385.938},{"text":"and","start":5386.597,"end":5386.742},{"text":"accidents.","start":5386.774,"end":5387.32}]},{"text":"In this regard, Malaysia expresses its readiness to share its national experience and practical insight in handling fallen space objects to support other member states in strengthening their own response framework.","start":5387.995,"end":5402.601,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5387.995,"end":5388.107},{"text":"this","start":5388.14,"end":5388.381},{"text":"regard,","start":5388.381,"end":5388.557},{"text":"Malaysia","start":5389.168,"end":5389.65},{"text":"expresses","start":5389.666,"end":5390.357},{"text":"its","start":5391.096,"end":5391.241},{"text":"readiness","start":5391.273,"end":5391.835},{"text":"to","start":5391.835,"end":5391.996},{"text":"share","start":5391.996,"end":5392.253},{"text":"its","start":5392.623,"end":5392.816},{"text":"national","start":5392.816,"end":5393.249},{"text":"experience","start":5393.282,"end":5394.085},{"text":"and","start":5394.326,"end":5394.39},{"text":"practical","start":5394.551,"end":5395.113},{"text":"insight","start":5395.113,"end":5395.579},{"text":"in","start":5395.933,"end":5396.061},{"text":"handling","start":5396.158,"end":5396.544},{"text":"fallen","start":5396.64,"end":5397.01},{"text":"space","start":5397.058,"end":5397.363},{"text":"objects","start":5397.443,"end":5397.861},{"text":"to","start":5398.166,"end":5398.263},{"text":"support","start":5398.263,"end":5398.632},{"text":"other","start":5398.825,"end":5398.986},{"text":"member","start":5398.986,"end":5399.227},{"text":"states","start":5399.227,"end":5399.645},{"text":"in","start":5400.175,"end":5400.255},{"text":"strengthening","start":5400.255,"end":5400.962},{"text":"their","start":5401.075,"end":5401.412},{"text":"own","start":5401.477,"end":5401.605},{"text":"response","start":5401.637,"end":5402.119},{"text":"framework.","start":5402.119,"end":5402.601}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, in conclusion, Malaysia advocates for expanded capacity building under UN-COPOS and/or UN-USA to ensure all member states can effectively mitigate debris-related risks.","start":5403.244,"end":5417.96,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":5403.244,"end":5403.469},{"text":"Chair,","start":5403.55,"end":5403.678},{"text":"in","start":5404.064,"end":5404.112},{"text":"conclusion,","start":5404.208,"end":5404.899},{"text":"Malaysia","start":5405.413,"end":5405.719},{"text":"advocates","start":5405.751,"end":5406.329},{"text":"for","start":5406.603,"end":5406.811},{"text":"expanded","start":5406.94,"end":5407.567},{"text":"capacity","start":5407.567,"end":5407.984},{"text":"building","start":5407.984,"end":5408.434},{"text":"under","start":5408.949,"end":5409.19},{"text":"UN-COPOS","start":5409.27,"end":5410.041},{"text":"and/or","start":5410.941,"end":5411.536},{"text":"UN-USA","start":5411.584,"end":5412.323},{"text":"to","start":5412.644,"end":5412.773},{"text":"ensure","start":5412.95,"end":5413.4},{"text":"all","start":5413.834,"end":5413.93},{"text":"member","start":5413.93,"end":5414.171},{"text":"states","start":5414.187,"end":5416.196},{"text":"can","start":5414.572,"end":5414.749},{"text":"effectively","start":5414.894,"end":5415.664},{"text":"mitigate","start":5415.696,"end":5416.258},{"text":"debris-related","start":5416.66,"end":5417.671},{"text":"risks.","start":5417.687,"end":5417.96}]},{"text":"Strengthening both orbital mitigation and terrestrial response framework is essential to ensuring legal clarity and the long-term sustainability of the space and Earth environment.","start":5418.506,"end":5430.774,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Strengthening","start":5418.506,"end":5419.197},{"text":"both","start":5419.373,"end":5419.566},{"text":"orbital","start":5419.791,"end":5420.208},{"text":"mitigation","start":5420.208,"end":5420.883},{"text":"and","start":5421.38,"end":5421.525},{"text":"terrestrial","start":5421.557,"end":5422.039},{"text":"response","start":5422.039,"end":5422.488},{"text":"framework","start":5422.52,"end":5423.099},{"text":"is","start":5423.388,"end":5423.452},{"text":"essential","start":5423.628,"end":5424.158},{"text":"to","start":5424.752,"end":5424.913},{"text":"ensuring","start":5424.993,"end":5425.459},{"text":"legal","start":5425.635,"end":5426.053},{"text":"clarity","start":5426.053,"end":5426.422},{"text":"and","start":5426.936,"end":5427},{"text":"the","start":5427.016,"end":5427.161},{"text":"long-term","start":5427.161,"end":5427.626},{"text":"sustainability","start":5427.675,"end":5428.429},{"text":"of","start":5428.943,"end":5429.104},{"text":"the","start":5429.104,"end":5429.2},{"text":"space","start":5429.2,"end":5429.73},{"text":"and","start":5429.81,"end":5429.955},{"text":"Earth","start":5430.051,"end":5430.163},{"text":"environment.","start":5430.228,"end":5430.774}]},{"text":"Malaysia remains committed to multilateral cooperation on this critical challenge.","start":5431.416,"end":5436.136,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":5431.416,"end":5431.753},{"text":"remains","start":5431.753,"end":5432.283},{"text":"committed","start":5432.46,"end":5432.925},{"text":"to","start":5433.182,"end":5433.23},{"text":"multilateral","start":5433.294,"end":5434.001},{"text":"cooperation","start":5434.001,"end":5434.611},{"text":"on","start":5434.948,"end":5435.013},{"text":"this","start":5435.125,"end":5435.366},{"text":"critical","start":5435.366,"end":5435.767},{"text":"challenge.","start":5435.767,"end":5436.136}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr.","start":5436.249,"end":5437.951,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5436.249,"end":5436.49},{"text":"you,","start":5436.49,"end":5436.57},{"text":"Mr.","start":5436.586,"end":5437.951}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair.","start":5438.16,"end":5438.979,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":5438.16,"end":5438.979}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"MYS","affiliation_full":"Malaysia","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":39,"start":5439.203,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=5440","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Malaysia for this statement.","start":5439.203,"end":5441.628,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5439.203,"end":5439.3},{"text":"thank","start":5439.3,"end":5439.91},{"text":"Malaysia","start":5440.183,"end":5440.664},{"text":"for","start":5440.664,"end":5440.905},{"text":"this","start":5440.905,"end":5441.002},{"text":"statement.","start":5441.002,"end":5441.628}]},{"text":"And now I give the floor to Chile.","start":5442.816,"end":5444.245,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5442.816,"end":5442.912},{"text":"now","start":5442.912,"end":5442.992},{"text":"I","start":5443.073,"end":5443.217},{"text":"give","start":5443.217,"end":5443.394},{"text":"the","start":5443.394,"end":5443.474},{"text":"floor","start":5443.474,"end":5443.715},{"text":"to","start":5443.715,"end":5443.94},{"text":"Chile.","start":5443.94,"end":5444.245}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":40,"start":5445.626,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=5446","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5445.626,"end":5447.087,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5445.626,"end":5445.882},{"text":"you,","start":5445.882,"end":5446.091},{"text":"Chair.","start":5446.749,"end":5447.087}]},{"text":"Chile supports the principles of technical equity and space justice in debris management, avoiding the saturation of the orbital environment and promoting effective strategies to mitigate and eliminate it.","start":5448.275,"end":5463.8,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chile","start":5448.275,"end":5448.58},{"text":"supports","start":5448.708,"end":5449.415},{"text":"the","start":5449.415,"end":5449.559},{"text":"principles","start":5449.559,"end":5450.185},{"text":"of","start":5450.779,"end":5450.908},{"text":"technical","start":5451.004,"end":5451.759},{"text":"equity","start":5451.807,"end":5452.273},{"text":"and","start":5452.369,"end":5452.465},{"text":"space","start":5452.465,"end":5452.899},{"text":"justice","start":5452.931,"end":5453.38},{"text":"in","start":5454.055,"end":5454.199},{"text":"debris","start":5454.376,"end":5454.697},{"text":"management,","start":5454.697,"end":5455.355},{"text":"avoiding","start":5455.676,"end":5456.078},{"text":"the","start":5456.078,"end":5456.11},{"text":"saturation","start":5456.158,"end":5456.929},{"text":"of","start":5457.025,"end":5457.073},{"text":"the","start":5457.121,"end":5457.25},{"text":"orbital","start":5457.282,"end":5457.635},{"text":"environment","start":5457.667,"end":5458.245},{"text":"and","start":5458.309,"end":5458.47},{"text":"promoting","start":5458.47,"end":5459.096},{"text":"effective","start":5459.835,"end":5460.349},{"text":"strategies","start":5460.349,"end":5461.103},{"text":"to","start":5461.601,"end":5461.794},{"text":"mitigate","start":5462.083,"end":5462.644},{"text":"and","start":5462.725,"end":5462.966},{"text":"eliminate","start":5462.966,"end":5463.608},{"text":"it.","start":5463.608,"end":5463.8}]},{"text":"In terms of active remediation, There are emerging technological capacities, but there are relevant legal vacuums, including ownership of the retrieved objects, the treatment of protected technology, and the allocation of responsibilities.","start":5464.427,"end":5481.629,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5464.427,"end":5464.475},{"text":"terms","start":5464.587,"end":5464.876},{"text":"of","start":5464.908,"end":5465.053},{"text":"active","start":5465.053,"end":5465.358},{"text":"remediation,","start":5465.39,"end":5465.807},{"text":"There","start":5466.418,"end":5466.546},{"text":"are","start":5466.659,"end":5466.771},{"text":"emerging","start":5466.819,"end":5467.285},{"text":"technological","start":5467.478,"end":5468.442},{"text":"capacities,","start":5468.442,"end":5469.132},{"text":"but","start":5469.245,"end":5469.357},{"text":"there","start":5469.47,"end":5469.727},{"text":"are","start":5469.727,"end":5469.952},{"text":"relevant","start":5469.952,"end":5470.546},{"text":"legal","start":5470.947,"end":5471.445},{"text":"vacuums,","start":5471.494,"end":5472.024},{"text":"including","start":5472.2,"end":5472.827},{"text":"ownership","start":5473.244,"end":5473.807},{"text":"of","start":5473.887,"end":5474.112},{"text":"the","start":5474.208,"end":5474.417},{"text":"retrieved","start":5474.851,"end":5475.397},{"text":"objects,","start":5475.493,"end":5475.991},{"text":"the","start":5476.296,"end":5476.457},{"text":"treatment","start":5476.457,"end":5476.875},{"text":"of","start":5476.955,"end":5477.019},{"text":"protected","start":5477.035,"end":5477.678},{"text":"technology,","start":5477.678,"end":5478.449},{"text":"and","start":5478.947,"end":5479.107},{"text":"the","start":5479.107,"end":5479.204},{"text":"allocation","start":5479.268,"end":5479.878},{"text":"of","start":5480.312,"end":5480.569},{"text":"responsibilities.","start":5480.569,"end":5481.629}]},{"text":"These require greater legal clarity.","start":5481.693,"end":5483.669,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":5481.693,"end":5481.886},{"text":"require","start":5481.934,"end":5482.416},{"text":"greater","start":5482.416,"end":5482.754},{"text":"legal","start":5482.802,"end":5483.107},{"text":"clarity.","start":5483.139,"end":5483.669}]},{"text":"Chile supports initiatives that strengthen transparency, such as the development of full catalogs of space debris.","start":5484.167,"end":5491.395,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Chile","start":5484.167,"end":5484.472},{"text":"supports","start":5484.52,"end":5485.131},{"text":"initiatives","start":5485.131,"end":5485.773},{"text":"that","start":5485.773,"end":5485.934},{"text":"strengthen","start":5485.934,"end":5486.496},{"text":"transparency,","start":5486.496,"end":5487.315},{"text":"such","start":5487.781,"end":5488.086},{"text":"as","start":5488.263,"end":5488.327},{"text":"the","start":5488.424,"end":5488.584},{"text":"development","start":5488.6,"end":5489.243},{"text":"of","start":5489.628,"end":5489.709},{"text":"full","start":5489.901,"end":5490.207},{"text":"catalogs","start":5490.207,"end":5490.817},{"text":"of","start":5490.833,"end":5490.897},{"text":"space","start":5490.929,"end":5491.074},{"text":"debris.","start":5491.122,"end":5491.395}]},{"text":"Objects and mechanisms for information exchange.","start":5491.744,"end":5494.7,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Objects","start":5491.744,"end":5492.293},{"text":"and","start":5492.309,"end":5492.455},{"text":"mechanisms","start":5492.455,"end":5493.085},{"text":"for","start":5493.182,"end":5493.505},{"text":"information","start":5493.585,"end":5494.119},{"text":"exchange.","start":5494.151,"end":5494.7}]},{"text":"Chair, making progress in this field requires not just technological solutions but also legal clarity.","start":5495.524,"end":5501.966,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":5495.524,"end":5495.863},{"text":"making","start":5496.251,"end":5496.558},{"text":"progress","start":5496.574,"end":5496.945},{"text":"in","start":5497.236,"end":5497.284},{"text":"this","start":5497.317,"end":5497.446},{"text":"field","start":5497.559,"end":5497.85},{"text":"requires","start":5498.27,"end":5498.577},{"text":"not","start":5498.674,"end":5498.803},{"text":"just","start":5498.851,"end":5499.077},{"text":"technological","start":5499.077,"end":5499.82},{"text":"solutions","start":5499.82,"end":5500.434},{"text":"but","start":5500.466,"end":5500.644},{"text":"also","start":5500.709,"end":5501.016},{"text":"legal","start":5501.112,"end":5501.483},{"text":"clarity.","start":5501.499,"end":5501.966}]},{"text":"We urge the subcommittee to continue with this work in order to strengthen security and sustainability of the space environment.","start":5502.4,"end":5510.515,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5502.4,"end":5502.481},{"text":"urge","start":5502.626,"end":5502.69},{"text":"the","start":5502.803,"end":5502.883},{"text":"subcommittee","start":5502.883,"end":5503.721},{"text":"to","start":5504.01,"end":5504.22},{"text":"continue","start":5504.252,"end":5504.783},{"text":"with","start":5504.815,"end":5505.041},{"text":"this","start":5505.041,"end":5505.298},{"text":"work","start":5505.298,"end":5505.685},{"text":"in","start":5505.685,"end":5505.814},{"text":"order","start":5505.862,"end":5506.103},{"text":"to","start":5506.103,"end":5506.345},{"text":"strengthen","start":5506.345,"end":5506.957},{"text":"security","start":5507.456,"end":5508.1},{"text":"and","start":5508.1,"end":5508.197},{"text":"sustainability","start":5508.197,"end":5509.066},{"text":"of","start":5509.066,"end":5509.146},{"text":"the","start":5509.146,"end":5509.243},{"text":"space","start":5509.243,"end":5509.629},{"text":"environment.","start":5509.629,"end":5510.515}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":5510.58,"end":5510.774,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5510.58,"end":5510.677},{"text":"you.","start":5510.677,"end":5510.774}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"CHL","affiliation_full":"Chile","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":41,"start":5511.162,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=5512","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Chile, and now I give the floor to Pakistan.","start":5511.162,"end":5514.869,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5511.162,"end":5511.195},{"text":"thank","start":5511.259,"end":5511.567},{"text":"Chile,","start":5511.583,"end":5511.955},{"text":"and","start":5512.878,"end":5512.943},{"text":"now","start":5513.023,"end":5513.121},{"text":"I","start":5513.59,"end":5513.638},{"text":"give","start":5513.687,"end":5513.897},{"text":"the","start":5513.914,"end":5513.962},{"text":"floor","start":5514.011,"end":5514.254},{"text":"to","start":5514.254,"end":5514.383},{"text":"Pakistan.","start":5514.415,"end":5514.869}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":42,"start":5516.54,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=5517","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Respected Chair, the growing volume of space debris and escalating risk of collision, particularly in low Earth orbit, remains a matter of profound concern for Pakistan.","start":5516.54,"end":5527.476,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Respected","start":5516.54,"end":5516.815},{"text":"Chair,","start":5516.815,"end":5517.009},{"text":"the","start":5517.852,"end":5517.933},{"text":"growing","start":5517.949,"end":5518.322},{"text":"volume","start":5518.435,"end":5518.808},{"text":"of","start":5518.84,"end":5518.97},{"text":"space","start":5518.986,"end":5519.294},{"text":"debris","start":5519.407,"end":5519.844},{"text":"and","start":5520.588,"end":5520.652},{"text":"escalating","start":5520.989,"end":5521.455},{"text":"risk","start":5521.487,"end":5521.744},{"text":"of","start":5521.744,"end":5521.856},{"text":"collision,","start":5521.888,"end":5522.338},{"text":"particularly","start":5522.45,"end":5522.98},{"text":"in","start":5523.077,"end":5523.189},{"text":"low","start":5523.719,"end":5523.815},{"text":"Earth","start":5523.96,"end":5524.281},{"text":"orbit,","start":5524.281,"end":5524.634},{"text":"remains","start":5525.003,"end":5525.389},{"text":"a","start":5525.389,"end":5525.565},{"text":"matter","start":5525.565,"end":5525.822},{"text":"of","start":5525.822,"end":5525.87},{"text":"profound","start":5525.903,"end":5526.384},{"text":"concern","start":5526.384,"end":5526.866},{"text":"for","start":5526.866,"end":5527.01},{"text":"Pakistan.","start":5527.01,"end":5527.476}]},{"text":"These challenges pose a direct threat to the long-term sustainability of outer space activity.","start":5528.134,"end":5533.224,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":5528.134,"end":5528.359},{"text":"challenges","start":5528.456,"end":5528.841},{"text":"pose","start":5529.419,"end":5529.644},{"text":"a","start":5529.756,"end":5529.836},{"text":"direct","start":5529.836,"end":5530.142},{"text":"threat","start":5530.142,"end":5530.463},{"text":"to","start":5530.463,"end":5530.559},{"text":"the","start":5530.559,"end":5530.639},{"text":"long-term","start":5530.639,"end":5531.041},{"text":"sustainability","start":5531.041,"end":5531.811},{"text":"of","start":5531.844,"end":5531.972},{"text":"outer","start":5532.149,"end":5532.325},{"text":"space","start":5532.341,"end":5532.598},{"text":"activity.","start":5532.743,"end":5533.224}]},{"text":"They underscore an urgent need for strengthened international cooperation and universal commitment to responsible operational practices.","start":5533.915,"end":5539.92,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":5533.915,"end":5533.995},{"text":"underscore","start":5533.995,"end":5534.589},{"text":"an","start":5534.637,"end":5534.734},{"text":"urgent","start":5534.798,"end":5535.119},{"text":"need","start":5535.119,"end":5535.296},{"text":"for","start":5535.296,"end":5535.456},{"text":"strengthened","start":5535.456,"end":5536.034},{"text":"international","start":5536.082,"end":5536.5},{"text":"cooperation","start":5536.5,"end":5537.126},{"text":"and","start":5537.126,"end":5537.222},{"text":"universal","start":5537.287,"end":5537.929},{"text":"commitment","start":5537.929,"end":5538.346},{"text":"to","start":5538.427,"end":5538.523},{"text":"responsible","start":5538.523,"end":5539.085},{"text":"operational","start":5539.085,"end":5539.535},{"text":"practices.","start":5539.535,"end":5539.92}]},{"text":"Sure, Pakistan remains deeply committed to the safety and security of the space environment and has implemented a comprehensive set of technical and regulatory measures focused on debris management and tracking, including establishing network of ground-based optical telescopes and observatories in Suan Miani and the Usai regions of Pakistan dedicated to asteroid detection, all-sky surveys, deep sky imaging, and tracking of space debris smaller than 10 centimeters.","start":5540.337,"end":5568.231,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"Sure,","start":5540.337,"end":5540.675},{"text":"Pakistan","start":5541.221,"end":5541.638},{"text":"remains","start":5541.638,"end":5541.975},{"text":"deeply","start":5542.12,"end":5542.377},{"text":"committed","start":5542.425,"end":5542.762},{"text":"to","start":5542.762,"end":5542.858},{"text":"the","start":5542.858,"end":5542.939},{"text":"safety","start":5542.939,"end":5543.34},{"text":"and","start":5543.34,"end":5543.42},{"text":"security","start":5543.42,"end":5543.966},{"text":"of","start":5543.966,"end":5544.095},{"text":"the","start":5544.127,"end":5544.207},{"text":"space","start":5544.207,"end":5544.528},{"text":"environment","start":5544.528,"end":5545.058},{"text":"and","start":5545.315,"end":5545.46},{"text":"has","start":5545.46,"end":5545.62},{"text":"implemented","start":5545.668,"end":5546.261},{"text":"a","start":5546.374,"end":5546.39},{"text":"comprehensive","start":5546.454,"end":5547.159},{"text":"set","start":5547.897,"end":5548.154},{"text":"of","start":5548.154,"end":5548.266},{"text":"technical","start":5548.298,"end":5548.715},{"text":"and","start":5548.715,"end":5548.795},{"text":"regulatory","start":5548.795,"end":5549.324},{"text":"measures","start":5549.324,"end":5549.709},{"text":"focused","start":5549.821,"end":5550.27},{"text":"on","start":5550.447,"end":5550.495},{"text":"debris","start":5550.543,"end":5550.928},{"text":"management","start":5550.928,"end":5551.473},{"text":"and","start":5551.65,"end":5551.81},{"text":"tracking,","start":5551.81,"end":5552.131},{"text":"including","start":5552.323,"end":5552.756},{"text":"establishing","start":5552.804,"end":5553.398},{"text":"network","start":5553.51,"end":5553.911},{"text":"of","start":5553.911,"end":5554.039},{"text":"ground-based","start":5554.071,"end":5554.777},{"text":"optical","start":5554.793,"end":5555.194},{"text":"telescopes","start":5555.194,"end":5555.851},{"text":"and","start":5556.38,"end":5556.557},{"text":"observatories","start":5556.557,"end":5557.246},{"text":"in","start":5557.423,"end":5557.487},{"text":"Suan","start":5557.695,"end":5557.968},{"text":"Miani","start":5558.064,"end":5558.401},{"text":"and","start":5558.401,"end":5558.481},{"text":"the","start":5558.481,"end":5558.561},{"text":"Usai","start":5558.561,"end":5558.882},{"text":"regions","start":5558.882,"end":5559.331},{"text":"of","start":5559.363,"end":5559.443},{"text":"Pakistan","start":5559.443,"end":5560.004},{"text":"dedicated","start":5560.004,"end":5560.566},{"text":"to","start":5560.566,"end":5560.694},{"text":"asteroid","start":5560.726,"end":5561.127},{"text":"detection,","start":5561.127,"end":5561.576},{"text":"all-sky","start":5562.474,"end":5562.923},{"text":"surveys,","start":5562.971,"end":5563.42},{"text":"deep","start":5563.613,"end":5563.917},{"text":"sky","start":5563.917,"end":5564.126},{"text":"imaging,","start":5564.27,"end":5564.703},{"text":"and","start":5564.88,"end":5565.184},{"text":"tracking","start":5565.457,"end":5565.746},{"text":"of","start":5565.794,"end":5565.858},{"text":"space","start":5565.858,"end":5566.178},{"text":"debris","start":5566.178,"end":5566.595},{"text":"smaller","start":5566.595,"end":5567.205},{"text":"than","start":5567.221,"end":5567.429},{"text":"10","start":5567.461,"end":5567.574},{"text":"centimeters.","start":5567.638,"end":5568.231}]},{"text":"Pakistan consistently incorporates international practices, specifically the UNOSA Space Debris Mitigation and LTS guidelines, throughout the entire life cycle of its satellite missions, from initial design and launch to active operations and end-of-life disposal.","start":5569.306,"end":5586.563,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Pakistan","start":5569.306,"end":5569.899},{"text":"consistently","start":5569.931,"end":5570.556},{"text":"incorporates","start":5570.733,"end":5571.454},{"text":"international","start":5571.454,"end":5572.401},{"text":"practices,","start":5572.433,"end":5572.963},{"text":"specifically","start":5573.493,"end":5574.167},{"text":"the","start":5574.264,"end":5574.44},{"text":"UNOSA","start":5574.44,"end":5574.858},{"text":"Space","start":5574.858,"end":5575.243},{"text":"Debris","start":5575.243,"end":5575.757},{"text":"Mitigation","start":5576.126,"end":5576.817},{"text":"and","start":5577.234,"end":5577.427},{"text":"LTS","start":5577.555,"end":5577.973},{"text":"guidelines,","start":5577.973,"end":5578.422},{"text":"throughout","start":5578.519,"end":5578.856},{"text":"the","start":5578.856,"end":5579},{"text":"entire","start":5579.017,"end":5579.418},{"text":"life","start":5579.418,"end":5579.643},{"text":"cycle","start":5579.643,"end":5580.044},{"text":"of","start":5580.124,"end":5580.237},{"text":"its","start":5580.237,"end":5580.365},{"text":"satellite","start":5580.365,"end":5580.847},{"text":"missions,","start":5580.847,"end":5581.152},{"text":"from","start":5581.184,"end":5581.489},{"text":"initial","start":5581.505,"end":5581.891},{"text":"design","start":5581.891,"end":5582.196},{"text":"and","start":5582.934,"end":5583.336},{"text":"launch","start":5583.416,"end":5583.753},{"text":"to","start":5583.753,"end":5583.882},{"text":"active","start":5583.914,"end":5584.171},{"text":"operations","start":5584.219,"end":5584.765},{"text":"and","start":5585.022,"end":5585.166},{"text":"end-of-life","start":5585.263,"end":5585.937},{"text":"disposal.","start":5586.081,"end":5586.563}]},{"text":"Pakistan regularly exchanges information for the United Nations Register of its objects launched into outer space and is in the process of registering its its most recently launched satellites, including remote sensing PRSC-S1, hyperspectral HS-1, PRSC-E02, deployed during 2025 and '26.","start":5587.35,"end":5608.955,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Pakistan","start":5587.35,"end":5587.832},{"text":"regularly","start":5587.832,"end":5588.265},{"text":"exchanges","start":5588.394,"end":5588.859},{"text":"information","start":5588.956,"end":5589.534},{"text":"for","start":5589.534,"end":5589.871},{"text":"the","start":5590.096,"end":5590.24},{"text":"United","start":5590.24,"end":5590.561},{"text":"Nations","start":5590.561,"end":5591.059},{"text":"Register","start":5591.059,"end":5591.509},{"text":"of","start":5591.525,"end":5591.685},{"text":"its","start":5591.685,"end":5591.862},{"text":"objects","start":5591.862,"end":5592.215},{"text":"launched","start":5592.344,"end":5592.729},{"text":"into","start":5592.729,"end":5592.938},{"text":"outer","start":5593.789,"end":5594.013},{"text":"space","start":5594.013,"end":5594.463},{"text":"and","start":5594.656,"end":5594.864},{"text":"is","start":5595.298,"end":5595.362},{"text":"in","start":5595.475,"end":5595.523},{"text":"the","start":5595.555,"end":5595.715},{"text":"process","start":5595.715,"end":5596.133},{"text":"of","start":5596.342,"end":5596.534},{"text":"registering","start":5596.695,"end":5597.289},{"text":"its","start":5597.337,"end":5597.45},{"text":"its","start":5597.466,"end":5597.642},{"text":"most","start":5597.642,"end":5597.962},{"text":"recently","start":5597.962,"end":5598.411},{"text":"launched","start":5598.587,"end":5598.844},{"text":"satellites,","start":5598.844,"end":5599.356},{"text":"including","start":5599.501,"end":5599.933},{"text":"remote","start":5600.43,"end":5600.75},{"text":"sensing","start":5600.75,"end":5601.135},{"text":"PRSC-S1,","start":5601.327,"end":5602.577},{"text":"hyperspectral","start":5603.234,"end":5604.292},{"text":"HS-1,","start":5604.292,"end":5604.821},{"text":"PRSC-E02,","start":5605.093,"end":5606.231},{"text":"deployed","start":5606.84,"end":5607.224},{"text":"during","start":5607.256,"end":5607.464},{"text":"2025","start":5607.497,"end":5608.378},{"text":"and","start":5608.378,"end":5608.458},{"text":"'26.","start":5608.458,"end":5608.955}]},{"text":"In 2024, Pakistan established the Space Activities Regulatory Board.","start":5609.5,"end":5615.252,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5609.5,"end":5609.564},{"text":"2024,","start":5609.564,"end":5610.621},{"text":"Pakistan","start":5611.102,"end":5611.679},{"text":"established","start":5611.727,"end":5612.704},{"text":"the","start":5612.704,"end":5612.8},{"text":"Space","start":5613.121,"end":5613.682},{"text":"Activities","start":5613.746,"end":5614.275},{"text":"Regulatory","start":5614.387,"end":5614.916},{"text":"Board.","start":5614.948,"end":5615.252}]},{"text":"This body serves as the national authority to regulate and monitor national space activities, including the registration of space objects.","start":5615.508,"end":5622.559,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5615.508,"end":5615.669},{"text":"body","start":5615.669,"end":5615.909},{"text":"serves","start":5615.909,"end":5616.198},{"text":"as","start":5616.454,"end":5616.598},{"text":"the","start":5616.63,"end":5616.726},{"text":"national","start":5616.726,"end":5617.111},{"text":"authority","start":5617.111,"end":5617.56},{"text":"to","start":5617.592,"end":5617.672},{"text":"regulate","start":5617.672,"end":5618.217},{"text":"and","start":5618.217,"end":5618.313},{"text":"monitor","start":5618.313,"end":5618.633},{"text":"national","start":5618.649,"end":5619.13},{"text":"space","start":5619.13,"end":5619.402},{"text":"activities,","start":5619.579,"end":5620.123},{"text":"including","start":5620.492,"end":5620.925},{"text":"the","start":5620.957,"end":5621.101},{"text":"registration","start":5621.101,"end":5621.598},{"text":"of","start":5621.598,"end":5621.694},{"text":"space","start":5621.694,"end":5622.014},{"text":"objects.","start":5622.078,"end":5622.559}]},{"text":"Under National Space policy of Pakistan, the country emphasizes on the safety, security, and sustainability of outer space and provides a clear pathway to support the global efforts in debris management.","start":5623.44,"end":5633.329,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Under","start":5623.44,"end":5623.617},{"text":"National","start":5623.617,"end":5623.905},{"text":"Space","start":5623.921,"end":5624.45},{"text":"policy","start":5624.21,"end":5624.499},{"text":"of","start":5624.499,"end":5624.563},{"text":"Pakistan,","start":5624.563,"end":5625.333},{"text":"the","start":5625.622,"end":5625.751},{"text":"country","start":5625.751,"end":5626.072},{"text":"emphasizes","start":5626.088,"end":5626.65},{"text":"on","start":5626.65,"end":5626.746},{"text":"the","start":5626.746,"end":5626.827},{"text":"safety,","start":5626.827,"end":5627.212},{"text":"security,","start":5627.228,"end":5627.742},{"text":"and","start":5627.774,"end":5627.854},{"text":"sustainability","start":5627.854,"end":5628.545},{"text":"of","start":5628.577,"end":5628.721},{"text":"outer","start":5628.721,"end":5628.898},{"text":"space","start":5628.898,"end":5629.203},{"text":"and","start":5629.203,"end":5629.283},{"text":"provides","start":5629.299,"end":5629.636},{"text":"a","start":5629.636,"end":5629.765},{"text":"clear","start":5629.765,"end":5629.958},{"text":"pathway","start":5630.022,"end":5630.487},{"text":"to","start":5630.487,"end":5630.536},{"text":"support","start":5630.568,"end":5631.114},{"text":"the","start":5631.306,"end":5631.387},{"text":"global","start":5631.387,"end":5631.772},{"text":"efforts","start":5631.772,"end":5632.254},{"text":"in","start":5632.334,"end":5632.398},{"text":"debris","start":5632.43,"end":5632.671},{"text":"management.","start":5632.816,"end":5633.329}]},{"text":"At the regional level, Pakistan participates in Asia-Pacific Ground-Based Optical Space Object Observation System project led by EBSCO for space debris monitoring in low Earth and geostationary orbits.","start":5633.779,"end":5646.56,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":5633.779,"end":5633.939},{"text":"the","start":5633.939,"end":5633.972},{"text":"regional","start":5633.972,"end":5634.277},{"text":"level,","start":5634.277,"end":5634.646},{"text":"Pakistan","start":5635.561,"end":5636.043},{"text":"participates","start":5636.043,"end":5636.685},{"text":"in","start":5636.685,"end":5636.814},{"text":"Asia-Pacific","start":5636.91,"end":5637.632},{"text":"Ground-Based","start":5637.632,"end":5638.21},{"text":"Optical","start":5638.291,"end":5638.676},{"text":"Space","start":5638.692,"end":5639.174},{"text":"Object","start":5639.961,"end":5640.314},{"text":"Observation","start":5640.362,"end":5640.779},{"text":"System","start":5640.779,"end":5641.133},{"text":"project","start":5641.582,"end":5641.984},{"text":"led","start":5641.984,"end":5642.192},{"text":"by","start":5642.224,"end":5642.337},{"text":"EBSCO","start":5642.69,"end":5643.188},{"text":"for","start":5643.188,"end":5643.429},{"text":"space","start":5643.429,"end":5643.75},{"text":"debris","start":5643.75,"end":5644.135},{"text":"monitoring","start":5644.135,"end":5644.601},{"text":"in","start":5644.858,"end":5644.906},{"text":"low","start":5645.018,"end":5645.179},{"text":"Earth","start":5645.195,"end":5645.404},{"text":"and","start":5645.516,"end":5645.58},{"text":"geostationary","start":5645.596,"end":5646.206},{"text":"orbits.","start":5646.222,"end":5646.56}]},{"text":"Chair, in conclusion, Pakistan calls for enhanced Global space situational awareness capabilities, promotion of orbital data exchanges, registration of space objects, and continued multilateral discussions on space debris tracking, management, and removal.","start":5647.523,"end":5663.481,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":5647.523,"end":5647.748},{"text":"in","start":5647.764,"end":5647.812},{"text":"conclusion,","start":5647.844,"end":5648.342},{"text":"Pakistan","start":5648.727,"end":5649.161},{"text":"calls","start":5649.273,"end":5649.482},{"text":"for","start":5649.53,"end":5649.707},{"text":"enhanced","start":5649.755,"end":5651.858},{"text":"Global","start":5651.245,"end":5651.664},{"text":"space","start":5652.05,"end":5652.404},{"text":"situational","start":5652.452,"end":5652.886},{"text":"awareness","start":5652.919,"end":5653.24},{"text":"capabilities,","start":5653.24,"end":5653.948},{"text":"promotion","start":5654.302,"end":5654.785},{"text":"of","start":5655.654,"end":5656.249},{"text":"orbital","start":5656.297,"end":5656.635},{"text":"data","start":5656.635,"end":5656.86},{"text":"exchanges,","start":5656.86,"end":5657.407},{"text":"registration","start":5657.504,"end":5658.003},{"text":"of","start":5658.003,"end":5658.099},{"text":"space","start":5658.099,"end":5658.582},{"text":"objects,","start":5658.63,"end":5658.952},{"text":"and","start":5658.968,"end":5659.032},{"text":"continued","start":5659.129,"end":5659.66},{"text":"multilateral","start":5659.79,"end":5660.308},{"text":"discussions","start":5660.324,"end":5660.842},{"text":"on","start":5660.972,"end":5661.02},{"text":"space","start":5661.053,"end":5661.473},{"text":"debris","start":5661.473,"end":5661.797},{"text":"tracking,","start":5661.797,"end":5662.17},{"text":"management,","start":5662.364,"end":5662.866},{"text":"and","start":5663.011,"end":5663.125},{"text":"removal.","start":5663.157,"end":5663.481}]},{"text":"I thank you, Chair.","start":5663.562,"end":5664.063,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5663.562,"end":5663.643},{"text":"thank","start":5663.643,"end":5663.756},{"text":"you,","start":5663.756,"end":5663.869},{"text":"Chair.","start":5663.885,"end":5664.063}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"PAK","affiliation_full":"Pakistan","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":43,"start":5666.626,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=5667","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Pakistan for their statement, and now I give the floor to Mexico.","start":5666.626,"end":5671.395,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5666.626,"end":5666.723},{"text":"thank","start":5666.723,"end":5667.111},{"text":"Pakistan","start":5667.111,"end":5667.742},{"text":"for","start":5667.839,"end":5667.936},{"text":"their","start":5667.936,"end":5668.113},{"text":"statement,","start":5668.113,"end":5668.825},{"text":"and","start":5669.455,"end":5669.552},{"text":"now","start":5669.617,"end":5669.714},{"text":"I","start":5670.102,"end":5670.199},{"text":"give","start":5670.199,"end":5670.425},{"text":"the","start":5670.425,"end":5670.506},{"text":"floor","start":5670.506,"end":5670.764},{"text":"to","start":5670.764,"end":5670.861},{"text":"Mexico.","start":5670.861,"end":5671.395}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":44,"start":5675.444,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=5676","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5675.444,"end":5675.963,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5675.444,"end":5675.695},{"text":"you,","start":5675.695,"end":5675.795},{"text":"Chair.","start":5675.846,"end":5675.963}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, the challenges of reducing and eliminating space debris are becoming very important in our country.","start":5677.852,"end":5688.225,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":5677.852,"end":5678.434},{"text":"delegates,","start":5678.434,"end":5679.178},{"text":"the","start":5680.843,"end":5681.054},{"text":"challenges","start":5681.167,"end":5681.878},{"text":"of","start":5682.622,"end":5682.687},{"text":"reducing","start":5682.8,"end":5683.398},{"text":"and","start":5683.609,"end":5683.835},{"text":"eliminating","start":5683.835,"end":5684.466},{"text":"space","start":5684.563,"end":5684.854},{"text":"debris","start":5684.983,"end":5685.403},{"text":"are","start":5686.099,"end":5686.374},{"text":"becoming","start":5686.422,"end":5686.73},{"text":"very","start":5686.73,"end":5686.979},{"text":"important","start":5687.012,"end":5687.494},{"text":"in","start":5687.494,"end":5687.544},{"text":"our","start":5687.594,"end":5687.726},{"text":"country.","start":5687.76,"end":5688.225}]},{"text":"From the publication of the new telecommunications and broadcasting law in July 2025, we now have stricter rules for the use of orbital resources, including a mitigation plan for space debris.","start":5689.89,"end":5707.05,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"From","start":5689.89,"end":5690.002},{"text":"the","start":5690.002,"end":5690.148},{"text":"publication","start":5690.148,"end":5690.987},{"text":"of","start":5691.455,"end":5691.584},{"text":"the","start":5691.6,"end":5691.697},{"text":"new","start":5691.697,"end":5691.987},{"text":"telecommunications","start":5693.633,"end":5694.731},{"text":"and","start":5694.827,"end":5694.924},{"text":"broadcasting","start":5695.069,"end":5695.699},{"text":"law","start":5696.038,"end":5696.167},{"text":"in","start":5696.36,"end":5696.425},{"text":"July","start":5696.457,"end":5696.861},{"text":"2025,","start":5696.861,"end":5697.877},{"text":"we","start":5698.232,"end":5698.394},{"text":"now","start":5698.394,"end":5698.507},{"text":"have","start":5698.555,"end":5698.765},{"text":"stricter","start":5698.781,"end":5699.33},{"text":"rules","start":5699.431,"end":5699.753},{"text":"for","start":5700.209,"end":5700.311},{"text":"the","start":5700.311,"end":5700.463},{"text":"use","start":5700.463,"end":5700.751},{"text":"of","start":5700.785,"end":5700.853},{"text":"orbital","start":5701.039,"end":5701.682},{"text":"resources,","start":5702.057,"end":5702.683},{"text":"including","start":5703.197,"end":5703.887},{"text":"a","start":5704.465,"end":5704.594},{"text":"mitigation","start":5705.027,"end":5705.75},{"text":"plan","start":5705.75,"end":5705.975},{"text":"for","start":5706.023,"end":5706.183},{"text":"space","start":5706.183,"end":5706.52},{"text":"debris.","start":5706.633,"end":5707.05}]},{"text":"We're seeing this in more jurisdictions.","start":5708.479,"end":5710.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We're","start":5708.479,"end":5708.576},{"text":"seeing","start":5708.592,"end":5708.865},{"text":"this","start":5708.897,"end":5709.025},{"text":"in","start":5709.137,"end":5709.202},{"text":"more","start":5709.202,"end":5709.41},{"text":"jurisdictions.","start":5709.459,"end":5710.31}]},{"text":"A debris mitigation plan is now a requirement for authorizations or licenses for telecommunications.","start":5711.289,"end":5720.392,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":5711.289,"end":5711.417},{"text":"debris","start":5712.172,"end":5712.605},{"text":"mitigation","start":5712.734,"end":5713.36},{"text":"plan","start":5713.376,"end":5713.681},{"text":"is","start":5713.858,"end":5713.922},{"text":"now","start":5714.099,"end":5714.211},{"text":"a","start":5715.062,"end":5715.239},{"text":"requirement","start":5715.383,"end":5716.202},{"text":"for","start":5716.443,"end":5717.021},{"text":"authorizations","start":5717.31,"end":5718.257},{"text":"or","start":5718.434,"end":5718.514},{"text":"licenses","start":5718.514,"end":5719.14},{"text":"for","start":5719.172,"end":5719.333},{"text":"telecommunications.","start":5719.333,"end":5720.392}]},{"text":"It is a way to encourage the responsible use of the orbital spectrum as the operator then have to effectively manage the life cycle of their products to not saturate the orbit with debris.","start":5721.805,"end":5736.091,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5721.805,"end":5721.95},{"text":"is","start":5722.046,"end":5722.191},{"text":"a","start":5722.287,"end":5722.383},{"text":"way","start":5722.383,"end":5722.496},{"text":"to","start":5722.704,"end":5722.817},{"text":"encourage","start":5723.009,"end":5723.475},{"text":"the","start":5723.587,"end":5723.732},{"text":"responsible","start":5723.732,"end":5724.503},{"text":"use","start":5724.551,"end":5724.76},{"text":"of","start":5724.936,"end":5725},{"text":"the","start":5725.049,"end":5725.177},{"text":"orbital","start":5725.257,"end":5725.578},{"text":"spectrum","start":5725.578,"end":5726.172},{"text":"as","start":5726.702,"end":5726.766},{"text":"the","start":5726.863,"end":5727.12},{"text":"operator","start":5727.264,"end":5727.73},{"text":"then","start":5727.907,"end":5728.101},{"text":"have","start":5728.487,"end":5728.697},{"text":"to","start":5728.809,"end":5728.938},{"text":"effectively","start":5729.115,"end":5729.744},{"text":"manage","start":5729.76,"end":5730.13},{"text":"the","start":5730.646,"end":5730.807},{"text":"life","start":5730.807,"end":5731},{"text":"cycle","start":5731,"end":5731.596},{"text":"of","start":5731.773,"end":5731.918},{"text":"their","start":5731.951,"end":5732.192},{"text":"products","start":5732.192,"end":5732.643},{"text":"to","start":5732.756,"end":5732.917},{"text":"not","start":5732.917,"end":5733.094},{"text":"saturate","start":5733.175,"end":5733.964},{"text":"the","start":5734.673,"end":5734.866},{"text":"orbit","start":5735.076,"end":5735.495},{"text":"with","start":5735.495,"end":5735.704},{"text":"debris.","start":5735.801,"end":5736.091}]},{"text":"New provisions in Mexico's law will be increased in line with international guidelines that are relevant on this subject, for example, with the inter-institutional Committee and those adopted by COPUOS.","start":5737.97,"end":5759.084,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"New","start":5737.97,"end":5738.131},{"text":"provisions","start":5738.406,"end":5739.102},{"text":"in","start":5739.215,"end":5739.263},{"text":"Mexico's","start":5739.296,"end":5740.137},{"text":"law","start":5740.169,"end":5740.298},{"text":"will","start":5741.479,"end":5741.673},{"text":"be","start":5741.883,"end":5742.029},{"text":"increased","start":5742.126,"end":5742.692},{"text":"in","start":5742.757,"end":5742.983},{"text":"line","start":5743.096,"end":5743.306},{"text":"with","start":5743.339,"end":5743.565},{"text":"international","start":5743.646,"end":5744.519},{"text":"guidelines","start":5745.102,"end":5745.813},{"text":"that","start":5746.412,"end":5746.67},{"text":"are","start":5746.8,"end":5747.042},{"text":"relevant","start":5747.042,"end":5747.463},{"text":"on","start":5747.463,"end":5747.511},{"text":"this","start":5747.543,"end":5747.673},{"text":"subject,","start":5747.721,"end":5748.433},{"text":"for","start":5748.821,"end":5748.982},{"text":"example,","start":5748.982,"end":5749.791},{"text":"with","start":5750.114,"end":5750.292},{"text":"the","start":5750.292,"end":5750.356},{"text":"inter-institutional","start":5750.356,"end":5751.714},{"text":"Committee","start":5753.877,"end":5754.423},{"text":"and","start":5755.002,"end":5755.275},{"text":"those","start":5757.413,"end":5757.718},{"text":"adopted","start":5757.83,"end":5758.329},{"text":"by","start":5758.329,"end":5758.554},{"text":"COPUOS.","start":5758.554,"end":5759.084}]},{"text":"Mexico will continue to support good international practices in order to promote the establishment of a suitable regulatory framework to promote the responsible use of the radioelectric spectrum and orbit— orbital resources.","start":5760.177,"end":5778.012,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Mexico","start":5760.177,"end":5760.804},{"text":"will","start":5760.804,"end":5761.028},{"text":"continue","start":5761.028,"end":5761.687},{"text":"to","start":5761.687,"end":5761.848},{"text":"support","start":5761.848,"end":5762.491},{"text":"good","start":5762.894,"end":5763.184},{"text":"international","start":5763.281,"end":5763.943},{"text":"practices","start":5763.943,"end":5764.636},{"text":"in","start":5765.072,"end":5765.121},{"text":"order","start":5765.217,"end":5765.476},{"text":"to","start":5765.476,"end":5765.685},{"text":"promote","start":5765.701,"end":5766.105},{"text":"the","start":5766.105,"end":5766.202},{"text":"establishment","start":5766.202,"end":5767.154},{"text":"of","start":5767.509,"end":5767.654},{"text":"a","start":5767.654,"end":5767.67},{"text":"suitable","start":5767.67,"end":5768.267},{"text":"regulatory","start":5768.299,"end":5769.025},{"text":"framework","start":5769.025,"end":5769.574},{"text":"to","start":5769.977,"end":5770.123},{"text":"promote","start":5770.461,"end":5771.01},{"text":"the","start":5771.349,"end":5771.446},{"text":"responsible","start":5771.446,"end":5772.188},{"text":"use","start":5772.236,"end":5772.526},{"text":"of","start":5772.719,"end":5772.783},{"text":"the","start":5773.443,"end":5773.636},{"text":"radioelectric","start":5773.781,"end":5774.665},{"text":"spectrum","start":5774.665,"end":5775.277},{"text":"and","start":5775.454,"end":5775.679},{"text":"orbit—","start":5775.792,"end":5776.162},{"text":"orbital","start":5776.5,"end":5776.966},{"text":"resources.","start":5777.384,"end":5778.012}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"MEX","affiliation_full":"Mexico","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":45,"start":5778.269,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=5779","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mexico. And now I give the floor to China for a point of order.","start":5778.269,"end":5784.231,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5778.269,"end":5778.672},{"text":"you,","start":5778.672,"end":5778.832},{"text":"Mexico.","start":5778.849,"end":5779.299},{"text":"And","start":5780.161,"end":5780.291},{"text":"now","start":5780.324,"end":5780.405},{"text":"I","start":5781.037,"end":5781.134},{"text":"give","start":5781.134,"end":5781.361},{"text":"the","start":5781.54,"end":5781.685},{"text":"floor","start":5781.685,"end":5782.075},{"text":"to","start":5782.415,"end":5782.512},{"text":"China","start":5782.512,"end":5782.918},{"text":"for","start":5782.934,"end":5783.128},{"text":"a","start":5783.161,"end":5783.307},{"text":"point","start":5783.307,"end":5783.582},{"text":"of","start":5783.582,"end":5783.744},{"text":"order.","start":5783.874,"end":5784.231}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":46,"start":5788.38,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=5789","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr.","start":5788.38,"end":5788.509,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":5788.38,"end":5788.509}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, just now we have noticed that some country in their statement referred to the experiment on direct flight Thank you.","start":5788.558,"end":5805.45,"topics":[{"key":"destructive-asat-tests","label":"Destructive ASAT Tests","description":"Some delegations raised the intentional destruction of space objects, especially direct-ascent anti-satellite tests, as a serious source of debris and a threat to peaceful use of outer space. The debate also touched on whether this issue should be addressed under debris discussions, arms control forums, or both."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":5788.558,"end":5788.898},{"text":"just","start":5789.855,"end":5790.001},{"text":"now","start":5790.034,"end":5790.131},{"text":"we","start":5790.277,"end":5790.358},{"text":"have","start":5790.358,"end":5790.536},{"text":"noticed","start":5792.71,"end":5793.261},{"text":"that","start":5793.504,"end":5793.601},{"text":"some","start":5793.601,"end":5793.796},{"text":"country","start":5793.91,"end":5794.25},{"text":"in","start":5794.737,"end":5794.883},{"text":"their","start":5794.883,"end":5795.077},{"text":"statement","start":5795.142,"end":5795.84},{"text":"referred","start":5796.339,"end":5796.806},{"text":"to","start":5797.079,"end":5797.273},{"text":"the","start":5798.754,"end":5798.851},{"text":"experiment","start":5799.237,"end":5800.042},{"text":"on","start":5800.123,"end":5802.812},{"text":"direct","start":5804.47,"end":5804.889},{"text":"flight","start":5804.954,"end":5807.111},{"text":"Thank","start":5805.29,"end":5805.402},{"text":"you.","start":5805.402,"end":5805.45}]},{"text":"Vertical flight return of spacecraft, this in nature is an issue concerning space security or safety.","start":5806.351,"end":5819.157,"topics":[{"key":"destructive-asat-tests","label":"Destructive ASAT Tests","description":"Some delegations raised the intentional destruction of space objects, especially direct-ascent anti-satellite tests, as a serious source of debris and a threat to peaceful use of outer space. The debate also touched on whether this issue should be addressed under debris discussions, arms control forums, or both."}],"words":[{"text":"Vertical","start":5806.351,"end":5806.688},{"text":"flight","start":5806.688,"end":5807.187},{"text":"return","start":5807.412,"end":5808.184},{"text":"of","start":5809.004,"end":5809.036},{"text":"spacecraft,","start":5809.036,"end":5809.824},{"text":"this","start":5810.29,"end":5810.579},{"text":"in","start":5811.029,"end":5811.126},{"text":"nature","start":5811.287,"end":5811.817},{"text":"is","start":5811.914,"end":5811.978},{"text":"an","start":5812.139,"end":5812.798},{"text":"issue","start":5812.798,"end":5813.248},{"text":"concerning","start":5813.587,"end":5815.837},{"text":"space","start":5816.777,"end":5817.279},{"text":"security","start":5818.04,"end":5818.509},{"text":"or","start":5818.542,"end":5818.639},{"text":"safety.","start":5818.639,"end":5819.157}]},{"text":"We believe the proper solution is to carry out arms control discussions or negotiations to ban the deployment of weapons in outer space and forbid— and ban the use or threat of use of weapons against space objects.","start":5821.302,"end":5845.257,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5821.302,"end":5821.383},{"text":"believe","start":5821.399,"end":5821.833},{"text":"the","start":5823.616,"end":5823.873},{"text":"proper","start":5825.223,"end":5825.657},{"text":"solution","start":5825.657,"end":5826.091},{"text":"is","start":5826.204,"end":5826.252},{"text":"to","start":5826.509,"end":5826.75},{"text":"carry","start":5827.586,"end":5827.859},{"text":"out","start":5828.035,"end":5828.341},{"text":"arms","start":5828.598,"end":5828.743},{"text":"control","start":5828.775,"end":5829.225},{"text":"discussions","start":5829.819,"end":5830.398},{"text":"or","start":5830.488,"end":5830.558},{"text":"negotiations","start":5830.558,"end":5831.32},{"text":"to","start":5832.236,"end":5832.43},{"text":"ban","start":5832.721,"end":5833.433},{"text":"the","start":5833.466,"end":5833.708},{"text":"deployment","start":5833.773,"end":5834.582},{"text":"of","start":5834.582,"end":5834.647},{"text":"weapons","start":5834.744,"end":5835.051},{"text":"in","start":5835.326,"end":5835.375},{"text":"outer","start":5836.605,"end":5836.783},{"text":"space","start":5836.783,"end":5837.123},{"text":"and","start":5837.414,"end":5837.754},{"text":"forbid—","start":5838.158,"end":5838.53},{"text":"and","start":5839.194,"end":5839.534},{"text":"ban","start":5839.679,"end":5840.1},{"text":"the","start":5840.1,"end":5840.181},{"text":"use","start":5840.23,"end":5840.457},{"text":"or","start":5840.815,"end":5841.027},{"text":"threat","start":5842.198,"end":5842.41},{"text":"of","start":5842.54,"end":5842.686},{"text":"use","start":5842.686,"end":5843.109},{"text":"of","start":5843.207,"end":5843.321},{"text":"weapons","start":5843.337,"end":5843.695},{"text":"against","start":5843.695,"end":5844.118},{"text":"space","start":5844.118,"end":5844.948},{"text":"objects.","start":5844.997,"end":5845.257}]},{"text":"At the same time, relevant discussions are now being conducted in Geneva.","start":5847.979,"end":5852.885,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":5847.979,"end":5848.044},{"text":"the","start":5848.044,"end":5848.125},{"text":"same","start":5848.125,"end":5848.303},{"text":"time,","start":5848.351,"end":5848.691},{"text":"relevant","start":5848.918,"end":5849.436},{"text":"discussions","start":5849.436,"end":5850.035},{"text":"are","start":5850.554,"end":5850.634},{"text":"now","start":5850.634,"end":5850.715},{"text":"being","start":5851.039,"end":5851.25},{"text":"conducted","start":5851.347,"end":5852.011},{"text":"in","start":5852.092,"end":5852.205},{"text":"Geneva.","start":5852.399,"end":5852.885}]},{"text":"We think the discussions in Vienna should be focused on the peaceful use of outer space.","start":5854.55,"end":5860.761,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5854.55,"end":5854.598},{"text":"think","start":5854.663,"end":5854.97},{"text":"the","start":5855.939,"end":5856.181},{"text":"discussions","start":5856.181,"end":5856.65},{"text":"in","start":5856.747,"end":5856.828},{"text":"Vienna","start":5856.828,"end":5857.167},{"text":"should","start":5857.167,"end":5857.377},{"text":"be","start":5857.49,"end":5857.652},{"text":"focused","start":5857.652,"end":5858.314},{"text":"on","start":5858.443,"end":5860.528},{"text":"the","start":5859.203,"end":5859.348},{"text":"peaceful","start":5859.348,"end":5859.653},{"text":"use","start":5859.685,"end":5860.006},{"text":"of","start":5860.006,"end":5860.054},{"text":"outer","start":5860.231,"end":5860.44},{"text":"space.","start":5860.488,"end":5860.761}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"CHN","affiliation_full":"China","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":47,"start":5861.114,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=5862","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Shah. I thank China, and we have taken note of that comment.","start":5861.114,"end":5869.142,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5861.114,"end":5861.275},{"text":"you,","start":5861.275,"end":5861.307},{"text":"Mr.","start":5861.355,"end":5861.532},{"text":"Shah.","start":5861.596,"end":5863.571},{"text":"I","start":5864.968,"end":5865.016},{"text":"thank","start":5865.128,"end":5865.69},{"text":"China,","start":5865.69,"end":5866.027},{"text":"and","start":5866.332,"end":5866.557},{"text":"we","start":5867.135,"end":5867.232},{"text":"have","start":5867.232,"end":5867.44},{"text":"taken","start":5867.472,"end":5867.842},{"text":"note","start":5867.874,"end":5868.179},{"text":"of","start":5868.211,"end":5868.291},{"text":"that","start":5868.34,"end":5868.468},{"text":"comment.","start":5868.596,"end":5869.142}]},{"text":"I will now continue with the list of speakers.","start":5870.604,"end":5873.06,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5870.604,"end":5870.62},{"text":"will","start":5870.684,"end":5870.844},{"text":"now","start":5870.844,"end":5871.021},{"text":"continue","start":5871.487,"end":5871.952},{"text":"with","start":5871.952,"end":5872.049},{"text":"the","start":5872.049,"end":5872.193},{"text":"list","start":5872.193,"end":5872.514},{"text":"of","start":5872.514,"end":5872.578},{"text":"speakers.","start":5872.611,"end":5873.06}]},{"text":"We have concluded with member states, and now I will give the floor to observers.","start":5873.799,"end":5882.373,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5873.799,"end":5874.008},{"text":"have","start":5874.297,"end":5874.586},{"text":"concluded","start":5875.244,"end":5876.047},{"text":"with","start":5876.866,"end":5877.283},{"text":"member","start":5877.428,"end":5877.845},{"text":"states,","start":5877.845,"end":5878.471},{"text":"and","start":5878.552,"end":5878.712},{"text":"now","start":5878.712,"end":5878.792},{"text":"I","start":5879.499,"end":5879.627},{"text":"will","start":5879.659,"end":5879.772},{"text":"give","start":5879.852,"end":5880.125},{"text":"the","start":5880.543,"end":5880.623},{"text":"floor","start":5880.623,"end":5880.976},{"text":"to","start":5881.04,"end":5881.217},{"text":"observers.","start":5881.586,"end":5882.373}]},{"text":"And on my list I have the 3-country trusted broker.","start":5883.112,"end":5886.978,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5883.112,"end":5883.32},{"text":"on","start":5883.513,"end":5883.561},{"text":"my","start":5883.609,"end":5883.738},{"text":"list","start":5883.85,"end":5884.236},{"text":"I","start":5884.797,"end":5884.861},{"text":"have","start":5884.877,"end":5885.118},{"text":"the","start":5885.118,"end":5885.166},{"text":"3-country","start":5885.278,"end":5886.016},{"text":"trusted","start":5886.08,"end":5886.545},{"text":"broker.","start":5886.577,"end":5886.978}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":5888.325,"end":5890.522,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":5888.325,"end":5888.405},{"text":"have","start":5888.405,"end":5888.582},{"text":"the","start":5888.582,"end":5888.726},{"text":"floor.","start":5888.726,"end":5890.522}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":48,"start":5891.933,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=5892","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5891.933,"end":5892.511,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5891.933,"end":5892.062},{"text":"you,","start":5892.094,"end":5892.174},{"text":"Chair.","start":5892.19,"end":5892.511}]},{"text":"All efforts on space debris aim to maintain a stable, safe, secure, and sustainable space environment.","start":5893.457,"end":5900.85,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"All","start":5893.457,"end":5893.521},{"text":"efforts","start":5893.617,"end":5894.115},{"text":"on","start":5894.195,"end":5894.291},{"text":"space","start":5894.291,"end":5894.628},{"text":"debris","start":5894.756,"end":5895.093},{"text":"aim","start":5895.558,"end":5895.686},{"text":"to","start":5895.718,"end":5895.863},{"text":"maintain","start":5895.879,"end":5896.328},{"text":"a","start":5896.424,"end":5896.456},{"text":"stable,","start":5896.456,"end":5897.033},{"text":"safe,","start":5897.466,"end":5897.851},{"text":"secure,","start":5898.14,"end":5898.621},{"text":"and","start":5899.07,"end":5899.134},{"text":"sustainable","start":5899.166,"end":5899.904},{"text":"space","start":5899.904,"end":5900.305},{"text":"environment.","start":5900.369,"end":5900.85}]},{"text":"Properly implemented space debris mitigation measures can slow the growth of debris population, but mitigation alone cannot ensure long-term safety and stability.","start":5901.877,"end":5913.412,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Properly","start":5901.877,"end":5902.262},{"text":"implemented","start":5902.454,"end":5903.144},{"text":"space","start":5903.176,"end":5903.609},{"text":"debris","start":5903.641,"end":5903.994},{"text":"mitigation","start":5903.994,"end":5904.619},{"text":"measures","start":5904.619,"end":5904.988},{"text":"can","start":5905.485,"end":5905.661},{"text":"slow","start":5905.661,"end":5905.982},{"text":"the","start":5905.982,"end":5906.143},{"text":"growth","start":5906.143,"end":5906.511},{"text":"of","start":5906.848,"end":5906.993},{"text":"debris","start":5907.009,"end":5907.345},{"text":"population,","start":5907.41,"end":5908.035},{"text":"but","start":5908.853,"end":5908.965},{"text":"mitigation","start":5908.965,"end":5909.671},{"text":"alone","start":5909.671,"end":5909.96},{"text":"cannot","start":5910.152,"end":5910.73},{"text":"ensure","start":5910.73,"end":5911.148},{"text":"long-term","start":5911.34,"end":5911.694},{"text":"safety","start":5911.742,"end":5912.207},{"text":"and","start":5912.561,"end":5912.689},{"text":"stability.","start":5912.705,"end":5913.412}]},{"text":"A decade ago, the urgent need to start debris removal is widely recognized.","start":5914.712,"end":5920.123,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":5914.712,"end":5914.809},{"text":"decade","start":5914.809,"end":5915.098},{"text":"ago,","start":5915.194,"end":5915.531},{"text":"the","start":5915.997,"end":5916.173},{"text":"urgent","start":5916.173,"end":5916.495},{"text":"need","start":5916.495,"end":5916.816},{"text":"to","start":5916.896,"end":5916.992},{"text":"start","start":5917.04,"end":5917.474},{"text":"debris","start":5917.538,"end":5917.859},{"text":"removal","start":5917.924,"end":5918.534},{"text":"is","start":5918.807,"end":5918.871},{"text":"widely","start":5919.064,"end":5919.433},{"text":"recognized.","start":5919.529,"end":5920.123}]},{"text":"It was reflected in the subcommittee's discussion, including the 2017 proposal by Russia delegation to include the term removal alongside mitigation in the title of this agenda item.","start":5921.006,"end":5935.425,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5921.006,"end":5921.071},{"text":"was","start":5921.071,"end":5921.199},{"text":"reflected","start":5921.312,"end":5922.082},{"text":"in","start":5922.195,"end":5922.307},{"text":"the","start":5922.339,"end":5922.371},{"text":"subcommittee's","start":5922.371,"end":5923.463},{"text":"discussion,","start":5923.463,"end":5924.089},{"text":"including","start":5924.844,"end":5925.342},{"text":"the","start":5925.39,"end":5925.438},{"text":"2017","start":5925.486,"end":5926.337},{"text":"proposal","start":5926.369,"end":5926.98},{"text":"by","start":5927.333,"end":5927.493},{"text":"Russia","start":5927.558,"end":5927.766},{"text":"delegation","start":5927.814,"end":5928.473},{"text":"to","start":5929.243,"end":5929.388},{"text":"include","start":5929.42,"end":5929.95},{"text":"the","start":5929.982,"end":5930.062},{"text":"term","start":5930.143,"end":5930.56},{"text":"removal","start":5930.624,"end":5931.218},{"text":"alongside","start":5931.732,"end":5932.519},{"text":"mitigation","start":5932.631,"end":5933.242},{"text":"in","start":5933.675,"end":5933.723},{"text":"the","start":5933.755,"end":5933.836},{"text":"title","start":5933.9,"end":5934.382},{"text":"of","start":5934.462,"end":5934.574},{"text":"this","start":5934.639,"end":5934.879},{"text":"agenda","start":5934.944,"end":5935.345},{"text":"item.","start":5935.361,"end":5935.425}]},{"text":"Although that proposal didn't reach consensus, the latter compromise term remediation suggested by China delegation allowed this term to evolve to cover both mitigation and remediation.","start":5937.086,"end":5950.796,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Although","start":5937.086,"end":5937.345},{"text":"that","start":5937.345,"end":5937.458},{"text":"proposal","start":5937.652,"end":5938.105},{"text":"didn't","start":5938.154,"end":5938.494},{"text":"reach","start":5938.494,"end":5938.688},{"text":"consensus,","start":5938.785,"end":5939.561},{"text":"the","start":5940.16,"end":5940.322},{"text":"latter","start":5940.322,"end":5940.661},{"text":"compromise","start":5940.661,"end":5941.357},{"text":"term","start":5941.713,"end":5942.133},{"text":"remediation","start":5942.198,"end":5943.055},{"text":"suggested","start":5943.347,"end":5944.188},{"text":"by","start":5944.22,"end":5944.35},{"text":"China","start":5944.35,"end":5944.704},{"text":"delegation","start":5944.769,"end":5945.381},{"text":"allowed","start":5945.977,"end":5946.251},{"text":"this","start":5946.3,"end":5946.509},{"text":"term","start":5946.541,"end":5946.767},{"text":"to","start":5947.105,"end":5947.234},{"text":"evolve","start":5947.444,"end":5947.976},{"text":"to","start":5947.992,"end":5948.137},{"text":"cover","start":5948.153,"end":5948.572},{"text":"both","start":5948.572,"end":5948.781},{"text":"mitigation","start":5948.894,"end":5949.668},{"text":"and","start":5950.022,"end":5950.103},{"text":"remediation.","start":5950.103,"end":5950.796}]},{"text":"Despite continued technical progress in active debris removal, significant legal and policy challenges still hinder its implementation.","start":5952.466,"end":5961.325,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Despite","start":5952.466,"end":5953.03},{"text":"continued","start":5953.046,"end":5953.69},{"text":"technical","start":5953.69,"end":5954.302},{"text":"progress","start":5954.318,"end":5954.705},{"text":"in","start":5954.995,"end":5955.108},{"text":"active","start":5955.204,"end":5955.559},{"text":"debris","start":5955.623,"end":5956.026},{"text":"removal,","start":5956.026,"end":5956.59},{"text":"significant","start":5957.25,"end":5958.039},{"text":"legal","start":5958.039,"end":5958.506},{"text":"and","start":5958.522,"end":5958.587},{"text":"policy","start":5958.667,"end":5959.086},{"text":"challenges","start":5959.151,"end":5959.763},{"text":"still","start":5959.763,"end":5960.101},{"text":"hinder","start":5960.198,"end":5960.681},{"text":"its","start":5960.761,"end":5961.019},{"text":"implementation.","start":5961.019,"end":5961.325}]},{"text":"If a state mistakenly removes an active satellite, or moves a piece of debris into the path of an active satellite, or removes an inactive satellite without permission from the relevant state, it will likely incur international responsibility for resulting damage.","start":5963.108,"end":5983.013,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":5963.108,"end":5963.236},{"text":"a","start":5963.269,"end":5963.285},{"text":"state","start":5963.349,"end":5963.848},{"text":"mistakenly","start":5963.848,"end":5964.686},{"text":"removes","start":5965.024,"end":5965.411},{"text":"an","start":5965.604,"end":5965.701},{"text":"active","start":5965.91,"end":5966.184},{"text":"satellite,","start":5966.232,"end":5966.892},{"text":"or","start":5967.472,"end":5967.553},{"text":"moves","start":5967.617,"end":5967.907},{"text":"a","start":5968.004,"end":5968.02},{"text":"piece","start":5968.084,"end":5968.423},{"text":"of","start":5968.487,"end":5968.632},{"text":"debris","start":5968.664,"end":5969.002},{"text":"into","start":5969.469,"end":5969.743},{"text":"the","start":5969.792,"end":5969.872},{"text":"path","start":5969.872,"end":5970.243},{"text":"of","start":5970.5,"end":5970.661},{"text":"an","start":5970.661,"end":5970.806},{"text":"active","start":5970.983,"end":5971.273},{"text":"satellite,","start":5971.29,"end":5971.888},{"text":"or","start":5972.68,"end":5972.777},{"text":"removes","start":5972.777,"end":5973.23},{"text":"an","start":5973.327,"end":5973.392},{"text":"inactive","start":5973.57,"end":5974.119},{"text":"satellite","start":5974.135,"end":5974.895},{"text":"without","start":5974.944,"end":5975.203},{"text":"permission","start":5975.203,"end":5975.817},{"text":"from","start":5976.173,"end":5976.399},{"text":"the","start":5976.399,"end":5976.496},{"text":"relevant","start":5976.496,"end":5976.917},{"text":"state,","start":5976.917,"end":5977.305},{"text":"it","start":5978.34,"end":5978.372},{"text":"will","start":5978.372,"end":5978.518},{"text":"likely","start":5978.518,"end":5978.906},{"text":"incur","start":5978.906,"end":5979.341},{"text":"international","start":5979.486,"end":5980.355},{"text":"responsibility","start":5980.355,"end":5981.386},{"text":"for","start":5981.886,"end":5982.031},{"text":"resulting","start":5982.063,"end":5982.514},{"text":"damage.","start":5982.546,"end":5983.013}]},{"text":"Therefore, further clarification of the legal framework framework for ADR remain essential for that subcommittee.","start":5984.543,"end":5992.164,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":5984.543,"end":5984.914},{"text":"further","start":5985.526,"end":5985.848},{"text":"clarification","start":5985.929,"end":5986.831},{"text":"of","start":5986.976,"end":5987.137},{"text":"the","start":5987.137,"end":5987.234},{"text":"legal","start":5987.234,"end":5987.523},{"text":"framework","start":5987.523,"end":5989.714},{"text":"framework","start":5987.84,"end":5988.181},{"text":"for","start":5988.181,"end":5988.246},{"text":"ADR","start":5988.344,"end":5988.783},{"text":"remain","start":5989.254,"end":5989.547},{"text":"essential","start":5989.595,"end":5990.278},{"text":"for","start":5990.311,"end":5990.555},{"text":"that","start":5990.62,"end":5990.75},{"text":"subcommittee.","start":5990.799,"end":5992.164}]},{"text":"TCTB respectfully puts forward 3 questions for delegation's consideration.","start":5993.44,"end":5998.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"TCTB","start":5993.44,"end":5994.118},{"text":"respectfully","start":5994.118,"end":5995.055},{"text":"puts","start":5995.249,"end":5995.572},{"text":"forward","start":5995.572,"end":5995.798},{"text":"3","start":5995.895,"end":5996.137},{"text":"questions","start":5996.137,"end":5996.67},{"text":"for","start":5997.09,"end":5997.203},{"text":"delegation's","start":5997.252,"end":5997.995},{"text":"consideration.","start":5997.995,"end":5998.69}]},{"text":"First, which states may exercise authority to conduct ADR on a space object or debris where the object is unregistered or the state of registry cannot be identified?","start":6000.079,"end":6013.481,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":6000.079,"end":6000.515},{"text":"which","start":6000.903,"end":6001.113},{"text":"states","start":6001.161,"end":6001.678},{"text":"may","start":6001.694,"end":6001.84},{"text":"exercise","start":6001.84,"end":6002.403},{"text":"authority","start":6002.532,"end":6003.16},{"text":"to","start":6003.643,"end":6003.756},{"text":"conduct","start":6003.788,"end":6004.304},{"text":"ADR","start":6004.352,"end":6004.916},{"text":"on","start":6005.254,"end":6005.335},{"text":"a","start":6005.399,"end":6005.415},{"text":"space","start":6005.415,"end":6005.769},{"text":"object","start":6005.963,"end":6006.414},{"text":"or","start":6006.639,"end":6006.704},{"text":"debris","start":6006.768,"end":6007.106},{"text":"where","start":6007.75,"end":6007.992},{"text":"the","start":6007.992,"end":6008.137},{"text":"object","start":6008.218,"end":6008.669},{"text":"is","start":6008.958,"end":6009.007},{"text":"unregistered","start":6009.184,"end":6010.054},{"text":"or","start":6010.714,"end":6010.811},{"text":"the","start":6010.811,"end":6010.891},{"text":"state","start":6010.94,"end":6011.369},{"text":"of","start":6011.385,"end":6011.484},{"text":"registry","start":6011.534,"end":6012.095},{"text":"cannot","start":6012.458,"end":6012.92},{"text":"be","start":6012.953,"end":6013.118},{"text":"identified?","start":6013.118,"end":6013.481}]},{"text":"In such cases, how should priority be assessed among launching state, owner state, or user state?","start":6015.071,"end":6022.09,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6015.071,"end":6015.119},{"text":"such","start":6015.151,"end":6015.376},{"text":"cases,","start":6015.408,"end":6015.858},{"text":"how","start":6016.356,"end":6016.485},{"text":"should","start":6016.597,"end":6016.822},{"text":"priority","start":6016.854,"end":6017.545},{"text":"be","start":6017.818,"end":6017.962},{"text":"assessed","start":6017.978,"end":6018.541},{"text":"among","start":6018.605,"end":6018.83},{"text":"launching","start":6018.926,"end":6019.231},{"text":"state,","start":6019.263,"end":6019.745},{"text":"owner","start":6020.211,"end":6020.388},{"text":"state,","start":6020.388,"end":6020.87},{"text":"or","start":6021.255,"end":6021.351},{"text":"user","start":6021.351,"end":6021.608},{"text":"state?","start":6021.608,"end":6022.09}]},{"text":"Second, under what condition may a state legally remove a space object or debris that has been clearly abandoned by another state?","start":6023.359,"end":6032.466,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":6023.359,"end":6023.809},{"text":"under","start":6024.484,"end":6024.66},{"text":"what","start":6024.724,"end":6024.869},{"text":"condition","start":6024.869,"end":6025.479},{"text":"may","start":6025.785,"end":6025.929},{"text":"a","start":6026.009,"end":6026.026},{"text":"state","start":6026.026,"end":6026.556},{"text":"legally","start":6026.556,"end":6027.021},{"text":"remove","start":6027.118,"end":6027.584},{"text":"a","start":6027.632,"end":6027.648},{"text":"space","start":6027.696,"end":6028.098},{"text":"object","start":6028.178,"end":6028.595},{"text":"or","start":6028.644,"end":6028.74},{"text":"debris","start":6028.74,"end":6029.061},{"text":"that","start":6029.704,"end":6029.929},{"text":"has","start":6029.929,"end":6030.073},{"text":"been","start":6030.186,"end":6030.25},{"text":"clearly","start":6030.346,"end":6030.796},{"text":"abandoned","start":6030.908,"end":6031.438},{"text":"by","start":6031.471,"end":6031.679},{"text":"another","start":6031.695,"end":6032.049},{"text":"state?","start":6032.049,"end":6032.466}]},{"text":"Third, what legal grounds could justify removing a space object under another Under state jurisdiction, how might situation precluding wrongfulness under state responsibility law, such as consent or necessity, apply?","start":6033.896,"end":6050.261,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":6033.896,"end":6034.33},{"text":"what","start":6034.908,"end":6035.165},{"text":"legal","start":6035.165,"end":6035.454},{"text":"grounds","start":6035.55,"end":6035.856},{"text":"could","start":6035.952,"end":6036.113},{"text":"justify","start":6036.129,"end":6036.723},{"text":"removing","start":6037.076,"end":6037.59},{"text":"a","start":6037.59,"end":6037.606},{"text":"space","start":6037.654,"end":6038.056},{"text":"object","start":6038.136,"end":6038.618},{"text":"under","start":6038.939,"end":6039.245},{"text":"another","start":6039.261,"end":6039.502},{"text":"Under","start":6039.521,"end":6039.589},{"text":"state","start":6039.589,"end":6040.101},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":6040.101,"end":6040.885},{"text":"how","start":6042.13,"end":6042.178},{"text":"might","start":6042.178,"end":6042.42},{"text":"situation","start":6042.42,"end":6043.178},{"text":"precluding","start":6043.453,"end":6044.066},{"text":"wrongfulness","start":6044.098,"end":6044.63},{"text":"under","start":6044.969,"end":6045.227},{"text":"state","start":6045.227,"end":6045.695},{"text":"responsibility","start":6045.695,"end":6046.647},{"text":"law,","start":6046.744,"end":6046.938},{"text":"such","start":6047.325,"end":6047.647},{"text":"as","start":6047.712,"end":6047.777},{"text":"consent","start":6048.132,"end":6048.906},{"text":"or","start":6049.116,"end":6049.18},{"text":"necessity,","start":6049.18,"end":6049.874},{"text":"apply?","start":6049.971,"end":6050.261}]},{"text":"Could general principle of law, including Good Samaritan-type concept, be relevant?","start":6051.6,"end":6056.998,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"Could","start":6051.6,"end":6051.73},{"text":"general","start":6051.73,"end":6052.132},{"text":"principle","start":6052.148,"end":6052.648},{"text":"of","start":6052.648,"end":6052.809},{"text":"law,","start":6052.809,"end":6053.002},{"text":"including","start":6053.453,"end":6053.969},{"text":"Good","start":6054.162,"end":6054.356},{"text":"Samaritan-type","start":6054.356,"end":6055.628},{"text":"concept,","start":6055.628,"end":6056.192},{"text":"be","start":6056.337,"end":6056.434},{"text":"relevant?","start":6056.434,"end":6056.998}]},{"text":"TCTB believes that continued legal discussion on this issue will improve clarity and predictability.","start":6058.593,"end":6065.328,"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."}],"words":[{"text":"TCTB","start":6058.593,"end":6059.334},{"text":"believes","start":6059.334,"end":6059.785},{"text":"that","start":6059.882,"end":6060.22},{"text":"continued","start":6060.462,"end":6061.083},{"text":"legal","start":6061.115,"end":6061.409},{"text":"discussion","start":6061.426,"end":6062.062},{"text":"on","start":6062.258,"end":6062.356},{"text":"this","start":6062.356,"end":6062.47},{"text":"issue","start":6062.65,"end":6062.928},{"text":"will","start":6063.483,"end":6063.695},{"text":"improve","start":6063.728,"end":6064.103},{"text":"clarity","start":6064.218,"end":6064.43},{"text":"and","start":6064.446,"end":6064.495},{"text":"predictability.","start":6064.495,"end":6065.328}]},{"text":"For ADR activity, especially for future international cooperation.","start":6066.327,"end":6071.138,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":6066.327,"end":6066.424},{"text":"ADR","start":6066.505,"end":6066.829},{"text":"activity,","start":6066.991,"end":6067.607},{"text":"especially","start":6068.303,"end":6068.902},{"text":"for","start":6069.097,"end":6069.259},{"text":"future","start":6069.259,"end":6069.729},{"text":"international","start":6069.761,"end":6070.474},{"text":"cooperation.","start":6070.474,"end":6071.138}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":6071.835,"end":6072.402,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6071.835,"end":6072.013},{"text":"you,","start":6072.013,"end":6072.061},{"text":"Chair.","start":6072.094,"end":6072.402}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"TCTB","affiliation_full":"TCTB","group":null,"function":"Observer"}},{"statement_number":49,"start":6076.658,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=6077","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the speaker for their statement.","start":6076.658,"end":6081.384,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6076.658,"end":6076.835},{"text":"thank","start":6076.835,"end":6077.301},{"text":"the","start":6079.326,"end":6079.567},{"text":"speaker","start":6079.728,"end":6080.194},{"text":"for","start":6080.194,"end":6080.371},{"text":"their","start":6080.371,"end":6080.628},{"text":"statement.","start":6080.628,"end":6081.384}]},{"text":"That brings us to the end of the list of speakers, but one delegation has requested a right of reply.","start":6082.284,"end":6092.62,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":6082.284,"end":6082.412},{"text":"brings","start":6082.541,"end":6082.91},{"text":"us","start":6083.007,"end":6083.071},{"text":"to","start":6083.248,"end":6083.425},{"text":"the","start":6083.425,"end":6083.682},{"text":"end","start":6083.81,"end":6083.987},{"text":"of","start":6083.987,"end":6084.116},{"text":"the","start":6084.132,"end":6084.228},{"text":"list","start":6084.293,"end":6084.711},{"text":"of","start":6084.711,"end":6084.839},{"text":"speakers,","start":6084.92,"end":6085.404},{"text":"but","start":6086.163,"end":6086.502},{"text":"one","start":6086.971,"end":6087.148},{"text":"delegation","start":6087.213,"end":6087.988},{"text":"has","start":6088.489,"end":6088.796},{"text":"requested","start":6089.377,"end":6090.281},{"text":"a","start":6090.75,"end":6090.83},{"text":"right","start":6090.847,"end":6091.25},{"text":"of","start":6091.25,"end":6091.38},{"text":"reply.","start":6092.345,"end":6092.62}]},{"text":"So I will give the floor to Canada as a right of reply, reminding member states that a member state cannot have more than 2 right of replies on the same subject.","start":6093.169,"end":6112.889,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6093.169,"end":6093.444},{"text":"I","start":6094.123,"end":6094.236},{"text":"will","start":6094.284,"end":6094.397},{"text":"give","start":6094.526,"end":6094.817},{"text":"the","start":6095.641,"end":6095.755},{"text":"floor","start":6095.755,"end":6096.159},{"text":"to","start":6096.223,"end":6096.514},{"text":"Canada","start":6096.708,"end":6097.435},{"text":"as","start":6098.55,"end":6098.663},{"text":"a","start":6098.792,"end":6098.809},{"text":"right","start":6099.1,"end":6099.293},{"text":"of","start":6099.293,"end":6099.422},{"text":"reply,","start":6099.519,"end":6099.89},{"text":"reminding","start":6101.937,"end":6102.566},{"text":"member","start":6102.663,"end":6102.937},{"text":"states","start":6102.937,"end":6103.501},{"text":"that","start":6104.114,"end":6104.356},{"text":"a","start":6104.372,"end":6104.388},{"text":"member","start":6104.453,"end":6104.872},{"text":"state","start":6104.872,"end":6105.484},{"text":"cannot","start":6106.387,"end":6106.984},{"text":"have","start":6107.63,"end":6107.872},{"text":"more","start":6109.183,"end":6109.312},{"text":"than","start":6109.345,"end":6109.49},{"text":"2","start":6109.523,"end":6109.782},{"text":"right","start":6109.992,"end":6110.219},{"text":"of","start":6110.316,"end":6110.461},{"text":"replies","start":6110.494,"end":6111.028},{"text":"on","start":6111.61,"end":6111.756},{"text":"the","start":6111.788,"end":6111.885},{"text":"same","start":6111.885,"end":6112.16},{"text":"subject.","start":6112.258,"end":6112.889}]},{"text":"Having clarified that, I give the floor to Canada.","start":6113.73,"end":6116.449,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Having","start":6113.73,"end":6114.183},{"text":"clarified","start":6114.361,"end":6114.992},{"text":"that,","start":6115.008,"end":6115.251},{"text":"I","start":6115.332,"end":6115.348},{"text":"give","start":6115.429,"end":6115.656},{"text":"the","start":6115.656,"end":6115.737},{"text":"floor","start":6115.737,"end":6115.931},{"text":"to","start":6115.931,"end":6116.076},{"text":"Canada.","start":6116.076,"end":6116.449}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":50,"start":6118.952,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=6119","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chair, for granting the Canadian delegation the floor to reply to a comment that was made.","start":6118.952,"end":6124.989,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6118.952,"end":6119.129},{"text":"you","start":6119.129,"end":6119.209},{"text":"very","start":6119.209,"end":6119.386},{"text":"much,","start":6119.386,"end":6119.579},{"text":"Chair,","start":6119.755,"end":6119.964},{"text":"for","start":6120.092,"end":6120.285},{"text":"granting","start":6120.654,"end":6121.024},{"text":"the","start":6121.12,"end":6121.2},{"text":"Canadian","start":6121.2,"end":6121.457},{"text":"delegation","start":6121.457,"end":6121.874},{"text":"the","start":6121.874,"end":6122.003},{"text":"floor","start":6122.003,"end":6122.26},{"text":"to","start":6122.26,"end":6122.613},{"text":"reply","start":6123.368,"end":6123.817},{"text":"to","start":6123.849,"end":6123.946},{"text":"a","start":6123.946,"end":6124.026},{"text":"comment","start":6124.026,"end":6124.331},{"text":"that","start":6124.331,"end":6124.427},{"text":"was","start":6124.491,"end":6124.556},{"text":"made.","start":6124.668,"end":6124.989}]},{"text":"It was suggested somehow through a point of order that discussions regarding— if I got the translation correct— destructive testing or otherwise intentional destroying of debris was not properly within this agenda item or somehow was out of bounds.","start":6126.033,"end":6141.895,"topics":[{"key":"destructive-asat-tests","label":"Destructive ASAT Tests","description":"Some delegations raised the intentional destruction of space objects, especially direct-ascent anti-satellite tests, as a serious source of debris and a threat to peaceful use of outer space. The debate also touched on whether this issue should be addressed under debris discussions, arms control forums, or both."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6126.033,"end":6126.113},{"text":"was","start":6126.113,"end":6126.241},{"text":"suggested","start":6126.274,"end":6126.996},{"text":"somehow","start":6126.996,"end":6127.349},{"text":"through","start":6127.478,"end":6127.638},{"text":"a","start":6127.638,"end":6127.702},{"text":"point","start":6127.702,"end":6127.895},{"text":"of","start":6127.895,"end":6128.04},{"text":"order","start":6128.04,"end":6128.361},{"text":"that","start":6128.585,"end":6128.939},{"text":"discussions","start":6129.308,"end":6130.014},{"text":"regarding—","start":6130.352,"end":6130.737},{"text":"if","start":6132.134,"end":6132.294},{"text":"I","start":6132.294,"end":6132.374},{"text":"got","start":6132.374,"end":6132.535},{"text":"the","start":6132.535,"end":6132.599},{"text":"translation","start":6132.599,"end":6133.065},{"text":"correct—","start":6133.097,"end":6134.028},{"text":"destructive","start":6134.686,"end":6135.232},{"text":"testing","start":6135.329,"end":6135.698},{"text":"or","start":6135.746,"end":6135.842},{"text":"otherwise","start":6135.842,"end":6136.196},{"text":"intentional","start":6136.228,"end":6136.629},{"text":"destroying","start":6136.629,"end":6137.079},{"text":"of","start":6137.111,"end":6137.239},{"text":"debris","start":6137.496,"end":6137.769},{"text":"was","start":6138.138,"end":6138.283},{"text":"not","start":6138.315,"end":6138.732},{"text":"properly","start":6138.796,"end":6139.182},{"text":"within","start":6139.182,"end":6139.487},{"text":"this","start":6140.065,"end":6140.257},{"text":"agenda","start":6140.257,"end":6140.563},{"text":"item","start":6140.563,"end":6140.787},{"text":"or","start":6140.787,"end":6140.884},{"text":"somehow","start":6140.884,"end":6141.157},{"text":"was","start":6141.205,"end":6141.317},{"text":"out","start":6141.365,"end":6141.51},{"text":"of","start":6141.51,"end":6141.574},{"text":"bounds.","start":6141.606,"end":6141.895}]},{"text":"And so I just wanted to clarify so there's no confusion here, that guideline number 4 of the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines says avoid intentional destruction and other harmful activities.","start":6142.473,"end":6156.185,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"destructive-asat-tests","label":"Destructive ASAT Tests","description":"Some delegations raised the intentional destruction of space objects, especially direct-ascent anti-satellite tests, as a serious source of debris and a threat to peaceful use of outer space. The debate also touched on whether this issue should be addressed under debris discussions, arms control forums, or both."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6142.473,"end":6142.618},{"text":"so","start":6142.634,"end":6142.73},{"text":"I","start":6142.73,"end":6142.81},{"text":"just","start":6142.81,"end":6143.019},{"text":"wanted","start":6143.035,"end":6143.131},{"text":"to","start":6143.131,"end":6143.436},{"text":"clarify","start":6143.372,"end":6143.886},{"text":"so","start":6143.934,"end":6144.111},{"text":"there's","start":6144.191,"end":6144.496},{"text":"no","start":6144.496,"end":6144.625},{"text":"confusion","start":6144.801,"end":6145.347},{"text":"here,","start":6145.379,"end":6145.572},{"text":"that","start":6146.664,"end":6146.985},{"text":"guideline","start":6146.985,"end":6147.402},{"text":"number","start":6147.402,"end":6147.627},{"text":"4","start":6147.627,"end":6147.964},{"text":"of","start":6148.35,"end":6148.478},{"text":"the","start":6148.494,"end":6148.575},{"text":"Space","start":6148.575,"end":6148.896},{"text":"Debris","start":6148.896,"end":6149.153},{"text":"Mitigation","start":6149.153,"end":6149.666},{"text":"Guidelines","start":6149.698,"end":6150.164},{"text":"says","start":6151.304,"end":6151.609},{"text":"avoid","start":6152.027,"end":6152.541},{"text":"intentional","start":6152.669,"end":6153.151},{"text":"destruction","start":6153.151,"end":6153.697},{"text":"and","start":6154.355,"end":6154.419},{"text":"other","start":6154.515,"end":6154.869},{"text":"harmful","start":6155.077,"end":6155.559},{"text":"activities.","start":6155.655,"end":6156.185}]},{"text":"And then there's text in there that talks about intentionally destroying spacecraft and the danger that that can pose to the safety of the peaceful uses of outer space.","start":6156.298,"end":6164.278,"topics":[{"key":"destructive-asat-tests","label":"Destructive ASAT Tests","description":"Some delegations raised the intentional destruction of space objects, especially direct-ascent anti-satellite tests, as a serious source of debris and a threat to peaceful use of outer space. The debate also touched on whether this issue should be addressed under debris discussions, arms control forums, or both."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6156.298,"end":6156.442},{"text":"then","start":6156.442,"end":6156.506},{"text":"there's","start":6156.603,"end":6156.86},{"text":"text","start":6156.86,"end":6157.181},{"text":"in","start":6157.181,"end":6157.229},{"text":"there","start":6157.245,"end":6157.357},{"text":"that","start":6157.357,"end":6157.534},{"text":"talks","start":6157.534,"end":6157.759},{"text":"about","start":6157.759,"end":6158.112},{"text":"intentionally","start":6158.305,"end":6158.787},{"text":"destroying","start":6158.787,"end":6159.076},{"text":"spacecraft","start":6159.124,"end":6159.75},{"text":"and","start":6159.75,"end":6159.83},{"text":"the","start":6159.83,"end":6159.991},{"text":"danger","start":6160.713,"end":6161.018},{"text":"that","start":6161.018,"end":6161.099},{"text":"that","start":6161.099,"end":6161.211},{"text":"can","start":6161.211,"end":6161.356},{"text":"pose","start":6161.356,"end":6161.564},{"text":"to","start":6161.661,"end":6161.741},{"text":"the","start":6161.741,"end":6161.837},{"text":"safety","start":6161.837,"end":6162.367},{"text":"of","start":6162.881,"end":6163.025},{"text":"the","start":6163.025,"end":6163.122},{"text":"peaceful","start":6163.122,"end":6163.507},{"text":"uses","start":6163.507,"end":6163.7},{"text":"of","start":6163.7,"end":6163.828},{"text":"outer","start":6163.828,"end":6164.005},{"text":"space.","start":6164.005,"end":6164.278}]},{"text":"Therefore, any kind of intentional destruction, whether it's through direct ascent anti-satellite tests or otherwise would be relevant to our discussions under space debris and do not need to be hived off to another forum.","start":6164.406,"end":6177.73,"topics":[{"key":"destructive-asat-tests","label":"Destructive ASAT Tests","description":"Some delegations raised the intentional destruction of space objects, especially direct-ascent anti-satellite tests, as a serious source of debris and a threat to peaceful use of outer space. The debate also touched on whether this issue should be addressed under debris discussions, arms control forums, or both."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":6164.406,"end":6164.76},{"text":"any","start":6165.289,"end":6165.514},{"text":"kind","start":6165.514,"end":6165.755},{"text":"of","start":6165.755,"end":6165.851},{"text":"intentional","start":6165.851,"end":6166.253},{"text":"destruction,","start":6166.253,"end":6166.751},{"text":"whether","start":6166.815,"end":6167.12},{"text":"it's","start":6167.136,"end":6167.313},{"text":"through","start":6167.778,"end":6168.099},{"text":"direct","start":6168.196,"end":6168.517},{"text":"ascent","start":6168.517,"end":6170.556},{"text":"anti-satellite","start":6169.315,"end":6169.947},{"text":"tests","start":6169.947,"end":6170.286},{"text":"or","start":6170.286,"end":6170.432},{"text":"otherwise","start":6170.432,"end":6170.82},{"text":"would","start":6171.338,"end":6171.581},{"text":"be","start":6171.662,"end":6171.807},{"text":"relevant","start":6171.824,"end":6172.374},{"text":"to","start":6172.374,"end":6172.536},{"text":"our","start":6172.536,"end":6172.697},{"text":"discussions","start":6172.697,"end":6173.248},{"text":"under","start":6173.426,"end":6173.701},{"text":"space","start":6173.701,"end":6174.121},{"text":"debris","start":6174.251,"end":6174.655},{"text":"and","start":6175.06,"end":6175.125},{"text":"do","start":6175.206,"end":6175.303},{"text":"not","start":6175.303,"end":6175.465},{"text":"need","start":6175.465,"end":6175.707},{"text":"to","start":6175.707,"end":6175.869},{"text":"be","start":6175.869,"end":6176.112},{"text":"hived","start":6176.5,"end":6176.824},{"text":"off","start":6176.824,"end":6176.872},{"text":"to","start":6176.986,"end":6177.083},{"text":"another","start":6177.083,"end":6177.39},{"text":"forum.","start":6177.406,"end":6177.73}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":6177.892,"end":6178.377,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6177.892,"end":6178.135},{"text":"you,","start":6178.135,"end":6178.199},{"text":"Chair.","start":6178.215,"end":6178.377}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"CAN","affiliation_full":"Canada","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":51,"start":6181.812,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=6182","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Canada for that right of reply.","start":6181.812,"end":6186.741,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6181.812,"end":6181.893},{"text":"thank","start":6181.893,"end":6182.328},{"text":"Canada","start":6182.473,"end":6182.956},{"text":"for","start":6183.745,"end":6183.922},{"text":"that","start":6183.922,"end":6184.18},{"text":"right","start":6185.936,"end":6186.274},{"text":"of","start":6186.274,"end":6186.323},{"text":"reply.","start":6186.484,"end":6186.741}]},{"text":"I see no more requests for the floor under this agenda item.","start":6187.45,"end":6192.247,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6187.45,"end":6187.499},{"text":"see","start":6187.627,"end":6187.885},{"text":"no","start":6187.885,"end":6188.272},{"text":"more","start":6188.336,"end":6188.594},{"text":"requests","start":6188.594,"end":6189.158},{"text":"for","start":6189.158,"end":6189.319},{"text":"the","start":6189.319,"end":6189.512},{"text":"floor","start":6189.69,"end":6190.597},{"text":"under","start":6190.96,"end":6191.208},{"text":"this","start":6191.208,"end":6191.34},{"text":"agenda","start":6191.472,"end":6192},{"text":"item.","start":6192.016,"end":6192.247}]},{"text":"So that has brought us to the end of the list of speakers for Agenda 8 and 10.","start":6194.904,"end":6201.34,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6194.904,"end":6195.309},{"text":"that","start":6196.103,"end":6196.459},{"text":"has","start":6197.075,"end":6197.301},{"text":"brought","start":6197.48,"end":6197.723},{"text":"us","start":6197.723,"end":6197.885},{"text":"to","start":6197.885,"end":6197.982},{"text":"the","start":6197.982,"end":6198.111},{"text":"end","start":6198.144,"end":6198.322},{"text":"of","start":6198.322,"end":6198.436},{"text":"the","start":6198.533,"end":6198.776},{"text":"list","start":6199.181,"end":6199.44},{"text":"of","start":6199.44,"end":6199.569},{"text":"speakers","start":6199.602,"end":6200.056},{"text":"for","start":6200.169,"end":6200.38},{"text":"Agenda","start":6200.38,"end":6200.738},{"text":"8","start":6200.738,"end":6200.917},{"text":"and","start":6200.982,"end":6201.144},{"text":"10.","start":6201.144,"end":6201.34}]},{"text":"Delegates, may I take it that the subcommittee agrees to continue inviting Member states and permanent observers to contribute to the compendium on space debris, as has been the case in the past.","start":6206.418,"end":6235.334,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Delegates,","start":6206.418,"end":6207.166},{"text":"may","start":6208.372,"end":6208.549},{"text":"I","start":6208.694,"end":6208.791},{"text":"take","start":6209.483,"end":6209.804},{"text":"it","start":6209.804,"end":6210.078},{"text":"that","start":6210.142,"end":6210.561},{"text":"the","start":6210.609,"end":6210.786},{"text":"subcommittee","start":6210.786,"end":6211.929},{"text":"agrees","start":6213.828,"end":6214.295},{"text":"to","start":6214.89,"end":6215.051},{"text":"continue","start":6215.131,"end":6215.759},{"text":"inviting","start":6216.097,"end":6216.87},{"text":"Member","start":6220.446,"end":6220.865},{"text":"states","start":6221.01,"end":6221.767},{"text":"and","start":6222.041,"end":6222.315},{"text":"permanent","start":6224.958,"end":6226.311},{"text":"observers","start":6226.311,"end":6226.859},{"text":"to","start":6227.439,"end":6227.713},{"text":"contribute","start":6227.761,"end":6228.454},{"text":"to","start":6228.486,"end":6228.615},{"text":"the","start":6228.728,"end":6228.905},{"text":"compendium","start":6230.098,"end":6231.032},{"text":"on","start":6231.709,"end":6231.854},{"text":"space","start":6232.788,"end":6233.175},{"text":"debris,","start":6233.175,"end":6233.562},{"text":"as","start":6233.723,"end":6233.868},{"text":"has","start":6233.884,"end":6234.029},{"text":"been","start":6234.061,"end":6234.287},{"text":"the","start":6234.287,"end":6234.368},{"text":"case","start":6234.368,"end":6234.625},{"text":"in","start":6234.625,"end":6234.77},{"text":"the","start":6234.77,"end":6234.851},{"text":"past.","start":6234.851,"end":6235.334}]},{"text":"I see no objections.","start":6238.652,"end":6239.889,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6238.652,"end":6238.7},{"text":"see","start":6238.749,"end":6238.993},{"text":"no","start":6238.993,"end":6239.156},{"text":"objections.","start":6239.156,"end":6239.889}]},{"text":"It is so decided.","start":6240.036,"end":6241.078,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6240.036,"end":6240.15},{"text":"is","start":6240.15,"end":6240.264},{"text":"so","start":6240.296,"end":6240.541},{"text":"decided.","start":6240.541,"end":6241.078}]},{"text":"We have now concluded our consideration of agenda item ten.","start":6244.013,"end":6248.284,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6244.013,"end":6244.174},{"text":"have","start":6244.174,"end":6244.319},{"text":"now","start":6244.496,"end":6244.593},{"text":"concluded","start":6245.302,"end":6246.028},{"text":"our","start":6246.108,"end":6246.253},{"text":"consideration","start":6246.27,"end":6247.172},{"text":"of","start":6247.172,"end":6247.269},{"text":"agenda","start":6247.269,"end":6247.817},{"text":"item","start":6247.817,"end":6248.22},{"text":"ten.","start":6248.22,"end":6248.284}]},{"text":"Let us now go on to agenda item 11, and the first speaker on my list is Egypt on behalf of G77 and China.","start":6250.512,"end":6266.208,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":6250.512,"end":6250.739},{"text":"us","start":6250.901,"end":6251.031},{"text":"now","start":6251.567,"end":6251.746},{"text":"go","start":6251.892,"end":6252.038},{"text":"on","start":6252.135,"end":6252.265},{"text":"to","start":6252.298,"end":6252.428},{"text":"agenda","start":6252.476,"end":6253.012},{"text":"item","start":6253.093,"end":6253.321},{"text":"11,","start":6253.434,"end":6253.921},{"text":"and","start":6257.25,"end":6257.426},{"text":"the","start":6257.426,"end":6257.523},{"text":"first","start":6257.523,"end":6257.941},{"text":"speaker","start":6257.941,"end":6258.665},{"text":"on","start":6260.08,"end":6260.225},{"text":"my","start":6260.241,"end":6260.289},{"text":"list","start":6260.482,"end":6260.981},{"text":"is","start":6262.332,"end":6262.477},{"text":"Egypt","start":6263.216,"end":6263.763},{"text":"on","start":6263.876,"end":6264.037},{"text":"behalf","start":6264.037,"end":6264.551},{"text":"of","start":6264.584,"end":6264.728},{"text":"G77","start":6264.744,"end":6265.629},{"text":"and","start":6265.629,"end":6265.79},{"text":"China.","start":6265.79,"end":6266.208}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":52,"start":6268.887,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=6269","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr.","start":6268.887,"end":6269.565,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6268.887,"end":6269.307},{"text":"you,","start":6269.307,"end":6269.355},{"text":"Mr.","start":6269.371,"end":6269.565}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair.","start":6269.629,"end":6269.887,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":6269.629,"end":6269.887}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr.","start":6270.435,"end":6270.629,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":6270.435,"end":6270.629}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, the group of G77 and China underscores its firm conviction that the use and exploration of outer space shall be carried out exclusively for peaceful purposes, for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and in conformity with applicable international law.","start":6270.677,"end":6288.87,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":6270.677,"end":6270.886},{"text":"the","start":6270.903,"end":6270.999},{"text":"group","start":6270.999,"end":6271.322},{"text":"of","start":6271.322,"end":6271.451},{"text":"G77","start":6271.725,"end":6272.402},{"text":"and","start":6272.45,"end":6272.563},{"text":"China","start":6272.676,"end":6272.998},{"text":"underscores","start":6272.998,"end":6273.643},{"text":"its","start":6273.643,"end":6273.804},{"text":"firm","start":6273.804,"end":6273.998},{"text":"conviction","start":6274.076,"end":6274.622},{"text":"that","start":6274.654,"end":6274.815},{"text":"the","start":6274.815,"end":6274.895},{"text":"use","start":6274.959,"end":6275.136},{"text":"and","start":6275.136,"end":6275.216},{"text":"exploration","start":6275.216,"end":6275.779},{"text":"of","start":6275.779,"end":6275.875},{"text":"outer","start":6275.923,"end":6276.18},{"text":"space","start":6276.18,"end":6276.453},{"text":"shall","start":6276.967,"end":6277.144},{"text":"be","start":6277.144,"end":6277.304},{"text":"carried","start":6277.304,"end":6277.626},{"text":"out","start":6277.626,"end":6277.802},{"text":"exclusively","start":6277.802,"end":6278.573},{"text":"for","start":6278.573,"end":6278.863},{"text":"peaceful","start":6278.911,"end":6279.232},{"text":"purposes,","start":6279.232,"end":6279.762},{"text":"for","start":6280.26,"end":6280.356},{"text":"the","start":6280.421,"end":6280.517},{"text":"benefit","start":6280.517,"end":6281.063},{"text":"and","start":6281.079,"end":6281.32},{"text":"in","start":6281.32,"end":6281.4},{"text":"the","start":6281.4,"end":6281.545},{"text":"interests","start":6281.545,"end":6282.059},{"text":"of","start":6282.139,"end":6282.22},{"text":"all","start":6282.348,"end":6282.509},{"text":"countries,","start":6282.509,"end":6282.894},{"text":"irrespective","start":6282.991,"end":6283.537},{"text":"of","start":6283.569,"end":6283.713},{"text":"their","start":6283.713,"end":6283.874},{"text":"degree","start":6283.874,"end":6284.211},{"text":"of","start":6284.211,"end":6284.356},{"text":"economic","start":6284.356,"end":6284.934},{"text":"or","start":6284.934,"end":6285.015},{"text":"scientific","start":6285.015,"end":6285.529},{"text":"development,","start":6285.529,"end":6286.075},{"text":"and","start":6286.541,"end":6286.605},{"text":"in","start":6286.701,"end":6286.749},{"text":"conformity","start":6286.846,"end":6287.52},{"text":"with","start":6287.52,"end":6287.729},{"text":"applicable","start":6287.729,"end":6288.147},{"text":"international","start":6288.147,"end":6288.789},{"text":"law.","start":6288.789,"end":6288.87}]},{"text":"With regard to information exchange, the group encourages the states launching objects into orbit in accordance with their commitments under GA Resolution 1721 of 1961, 771, and 1962, Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in Exploration and Use of Outer Space of 1963, to furnish information to COPUS through the UN Secretary-General, who is also requested to maintain a public registry and consider establishing a national registry for the purpose of information exchange on its space objects as appropriate.","start":6289.914,"end":6325.017,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":6289.914,"end":6290.042},{"text":"regard","start":6290.09,"end":6290.38},{"text":"to","start":6290.38,"end":6290.46},{"text":"information","start":6290.46,"end":6291.07},{"text":"exchange,","start":6291.102,"end":6291.616},{"text":"the","start":6291.681,"end":6291.761},{"text":"group","start":6291.761,"end":6292.098},{"text":"encourages","start":6292.098,"end":6292.612},{"text":"the","start":6292.709,"end":6292.741},{"text":"states","start":6292.741,"end":6293.19},{"text":"launching","start":6293.19,"end":6293.496},{"text":"objects","start":6293.672,"end":6294.074},{"text":"into","start":6294.074,"end":6294.299},{"text":"orbit","start":6294.331,"end":6294.668},{"text":"in","start":6294.668,"end":6294.797},{"text":"accordance","start":6294.797,"end":6295.214},{"text":"with","start":6295.214,"end":6295.359},{"text":"their","start":6295.359,"end":6295.471},{"text":"commitments","start":6295.52,"end":6295.969},{"text":"under","start":6296.499,"end":6296.74},{"text":"GA","start":6296.805,"end":6297.062},{"text":"Resolution","start":6297.062,"end":6297.511},{"text":"1721","start":6297.511,"end":6298.796},{"text":"of","start":6299.455,"end":6299.535},{"text":"1961,","start":6299.6,"end":6300.563},{"text":"771,","start":6301.012,"end":6302.281},{"text":"and","start":6302.425,"end":6302.586},{"text":"1962,","start":6302.586,"end":6303.533},{"text":"Declaration","start":6304.609,"end":6305.203},{"text":"of","start":6305.235,"end":6305.3},{"text":"Legal","start":6305.332,"end":6305.573},{"text":"Principles","start":6305.573,"end":6306.054},{"text":"Governing","start":6306.118,"end":6306.424},{"text":"the","start":6306.52,"end":6306.584},{"text":"Activities","start":6306.584,"end":6306.986},{"text":"of","start":6307.018,"end":6307.114},{"text":"States","start":6307.114,"end":6307.515},{"text":"in","start":6307.66,"end":6307.708},{"text":"Exploration","start":6307.756,"end":6308.463},{"text":"and","start":6308.463,"end":6308.575},{"text":"Use","start":6308.607,"end":6308.8},{"text":"of","start":6308.8,"end":6309.009},{"text":"Outer","start":6309.009,"end":6309.201},{"text":"Space","start":6309.201,"end":6309.522},{"text":"of","start":6309.587,"end":6309.715},{"text":"1963,","start":6309.747,"end":6310.807},{"text":"to","start":6311.289,"end":6311.401},{"text":"furnish","start":6311.433,"end":6311.786},{"text":"information","start":6311.835,"end":6312.445},{"text":"to","start":6312.477,"end":6312.605},{"text":"COPUS","start":6312.637,"end":6313.071},{"text":"through","start":6313.521,"end":6313.729},{"text":"the","start":6313.761,"end":6313.842},{"text":"UN","start":6313.842,"end":6314.147},{"text":"Secretary-General,","start":6314.147,"end":6315.19},{"text":"who","start":6315.271,"end":6315.319},{"text":"is","start":6315.512,"end":6315.576},{"text":"also","start":6315.752,"end":6316.025},{"text":"requested","start":6316.025,"end":6316.587},{"text":"to","start":6316.636,"end":6316.716},{"text":"maintain","start":6316.716,"end":6317.149},{"text":"a","start":6317.214,"end":6317.294},{"text":"public","start":6317.294,"end":6317.695},{"text":"registry","start":6317.695,"end":6318.177},{"text":"and","start":6318.659,"end":6318.723},{"text":"consider","start":6318.803,"end":6319.205},{"text":"establishing","start":6319.205,"end":6319.751},{"text":"a","start":6319.783,"end":6319.799},{"text":"national","start":6319.799,"end":6320.28},{"text":"registry","start":6320.28,"end":6320.682},{"text":"for","start":6320.73,"end":6320.842},{"text":"the","start":6320.891,"end":6320.987},{"text":"purpose","start":6320.987,"end":6321.308},{"text":"of","start":6321.308,"end":6321.404},{"text":"information","start":6321.404,"end":6321.918},{"text":"exchange","start":6321.934,"end":6322.577},{"text":"on","start":6322.994,"end":6323.09},{"text":"its","start":6323.09,"end":6323.187},{"text":"space","start":6323.299,"end":6323.668},{"text":"objects","start":6323.941,"end":6324.439},{"text":"as","start":6324.439,"end":6324.535},{"text":"appropriate.","start":6324.6,"end":6325.017}]},{"text":"With regard to principles relating to remote sensing of the Earth from outer space adopted by the UN General Assembly, my group underscores the importance of upholding the principle of promoting the availability of remote sensing data on a non-discriminatory basis.","start":6326.607,"end":6340.598,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":6326.607,"end":6326.768},{"text":"regard","start":6326.768,"end":6327.089},{"text":"to","start":6327.089,"end":6327.218},{"text":"principles","start":6327.234,"end":6327.7},{"text":"relating","start":6327.796,"end":6328.101},{"text":"to","start":6328.133,"end":6328.278},{"text":"remote","start":6328.278,"end":6328.615},{"text":"sensing","start":6328.615,"end":6329.065},{"text":"of","start":6329.338,"end":6329.434},{"text":"the","start":6329.482,"end":6329.579},{"text":"Earth","start":6329.723,"end":6329.948},{"text":"from","start":6330.125,"end":6330.334},{"text":"outer","start":6330.446,"end":6330.655},{"text":"space","start":6330.703,"end":6331.089},{"text":"adopted","start":6331.121,"end":6331.506},{"text":"by","start":6331.506,"end":6331.667},{"text":"the","start":6331.667,"end":6331.812},{"text":"UN","start":6331.812,"end":6331.94},{"text":"General","start":6332.053,"end":6332.374},{"text":"Assembly,","start":6332.374,"end":6332.84},{"text":"my","start":6333.193,"end":6333.273},{"text":"group","start":6333.338,"end":6333.595},{"text":"underscores","start":6333.595,"end":6334.125},{"text":"the","start":6334.157,"end":6334.205},{"text":"importance","start":6334.221,"end":6334.799},{"text":"of","start":6334.799,"end":6334.88},{"text":"upholding","start":6334.88,"end":6335.249},{"text":"the","start":6335.281,"end":6335.426},{"text":"principle","start":6335.426,"end":6335.908},{"text":"of","start":6335.908,"end":6335.972},{"text":"promoting","start":6336.004,"end":6336.534},{"text":"the","start":6336.566,"end":6336.614},{"text":"availability","start":6336.63,"end":6337.257},{"text":"of","start":6337.289,"end":6337.417},{"text":"remote","start":6337.45,"end":6337.707},{"text":"sensing","start":6337.707,"end":6338.06},{"text":"data","start":6338.092,"end":6338.526},{"text":"on","start":6339.12,"end":6339.184},{"text":"a","start":6339.216,"end":6339.233},{"text":"non-discriminatory","start":6339.233,"end":6340.148},{"text":"basis.","start":6340.18,"end":6340.598}]},{"text":"This type of information is essential to the promotion of sustainable development in areas such as agriculture, disaster risk reduction and management, climate change, and global health.","start":6341.128,"end":6350.685,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6341.128,"end":6341.256},{"text":"type","start":6341.369,"end":6341.562},{"text":"of","start":6341.562,"end":6341.594},{"text":"information","start":6341.594,"end":6342.188},{"text":"is","start":6342.188,"end":6342.284},{"text":"essential","start":6342.284,"end":6342.895},{"text":"to","start":6343.152,"end":6343.296},{"text":"the","start":6343.296,"end":6343.377},{"text":"promotion","start":6343.377,"end":6343.859},{"text":"of","start":6343.859,"end":6343.907},{"text":"sustainable","start":6343.939,"end":6344.421},{"text":"development","start":6344.421,"end":6344.983},{"text":"in","start":6344.983,"end":6345.031},{"text":"areas","start":6345.16,"end":6345.417},{"text":"such","start":6345.417,"end":6345.609},{"text":"as","start":6345.642,"end":6345.77},{"text":"agriculture,","start":6345.818,"end":6346.509},{"text":"disaster","start":6346.927,"end":6347.489},{"text":"risk","start":6347.489,"end":6347.81},{"text":"reduction","start":6347.81,"end":6348.34},{"text":"and","start":6348.436,"end":6348.517},{"text":"management,","start":6348.549,"end":6349.175},{"text":"climate","start":6349.561,"end":6349.898},{"text":"change,","start":6349.898,"end":6350.284},{"text":"and","start":6350.3,"end":6350.428},{"text":"global","start":6350.46,"end":6350.621},{"text":"health.","start":6350.621,"end":6350.685}]},{"text":"Health and also promotes transparency and confidence among states.","start":6350.75,"end":6354.323,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Health","start":6350.75,"end":6351.022},{"text":"and","start":6351.022,"end":6351.086},{"text":"also","start":6351.246,"end":6351.503},{"text":"promotes","start":6351.503,"end":6351.839},{"text":"transparency","start":6351.903,"end":6352.624},{"text":"and","start":6352.624,"end":6352.785},{"text":"confidence","start":6352.785,"end":6353.426},{"text":"among","start":6353.73,"end":6353.874},{"text":"states.","start":6353.922,"end":6354.323}]},{"text":"The group reiterated support of the Declaration on the International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interest of All States, Taking into Particular Account the Needs of Developing Countries, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly.","start":6355.429,"end":6369.291,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6355.429,"end":6355.573},{"text":"group","start":6355.573,"end":6355.813},{"text":"reiterated","start":6355.813,"end":6356.358},{"text":"support","start":6356.374,"end":6357.176},{"text":"of","start":6357.256,"end":6357.336},{"text":"the","start":6357.336,"end":6357.416},{"text":"Declaration","start":6357.416,"end":6357.881},{"text":"on","start":6357.977,"end":6358.073},{"text":"the","start":6358.073,"end":6358.153},{"text":"International","start":6358.153,"end":6358.682},{"text":"Cooperation","start":6358.698,"end":6359.195},{"text":"in","start":6359.195,"end":6359.275},{"text":"the","start":6359.275,"end":6359.323},{"text":"Exploration","start":6359.339,"end":6359.916},{"text":"and","start":6359.916,"end":6360.06},{"text":"Use","start":6360.06,"end":6360.236},{"text":"of","start":6360.236,"end":6360.381},{"text":"Outer","start":6360.381,"end":6360.573},{"text":"Space","start":6360.637,"end":6360.957},{"text":"for","start":6360.957,"end":6361.118},{"text":"the","start":6361.118,"end":6361.198},{"text":"Benefit","start":6361.198,"end":6361.663},{"text":"and","start":6361.743,"end":6361.855},{"text":"in","start":6361.903,"end":6362.047},{"text":"the","start":6362.063,"end":6362.159},{"text":"Interest","start":6362.159,"end":6362.56},{"text":"of","start":6362.56,"end":6362.656},{"text":"All","start":6362.704,"end":6362.752},{"text":"States,","start":6362.816,"end":6363.281},{"text":"Taking","start":6363.666,"end":6363.906},{"text":"into","start":6363.986,"end":6364.114},{"text":"Particular","start":6364.162,"end":6364.659},{"text":"Account","start":6364.659,"end":6365.044},{"text":"the","start":6365.044,"end":6365.14},{"text":"Needs","start":6365.14,"end":6365.412},{"text":"of","start":6365.525,"end":6365.669},{"text":"Developing","start":6365.669,"end":6366.085},{"text":"Countries,","start":6366.085,"end":6366.454},{"text":"which","start":6367.191,"end":6367.368},{"text":"was","start":6367.368,"end":6367.464},{"text":"adopted","start":6367.528,"end":6367.928},{"text":"by","start":6367.928,"end":6368.089},{"text":"the","start":6368.089,"end":6368.233},{"text":"UN","start":6368.233,"end":6368.569},{"text":"General","start":6368.569,"end":6368.89},{"text":"Assembly.","start":6368.89,"end":6369.291}]},{"text":"The group believes that this instrument is important as it further promotes international cooperation in a bid to maximize the benefits in the utilization of space applications for all states and calls on all spacefaring nations to contribute to promoting and fostering international cooperation on an equitable basis and to refrain from introducing unilateral restrictive measures hampering this cooperation.","start":6369.611,"end":6391.884,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6369.611,"end":6369.691},{"text":"group","start":6369.691,"end":6370.092},{"text":"believes","start":6370.092,"end":6370.38},{"text":"that","start":6370.412,"end":6370.573},{"text":"this","start":6370.573,"end":6370.685},{"text":"instrument","start":6370.813,"end":6371.39},{"text":"is","start":6371.79,"end":6371.871},{"text":"important","start":6371.999,"end":6372.528},{"text":"as","start":6372.64,"end":6372.736},{"text":"it","start":6372.752,"end":6372.864},{"text":"further","start":6372.976,"end":6373.441},{"text":"promotes","start":6373.441,"end":6373.858},{"text":"international","start":6373.858,"end":6374.467},{"text":"cooperation","start":6374.483,"end":6375.108},{"text":"in","start":6375.46,"end":6375.508},{"text":"a","start":6375.556,"end":6375.62},{"text":"bid","start":6375.62,"end":6375.845},{"text":"to","start":6375.845,"end":6375.941},{"text":"maximize","start":6375.941,"end":6376.486},{"text":"the","start":6376.422,"end":6376.582},{"text":"benefits","start":6376.582,"end":6377.096},{"text":"in","start":6377.305,"end":6377.353},{"text":"the","start":6377.385,"end":6377.433},{"text":"utilization","start":6377.433,"end":6378.076},{"text":"of","start":6378.252,"end":6378.284},{"text":"space","start":6378.284,"end":6378.67},{"text":"applications","start":6378.67,"end":6379.36},{"text":"for","start":6379.376,"end":6379.553},{"text":"all","start":6379.553,"end":6379.714},{"text":"states","start":6379.714,"end":6380.083},{"text":"and","start":6380.581,"end":6380.645},{"text":"calls","start":6380.677,"end":6380.966},{"text":"on","start":6380.998,"end":6381.159},{"text":"all","start":6381.159,"end":6381.303},{"text":"spacefaring","start":6381.303,"end":6381.849},{"text":"nations","start":6381.961,"end":6382.411},{"text":"to","start":6382.443,"end":6382.572},{"text":"contribute","start":6382.588,"end":6383.118},{"text":"to","start":6383.15,"end":6383.214},{"text":"promoting","start":6383.23,"end":6383.696},{"text":"and","start":6383.792,"end":6383.904},{"text":"fostering","start":6383.952,"end":6384.338},{"text":"international","start":6384.434,"end":6384.9},{"text":"cooperation","start":6384.996,"end":6385.526},{"text":"on","start":6385.96,"end":6386.024},{"text":"an","start":6386.056,"end":6386.136},{"text":"equitable","start":6386.136,"end":6386.618},{"text":"basis","start":6386.618,"end":6387.083},{"text":"and","start":6387.164,"end":6387.26},{"text":"to","start":6387.26,"end":6387.356},{"text":"refrain","start":6387.356,"end":6387.758},{"text":"from","start":6387.806,"end":6387.951},{"text":"introducing","start":6387.983,"end":6388.593},{"text":"unilateral","start":6388.609,"end":6389.139},{"text":"restrictive","start":6389.171,"end":6389.653},{"text":"measures","start":6389.653,"end":6390.038},{"text":"hampering","start":6390.696,"end":6391.082},{"text":"this","start":6391.194,"end":6391.306},{"text":"cooperation.","start":6391.419,"end":6391.884}]},{"text":"It also underscores that particular attention be given to the interests of developing countries and that the Committee should be strengthened in its role as the main platform for the exchange of information in the field of international cooperation.","start":6393.265,"end":6405.479,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6393.265,"end":6393.442},{"text":"also","start":6393.442,"end":6393.683},{"text":"underscores","start":6393.683,"end":6394.213},{"text":"that","start":6394.309,"end":6394.47},{"text":"particular","start":6394.47,"end":6394.967},{"text":"attention","start":6394.967,"end":6395.337},{"text":"be","start":6395.449,"end":6395.529},{"text":"given","start":6395.593,"end":6395.802},{"text":"to","start":6395.85,"end":6395.947},{"text":"the","start":6395.947,"end":6396.091},{"text":"interests","start":6396.091,"end":6396.509},{"text":"of","start":6396.509,"end":6396.589},{"text":"developing","start":6396.589,"end":6397.039},{"text":"countries","start":6397.039,"end":6397.44},{"text":"and","start":6397.44,"end":6397.536},{"text":"that","start":6397.536,"end":6397.841},{"text":"the","start":6398.243,"end":6398.339},{"text":"Committee","start":6398.339,"end":6398.741},{"text":"should","start":6398.741,"end":6398.981},{"text":"be","start":6398.981,"end":6399.062},{"text":"strengthened","start":6399.062,"end":6399.624},{"text":"in","start":6399.624,"end":6399.72},{"text":"its","start":6399.72,"end":6399.832},{"text":"role","start":6400.009,"end":6400.314},{"text":"as","start":6400.667,"end":6400.748},{"text":"the","start":6400.812,"end":6400.892},{"text":"main","start":6400.892,"end":6401.197},{"text":"platform","start":6401.213,"end":6402.145},{"text":"for","start":6402.097,"end":6402.21},{"text":"the","start":6402.258,"end":6402.339},{"text":"exchange","start":6402.339,"end":6402.822},{"text":"of","start":6402.822,"end":6402.935},{"text":"information","start":6402.935,"end":6403.579},{"text":"in","start":6403.579,"end":6403.691},{"text":"the","start":6403.724,"end":6403.804},{"text":"field","start":6403.804,"end":6404.207},{"text":"of","start":6404.271,"end":6404.368},{"text":"international","start":6404.368,"end":6404.931},{"text":"cooperation.","start":6404.931,"end":6405.479}]},{"text":"I thank you, Mr.","start":6405.978,"end":6406.526,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6405.978,"end":6406.01},{"text":"thank","start":6406.059,"end":6406.284},{"text":"you,","start":6406.284,"end":6406.316},{"text":"Mr.","start":6406.332,"end":6406.526}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"EGY","affiliation_full":"Egypt","group":"G77 + China","function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":53,"start":6406.606,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=6407","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair. I thank Egypt on behalf of G77 and China for the statement, and I now give the floor to Japan.","start":6406.606,"end":6416.075,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":6406.606,"end":6407.701},{"text":"I","start":6409.279,"end":6409.424},{"text":"thank","start":6409.424,"end":6409.907},{"text":"Egypt","start":6410.39,"end":6410.793},{"text":"on","start":6410.793,"end":6410.89},{"text":"behalf","start":6410.89,"end":6411.163},{"text":"of","start":6411.228,"end":6411.358},{"text":"G77","start":6411.358,"end":6412.282},{"text":"and","start":6412.33,"end":6412.428},{"text":"China","start":6412.428,"end":6412.752},{"text":"for","start":6412.817,"end":6413.076},{"text":"the","start":6413.076,"end":6413.222},{"text":"statement,","start":6413.222,"end":6413.822},{"text":"and","start":6414.357,"end":6414.438},{"text":"I","start":6414.519,"end":6414.535},{"text":"now","start":6414.535,"end":6414.713},{"text":"give","start":6414.778,"end":6415.005},{"text":"the","start":6415.005,"end":6415.102},{"text":"floor","start":6415.102,"end":6415.41},{"text":"to","start":6415.41,"end":6415.524},{"text":"Japan.","start":6415.524,"end":6416.075}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":54,"start":6419.279,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=6420","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates.","start":6419.279,"end":6422.603,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6419.279,"end":6419.457},{"text":"you,","start":6419.457,"end":6419.521},{"text":"Mr.","start":6419.537,"end":6419.795},{"text":"Chair,","start":6419.86,"end":6420.118},{"text":"distinguished","start":6421.538,"end":6422.022},{"text":"delegates.","start":6422.022,"end":6422.603}]},{"text":"Japan would like to reaffirm its convictions on the importance of the non-legally binding instruments under this agenda.","start":6423.958,"end":6432.783,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":6423.958,"end":6424.426},{"text":"would","start":6424.443,"end":6424.555},{"text":"like","start":6424.62,"end":6424.943},{"text":"to","start":6424.943,"end":6425.023},{"text":"reaffirm","start":6425.023,"end":6425.798},{"text":"its","start":6426.088,"end":6426.298},{"text":"convictions","start":6426.298,"end":6427.024},{"text":"on","start":6427.788,"end":6427.885},{"text":"the","start":6427.885,"end":6427.95},{"text":"importance","start":6427.95,"end":6428.852},{"text":"of","start":6428.997,"end":6429.093},{"text":"the","start":6429.093,"end":6429.174},{"text":"non-legally","start":6429.174,"end":6429.706},{"text":"binding","start":6429.819,"end":6430.189},{"text":"instruments","start":6430.463,"end":6431.059},{"text":"under","start":6431.816,"end":6432.058},{"text":"this","start":6432.058,"end":6432.235},{"text":"agenda.","start":6432.235,"end":6432.783}]},{"text":"Outer space is no longer a distant frontier.","start":6434.394,"end":6437.087,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Outer","start":6434.394,"end":6434.652},{"text":"space","start":6434.652,"end":6435.071},{"text":"is","start":6435.281,"end":6435.361},{"text":"no","start":6435.377,"end":6435.538},{"text":"longer","start":6435.538,"end":6436.022},{"text":"a","start":6436.022,"end":6436.038},{"text":"distant","start":6436.167,"end":6436.522},{"text":"frontier.","start":6436.586,"end":6437.087}]},{"text":"It is an integral domain underpinning our economies and communications.","start":6437.732,"end":6444.137,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6437.732,"end":6437.958},{"text":"is","start":6438.022,"end":6438.168},{"text":"an","start":6438.442,"end":6438.571},{"text":"integral","start":6438.91,"end":6439.813},{"text":"domain","start":6439.894,"end":6440.346},{"text":"underpinning","start":6441.249,"end":6441.701},{"text":"our","start":6441.975,"end":6442.153},{"text":"economies","start":6442.169,"end":6442.766},{"text":"and","start":6443.202,"end":6443.266},{"text":"communications.","start":6443.363,"end":6444.137}]},{"text":"As space activities expand at an unprecedented pace, so too do the challenges of ensuring safety, order, and long-term sustainability in space.","start":6445.364,"end":6459.105,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6445.364,"end":6445.557},{"text":"space","start":6445.59,"end":6445.879},{"text":"activities","start":6445.879,"end":6446.555},{"text":"expand","start":6446.764,"end":6447.343},{"text":"at","start":6448.823,"end":6449.016},{"text":"an","start":6449.161,"end":6449.289},{"text":"unprecedented","start":6449.402,"end":6450.174},{"text":"pace,","start":6450.19,"end":6450.512},{"text":"so","start":6451.236,"end":6451.574},{"text":"too","start":6451.574,"end":6451.702},{"text":"do","start":6451.96,"end":6452.008},{"text":"the","start":6452.281,"end":6452.346},{"text":"challenges","start":6452.378,"end":6452.909},{"text":"of","start":6453.005,"end":6453.069},{"text":"ensuring","start":6453.497,"end":6453.963},{"text":"safety,","start":6454.011,"end":6454.526},{"text":"order,","start":6454.943,"end":6455.377},{"text":"and","start":6455.602,"end":6455.667},{"text":"long-term","start":6455.763,"end":6456.197},{"text":"sustainability","start":6456.261,"end":6458.061},{"text":"in","start":6458.639,"end":6458.736},{"text":"space.","start":6458.736,"end":6459.105}]},{"text":"These challenges cannot be effectively addressed by any single state or entity alone.","start":6460.423,"end":6468.506,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":6460.423,"end":6460.616},{"text":"challenges","start":6460.728,"end":6461.275},{"text":"cannot","start":6461.692,"end":6462.03},{"text":"be","start":6462.03,"end":6462.271},{"text":"effectively","start":6463.653,"end":6464.408},{"text":"addressed","start":6464.585,"end":6465.806},{"text":"by","start":6466.111,"end":6466.272},{"text":"any","start":6466.433,"end":6466.577},{"text":"single","start":6466.609,"end":6466.947},{"text":"state","start":6466.947,"end":6467.525},{"text":"or","start":6467.574,"end":6467.766},{"text":"entity","start":6467.798,"end":6468.152},{"text":"alone.","start":6468.2,"end":6468.506}]},{"text":"In navigating this evolving landscape, we must not only adhere to the existing legal binding international space law, but also strengthen and further develop soft law instruments such as non-binding principles and guidelines that promote cooperation while respecting national sovereignties.","start":6469.743,"end":6492.8,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6469.743,"end":6469.791},{"text":"navigating","start":6469.823,"end":6470.434},{"text":"this","start":6470.53,"end":6470.787},{"text":"evolving","start":6470.787,"end":6471.237},{"text":"landscape,","start":6471.35,"end":6472.073},{"text":"we","start":6472.217,"end":6472.266},{"text":"must","start":6472.378,"end":6472.732},{"text":"not","start":6472.796,"end":6473.053},{"text":"only","start":6473.182,"end":6473.358},{"text":"adhere","start":6473.503,"end":6474.097},{"text":"to","start":6474.226,"end":6474.322},{"text":"the","start":6474.322,"end":6474.467},{"text":"existing","start":6474.467,"end":6475.576},{"text":"legal","start":6475.753,"end":6476.09},{"text":"binding","start":6476.09,"end":6476.54},{"text":"international","start":6477.536,"end":6478.356},{"text":"space","start":6478.356,"end":6478.693},{"text":"law,","start":6478.693,"end":6478.757},{"text":"but","start":6479.207,"end":6479.384},{"text":"also","start":6479.448,"end":6479.882},{"text":"strengthen","start":6479.882,"end":6480.397},{"text":"and","start":6480.445,"end":6480.589},{"text":"further","start":6480.654,"end":6481.136},{"text":"develop","start":6481.136,"end":6481.554},{"text":"soft","start":6482.052,"end":6482.438},{"text":"law","start":6482.502,"end":6482.55},{"text":"instruments","start":6482.743,"end":6483.402},{"text":"such","start":6484.463,"end":6484.768},{"text":"as","start":6484.832,"end":6484.864},{"text":"non-binding","start":6484.945,"end":6485.797},{"text":"principles","start":6485.893,"end":6486.504},{"text":"and","start":6486.841,"end":6487.002},{"text":"guidelines","start":6487.002,"end":6487.709},{"text":"that","start":6488.533,"end":6488.792},{"text":"promote","start":6488.792,"end":6489.665},{"text":"cooperation","start":6489.681,"end":6490.457},{"text":"while","start":6490.651,"end":6490.925},{"text":"respecting","start":6490.958,"end":6491.604},{"text":"national","start":6491.685,"end":6492.105},{"text":"sovereignties.","start":6492.105,"end":6492.8}]},{"text":"To turn these soft laws into tangible and enforceable frameworks, national legislation is crucial.","start":6494.15,"end":6503.13,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":6494.15,"end":6494.31},{"text":"turn","start":6494.326,"end":6494.664},{"text":"these","start":6494.664,"end":6494.873},{"text":"soft","start":6496.852,"end":6497.222},{"text":"laws","start":6497.222,"end":6497.367},{"text":"into","start":6497.705,"end":6497.914},{"text":"tangible","start":6498.042,"end":6498.525},{"text":"and","start":6498.847,"end":6498.911},{"text":"enforceable","start":6499.168,"end":6499.924},{"text":"frameworks,","start":6499.973,"end":6500.697},{"text":"national","start":6501.243,"end":6501.646},{"text":"legislation","start":6501.646,"end":6502.298},{"text":"is","start":6502.576,"end":6502.69},{"text":"crucial.","start":6502.788,"end":6503.13}]},{"text":"When countries establish robust space laws, laws, they do more than ensure order within their own borders.","start":6504.598,"end":6513.568,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"When","start":6504.598,"end":6504.729},{"text":"countries","start":6504.843,"end":6505.218},{"text":"establish","start":6505.332,"end":6505.871},{"text":"robust","start":6505.985,"end":6506.393},{"text":"space","start":6506.393,"end":6506.67},{"text":"laws,","start":6506.719,"end":6506.801},{"text":"laws,","start":6506.966,"end":6507.112},{"text":"they","start":6507.79,"end":6507.902},{"text":"do","start":6508.032,"end":6508.241},{"text":"more","start":6508.29,"end":6508.774},{"text":"than","start":6508.903,"end":6509.048},{"text":"ensure","start":6509.226,"end":6509.742},{"text":"order","start":6509.952,"end":6510.372},{"text":"within","start":6510.679,"end":6510.888},{"text":"their","start":6511.018,"end":6511.179},{"text":"own","start":6512.793,"end":6512.922},{"text":"borders.","start":6513.035,"end":6513.568}]},{"text":"They actively shape emerging international norms for space governance.","start":6514.165,"end":6518.982,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":6514.165,"end":6514.326},{"text":"actively","start":6514.552,"end":6515.02},{"text":"shape","start":6515.053,"end":6515.472},{"text":"emerging","start":6515.618,"end":6516.07},{"text":"international","start":6516.07,"end":6516.927},{"text":"norms","start":6517.057,"end":6517.445},{"text":"for","start":6517.882,"end":6518.06},{"text":"space","start":6518.06,"end":6518.529},{"text":"governance.","start":6518.529,"end":6518.982}]},{"text":"In this context, the development of national space law serves not only domestic needs but also contributes to the broadening of the international framework governing space activities.","start":6519.986,"end":6531.928,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6519.986,"end":6520.066},{"text":"this","start":6520.066,"end":6520.293},{"text":"context,","start":6520.293,"end":6520.956},{"text":"the","start":6521.199,"end":6521.28},{"text":"development","start":6521.507,"end":6522.429},{"text":"of","start":6522.558,"end":6522.704},{"text":"national","start":6522.736,"end":6523.141},{"text":"space","start":6523.141,"end":6523.546},{"text":"law","start":6523.61,"end":6523.74},{"text":"serves","start":6523.804,"end":6524.241},{"text":"not","start":6524.419,"end":6524.678},{"text":"only","start":6524.743,"end":6525.002},{"text":"domestic","start":6525.002,"end":6525.552},{"text":"needs","start":6525.568,"end":6525.94},{"text":"but","start":6526.458,"end":6526.717},{"text":"also","start":6526.847,"end":6527.122},{"text":"contributes","start":6527.429,"end":6527.996},{"text":"to","start":6527.996,"end":6528.093},{"text":"the","start":6528.093,"end":6528.222},{"text":"broadening","start":6528.222,"end":6528.691},{"text":"of","start":6528.95,"end":6528.983},{"text":"the","start":6528.983,"end":6529.064},{"text":"international","start":6529.064,"end":6529.549},{"text":"framework","start":6529.549,"end":6530.212},{"text":"governing","start":6530.407,"end":6530.795},{"text":"space","start":6530.924,"end":6531.183},{"text":"activities.","start":6531.313,"end":6531.928}]},{"text":"Chairs, COPUSS has developed a range of non-legally binding UNL instruments governing space activities, including the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines adopted in 2007 and the Long-Term Sustainability LTS Guidelines adopted in 2019.","start":6533.153,"end":6553.414,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Chairs,","start":6533.153,"end":6533.522},{"text":"COPUSS","start":6534.758,"end":6535.239},{"text":"has","start":6535.239,"end":6535.528},{"text":"developed","start":6535.64,"end":6536.185},{"text":"a","start":6536.266,"end":6536.282},{"text":"range","start":6536.426,"end":6536.763},{"text":"of","start":6536.907,"end":6537.003},{"text":"non-legally","start":6537.019,"end":6537.645},{"text":"binding","start":6537.725,"end":6538.174},{"text":"UNL","start":6538.447,"end":6538.752},{"text":"instruments","start":6538.832,"end":6539.426},{"text":"governing","start":6539.49,"end":6539.939},{"text":"space","start":6540.067,"end":6540.468},{"text":"activities,","start":6540.468,"end":6541.062},{"text":"including","start":6542.121,"end":6542.586},{"text":"the","start":6542.939,"end":6543.019},{"text":"Space","start":6543.019,"end":6543.436},{"text":"Debris","start":6543.484,"end":6543.741},{"text":"Mitigation","start":6543.741,"end":6544.383},{"text":"Guidelines","start":6544.383,"end":6545.072},{"text":"adopted","start":6545.265,"end":6545.794},{"text":"in","start":6545.971,"end":6546.035},{"text":"2007","start":6546.404,"end":6547.318},{"text":"and","start":6547.992,"end":6548.056},{"text":"the","start":6548.056,"end":6548.136},{"text":"Long-Term","start":6548.136,"end":6548.537},{"text":"Sustainability","start":6548.537,"end":6549.404},{"text":"LTS","start":6550.238,"end":6550.944},{"text":"Guidelines","start":6550.96,"end":6551.601},{"text":"adopted","start":6551.746,"end":6552.211},{"text":"in","start":6552.323,"end":6552.5},{"text":"2019.","start":6552.5,"end":6553.414}]},{"text":"At present, the Working Group on the Legal Aspects of the Space Resources Activity space is advancing the discussions on recommended principles.","start":6554.713,"end":6564.65,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":6554.713,"end":6554.826},{"text":"present,","start":6554.89,"end":6555.451},{"text":"the","start":6555.692,"end":6555.772},{"text":"Working","start":6555.772,"end":6556.221},{"text":"Group","start":6556.237,"end":6556.51},{"text":"on","start":6556.574,"end":6556.718},{"text":"the","start":6556.718,"end":6556.799},{"text":"Legal","start":6556.799,"end":6557.184},{"text":"Aspects","start":6557.521,"end":6557.938},{"text":"of","start":6557.938,"end":6558.018},{"text":"the","start":6558.018,"end":6558.098},{"text":"Space","start":6558.098,"end":6558.499},{"text":"Resources","start":6558.499,"end":6559.045},{"text":"Activity","start":6559.045,"end":6559.59},{"text":"space","start":6559.542,"end":6560.233},{"text":"is","start":6560.249,"end":6560.313},{"text":"advancing","start":6560.506,"end":6561.084},{"text":"the","start":6561.084,"end":6561.148},{"text":"discussions","start":6561.212,"end":6561.919},{"text":"on","start":6562.658,"end":6562.722},{"text":"recommended","start":6563.493,"end":6564.088},{"text":"principles.","start":6564.12,"end":6564.65}]},{"text":"In this regard, National Space Legislation Initiative, what we call NSLI, and the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum, ARSAF, led by Japan, has promoted the implementation of LTS guidelines, and facilitated activities— facilitated the active participation of the member countries in the Working Group on Legal Aspects of the Space Resource Activities.","start":6565.871,"end":6595.092,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6565.871,"end":6565.919},{"text":"this","start":6565.951,"end":6566.112},{"text":"regard,","start":6566.128,"end":6566.529},{"text":"National","start":6566.931,"end":6567.316},{"text":"Space","start":6567.316,"end":6567.718},{"text":"Legislation","start":6567.718,"end":6568.521},{"text":"Initiative,","start":6568.521,"end":6569.308},{"text":"what","start":6570.143,"end":6570.368},{"text":"we","start":6570.368,"end":6570.449},{"text":"call","start":6570.545,"end":6570.673},{"text":"NSLI,","start":6571.027,"end":6572.167},{"text":"and","start":6572.858,"end":6573.083},{"text":"the","start":6573.677,"end":6573.934},{"text":"Asia-Pacific","start":6574.304,"end":6575.107},{"text":"Regional","start":6575.123,"end":6575.476},{"text":"Space","start":6575.476,"end":6575.91},{"text":"Agency","start":6575.99,"end":6576.408},{"text":"Forum,","start":6576.472,"end":6576.97},{"text":"ARSAF,","start":6578.239,"end":6578.849},{"text":"led","start":6579.299,"end":6579.444},{"text":"by","start":6579.604,"end":6579.765},{"text":"Japan,","start":6579.765,"end":6580.15},{"text":"has","start":6580.327,"end":6580.472},{"text":"promoted","start":6580.584,"end":6581.275},{"text":"the","start":6581.628,"end":6581.773},{"text":"implementation","start":6581.789,"end":6582.72},{"text":"of","start":6582.897,"end":6583.01},{"text":"LTS","start":6583.154,"end":6583.62},{"text":"guidelines,","start":6583.636,"end":6584.327},{"text":"and","start":6585.05,"end":6585.21},{"text":"facilitated","start":6585.323,"end":6586.142},{"text":"activities—","start":6586.142,"end":6586.817},{"text":"facilitated","start":6588.215,"end":6588.922},{"text":"the","start":6588.922,"end":6589.002},{"text":"active","start":6589.163,"end":6589.468},{"text":"participation","start":6589.501,"end":6590.159},{"text":"of","start":6590.159,"end":6590.24},{"text":"the","start":6590.288,"end":6590.32},{"text":"member","start":6590.32,"end":6590.69},{"text":"countries","start":6590.69,"end":6591.075},{"text":"in","start":6591.268,"end":6591.316},{"text":"the","start":6591.413,"end":6591.477},{"text":"Working","start":6591.493,"end":6591.798},{"text":"Group","start":6591.911,"end":6592.168},{"text":"on","start":6592.297,"end":6592.393},{"text":"Legal","start":6592.393,"end":6592.73},{"text":"Aspects","start":6592.939,"end":6593.518},{"text":"of","start":6593.582,"end":6593.646},{"text":"the","start":6593.678,"end":6593.759},{"text":"Space","start":6593.759,"end":6594.08},{"text":"Resource","start":6594.144,"end":6594.482},{"text":"Activities.","start":6594.482,"end":6595.092}]},{"text":"At the APRSAP Study 1 hosted by the Philippine Space Agency, Ministry of Science and Technology of Japan, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency known at JAXA last year, NSLI advanced to its 4th phase, further support Copias through international cooperation.","start":6596.474,"end":6621.357,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":6596.474,"end":6596.635},{"text":"the","start":6596.635,"end":6596.731},{"text":"APRSAP","start":6597.197,"end":6598.113},{"text":"Study","start":6598.435,"end":6598.788},{"text":"1","start":6598.901,"end":6599.27},{"text":"hosted","start":6599.608,"end":6600.026},{"text":"by","start":6600.026,"end":6600.218},{"text":"the","start":6600.251,"end":6600.492},{"text":"Philippine","start":6600.893,"end":6601.279},{"text":"Space","start":6601.857,"end":6602.066},{"text":"Agency,","start":6602.339,"end":6602.805},{"text":"Ministry","start":6603.641,"end":6604.123},{"text":"of","start":6604.268,"end":6604.461},{"text":"Science","start":6604.461,"end":6604.927},{"text":"and","start":6604.927,"end":6605.007},{"text":"Technology","start":6605.007,"end":6605.457},{"text":"of","start":6605.473,"end":6605.569},{"text":"Japan,","start":6605.569,"end":6605.939},{"text":"and","start":6606.839,"end":6606.951},{"text":"Japan","start":6607.08,"end":6607.465},{"text":"Aerospace","start":6607.562,"end":6608.124},{"text":"Exploration","start":6608.124,"end":6608.751},{"text":"Agency","start":6609.57,"end":6610.551},{"text":"known","start":6610.551,"end":6610.76},{"text":"at","start":6610.792,"end":6611.016},{"text":"JAXA","start":6611.016,"end":6611.37},{"text":"last","start":6611.37,"end":6611.739},{"text":"year,","start":6611.739,"end":6612.012},{"text":"NSLI","start":6612.702,"end":6614.42},{"text":"advanced","start":6614.709,"end":6615.384},{"text":"to","start":6615.753,"end":6615.801},{"text":"its","start":6615.946,"end":6616.331},{"text":"4th","start":6616.636,"end":6616.941},{"text":"phase,","start":6617.054,"end":6617.343},{"text":"further","start":6617.921,"end":6618.274},{"text":"support","start":6618.274,"end":6619.109},{"text":"Copias","start":6619.382,"end":6619.831},{"text":"through","start":6619.864,"end":6620.233},{"text":"international","start":6620.265,"end":6620.811},{"text":"cooperation.","start":6620.811,"end":6621.357}]},{"text":"Chair, to conclude, Japan believes that sharing information among all states on the implementation of these instruments, including the best practice, as well as exchanging the views on approach, to international cooperation will contribute to ensuring the safe and sustainable use of outer space over the long term.","start":6622.513,"end":6644.834,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":6622.513,"end":6622.77},{"text":"to","start":6623.781,"end":6623.846},{"text":"conclude,","start":6623.942,"end":6624.472},{"text":"Japan","start":6625.307,"end":6625.708},{"text":"believes","start":6625.724,"end":6626.334},{"text":"that","start":6626.929,"end":6627.153},{"text":"sharing","start":6627.153,"end":6627.458},{"text":"information","start":6627.587,"end":6628.101},{"text":"among","start":6628.197,"end":6628.39},{"text":"all","start":6628.679,"end":6628.855},{"text":"states","start":6628.855,"end":6629.353},{"text":"on","start":6629.883,"end":6629.963},{"text":"the","start":6629.979,"end":6630.027},{"text":"implementation","start":6630.043,"end":6630.798},{"text":"of","start":6630.798,"end":6630.911},{"text":"these","start":6630.927,"end":6631.167},{"text":"instruments,","start":6631.167,"end":6631.665},{"text":"including","start":6631.826,"end":6632.115},{"text":"the","start":6632.147,"end":6632.307},{"text":"best","start":6632.307,"end":6632.548},{"text":"practice,","start":6632.548,"end":6632.982},{"text":"as","start":6633.656,"end":6633.801},{"text":"well","start":6633.897,"end":6634.106},{"text":"as","start":6634.218,"end":6634.363},{"text":"exchanging","start":6634.395,"end":6634.925},{"text":"the","start":6634.957,"end":6635.117},{"text":"views","start":6635.117,"end":6635.406},{"text":"on","start":6635.599,"end":6635.647},{"text":"approach,","start":6635.744,"end":6636.209},{"text":"to","start":6636.709,"end":6636.79},{"text":"international","start":6636.806,"end":6637.291},{"text":"cooperation","start":6637.291,"end":6637.905},{"text":"will","start":6638.486,"end":6638.696},{"text":"contribute","start":6639.051,"end":6639.794},{"text":"to","start":6639.794,"end":6639.891},{"text":"ensuring","start":6640.037,"end":6640.57},{"text":"the","start":6641.07,"end":6641.167},{"text":"safe","start":6641.167,"end":6641.506},{"text":"and","start":6641.716,"end":6641.862},{"text":"sustainable","start":6641.878,"end":6642.54},{"text":"use","start":6642.54,"end":6642.928},{"text":"of","start":6643.008,"end":6643.154},{"text":"outer","start":6643.186,"end":6643.396},{"text":"space","start":6643.428,"end":6643.768},{"text":"over","start":6644.058,"end":6644.236},{"text":"the","start":6644.236,"end":6644.301},{"text":"long","start":6644.317,"end":6644.446},{"text":"term.","start":6644.559,"end":6644.834}]},{"text":"Thank you for your attention.","start":6645.221,"end":6645.835,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6645.221,"end":6645.447},{"text":"you","start":6645.447,"end":6645.528},{"text":"for","start":6645.528,"end":6645.593},{"text":"your","start":6645.593,"end":6645.673},{"text":"attention.","start":6645.673,"end":6645.835}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"JPN","affiliation_full":"Japan","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":55,"start":6648.441,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=6649","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Japan for their statement, and now I give the floor to South Africa.","start":6648.441,"end":6654.933,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6648.441,"end":6648.538},{"text":"thank","start":6648.538,"end":6649.009},{"text":"Japan","start":6649.496,"end":6649.918},{"text":"for","start":6649.918,"end":6650.096},{"text":"their","start":6650.096,"end":6650.242},{"text":"statement,","start":6650.242,"end":6650.876},{"text":"and","start":6651.541,"end":6651.606},{"text":"now","start":6651.622,"end":6651.801},{"text":"I","start":6653.408,"end":6653.44},{"text":"give","start":6653.489,"end":6653.7},{"text":"the","start":6653.716,"end":6653.813},{"text":"floor","start":6653.813,"end":6653.992},{"text":"to","start":6653.992,"end":6654.138},{"text":"South","start":6654.138,"end":6654.463},{"text":"Africa.","start":6654.463,"end":6654.933}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":56,"start":6656.33,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=6657","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chairperson, Chairperson and distinguished delegates, the South African delegation aligns itself with the statement delivered by our distinguished colleague from Egypt on behalf of the G77 and China, and we have the following to add in our national capacity.","start":6656.33,"end":6672.604,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chairperson,","start":6656.33,"end":6656.815},{"text":"Chairperson","start":6657.494,"end":6658.092},{"text":"and","start":6658.447,"end":6658.544},{"text":"distinguished","start":6658.544,"end":6659.062},{"text":"delegates,","start":6659.094,"end":6659.579},{"text":"the","start":6659.757,"end":6659.854},{"text":"South","start":6659.854,"end":6660.08},{"text":"African","start":6660.08,"end":6660.549},{"text":"delegation","start":6660.549,"end":6661.26},{"text":"aligns","start":6661.454,"end":6661.875},{"text":"itself","start":6661.875,"end":6662.101},{"text":"with","start":6662.437,"end":6662.597},{"text":"the","start":6662.597,"end":6662.677},{"text":"statement","start":6662.677,"end":6663.24},{"text":"delivered","start":6663.24,"end":6663.738},{"text":"by","start":6663.738,"end":6663.979},{"text":"our","start":6664.284,"end":6664.476},{"text":"distinguished","start":6664.476,"end":6665.103},{"text":"colleague","start":6665.103,"end":6665.521},{"text":"from","start":6665.521,"end":6665.81},{"text":"Egypt","start":6665.89,"end":6666.292},{"text":"on","start":6666.324,"end":6666.436},{"text":"behalf","start":6666.468,"end":6666.966},{"text":"of","start":6667.095,"end":6667.239},{"text":"the","start":6667.753,"end":6667.978},{"text":"G77","start":6667.978,"end":6668.926},{"text":"and","start":6668.958,"end":6669.103},{"text":"China,","start":6669.103,"end":6669.44},{"text":"and","start":6669.665,"end":6669.729},{"text":"we","start":6669.841,"end":6669.922},{"text":"have","start":6669.922,"end":6670.147},{"text":"the","start":6670.147,"end":6670.227},{"text":"following","start":6670.227,"end":6670.693},{"text":"to","start":6670.869,"end":6671.094},{"text":"add","start":6671.271,"end":6671.448},{"text":"in","start":6671.448,"end":6671.544},{"text":"our","start":6671.544,"end":6671.608},{"text":"national","start":6671.608,"end":6672.01},{"text":"capacity.","start":6672.01,"end":6672.604}]},{"text":"South Africa continues to regard non-legal— non-legally binding United Nations instruments as important to the orderly development of international space norms.","start":6673.761,"end":6684.635,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"South","start":6673.761,"end":6673.986},{"text":"Africa","start":6674.082,"end":6674.532},{"text":"continues","start":6674.58,"end":6675.206},{"text":"to","start":6675.206,"end":6675.319},{"text":"regard","start":6675.319,"end":6675.865},{"text":"non-legal—","start":6676.026,"end":6676.716},{"text":"non-legally","start":6676.845,"end":6677.712},{"text":"binding","start":6677.712,"end":6678.162},{"text":"United","start":6678.21,"end":6678.74},{"text":"Nations","start":6678.74,"end":6679.286},{"text":"instruments","start":6679.784,"end":6680.314},{"text":"as","start":6680.587,"end":6680.652},{"text":"important","start":6680.684,"end":6681.407},{"text":"to","start":6681.407,"end":6681.503},{"text":"the","start":6681.551,"end":6681.712},{"text":"orderly","start":6681.792,"end":6682.097},{"text":"development","start":6682.129,"end":6682.836},{"text":"of","start":6682.916,"end":6682.981},{"text":"international","start":6683.077,"end":6683.752},{"text":"space","start":6683.752,"end":6684.105},{"text":"norms.","start":6684.298,"end":6684.635}]},{"text":"Used properly, they assist states in operationalizing treaty obligations, in consolidating good practices, and in building common understanding.","start":6685.567,"end":6695.891,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Used","start":6685.567,"end":6685.872},{"text":"properly,","start":6685.904,"end":6686.434},{"text":"they","start":6687.012,"end":6687.061},{"text":"assist","start":6687.173,"end":6687.591},{"text":"states","start":6687.591,"end":6689.647},{"text":"in","start":6687.992,"end":6688.072},{"text":"operationalizing","start":6688.153,"end":6689.244},{"text":"treaty","start":6689.517,"end":6689.903},{"text":"obligations,","start":6689.983,"end":6690.77},{"text":"in","start":6691.267,"end":6691.315},{"text":"consolidating","start":6691.364,"end":6692.214},{"text":"good","start":6692.311,"end":6692.455},{"text":"practices,","start":6692.487,"end":6693.097},{"text":"and","start":6693.434,"end":6693.531},{"text":"in","start":6693.531,"end":6693.579},{"text":"building","start":6693.691,"end":6694.045},{"text":"common","start":6694.815,"end":6695.104},{"text":"understanding.","start":6695.2,"end":6695.891}]},{"text":"For South Africa, the legal issue under this item is not whether soft law has value.","start":6696.806,"end":6702.425,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":6696.806,"end":6696.998},{"text":"South","start":6696.998,"end":6697.239},{"text":"Africa,","start":6697.368,"end":6697.705},{"text":"the","start":6698.09,"end":6698.186},{"text":"legal","start":6698.186,"end":6698.636},{"text":"issue","start":6698.732,"end":6699.005},{"text":"under","start":6699.31,"end":6699.519},{"text":"this","start":6699.535,"end":6699.663},{"text":"item","start":6699.856,"end":6700.274},{"text":"is","start":6700.274,"end":6700.322},{"text":"not","start":6700.434,"end":6700.739},{"text":"whether","start":6700.739,"end":6700.996},{"text":"soft","start":6700.996,"end":6701.478},{"text":"law","start":6701.478,"end":6701.718},{"text":"has","start":6701.718,"end":6701.927},{"text":"value.","start":6702.023,"end":6702.425}]},{"text":"It plainly does.","start":6703.067,"end":6703.934,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6703.067,"end":6703.163},{"text":"plainly","start":6703.163,"end":6703.613},{"text":"does.","start":6703.661,"end":6703.934}]},{"text":"Chairperson and distinguished delegates, my delegation would caution against the increasing tendency for standards or practices developed outside the United United Nations framework to be presented as though they already possess universal normative weight.","start":6704.753,"end":6720.365,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Chairperson","start":6704.753,"end":6705.363},{"text":"and","start":6705.555,"end":6705.652},{"text":"distinguished","start":6705.652,"end":6706.133},{"text":"delegates,","start":6706.133,"end":6706.679},{"text":"my","start":6706.775,"end":6706.856},{"text":"delegation","start":6706.936,"end":6707.642},{"text":"would","start":6707.642,"end":6707.755},{"text":"caution","start":6707.803,"end":6708.365},{"text":"against","start":6708.365,"end":6708.846},{"text":"the","start":6708.846,"end":6708.927},{"text":"increasing","start":6708.927,"end":6709.553},{"text":"tendency","start":6710.002,"end":6710.564},{"text":"for","start":6710.805,"end":6711.014},{"text":"standards","start":6711.014,"end":6711.592},{"text":"or","start":6712.218,"end":6712.314},{"text":"practices","start":6712.314,"end":6712.924},{"text":"developed","start":6713.036,"end":6713.663},{"text":"outside","start":6713.743,"end":6714.208},{"text":"the","start":6714.241,"end":6714.385},{"text":"United","start":6714.385,"end":6714.69},{"text":"United","start":6714.53,"end":6714.787},{"text":"Nations","start":6714.787,"end":6715.255},{"text":"framework","start":6715.352,"end":6715.996},{"text":"to","start":6715.996,"end":6716.093},{"text":"be","start":6716.093,"end":6716.254},{"text":"presented","start":6716.254,"end":6716.883},{"text":"as","start":6716.899,"end":6717.028},{"text":"though","start":6717.06,"end":6717.318},{"text":"they","start":6717.689,"end":6717.866},{"text":"already","start":6717.866,"end":6718.189},{"text":"possess","start":6718.189,"end":6718.705},{"text":"universal","start":6718.737,"end":6719.269},{"text":"normative","start":6719.414,"end":6719.946},{"text":"weight.","start":6720.026,"end":6720.365}]},{"text":"South Africa's position is therefore that non-binding instruments should complement, not displace, the treaty regime.","start":6721.106,"end":6728.984,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"South","start":6721.106,"end":6721.268},{"text":"Africa's","start":6721.332,"end":6721.8},{"text":"position","start":6721.816,"end":6722.477},{"text":"is","start":6722.477,"end":6722.59},{"text":"therefore","start":6722.59,"end":6723.143},{"text":"that","start":6723.419,"end":6723.875},{"text":"non-binding","start":6723.907,"end":6724.868},{"text":"instruments","start":6724.965,"end":6725.535},{"text":"should","start":6725.535,"end":6725.762},{"text":"complement,","start":6725.795,"end":6726.527},{"text":"not","start":6726.69,"end":6726.934},{"text":"displace,","start":6727.015,"end":6727.471},{"text":"the","start":6727.894,"end":6727.992},{"text":"treaty","start":6728.057,"end":6728.463},{"text":"regime.","start":6728.463,"end":6728.984}]},{"text":"They should be used where there is a genuine operational need and no immediate prospect of treaty agreement, but they must remain transparent and state-led.","start":6729.53,"end":6739.278,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":6729.53,"end":6729.562},{"text":"should","start":6729.562,"end":6729.803},{"text":"be","start":6729.803,"end":6729.9},{"text":"used","start":6729.965,"end":6730.416},{"text":"where","start":6730.512,"end":6730.77},{"text":"there","start":6730.77,"end":6730.931},{"text":"is","start":6730.931,"end":6731.06},{"text":"a","start":6731.093,"end":6731.125},{"text":"genuine","start":6731.238,"end":6731.705},{"text":"operational","start":6731.898,"end":6732.704},{"text":"need","start":6732.704,"end":6733.155},{"text":"and","start":6733.494,"end":6733.655},{"text":"no","start":6733.655,"end":6733.767},{"text":"immediate","start":6733.912,"end":6734.396},{"text":"prospect","start":6734.396,"end":6734.944},{"text":"of","start":6734.976,"end":6735.057},{"text":"treaty","start":6735.121,"end":6735.588},{"text":"agreement,","start":6735.588,"end":6736.168},{"text":"but","start":6736.555,"end":6736.748},{"text":"they","start":6736.748,"end":6736.829},{"text":"must","start":6736.894,"end":6737.232},{"text":"remain","start":6737.28,"end":6737.506},{"text":"transparent","start":6737.538,"end":6738.424},{"text":"and","start":6738.489,"end":6738.634},{"text":"state-led.","start":6738.666,"end":6739.278}]},{"text":"We would also encourage the subcommittee to look more closely at implementation utility.","start":6740.24,"end":6746.18,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6740.24,"end":6740.272},{"text":"would","start":6740.272,"end":6740.416},{"text":"also","start":6740.432,"end":6740.689},{"text":"encourage","start":6740.737,"end":6741.267},{"text":"the","start":6741.38,"end":6741.46},{"text":"subcommittee","start":6741.46,"end":6742.311},{"text":"to","start":6742.359,"end":6742.503},{"text":"look","start":6742.52,"end":6742.76},{"text":"more","start":6742.76,"end":6742.969},{"text":"closely","start":6742.985,"end":6743.531},{"text":"at","start":6744.35,"end":6744.687},{"text":"implementation","start":6744.687,"end":6745.554},{"text":"utility.","start":6745.554,"end":6746.18}]},{"text":"If new non-binding instruments are contemplated in areas such as debris remediation, coordination practices, or emerging forms of in-orbit activity, they should be accompanied by practical support for domestic uptake, especially in Africa and other developing regions.","start":6746.919,"end":6765.689,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":6746.919,"end":6746.967},{"text":"new","start":6747.176,"end":6747.272},{"text":"non-binding","start":6747.513,"end":6748.268},{"text":"instruments","start":6748.38,"end":6748.958},{"text":"are","start":6749.022,"end":6749.119},{"text":"contemplated","start":6749.167,"end":6749.97},{"text":"in","start":6750.066,"end":6750.195},{"text":"areas","start":6750.291,"end":6750.676},{"text":"such","start":6750.724,"end":6751.11},{"text":"as","start":6751.254,"end":6751.319},{"text":"debris","start":6751.367,"end":6751.736},{"text":"remediation,","start":6751.736,"end":6752.699},{"text":"coordination","start":6753.261,"end":6754},{"text":"practices,","start":6754,"end":6754.61},{"text":"or","start":6755.028,"end":6755.188},{"text":"emerging","start":6755.188,"end":6755.638},{"text":"forms","start":6755.83,"end":6756.296},{"text":"of","start":6756.714,"end":6756.938},{"text":"in-orbit","start":6757.147,"end":6757.613},{"text":"activity,","start":6757.613,"end":6758.223},{"text":"they","start":6758.801,"end":6758.897},{"text":"should","start":6758.897,"end":6759.122},{"text":"be","start":6759.122,"end":6759.186},{"text":"accompanied","start":6759.218,"end":6759.925},{"text":"by","start":6759.925,"end":6760.102},{"text":"practical","start":6760.102,"end":6760.599},{"text":"support","start":6760.599,"end":6761.225},{"text":"for","start":6761.225,"end":6761.386},{"text":"domestic","start":6761.386,"end":6761.884},{"text":"uptake,","start":6761.948,"end":6762.414},{"text":"especially","start":6762.831,"end":6763.441},{"text":"in","start":6763.618,"end":6763.682},{"text":"Africa","start":6763.778,"end":6764.18},{"text":"and","start":6764.18,"end":6764.324},{"text":"other","start":6764.421,"end":6764.597},{"text":"developing","start":6764.678,"end":6765.208},{"text":"regions.","start":6765.304,"end":6765.689}]},{"text":"Thank you for your kind attention.","start":6766.236,"end":6767.494,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6766.236,"end":6766.484},{"text":"you","start":6766.484,"end":6766.518},{"text":"for","start":6766.551,"end":6766.65},{"text":"your","start":6766.65,"end":6766.799},{"text":"kind","start":6766.799,"end":6767.047},{"text":"attention.","start":6767.047,"end":6767.494}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"ZAF","affiliation_full":"South Africa","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":57,"start":6770.732,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=6771","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank South Africa for their statement, and now I give the floor to India.","start":6770.732,"end":6775.536,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6770.732,"end":6770.813},{"text":"thank","start":6770.813,"end":6771.152},{"text":"South","start":6771.152,"end":6771.541},{"text":"Africa","start":6771.622,"end":6772.123},{"text":"for","start":6772.204,"end":6772.479},{"text":"their","start":6772.511,"end":6772.608},{"text":"statement,","start":6772.608,"end":6773.239},{"text":"and","start":6773.741,"end":6773.805},{"text":"now","start":6773.886,"end":6774.016},{"text":"I","start":6774.372,"end":6774.388},{"text":"give","start":6774.469,"end":6774.679},{"text":"the","start":6774.695,"end":6774.792},{"text":"floor","start":6774.792,"end":6775.035},{"text":"to","start":6775.035,"end":6775.197},{"text":"India.","start":6775.261,"end":6775.536}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":58,"start":6778.77,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=6779","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":6778.77,"end":6779.508,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6778.77,"end":6778.842},{"text":"you,","start":6778.842,"end":6778.877},{"text":"Mr.","start":6778.896,"end":6779.093},{"text":"Chair.","start":6779.147,"end":6779.508}]},{"text":"Chair and distinguished delegates, over the years, the scope of space activities has widened and diversified.","start":6780.81,"end":6787.738,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair","start":6780.81,"end":6781.083},{"text":"and","start":6781.083,"end":6781.164},{"text":"distinguished","start":6781.164,"end":6781.583},{"text":"delegates,","start":6781.631,"end":6782.066},{"text":"over","start":6783.001,"end":6783.178},{"text":"the","start":6783.178,"end":6783.259},{"text":"years,","start":6783.339,"end":6783.629},{"text":"the","start":6784.371,"end":6784.451},{"text":"scope","start":6784.451,"end":6784.79},{"text":"of","start":6784.79,"end":6784.886},{"text":"space","start":6784.886,"end":6785.257},{"text":"activities","start":6785.354,"end":6785.885},{"text":"has","start":6786.224,"end":6786.288},{"text":"widened","start":6786.465,"end":6786.852},{"text":"and","start":6787.029,"end":6787.094},{"text":"diversified.","start":6787.126,"end":6787.738}]},{"text":"While multilaterally negotiated treaties remain the bedrock for global space governance, the non-legally binding instruments also has an important role.","start":6788.745,"end":6797.217,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":6788.745,"end":6789.008},{"text":"multilaterally","start":6789.008,"end":6789.618},{"text":"negotiated","start":6789.882,"end":6790.458},{"text":"treaties","start":6790.458,"end":6790.771},{"text":"remain","start":6791.48,"end":6791.76},{"text":"the","start":6791.793,"end":6791.875},{"text":"bedrock","start":6791.875,"end":6794.034},{"text":"for","start":6792.302,"end":6792.431},{"text":"global","start":6792.543,"end":6792.816},{"text":"space","start":6792.864,"end":6793.33},{"text":"governance,","start":6793.33,"end":6793.828},{"text":"the","start":6794.39,"end":6794.471},{"text":"non-legally","start":6794.471,"end":6794.953},{"text":"binding","start":6794.953,"end":6795.274},{"text":"instruments","start":6795.274,"end":6795.932},{"text":"also","start":6796.141,"end":6796.35},{"text":"has","start":6796.398,"end":6796.543},{"text":"an","start":6796.543,"end":6796.591},{"text":"important","start":6796.639,"end":6797.057},{"text":"role.","start":6797.057,"end":6797.217}]},{"text":"Chair, India recognizes the UN COPAS Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the 21 Guidelines on the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities as essential non-binding instruments that underpin the safe and sustainable utilization of outer space.","start":6797.924,"end":6815.015,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":6797.924,"end":6798.262},{"text":"India","start":6799.354,"end":6799.595},{"text":"recognizes","start":6799.595,"end":6800.141},{"text":"the","start":6800.976,"end":6801.056},{"text":"UN","start":6801.121,"end":6801.346},{"text":"COPAS","start":6801.378,"end":6801.747},{"text":"Space","start":6801.924,"end":6802.245},{"text":"Debris","start":6802.406,"end":6802.679},{"text":"Mitigation","start":6802.679,"end":6803.209},{"text":"Guidelines","start":6803.209,"end":6803.755},{"text":"and","start":6804.189,"end":6804.253},{"text":"the","start":6804.253,"end":6804.301},{"text":"21","start":6804.349,"end":6804.638},{"text":"Guidelines","start":6804.735,"end":6805.281},{"text":"on","start":6805.699,"end":6805.731},{"text":"the","start":6805.731,"end":6805.811},{"text":"Long-Term","start":6805.859,"end":6806.405},{"text":"Sustainability","start":6806.678,"end":6807.241},{"text":"of","start":6807.305,"end":6807.449},{"text":"Outer","start":6807.482,"end":6807.658},{"text":"Space","start":6807.658,"end":6807.963},{"text":"Activities","start":6807.963,"end":6808.333},{"text":"as","start":6808.526,"end":6808.654},{"text":"essential","start":6808.75,"end":6809.184},{"text":"non-binding","start":6809.746,"end":6810.341},{"text":"instruments","start":6810.357,"end":6810.919},{"text":"that","start":6811.176,"end":6811.401},{"text":"underpin","start":6811.417,"end":6811.786},{"text":"the","start":6812.284,"end":6812.365},{"text":"safe","start":6812.365,"end":6812.686},{"text":"and","start":6812.863,"end":6812.927},{"text":"sustainable","start":6812.959,"end":6813.489},{"text":"utilization","start":6813.826,"end":6814.308},{"text":"of","start":6814.308,"end":6814.405},{"text":"outer","start":6814.453,"end":6814.694},{"text":"space.","start":6814.694,"end":6815.015}]},{"text":"These UN instruments also plays a major role in formulating national policies, regulations, and operational directives.","start":6816.155,"end":6823.831,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":6816.155,"end":6816.364},{"text":"UN","start":6816.412,"end":6816.605},{"text":"instruments","start":6816.637,"end":6817.296},{"text":"also","start":6817.376,"end":6817.681},{"text":"plays","start":6817.73,"end":6818.131},{"text":"a","start":6818.564,"end":6818.581},{"text":"major","start":6818.581,"end":6818.998},{"text":"role","start":6819.03,"end":6819.303},{"text":"in","start":6819.528,"end":6819.576},{"text":"formulating","start":6819.672,"end":6820.218},{"text":"national","start":6820.427,"end":6820.78},{"text":"policies,","start":6820.796,"end":6821.182},{"text":"regulations,","start":6821.615,"end":6822.145},{"text":"and","start":6822.643,"end":6822.723},{"text":"operational","start":6822.819,"end":6823.221},{"text":"directives.","start":6823.221,"end":6823.831}]},{"text":"The Indian Space Policy 2023, as a first step towards national— national instrument, harmonizes the global space governance framework in Indian context.","start":6824.987,"end":6835.761,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6824.987,"end":6825.067},{"text":"Indian","start":6825.148,"end":6825.389},{"text":"Space","start":6825.389,"end":6825.71},{"text":"Policy","start":6825.71,"end":6826.079},{"text":"2023,","start":6826.432,"end":6827.396},{"text":"as","start":6827.942,"end":6828.022},{"text":"a","start":6828.022,"end":6828.102},{"text":"first","start":6828.102,"end":6828.423},{"text":"step","start":6828.423,"end":6828.68},{"text":"towards","start":6828.68,"end":6829.049},{"text":"national—","start":6829.242,"end":6830.495},{"text":"national","start":6830.784,"end":6831.105},{"text":"instrument,","start":6831.153,"end":6831.618},{"text":"harmonizes","start":6831.795,"end":6832.421},{"text":"the","start":6832.935,"end":6833.015},{"text":"global","start":6833.08,"end":6833.337},{"text":"space","start":6833.337,"end":6833.658},{"text":"governance","start":6833.658,"end":6834.075},{"text":"framework","start":6834.139,"end":6834.605},{"text":"in","start":6834.862,"end":6834.99},{"text":"Indian","start":6835.006,"end":6835.183},{"text":"context.","start":6835.263,"end":6835.761}]},{"text":"While encouraging innovation in private sector, it also advocates compliance to the universally accepted aforementioned principles, norms, guidelines, and procedures for the implementation of Indian Space Policy 2023 in respect of authorization of space activities has been released by the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center in Space to further institutionalize such mechanism.","start":6836.628,"end":6861.896,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":6836.628,"end":6836.869},{"text":"encouraging","start":6836.869,"end":6837.399},{"text":"innovation","start":6837.672,"end":6838.041},{"text":"in","start":6838.154,"end":6838.282},{"text":"private","start":6838.314,"end":6838.619},{"text":"sector,","start":6838.619,"end":6839.117},{"text":"it","start":6839.374,"end":6839.502},{"text":"also","start":6839.583,"end":6839.888},{"text":"advocates","start":6839.92,"end":6840.498},{"text":"compliance","start":6840.707,"end":6841.204},{"text":"to","start":6841.204,"end":6841.301},{"text":"the","start":6841.301,"end":6841.429},{"text":"universally","start":6841.445,"end":6841.975},{"text":"accepted","start":6842.184,"end":6842.617},{"text":"aforementioned","start":6843.035,"end":6843.452},{"text":"principles,","start":6844.374,"end":6844.875},{"text":"norms,","start":6844.972,"end":6845.36},{"text":"guidelines,","start":6845.78,"end":6846.411},{"text":"and","start":6846.605,"end":6846.669},{"text":"procedures","start":6846.766,"end":6847.38},{"text":"for","start":6847.801,"end":6847.93},{"text":"the","start":6847.962,"end":6848.027},{"text":"implementation","start":6848.043,"end":6848.738},{"text":"of","start":6849.19,"end":6849.32},{"text":"Indian","start":6849.417,"end":6849.562},{"text":"Space","start":6849.611,"end":6849.918},{"text":"Policy","start":6849.918,"end":6850.241},{"text":"2023","start":6850.241,"end":6851.114},{"text":"in","start":6851.615,"end":6851.679},{"text":"respect","start":6851.696,"end":6852.164},{"text":"of","start":6852.164,"end":6852.31},{"text":"authorization","start":6852.342,"end":6852.875},{"text":"of","start":6852.924,"end":6853.28},{"text":"space","start":6853.28,"end":6853.62},{"text":"activities","start":6853.636,"end":6854.17},{"text":"has","start":6854.511,"end":6854.656},{"text":"been","start":6854.689,"end":6854.851},{"text":"released","start":6854.851,"end":6855.175},{"text":"by","start":6855.175,"end":6855.337},{"text":"the","start":6855.337,"end":6855.418},{"text":"Indian","start":6855.515,"end":6855.726},{"text":"National","start":6855.807,"end":6856.26},{"text":"Space","start":6856.487,"end":6856.876},{"text":"Promotion","start":6856.876,"end":6857.41},{"text":"and","start":6857.605,"end":6857.67},{"text":"Authorization","start":6857.767,"end":6858.22},{"text":"Center","start":6858.318,"end":6858.577},{"text":"in","start":6859.047,"end":6859.079},{"text":"Space","start":6859.079,"end":6859.565},{"text":"to","start":6859.792,"end":6859.873},{"text":"further","start":6859.873,"end":6860.326},{"text":"institutionalize","start":6860.343,"end":6860.974},{"text":"such","start":6861.266,"end":6861.396},{"text":"mechanism.","start":6861.396,"end":6861.896}]},{"text":"Chair, it would also be prudent to identify the limitations of these non-binding instruments, considering that these are at best guidelines and desirable norms, their lack of enforceability leads to varying level of commitment and implementation among states and by extension to the private sector operating under the aegis of the state.","start":6863.331,"end":6885.229,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":6863.331,"end":6863.669},{"text":"it","start":6864.637,"end":6864.718},{"text":"would","start":6864.782,"end":6864.927},{"text":"also","start":6865.024,"end":6865.266},{"text":"be","start":6865.266,"end":6865.363},{"text":"prudent","start":6865.443,"end":6865.895},{"text":"to","start":6866.169,"end":6866.298},{"text":"identify","start":6866.33,"end":6866.927},{"text":"the","start":6867.362,"end":6867.443},{"text":"limitations","start":6867.443,"end":6867.991},{"text":"of","start":6868.169,"end":6868.233},{"text":"these","start":6868.346,"end":6868.556},{"text":"non-binding","start":6868.652,"end":6869.039},{"text":"instruments,","start":6869.092,"end":6869.846},{"text":"considering","start":6870.44,"end":6870.986},{"text":"that","start":6871.42,"end":6871.548},{"text":"these","start":6871.645,"end":6871.789},{"text":"are","start":6871.885,"end":6872.046},{"text":"at","start":6872.046,"end":6872.191},{"text":"best","start":6872.287,"end":6872.528},{"text":"guidelines","start":6872.528,"end":6873.074},{"text":"and","start":6873.331,"end":6873.427},{"text":"desirable","start":6873.427,"end":6873.909},{"text":"norms,","start":6873.909,"end":6874.326},{"text":"their","start":6874.776,"end":6874.92},{"text":"lack","start":6874.952,"end":6875.193},{"text":"of","start":6875.193,"end":6875.322},{"text":"enforceability","start":6875.354,"end":6876.012},{"text":"leads","start":6876.542,"end":6876.767},{"text":"to","start":6876.863,"end":6877.088},{"text":"varying","start":6877.505,"end":6877.81},{"text":"level","start":6877.826,"end":6878.148},{"text":"of","start":6878.148,"end":6878.244},{"text":"commitment","start":6878.244,"end":6878.854},{"text":"and","start":6879.272,"end":6879.368},{"text":"implementation","start":6879.368,"end":6879.978},{"text":"among","start":6880.315,"end":6880.46},{"text":"states","start":6880.492,"end":6881.006},{"text":"and","start":6881.279,"end":6881.359},{"text":"by","start":6881.375,"end":6881.519},{"text":"extension","start":6881.519,"end":6881.969},{"text":"to","start":6882.017,"end":6882.114},{"text":"the","start":6882.114,"end":6882.242},{"text":"private","start":6882.258,"end":6882.499},{"text":"sector","start":6882.499,"end":6882.965},{"text":"operating","start":6883.318,"end":6883.719},{"text":"under","start":6883.719,"end":6883.944},{"text":"the","start":6883.944,"end":6884.024},{"text":"aegis","start":6884.169,"end":6884.538},{"text":"of","start":6884.602,"end":6884.683},{"text":"the","start":6884.731,"end":6884.811},{"text":"state.","start":6884.811,"end":6885.229}]},{"text":"Consequently, these instruments are not as effective as a multilaterally negotiated treaty.","start":6886.192,"end":6891.876,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Consequently,","start":6886.192,"end":6886.802},{"text":"these","start":6887.412,"end":6887.653},{"text":"instruments","start":6887.653,"end":6888.36},{"text":"are","start":6888.504,"end":6888.6},{"text":"not","start":6888.6,"end":6889.018},{"text":"as","start":6889.146,"end":6889.211},{"text":"effective","start":6889.307,"end":6889.74},{"text":"as","start":6890.126,"end":6890.254},{"text":"a","start":6890.302,"end":6890.318},{"text":"multilaterally","start":6890.351,"end":6891.073},{"text":"negotiated","start":6891.073,"end":6891.635},{"text":"treaty.","start":6891.635,"end":6891.876}]},{"text":"In this context, we would like to highlight the operational risk due to the rapidly growing space traffic, which is further exacerbated by varied level of coordination among operators.","start":6893,"end":6903.563,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6893,"end":6893.08},{"text":"this","start":6893.096,"end":6893.321},{"text":"context,","start":6893.321,"end":6893.787},{"text":"we","start":6894.22,"end":6894.252},{"text":"would","start":6894.365,"end":6894.461},{"text":"like","start":6894.461,"end":6894.782},{"text":"to","start":6894.718,"end":6894.83},{"text":"highlight","start":6894.846,"end":6895.455},{"text":"the","start":6895.663,"end":6895.743},{"text":"operational","start":6895.887,"end":6896.368},{"text":"risk","start":6896.368,"end":6896.785},{"text":"due","start":6897.025,"end":6897.105},{"text":"to","start":6897.105,"end":6897.249},{"text":"the","start":6897.249,"end":6897.346},{"text":"rapidly","start":6897.346,"end":6897.794},{"text":"growing","start":6897.81,"end":6898.035},{"text":"space","start":6898.403,"end":6898.772},{"text":"traffic,","start":6898.772,"end":6899.124},{"text":"which","start":6899.509,"end":6899.685},{"text":"is","start":6899.685,"end":6899.797},{"text":"further","start":6899.829,"end":6900.15},{"text":"exacerbated","start":6900.246,"end":6900.919},{"text":"by","start":6901.255,"end":6901.352},{"text":"varied","start":6901.352,"end":6901.64},{"text":"level","start":6901.672,"end":6901.912},{"text":"of","start":6901.912,"end":6902.041},{"text":"coordination","start":6902.073,"end":6902.585},{"text":"among","start":6902.794,"end":6902.922},{"text":"operators.","start":6903.098,"end":6903.563}]},{"text":"The deployment of multi— multiple megaconstellations in the low Earth orbital region necessitates deliberations with all stakeholders— private industries, academia, government agencies, think tanks— to holistically assess the long-term environmental effects and utilization of certain orbital regions from the perspective of due regard principle.","start":6904.556,"end":6927.02,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6904.556,"end":6904.701},{"text":"deployment","start":6904.701,"end":6905.406},{"text":"of","start":6905.694,"end":6905.806},{"text":"multi—","start":6905.902,"end":6906.159},{"text":"multiple","start":6906.704,"end":6907.168},{"text":"megaconstellations","start":6907.264,"end":6908.13},{"text":"in","start":6908.322,"end":6908.386},{"text":"the","start":6908.386,"end":6908.466},{"text":"low","start":6908.546,"end":6908.643},{"text":"Earth","start":6908.787,"end":6908.979},{"text":"orbital","start":6909.027,"end":6909.428},{"text":"region","start":6909.428,"end":6909.732},{"text":"necessitates","start":6910.069,"end":6910.678},{"text":"deliberations","start":6911.206,"end":6911.815},{"text":"with","start":6912.152,"end":6912.264},{"text":"all","start":6912.408,"end":6912.568},{"text":"stakeholders—","start":6912.568,"end":6913.338},{"text":"private","start":6913.69,"end":6914.011},{"text":"industries,","start":6914.011,"end":6914.459},{"text":"academia,","start":6914.908,"end":6915.533},{"text":"government","start":6916.078,"end":6916.43},{"text":"agencies,","start":6916.43,"end":6916.863},{"text":"think","start":6917.295,"end":6917.616},{"text":"tanks—","start":6917.616,"end":6918.097},{"text":"to","start":6918.417,"end":6918.545},{"text":"holistically","start":6918.561,"end":6919.026},{"text":"assess","start":6919.122,"end":6919.33},{"text":"the","start":6919.779,"end":6919.923},{"text":"long-term","start":6919.923,"end":6920.468},{"text":"environmental","start":6920.516,"end":6921.141},{"text":"effects","start":6921.141,"end":6923.192},{"text":"and","start":6921.928,"end":6922.088},{"text":"utilization","start":6922.088,"end":6922.554},{"text":"of","start":6922.731,"end":6922.875},{"text":"certain","start":6923.165,"end":6923.518},{"text":"orbital","start":6923.63,"end":6924.096},{"text":"regions","start":6924.096,"end":6924.434},{"text":"from","start":6924.755,"end":6924.899},{"text":"the","start":6924.915,"end":6924.996},{"text":"perspective","start":6924.996,"end":6925.606},{"text":"of","start":6925.622,"end":6925.767},{"text":"due","start":6926.104,"end":6926.216},{"text":"regard","start":6926.216,"end":6926.57},{"text":"principle.","start":6926.602,"end":6927.02}]},{"text":"These issues, along with cognizance of the limitations of non-legally binding instruments, could serve as starting points for further deliberations on an effective mechanism for implementation.","start":6928.208,"end":6939.259,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":6928.208,"end":6928.433},{"text":"issues,","start":6928.433,"end":6928.819},{"text":"along","start":6929.317,"end":6929.541},{"text":"with","start":6929.574,"end":6929.734},{"text":"cognizance","start":6929.798,"end":6930.473},{"text":"of","start":6930.698,"end":6930.778},{"text":"the","start":6930.778,"end":6930.859},{"text":"limitations","start":6930.859,"end":6931.437},{"text":"of","start":6931.598,"end":6931.71},{"text":"non-legally","start":6931.758,"end":6932.352},{"text":"binding","start":6932.385,"end":6932.674},{"text":"instruments,","start":6932.706,"end":6933.3},{"text":"could","start":6933.67,"end":6933.782},{"text":"serve","start":6933.83,"end":6934.28},{"text":"as","start":6934.553,"end":6934.649},{"text":"starting","start":6934.649,"end":6935.003},{"text":"points","start":6935.115,"end":6935.517},{"text":"for","start":6935.517,"end":6935.661},{"text":"further","start":6935.661,"end":6936.079},{"text":"deliberations","start":6936.079,"end":6936.77},{"text":"on","start":6937.043,"end":6937.091},{"text":"an","start":6937.123,"end":6937.203},{"text":"effective","start":6937.284,"end":6937.621},{"text":"mechanism","start":6937.621,"end":6938.215},{"text":"for","start":6938.472,"end":6938.585},{"text":"implementation.","start":6938.649,"end":6939.259}]},{"text":"Till such mechanisms evolve, the current pace of space activities and the consequent congestions at certain orbital regions would put sustainability of outer space at increasingly greater risk unless all spacefaring entities voluntarily adopt a non-binding UN instrument.","start":6940.079,"end":6957.695,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Till","start":6940.079,"end":6940.223},{"text":"such","start":6940.255,"end":6940.48},{"text":"mechanisms","start":6940.48,"end":6941.058},{"text":"evolve,","start":6941.219,"end":6941.669},{"text":"the","start":6942.086,"end":6942.247},{"text":"current","start":6942.247,"end":6942.52},{"text":"pace","start":6942.584,"end":6942.825},{"text":"of","start":6942.825,"end":6942.954},{"text":"space","start":6942.97,"end":6943.323},{"text":"activities","start":6943.371,"end":6943.837},{"text":"and","start":6944.271,"end":6944.335},{"text":"the","start":6944.367,"end":6944.512},{"text":"consequent","start":6944.512,"end":6944.946},{"text":"congestions","start":6944.994,"end":6945.604},{"text":"at","start":6945.797,"end":6945.941},{"text":"certain","start":6945.941,"end":6946.327},{"text":"orbital","start":6946.423,"end":6946.841},{"text":"regions","start":6946.841,"end":6947.13},{"text":"would","start":6947.628,"end":6947.788},{"text":"put","start":6947.788,"end":6947.949},{"text":"sustainability","start":6947.949,"end":6948.623},{"text":"of","start":6948.752,"end":6948.896},{"text":"outer","start":6948.928,"end":6949.169},{"text":"space","start":6949.169,"end":6949.667},{"text":"at","start":6949.812,"end":6950.068},{"text":"increasingly","start":6950.117,"end":6950.743},{"text":"greater","start":6950.839,"end":6951.096},{"text":"risk","start":6951.096,"end":6951.497},{"text":"unless","start":6951.497,"end":6952.413},{"text":"all","start":6953.007,"end":6953.103},{"text":"spacefaring","start":6953.103,"end":6953.761},{"text":"entities","start":6953.89,"end":6954.275},{"text":"voluntarily","start":6954.789,"end":6955.319},{"text":"adopt","start":6955.351,"end":6955.849},{"text":"a","start":6955.913,"end":6955.929},{"text":"non-binding","start":6955.929,"end":6956.603},{"text":"UN","start":6956.78,"end":6956.973},{"text":"instrument.","start":6957.021,"end":6957.695}]},{"text":"Chair, India also looks forward to sustained deliberations within the UN corpus framework for refining these voluntary instruments and, wherever appropriate, extend their reach to domains beyond the Earth orbits.","start":6958.707,"end":6971.103,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":6958.707,"end":6959.044},{"text":"India","start":6959.526,"end":6959.767},{"text":"also","start":6959.831,"end":6960.072},{"text":"looks","start":6960.072,"end":6960.248},{"text":"forward","start":6960.248,"end":6960.698},{"text":"to","start":6960.971,"end":6961.051},{"text":"sustained","start":6961.051,"end":6961.453},{"text":"deliberations","start":6961.453,"end":6962.063},{"text":"within","start":6962.496,"end":6962.721},{"text":"the","start":6962.721,"end":6962.801},{"text":"UN","start":6962.817,"end":6963.026},{"text":"corpus","start":6963.122,"end":6963.46},{"text":"framework","start":6963.46,"end":6964.022},{"text":"for","start":6964.246,"end":6964.343},{"text":"refining","start":6964.343,"end":6964.792},{"text":"these","start":6964.824,"end":6965.033},{"text":"voluntary","start":6965.065,"end":6965.467},{"text":"instruments","start":6965.563,"end":6966.141},{"text":"and,","start":6966.51,"end":6966.575},{"text":"wherever","start":6966.671,"end":6966.976},{"text":"appropriate,","start":6967.056,"end":6967.522},{"text":"extend","start":6967.891,"end":6968.293},{"text":"their","start":6968.341,"end":6968.517},{"text":"reach","start":6968.517,"end":6968.726},{"text":"to","start":6969.24,"end":6969.385},{"text":"domains","start":6969.401,"end":6969.738},{"text":"beyond","start":6969.802,"end":6970.123},{"text":"the","start":6970.123,"end":6970.268},{"text":"Earth","start":6970.348,"end":6970.492},{"text":"orbits.","start":6970.669,"end":6971.103}]},{"text":"With the recent spot of activities for lunar exploration, cislunar space is emerging as one of such domains.","start":6971.889,"end":6978.351,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":6971.889,"end":6971.954},{"text":"the","start":6971.954,"end":6972.066},{"text":"recent","start":6972.066,"end":6972.371},{"text":"spot","start":6972.371,"end":6972.532},{"text":"of","start":6972.772,"end":6972.868},{"text":"activities","start":6972.932,"end":6973.461},{"text":"for","start":6973.574,"end":6973.718},{"text":"lunar","start":6973.734,"end":6974.022},{"text":"exploration,","start":6974.071,"end":6974.664},{"text":"cislunar","start":6975.032,"end":6975.513},{"text":"space","start":6975.513,"end":6975.994},{"text":"is","start":6976.058,"end":6976.187},{"text":"emerging","start":6976.283,"end":6976.668},{"text":"as","start":6977.1,"end":6977.229},{"text":"one","start":6977.325,"end":6977.389},{"text":"of","start":6977.501,"end":6977.597},{"text":"such","start":6977.597,"end":6977.758},{"text":"domains.","start":6977.886,"end":6978.351}]},{"text":"Based on the lessons learned from the near-Earth orbital congestion, it would be prudent to put in place the required non-legally binding provisions for preserving the pristineness of such regions before the space activities start intensifying in the future.","start":6979.024,"end":6994.478,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Based","start":6979.024,"end":6979.233},{"text":"on","start":6979.265,"end":6979.345},{"text":"the","start":6979.345,"end":6979.425},{"text":"lessons","start":6979.425,"end":6979.762},{"text":"learned","start":6979.906,"end":6980.275},{"text":"from","start":6980.627,"end":6980.788},{"text":"the","start":6980.788,"end":6980.868},{"text":"near-Earth","start":6980.868,"end":6981.365},{"text":"orbital","start":6981.573,"end":6981.958},{"text":"congestion,","start":6981.974,"end":6982.439},{"text":"it","start":6982.888,"end":6982.968},{"text":"would","start":6983.032,"end":6983.128},{"text":"be","start":6983.176,"end":6983.273},{"text":"prudent","start":6983.353,"end":6983.882},{"text":"to","start":6984.154,"end":6984.234},{"text":"put","start":6984.234,"end":6984.459},{"text":"in","start":6984.459,"end":6984.523},{"text":"place","start":6984.555,"end":6984.779},{"text":"the","start":6984.956,"end":6985.02},{"text":"required","start":6985.02,"end":6985.565},{"text":"non-legally","start":6986.174,"end":6986.767},{"text":"binding","start":6986.799,"end":6987.088},{"text":"provisions","start":6987.12,"end":6987.601},{"text":"for","start":6987.601,"end":6988.226},{"text":"preserving","start":6988.226,"end":6988.691},{"text":"the","start":6988.867,"end":6989.028},{"text":"pristineness","start":6989.028,"end":6989.637},{"text":"of","start":6989.749,"end":6989.813},{"text":"such","start":6989.829,"end":6990.022},{"text":"regions","start":6990.102,"end":6990.422},{"text":"before","start":6990.887,"end":6991.384},{"text":"the","start":6991.753,"end":6991.785},{"text":"space","start":6991.785,"end":6992.17},{"text":"activities","start":6992.17,"end":6992.619},{"text":"start","start":6992.651,"end":6993.02},{"text":"intensifying","start":6993.132,"end":6993.661},{"text":"in","start":6993.853,"end":6993.917},{"text":"the","start":6993.933,"end":6994.013},{"text":"future.","start":6994.013,"end":6994.478}]},{"text":"India looks forward to working with other member states of frameworks that preserve the long-term sustainability of outer space for the benefit of all humankind.","start":6994.975,"end":7003.179,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"India","start":6994.975,"end":6995.28},{"text":"looks","start":6995.28,"end":6995.536},{"text":"forward","start":6995.536,"end":6995.905},{"text":"to","start":6996.258,"end":6996.338},{"text":"working","start":6996.402,"end":6996.659},{"text":"with","start":6996.659,"end":6996.835},{"text":"other","start":6996.899,"end":6997.075},{"text":"member","start":6997.075,"end":6997.38},{"text":"states","start":6997.38,"end":6997.877},{"text":"of","start":6998.005,"end":6998.15},{"text":"frameworks","start":6998.15,"end":6998.601},{"text":"that","start":6998.746,"end":6998.972},{"text":"preserve","start":6998.972,"end":6999.326},{"text":"the","start":6999.326,"end":6999.455},{"text":"long-term","start":6999.455,"end":6999.874},{"text":"sustainability","start":6999.874,"end":7000.487},{"text":"of","start":7000.761,"end":7000.89},{"text":"outer","start":7000.987,"end":7001.18},{"text":"space","start":7001.18,"end":7001.551},{"text":"for","start":7001.551,"end":7001.648},{"text":"the","start":7001.648,"end":7001.728},{"text":"benefit","start":7001.728,"end":7002.131},{"text":"of","start":7002.196,"end":7002.341},{"text":"all","start":7002.438,"end":7002.599},{"text":"humankind.","start":7002.599,"end":7003.179}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair and distinguished delegates, for your kind attention.","start":7003.663,"end":7006.049,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7003.663,"end":7003.905},{"text":"you,","start":7003.905,"end":7003.969},{"text":"Chair","start":7003.985,"end":7004.179},{"text":"and","start":7004.388,"end":7004.453},{"text":"distinguished","start":7004.469,"end":7004.953},{"text":"delegates,","start":7004.953,"end":7005.34},{"text":"for","start":7005.356,"end":7005.452},{"text":"your","start":7005.452,"end":7005.549},{"text":"kind","start":7005.581,"end":7005.775},{"text":"attention.","start":7005.775,"end":7006.049}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IND","affiliation_full":"India","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":59,"start":7008.74,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=7009","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank India for this statement, and now I give the floor to Malaysia.","start":7008.74,"end":7013.689,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7008.74,"end":7008.918},{"text":"thank","start":7008.999,"end":7009.403},{"text":"India","start":7009.711,"end":7010.067},{"text":"for","start":7010.067,"end":7010.277},{"text":"this","start":7010.293,"end":7010.455},{"text":"statement,","start":7010.455,"end":7011.021},{"text":"and","start":7011.571,"end":7011.732},{"text":"now","start":7011.732,"end":7011.765},{"text":"I","start":7012.379,"end":7012.46},{"text":"give","start":7012.46,"end":7012.638},{"text":"the","start":7012.638,"end":7012.719},{"text":"floor","start":7012.719,"end":7013.026},{"text":"to","start":7013.026,"end":7013.139},{"text":"Malaysia.","start":7013.139,"end":7013.689}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":60,"start":7016.642,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=7017","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":7016.642,"end":7017.446,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7016.642,"end":7016.803},{"text":"you,","start":7016.803,"end":7016.851},{"text":"Mr.","start":7016.883,"end":7017.124},{"text":"Chair.","start":7017.189,"end":7017.446}]},{"text":"Malaysia welcomes this dialogue on the evolving legal landscape on outer space.","start":7018.17,"end":7021.678,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":7018.17,"end":7018.556},{"text":"welcomes","start":7018.556,"end":7018.862},{"text":"this","start":7018.894,"end":7019.055},{"text":"dialogue","start":7019.055,"end":7019.474},{"text":"on","start":7019.522,"end":7019.57},{"text":"the","start":7019.619,"end":7019.683},{"text":"evolving","start":7019.715,"end":7020.149},{"text":"legal","start":7020.262,"end":7020.503},{"text":"landscape","start":7020.503,"end":7021.051},{"text":"on","start":7021.051,"end":7021.099},{"text":"outer","start":7021.147,"end":7021.324},{"text":"space.","start":7021.372,"end":7021.678}]},{"text":"Of the 5 core UN space treaties form the legal bedrock, non-binding instruments are vital for contemporary space governance.","start":7022.29,"end":7030.232,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Of","start":7022.29,"end":7022.37},{"text":"the","start":7022.37,"end":7022.611},{"text":"5","start":7022.837,"end":7023.448},{"text":"core","start":7023.545,"end":7023.738},{"text":"UN","start":7023.806,"end":7024.014},{"text":"space","start":7024.062,"end":7024.367},{"text":"treaties","start":7024.367,"end":7024.671},{"text":"form","start":7024.783,"end":7025.04},{"text":"the","start":7025.088,"end":7025.184},{"text":"legal","start":7025.184,"end":7025.504},{"text":"bedrock,","start":7025.504,"end":7026.065},{"text":"non-binding","start":7026.626,"end":7027.155},{"text":"instruments","start":7027.187,"end":7027.732},{"text":"are","start":7027.732,"end":7027.828},{"text":"vital","start":7027.828,"end":7028.116},{"text":"for","start":7028.212,"end":7028.373},{"text":"contemporary","start":7028.373,"end":7028.998},{"text":"space","start":7029.27,"end":7029.735},{"text":"governance.","start":7029.735,"end":7030.232}]},{"text":"These voluntary, non-legally binding mechanisms offer the flexibility needed to translate high-level treaty principles into effective national regulations and operational practices.","start":7030.937,"end":7040.936,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":7030.937,"end":7031.081},{"text":"voluntary,","start":7031.113,"end":7031.642},{"text":"non-legally","start":7031.69,"end":7032.315},{"text":"binding","start":7032.315,"end":7032.731},{"text":"mechanisms","start":7032.86,"end":7033.485},{"text":"offer","start":7033.981,"end":7034.174},{"text":"the","start":7034.174,"end":7034.318},{"text":"flexibility","start":7034.318,"end":7034.927},{"text":"needed","start":7034.975,"end":7035.344},{"text":"to","start":7035.344,"end":7035.44},{"text":"translate","start":7035.44,"end":7035.904},{"text":"high-level","start":7035.904,"end":7036.465},{"text":"treaty","start":7036.465,"end":7036.802},{"text":"principles","start":7036.802,"end":7037.331},{"text":"into","start":7037.763,"end":7037.972},{"text":"effective","start":7038.004,"end":7038.532},{"text":"national","start":7038.565,"end":7038.917},{"text":"regulations","start":7038.949,"end":7039.574},{"text":"and","start":7039.686,"end":7039.75},{"text":"operational","start":7039.847,"end":7040.471},{"text":"practices.","start":7040.471,"end":7040.936}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, Malaysia views the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Guidelines for Long-Term Sustainability for other space activities as essential tools to preserve the orbital environment for future generations and to foster a stable, predictable, and sustainable space domain.","start":7042.09,"end":7059.224,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":7042.09,"end":7042.282},{"text":"Chair,","start":7042.33,"end":7042.571},{"text":"Malaysia","start":7043.356,"end":7043.773},{"text":"views","start":7043.773,"end":7044.029},{"text":"the","start":7044.029,"end":7044.157},{"text":"Space","start":7044.157,"end":7044.478},{"text":"Debris","start":7044.494,"end":7044.734},{"text":"Mitigation","start":7044.734,"end":7045.263},{"text":"Guidelines","start":7045.359,"end":7045.856},{"text":"and","start":7046,"end":7046.064},{"text":"the","start":7046.16,"end":7046.321},{"text":"Guidelines","start":7046.962,"end":7047.426},{"text":"for","start":7047.458,"end":7047.603},{"text":"Long-Term","start":7047.603,"end":7048.596},{"text":"Sustainability","start":7048.596,"end":7049.269},{"text":"for","start":7049.301,"end":7049.99},{"text":"other","start":7049.526,"end":7049.686},{"text":"space","start":7049.686,"end":7049.943},{"text":"activities","start":7049.943,"end":7050.553},{"text":"as","start":7051.131,"end":7051.195},{"text":"essential","start":7051.244,"end":7051.677},{"text":"tools","start":7051.709,"end":7052.046},{"text":"to","start":7052.095,"end":7052.255},{"text":"preserve","start":7052.255,"end":7052.721},{"text":"the","start":7053.235,"end":7053.363},{"text":"orbital","start":7053.379,"end":7053.716},{"text":"environment","start":7053.716,"end":7054.439},{"text":"for","start":7054.439,"end":7054.664},{"text":"future","start":7054.664,"end":7054.921},{"text":"generations","start":7054.921,"end":7055.659},{"text":"and","start":7056.028,"end":7056.109},{"text":"to","start":7056.189,"end":7056.285},{"text":"foster","start":7056.285,"end":7056.59},{"text":"a","start":7056.607,"end":7056.623},{"text":"stable,","start":7056.623,"end":7057.233},{"text":"predictable,","start":7057.249,"end":7057.698},{"text":"and","start":7058.036,"end":7058.116},{"text":"sustainable","start":7058.116,"end":7058.678},{"text":"space","start":7058.678,"end":7058.903},{"text":"domain.","start":7058.935,"end":7059.224}]},{"text":"Malaysia's National Space Board Act 2022 have successfully incorporated key technical elements from these guidelines into our domestic licensing regime.","start":7060.605,"end":7069.5,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia's","start":7060.605,"end":7060.99},{"text":"National","start":7061.102,"end":7061.504},{"text":"Space","start":7061.504,"end":7061.889},{"text":"Board","start":7061.889,"end":7062.114},{"text":"Act","start":7062.21,"end":7062.419},{"text":"2022","start":7062.451,"end":7063.206},{"text":"have","start":7063.736,"end":7063.848},{"text":"successfully","start":7063.848,"end":7064.603},{"text":"incorporated","start":7064.619,"end":7065.325},{"text":"key","start":7065.357,"end":7065.598},{"text":"technical","start":7065.598,"end":7065.984},{"text":"elements","start":7066.08,"end":7066.562},{"text":"from","start":7066.562,"end":7066.738},{"text":"these","start":7066.786,"end":7066.931},{"text":"guidelines","start":7066.947,"end":7067.493},{"text":"into","start":7067.686,"end":7067.878},{"text":"our","start":7067.991,"end":7068.103},{"text":"domestic","start":7068.103,"end":7068.729},{"text":"licensing","start":7068.729,"end":7069.179},{"text":"regime.","start":7069.211,"end":7069.5}]},{"text":"This includes mandatory space debris mitigation strategies, flight space flight safety plans and risk hazard analysis, ensuring that Malaysia's national practices align with internationally recognized standards.","start":7070.64,"end":7083.375,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7070.64,"end":7070.817},{"text":"includes","start":7070.817,"end":7071.186},{"text":"mandatory","start":7071.218,"end":7071.716},{"text":"space","start":7071.716,"end":7071.989},{"text":"debris","start":7072.181,"end":7072.615},{"text":"mitigation","start":7072.824,"end":7073.707},{"text":"strategies,","start":7073.707,"end":7074.156},{"text":"flight","start":7074.67,"end":7075.441},{"text":"space","start":7075.04,"end":7075.201},{"text":"flight","start":7075.946,"end":7076.14},{"text":"safety","start":7076.14,"end":7076.577},{"text":"plans","start":7076.593,"end":7076.901},{"text":"and","start":7077.079,"end":7077.144},{"text":"risk","start":7077.322,"end":7077.662},{"text":"hazard","start":7077.662,"end":7077.969},{"text":"analysis,","start":7078.147,"end":7078.714},{"text":"ensuring","start":7079.361,"end":7079.652},{"text":"that","start":7079.685,"end":7079.911},{"text":"Malaysia's","start":7079.911,"end":7080.3},{"text":"national","start":7080.413,"end":7080.785},{"text":"practices","start":7080.882,"end":7081.352},{"text":"align","start":7081.465,"end":7081.756},{"text":"with","start":7081.789,"end":7081.87},{"text":"internationally","start":7081.87,"end":7082.485},{"text":"recognized","start":7082.501,"end":7082.808},{"text":"standards.","start":7082.841,"end":7083.375}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, our commitment to these instruments is further demonstrated by our active participation in multilateral expert forums.","start":7085.12,"end":7092.615,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":7085.12,"end":7085.377},{"text":"Chair,","start":7085.587,"end":7085.845},{"text":"our","start":7085.893,"end":7086.038},{"text":"commitment","start":7086.038,"end":7086.506},{"text":"to","start":7086.506,"end":7086.602},{"text":"these","start":7086.602,"end":7086.731},{"text":"instruments","start":7086.78,"end":7087.263},{"text":"is","start":7087.263,"end":7087.376},{"text":"further","start":7087.408,"end":7087.731},{"text":"demonstrated","start":7087.731,"end":7088.343},{"text":"by","start":7088.376,"end":7088.569},{"text":"our","start":7089.02,"end":7089.181},{"text":"active","start":7089.246,"end":7089.472},{"text":"participation","start":7089.504,"end":7090.278},{"text":"in","start":7090.535,"end":7090.584},{"text":"multilateral","start":7090.632,"end":7091.245},{"text":"expert","start":7091.357,"end":7091.825},{"text":"forums.","start":7092.228,"end":7092.615}]},{"text":"Malaysia is proud to contribute as an active member of the Working Group on Legal Aspects on Space Resource Activities and the Expert Group on Space Situational Awareness.","start":7094.263,"end":7103.242,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":7094.263,"end":7094.849},{"text":"is","start":7094.914,"end":7095.044},{"text":"proud","start":7095.158,"end":7095.483},{"text":"to","start":7095.483,"end":7095.63},{"text":"contribute","start":7095.63,"end":7096.15},{"text":"as","start":7096.15,"end":7096.296},{"text":"an","start":7096.296,"end":7096.378},{"text":"active","start":7096.378,"end":7096.638},{"text":"member","start":7096.687,"end":7097.028},{"text":"of","start":7097.028,"end":7097.175},{"text":"the","start":7097.175,"end":7097.24},{"text":"Working","start":7097.272,"end":7097.5},{"text":"Group","start":7097.581,"end":7097.825},{"text":"on","start":7097.842,"end":7097.939},{"text":"Legal","start":7097.939,"end":7098.313},{"text":"Aspects","start":7098.313,"end":7098.687},{"text":"on","start":7098.801,"end":7098.866},{"text":"Space","start":7099.224,"end":7099.549},{"text":"Resource","start":7099.549,"end":7099.891},{"text":"Activities","start":7099.891,"end":7100.412},{"text":"and","start":7100.769,"end":7100.834},{"text":"the","start":7100.851,"end":7101.127},{"text":"Expert","start":7100.946,"end":7101.283},{"text":"Group","start":7101.283,"end":7101.604},{"text":"on","start":7101.604,"end":7101.7},{"text":"Space","start":7101.7,"end":7102.005},{"text":"Situational","start":7102.005,"end":7102.696},{"text":"Awareness.","start":7102.792,"end":7103.242}]},{"text":"By engaging in these platforms, Malaysia aims to contribute to the development of practical technical norms that addresses modern challenges such as orbital congestion and which are not fully addressed by treaty provisions alone.","start":7104.253,"end":7117.388,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"By","start":7104.253,"end":7104.334},{"text":"engaging","start":7104.334,"end":7104.767},{"text":"in","start":7104.799,"end":7104.847},{"text":"these","start":7104.879,"end":7104.944},{"text":"platforms,","start":7105.04,"end":7105.554},{"text":"Malaysia","start":7105.763,"end":7106.164},{"text":"aims","start":7106.244,"end":7106.389},{"text":"to","start":7106.421,"end":7106.501},{"text":"contribute","start":7106.501,"end":7107.063},{"text":"to","start":7107.063,"end":7107.208},{"text":"the","start":7107.208,"end":7107.304},{"text":"development","start":7107.304,"end":7107.866},{"text":"of","start":7107.866,"end":7107.994},{"text":"practical","start":7108.027,"end":7108.637},{"text":"technical","start":7108.653,"end":7109.102},{"text":"norms","start":7109.15,"end":7109.52},{"text":"that","start":7109.616,"end":7109.777},{"text":"addresses","start":7109.777,"end":7110.162},{"text":"modern","start":7110.274,"end":7110.563},{"text":"challenges","start":7110.596,"end":7111.125},{"text":"such","start":7111.736,"end":7111.96},{"text":"as","start":7111.976,"end":7112.089},{"text":"orbital","start":7112.185,"end":7112.651},{"text":"congestion","start":7112.667,"end":7113.213},{"text":"and","start":7113.389,"end":7113.614},{"text":"which","start":7114.449,"end":7114.578},{"text":"are","start":7114.674,"end":7114.77},{"text":"not","start":7114.77,"end":7115.011},{"text":"fully","start":7115.011,"end":7115.316},{"text":"addressed","start":7115.332,"end":7115.653},{"text":"by","start":7115.653,"end":7115.846},{"text":"treaty","start":7116.28,"end":7116.585},{"text":"provisions","start":7116.617,"end":7117.066},{"text":"alone.","start":7117.099,"end":7117.388}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr.","start":7118.849,"end":7119.041,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":7118.849,"end":7119.041}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, Malaysia observes that voluntary non-legally binding instruments serve an important stabilizing function, enabling the international community to build consensus and enhance transparency while preserving sovereign flexibility.","start":7119.09,"end":7131.838,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":7119.09,"end":7119.282},{"text":"Malaysia","start":7119.989,"end":7120.39},{"text":"observes","start":7120.39,"end":7120.759},{"text":"that","start":7120.792,"end":7120.888},{"text":"voluntary","start":7120.888,"end":7121.434},{"text":"non-legally","start":7121.434,"end":7122.044},{"text":"binding","start":7122.076,"end":7122.445},{"text":"instruments","start":7122.494,"end":7122.959},{"text":"serve","start":7122.959,"end":7123.216},{"text":"an","start":7123.264,"end":7123.312},{"text":"important","start":7123.361,"end":7123.778},{"text":"stabilizing","start":7123.778,"end":7124.452},{"text":"function,","start":7124.645,"end":7124.934},{"text":"enabling","start":7125.673,"end":7126.026},{"text":"the","start":7126.09,"end":7126.138},{"text":"international","start":7126.154,"end":7128.37},{"text":"community","start":7126.46,"end":7127.021},{"text":"to","start":7127.054,"end":7127.134},{"text":"build","start":7127.214,"end":7127.439},{"text":"consensus","start":7127.439,"end":7128.049},{"text":"and","start":7128.322,"end":7128.402},{"text":"enhance","start":7128.402,"end":7128.74},{"text":"transparency","start":7128.74,"end":7129.43},{"text":"while","start":7129.767,"end":7129.864},{"text":"preserving","start":7129.864,"end":7130.313},{"text":"sovereign","start":7130.345,"end":7130.795},{"text":"flexibility.","start":7130.827,"end":7131.838}]},{"text":"However, effective implementation requires adequate regulatory and technical capacity.","start":7132.818,"end":7137.217,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":7132.818,"end":7133.3},{"text":"effective","start":7133.316,"end":7133.781},{"text":"implementation","start":7133.781,"end":7134.472},{"text":"requires","start":7134.504,"end":7134.889},{"text":"adequate","start":7135.002,"end":7135.403},{"text":"regulatory","start":7135.403,"end":7136.013},{"text":"and","start":7136.126,"end":7136.19},{"text":"technical","start":7136.286,"end":7136.688},{"text":"capacity.","start":7136.688,"end":7137.217}]},{"text":"Many developing states face challenges in translating these guidelines into domestic law.","start":7137.972,"end":7141.906,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"Many","start":7137.972,"end":7138.213},{"text":"developing","start":7138.213,"end":7138.679},{"text":"states","start":7138.695,"end":7139.096},{"text":"face","start":7139.16,"end":7139.401},{"text":"challenges","start":7139.401,"end":7139.786},{"text":"in","start":7139.883,"end":7139.963},{"text":"translating","start":7139.963,"end":7140.509},{"text":"these","start":7140.541,"end":7140.637},{"text":"guidelines","start":7140.702,"end":7141.167},{"text":"into","start":7141.167,"end":7141.296},{"text":"domestic","start":7141.344,"end":7141.826},{"text":"law.","start":7141.826,"end":7141.906}]},{"text":"Therefore, Malaysia emphasizes the importance of enhanced capacity building and technical assistance under UNOSA, including the development of practical regulatory toolkits to support emerging space nations.","start":7143.094,"end":7154.782,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":7143.094,"end":7143.367},{"text":"Malaysia","start":7143.496,"end":7143.801},{"text":"emphasizes","start":7143.833,"end":7144.363},{"text":"the","start":7144.395,"end":7144.459},{"text":"importance","start":7144.475,"end":7145.101},{"text":"of","start":7145.101,"end":7145.198},{"text":"enhanced","start":7145.262,"end":7145.727},{"text":"capacity","start":7145.76,"end":7146.322},{"text":"building","start":7146.322,"end":7146.675},{"text":"and","start":7147.108,"end":7147.205},{"text":"technical","start":7147.205,"end":7147.622},{"text":"assistance","start":7147.622,"end":7148.168},{"text":"under","start":7148.168,"end":7148.409},{"text":"UNOSA,","start":7148.409,"end":7148.891},{"text":"including","start":7149.533,"end":7149.902},{"text":"the","start":7150.159,"end":7150.255},{"text":"development","start":7150.737,"end":7151.411},{"text":"of","start":7151.46,"end":7151.54},{"text":"practical","start":7151.54,"end":7153.194},{"text":"regulatory","start":7152.006,"end":7152.565},{"text":"toolkits","start":7152.581,"end":7153.09},{"text":"to","start":7153.09,"end":7153.172},{"text":"support","start":7153.172,"end":7153.599},{"text":"emerging","start":7153.599,"end":7153.912},{"text":"space","start":7153.928,"end":7154.355},{"text":"nations.","start":7154.487,"end":7154.782}]},{"text":"In conclusion, Malaysia emphasizes that the synergy between international principles and domestic execution is vital for orbital sustainability.","start":7156.526,"end":7165.502,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7156.526,"end":7156.591},{"text":"conclusion,","start":7156.591,"end":7157.077},{"text":"Malaysia","start":7157.514,"end":7157.871},{"text":"emphasizes","start":7157.903,"end":7158.536},{"text":"that","start":7158.568,"end":7158.73},{"text":"the","start":7158.73,"end":7158.811},{"text":"synergy","start":7158.811,"end":7159.216},{"text":"between","start":7159.216,"end":7159.589},{"text":"international","start":7159.638,"end":7160.578},{"text":"principles","start":7160.578,"end":7161.08},{"text":"and","start":7161.226,"end":7161.34},{"text":"domestic","start":7161.972,"end":7162.523},{"text":"execution","start":7162.555,"end":7163.074},{"text":"is","start":7163.755,"end":7163.803},{"text":"vital","start":7163.852,"end":7164.225},{"text":"for","start":7164.225,"end":7164.322},{"text":"orbital","start":7164.322,"end":7164.71},{"text":"sustainability.","start":7164.71,"end":7165.502}]},{"text":"The inherent flexibility of soft law serves as a catalyst for timely national adoption, allowing states to operationalize best practices efficiently.","start":7166.601,"end":7174.485,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7166.601,"end":7166.747},{"text":"inherent","start":7166.747,"end":7167.215},{"text":"flexibility","start":7167.215,"end":7167.716},{"text":"of","start":7167.716,"end":7167.797},{"text":"soft","start":7167.797,"end":7168.185},{"text":"law","start":7168.185,"end":7168.282},{"text":"serves","start":7168.298,"end":7168.703},{"text":"as","start":7168.703,"end":7168.848},{"text":"a","start":7168.848,"end":7168.864},{"text":"catalyst","start":7168.929,"end":7169.398},{"text":"for","start":7169.414,"end":7169.559},{"text":"timely","start":7169.575,"end":7169.899},{"text":"national","start":7169.899,"end":7170.287},{"text":"adoption,","start":7170.287,"end":7170.755},{"text":"allowing","start":7171.257,"end":7171.596},{"text":"states","start":7171.596,"end":7172.033},{"text":"to","start":7172.065,"end":7172.13},{"text":"operationalize","start":7172.13,"end":7172.942},{"text":"best","start":7173.137,"end":7173.348},{"text":"practices","start":7173.348,"end":7173.802},{"text":"efficiently.","start":7174.03,"end":7174.485}]},{"text":"Malaysia remains dedicated to this path and welcomes the opportunity to share its legislative journey in integrating this non-binding yet vital instrument into our national space agenda.","start":7175.882,"end":7185.11,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":7175.882,"end":7176.141},{"text":"remains","start":7176.141,"end":7176.515},{"text":"dedicated","start":7176.547,"end":7177.035},{"text":"to","start":7177.035,"end":7177.132},{"text":"this","start":7177.132,"end":7177.343},{"text":"path","start":7177.343,"end":7179.406},{"text":"and","start":7177.616,"end":7177.696},{"text":"welcomes","start":7177.696,"end":7178.082},{"text":"the","start":7178.179,"end":7178.259},{"text":"opportunity","start":7178.291,"end":7178.822},{"text":"to","start":7178.822,"end":7178.919},{"text":"share","start":7178.919,"end":7179.144},{"text":"its","start":7179.144,"end":7179.321},{"text":"legislative","start":7179.321,"end":7180.012},{"text":"journey","start":7180.028,"end":7180.334},{"text":"in","start":7180.768,"end":7180.816},{"text":"integrating","start":7181.025,"end":7181.54},{"text":"this","start":7181.572,"end":7181.701},{"text":"non-binding","start":7181.877,"end":7182.505},{"text":"yet","start":7182.537,"end":7182.778},{"text":"vital","start":7182.778,"end":7183.019},{"text":"instrument","start":7183.019,"end":7183.502},{"text":"into","start":7183.502,"end":7183.775},{"text":"our","start":7183.807,"end":7183.968},{"text":"national","start":7183.984,"end":7184.402},{"text":"space","start":7184.402,"end":7184.595},{"text":"agenda.","start":7184.708,"end":7185.11}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr.","start":7185.668,"end":7187.858,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7185.668,"end":7185.944},{"text":"you,","start":7185.944,"end":7186.122},{"text":"Mr.","start":7187.274,"end":7187.858}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair.","start":7188.166,"end":7188.344,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":7188.166,"end":7188.344}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"MYS","affiliation_full":"Malaysia","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":61,"start":7189.123,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=7190","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Malaysia for their statement, and now I give the floor to Chile.","start":7189.123,"end":7194.541,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7189.123,"end":7189.155},{"text":"thank","start":7189.366,"end":7189.853},{"text":"Malaysia","start":7190.031,"end":7190.761},{"text":"for","start":7191.978,"end":7192.156},{"text":"their","start":7192.156,"end":7192.318},{"text":"statement,","start":7192.318,"end":7192.805},{"text":"and","start":7192.854,"end":7192.951},{"text":"now","start":7192.951,"end":7193.032},{"text":"I","start":7193.113,"end":7193.194},{"text":"give","start":7193.194,"end":7193.373},{"text":"the","start":7193.421,"end":7193.519},{"text":"floor","start":7193.519,"end":7193.94},{"text":"to","start":7194.005,"end":7194.281},{"text":"Chile.","start":7194.46,"end":7194.541}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":62,"start":7194.901,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=7195","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":7194.901,"end":7195.785,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7194.901,"end":7195.229},{"text":"you,","start":7195.229,"end":7195.376},{"text":"Chair.","start":7195.458,"end":7195.785}]},{"text":"Chile considers that the non-binding instruments play an essential role in space governance in a context of rapid technological changes.","start":7198.016,"end":7209.374,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Chile","start":7198.016,"end":7199.369},{"text":"considers","start":7199.787,"end":7200.415},{"text":"that","start":7200.528,"end":7200.77},{"text":"the","start":7200.77,"end":7200.866},{"text":"non-binding","start":7200.866,"end":7201.623},{"text":"instruments","start":7201.881,"end":7202.541},{"text":"play","start":7202.927,"end":7203.169},{"text":"an","start":7203.266,"end":7203.314},{"text":"essential","start":7203.427,"end":7203.942},{"text":"role","start":7204.055,"end":7204.505},{"text":"in","start":7204.719,"end":7204.783},{"text":"space","start":7204.832,"end":7205.331},{"text":"governance","start":7205.379,"end":7206.024},{"text":"in","start":7206.41,"end":7206.571},{"text":"a","start":7206.571,"end":7206.588},{"text":"context","start":7206.829,"end":7207.49},{"text":"of","start":7207.49,"end":7207.602},{"text":"rapid","start":7207.635,"end":7207.973},{"text":"technological","start":7208.021,"end":7208.907},{"text":"changes.","start":7208.907,"end":7209.374}]},{"text":"These instruments are today the minimum standards for responsible conduct.","start":7210.051,"end":7215.421,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":7210.051,"end":7210.26},{"text":"instruments","start":7210.518,"end":7211.356},{"text":"are","start":7211.807,"end":7211.984},{"text":"today","start":7211.984,"end":7212.322},{"text":"the","start":7212.451,"end":7212.532},{"text":"minimum","start":7212.532,"end":7213.113},{"text":"standards","start":7213.113,"end":7213.578},{"text":"for","start":7213.694,"end":7213.86},{"text":"responsible","start":7213.86,"end":7214.773},{"text":"conduct.","start":7214.773,"end":7215.421}]},{"text":"These instruments are a minimum standard for responsible conduct and enable us to adapt to new trends.","start":7220.533,"end":7229.116,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":7220.533,"end":7220.677},{"text":"instruments","start":7220.935,"end":7221.627},{"text":"are","start":7222.142,"end":7222.351},{"text":"a","start":7222.866,"end":7222.882},{"text":"minimum","start":7223.285,"end":7223.687},{"text":"standard","start":7223.703,"end":7224.218},{"text":"for","start":7224.234,"end":7224.395},{"text":"responsible","start":7224.395,"end":7225.023},{"text":"conduct","start":7225.039,"end":7225.538},{"text":"and","start":7225.924,"end":7226.149},{"text":"enable","start":7226.246,"end":7226.729},{"text":"us","start":7226.729,"end":7226.777},{"text":"to","start":7226.906,"end":7227.083},{"text":"adapt","start":7227.227,"end":7227.598},{"text":"to","start":7227.63,"end":7227.887},{"text":"new","start":7227.92,"end":7228.169},{"text":"trends.","start":7228.684,"end":7229.116}]},{"text":"However, They are regulatory additions.","start":7229.598,"end":7233.443,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":7229.598,"end":7230.03},{"text":"They","start":7231.007,"end":7231.263},{"text":"are","start":7231.407,"end":7231.68},{"text":"regulatory","start":7231.728,"end":7232.593},{"text":"additions.","start":7232.85,"end":7233.443}]},{"text":"They do not replace existing treaties.","start":7233.507,"end":7235.638,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":7233.507,"end":7233.667},{"text":"do","start":7233.667,"end":7233.763},{"text":"not","start":7233.763,"end":7234.051},{"text":"replace","start":7234.051,"end":7234.42},{"text":"existing","start":7234.532,"end":7235.077},{"text":"treaties.","start":7235.173,"end":7235.638}]},{"text":"Their value lies in preparing the ground for new binding treaties.","start":7236.07,"end":7241.246,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Their","start":7236.07,"end":7236.231},{"text":"value","start":7236.231,"end":7236.888},{"text":"lies","start":7237.272,"end":7237.561},{"text":"in","start":7237.657,"end":7237.721},{"text":"preparing","start":7237.753,"end":7238.282},{"text":"the","start":7238.538,"end":7238.698},{"text":"ground","start":7238.698,"end":7239.035},{"text":"for","start":7239.339,"end":7239.66},{"text":"new","start":7239.676,"end":7239.884},{"text":"binding","start":7240.221,"end":7240.605},{"text":"treaties.","start":7240.782,"end":7241.246}]},{"text":"Chile would like to highlight the relevance of the work of the Commission on Legally Binding Instruments, and there are political commitments and treaties, and this depends on different factors.","start":7242.08,"end":7262.108,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Chile","start":7242.08,"end":7242.368},{"text":"would","start":7242.4,"end":7242.544},{"text":"like","start":7242.56,"end":7242.817},{"text":"to","start":7242.817,"end":7243.009},{"text":"highlight","start":7243.025,"end":7243.666},{"text":"the","start":7244.002,"end":7244.147},{"text":"relevance","start":7244.147,"end":7244.74},{"text":"of","start":7244.74,"end":7244.852},{"text":"the","start":7244.9,"end":7244.996},{"text":"work","start":7245.044,"end":7245.365},{"text":"of","start":7245.829,"end":7246.054},{"text":"the","start":7246.63,"end":7246.823},{"text":"Commission","start":7247.207,"end":7247.736},{"text":"on","start":7247.912,"end":7248.041},{"text":"Legally","start":7248.97,"end":7249.419},{"text":"Binding","start":7249.611,"end":7250.124},{"text":"Instruments,","start":7250.636,"end":7251.374},{"text":"and","start":7251.918,"end":7252.223},{"text":"there","start":7252.896,"end":7253.2},{"text":"are","start":7253.2,"end":7253.232},{"text":"political","start":7253.232,"end":7254.146},{"text":"commitments","start":7254.322,"end":7255.059},{"text":"and","start":7255.059,"end":7255.187},{"text":"treaties,","start":7255.283,"end":7255.828},{"text":"and","start":7256.085,"end":7256.261},{"text":"this","start":7256.261,"end":7256.501},{"text":"depends","start":7257.222,"end":7257.901},{"text":"on","start":7258.888,"end":7259.034},{"text":"different","start":7261.073,"end":7261.558},{"text":"factors.","start":7261.558,"end":7262.108}]},{"text":"Chair, Chile reaffirms that COPUS is the legitimate forum for these regulations and standards, and they— we should do our utmost to prevent undermining international space law.","start":7263.095,"end":7280.871,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":7263.095,"end":7263.516},{"text":"Chile","start":7263.92,"end":7264.211},{"text":"reaffirms","start":7264.891,"end":7265.474},{"text":"that","start":7265.538,"end":7265.83},{"text":"COPUS","start":7265.83,"end":7266.152},{"text":"is","start":7266.587,"end":7266.651},{"text":"the","start":7266.732,"end":7266.893},{"text":"legitimate","start":7266.893,"end":7267.521},{"text":"forum","start":7267.698,"end":7268.117},{"text":"for","start":7268.503,"end":7268.874},{"text":"these","start":7269.55,"end":7269.776},{"text":"regulations","start":7270.839,"end":7271.564},{"text":"and","start":7271.564,"end":7271.79},{"text":"standards,","start":7271.79,"end":7272.273},{"text":"and","start":7272.385,"end":7272.45},{"text":"they—","start":7272.868,"end":7273.11},{"text":"we","start":7275.606,"end":7275.751},{"text":"should","start":7275.751,"end":7276.008},{"text":"do","start":7276.008,"end":7276.137},{"text":"our","start":7276.234,"end":7276.395},{"text":"utmost","start":7276.475,"end":7277.039},{"text":"to","start":7277.039,"end":7277.216},{"text":"prevent","start":7277.28,"end":7277.828},{"text":"undermining","start":7278.085,"end":7278.955},{"text":"international","start":7279.615,"end":7280.356},{"text":"space","start":7280.356,"end":7280.629},{"text":"law.","start":7280.823,"end":7280.871}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"CHL","affiliation_full":"Chile","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":63,"start":7281.257,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=7282","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Chile for their statement, and now I give the floor to our","start":7281.257,"end":7284.219,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7281.257,"end":7281.29},{"text":"thank","start":7281.29,"end":7281.635},{"text":"Chile","start":7281.635,"end":7281.915},{"text":"for","start":7281.915,"end":7282.129},{"text":"their","start":7282.145,"end":7282.31},{"text":"statement,","start":7282.31,"end":7282.886},{"text":"and","start":7282.952,"end":7283.018},{"text":"now","start":7283.05,"end":7283.166},{"text":"I","start":7283.215,"end":7283.248},{"text":"give","start":7283.363,"end":7283.511},{"text":"the","start":7283.544,"end":7283.626},{"text":"floor","start":7283.626,"end":7283.939},{"text":"to","start":7283.939,"end":7284.021},{"text":"our","start":7284.021,"end":7284.219}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":64,"start":7285.446,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=7286","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair, distinguished delegates.","start":7285.446,"end":7289.212,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7285.446,"end":7285.769},{"text":"you,","start":7285.769,"end":7285.802},{"text":"Chair,","start":7287.143,"end":7287.58},{"text":"distinguished","start":7287.967,"end":7288.614},{"text":"delegates.","start":7288.614,"end":7289.212}]},{"text":"The construction of international space law started with non-binding instruments approved by the United States, which were well received by states.","start":7291.345,"end":7301.389,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7291.345,"end":7291.442},{"text":"construction","start":7291.442,"end":7292.234},{"text":"of","start":7292.234,"end":7292.38},{"text":"international","start":7292.38,"end":7292.961},{"text":"space","start":7292.961,"end":7293.252},{"text":"law","start":7293.365,"end":7293.494},{"text":"started","start":7293.93,"end":7294.721},{"text":"with","start":7295.238,"end":7295.529},{"text":"non-binding","start":7295.981,"end":7296.901},{"text":"instruments","start":7297.014,"end":7297.854},{"text":"approved","start":7297.967,"end":7298.355},{"text":"by","start":7298.387,"end":7298.468},{"text":"the","start":7298.468,"end":7298.613},{"text":"United","start":7298.613,"end":7299.114},{"text":"States,","start":7299.114,"end":7299.518},{"text":"which","start":7299.598,"end":7299.808},{"text":"were","start":7299.905,"end":7299.954},{"text":"well","start":7300.083,"end":7300.277},{"text":"received","start":7300.325,"end":7300.777},{"text":"by","start":7300.81,"end":7300.971},{"text":"states.","start":7301.02,"end":7301.389}]},{"text":"The most known declaration of legal principles to govern states in the exploration and use of outer space was approved unanimously in 1963.","start":7302.739,"end":7314.114,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7302.739,"end":7302.932},{"text":"most","start":7303.205,"end":7303.88},{"text":"known","start":7304.088,"end":7304.378},{"text":"declaration","start":7304.667,"end":7305.47},{"text":"of","start":7305.47,"end":7305.631},{"text":"legal","start":7305.695,"end":7306.049},{"text":"principles","start":7306.113,"end":7306.804},{"text":"to","start":7306.916,"end":7307.222},{"text":"govern","start":7307.398,"end":7307.848},{"text":"states","start":7308.443,"end":7308.989},{"text":"in","start":7308.989,"end":7309.053},{"text":"the","start":7309.069,"end":7309.214},{"text":"exploration","start":7309.31,"end":7309.905},{"text":"and","start":7309.953,"end":7310.034},{"text":"use","start":7310.034,"end":7310.307},{"text":"of","start":7310.307,"end":7310.451},{"text":"outer","start":7310.5,"end":7310.63},{"text":"space","start":7310.679,"end":7311.023},{"text":"was","start":7312.168,"end":7312.299},{"text":"approved","start":7312.413,"end":7312.74},{"text":"unanimously","start":7312.74,"end":7313.231},{"text":"in","start":7313.231,"end":7313.313},{"text":"1963.","start":7313.313,"end":7314.114}]},{"text":"And there was also the resolution that urged states not to launch into orbit any nuclear weapon-carrying object or any other weapon of mass destruction, nor to locate those weapons in celestial bodies, also approved unanimously in 1963.","start":7315.649,"end":7333.331,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7315.649,"end":7315.955},{"text":"there","start":7316.854,"end":7316.95},{"text":"was","start":7316.95,"end":7317.079},{"text":"also","start":7317.191,"end":7317.577},{"text":"the","start":7317.577,"end":7317.737},{"text":"resolution","start":7317.737,"end":7318.412},{"text":"that","start":7318.476,"end":7318.749},{"text":"urged","start":7318.781,"end":7318.909},{"text":"states","start":7318.942,"end":7319.343},{"text":"not","start":7319.375,"end":7319.712},{"text":"to","start":7319.841,"end":7320.114},{"text":"launch","start":7320.74,"end":7321.045},{"text":"into","start":7321.045,"end":7321.254},{"text":"orbit","start":7321.832,"end":7322.073},{"text":"any","start":7322.234,"end":7322.378},{"text":"nuclear","start":7322.555,"end":7322.956},{"text":"weapon-carrying","start":7322.956,"end":7324.466},{"text":"object","start":7324.884,"end":7325.301},{"text":"or","start":7325.365,"end":7325.526},{"text":"any","start":7325.542,"end":7325.719},{"text":"other","start":7325.847,"end":7326.024},{"text":"weapon","start":7326.024,"end":7326.281},{"text":"of","start":7326.281,"end":7326.393},{"text":"mass","start":7326.441,"end":7326.666},{"text":"destruction,","start":7326.666,"end":7327.196},{"text":"nor","start":7327.309,"end":7327.533},{"text":"to","start":7327.533,"end":7327.646},{"text":"locate","start":7327.71,"end":7328.176},{"text":"those","start":7328.272,"end":7328.481},{"text":"weapons","start":7328.593,"end":7329.123},{"text":"in","start":7329.3,"end":7329.348},{"text":"celestial","start":7329.396,"end":7329.958},{"text":"bodies,","start":7329.958,"end":7330.215},{"text":"also","start":7330.424,"end":7330.745},{"text":"approved","start":7330.761,"end":7331.131},{"text":"unanimously","start":7331.484,"end":7332.046},{"text":"in","start":7332.046,"end":7332.126},{"text":"1963.","start":7332.126,"end":7333.331}]},{"text":"These are non-binding instruments, but they established the basis for provisions in the different international space law treaties which are in force even today.","start":7333.652,"end":7341.553,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":7333.652,"end":7333.829},{"text":"are","start":7333.893,"end":7334.037},{"text":"non-binding","start":7334.037,"end":7334.583},{"text":"instruments,","start":7334.696,"end":7335.178},{"text":"but","start":7335.242,"end":7335.354},{"text":"they","start":7335.402,"end":7335.467},{"text":"established","start":7335.499,"end":7336.061},{"text":"the","start":7336.061,"end":7336.205},{"text":"basis","start":7336.205,"end":7336.687},{"text":"for","start":7336.687,"end":7336.912},{"text":"provisions","start":7337.249,"end":7337.715},{"text":"in","start":7337.892,"end":7337.956},{"text":"the","start":7337.972,"end":7338.02},{"text":"different","start":7338.068,"end":7338.47},{"text":"international","start":7338.534,"end":7339.096},{"text":"space","start":7339.096,"end":7339.53},{"text":"law","start":7339.578,"end":7339.626},{"text":"treaties","start":7339.754,"end":7340.124},{"text":"which","start":7340.236,"end":7340.365},{"text":"are","start":7340.702,"end":7340.734},{"text":"in","start":7340.734,"end":7340.83},{"text":"force","start":7340.879,"end":7341.216},{"text":"even","start":7341.264,"end":7341.457},{"text":"today.","start":7341.457,"end":7341.553}]},{"text":"So although we now have legally binding regulations for space nations, given that these are constantly changing, we need clear guidance through General Assembly resolutions or through principles achieved through consensus in corpus for states and for non-governmental entities in the exploration and use of outer space.","start":7342.825,"end":7371.565,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7342.825,"end":7343.262},{"text":"although","start":7343.521,"end":7343.634},{"text":"we","start":7343.699,"end":7343.844},{"text":"now","start":7343.844,"end":7343.941},{"text":"have","start":7343.941,"end":7344.249},{"text":"legally","start":7344.249,"end":7344.718},{"text":"binding","start":7345.64,"end":7346.174},{"text":"regulations","start":7347.42,"end":7348.358},{"text":"for","start":7349.118,"end":7349.458},{"text":"space","start":7349.458,"end":7349.895},{"text":"nations,","start":7350.801,"end":7351.319},{"text":"given","start":7352.176,"end":7352.435},{"text":"that","start":7352.435,"end":7352.661},{"text":"these","start":7352.661,"end":7352.807},{"text":"are","start":7352.92,"end":7353.05},{"text":"constantly","start":7353.066,"end":7353.567},{"text":"changing,","start":7353.632,"end":7354.101},{"text":"we","start":7354.457,"end":7354.619},{"text":"need","start":7354.619,"end":7355.04},{"text":"clear","start":7356.722,"end":7357.078},{"text":"guidance","start":7357.919,"end":7358.55},{"text":"through","start":7358.759,"end":7359.114},{"text":"General","start":7359.613,"end":7359.855},{"text":"Assembly","start":7359.855,"end":7360.322},{"text":"resolutions","start":7360.354,"end":7361.16},{"text":"or","start":7361.627,"end":7361.82},{"text":"through","start":7361.965,"end":7362.287},{"text":"principles","start":7362.287,"end":7362.98},{"text":"achieved","start":7363.028,"end":7363.399},{"text":"through","start":7363.399,"end":7363.576},{"text":"consensus","start":7363.576,"end":7364.14},{"text":"in","start":7364.14,"end":7364.188},{"text":"corpus","start":7364.623,"end":7365.155},{"text":"for","start":7365.847,"end":7366.25},{"text":"states","start":7366.331,"end":7366.911},{"text":"and","start":7367.185,"end":7367.33},{"text":"for","start":7367.33,"end":7367.589},{"text":"non-governmental","start":7367.589,"end":7368.725},{"text":"entities","start":7369.049,"end":7369.439},{"text":"in","start":7369.699,"end":7369.78},{"text":"the","start":7369.877,"end":7369.991},{"text":"exploration","start":7370.104,"end":7370.672},{"text":"and","start":7370.672,"end":7370.753},{"text":"use","start":7370.753,"end":7370.948},{"text":"of","start":7370.948,"end":7371.094},{"text":"outer","start":7371.094,"end":7371.337},{"text":"space.","start":7371.337,"end":7371.565}]},{"text":"Space provide guidance, although they are voluntary in nature.","start":7397.48,"end":7400.546,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Space","start":7397.48,"end":7397.738},{"text":"provide","start":7397.738,"end":7398.125},{"text":"guidance,","start":7398.222,"end":7398.803},{"text":"although","start":7399.19,"end":7399.416},{"text":"they","start":7399.432,"end":7399.594},{"text":"are","start":7399.594,"end":7399.626},{"text":"voluntary","start":7399.626,"end":7400.078},{"text":"in","start":7400.078,"end":7400.142},{"text":"nature.","start":7400.159,"end":7400.546}]},{"text":"Therefore, we have to strengthen our knowledge and legal and technical capacity so that these directives can be implemented at national level and to see whether they are still relevant today in terms of the security of the space environment, human lives.","start":7400.901,"end":7418.906,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":7400.901,"end":7401.224},{"text":"we","start":7401.24,"end":7401.369},{"text":"have","start":7401.369,"end":7401.514},{"text":"to","start":7401.547,"end":7401.643},{"text":"strengthen","start":7401.789,"end":7402.563},{"text":"our","start":7403.144,"end":7403.386},{"text":"knowledge","start":7403.467,"end":7403.854},{"text":"and","start":7405.969,"end":7406.275},{"text":"legal","start":7406.388,"end":7406.938},{"text":"and","start":7406.938,"end":7407.165},{"text":"technical","start":7407.197,"end":7407.764},{"text":"capacity","start":7407.764,"end":7408.348},{"text":"so","start":7408.348,"end":7408.672},{"text":"that","start":7408.672,"end":7408.801},{"text":"these","start":7408.963,"end":7409.19},{"text":"directives","start":7409.628,"end":7410.163},{"text":"can","start":7410.195,"end":7410.422},{"text":"be","start":7410.422,"end":7410.503},{"text":"implemented","start":7410.584,"end":7411.167},{"text":"at","start":7411.167,"end":7411.216},{"text":"national","start":7411.313,"end":7411.767},{"text":"level","start":7411.815,"end":7412.204},{"text":"and","start":7412.61,"end":7412.707},{"text":"to","start":7412.707,"end":7412.804},{"text":"see","start":7412.804,"end":7413.031},{"text":"whether","start":7413.096,"end":7413.355},{"text":"they","start":7413.355,"end":7413.436},{"text":"are","start":7413.501,"end":7413.533},{"text":"still","start":7413.533,"end":7414.019},{"text":"relevant","start":7414.149,"end":7414.587},{"text":"today","start":7414.651,"end":7415.056},{"text":"in","start":7415.462,"end":7415.51},{"text":"terms","start":7415.607,"end":7415.915},{"text":"of","start":7416.013,"end":7416.158},{"text":"the","start":7416.24,"end":7416.288},{"text":"security","start":7416.288,"end":7417.043},{"text":"of","start":7417.075,"end":7417.203},{"text":"the","start":7417.252,"end":7417.476},{"text":"space","start":7417.476,"end":7417.862},{"text":"environment,","start":7417.862,"end":7418.28},{"text":"human","start":7418.296,"end":7418.649},{"text":"lives.","start":7418.665,"end":7418.906}]},{"text":"To conclude, Argentina is committed to these legal frameworks and is moving towards a national regulation to guarantee that the development and potential authorization of space actors will be in line with these directives.","start":7419.308,"end":7433.445,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":7419.308,"end":7419.468},{"text":"conclude,","start":7419.468,"end":7420.015},{"text":"Argentina","start":7420.368,"end":7420.85},{"text":"is","start":7420.85,"end":7420.898},{"text":"committed","start":7421.011,"end":7421.493},{"text":"to","start":7421.493,"end":7421.653},{"text":"these","start":7421.653,"end":7421.862},{"text":"legal","start":7421.878,"end":7422.135},{"text":"frameworks","start":7422.135,"end":7422.762},{"text":"and","start":7423.163,"end":7423.308},{"text":"is","start":7423.42,"end":7423.469},{"text":"moving","start":7423.581,"end":7423.79},{"text":"towards","start":7423.902,"end":7424.175},{"text":"a","start":7424.224,"end":7424.24},{"text":"national","start":7424.24,"end":7424.834},{"text":"regulation","start":7424.85,"end":7425.477},{"text":"to","start":7425.573,"end":7425.718},{"text":"guarantee","start":7425.734,"end":7426.248},{"text":"that","start":7426.878,"end":7427.167},{"text":"the","start":7427.761,"end":7427.922},{"text":"development","start":7427.922,"end":7428.548},{"text":"and","start":7428.644,"end":7428.708},{"text":"potential","start":7428.901,"end":7429.479},{"text":"authorization","start":7429.688,"end":7430.346},{"text":"of","start":7430.346,"end":7430.442},{"text":"space","start":7430.491,"end":7430.78},{"text":"actors","start":7430.972,"end":7431.277},{"text":"will","start":7431.711,"end":7431.887},{"text":"be","start":7431.952,"end":7432.112},{"text":"in","start":7432.112,"end":7432.177},{"text":"line","start":7432.193,"end":7432.401},{"text":"with","start":7432.433,"end":7432.61},{"text":"these","start":7432.61,"end":7432.803},{"text":"directives.","start":7432.835,"end":7433.445}]},{"text":"We are participating in the joint workshop on the future use of nuclear energy sources in space organized by the Working Group and the IAEA.","start":7433.862,"end":7444.074,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7433.862,"end":7433.975},{"text":"are","start":7434.023,"end":7434.119},{"text":"participating","start":7434.119,"end":7434.97},{"text":"in","start":7435.067,"end":7435.163},{"text":"the","start":7435.163,"end":7435.324},{"text":"joint","start":7435.324,"end":7435.645},{"text":"workshop","start":7435.645,"end":7436.062},{"text":"on","start":7436.126,"end":7436.175},{"text":"the","start":7436.207,"end":7436.303},{"text":"future","start":7436.303,"end":7436.833},{"text":"use","start":7436.913,"end":7437.122},{"text":"of","start":7437.315,"end":7437.459},{"text":"nuclear","start":7438.679,"end":7439.161},{"text":"energy","start":7439.161,"end":7439.466},{"text":"sources","start":7439.498,"end":7439.884},{"text":"in","start":7439.884,"end":7439.98},{"text":"space","start":7439.98,"end":7440.397},{"text":"organized","start":7440.526,"end":7441.024},{"text":"by","start":7441.024,"end":7441.216},{"text":"the","start":7441.265,"end":7441.489},{"text":"Working","start":7441.827,"end":7442.196},{"text":"Group","start":7442.308,"end":7442.613},{"text":"and","start":7442.87,"end":7442.983},{"text":"the","start":7443.015,"end":7443.223},{"text":"IAEA.","start":7443.256,"end":7444.074}]},{"text":"It is an honor for us that the, the director of the IAEA is Ambassador Rafael Grossi, and Argentina has Presented him for the role of Secretary General.","start":7444.46,"end":7455.748,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":7444.46,"end":7444.556},{"text":"is","start":7444.556,"end":7444.604},{"text":"an","start":7444.717,"end":7444.845},{"text":"honor","start":7444.861,"end":7445.102},{"text":"for","start":7445.102,"end":7445.263},{"text":"us","start":7445.263,"end":7445.471},{"text":"that","start":7445.503,"end":7445.584},{"text":"the,","start":7445.68,"end":7445.905},{"text":"the","start":7446.065,"end":7446.258},{"text":"director","start":7446.804,"end":7447.43},{"text":"of","start":7447.511,"end":7447.623},{"text":"the","start":7447.623,"end":7447.767},{"text":"IAEA","start":7447.767,"end":7448.329},{"text":"is","start":7448.474,"end":7448.538},{"text":"Ambassador","start":7448.57,"end":7448.972},{"text":"Rafael","start":7448.972,"end":7449.357},{"text":"Grossi,","start":7449.373,"end":7449.823},{"text":"and","start":7449.919,"end":7450.048},{"text":"Argentina","start":7450.24,"end":7450.818},{"text":"has","start":7450.818,"end":7450.995},{"text":"Presented","start":7452.169,"end":7452.669},{"text":"him","start":7452.669,"end":7452.814},{"text":"for","start":7452.91,"end":7453.33},{"text":"the","start":7453.555,"end":7453.797},{"text":"role","start":7454.523,"end":7454.636},{"text":"of","start":7454.668,"end":7454.732},{"text":"Secretary","start":7454.765,"end":7455.297},{"text":"General.","start":7455.329,"end":7455.748}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"ARG","affiliation_full":"Argentina","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":65,"start":7456.361,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=7457","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Argentina and give the floor to Mexico.","start":7456.361,"end":7459.489,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7456.361,"end":7456.409},{"text":"thank","start":7457.506,"end":7457.812},{"text":"Argentina","start":7457.893,"end":7458.376},{"text":"and","start":7458.376,"end":7458.473},{"text":"give","start":7458.473,"end":7458.602},{"text":"the","start":7458.634,"end":7458.715},{"text":"floor","start":7458.715,"end":7458.957},{"text":"to","start":7458.957,"end":7459.054},{"text":"Mexico.","start":7459.054,"end":7459.489}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":66,"start":7461.05,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=7462","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchas gracias, Presidente. Thank you, Chair.","start":7461.05,"end":7463.066,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchas","start":7461.05,"end":7461.2},{"text":"gracias,","start":7461.2,"end":7461.4},{"text":"Presidente.","start":7461.416,"end":7461.75},{"text":"Thank","start":7462.166,"end":7462.5},{"text":"you,","start":7462.5,"end":7462.733},{"text":"Chair.","start":7462.75,"end":7463.066}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, the Outer Space Treaty clearly establishes the right of free access to all regions of celestial bodies and says that.","start":7465.15,"end":7477.047,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":7465.15,"end":7465.505},{"text":"delegates,","start":7465.505,"end":7466.039},{"text":"the","start":7467.705,"end":7467.947},{"text":"Outer","start":7468.158,"end":7468.335},{"text":"Space","start":7468.352,"end":7468.853},{"text":"Treaty","start":7468.885,"end":7469.273},{"text":"clearly","start":7469.548,"end":7470.001},{"text":"establishes","start":7470.26,"end":7471.052},{"text":"the","start":7471.166,"end":7471.327},{"text":"right","start":7471.327,"end":7471.618},{"text":"of","start":7471.667,"end":7471.78},{"text":"free","start":7472.039,"end":7472.411},{"text":"access","start":7473.009,"end":7473.462},{"text":"to","start":7473.834,"end":7473.996},{"text":"all","start":7473.996,"end":7474.238},{"text":"regions","start":7474.238,"end":7474.627},{"text":"of","start":7474.627,"end":7474.692},{"text":"celestial","start":7474.708,"end":7475.342},{"text":"bodies","start":7475.374,"end":7475.748},{"text":"and","start":7476.186,"end":7476.251},{"text":"says","start":7476.284,"end":7476.56},{"text":"that.","start":7476.901,"end":7477.047}]},{"text":"Outer space is open for scientific exploration and research.","start":7477.858,"end":7481.907,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Outer","start":7477.858,"end":7478.115},{"text":"space","start":7478.131,"end":7478.517},{"text":"is","start":7478.517,"end":7478.597},{"text":"open","start":7478.661,"end":7478.886},{"text":"for","start":7478.902,"end":7479.047},{"text":"scientific","start":7479.497,"end":7480.349},{"text":"exploration","start":7480.429,"end":7481.313},{"text":"and","start":7481.313,"end":7481.473},{"text":"research.","start":7481.473,"end":7481.907}]},{"text":"Based on this premise, all scientific activities take place in outer space or with space technologies.","start":7482.453,"end":7489.491,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Based","start":7482.453,"end":7482.775},{"text":"on","start":7482.775,"end":7482.855},{"text":"this","start":7482.855,"end":7482.984},{"text":"premise,","start":7483.16,"end":7483.53},{"text":"all","start":7484.446,"end":7484.494},{"text":"scientific","start":7484.719,"end":7485.747},{"text":"activities","start":7485.812,"end":7486.358},{"text":"take","start":7486.47,"end":7486.647},{"text":"place","start":7486.711,"end":7487.017},{"text":"in","start":7487.017,"end":7487.065},{"text":"outer","start":7487.338,"end":7487.595},{"text":"space","start":7487.595,"end":7488.077},{"text":"or","start":7488.142,"end":7488.302},{"text":"with","start":7488.302,"end":7488.431},{"text":"space","start":7488.463,"end":7488.784},{"text":"technologies.","start":7488.784,"end":7489.491}]},{"text":"Among these examples, we can see satellite applications for Earth observation, navigation, or telecommunications, which can provide agricultural monitoring disaster management, and to name but a few.","start":7490.391,"end":7507.897,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Among","start":7490.391,"end":7490.536},{"text":"these","start":7490.648,"end":7490.857},{"text":"examples,","start":7490.953,"end":7491.58},{"text":"we","start":7491.934,"end":7492.014},{"text":"can","start":7492.014,"end":7492.191},{"text":"see","start":7492.191,"end":7492.496},{"text":"satellite","start":7492.512,"end":7493.283},{"text":"applications","start":7493.444,"end":7494.071},{"text":"for","start":7494.103,"end":7494.328},{"text":"Earth","start":7494.328,"end":7494.505},{"text":"observation,","start":7494.505,"end":7495.276},{"text":"navigation,","start":7495.79,"end":7496.626},{"text":"or","start":7497.075,"end":7497.22},{"text":"telecommunications,","start":7497.22,"end":7498.457},{"text":"which","start":7498.907,"end":7499.132},{"text":"can","start":7499.486,"end":7499.775},{"text":"provide","start":7500.691,"end":7501.221},{"text":"agricultural","start":7501.639,"end":7502.539},{"text":"monitoring","start":7502.539,"end":7503.149},{"text":"disaster","start":7503.502,"end":7504.384},{"text":"management,","start":7504.93,"end":7505.828},{"text":"and","start":7506.053,"end":7506.951},{"text":"to","start":7506.951,"end":7507.047},{"text":"name","start":7507.095,"end":7507.24},{"text":"but","start":7507.272,"end":7507.496},{"text":"a","start":7507.496,"end":7507.512},{"text":"few.","start":7507.512,"end":7507.897}]},{"text":"New space technologies are regulated progressively through the domestic implementation of different non-binding instruments developed in this multilateral forum.","start":7508.876,"end":7521.146,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"New","start":7508.876,"end":7508.972},{"text":"space","start":7509.1,"end":7509.469},{"text":"technologies","start":7509.758,"end":7510.608},{"text":"are","start":7511.105,"end":7511.298},{"text":"regulated","start":7511.442,"end":7512.404},{"text":"progressively","start":7512.725,"end":7513.495},{"text":"through","start":7513.527,"end":7513.72},{"text":"the","start":7513.832,"end":7513.96},{"text":"domestic","start":7514.393,"end":7514.955},{"text":"implementation","start":7515.035,"end":7515.821},{"text":"of","start":7516.238,"end":7516.382},{"text":"different","start":7516.414,"end":7516.896},{"text":"non-binding","start":7517.216,"end":7517.89},{"text":"instruments","start":7518.083,"end":7518.692},{"text":"developed","start":7518.82,"end":7519.366},{"text":"in","start":7519.446,"end":7519.494},{"text":"this","start":7519.542,"end":7519.799},{"text":"multilateral","start":7520.023,"end":7520.745},{"text":"forum.","start":7520.745,"end":7521.146}]},{"text":"The non-binding instruments developed within COPUOS show cooperation and represent the interests of member states in working together in good faith.","start":7521.547,"end":7534.028,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7521.547,"end":7521.644},{"text":"non-binding","start":7521.644,"end":7522.301},{"text":"instruments","start":7522.494,"end":7523.151},{"text":"developed","start":7523.151,"end":7523.713},{"text":"within","start":7523.713,"end":7524.082},{"text":"COPUOS","start":7524.178,"end":7524.643},{"text":"show","start":7525.076,"end":7525.381},{"text":"cooperation","start":7525.638,"end":7526.616},{"text":"and","start":7527.226,"end":7527.45},{"text":"represent","start":7528.509,"end":7529.038},{"text":"the","start":7529.102,"end":7529.311},{"text":"interests","start":7529.327,"end":7530},{"text":"of","start":7530.113,"end":7530.337},{"text":"member","start":7530.434,"end":7530.706},{"text":"states","start":7530.706,"end":7531.701},{"text":"in","start":7531.492,"end":7531.54},{"text":"working","start":7531.797,"end":7532.166},{"text":"together","start":7532.295,"end":7532.905},{"text":"in","start":7533.258,"end":7533.386},{"text":"good","start":7533.418,"end":7533.627},{"text":"faith.","start":7533.659,"end":7534.028}]},{"text":"These mechanisms with their different names, principles, recommendations, etc., mean that we can broach subjects who, because of their emerging nature, require an immediate response, and this is usually more feasible through non-binding mechanisms rather than binding instruments.","start":7534.301,"end":7557.299,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":7534.301,"end":7534.51},{"text":"mechanisms","start":7534.686,"end":7535.473},{"text":"with","start":7535.585,"end":7535.761},{"text":"their","start":7535.761,"end":7535.97},{"text":"different","start":7536.131,"end":7536.628},{"text":"names,","start":7536.628,"end":7536.997},{"text":"principles,","start":7537.751,"end":7538.442},{"text":"recommendations,","start":7538.875,"end":7539.886},{"text":"etc.,","start":7540.143,"end":7540.721},{"text":"mean","start":7541.603,"end":7541.892},{"text":"that","start":7541.908,"end":7541.972},{"text":"we","start":7542.004,"end":7542.165},{"text":"can","start":7542.165,"end":7542.325},{"text":"broach","start":7542.325,"end":7542.566},{"text":"subjects","start":7542.566,"end":7543.369},{"text":"who,","start":7543.77,"end":7543.898},{"text":"because","start":7543.995,"end":7544.3},{"text":"of","start":7544.396,"end":7544.46},{"text":"their","start":7544.492,"end":7544.813},{"text":"emerging","start":7544.813,"end":7545.503},{"text":"nature,","start":7545.92,"end":7546.466},{"text":"require","start":7546.883,"end":7547.638},{"text":"an","start":7548.89,"end":7549.05},{"text":"immediate","start":7549.05,"end":7549.692},{"text":"response,","start":7549.692,"end":7550.35},{"text":"and","start":7550.43,"end":7550.494},{"text":"this","start":7550.575,"end":7550.703},{"text":"is","start":7550.831,"end":7550.896},{"text":"usually","start":7551.136,"end":7551.522},{"text":"more","start":7551.971,"end":7552.276},{"text":"feasible","start":7552.276,"end":7552.918},{"text":"through","start":7552.918,"end":7553.271},{"text":"non-binding","start":7553.656,"end":7554.491},{"text":"mechanisms","start":7554.603,"end":7555.422},{"text":"rather","start":7555.566,"end":7555.967},{"text":"than","start":7555.967,"end":7556.08},{"text":"binding","start":7556.288,"end":7556.738},{"text":"instruments.","start":7556.93,"end":7557.299}]},{"text":"The efficacy of non-binding instruments of corpus lies in the reception in each country's national legal framework, and the legal flexibility they provide at national level shows that they are effective and speedy and foster the harmonization of space law.","start":7558.219,"end":7583.534,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7558.219,"end":7558.381},{"text":"efficacy","start":7558.381,"end":7558.946},{"text":"of","start":7558.962,"end":7559.107},{"text":"non-binding","start":7559.107,"end":7559.802},{"text":"instruments","start":7559.979,"end":7560.658},{"text":"of","start":7560.658,"end":7560.771},{"text":"corpus","start":7560.884,"end":7561.336},{"text":"lies","start":7562.321,"end":7562.628},{"text":"in","start":7562.886,"end":7563.031},{"text":"the","start":7563.064,"end":7563.322},{"text":"reception","start":7563.451,"end":7564.242},{"text":"in","start":7565.954,"end":7566.019},{"text":"each","start":7566.439,"end":7566.585},{"text":"country's","start":7566.763,"end":7567.442},{"text":"national","start":7567.587,"end":7568.299},{"text":"legal","start":7569.512,"end":7569.981},{"text":"framework,","start":7570.013,"end":7570.66},{"text":"and","start":7571.21,"end":7571.484},{"text":"the","start":7571.953,"end":7572.18},{"text":"legal","start":7572.519,"end":7572.94},{"text":"flexibility","start":7572.988,"end":7574.072},{"text":"they","start":7574.46,"end":7574.573},{"text":"provide","start":7575.026,"end":7575.56},{"text":"at","start":7575.673,"end":7575.852},{"text":"national","start":7575.852,"end":7576.388},{"text":"level","start":7576.388,"end":7576.826},{"text":"shows","start":7577.281,"end":7577.671},{"text":"that","start":7577.785,"end":7577.996},{"text":"they","start":7578.093,"end":7578.272},{"text":"are","start":7578.337,"end":7578.532},{"text":"effective","start":7578.987,"end":7579.701},{"text":"and","start":7579.88,"end":7579.994},{"text":"speedy","start":7579.994,"end":7580.595},{"text":"and","start":7581.098,"end":7581.163},{"text":"foster","start":7581.212,"end":7581.764},{"text":"the","start":7581.764,"end":7581.894},{"text":"harmonization","start":7581.91,"end":7582.706},{"text":"of","start":7582.755,"end":7582.869},{"text":"space","start":7582.885,"end":7583.258},{"text":"law.","start":7583.453,"end":7583.534}]},{"text":"Both at national and international level, there are other multilateral mechanisms which are not binding to foster practices under shared principles, such as the Artemis Accords, to which Mexico is part.","start":7583.905,"end":7598.929,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Both","start":7583.905,"end":7584.212},{"text":"at","start":7584.212,"end":7584.39},{"text":"national","start":7584.39,"end":7584.86},{"text":"and","start":7584.86,"end":7584.957},{"text":"international","start":7585.038,"end":7585.75},{"text":"level,","start":7585.75,"end":7586.171},{"text":"there","start":7586.883,"end":7587.013},{"text":"are","start":7587.126,"end":7587.321},{"text":"other","start":7587.369,"end":7587.693},{"text":"multilateral","start":7587.709,"end":7588.567},{"text":"mechanisms","start":7588.826,"end":7589.538},{"text":"which","start":7589.652,"end":7589.781},{"text":"are","start":7589.895,"end":7589.992},{"text":"not","start":7590.056,"end":7590.17},{"text":"binding","start":7590.299,"end":7590.753},{"text":"to","start":7591.271,"end":7591.432},{"text":"foster","start":7591.432,"end":7592.08},{"text":"practices","start":7592.323,"end":7593.017},{"text":"under","start":7593.518,"end":7593.922},{"text":"shared","start":7593.922,"end":7594.39},{"text":"principles,","start":7594.422,"end":7595.117},{"text":"such","start":7595.488,"end":7595.795},{"text":"as","start":7595.811,"end":7595.892},{"text":"the","start":7595.941,"end":7596.102},{"text":"Artemis","start":7596.183,"end":7596.635},{"text":"Accords,","start":7596.764,"end":7597.184},{"text":"to","start":7597.249,"end":7597.378},{"text":"which","start":7597.394,"end":7597.54},{"text":"Mexico","start":7597.895,"end":7598.46},{"text":"is","start":7598.46,"end":7598.509},{"text":"part.","start":7598.622,"end":7598.929}]},{"text":"Then we have different pillars represented, and that means that we see they are in line with the space.","start":7600.463,"end":7611.274,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Then","start":7600.463,"end":7600.673},{"text":"we","start":7601.013,"end":7601.207},{"text":"have","start":7601.595,"end":7601.886},{"text":"different","start":7602.242,"end":7602.695},{"text":"pillars","start":7602.808,"end":7603.261},{"text":"represented,","start":7603.779,"end":7604.83},{"text":"and","start":7605.234,"end":7605.299},{"text":"that","start":7605.315,"end":7605.558},{"text":"means","start":7605.558,"end":7605.93},{"text":"that","start":7606.205,"end":7606.496},{"text":"we","start":7607.645,"end":7607.742},{"text":"see","start":7607.742,"end":7608.049},{"text":"they","start":7608.146,"end":7608.405},{"text":"are","start":7609.019,"end":7609.294},{"text":"in","start":7609.505,"end":7609.65},{"text":"line","start":7609.834,"end":7610.149},{"text":"with","start":7610.331,"end":7610.562},{"text":"the","start":7610.595,"end":7610.86},{"text":"space.","start":7610.926,"end":7611.274}]},{"text":"Treaty, non-binding instruments designed by COPOS and which it continues to design, are at the basis of international space law and contribute to strengthening it.","start":7612.389,"end":7623.468,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Treaty,","start":7612.389,"end":7612.774},{"text":"non-binding","start":7612.967,"end":7613.657},{"text":"instruments","start":7613.834,"end":7614.524},{"text":"designed","start":7615.215,"end":7615.745},{"text":"by","start":7615.777,"end":7616.002},{"text":"COPOS","start":7616.002,"end":7616.355},{"text":"and","start":7616.419,"end":7616.531},{"text":"which","start":7616.58,"end":7616.708},{"text":"it","start":7616.804,"end":7616.901},{"text":"continues","start":7616.901,"end":7617.431},{"text":"to","start":7617.527,"end":7617.623},{"text":"design,","start":7617.703,"end":7618.073},{"text":"are","start":7618.811,"end":7619.084},{"text":"at","start":7619.213,"end":7619.373},{"text":"the","start":7619.373,"end":7619.47},{"text":"basis","start":7619.47,"end":7619.935},{"text":"of","start":7619.935,"end":7620.096},{"text":"international","start":7620.096,"end":7620.69},{"text":"space","start":7620.69,"end":7621.188},{"text":"law","start":7621.22,"end":7621.268},{"text":"and","start":7621.718,"end":7621.782},{"text":"contribute","start":7621.942,"end":7622.504},{"text":"to","start":7622.504,"end":7622.601},{"text":"strengthening","start":7622.601,"end":7623.291},{"text":"it.","start":7623.323,"end":7623.468}]},{"text":"That reminds us of the relevance of the work of this legal subcommittee to advance in space governance.","start":7624.592,"end":7634.418,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":7624.592,"end":7624.72},{"text":"reminds","start":7624.993,"end":7625.539},{"text":"us","start":7625.635,"end":7625.876},{"text":"of","start":7626.277,"end":7626.342},{"text":"the","start":7626.374,"end":7626.534},{"text":"relevance","start":7626.534,"end":7627.177},{"text":"of","start":7627.177,"end":7627.241},{"text":"the","start":7627.337,"end":7627.45},{"text":"work","start":7627.562,"end":7627.883},{"text":"of","start":7627.899,"end":7628.028},{"text":"this","start":7628.06,"end":7628.172},{"text":"legal","start":7628.3,"end":7628.557},{"text":"subcommittee","start":7628.557,"end":7629.601},{"text":"to","start":7630.372,"end":7630.597},{"text":"advance","start":7631.897,"end":7632.411},{"text":"in","start":7632.7,"end":7632.893},{"text":"space","start":7633.133,"end":7633.776},{"text":"governance.","start":7633.84,"end":7634.418}]},{"text":"And in terms of the activities of this shared space for the benefit of all.","start":7635.189,"end":7641.678,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7635.189,"end":7635.494},{"text":"in","start":7635.606,"end":7635.654},{"text":"terms","start":7635.686,"end":7636.056},{"text":"of","start":7636.088,"end":7636.184},{"text":"the","start":7636.232,"end":7636.377},{"text":"activities","start":7636.393,"end":7637.099},{"text":"of","start":7637.597,"end":7637.806},{"text":"this","start":7637.838,"end":7638.031},{"text":"shared","start":7638.417,"end":7638.883},{"text":"space","start":7639.236,"end":7639.734},{"text":"for","start":7640.12,"end":7640.505},{"text":"the","start":7640.505,"end":7640.65},{"text":"benefit","start":7640.65,"end":7641.036},{"text":"of","start":7641.212,"end":7641.277},{"text":"all.","start":7641.453,"end":7641.678}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"MEX","affiliation_full":"Mexico","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":67,"start":7642.176,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=7643","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Mexico for their statement, and now I give the floor to Panama.","start":7642.176,"end":7647.526,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7642.176,"end":7642.273},{"text":"thank","start":7642.273,"end":7642.69},{"text":"Mexico","start":7642.771,"end":7643.413},{"text":"for","start":7643.413,"end":7643.622},{"text":"their","start":7643.622,"end":7643.735},{"text":"statement,","start":7643.735,"end":7644.426},{"text":"and","start":7644.843,"end":7644.956},{"text":"now","start":7645.004,"end":7645.1},{"text":"I","start":7645.631,"end":7645.727},{"text":"give","start":7645.727,"end":7646.016},{"text":"the","start":7646.354,"end":7646.434},{"text":"floor","start":7646.434,"end":7646.935},{"text":"to","start":7646.935,"end":7647.033},{"text":"Panama.","start":7647.099,"end":7647.526}]},{"text":"This is the last on my list of speakers.","start":7648.332,"end":7650.517,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7648.332,"end":7648.512},{"text":"is","start":7648.726,"end":7648.792},{"text":"the","start":7648.89,"end":7649.137},{"text":"last","start":7649.153,"end":7649.433},{"text":"on","start":7649.482,"end":7649.548},{"text":"my","start":7649.548,"end":7649.646},{"text":"list","start":7649.728,"end":7649.991},{"text":"of","start":7649.991,"end":7650.09},{"text":"speakers.","start":7650.123,"end":7650.517}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":68,"start":7653.88,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=7654","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair. The United Nations non-binding instruments have gained relevance in outer space, especially in a scenario in which technological development goes faster than traditional regulations.","start":7653.88,"end":7673.429,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7653.88,"end":7654.169},{"text":"you,","start":7654.169,"end":7654.305},{"text":"Chair.","start":7654.509,"end":7654.866},{"text":"The","start":7657.58,"end":7658.324},{"text":"United","start":7659.215,"end":7659.717},{"text":"Nations","start":7659.717,"end":7660.202},{"text":"non-binding","start":7660.445,"end":7661.465},{"text":"instruments","start":7661.643,"end":7662.097},{"text":"have","start":7662.534,"end":7662.696},{"text":"gained","start":7663.127,"end":7663.48},{"text":"relevance","start":7663.624,"end":7664.33},{"text":"in","start":7664.41,"end":7664.555},{"text":"outer","start":7664.988,"end":7665.245},{"text":"space,","start":7665.245,"end":7665.678},{"text":"especially","start":7666.416,"end":7666.994},{"text":"in","start":7666.994,"end":7667.042},{"text":"a","start":7667.138,"end":7667.17},{"text":"scenario","start":7667.17,"end":7667.716},{"text":"in","start":7667.716,"end":7667.764},{"text":"which","start":7667.86,"end":7668.005},{"text":"technological","start":7668.181,"end":7669.096},{"text":"development","start":7669.096,"end":7669.786},{"text":"goes","start":7670.364,"end":7670.653},{"text":"faster","start":7670.829,"end":7671.455},{"text":"than","start":7671.872,"end":7672.016},{"text":"traditional","start":7672.049,"end":7672.626},{"text":"regulations.","start":7672.674,"end":7673.429}]},{"text":"From a legal point of view, these instruments fulfill a function that goes beyond their non-binding nature because they contribute to structure expectations of conduct and contribute to national frameworks and take into account that national practice.","start":7674.68,"end":7696.121,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"From","start":7674.68,"end":7674.873},{"text":"a","start":7674.873,"end":7675.001},{"text":"legal","start":7675.001,"end":7675.338},{"text":"point","start":7675.338,"end":7675.675},{"text":"of","start":7675.675,"end":7675.884},{"text":"view,","start":7675.884,"end":7676.14},{"text":"these","start":7676.863,"end":7677.071},{"text":"instruments","start":7677.328,"end":7677.986},{"text":"fulfill","start":7678.323,"end":7679.141},{"text":"a","start":7679.35,"end":7679.414},{"text":"function","start":7679.414,"end":7679.879},{"text":"that","start":7680.313,"end":7680.441},{"text":"goes","start":7680.537,"end":7680.682},{"text":"beyond","start":7680.794,"end":7681.179},{"text":"their","start":7681.179,"end":7681.356},{"text":"non-binding","start":7681.356,"end":7682.126},{"text":"nature","start":7682.238,"end":7682.736},{"text":"because","start":7682.784,"end":7683.169},{"text":"they","start":7683.522,"end":7683.746},{"text":"contribute","start":7683.746,"end":7684.453},{"text":"to","start":7684.79,"end":7685.046},{"text":"structure","start":7685.143,"end":7685.977},{"text":"expectations","start":7686.073,"end":7687.068},{"text":"of","start":7687.357,"end":7687.501},{"text":"conduct","start":7688.015,"end":7688.673},{"text":"and","start":7688.962,"end":7689.154},{"text":"contribute","start":7689.523,"end":7690.181},{"text":"to","start":7690.181,"end":7690.31},{"text":"national","start":7690.811,"end":7691.329},{"text":"frameworks","start":7691.702,"end":7692.527},{"text":"and","start":7693.078,"end":7693.418},{"text":"take","start":7693.806,"end":7694.001},{"text":"into","start":7694.211,"end":7694.421},{"text":"account","start":7694.486,"end":7694.956},{"text":"that","start":7694.956,"end":7695.069},{"text":"national","start":7695.182,"end":7695.571},{"text":"practice.","start":7695.587,"end":7696.121}]},{"text":"Some non-binding instruments designed internationally, the so-called Artemis Accords, to which Panama is also party, and others designed within COPWOS, show a trend towards frameworks of cooperation to implement practices that are already enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty.","start":7696.963,"end":7728.113,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Some","start":7696.963,"end":7697.319},{"text":"non-binding","start":7697.384,"end":7697.999},{"text":"instruments","start":7698.193,"end":7699.359},{"text":"designed","start":7699.646,"end":7700.21},{"text":"internationally,","start":7700.436,"end":7701.225},{"text":"the","start":7702.143,"end":7702.384},{"text":"so-called","start":7702.481,"end":7703.222},{"text":"Artemis","start":7703.415,"end":7703.785},{"text":"Accords,","start":7704.317,"end":7704.816},{"text":"to","start":7704.945,"end":7705.042},{"text":"which","start":7705.042,"end":7705.171},{"text":"Panama","start":7705.428,"end":7705.766},{"text":"is","start":7705.766,"end":7705.895},{"text":"also","start":7706.072,"end":7706.411},{"text":"party,","start":7706.475,"end":7706.862},{"text":"and","start":7707.28,"end":7707.425},{"text":"others","start":7707.683,"end":7707.989},{"text":"designed","start":7708.102,"end":7708.584},{"text":"within","start":7708.584,"end":7709.034},{"text":"COPWOS,","start":7709.532,"end":7710.079},{"text":"show","start":7711.719,"end":7711.992},{"text":"a","start":7712.266,"end":7712.426},{"text":"trend","start":7712.426,"end":7712.812},{"text":"towards","start":7712.941,"end":7713.455},{"text":"frameworks","start":7714.758,"end":7715.401},{"text":"of","start":7715.401,"end":7715.545},{"text":"cooperation","start":7715.642,"end":7716.349},{"text":"to","start":7718.136,"end":7718.346},{"text":"implement","start":7721.67,"end":7722.299},{"text":"practices","start":7722.799,"end":7723.509},{"text":"that","start":7723.929,"end":7724.09},{"text":"are","start":7724.09,"end":7724.284},{"text":"already","start":7724.332,"end":7724.72},{"text":"enshrined","start":7725.22,"end":7725.93},{"text":"in","start":7726.027,"end":7726.253},{"text":"the","start":7726.85,"end":7727.06},{"text":"Outer","start":7727.06,"end":7727.189},{"text":"Space","start":7727.238,"end":7727.546},{"text":"Treaty.","start":7727.724,"end":7728.113}]},{"text":"They are very relevant because they can have an impact on the configuration of national practices, although there are— can be questions about their interaction with the multilateral system and implications for their application in terms of regulatory consistency and inclusion.","start":7728.859,"end":7750.548,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":7728.859,"end":7728.94},{"text":"are","start":7728.94,"end":7728.973},{"text":"very","start":7728.973,"end":7729.167},{"text":"relevant","start":7729.346,"end":7729.929},{"text":"because","start":7730.253,"end":7730.707},{"text":"they","start":7730.983,"end":7731.096},{"text":"can","start":7731.145,"end":7731.356},{"text":"have","start":7731.372,"end":7731.55},{"text":"an","start":7731.55,"end":7731.68},{"text":"impact","start":7731.777,"end":7732.377},{"text":"on","start":7732.604,"end":7732.718},{"text":"the","start":7732.75,"end":7732.912},{"text":"configuration","start":7732.912,"end":7734.031},{"text":"of","start":7734.453,"end":7734.517},{"text":"national","start":7734.873,"end":7735.487},{"text":"practices,","start":7735.745,"end":7736.536},{"text":"although","start":7737.037,"end":7737.279},{"text":"there","start":7737.279,"end":7737.408},{"text":"are—","start":7737.521,"end":7737.715},{"text":"can","start":7737.86,"end":7738.07},{"text":"be","start":7738.103,"end":7738.296},{"text":"questions","start":7738.587,"end":7739.201},{"text":"about","start":7739.475,"end":7739.782},{"text":"their","start":7740.282,"end":7740.589},{"text":"interaction","start":7740.67,"end":7741.445},{"text":"with","start":7741.574,"end":7741.784},{"text":"the","start":7741.816,"end":7741.897},{"text":"multilateral","start":7742.042,"end":7742.834},{"text":"system","start":7742.882,"end":7743.722},{"text":"and","start":7743.926,"end":7744.081},{"text":"implications","start":7744.184,"end":7744.854},{"text":"for","start":7745.359,"end":7745.585},{"text":"their","start":7745.585,"end":7745.891},{"text":"application","start":7745.891,"end":7746.519},{"text":"in","start":7746.713,"end":7746.922},{"text":"terms","start":7747.116,"end":7747.454},{"text":"of","start":7747.68,"end":7747.776},{"text":"regulatory","start":7748.227,"end":7748.937},{"text":"consistency","start":7748.969,"end":7749.758},{"text":"and","start":7749.839,"end":7750},{"text":"inclusion.","start":7750,"end":7750.548}]},{"text":"In these circumstances, it is relevant to examine not just the adoption of non-binding instruments for outer space, but also the modalities of their effective implementation and their influence on the interpretation of existing international obligations.","start":7751.048,"end":7767.47,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7751.048,"end":7751.096},{"text":"these","start":7751.144,"end":7751.322},{"text":"circumstances,","start":7751.322,"end":7752.095},{"text":"it","start":7752.926,"end":7752.99},{"text":"is","start":7752.99,"end":7753.071},{"text":"relevant","start":7753.088,"end":7753.622},{"text":"to","start":7753.978,"end":7754.075},{"text":"examine","start":7754.075,"end":7754.626},{"text":"not","start":7754.626,"end":7754.755},{"text":"just","start":7754.869,"end":7755.128},{"text":"the","start":7755.128,"end":7755.29},{"text":"adoption","start":7755.29,"end":7756.034},{"text":"of","start":7756.488,"end":7756.649},{"text":"non-binding","start":7756.666,"end":7757.249},{"text":"instruments","start":7757.378,"end":7757.945},{"text":"for","start":7757.945,"end":7758.074},{"text":"outer","start":7758.123,"end":7758.382},{"text":"space,","start":7758.382,"end":7758.738},{"text":"but","start":7759.175,"end":7759.353},{"text":"also","start":7759.483,"end":7759.71},{"text":"the","start":7759.742,"end":7759.888},{"text":"modalities","start":7759.888,"end":7760.6},{"text":"of","start":7760.649,"end":7760.762},{"text":"their","start":7760.778,"end":7760.908},{"text":"effective","start":7760.956,"end":7761.442},{"text":"implementation","start":7761.442,"end":7762.298},{"text":"and","start":7762.799,"end":7762.913},{"text":"their","start":7762.913,"end":7763.139},{"text":"influence","start":7763.204,"end":7763.656},{"text":"on","start":7763.769,"end":7763.834},{"text":"the","start":7763.85,"end":7763.947},{"text":"interpretation","start":7763.947,"end":7764.804},{"text":"of","start":7765.062,"end":7765.208},{"text":"existing","start":7765.644,"end":7766.145},{"text":"international","start":7766.194,"end":7766.792},{"text":"obligations.","start":7766.792,"end":7767.47}]},{"text":"To conclude, we understand that the usefulness of these instruments depends on their application and implementation by states.","start":7769.378,"end":7778.316,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":7769.378,"end":7769.588},{"text":"conclude,","start":7769.604,"end":7770.137},{"text":"we","start":7770.493,"end":7770.751},{"text":"understand","start":7770.8,"end":7771.35},{"text":"that","start":7771.793,"end":7772.05},{"text":"the","start":7772.05,"end":7772.178},{"text":"usefulness","start":7772.178,"end":7772.837},{"text":"of","start":7772.837,"end":7772.917},{"text":"these","start":7772.917,"end":7773.126},{"text":"instruments","start":7773.303,"end":7773.962},{"text":"depends","start":7774.38,"end":7775.022},{"text":"on","start":7775.392,"end":7775.537},{"text":"their","start":7775.569,"end":7775.826},{"text":"application","start":7775.954,"end":7776.533},{"text":"and","start":7776.533,"end":7776.661},{"text":"implementation","start":7776.758,"end":7777.545},{"text":"by","start":7777.577,"end":7777.754},{"text":"states.","start":7777.754,"end":7778.316}]},{"text":"This highlights the mechanisms or the need for mechanisms that enable us to evaluate that implementation, especially with regards to sustainability and their dissemination as additional guides to binding instruments.","start":7779.088,"end":7796.875,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7779.088,"end":7779.296},{"text":"highlights","start":7780.212,"end":7780.759},{"text":"the","start":7781.353,"end":7781.546},{"text":"mechanisms","start":7781.819,"end":7782.687},{"text":"or","start":7782.864,"end":7782.96},{"text":"the","start":7782.96,"end":7783.04},{"text":"need","start":7783.04,"end":7783.265},{"text":"for","start":7783.265,"end":7783.346},{"text":"mechanisms","start":7783.346,"end":7784.053},{"text":"that","start":7784.069,"end":7784.245},{"text":"enable","start":7784.31,"end":7784.711},{"text":"us","start":7784.711,"end":7784.872},{"text":"to","start":7785.193,"end":7785.322},{"text":"evaluate","start":7785.917,"end":7786.72},{"text":"that","start":7786.72,"end":7786.961},{"text":"implementation,","start":7786.961,"end":7787.7},{"text":"especially","start":7787.716,"end":7788.23},{"text":"with","start":7788.246,"end":7788.439},{"text":"regards","start":7788.487,"end":7788.873},{"text":"to","start":7788.986,"end":7789.146},{"text":"sustainability","start":7789.564,"end":7790.801},{"text":"and","start":7791.38,"end":7791.605},{"text":"their","start":7791.637,"end":7791.942},{"text":"dissemination","start":7791.958,"end":7792.97},{"text":"as","start":7793.067,"end":7793.131},{"text":"additional","start":7793.244,"end":7793.806},{"text":"guides","start":7793.806,"end":7794.143},{"text":"to","start":7794.272,"end":7794.497},{"text":"binding","start":7794.529,"end":7796.104},{"text":"instruments.","start":7796.361,"end":7796.875}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":7797.245,"end":7797.405,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7797.245,"end":7797.373},{"text":"you.","start":7797.373,"end":7797.405}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"PAN","affiliation_full":"Panama","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":69,"start":7798.451,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=7799","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Panama for their statement, and as I said, that was the last speaker on this agenda item.","start":7798.451,"end":7808.484,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7798.451,"end":7798.628},{"text":"thank","start":7798.708,"end":7799.11},{"text":"Panama","start":7799.11,"end":7799.529},{"text":"for","start":7799.818,"end":7799.979},{"text":"their","start":7799.979,"end":7800.156},{"text":"statement,","start":7800.156,"end":7800.848},{"text":"and","start":7801.99,"end":7802.215},{"text":"as","start":7802.392,"end":7802.456},{"text":"I","start":7802.553,"end":7802.569},{"text":"said,","start":7802.65,"end":7803.1},{"text":"that","start":7803.518,"end":7803.647},{"text":"was","start":7803.76,"end":7803.904},{"text":"the","start":7804.242,"end":7804.403},{"text":"last","start":7804.419,"end":7804.95},{"text":"speaker","start":7805.211,"end":7805.879},{"text":"on","start":7806.595,"end":7806.823},{"text":"this","start":7807.165,"end":7807.458},{"text":"agenda","start":7807.507,"end":7807.914},{"text":"item.","start":7808.06,"end":7808.484}]},{"text":"That means we have finished the list of speakers.","start":7810.122,"end":7813.059,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":7810.122,"end":7810.304},{"text":"means","start":7810.353,"end":7810.634},{"text":"we","start":7810.848,"end":7811.063},{"text":"have","start":7811.195,"end":7811.442},{"text":"finished","start":7811.442,"end":7811.954},{"text":"the","start":7812.02,"end":7812.168},{"text":"list","start":7812.168,"end":7812.449},{"text":"of","start":7812.449,"end":7812.564},{"text":"speakers.","start":7812.581,"end":7813.059}]},{"text":"May I take it that the subcommittee agrees that members States members of the committee and international intergovernmental organizations that have permanent observer status with the committee can continue to be invited to contribute to the compendium of mechanisms in relation to non-legally binding United Nations instruments on outer space, as happened in the past.","start":7815.083,"end":7846.787,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"May","start":7815.083,"end":7815.344},{"text":"I","start":7815.718,"end":7815.848},{"text":"take","start":7815.897,"end":7816.222},{"text":"it","start":7816.222,"end":7816.45},{"text":"that","start":7816.45,"end":7816.58},{"text":"the","start":7816.694,"end":7816.775},{"text":"subcommittee","start":7816.775,"end":7817.718},{"text":"agrees","start":7818.32,"end":7818.759},{"text":"that","start":7820.044,"end":7820.321},{"text":"members","start":7820.321,"end":7820.63},{"text":"States","start":7823.562,"end":7824.24},{"text":"members","start":7824.24,"end":7824.53},{"text":"of","start":7824.627,"end":7824.676},{"text":"the","start":7824.724,"end":7824.869},{"text":"committee","start":7824.869,"end":7825.337},{"text":"and","start":7825.773,"end":7825.902},{"text":"international","start":7826.015,"end":7826.79},{"text":"intergovernmental","start":7826.822,"end":7827.855},{"text":"organizations","start":7827.935,"end":7828.807},{"text":"that","start":7829.468,"end":7829.71},{"text":"have","start":7829.71,"end":7829.856},{"text":"permanent","start":7829.969,"end":7830.501},{"text":"observer","start":7830.679,"end":7831.114},{"text":"status","start":7831.114,"end":7832.099},{"text":"with","start":7832.534,"end":7832.68},{"text":"the","start":7832.68,"end":7832.728},{"text":"committee","start":7832.793,"end":7833.327},{"text":"can","start":7833.909,"end":7834.038},{"text":"continue","start":7834.151,"end":7834.798},{"text":"to","start":7834.798,"end":7834.96},{"text":"be","start":7834.96,"end":7835.041},{"text":"invited","start":7835.057,"end":7835.526},{"text":"to","start":7835.526,"end":7835.704},{"text":"contribute","start":7835.704,"end":7836.335},{"text":"to","start":7836.335,"end":7836.481},{"text":"the","start":7836.513,"end":7836.675},{"text":"compendium","start":7836.675,"end":7837.273},{"text":"of","start":7837.322,"end":7837.5},{"text":"mechanisms","start":7837.5,"end":7838.26},{"text":"in","start":7838.778,"end":7838.826},{"text":"relation","start":7838.923,"end":7839.344},{"text":"to","start":7839.344,"end":7839.506},{"text":"non-legally","start":7839.57,"end":7840.363},{"text":"binding","start":7840.476,"end":7840.848},{"text":"United","start":7840.864,"end":7841.414},{"text":"Nations","start":7841.447,"end":7841.9},{"text":"instruments","start":7842.012,"end":7842.529},{"text":"on","start":7842.641,"end":7842.706},{"text":"outer","start":7842.803,"end":7843.061},{"text":"space,","start":7843.061,"end":7843.416},{"text":"as","start":7845.303,"end":7845.448},{"text":"happened","start":7845.706,"end":7846.125},{"text":"in","start":7846.125,"end":7846.254},{"text":"the","start":7846.27,"end":7846.367},{"text":"past.","start":7846.367,"end":7846.787}]},{"text":"I see no objections.","start":7850.376,"end":7851.972,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7850.376,"end":7850.458},{"text":"see","start":7850.458,"end":7850.865},{"text":"no","start":7851.027,"end":7851.109},{"text":"objections.","start":7851.19,"end":7851.972}]},{"text":"It is so decided.","start":7852.883,"end":7854.349,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":7852.883,"end":7853.046},{"text":"is","start":7853.046,"end":7853.111},{"text":"so","start":7853.453,"end":7853.779},{"text":"decided.","start":7853.795,"end":7854.349}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"That—","start":7857.569,"end":7857.617,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That—","start":7857.569,"end":7857.617}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"we have now concluded our consideration of agenda item 11.","start":7857.617,"end":7861.009,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"we","start":7857.617,"end":7857.681},{"text":"have","start":7857.681,"end":7857.794},{"text":"now","start":7857.874,"end":7858.019},{"text":"concluded","start":7858.292,"end":7858.79},{"text":"our","start":7858.79,"end":7858.871},{"text":"consideration","start":7858.871,"end":7859.658},{"text":"of","start":7859.658,"end":7859.755},{"text":"agenda","start":7859.755,"end":7860.237},{"text":"item","start":7860.237,"end":7860.51},{"text":"11.","start":7860.558,"end":7861.009}]},{"text":"And now I would like to go on to agenda item 12, general exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management.","start":7862.809,"end":7873.865,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7862.809,"end":7862.873},{"text":"now","start":7862.97,"end":7863.066},{"text":"I","start":7864.577,"end":7864.593},{"text":"would","start":7864.641,"end":7864.802},{"text":"like","start":7864.802,"end":7865.124},{"text":"to","start":7865.14,"end":7865.365},{"text":"go","start":7865.365,"end":7865.493},{"text":"on","start":7865.51,"end":7865.591},{"text":"to","start":7865.705,"end":7865.917},{"text":"agenda","start":7866.504,"end":7867.157},{"text":"item","start":7867.238,"end":7867.629},{"text":"12,","start":7867.841,"end":7868.282},{"text":"general","start":7869.89,"end":7870.358},{"text":"exchange","start":7870.39,"end":7870.875},{"text":"of","start":7870.875,"end":7870.972},{"text":"views","start":7870.972,"end":7871.182},{"text":"on","start":7871.279,"end":7871.344},{"text":"the","start":7871.376,"end":7871.522},{"text":"legal","start":7871.522,"end":7871.845},{"text":"aspects","start":7871.926,"end":7872.427},{"text":"of","start":7872.427,"end":7872.524},{"text":"space","start":7872.524,"end":7872.911},{"text":"traffic","start":7872.911,"end":7873.332},{"text":"management.","start":7873.396,"end":7873.865}]},{"text":"And we will now begin our list of speakers with Italy.","start":7876.034,"end":7880.395,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7876.034,"end":7876.211},{"text":"we","start":7876.211,"end":7876.291},{"text":"will","start":7876.371,"end":7876.532},{"text":"now","start":7876.532,"end":7876.629},{"text":"begin","start":7876.774,"end":7877.128},{"text":"our","start":7877.176,"end":7877.337},{"text":"list","start":7877.337,"end":7877.659},{"text":"of","start":7877.659,"end":7877.788},{"text":"speakers","start":7877.804,"end":7878.27},{"text":"with","start":7879.188,"end":7879.477},{"text":"Italy.","start":7880.057,"end":7880.395}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":7880.62,"end":7881.296,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":7880.62,"end":7880.765},{"text":"have","start":7880.781,"end":7880.926},{"text":"the","start":7880.958,"end":7881.038},{"text":"floor.","start":7881.038,"end":7881.296}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":70,"start":7883.22,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=7884","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr.","start":7883.22,"end":7883.606,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7883.22,"end":7883.3},{"text":"you,","start":7883.3,"end":7883.348},{"text":"Mr.","start":7883.397,"end":7883.606}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair. Mr. Chair, the Italian delegation welcomes the opportunity to contribute to the discussions under this agenda item and is pleased to share key elements related to space traffic management contained in the law entitled Measures Relevant to space economy, which entered into force on 25 June 2025.","start":7883.654,"end":7905.77,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":7883.654,"end":7884.057},{"text":"Mr.","start":7885.007,"end":7885.216},{"text":"Chair,","start":7885.264,"end":7885.618},{"text":"the","start":7885.812,"end":7885.844},{"text":"Italian","start":7885.844,"end":7886.246},{"text":"delegation","start":7886.262,"end":7886.842},{"text":"welcomes","start":7886.955,"end":7887.486},{"text":"the","start":7887.583,"end":7887.679},{"text":"opportunity","start":7887.679,"end":7888.323},{"text":"to","start":7888.388,"end":7888.549},{"text":"contribute","start":7888.549,"end":7889.193},{"text":"to","start":7889.193,"end":7889.289},{"text":"the","start":7889.289,"end":7889.434},{"text":"discussions","start":7889.45,"end":7890.191},{"text":"under","start":7890.32,"end":7890.497},{"text":"this","start":7890.642,"end":7890.819},{"text":"agenda","start":7890.819,"end":7891.286},{"text":"item","start":7891.366,"end":7891.769},{"text":"and","start":7892.252,"end":7892.364},{"text":"is","start":7892.413,"end":7892.477},{"text":"pleased","start":7892.574,"end":7892.88},{"text":"to","start":7892.88,"end":7892.993},{"text":"share","start":7892.993,"end":7893.27},{"text":"key","start":7893.466,"end":7893.645},{"text":"elements","start":7893.808,"end":7894.41},{"text":"related","start":7894.606,"end":7895.127},{"text":"to","start":7895.127,"end":7895.225},{"text":"space","start":7895.257,"end":7895.534},{"text":"traffic","start":7895.534,"end":7896.088},{"text":"management","start":7896.088,"end":7896.804},{"text":"contained","start":7896.804,"end":7897.521},{"text":"in","start":7897.619,"end":7897.684},{"text":"the","start":7897.781,"end":7897.879},{"text":"law","start":7897.879,"end":7897.993},{"text":"entitled","start":7898.123,"end":7898.775},{"text":"Measures","start":7898.775,"end":7899.231},{"text":"Relevant","start":7899.41,"end":7899.882},{"text":"to","start":7900.183,"end":7900.263},{"text":"space","start":7900.263,"end":7900.6},{"text":"economy,","start":7900.6,"end":7901.034},{"text":"which","start":7901.532,"end":7901.869},{"text":"entered","start":7901.949,"end":7902.27},{"text":"into","start":7902.27,"end":7902.527},{"text":"force","start":7902.575,"end":7903.025},{"text":"on","start":7903.073,"end":7903.201},{"text":"25","start":7903.298,"end":7904.004},{"text":"June","start":7904.036,"end":7904.325},{"text":"2025.","start":7904.438,"end":7905.77}]},{"text":"Chair, this law establishes a comprehensive framework for the authorization, supervision, and liability of space activities with the aim of promoting the safe, responsible, sustainable use of outer space.","start":7906.605,"end":7921.088,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":7906.605,"end":7907.023},{"text":"this","start":7907.553,"end":7907.794},{"text":"law","start":7907.794,"end":7907.906},{"text":"establishes","start":7907.906,"end":7908.741},{"text":"a","start":7908.837,"end":7908.853},{"text":"comprehensive","start":7908.998,"end":7909.72},{"text":"framework","start":7909.736,"end":7910.314},{"text":"for","start":7910.459,"end":7910.78},{"text":"the","start":7910.78,"end":7911.021},{"text":"authorization,","start":7911.021,"end":7911.872},{"text":"supervision,","start":7912.161,"end":7913.156},{"text":"and","start":7913.895,"end":7913.991},{"text":"liability","start":7913.991,"end":7914.602},{"text":"of","start":7914.634,"end":7914.682},{"text":"space","start":7914.714,"end":7915.051},{"text":"activities","start":7915.051,"end":7915.645},{"text":"with","start":7916.239,"end":7916.464},{"text":"the","start":7916.464,"end":7916.593},{"text":"aim","start":7916.625,"end":7916.785},{"text":"of","start":7916.946,"end":7917.09},{"text":"promoting","start":7917.122,"end":7917.652},{"text":"the","start":7917.749,"end":7917.845},{"text":"safe,","start":7917.845,"end":7918.311},{"text":"responsible,","start":7918.327,"end":7919.13},{"text":"sustainable","start":7919.21,"end":7919.997},{"text":"use","start":7919.997,"end":7920.334},{"text":"of","start":7920.334,"end":7920.478},{"text":"outer","start":7920.478,"end":7920.671},{"text":"space.","start":7920.671,"end":7921.088}]},{"text":"The authority to grant authorizations ultimately with the Prime Minister or with the delegated political authority responsible for space and aerospace policies.","start":7921.843,"end":7933.147,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7921.843,"end":7922.02},{"text":"authority","start":7922.02,"end":7922.63},{"text":"to","start":7922.662,"end":7922.758},{"text":"grant","start":7922.807,"end":7923.16},{"text":"authorizations","start":7923.16,"end":7924.155},{"text":"ultimately","start":7924.573,"end":7925.279},{"text":"with","start":7925.697,"end":7925.777},{"text":"the","start":7925.777,"end":7925.873},{"text":"Prime","start":7925.954,"end":7926.162},{"text":"Minister","start":7926.259,"end":7926.692},{"text":"or","start":7927.302,"end":7927.463},{"text":"with","start":7927.463,"end":7927.623},{"text":"the","start":7927.623,"end":7927.72},{"text":"delegated","start":7927.8,"end":7928.491},{"text":"political","start":7928.507,"end":7929.004},{"text":"authority","start":7929.004,"end":7929.647},{"text":"responsible","start":7929.952,"end":7930.771},{"text":"for","start":7930.771,"end":7930.979},{"text":"space","start":7931.011,"end":7931.589},{"text":"and","start":7931.654,"end":7931.782},{"text":"aerospace","start":7931.959,"end":7932.569},{"text":"policies.","start":7932.617,"end":7933.147}]},{"text":"Within this framework, the Italian Space Agency, ASI, assumes a central role, notably as the national technical authority for the space sector, including for the development of the relevant technical regulations.","start":7934.062,"end":7949.123,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"Within","start":7934.062,"end":7934.351},{"text":"this","start":7934.383,"end":7934.496},{"text":"framework,","start":7934.624,"end":7935.25},{"text":"the","start":7935.572,"end":7935.652},{"text":"Italian","start":7935.652,"end":7935.989},{"text":"Space","start":7935.989,"end":7936.374},{"text":"Agency,","start":7936.374,"end":7936.84},{"text":"ASI,","start":7937.097,"end":7937.482},{"text":"assumes","start":7938.462,"end":7938.927},{"text":"a","start":7939.024,"end":7939.056},{"text":"central","start":7939.056,"end":7939.682},{"text":"role,","start":7939.682,"end":7939.794},{"text":"notably","start":7940.34,"end":7940.934},{"text":"as","start":7941.111,"end":7941.175},{"text":"the","start":7941.272,"end":7941.304},{"text":"national","start":7941.304,"end":7941.994},{"text":"technical","start":7941.994,"end":7942.572},{"text":"authority","start":7942.572,"end":7943.134},{"text":"for","start":7943.198,"end":7943.455},{"text":"the","start":7943.455,"end":7943.552},{"text":"space","start":7943.552,"end":7943.889},{"text":"sector,","start":7943.937,"end":7944.483},{"text":"including","start":7944.66,"end":7945.254},{"text":"for","start":7945.366,"end":7945.623},{"text":"the","start":7945.623,"end":7945.703},{"text":"development","start":7945.8,"end":7946.651},{"text":"of","start":7947.052,"end":7947.1},{"text":"the","start":7947.132,"end":7947.229},{"text":"relevant","start":7947.229,"end":7947.855},{"text":"technical","start":7947.855,"end":7948.353},{"text":"regulations.","start":7948.353,"end":7949.123}]},{"text":"In particular, The law entrusts ASI with the task of assessing whether proposed space activities comply with key principles such as safety, resilience, and environmental sustainability.","start":7949.942,"end":7964.136,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7949.942,"end":7950.022},{"text":"particular,","start":7950.022,"end":7950.745},{"text":"The","start":7951.066,"end":7951.227},{"text":"law","start":7951.227,"end":7951.355},{"text":"entrusts","start":7951.564,"end":7952.399},{"text":"ASI","start":7952.511,"end":7952.897},{"text":"with","start":7953.089,"end":7953.25},{"text":"the","start":7953.25,"end":7953.33},{"text":"task","start":7953.33,"end":7953.892},{"text":"of","start":7953.892,"end":7954.037},{"text":"assessing","start":7954.037,"end":7954.583},{"text":"whether","start":7954.695,"end":7955.128},{"text":"proposed","start":7955.177,"end":7955.578},{"text":"space","start":7955.578,"end":7955.931},{"text":"activities","start":7956.044,"end":7956.67},{"text":"comply","start":7956.847,"end":7957.28},{"text":"with","start":7957.585,"end":7957.714},{"text":"key","start":7957.89,"end":7958.067},{"text":"principles","start":7958.131,"end":7958.918},{"text":"such","start":7959.416,"end":7959.721},{"text":"as","start":7959.817,"end":7959.961},{"text":"safety,","start":7959.994,"end":7960.604},{"text":"resilience,","start":7960.861,"end":7961.599},{"text":"and","start":7962.145,"end":7962.402},{"text":"environmental","start":7962.402,"end":7963.141},{"text":"sustainability.","start":7963.141,"end":7964.136}]},{"text":"The agency is also responsible for verifying that applicants meet the required moral, professional, and financial criteria, as well as the availability of adequate insurance coverage and access to collision avoidance services.","start":7965.276,"end":7983.404,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7965.276,"end":7965.357},{"text":"agency","start":7965.437,"end":7965.983},{"text":"is","start":7966.159,"end":7966.304},{"text":"also","start":7966.4,"end":7966.657},{"text":"responsible","start":7966.657,"end":7967.604},{"text":"for","start":7967.604,"end":7968.182},{"text":"verifying","start":7968.182,"end":7968.873},{"text":"that","start":7968.985,"end":7969.371},{"text":"applicants","start":7969.451,"end":7970.061},{"text":"meet","start":7970.511,"end":7970.848},{"text":"the","start":7971.314,"end":7971.394},{"text":"required","start":7971.394,"end":7972.261},{"text":"moral,","start":7972.261,"end":7972.839},{"text":"professional,","start":7972.999,"end":7973.802},{"text":"and","start":7973.963,"end":7974.075},{"text":"financial","start":7974.107,"end":7974.669},{"text":"criteria,","start":7974.669,"end":7975.328},{"text":"as","start":7975.793,"end":7975.97},{"text":"well","start":7976.05,"end":7976.227},{"text":"as","start":7976.275,"end":7976.42},{"text":"the","start":7976.516,"end":7976.58},{"text":"availability","start":7976.58,"end":7977.383},{"text":"of","start":7977.8,"end":7977.913},{"text":"adequate","start":7978.122,"end":7978.78},{"text":"insurance","start":7978.796,"end":7979.47},{"text":"coverage","start":7979.486,"end":7980.064},{"text":"and","start":7980.61,"end":7980.675},{"text":"access","start":7980.931,"end":7981.413},{"text":"to","start":7981.413,"end":7981.574},{"text":"collision","start":7981.574,"end":7982.168},{"text":"avoidance","start":7982.216,"end":7982.746},{"text":"services.","start":7982.794,"end":7983.404}]},{"text":"In particular, operators may fulfill this latter requirement either through their own collision avoidance capabilities or by procuring such services from certified providers.","start":7984.48,"end":7998.658,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7984.48,"end":7984.56},{"text":"particular,","start":7984.56,"end":7985.267},{"text":"operators","start":7985.379,"end":7986.053},{"text":"may","start":7986.31,"end":7986.519},{"text":"fulfill","start":7986.567,"end":7987.338},{"text":"this","start":7987.595,"end":7987.884},{"text":"latter","start":7987.932,"end":7988.269},{"text":"requirement","start":7988.269,"end":7989.217},{"text":"either","start":7989.361,"end":7989.779},{"text":"through","start":7989.779,"end":7990.196},{"text":"their","start":7990.341,"end":7990.678},{"text":"own","start":7990.887,"end":7991.031},{"text":"collision","start":7991.127,"end":7991.609},{"text":"avoidance","start":7991.609,"end":7992.187},{"text":"capabilities","start":7992.187,"end":7993.038},{"text":"or","start":7993.616,"end":7993.729},{"text":"by","start":7993.873,"end":7994.034},{"text":"procuring","start":7994.034,"end":7994.724},{"text":"such","start":7995.174,"end":7995.447},{"text":"services","start":7995.479,"end":7996.169},{"text":"from","start":7996.683,"end":7996.908},{"text":"certified","start":7997.02,"end":7997.855},{"text":"providers.","start":7998.032,"end":7998.658}]},{"text":"Detailed requirements for these services This, along with the specifications relating to safety, resilience, and environmental sustainability, will be further defined in the technical regulations currently under development by ASI.","start":7999.814,"end":8015.871,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Detailed","start":7999.814,"end":8000.231},{"text":"requirements","start":8000.28,"end":8001.082},{"text":"for","start":8001.082,"end":8001.323},{"text":"these","start":8001.323,"end":8001.436},{"text":"services","start":8001.436,"end":8001.917},{"text":"This,","start":8001.95,"end":8002.142},{"text":"along","start":8002.608,"end":8002.913},{"text":"with","start":8003.009,"end":8003.266},{"text":"the","start":8003.266,"end":8003.362},{"text":"specifications","start":8003.362,"end":8004.358},{"text":"relating","start":8004.47,"end":8005},{"text":"to","start":8005.032,"end":8005.161},{"text":"safety,","start":8005.177,"end":8005.61},{"text":"resilience,","start":8005.739,"end":8006.269},{"text":"and","start":8006.542,"end":8006.718},{"text":"environmental","start":8006.718,"end":8007.393},{"text":"sustainability,","start":8007.393,"end":8008.372},{"text":"will","start":8008.87,"end":8009.047},{"text":"be","start":8009.047,"end":8009.127},{"text":"further","start":8009.127,"end":8009.609},{"text":"defined","start":8009.609,"end":8010.219},{"text":"in","start":8010.492,"end":8010.54},{"text":"the","start":8010.572,"end":8010.732},{"text":"technical","start":8010.732,"end":8011.23},{"text":"regulations","start":8011.23,"end":8011.985},{"text":"currently","start":8012.178,"end":8012.788},{"text":"under","start":8013.205,"end":8013.398},{"text":"development","start":8013.462,"end":8015.212},{"text":"by","start":8015.228,"end":8015.341},{"text":"ASI.","start":8015.533,"end":8015.871}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr.","start":8016.256,"end":8018.68,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8016.256,"end":8016.513},{"text":"you,","start":8016.513,"end":8016.706},{"text":"Mr.","start":8018.135,"end":8018.68}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair.","start":8018.921,"end":8019.483,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":8018.921,"end":8019.483}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"ITA","affiliation_full":"Italy","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":71,"start":8019.949,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=8020","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Italy for their statement, and now I give the floor to the United States.","start":8019.949,"end":8025.023,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8019.949,"end":8020.045},{"text":"thank","start":8020.126,"end":8020.607},{"text":"Italy","start":8020.607,"end":8021.057},{"text":"for","start":8021.089,"end":8021.266},{"text":"their","start":8021.266,"end":8021.49},{"text":"statement,","start":8021.49,"end":8022.293},{"text":"and","start":8022.855,"end":8022.919},{"text":"now","start":8022.919,"end":8023.016},{"text":"I","start":8023.176,"end":8023.257},{"text":"give","start":8023.257,"end":8023.465},{"text":"the","start":8023.481,"end":8023.578},{"text":"floor","start":8023.578,"end":8023.883},{"text":"to","start":8023.883,"end":8024.059},{"text":"the","start":8024.059,"end":8024.124},{"text":"United","start":8024.124,"end":8024.557},{"text":"States.","start":8024.557,"end":8025.023}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":72,"start":8028.234,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=8029","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":8028.234,"end":8029.872,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8028.234,"end":8028.459},{"text":"you,","start":8028.459,"end":8028.539},{"text":"Chair.","start":8029.679,"end":8029.872}]},{"text":"The number of objects in space is increasing rapidly, and reliable space situational awareness information and services are necessary to support global spaceflight safety and sustainability.","start":8030,"end":8039.474,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8030,"end":8030.097},{"text":"number","start":8030.097,"end":8030.322},{"text":"of","start":8030.322,"end":8030.466},{"text":"objects","start":8030.466,"end":8030.803},{"text":"in","start":8030.803,"end":8030.851},{"text":"space","start":8030.964,"end":8031.301},{"text":"is","start":8031.301,"end":8031.381},{"text":"increasing","start":8031.429,"end":8031.815},{"text":"rapidly,","start":8031.847,"end":8032.377},{"text":"and","start":8032.73,"end":8032.794},{"text":"reliable","start":8032.81,"end":8033.308},{"text":"space","start":8033.308,"end":8033.613},{"text":"situational","start":8033.613,"end":8034.207},{"text":"awareness","start":8034.223,"end":8034.593},{"text":"information","start":8034.593,"end":8035.139},{"text":"and","start":8035.139,"end":8035.235},{"text":"services","start":8035.235,"end":8035.749},{"text":"are","start":8035.941,"end":8036.006},{"text":"necessary","start":8036.006,"end":8036.535},{"text":"to","start":8036.584,"end":8036.68},{"text":"support","start":8036.68,"end":8037.033},{"text":"global","start":8037.065,"end":8037.37},{"text":"spaceflight","start":8037.386,"end":8037.932},{"text":"safety","start":8037.932,"end":8038.398},{"text":"and","start":8038.51,"end":8038.639},{"text":"sustainability.","start":8038.655,"end":8039.474}]},{"text":"A total of 315 launches were conducted worldwide in 2025, placing more than 4,200 spacecraft into Earth orbit.","start":8040.373,"end":8048.032,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"A","start":8040.373,"end":8040.389},{"text":"total","start":8040.421,"end":8040.678},{"text":"of","start":8040.678,"end":8040.742},{"text":"315","start":8040.758,"end":8041.641},{"text":"launches","start":8041.706,"end":8042.091},{"text":"were","start":8042.123,"end":8042.268},{"text":"conducted","start":8042.268,"end":8042.653},{"text":"worldwide","start":8042.685,"end":8043.167},{"text":"in","start":8043.167,"end":8043.215},{"text":"2025,","start":8043.247,"end":8044.339},{"text":"placing","start":8044.837,"end":8045.142},{"text":"more","start":8045.174,"end":8045.351},{"text":"than","start":8045.399,"end":8045.495},{"text":"4,200","start":8045.559,"end":8046.635},{"text":"spacecraft","start":8046.635,"end":8047.358},{"text":"into","start":8047.358,"end":8047.534},{"text":"Earth","start":8047.582,"end":8047.823},{"text":"orbit.","start":8047.823,"end":8048.032}]},{"text":"At the same time, there are over 43,000 trackable objects in Earth orbit as of early 2026.","start":8048.867,"end":8053.844,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":8048.867,"end":8049.011},{"text":"the","start":8049.011,"end":8049.044},{"text":"same","start":8049.044,"end":8049.333},{"text":"time,","start":8049.349,"end":8049.557},{"text":"there","start":8049.654,"end":8049.718},{"text":"are","start":8049.718,"end":8049.766},{"text":"over","start":8049.814,"end":8050.071},{"text":"43,000","start":8050.071,"end":8051.035},{"text":"trackable","start":8051.035,"end":8051.484},{"text":"objects","start":8051.58,"end":8051.982},{"text":"in","start":8051.982,"end":8052.078},{"text":"Earth","start":8052.078,"end":8052.175},{"text":"orbit","start":8052.303,"end":8052.624},{"text":"as","start":8052.624,"end":8052.688},{"text":"of","start":8052.737,"end":8052.817},{"text":"early","start":8052.817,"end":8053.026},{"text":"2026.","start":8053.01,"end":8053.844}]},{"text":"The growth of both space actors and space debris underlines the importance of strong space traffic coordination based on accurate and timely space situational awareness data, including tracking, characterization, and conjunction assessment capabilities to avoid inadvertent collisions and to enable the sustainability of space operations.","start":8054.728,"end":8073,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8054.728,"end":8054.792},{"text":"growth","start":8054.792,"end":8055.049},{"text":"of","start":8055.049,"end":8055.113},{"text":"both","start":8055.129,"end":8055.338},{"text":"space","start":8055.37,"end":8055.803},{"text":"actors","start":8055.835,"end":8056.221},{"text":"and","start":8056.253,"end":8056.494},{"text":"space","start":8056.879,"end":8057.2},{"text":"debris","start":8057.2,"end":8057.537},{"text":"underlines","start":8057.618,"end":8058.099},{"text":"the","start":8058.164,"end":8058.196},{"text":"importance","start":8058.196,"end":8058.613},{"text":"of","start":8058.677,"end":8058.758},{"text":"strong","start":8058.758,"end":8059.095},{"text":"space","start":8059.223,"end":8059.528},{"text":"traffic","start":8059.528,"end":8059.85},{"text":"coordination","start":8059.93,"end":8060.46},{"text":"based","start":8060.99,"end":8061.23},{"text":"on","start":8061.23,"end":8061.359},{"text":"accurate","start":8061.455,"end":8061.841},{"text":"and","start":8061.873,"end":8061.937},{"text":"timely","start":8061.953,"end":8062.371},{"text":"space","start":8062.371,"end":8062.676},{"text":"situational","start":8062.676,"end":8063.382},{"text":"awareness","start":8063.382,"end":8063.687},{"text":"data,","start":8063.8,"end":8064.185},{"text":"including","start":8064.763,"end":8065.132},{"text":"tracking,","start":8065.148,"end":8065.614},{"text":"characterization,","start":8065.71,"end":8066.593},{"text":"and","start":8066.609,"end":8066.722},{"text":"conjunction","start":8066.77,"end":8067.268},{"text":"assessment","start":8067.268,"end":8067.685},{"text":"capabilities","start":8067.733,"end":8068.344},{"text":"to","start":8068.44,"end":8068.536},{"text":"avoid","start":8068.536,"end":8068.954},{"text":"inadvertent","start":8068.954,"end":8069.484},{"text":"collisions","start":8069.484,"end":8069.949},{"text":"and","start":8070.543,"end":8070.608},{"text":"to","start":8070.624,"end":8070.704},{"text":"enable","start":8070.704,"end":8071.041},{"text":"the","start":8071.041,"end":8071.17},{"text":"sustainability","start":8071.17,"end":8071.908},{"text":"of","start":8071.908,"end":8071.988},{"text":"space","start":8071.988,"end":8072.261},{"text":"operations.","start":8072.374,"end":8073}]},{"text":"UN-COPUUS has an important role to play in protecting the $626 billion space economy and its immense global benefits to humanity.","start":8074.06,"end":8081.954,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"UN-COPUUS","start":8074.06,"end":8074.686},{"text":"has","start":8074.718,"end":8074.927},{"text":"an","start":8074.943,"end":8074.975},{"text":"important","start":8074.975,"end":8075.441},{"text":"role","start":8075.441,"end":8075.585},{"text":"to","start":8075.665,"end":8075.762},{"text":"play","start":8075.762,"end":8076.003},{"text":"in","start":8076.003,"end":8076.083},{"text":"protecting","start":8076.083,"end":8076.565},{"text":"the","start":8076.565,"end":8076.661},{"text":"$626","start":8076.661,"end":8077.849},{"text":"billion","start":8077.849,"end":8078.234},{"text":"space","start":8078.234,"end":8078.78},{"text":"economy","start":8078.652,"end":8079.101},{"text":"and","start":8079.694,"end":8079.758},{"text":"its","start":8079.758,"end":8079.87},{"text":"immense","start":8079.87,"end":8080.319},{"text":"global","start":8080.319,"end":8080.72},{"text":"benefits","start":8080.72,"end":8081.297},{"text":"to","start":8081.297,"end":8081.425},{"text":"humanity.","start":8081.441,"end":8081.954}]},{"text":"At the same time, the United States is committed to continuing our longstanding role as a global space situational awareness provider.","start":8082.355,"end":8089.697,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":8082.355,"end":8082.579},{"text":"the","start":8083.381,"end":8083.461},{"text":"same","start":8083.461,"end":8083.637},{"text":"time,","start":8083.701,"end":8083.878},{"text":"the","start":8083.894,"end":8083.942},{"text":"United","start":8083.942,"end":8084.263},{"text":"States","start":8084.263,"end":8084.743},{"text":"is","start":8084.743,"end":8084.824},{"text":"committed","start":8084.888,"end":8085.224},{"text":"to","start":8085.224,"end":8085.353},{"text":"continuing","start":8085.369,"end":8085.834},{"text":"our","start":8085.85,"end":8086.026},{"text":"longstanding","start":8086.026,"end":8086.635},{"text":"role","start":8086.667,"end":8086.94},{"text":"as","start":8087.485,"end":8087.629},{"text":"a","start":8087.629,"end":8087.693},{"text":"global","start":8087.693,"end":8088.014},{"text":"space","start":8088.014,"end":8088.238},{"text":"situational","start":8088.27,"end":8088.912},{"text":"awareness","start":8088.912,"end":8089.296},{"text":"provider.","start":8089.296,"end":8089.697}]},{"text":"The U.S. government continues to share space situational awareness information and services with satellite owners and operators worldwide, both governmental and non-governmental, and non-U.S.","start":8090.659,"end":8099.508,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8090.659,"end":8090.739},{"text":"U.S.","start":8090.739,"end":8090.851},{"text":"government","start":8090.915,"end":8091.316},{"text":"continues","start":8091.316,"end":8091.765},{"text":"to","start":8091.797,"end":8091.893},{"text":"share","start":8091.941,"end":8092.15},{"text":"space","start":8092.198,"end":8092.438},{"text":"situational","start":8092.438,"end":8093.096},{"text":"awareness","start":8093.096,"end":8093.48},{"text":"information","start":8093.48,"end":8093.961},{"text":"and","start":8093.961,"end":8094.074},{"text":"services","start":8094.106,"end":8094.651},{"text":"with","start":8094.683,"end":8094.827},{"text":"satellite","start":8094.827,"end":8095.244},{"text":"owners","start":8095.308,"end":8095.564},{"text":"and","start":8095.564,"end":8095.629},{"text":"operators","start":8095.709,"end":8096.093},{"text":"worldwide,","start":8096.19,"end":8096.847},{"text":"both","start":8097.248,"end":8097.424},{"text":"governmental","start":8097.472,"end":8097.889},{"text":"and","start":8097.889,"end":8097.969},{"text":"non-governmental,","start":8097.969,"end":8098.739},{"text":"and","start":8098.995,"end":8099.091},{"text":"non-U.S.","start":8099.091,"end":8099.508}]},{"text":"entities to improve the safety of spaceflight.","start":8099.572,"end":8101.913,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"entities","start":8099.572,"end":8099.941},{"text":"to","start":8100.037,"end":8100.117},{"text":"improve","start":8100.133,"end":8100.422},{"text":"the","start":8100.454,"end":8100.55},{"text":"safety","start":8100.55,"end":8101.063},{"text":"of","start":8101.175,"end":8101.239},{"text":"spaceflight.","start":8101.255,"end":8101.913}]},{"text":"Much of this information is currently available on a free and publicly available website at spacetrack.org.","start":8102.602,"end":8107.771,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Much","start":8102.602,"end":8102.778},{"text":"of","start":8102.778,"end":8102.858},{"text":"this","start":8102.858,"end":8103.019},{"text":"information","start":8103.019,"end":8103.468},{"text":"is","start":8103.5,"end":8103.628},{"text":"currently","start":8103.644,"end":8103.965},{"text":"available","start":8103.965,"end":8104.365},{"text":"on","start":8104.365,"end":8106.337},{"text":"a","start":8104.462,"end":8104.478},{"text":"free","start":8104.526,"end":8104.863},{"text":"and","start":8104.863,"end":8105.008},{"text":"publicly","start":8105.008,"end":8105.409},{"text":"available","start":8105.409,"end":8105.891},{"text":"website","start":8105.891,"end":8106.405},{"text":"at","start":8106.405,"end":8106.486},{"text":"spacetrack.org.","start":8106.486,"end":8107.771}]},{"text":"As we continue to transition this responsibility from the U.S.","start":8108.815,"end":8111.401,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8108.815,"end":8108.943},{"text":"we","start":8108.943,"end":8109.039},{"text":"continue","start":8109.039,"end":8109.425},{"text":"to","start":8109.425,"end":8109.521},{"text":"transition","start":8109.521,"end":8110.051},{"text":"this","start":8110.084,"end":8110.244},{"text":"responsibility","start":8110.244,"end":8110.967},{"text":"from","start":8110.967,"end":8111.128},{"text":"the","start":8111.192,"end":8111.272},{"text":"U.S.","start":8111.272,"end":8111.401}]},{"text":"Department of War to the U.S.","start":8111.529,"end":8112.702,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Department","start":8111.529,"end":8111.947},{"text":"of","start":8111.947,"end":8112.091},{"text":"War","start":8112.091,"end":8112.204},{"text":"to","start":8112.332,"end":8112.493},{"text":"the","start":8112.493,"end":8112.525},{"text":"U.S.","start":8112.525,"end":8112.702}]},{"text":"Department of Commerce, our new traffic coordination system for space, TRACS, will leverage data from operators, governments, and other sources.","start":8112.846,"end":8120.894,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"Department","start":8112.846,"end":8113.152},{"text":"of","start":8113.152,"end":8113.264},{"text":"Commerce,","start":8113.28,"end":8113.73},{"text":"our","start":8114.083,"end":8114.115},{"text":"new","start":8114.115,"end":8114.324},{"text":"traffic","start":8114.324,"end":8114.726},{"text":"coordination","start":8114.726,"end":8115.192},{"text":"system","start":8115.224,"end":8115.609},{"text":"for","start":8115.609,"end":8115.706},{"text":"space,","start":8115.706,"end":8116.22},{"text":"TRACS,","start":8116.332,"end":8116.862},{"text":"will","start":8117.472,"end":8117.585},{"text":"leverage","start":8117.617,"end":8117.954},{"text":"data","start":8117.954,"end":8118.211},{"text":"from","start":8118.211,"end":8118.372},{"text":"operators,","start":8118.42,"end":8118.982},{"text":"governments,","start":8118.998,"end":8119.593},{"text":"and","start":8119.962,"end":8120.026},{"text":"other","start":8120.283,"end":8120.444},{"text":"sources.","start":8120.444,"end":8120.894}]},{"text":"TRACS is currently providing SSA information and services to pilot users collectively operating more than 10,000 spacecraft.","start":8121.488,"end":8128.636,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"TRACS","start":8121.488,"end":8121.809},{"text":"is","start":8121.809,"end":8121.858},{"text":"currently","start":8121.954,"end":8122.275},{"text":"providing","start":8122.275,"end":8122.661},{"text":"SSA","start":8122.757,"end":8123.159},{"text":"information","start":8123.159,"end":8123.624},{"text":"and","start":8123.962,"end":8124.042},{"text":"services","start":8124.042,"end":8124.428},{"text":"to","start":8124.54,"end":8124.62},{"text":"pilot","start":8124.62,"end":8125.006},{"text":"users","start":8125.006,"end":8125.359},{"text":"collectively","start":8125.407,"end":8126.002},{"text":"operating","start":8126.692,"end":8126.965},{"text":"more","start":8126.965,"end":8127.142},{"text":"than","start":8127.19,"end":8127.255},{"text":"10,000","start":8127.335,"end":8127.913},{"text":"spacecraft.","start":8127.913,"end":8128.636}]},{"text":"The system is continuing to onboard additional pilot users, and those interested can sign up for the onboarding waitlist through the TRACS website.","start":8129.423,"end":8136.006,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8129.423,"end":8129.455},{"text":"system","start":8129.455,"end":8129.825},{"text":"is","start":8129.841,"end":8129.937},{"text":"continuing","start":8130.05,"end":8130.29},{"text":"to","start":8130.322,"end":8130.451},{"text":"onboard","start":8130.547,"end":8130.884},{"text":"additional","start":8130.884,"end":8131.238},{"text":"pilot","start":8131.27,"end":8131.607},{"text":"users,","start":8131.607,"end":8131.976},{"text":"and","start":8132.554,"end":8132.635},{"text":"those","start":8132.635,"end":8132.779},{"text":"interested","start":8132.811,"end":8133.213},{"text":"can","start":8133.213,"end":8133.389},{"text":"sign","start":8133.389,"end":8133.63},{"text":"up","start":8133.63,"end":8133.775},{"text":"for","start":8133.775,"end":8133.887},{"text":"the","start":8133.887,"end":8133.999},{"text":"onboarding","start":8134.08,"end":8134.433},{"text":"waitlist","start":8134.497,"end":8134.914},{"text":"through","start":8134.979,"end":8135.123},{"text":"the","start":8135.123,"end":8135.204},{"text":"TRACS","start":8135.204,"end":8135.541},{"text":"website.","start":8135.541,"end":8136.006}]},{"text":"Many other nations and organizations around the world are developing or improving their own SSA capabilities.","start":8137.451,"end":8142.654,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"Many","start":8137.451,"end":8137.644},{"text":"other","start":8137.644,"end":8137.805},{"text":"nations","start":8137.805,"end":8138.238},{"text":"and","start":8138.27,"end":8138.334},{"text":"organizations","start":8138.415,"end":8139.153},{"text":"around","start":8139.169,"end":8139.635},{"text":"the","start":8139.635,"end":8139.683},{"text":"world","start":8139.715,"end":8140.197},{"text":"are","start":8140.197,"end":8140.277},{"text":"developing","start":8140.277,"end":8140.695},{"text":"or","start":8140.695,"end":8140.759},{"text":"improving","start":8140.759,"end":8141.208},{"text":"their","start":8141.225,"end":8141.433},{"text":"own","start":8141.465,"end":8141.514},{"text":"SSA","start":8141.642,"end":8142.043},{"text":"capabilities.","start":8142.043,"end":8142.654}]},{"text":"We are committed to maintaining an open and transparent system that enables global coordination with other SSA providers and supports operator-to-operator coordination.","start":8143.408,"end":8151.709,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8143.408,"end":8143.488},{"text":"are","start":8143.488,"end":8143.569},{"text":"committed","start":8143.569,"end":8143.89},{"text":"to","start":8143.89,"end":8143.986},{"text":"maintaining","start":8143.986,"end":8144.5},{"text":"an","start":8144.516,"end":8144.58},{"text":"open","start":8144.677,"end":8144.917},{"text":"and","start":8144.95,"end":8145.078},{"text":"transparent","start":8145.078,"end":8145.544},{"text":"system","start":8145.576,"end":8146.041},{"text":"that","start":8146.041,"end":8146.138},{"text":"enables","start":8146.138,"end":8146.587},{"text":"global","start":8146.619,"end":8146.989},{"text":"coordination","start":8147.021,"end":8147.599},{"text":"with","start":8147.647,"end":8147.808},{"text":"other","start":8147.808,"end":8147.968},{"text":"SSA","start":8148.048,"end":8148.386},{"text":"providers","start":8148.386,"end":8148.915},{"text":"and","start":8149.429,"end":8149.574},{"text":"supports","start":8149.574,"end":8150.055},{"text":"operator-to-operator","start":8150.136,"end":8151.115},{"text":"coordination.","start":8151.115,"end":8151.709}]},{"text":"This type of close coordination among, among independent national regional systems will be necessary to exchange spaceflight safety-focused data and analytical services while simultaneously providing such information and services to operators globally.","start":8152.801,"end":8165.599,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8152.801,"end":8152.913},{"text":"type","start":8152.945,"end":8153.138},{"text":"of","start":8153.138,"end":8153.251},{"text":"close","start":8153.283,"end":8153.604},{"text":"coordination","start":8153.604,"end":8154.166},{"text":"among,","start":8154.166,"end":8154.374},{"text":"among","start":8154.647,"end":8154.856},{"text":"independent","start":8154.952,"end":8155.434},{"text":"national","start":8155.434,"end":8155.868},{"text":"regional","start":8155.916,"end":8156.268},{"text":"systems","start":8156.268,"end":8156.797},{"text":"will","start":8156.813,"end":8156.894},{"text":"be","start":8156.894,"end":8157.038},{"text":"necessary","start":8157.038,"end":8157.503},{"text":"to","start":8157.535,"end":8157.631},{"text":"exchange","start":8157.631,"end":8158.096},{"text":"spaceflight","start":8158.096,"end":8158.737},{"text":"safety-focused","start":8158.737,"end":8159.475},{"text":"data","start":8159.523,"end":8159.907},{"text":"and","start":8160.26,"end":8160.324},{"text":"analytical","start":8160.42,"end":8160.869},{"text":"services","start":8160.885,"end":8161.43},{"text":"while","start":8161.527,"end":8161.623},{"text":"simultaneously","start":8161.623,"end":8162.472},{"text":"providing","start":8162.489,"end":8162.953},{"text":"such","start":8162.969,"end":8163.226},{"text":"information","start":8163.226,"end":8163.755},{"text":"and","start":8163.867,"end":8163.931},{"text":"services","start":8164.028,"end":8164.508},{"text":"to","start":8164.524,"end":8164.717},{"text":"operators","start":8164.733,"end":8165.118},{"text":"globally.","start":8165.214,"end":8165.599}]},{"text":"In that regard, we welcome the establishment of the SSA Expert Group at the STSC, which is an unprecedented opportunity for member states to convene government and private sector technical experts to have substantive discussions on how to improve spaceflight safety from a scientific and technical perspective.","start":8166.993,"end":8182.438,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8166.993,"end":8167.073},{"text":"that","start":8167.073,"end":8167.186},{"text":"regard,","start":8167.234,"end":8167.602},{"text":"we","start":8167.619,"end":8167.699},{"text":"welcome","start":8167.715,"end":8168.035},{"text":"the","start":8168.035,"end":8168.115},{"text":"establishment","start":8168.115,"end":8168.709},{"text":"of","start":8168.757,"end":8168.837},{"text":"the","start":8168.853,"end":8168.997},{"text":"SSA","start":8168.997,"end":8169.382},{"text":"Expert","start":8169.478,"end":8169.831},{"text":"Group","start":8169.943,"end":8170.344},{"text":"at","start":8170.344,"end":8170.376},{"text":"the","start":8170.376,"end":8170.504},{"text":"STSC,","start":8170.52,"end":8171.322},{"text":"which","start":8171.787,"end":8171.851},{"text":"is","start":8171.899,"end":8172.011},{"text":"an","start":8172.027,"end":8172.075},{"text":"unprecedented","start":8172.187,"end":8172.829},{"text":"opportunity","start":8172.829,"end":8173.374},{"text":"for","start":8173.406,"end":8173.518},{"text":"member","start":8173.518,"end":8173.807},{"text":"states","start":8173.807,"end":8174.127},{"text":"to","start":8174.127,"end":8174.271},{"text":"convene","start":8174.271,"end":8174.592},{"text":"government","start":8174.688,"end":8175.169},{"text":"and","start":8175.169,"end":8175.233},{"text":"private","start":8175.249,"end":8175.57},{"text":"sector","start":8175.57,"end":8175.955},{"text":"technical","start":8175.955,"end":8176.436},{"text":"experts","start":8176.436,"end":8176.853},{"text":"to","start":8176.853,"end":8176.933},{"text":"have","start":8176.933,"end":8177.077},{"text":"substantive","start":8177.093,"end":8177.654},{"text":"discussions","start":8177.654,"end":8178.263},{"text":"on","start":8178.311,"end":8178.536},{"text":"how","start":8178.536,"end":8178.632},{"text":"to","start":8178.632,"end":8178.76},{"text":"improve","start":8178.76,"end":8179.017},{"text":"spaceflight","start":8179.033,"end":8179.594},{"text":"safety","start":8179.594,"end":8180.107},{"text":"from","start":8180.46,"end":8180.636},{"text":"a","start":8180.636,"end":8180.652},{"text":"scientific","start":8180.684,"end":8181.261},{"text":"and","start":8181.341,"end":8181.405},{"text":"technical","start":8181.47,"end":8181.808},{"text":"perspective.","start":8181.824,"end":8182.438}]},{"text":"We're optimistic that this group can deliver practical, tangible outcomes that help all actors in space communicate better and enable the sustainability of space operations.","start":8183.761,"end":8191.957,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"We're","start":8183.761,"end":8183.906},{"text":"optimistic","start":8183.906,"end":8184.487},{"text":"that","start":8184.487,"end":8184.632},{"text":"this","start":8184.632,"end":8184.874},{"text":"group","start":8184.874,"end":8185.035},{"text":"can","start":8185.051,"end":8185.164},{"text":"deliver","start":8185.213,"end":8185.519},{"text":"practical,","start":8185.519,"end":8186.036},{"text":"tangible","start":8186.1,"end":8186.568},{"text":"outcomes","start":8186.649,"end":8187.068},{"text":"that","start":8187.068,"end":8187.197},{"text":"help","start":8187.213,"end":8187.455},{"text":"all","start":8187.455,"end":8187.504},{"text":"actors","start":8187.617,"end":8188.004},{"text":"in","start":8188.036,"end":8188.117},{"text":"space","start":8188.117,"end":8188.504},{"text":"communicate","start":8188.504,"end":8188.988},{"text":"better","start":8188.988,"end":8189.279},{"text":"and","start":8189.73,"end":8189.795},{"text":"enable","start":8189.795,"end":8190.182},{"text":"the","start":8190.214,"end":8190.279},{"text":"sustainability","start":8190.279,"end":8191.021},{"text":"of","start":8191.021,"end":8191.07},{"text":"space","start":8191.07,"end":8191.409},{"text":"operations.","start":8191.409,"end":8191.957}]},{"text":"This is the type of action-oriented progress that the world needs to see from COPUUS to demonstrate our continued relevance and adaptability.","start":8192.781,"end":8199.916,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8192.781,"end":8192.894},{"text":"is","start":8192.894,"end":8193.007},{"text":"the","start":8193.023,"end":8193.104},{"text":"type","start":8193.104,"end":8193.362},{"text":"of","start":8193.362,"end":8193.507},{"text":"action-oriented","start":8193.507,"end":8194.185},{"text":"progress","start":8194.234,"end":8195.073},{"text":"that","start":8195.073,"end":8195.219},{"text":"the","start":8195.219,"end":8195.299},{"text":"world","start":8195.364,"end":8195.541},{"text":"needs","start":8195.541,"end":8195.751},{"text":"to","start":8195.784,"end":8195.88},{"text":"see","start":8195.929,"end":8196.106},{"text":"from","start":8196.106,"end":8196.268},{"text":"COPUUS","start":8196.349,"end":8196.72},{"text":"to","start":8197.075,"end":8197.172},{"text":"demonstrate","start":8197.22,"end":8197.705},{"text":"our","start":8197.705,"end":8197.802},{"text":"continued","start":8197.802,"end":8198.286},{"text":"relevance","start":8198.286,"end":8198.819},{"text":"and","start":8198.932,"end":8198.996},{"text":"adaptability.","start":8199.012,"end":8199.916}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":8200.69,"end":8201.117,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8200.69,"end":8200.814},{"text":"you,","start":8200.814,"end":8200.885},{"text":"Chair.","start":8200.903,"end":8201.117}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"USA","affiliation_full":"United States of America","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":73,"start":8203.338,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=8204","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the United States for their statement.","start":8203.338,"end":8207.225,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8203.338,"end":8203.467},{"text":"thank","start":8204.245,"end":8204.747},{"text":"the","start":8204.795,"end":8204.892},{"text":"United","start":8204.892,"end":8205.427},{"text":"States","start":8205.524,"end":8206.042},{"text":"for","start":8206.512,"end":8206.674},{"text":"their","start":8206.674,"end":8206.787},{"text":"statement.","start":8206.787,"end":8207.225}]},{"text":"And now I give the floor to Germany.","start":8207.795,"end":8209.302,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8207.795,"end":8207.844},{"text":"now","start":8207.844,"end":8208.004},{"text":"I","start":8208.116,"end":8208.212},{"text":"give","start":8208.212,"end":8208.389},{"text":"the","start":8208.437,"end":8208.485},{"text":"floor","start":8208.517,"end":8208.709},{"text":"to","start":8208.709,"end":8208.934},{"text":"Germany.","start":8208.934,"end":8209.302}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":74,"start":8210.457,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=8211","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair. Honorable Chair, distinguished delegates, we would like to thank delegations for their written submissions on legal and policy aspects of space traffic as requested by COPUUS, and we are grateful to UNOSA for making them available online.","start":8210.457,"end":8224.773,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8210.457,"end":8210.761},{"text":"you,","start":8210.761,"end":8210.793},{"text":"Chair.","start":8210.841,"end":8211.194},{"text":"Honorable","start":8211.659,"end":8212.06},{"text":"Chair,","start":8212.06,"end":8212.445},{"text":"distinguished","start":8212.461,"end":8212.942},{"text":"delegates,","start":8212.942,"end":8213.583},{"text":"we","start":8214.304,"end":8214.448},{"text":"would","start":8214.448,"end":8214.561},{"text":"like","start":8214.561,"end":8214.721},{"text":"to","start":8214.769,"end":8214.865},{"text":"thank","start":8214.865,"end":8215.106},{"text":"delegations","start":8215.106,"end":8215.795},{"text":"for","start":8215.843,"end":8215.987},{"text":"their","start":8215.987,"end":8216.148},{"text":"written","start":8216.148,"end":8216.388},{"text":"submissions","start":8216.388,"end":8217.078},{"text":"on","start":8217.27,"end":8217.43},{"text":"legal","start":8217.43,"end":8217.751},{"text":"and","start":8217.751,"end":8217.911},{"text":"policy","start":8217.911,"end":8218.392},{"text":"aspects","start":8218.392,"end":8218.809},{"text":"of","start":8218.809,"end":8218.889},{"text":"space","start":8218.889,"end":8219.274},{"text":"traffic","start":8219.274,"end":8219.771},{"text":"as","start":8219.899,"end":8219.963},{"text":"requested","start":8220.059,"end":8220.54},{"text":"by","start":8220.54,"end":8220.701},{"text":"COPUUS,","start":8220.701,"end":8221.246},{"text":"and","start":8221.759,"end":8221.823},{"text":"we","start":8221.839,"end":8221.919},{"text":"are","start":8221.919,"end":8221.999},{"text":"grateful","start":8221.999,"end":8222.432},{"text":"to","start":8222.464,"end":8222.64},{"text":"UNOSA","start":8222.64,"end":8223.121},{"text":"for","start":8223.121,"end":8223.266},{"text":"making","start":8223.266,"end":8223.57},{"text":"them","start":8223.666,"end":8223.811},{"text":"available","start":8223.859,"end":8224.388},{"text":"online.","start":8224.388,"end":8224.773}]},{"text":"We encourage all member states to consider providing additional information.","start":8225.43,"end":8229.261,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8225.43,"end":8225.51},{"text":"encourage","start":8225.51,"end":8225.815},{"text":"all","start":8225.991,"end":8226.039},{"text":"member","start":8226.103,"end":8226.344},{"text":"states","start":8226.344,"end":8226.841},{"text":"to","start":8226.953,"end":8227.065},{"text":"consider","start":8227.065,"end":8227.61},{"text":"providing","start":8227.61,"end":8228.139},{"text":"additional","start":8228.251,"end":8228.652},{"text":"information.","start":8228.652,"end":8229.261}]},{"text":"By consensus, COPUUS agreed last year that further discussion on the legal and policy aspects of space traffic management is important, taking into account the interests of developing countries and emerging spacefaring nations, as well as the committee's ability to draw on the expertise of both of its subcommittees.","start":8230.56,"end":8248.61,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"By","start":8230.56,"end":8230.72},{"text":"consensus,","start":8230.72,"end":8231.361},{"text":"COPUUS","start":8231.602,"end":8231.987},{"text":"agreed","start":8232.019,"end":8232.403},{"text":"last","start":8232.403,"end":8232.804},{"text":"year","start":8232.804,"end":8232.932},{"text":"that","start":8233.142,"end":8233.303},{"text":"further","start":8233.303,"end":8233.64},{"text":"discussion","start":8233.64,"end":8234.218},{"text":"on","start":8234.347,"end":8234.395},{"text":"the","start":8234.427,"end":8234.572},{"text":"legal","start":8234.572,"end":8234.829},{"text":"and","start":8234.829,"end":8234.973},{"text":"policy","start":8234.973,"end":8235.391},{"text":"aspects","start":8235.455,"end":8235.953},{"text":"of","start":8235.953,"end":8236.033},{"text":"space","start":8236.033,"end":8236.499},{"text":"traffic","start":8236.499,"end":8236.82},{"text":"management","start":8236.82,"end":8237.334},{"text":"is","start":8237.334,"end":8237.447},{"text":"important,","start":8237.479,"end":8238.105},{"text":"taking","start":8238.443,"end":8238.732},{"text":"into","start":8238.828,"end":8239.037},{"text":"account","start":8239.085,"end":8239.615},{"text":"the","start":8239.647,"end":8239.84},{"text":"interests","start":8239.969,"end":8240.37},{"text":"of","start":8240.386,"end":8240.499},{"text":"developing","start":8240.531,"end":8240.9},{"text":"countries","start":8240.997,"end":8241.43},{"text":"and","start":8241.495,"end":8241.559},{"text":"emerging","start":8241.655,"end":8242.025},{"text":"spacefaring","start":8242.057,"end":8242.587},{"text":"nations,","start":8242.683,"end":8243.149},{"text":"as","start":8244.305,"end":8244.434},{"text":"well","start":8244.466,"end":8244.643},{"text":"as","start":8244.691,"end":8244.755},{"text":"the","start":8244.787,"end":8244.932},{"text":"committee's","start":8244.932,"end":8245.349},{"text":"ability","start":8245.349,"end":8245.88},{"text":"to","start":8246.056,"end":8246.217},{"text":"draw","start":8246.217,"end":8246.361},{"text":"on","start":8246.377,"end":8246.442},{"text":"the","start":8246.474,"end":8246.602},{"text":"expertise","start":8246.618,"end":8247.084},{"text":"of","start":8247.181,"end":8247.245},{"text":"both","start":8247.421,"end":8247.646},{"text":"of","start":8247.678,"end":8247.839},{"text":"its","start":8247.839,"end":8248.032},{"text":"subcommittees.","start":8248.032,"end":8248.61}]},{"text":"To facilitate decision-taking, CRP 31, supported by Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Thailand, Ukraine, and the United Arab Emirates was prepared to provide an overview of overarching elements of written submissions and to identify areas of convergence.","start":8250.007,"end":8282.283,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":8250.007,"end":8250.152},{"text":"facilitate","start":8250.152,"end":8250.746},{"text":"decision-taking,","start":8250.746,"end":8251.582},{"text":"CRP","start":8252.096,"end":8252.738},{"text":"31,","start":8252.738,"end":8253.348},{"text":"supported","start":8253.605,"end":8254.2},{"text":"by","start":8254.264,"end":8254.489},{"text":"Austria,","start":8254.649,"end":8255.308},{"text":"Belgium,","start":8255.533,"end":8255.983},{"text":"Bulgaria,","start":8256.352,"end":8257.027},{"text":"Czech","start":8257.38,"end":8257.637},{"text":"Republic,","start":8257.637,"end":8258.296},{"text":"France,","start":8258.504,"end":8258.745},{"text":"France,","start":8258.809,"end":8258.953},{"text":"Germany,","start":8259.242,"end":8259.852},{"text":"Greece,","start":8260.045,"end":8260.462},{"text":"Italy,","start":8260.832,"end":8261.137},{"text":"Kingdom","start":8261.715,"end":8262.02},{"text":"of","start":8262.068,"end":8262.18},{"text":"the","start":8262.213,"end":8262.261},{"text":"Netherlands,","start":8262.261,"end":8262.903},{"text":"Luxembourg,","start":8263.096,"end":8263.898},{"text":"Norway,","start":8264.043,"end":8264.332},{"text":"Peru,","start":8264.701,"end":8265.038},{"text":"Poland,","start":8265.649,"end":8266.227},{"text":"Portugal,","start":8266.451,"end":8267.046},{"text":"Romania,","start":8267.335,"end":8268.009},{"text":"Slovenia,","start":8268.17,"end":8268.972},{"text":"Spain,","start":8269.534,"end":8269.968},{"text":"Thailand,","start":8270.546,"end":8271.284},{"text":"Ukraine,","start":8271.429,"end":8272.055},{"text":"and","start":8272.649,"end":8272.714},{"text":"the","start":8272.826,"end":8272.906},{"text":"United","start":8272.906,"end":8273.436},{"text":"Arab","start":8273.516,"end":8274.175},{"text":"Emirates","start":8274.255,"end":8274.801},{"text":"was","start":8274.801,"end":8274.945},{"text":"prepared","start":8274.978,"end":8275.556},{"text":"to","start":8275.764,"end":8275.861},{"text":"provide","start":8275.861,"end":8276.262},{"text":"an","start":8276.262,"end":8276.39},{"text":"overview","start":8276.487,"end":8276.985},{"text":"of","start":8277.129,"end":8277.193},{"text":"overarching","start":8277.37,"end":8277.916},{"text":"elements","start":8278.012,"end":8278.51},{"text":"of","start":8278.51,"end":8278.606},{"text":"written","start":8278.654,"end":8278.911},{"text":"submissions","start":8278.911,"end":8279.554},{"text":"and","start":8280.116,"end":8280.18},{"text":"to","start":8280.26,"end":8280.356},{"text":"identify","start":8280.356,"end":8281.063},{"text":"areas","start":8281.143,"end":8281.368},{"text":"of","start":8281.464,"end":8281.561},{"text":"convergence.","start":8281.561,"end":8282.283}]},{"text":"It also outlines evidence venues for further discussion and decision-making.","start":8283.166,"end":8286.668,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":8283.166,"end":8283.247},{"text":"also","start":8283.247,"end":8283.504},{"text":"outlines","start":8283.632,"end":8284.066},{"text":"evidence","start":8284.066,"end":8286.249},{"text":"venues","start":8284.34,"end":8284.661},{"text":"for","start":8284.773,"end":8284.934},{"text":"further","start":8284.934,"end":8285.255},{"text":"discussion","start":8285.255,"end":8285.817},{"text":"and","start":8285.817,"end":8285.897},{"text":"decision-making.","start":8285.897,"end":8286.668}]},{"text":"As space traffic continues to increase, the time has come for COPES and subcommittees to comprehensively address this urgent issue.","start":8287.422,"end":8295.451,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8287.422,"end":8287.519},{"text":"space","start":8287.519,"end":8287.984},{"text":"traffic","start":8287.984,"end":8288.289},{"text":"continues","start":8288.289,"end":8288.835},{"text":"to","start":8288.948,"end":8289.076},{"text":"increase,","start":8289.092,"end":8289.67},{"text":"the","start":8290.152,"end":8290.313},{"text":"time","start":8290.313,"end":8290.521},{"text":"has","start":8290.618,"end":8290.682},{"text":"come","start":8290.794,"end":8290.923},{"text":"for","start":8291.019,"end":8291.099},{"text":"COPES","start":8291.115,"end":8291.517},{"text":"and","start":8291.517,"end":8291.742},{"text":"subcommittees","start":8291.742,"end":8292.368},{"text":"to","start":8292.737,"end":8292.85},{"text":"comprehensively","start":8292.866,"end":8293.893},{"text":"address","start":8293.909,"end":8294.359},{"text":"this","start":8294.487,"end":8294.6},{"text":"urgent","start":8294.792,"end":8295.21},{"text":"issue.","start":8295.21,"end":8295.451}]},{"text":"Honourable Chair, distinguished delegates, a number of delegations have called for advancing the discussion and suggested that this may be best achieved through the establishment of a dedicated working mechanism.","start":8296.88,"end":8309.564,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Honourable","start":8296.88,"end":8297.345},{"text":"Chair,","start":8297.361,"end":8297.699},{"text":"distinguished","start":8297.859,"end":8298.341},{"text":"delegates,","start":8298.341,"end":8298.903},{"text":"a","start":8299.625,"end":8299.641},{"text":"number","start":8299.641,"end":8299.914},{"text":"of","start":8299.93,"end":8300.075},{"text":"delegations","start":8300.091,"end":8300.83},{"text":"have","start":8301.038,"end":8301.199},{"text":"called","start":8301.231,"end":8301.52},{"text":"for","start":8301.536,"end":8301.713},{"text":"advancing","start":8301.713,"end":8302.323},{"text":"the","start":8302.355,"end":8302.435},{"text":"discussion","start":8302.435,"end":8303.045},{"text":"and","start":8303.158,"end":8303.222},{"text":"suggested","start":8303.318,"end":8304.057},{"text":"that","start":8304.507,"end":8304.651},{"text":"this","start":8304.683,"end":8304.908},{"text":"may","start":8304.908,"end":8305.085},{"text":"be","start":8305.085,"end":8305.245},{"text":"best","start":8305.245,"end":8305.582},{"text":"achieved","start":8305.582,"end":8306.096},{"text":"through","start":8306.193,"end":8306.417},{"text":"the","start":8306.433,"end":8306.53},{"text":"establishment","start":8306.53,"end":8307.413},{"text":"of","start":8307.798,"end":8307.83},{"text":"a","start":8307.83,"end":8307.975},{"text":"dedicated","start":8307.975,"end":8308.617},{"text":"working","start":8308.617,"end":8308.986},{"text":"mechanism.","start":8309.019,"end":8309.564}]},{"text":"Such mechanism would, first, continue discussions on the legal and policy aspects of space traffic coordination and management in a manner that complements the ongoing work of the SDSC, in particular the LTS Working Group and its Expert Group on Space Situational Awareness, without prejudice to its independence.","start":8310.158,"end":8330.573,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":8310.158,"end":8310.431},{"text":"mechanism","start":8310.463,"end":8310.993},{"text":"would,","start":8311.169,"end":8311.394},{"text":"first,","start":8311.827,"end":8312.181},{"text":"continue","start":8312.55,"end":8313.176},{"text":"discussions","start":8313.176,"end":8313.769},{"text":"on","start":8313.898,"end":8313.962},{"text":"the","start":8313.994,"end":8314.139},{"text":"legal","start":8314.139,"end":8314.395},{"text":"and","start":8314.395,"end":8314.508},{"text":"policy","start":8314.54,"end":8315.005},{"text":"aspects","start":8315.021,"end":8315.374},{"text":"of","start":8315.374,"end":8315.439},{"text":"space","start":8315.455,"end":8315.743},{"text":"traffic","start":8315.84,"end":8316.225},{"text":"coordination","start":8316.225,"end":8316.883},{"text":"and","start":8316.883,"end":8317.027},{"text":"management","start":8317.027,"end":8317.669},{"text":"in","start":8318.087,"end":8318.199},{"text":"a","start":8318.247,"end":8318.263},{"text":"manner","start":8318.263,"end":8318.568},{"text":"that","start":8318.568,"end":8318.857},{"text":"complements","start":8318.873,"end":8319.772},{"text":"the","start":8319.772,"end":8319.916},{"text":"ongoing","start":8319.916,"end":8320.301},{"text":"work","start":8320.414,"end":8320.799},{"text":"of","start":8320.815,"end":8320.943},{"text":"the","start":8320.959,"end":8321.104},{"text":"SDSC,","start":8321.12,"end":8321.874},{"text":"in","start":8322.356,"end":8322.436},{"text":"particular","start":8322.484,"end":8323.608},{"text":"the","start":8323.848,"end":8324.057},{"text":"LTS","start":8324.185,"end":8324.603},{"text":"Working","start":8324.651,"end":8324.956},{"text":"Group","start":8324.972,"end":8325.293},{"text":"and","start":8325.293,"end":8325.373},{"text":"its","start":8325.405,"end":8325.549},{"text":"Expert","start":8325.63,"end":8326.015},{"text":"Group","start":8326.015,"end":8326.272},{"text":"on","start":8326.272,"end":8326.368},{"text":"Space","start":8326.416,"end":8326.673},{"text":"Situational","start":8326.673,"end":8327.459},{"text":"Awareness,","start":8327.459,"end":8328.037},{"text":"without","start":8328.438,"end":8328.904},{"text":"prejudice","start":8328.904,"end":8329.433},{"text":"to","start":8329.562,"end":8329.674},{"text":"its","start":8329.706,"end":8329.883},{"text":"independence.","start":8329.883,"end":8330.573}]},{"text":"Second, provide a forum for governmental, legal, and policy experts experts to exchange information on relevant national and regional developments, thereby contributing to a common understanding of the legal and policy dimensions associated with space traffic, as well as, thirdly, analyze and reflect existing national, regional, and international approaches relevant to space traffic coordination and management in order to identify common elements, emerging practices, and issues requiring further consideration, and potentially provides a means to engage with stakeholders not represented in COPJUS.","start":8331.504,"end":8371.353,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":8331.504,"end":8332.097},{"text":"provide","start":8332.354,"end":8332.788},{"text":"a","start":8332.788,"end":8332.804},{"text":"forum","start":8332.852,"end":8333.462},{"text":"for","start":8333.879,"end":8333.975},{"text":"governmental,","start":8333.975,"end":8334.826},{"text":"legal,","start":8334.858,"end":8335.163},{"text":"and","start":8335.243,"end":8335.323},{"text":"policy","start":8335.404,"end":8335.789},{"text":"experts","start":8335.885,"end":8336.158},{"text":"experts","start":8336.03,"end":8336.367},{"text":"to","start":8336.543,"end":8336.624},{"text":"exchange","start":8336.624,"end":8337.234},{"text":"information","start":8337.33,"end":8337.972},{"text":"on","start":8337.972,"end":8338.133},{"text":"relevant","start":8338.133,"end":8338.679},{"text":"national","start":8339.434,"end":8339.915},{"text":"and","start":8339.915,"end":8340.028},{"text":"regional","start":8340.14,"end":8340.606},{"text":"developments,","start":8340.622,"end":8341.28},{"text":"thereby","start":8341.826,"end":8342.227},{"text":"contributing","start":8342.227,"end":8343.014},{"text":"to","start":8343.207,"end":8343.432},{"text":"a","start":8343.432,"end":8343.512},{"text":"common","start":8343.512,"end":8343.897},{"text":"understanding","start":8343.913,"end":8344.62},{"text":"of","start":8345.053,"end":8345.15},{"text":"the","start":8345.198,"end":8345.294},{"text":"legal","start":8345.294,"end":8345.647},{"text":"and","start":8345.68,"end":8345.856},{"text":"policy","start":8345.856,"end":8346.338},{"text":"dimensions","start":8346.338,"end":8346.996},{"text":"associated","start":8347.141,"end":8347.911},{"text":"with","start":8347.944,"end":8348.136},{"text":"space","start":8348.168,"end":8348.457},{"text":"traffic,","start":8348.65,"end":8349.084},{"text":"as","start":8349.549,"end":8349.597},{"text":"well","start":8349.71,"end":8349.886},{"text":"as,","start":8350.111,"end":8350.24},{"text":"thirdly,","start":8350.577,"end":8351.171},{"text":"analyze","start":8351.476,"end":8351.942},{"text":"and","start":8351.958,"end":8352.118},{"text":"reflect","start":8352.118,"end":8352.664},{"text":"existing","start":8352.664,"end":8353.13},{"text":"national,","start":8353.226,"end":8353.724},{"text":"regional,","start":8353.804,"end":8354.511},{"text":"and","start":8354.687,"end":8354.752},{"text":"international","start":8354.928,"end":8355.554},{"text":"approaches","start":8355.554,"end":8356.1},{"text":"relevant","start":8356.357,"end":8357.015},{"text":"to","start":8357.015,"end":8357.112},{"text":"space","start":8357.112,"end":8357.481},{"text":"traffic","start":8357.481,"end":8357.802},{"text":"coordination","start":8357.802,"end":8358.525},{"text":"and","start":8358.525,"end":8358.669},{"text":"management","start":8358.685,"end":8359.392},{"text":"in","start":8359.761,"end":8359.906},{"text":"order","start":8359.97,"end":8360.147},{"text":"to","start":8360.227,"end":8360.323},{"text":"identify","start":8360.371,"end":8361.094},{"text":"common","start":8361.094,"end":8361.351},{"text":"elements,","start":8361.575,"end":8361.912},{"text":"emerging","start":8362.008,"end":8362.393},{"text":"practices,","start":8362.474,"end":8363.084},{"text":"and","start":8363.598,"end":8363.662},{"text":"issues","start":8363.822,"end":8364.128},{"text":"requiring","start":8364.224,"end":8364.77},{"text":"further","start":8364.786,"end":8365.123},{"text":"consideration,","start":8365.187,"end":8366.006},{"text":"and","start":8366.07,"end":8366.167},{"text":"potentially","start":8366.167,"end":8366.857},{"text":"provides","start":8367.034,"end":8367.612},{"text":"a","start":8367.612,"end":8367.628},{"text":"means","start":8367.628,"end":8368.013},{"text":"to","start":8368.094,"end":8368.19},{"text":"engage","start":8368.19,"end":8368.543},{"text":"with","start":8368.656,"end":8368.72},{"text":"stakeholders","start":8368.72,"end":8369.426},{"text":"not","start":8369.94,"end":8370.165},{"text":"represented","start":8370.165,"end":8370.743},{"text":"in","start":8370.807,"end":8370.871},{"text":"COPJUS.","start":8370.903,"end":8371.353}]},{"text":"Germany reiterates its commitment to supporting the establishment of a dedicated working mechanism under this agenda item with the legal subcommittee.","start":8372.172,"end":8379.735,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Germany","start":8372.172,"end":8372.638},{"text":"reiterates","start":8372.654,"end":8373.296},{"text":"its","start":8373.296,"end":8373.473},{"text":"commitment","start":8373.473,"end":8373.986},{"text":"to","start":8374.018,"end":8374.115},{"text":"supporting","start":8374.115,"end":8374.645},{"text":"the","start":8374.757,"end":8374.902},{"text":"establishment","start":8374.902,"end":8375.64},{"text":"of","start":8375.64,"end":8375.736},{"text":"a","start":8375.736,"end":8375.801},{"text":"dedicated","start":8375.801,"end":8376.443},{"text":"working","start":8376.443,"end":8376.764},{"text":"mechanism","start":8376.764,"end":8377.294},{"text":"under","start":8377.406,"end":8377.567},{"text":"this","start":8377.647,"end":8377.824},{"text":"agenda","start":8377.824,"end":8378.289},{"text":"item","start":8378.289,"end":8378.579},{"text":"with","start":8378.611,"end":8378.723},{"text":"the","start":8378.771,"end":8378.916},{"text":"legal","start":8378.916,"end":8379.092},{"text":"subcommittee.","start":8379.092,"end":8379.735}]},{"text":"To facilitate consensus at the committee meeting in July, we invite the subcommittee to schedule informal consultations in the intercessional period.","start":8380.232,"end":8388.213,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":8380.232,"end":8380.361},{"text":"facilitate","start":8380.361,"end":8380.971},{"text":"consensus","start":8381.083,"end":8381.806},{"text":"at","start":8381.806,"end":8381.902},{"text":"the","start":8381.902,"end":8382.047},{"text":"committee","start":8382.047,"end":8382.384},{"text":"meeting","start":8382.384,"end":8382.705},{"text":"in","start":8382.705,"end":8382.85},{"text":"July,","start":8382.85,"end":8383.283},{"text":"we","start":8383.668,"end":8383.797},{"text":"invite","start":8383.813,"end":8384.166},{"text":"the","start":8384.182,"end":8384.246},{"text":"subcommittee","start":8384.246,"end":8385.017},{"text":"to","start":8385.017,"end":8385.114},{"text":"schedule","start":8385.114,"end":8385.547},{"text":"informal","start":8385.595,"end":8386.077},{"text":"consultations","start":8386.077,"end":8386.896},{"text":"in","start":8386.96,"end":8387.008},{"text":"the","start":8387.04,"end":8387.137},{"text":"intercessional","start":8387.122,"end":8387.812},{"text":"period.","start":8387.844,"end":8388.213}]},{"text":"Thank you for your kind attention.","start":8388.647,"end":8391.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8388.647,"end":8388.888},{"text":"you","start":8388.888,"end":8389.129},{"text":"for","start":8389.129,"end":8389.273},{"text":"your","start":8389.273,"end":8389.37},{"text":"kind","start":8389.37,"end":8389.707},{"text":"attention.","start":8389.707,"end":8391.89}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"DEU","affiliation_full":"Germany","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":75,"start":8392.42,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=8393","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Germany for that statement, and now I give the floor to Ukraine.","start":8392.42,"end":8396.804,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8392.42,"end":8392.501},{"text":"thank","start":8392.501,"end":8392.982},{"text":"Germany","start":8392.982,"end":8393.432},{"text":"for","start":8393.464,"end":8393.608},{"text":"that","start":8393.625,"end":8393.881},{"text":"statement,","start":8393.881,"end":8394.427},{"text":"and","start":8394.909,"end":8394.973},{"text":"now","start":8395.054,"end":8395.102},{"text":"I","start":8395.246,"end":8395.262},{"text":"give","start":8395.391,"end":8395.6},{"text":"the","start":8395.616,"end":8395.712},{"text":"floor","start":8395.712,"end":8396.113},{"text":"to","start":8396.113,"end":8396.338},{"text":"Ukraine.","start":8396.338,"end":8396.804}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":76,"start":8397.157,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=8398","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Distinguished Chair, distinguished delegates, the management of space traffic constitutes a key aspect of ensuring the long-term sustainability of space activity.","start":8397.157,"end":8406.839,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":8397.157,"end":8398.185},{"text":"Chair,","start":8398.185,"end":8398.393},{"text":"distinguished","start":8398.747,"end":8399.164},{"text":"delegates,","start":8399.164,"end":8399.726},{"text":"the","start":8400.272,"end":8400.352},{"text":"management","start":8400.352,"end":8400.85},{"text":"of","start":8400.85,"end":8400.914},{"text":"space","start":8400.93,"end":8401.235},{"text":"traffic","start":8401.235,"end":8401.557},{"text":"constitutes","start":8401.557,"end":8402.118},{"text":"a","start":8402.118,"end":8402.135},{"text":"key","start":8402.215,"end":8402.375},{"text":"aspect","start":8403.178,"end":8403.66},{"text":"of","start":8403.724,"end":8403.788},{"text":"ensuring","start":8403.901,"end":8404.35},{"text":"the","start":8404.447,"end":8404.607},{"text":"long-term","start":8404.607,"end":8405.105},{"text":"sustainability","start":8405.105,"end":8405.795},{"text":"of","start":8405.812,"end":8405.924},{"text":"space","start":8405.924,"end":8406.309},{"text":"activity.","start":8406.309,"end":8406.839}]},{"text":"However, current development trends such as the significant increase in the number of satellite operating in relatively limited orbital regions, the polycentricity of the governmental space situation awareness centers that predominantly cooperate through bilateral arrangements, and the growing commercialization of the system through the data exchange among operators, and the use of the artificial intelligence for the large-scale data processing to support collision avoidance decisions, indicate the need for the resilient and interoperable ecosystem of space traffic management network governed by the minimum transparency standard, shared risk protocols, and inclusive access.","start":8407.578,"end":8449.571,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":8407.578,"end":8408.124},{"text":"current","start":8408.397,"end":8408.718},{"text":"development","start":8408.718,"end":8409.344},{"text":"trends","start":8409.344,"end":8409.569},{"text":"such","start":8409.617,"end":8409.986},{"text":"as","start":8410.002,"end":8410.131},{"text":"the","start":8410.227,"end":8410.307},{"text":"significant","start":8410.307,"end":8411.207},{"text":"increase","start":8411.207,"end":8411.752},{"text":"in","start":8411.752,"end":8411.817},{"text":"the","start":8411.849,"end":8411.929},{"text":"number","start":8411.929,"end":8412.298},{"text":"of","start":8412.314,"end":8412.555},{"text":"satellite","start":8412.62,"end":8412.876},{"text":"operating","start":8412.876,"end":8413.358},{"text":"in","start":8413.374,"end":8413.422},{"text":"relatively","start":8413.534,"end":8414.144},{"text":"limited","start":8414.16,"end":8414.642},{"text":"orbital","start":8414.658,"end":8415.139},{"text":"regions,","start":8415.139,"end":8415.557},{"text":"the","start":8416.102,"end":8416.183},{"text":"polycentricity","start":8416.247,"end":8416.985},{"text":"of","start":8417.065,"end":8417.194},{"text":"the","start":8417.226,"end":8417.306},{"text":"governmental","start":8417.306,"end":8418.044},{"text":"space","start":8418.67,"end":8418.991},{"text":"situation","start":8418.991,"end":8419.521},{"text":"awareness","start":8419.617,"end":8420.115},{"text":"centers","start":8420.115,"end":8420.564},{"text":"that","start":8420.596,"end":8420.725},{"text":"predominantly","start":8421.142,"end":8422.249},{"text":"cooperate","start":8422.522,"end":8423.164},{"text":"through","start":8423.421,"end":8423.598},{"text":"bilateral","start":8423.806,"end":8424.657},{"text":"arrangements,","start":8424.753,"end":8425.395},{"text":"and","start":8425.652,"end":8425.78},{"text":"the","start":8425.813,"end":8425.893},{"text":"growing","start":8425.957,"end":8426.31},{"text":"commercialization","start":8426.535,"end":8427.45},{"text":"of","start":8427.498,"end":8427.546},{"text":"the","start":8427.642,"end":8427.723},{"text":"system","start":8427.723,"end":8428.092},{"text":"through","start":8428.14,"end":8428.349},{"text":"the","start":8428.365,"end":8428.461},{"text":"data","start":8428.461,"end":8428.75},{"text":"exchange","start":8428.766,"end":8429.199},{"text":"among","start":8429.263,"end":8429.472},{"text":"operators,","start":8429.568,"end":8430.114},{"text":"and","start":8430.467,"end":8430.531},{"text":"the","start":8430.547,"end":8430.692},{"text":"use","start":8430.692,"end":8430.933},{"text":"of","start":8430.933,"end":8430.981},{"text":"the","start":8431.029,"end":8431.109},{"text":"artificial","start":8431.254,"end":8431.719},{"text":"intelligence","start":8431.719,"end":8432.377},{"text":"for","start":8432.377,"end":8432.634},{"text":"the","start":8432.634,"end":8432.714},{"text":"large-scale","start":8432.794,"end":8433.468},{"text":"data","start":8433.597,"end":8434.014},{"text":"processing","start":8434.399,"end":8434.849},{"text":"to","start":8434.881,"end":8435.041},{"text":"support","start":8435.122,"end":8435.603},{"text":"collision","start":8435.603,"end":8435.956},{"text":"avoidance","start":8436.004,"end":8436.566},{"text":"decisions,","start":8436.566,"end":8437.096},{"text":"indicate","start":8437.513,"end":8437.818},{"text":"the","start":8437.834,"end":8437.914},{"text":"need","start":8437.914,"end":8438.251},{"text":"for","start":8438.492,"end":8438.733},{"text":"the","start":8438.733,"end":8438.894},{"text":"resilient","start":8438.894,"end":8439.504},{"text":"and","start":8439.6,"end":8439.745},{"text":"interoperable","start":8439.857,"end":8440.563},{"text":"ecosystem","start":8440.644,"end":8441.27},{"text":"of","start":8441.447,"end":8441.591},{"text":"space","start":8441.607,"end":8441.896},{"text":"traffic","start":8441.96,"end":8442.362},{"text":"management","start":8442.362,"end":8443.165},{"text":"network","start":8443.293,"end":8443.775},{"text":"governed","start":8444.176,"end":8444.562},{"text":"by","start":8444.594,"end":8444.754},{"text":"the","start":8444.754,"end":8444.835},{"text":"minimum","start":8444.835,"end":8445.252},{"text":"transparency","start":8445.3,"end":8445.894},{"text":"standard,","start":8445.894,"end":8446.44},{"text":"shared","start":8446.681,"end":8447.099},{"text":"risk","start":8447.147,"end":8447.484},{"text":"protocols,","start":8447.548,"end":8448.174},{"text":"and","start":8448.287,"end":8448.351},{"text":"inclusive","start":8448.512,"end":8449.057},{"text":"access.","start":8449.154,"end":8449.571}]},{"text":"In the— in this context, it may be considered that the future legal norms can be designed to establish an interoperable governance model supported by the data sharing mechanism in which mandatory national licensing requirements play a significant role.","start":8450.278,"end":8465.837,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8450.278,"end":8450.342},{"text":"the—","start":8450.374,"end":8450.615},{"text":"in","start":8450.84,"end":8450.904},{"text":"this","start":8450.92,"end":8451.161},{"text":"context,","start":8451.161,"end":8451.659},{"text":"it","start":8452.124,"end":8452.237},{"text":"may","start":8452.237,"end":8452.445},{"text":"be","start":8452.445,"end":8452.542},{"text":"considered","start":8452.542,"end":8453.104},{"text":"that","start":8453.104,"end":8453.264},{"text":"the","start":8453.264,"end":8453.345},{"text":"future","start":8453.345,"end":8453.81},{"text":"legal","start":8453.89,"end":8454.147},{"text":"norms","start":8454.147,"end":8454.485},{"text":"can","start":8454.549,"end":8454.758},{"text":"be","start":8454.79,"end":8455.03},{"text":"designed","start":8455.03,"end":8455.48},{"text":"to","start":8455.512,"end":8455.657},{"text":"establish","start":8455.657,"end":8456.09},{"text":"an","start":8456.219,"end":8456.363},{"text":"interoperable","start":8456.476,"end":8457.15},{"text":"governance","start":8457.262,"end":8457.84},{"text":"model","start":8458.145,"end":8458.483},{"text":"supported","start":8458.483,"end":8458.98},{"text":"by","start":8459.029,"end":8459.125},{"text":"the","start":8459.125,"end":8459.269},{"text":"data","start":8459.285,"end":8459.591},{"text":"sharing","start":8459.591,"end":8460.056},{"text":"mechanism","start":8460.088,"end":8460.859},{"text":"in","start":8460.955,"end":8461.004},{"text":"which","start":8461.052,"end":8461.18},{"text":"mandatory","start":8461.293,"end":8461.774},{"text":"national","start":8461.79,"end":8462.641},{"text":"licensing","start":8462.641,"end":8463.187},{"text":"requirements","start":8463.942,"end":8464.745},{"text":"play","start":8464.745,"end":8464.905},{"text":"a","start":8464.905,"end":8464.921},{"text":"significant","start":8464.921,"end":8465.692},{"text":"role.","start":8465.692,"end":8465.837}]},{"text":"Such requirements should ensure that each operator possesses the technological capability to rapidly and interoperably disseminate information regarding its position and maneuvers.","start":8467.089,"end":8476.354,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":8467.089,"end":8467.394},{"text":"requirements","start":8467.394,"end":8467.956},{"text":"should","start":8467.956,"end":8468.261},{"text":"ensure","start":8468.261,"end":8468.695},{"text":"that","start":8468.759,"end":8468.887},{"text":"each","start":8469.064,"end":8469.128},{"text":"operator","start":8469.16,"end":8469.642},{"text":"possesses","start":8469.722,"end":8470.011},{"text":"the","start":8470.043,"end":8470.124},{"text":"technological","start":8470.124,"end":8470.798},{"text":"capability","start":8470.846,"end":8471.489},{"text":"to","start":8471.553,"end":8471.649},{"text":"rapidly","start":8471.713,"end":8472.115},{"text":"and","start":8472.211,"end":8472.452},{"text":"interoperably","start":8472.612,"end":8473.383},{"text":"disseminate","start":8473.415,"end":8473.977},{"text":"information","start":8473.977,"end":8474.587},{"text":"regarding","start":8474.603,"end":8474.989},{"text":"its","start":8475.101,"end":8475.262},{"text":"position","start":8475.262,"end":8475.695},{"text":"and","start":8475.744,"end":8475.888},{"text":"maneuvers.","start":8475.888,"end":8476.354}]},{"text":"Furthermore, increasing importance should be attached to the legal regulation of the data reliability as well as to the development of the common criteria for such reliability at the international level, with subsequent implementation in the national legal framework.","start":8477.253,"end":8492.202,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":8477.253,"end":8477.735},{"text":"increasing","start":8477.831,"end":8478.28},{"text":"importance","start":8478.457,"end":8479.035},{"text":"should","start":8479.035,"end":8479.34},{"text":"be","start":8479.34,"end":8479.42},{"text":"attached","start":8479.453,"end":8479.838},{"text":"to","start":8479.838,"end":8479.95},{"text":"the","start":8480.063,"end":8480.111},{"text":"legal","start":8480.223,"end":8480.544},{"text":"regulation","start":8480.56,"end":8481.122},{"text":"of","start":8481.122,"end":8481.171},{"text":"the","start":8481.203,"end":8481.347},{"text":"data","start":8481.363,"end":8481.829},{"text":"reliability","start":8481.829,"end":8482.616},{"text":"as","start":8482.889,"end":8483.033},{"text":"well","start":8483.049,"end":8483.162},{"text":"as","start":8483.29,"end":8483.419},{"text":"to","start":8483.451,"end":8483.579},{"text":"the","start":8483.611,"end":8483.692},{"text":"development","start":8483.692,"end":8484.27},{"text":"of","start":8484.318,"end":8484.43},{"text":"the","start":8484.478,"end":8484.575},{"text":"common","start":8484.575,"end":8484.896},{"text":"criteria","start":8484.896,"end":8485.538},{"text":"for","start":8485.843,"end":8485.939},{"text":"such","start":8485.939,"end":8486.228},{"text":"reliability","start":8486.341,"end":8487.031},{"text":"at","start":8487.144,"end":8487.272},{"text":"the","start":8487.304,"end":8487.385},{"text":"international","start":8487.449,"end":8488.171},{"text":"level,","start":8488.171,"end":8488.444},{"text":"with","start":8488.91,"end":8489.07},{"text":"subsequent","start":8489.087,"end":8491.238},{"text":"implementation","start":8489.632,"end":8490.323},{"text":"in","start":8490.435,"end":8490.483},{"text":"the","start":8490.58,"end":8490.612},{"text":"national","start":8490.612,"end":8491.11},{"text":"legal","start":8491.238,"end":8491.559},{"text":"framework.","start":8491.559,"end":8492.202}]},{"text":"Taking this into consideration, Ukrainian delegation expressed its support for the continued development of the legal mechanism aimed at implementing of UN Long-Term Sustainability Guidelines and AEDC Technical Guidelines, as well as the initiative on the legal and policy aspect of space traffic within the legal subcommittee of COPUS.","start":8492.764,"end":8517.657,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Taking","start":8492.764,"end":8493.053},{"text":"this","start":8493.085,"end":8493.342},{"text":"into","start":8493.406,"end":8493.598},{"text":"consideration,","start":8493.647,"end":8494.337},{"text":"Ukrainian","start":8494.53,"end":8495.06},{"text":"delegation","start":8495.252,"end":8495.862},{"text":"expressed","start":8495.975,"end":8496.44},{"text":"its","start":8496.521,"end":8496.601},{"text":"support","start":8496.601,"end":8497.259},{"text":"for","start":8497.5,"end":8497.725},{"text":"the","start":8497.725,"end":8497.966},{"text":"continued","start":8498.287,"end":8498.769},{"text":"development","start":8498.769,"end":8499.411},{"text":"of","start":8499.491,"end":8499.555},{"text":"the","start":8499.588,"end":8499.684},{"text":"legal","start":8499.748,"end":8500.069},{"text":"mechanism","start":8500.069,"end":8500.776},{"text":"aimed","start":8500.776,"end":8500.92},{"text":"at","start":8501.338,"end":8501.402},{"text":"implementing","start":8501.514,"end":8502.173},{"text":"of","start":8502.237,"end":8502.365},{"text":"UN","start":8502.397,"end":8502.67},{"text":"Long-Term","start":8503.843,"end":8504.26},{"text":"Sustainability","start":8504.26,"end":8505.047},{"text":"Guidelines","start":8505.111,"end":8505.577},{"text":"and","start":8506.09,"end":8506.331},{"text":"AEDC","start":8507.359,"end":8507.744},{"text":"Technical","start":8507.937,"end":8508.387},{"text":"Guidelines,","start":8508.483,"end":8508.949},{"text":"as","start":8509.527,"end":8509.912},{"text":"well","start":8509.96,"end":8510.137},{"text":"as","start":8510.265,"end":8510.394},{"text":"the","start":8510.49,"end":8510.683},{"text":"initiative","start":8510.988,"end":8511.582},{"text":"on","start":8511.694,"end":8511.758},{"text":"the","start":8511.791,"end":8512.015},{"text":"legal","start":8512.015,"end":8512.337},{"text":"and","start":8512.353,"end":8512.417},{"text":"policy","start":8512.513,"end":8512.85},{"text":"aspect","start":8512.979,"end":8513.38},{"text":"of","start":8513.46,"end":8513.605},{"text":"space","start":8513.653,"end":8514.039},{"text":"traffic","start":8514.039,"end":8514.456},{"text":"within","start":8515.147,"end":8515.404},{"text":"the","start":8515.404,"end":8515.662},{"text":"legal","start":8516.048,"end":8516.37},{"text":"subcommittee","start":8516.37,"end":8516.997},{"text":"of","start":8517.094,"end":8517.223},{"text":"COPUS.","start":8517.255,"end":8517.657}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr.","start":8518.043,"end":8520.891,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8518.043,"end":8518.285},{"text":"you,","start":8518.285,"end":8518.413},{"text":"Mr.","start":8520.087,"end":8520.891}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair.","start":8521.438,"end":8521.712,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":8521.438,"end":8521.712}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"UKR","affiliation_full":"Ukraine","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":77,"start":8522.473,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=8523","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Ukraine for their statement.","start":8522.473,"end":8527.263,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8522.473,"end":8522.489},{"text":"thank","start":8522.814,"end":8523.317},{"text":"Ukraine","start":8526.37,"end":8526.76},{"text":"for","start":8526.776,"end":8526.873},{"text":"their","start":8526.873,"end":8526.971},{"text":"statement.","start":8526.971,"end":8527.263}]},{"text":"I give the floor to the United Kingdom.","start":8527.344,"end":8528.708,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8527.344,"end":8527.393},{"text":"give","start":8527.442,"end":8527.62},{"text":"the","start":8527.669,"end":8527.767},{"text":"floor","start":8527.767,"end":8528.075},{"text":"to","start":8528.075,"end":8528.124},{"text":"the","start":8528.124,"end":8528.237},{"text":"United","start":8528.237,"end":8528.611},{"text":"Kingdom.","start":8528.611,"end":8528.708}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":78,"start":8530.446,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=8531","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair. The United Kingdom welcomes this opportunity to exchange views on the legal aspects of space traffic management.","start":8530.446,"end":8537.634,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8530.446,"end":8530.624},{"text":"you,","start":8530.624,"end":8530.769},{"text":"Chair.","start":8530.786,"end":8531.125},{"text":"The","start":8531.432,"end":8531.69},{"text":"United","start":8532.062,"end":8532.482},{"text":"Kingdom","start":8532.482,"end":8532.821},{"text":"welcomes","start":8532.869,"end":8533.257},{"text":"this","start":8533.273,"end":8533.338},{"text":"opportunity","start":8533.451,"end":8534.145},{"text":"to","start":8534.242,"end":8534.339},{"text":"exchange","start":8534.339,"end":8534.888},{"text":"views","start":8534.904,"end":8535.276},{"text":"on","start":8535.47,"end":8535.551},{"text":"the","start":8535.551,"end":8535.696},{"text":"legal","start":8535.696,"end":8536.035},{"text":"aspects","start":8536.035,"end":8536.536},{"text":"of","start":8536.536,"end":8536.6},{"text":"space","start":8536.6,"end":8536.923},{"text":"traffic","start":8536.923,"end":8537.166},{"text":"management.","start":8537.166,"end":8537.634}]},{"text":"We recognize the increasing urgency of this discussion as space becomes more congested and complex, and as reliance on space services continue to grow across our economies and societies.","start":8538.397,"end":8550.294,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8538.397,"end":8538.498},{"text":"recognize","start":8538.498,"end":8539.134},{"text":"the","start":8539.251,"end":8539.335},{"text":"increasing","start":8539.335,"end":8539.887},{"text":"urgency","start":8539.988,"end":8540.39},{"text":"of","start":8540.452,"end":8540.58},{"text":"this","start":8540.596,"end":8540.773},{"text":"discussion","start":8540.773,"end":8541.222},{"text":"as","start":8541.8,"end":8541.865},{"text":"space","start":8541.897,"end":8542.218},{"text":"becomes","start":8542.218,"end":8542.555},{"text":"more","start":8542.603,"end":8542.764},{"text":"congested","start":8542.764,"end":8543.55},{"text":"and","start":8543.663,"end":8543.727},{"text":"complex,","start":8543.743,"end":8544.466},{"text":"and","start":8544.867,"end":8544.931},{"text":"as","start":8545.092,"end":8545.156},{"text":"reliance","start":8545.333,"end":8545.846},{"text":"on","start":8545.991,"end":8546.039},{"text":"space","start":8546.087,"end":8546.505},{"text":"services","start":8546.505,"end":8546.842},{"text":"continue","start":8546.874,"end":8547.275},{"text":"to","start":8547.275,"end":8547.436},{"text":"grow","start":8547.436,"end":8547.757},{"text":"across","start":8548.174,"end":8548.431},{"text":"our","start":8548.495,"end":8548.64},{"text":"economies","start":8548.64,"end":8549.25},{"text":"and","start":8549.427,"end":8549.491},{"text":"societies.","start":8549.523,"end":8550.294}]},{"text":"The UK understands space traffic management to be a set of technical, operational, regulatory measures that support the safe and sustainable conduct of space activities throughout the full lifecycle of space objects.","start":8551.193,"end":8563.491,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8551.193,"end":8551.273},{"text":"UK","start":8551.273,"end":8551.594},{"text":"understands","start":8551.674,"end":8552.06},{"text":"space","start":8552.156,"end":8552.477},{"text":"traffic","start":8552.477,"end":8552.798},{"text":"management","start":8552.798,"end":8553.296},{"text":"to","start":8553.296,"end":8553.392},{"text":"be","start":8553.441,"end":8553.553},{"text":"a","start":8553.553,"end":8553.601},{"text":"set","start":8553.601,"end":8553.938},{"text":"of","start":8553.938,"end":8554.083},{"text":"technical,","start":8554.083,"end":8554.629},{"text":"operational,","start":8554.661,"end":8555.367},{"text":"regulatory","start":8555.448,"end":8555.881},{"text":"measures","start":8555.881,"end":8556.315},{"text":"that","start":8556.812,"end":8556.86},{"text":"support","start":8556.86,"end":8557.326},{"text":"the","start":8557.374,"end":8557.454},{"text":"safe","start":8557.454,"end":8557.84},{"text":"and","start":8558.016,"end":8558.097},{"text":"sustainable","start":8558.097,"end":8558.643},{"text":"conduct","start":8558.675,"end":8559.108},{"text":"of","start":8559.14,"end":8559.188},{"text":"space","start":8559.221,"end":8559.638},{"text":"activities","start":8559.638,"end":8560.248},{"text":"throughout","start":8560.746,"end":8561.003},{"text":"the","start":8561.003,"end":8561.083},{"text":"full","start":8561.083,"end":8561.356},{"text":"lifecycle","start":8561.565,"end":8562.367},{"text":"of","start":8562.367,"end":8562.464},{"text":"space","start":8562.464,"end":8562.737},{"text":"objects.","start":8562.929,"end":8563.491}]},{"text":"Effective space traffic management is underpinning by robust space situational awareness, which enables operators and authorities to understand risk and hazards in the space domain, manage complexity, and support safe and sustainable space operations.","start":8564.214,"end":8580.318,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Effective","start":8564.214,"end":8564.631},{"text":"space","start":8564.631,"end":8565.017},{"text":"traffic","start":8565.017,"end":8565.338},{"text":"management","start":8565.338,"end":8565.868},{"text":"is","start":8565.964,"end":8566.028},{"text":"underpinning","start":8566.141,"end":8566.59},{"text":"by","start":8566.622,"end":8566.735},{"text":"robust","start":8566.783,"end":8567.152},{"text":"space","start":8567.184,"end":8567.521},{"text":"situational","start":8567.521,"end":8568.228},{"text":"awareness,","start":8568.228,"end":8568.742},{"text":"which","start":8569.175,"end":8569.352},{"text":"enables","start":8569.352,"end":8569.769},{"text":"operators","start":8569.898,"end":8570.524},{"text":"and","start":8571.038,"end":8571.134},{"text":"authorities","start":8571.182,"end":8571.969},{"text":"to","start":8572.001,"end":8572.162},{"text":"understand","start":8572.226,"end":8572.772},{"text":"risk","start":8572.788,"end":8573.125},{"text":"and","start":8573.125,"end":8573.27},{"text":"hazards","start":8573.27,"end":8573.735},{"text":"in","start":8574.105,"end":8574.185},{"text":"the","start":8574.233,"end":8574.265},{"text":"space","start":8574.265,"end":8574.634},{"text":"domain,","start":8574.634,"end":8574.923},{"text":"manage","start":8575.935,"end":8576.224},{"text":"complexity,","start":8576.256,"end":8576.947},{"text":"and","start":8577.3,"end":8577.364},{"text":"support","start":8577.38,"end":8577.798},{"text":"safe","start":8577.798,"end":8578.167},{"text":"and","start":8578.263,"end":8578.327},{"text":"sustainable","start":8578.344,"end":8579.05},{"text":"space","start":8579.162,"end":8579.516},{"text":"operations.","start":8579.773,"end":8580.318}]},{"text":"Space domain awareness is therefore a priority for the United Kingdom and a critical enabling capability for the coordination of space traffic.","start":8581.41,"end":8590.049,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Space","start":8581.41,"end":8581.796},{"text":"domain","start":8581.796,"end":8582.069},{"text":"awareness","start":8582.117,"end":8582.679},{"text":"is","start":8582.759,"end":8582.888},{"text":"therefore","start":8582.904,"end":8583.257},{"text":"a","start":8583.305,"end":8583.321},{"text":"priority","start":8583.321,"end":8584.044},{"text":"for","start":8584.044,"end":8584.22},{"text":"the","start":8584.22,"end":8584.365},{"text":"United","start":8584.365,"end":8584.75},{"text":"Kingdom","start":8584.75,"end":8585.055},{"text":"and","start":8585.633,"end":8585.713},{"text":"a","start":8585.746,"end":8585.81},{"text":"critical","start":8585.81,"end":8586.404},{"text":"enabling","start":8586.613,"end":8587.078},{"text":"capability","start":8587.175,"end":8587.865},{"text":"for","start":8588.283,"end":8588.411},{"text":"the","start":8588.411,"end":8588.523},{"text":"coordination","start":8588.523,"end":8589.31},{"text":"of","start":8589.342,"end":8589.407},{"text":"space","start":8589.407,"end":8589.631},{"text":"traffic.","start":8589.679,"end":8590.049}]},{"text":"We are developing technologies and partnerships to enhance our abilities to monitor, track, characterize objects in, in orbit with the aim of reducing collision risk, preventing harmful interference, and protecting critical space infrastructure.","start":8590.707,"end":8605.49,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8590.707,"end":8590.771},{"text":"are","start":8590.852,"end":8590.948},{"text":"developing","start":8590.948,"end":8591.398},{"text":"technologies","start":8591.414,"end":8591.879},{"text":"and","start":8592.152,"end":8592.232},{"text":"partnerships","start":8592.232,"end":8592.874},{"text":"to","start":8592.874,"end":8592.971},{"text":"enhance","start":8593.003,"end":8593.436},{"text":"our","start":8593.436,"end":8593.5},{"text":"abilities","start":8593.5,"end":8594.142},{"text":"to","start":8594.142,"end":8594.239},{"text":"monitor,","start":8594.239,"end":8594.704},{"text":"track,","start":8595.121,"end":8595.539},{"text":"characterize","start":8595.844,"end":8596.614},{"text":"objects","start":8596.871,"end":8597.449},{"text":"in,","start":8597.449,"end":8597.497},{"text":"in","start":8597.85,"end":8597.898},{"text":"orbit","start":8597.994,"end":8598.46},{"text":"with","start":8598.957,"end":8599.054},{"text":"the","start":8599.054,"end":8599.15},{"text":"aim","start":8599.294,"end":8599.439},{"text":"of","start":8599.535,"end":8599.663},{"text":"reducing","start":8599.68,"end":8600.145},{"text":"collision","start":8600.257,"end":8600.659},{"text":"risk,","start":8600.659,"end":8601.06},{"text":"preventing","start":8601.14,"end":8601.589},{"text":"harmful","start":8601.686,"end":8602.039},{"text":"interference,","start":8602.039,"end":8602.857},{"text":"and","start":8603.146,"end":8603.227},{"text":"protecting","start":8603.227,"end":8603.676},{"text":"critical","start":8603.772,"end":8604.286},{"text":"space","start":8604.286,"end":8604.623},{"text":"infrastructure.","start":8604.816,"end":8605.49}]},{"text":"These efforts support our wider policy objectives on space safety, sustainability, and resilience.","start":8606.276,"end":8612.455,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":8606.276,"end":8606.485},{"text":"efforts","start":8606.597,"end":8606.902},{"text":"support","start":8606.902,"end":8607.319},{"text":"our","start":8607.384,"end":8607.512},{"text":"wider","start":8607.56,"end":8607.817},{"text":"policy","start":8607.865,"end":8608.363},{"text":"objectives","start":8608.363,"end":8608.972},{"text":"on","start":8609.486,"end":8609.534},{"text":"space","start":8609.566,"end":8609.903},{"text":"safety,","start":8609.903,"end":8610.337},{"text":"sustainability,","start":8610.529,"end":8611.38},{"text":"and","start":8611.733,"end":8611.797},{"text":"resilience.","start":8611.813,"end":8612.455}]},{"text":"We strongly support continued discussions within the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee committee, including the work of the expert group on space situational awareness coordination.","start":8613.258,"end":8622.838,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8613.258,"end":8613.402},{"text":"strongly","start":8613.402,"end":8613.884},{"text":"support","start":8613.884,"end":8614.446},{"text":"continued","start":8614.446,"end":8614.895},{"text":"discussions","start":8614.927,"end":8615.633},{"text":"within","start":8615.986,"end":8616.291},{"text":"the","start":8616.291,"end":8616.323},{"text":"Scientific","start":8616.323,"end":8616.949},{"text":"and","start":8616.949,"end":8617.03},{"text":"Technical","start":8617.03,"end":8617.399},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":8617.415,"end":8617.688},{"text":"committee,","start":8617.64,"end":8617.96},{"text":"including","start":8618.313,"end":8618.73},{"text":"the","start":8618.779,"end":8618.907},{"text":"work","start":8618.939,"end":8619.212},{"text":"of","start":8619.212,"end":8619.276},{"text":"the","start":8619.276,"end":8619.42},{"text":"expert","start":8619.501,"end":8619.87},{"text":"group","start":8619.918,"end":8620.335},{"text":"on","start":8620.559,"end":8620.624},{"text":"space","start":8620.784,"end":8621.121},{"text":"situational","start":8621.121,"end":8621.843},{"text":"awareness","start":8621.843,"end":8622.228},{"text":"coordination.","start":8622.228,"end":8622.838}]},{"text":"The United Kingdom has submitted information on national practices in this area and welcomes the contributions made by others.","start":8623.046,"end":8630.795,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8623.046,"end":8623.094},{"text":"United","start":8623.512,"end":8623.913},{"text":"Kingdom","start":8623.913,"end":8624.298},{"text":"has","start":8624.49,"end":8624.683},{"text":"submitted","start":8624.731,"end":8625.292},{"text":"information","start":8625.292,"end":8625.902},{"text":"on","start":8626.239,"end":8626.303},{"text":"national","start":8626.335,"end":8626.72},{"text":"practices","start":8626.72,"end":8627.266},{"text":"in","start":8627.699,"end":8627.747},{"text":"this","start":8627.779,"end":8628.052},{"text":"area","start":8628.084,"end":8628.485},{"text":"and","start":8628.742,"end":8628.806},{"text":"welcomes","start":8628.822,"end":8629.287},{"text":"the","start":8629.287,"end":8629.368},{"text":"contributions","start":8629.368,"end":8630.074},{"text":"made","start":8630.106,"end":8630.346},{"text":"by","start":8630.346,"end":8630.491},{"text":"others.","start":8630.571,"end":8630.795}]},{"text":"We encourage further voluntary submissions to help build a clear picture of existing approaches, practical challenges, and areas of convergence.","start":8631.453,"end":8640.967,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8631.453,"end":8631.55},{"text":"encourage","start":8631.55,"end":8631.999},{"text":"further","start":8632.416,"end":8632.849},{"text":"voluntary","start":8632.849,"end":8633.395},{"text":"submissions","start":8633.395,"end":8634.165},{"text":"to","start":8634.197,"end":8634.325},{"text":"help","start":8634.341,"end":8634.582},{"text":"build","start":8634.598,"end":8635.047},{"text":"a","start":8635.32,"end":8635.4},{"text":"clear","start":8635.4,"end":8635.801},{"text":"picture","start":8635.801,"end":8636.266},{"text":"of","start":8636.603,"end":8636.684},{"text":"existing","start":8636.684,"end":8637.133},{"text":"approaches,","start":8637.165,"end":8637.694},{"text":"practical","start":8638.128,"end":8638.561},{"text":"challenges,","start":8638.609,"end":8639.138},{"text":"and","start":8639.491,"end":8639.555},{"text":"areas","start":8639.796,"end":8640.101},{"text":"of","start":8640.229,"end":8640.342},{"text":"convergence.","start":8640.374,"end":8640.967}]},{"text":"Looking ahead, the UK sees great value in a pragmatic and inclusive approach to space traffic focused on improving coordination, transparency, and information sharing between operators and relevant authorities.","start":8641.962,"end":8655.04,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"Looking","start":8641.962,"end":8642.171},{"text":"ahead,","start":8642.219,"end":8642.588},{"text":"the","start":8642.925,"end":8643.005},{"text":"UK","start":8643.005,"end":8643.278},{"text":"sees","start":8643.278,"end":8643.551},{"text":"great","start":8643.583,"end":8643.888},{"text":"value","start":8643.888,"end":8644.403},{"text":"in","start":8644.467,"end":8644.515},{"text":"a","start":8644.563,"end":8644.692},{"text":"pragmatic","start":8644.692,"end":8645.286},{"text":"and","start":8645.286,"end":8645.351},{"text":"inclusive","start":8645.351,"end":8645.929},{"text":"approach","start":8645.929,"end":8646.363},{"text":"to","start":8646.732,"end":8646.829},{"text":"space","start":8646.861,"end":8647.134},{"text":"traffic","start":8647.134,"end":8647.616},{"text":"focused","start":8648.066,"end":8648.468},{"text":"on","start":8648.468,"end":8648.516},{"text":"improving","start":8648.564,"end":8649.014},{"text":"coordination,","start":8649.046,"end":8649.818},{"text":"transparency,","start":8650.091,"end":8650.943},{"text":"and","start":8651.135,"end":8651.2},{"text":"information","start":8651.296,"end":8651.842},{"text":"sharing","start":8651.842,"end":8652.228},{"text":"between","start":8652.324,"end":8652.63},{"text":"operators","start":8652.662,"end":8653.272},{"text":"and","start":8653.626,"end":8653.69},{"text":"relevant","start":8653.706,"end":8654.349},{"text":"authorities.","start":8654.349,"end":8655.04}]},{"text":"This should build on the existing practices, support reasonable behavior in space, and remain adaptable to technology— technological change and the evolving space environment.","start":8655.795,"end":8667.766,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8655.795,"end":8655.892},{"text":"should","start":8655.892,"end":8656.165},{"text":"build","start":8656.197,"end":8656.663},{"text":"on","start":8656.663,"end":8656.727},{"text":"the","start":8656.759,"end":8656.904},{"text":"existing","start":8656.904,"end":8657.37},{"text":"practices,","start":8657.402,"end":8657.932},{"text":"support","start":8658.382,"end":8659.073},{"text":"reasonable","start":8659.073,"end":8659.523},{"text":"behavior","start":8659.893,"end":8660.519},{"text":"in","start":8660.519,"end":8660.648},{"text":"space,","start":8660.696,"end":8661.291},{"text":"and","start":8661.58,"end":8661.644},{"text":"remain","start":8661.725,"end":8662.191},{"text":"adaptable","start":8662.239,"end":8662.817},{"text":"to","start":8662.946,"end":8663.09},{"text":"technology—","start":8663.09,"end":8663.573},{"text":"technological","start":8663.91,"end":8664.665},{"text":"change","start":8664.713,"end":8665.244},{"text":"and","start":8665.758,"end":8665.886},{"text":"the","start":8665.919,"end":8666.079},{"text":"evolving","start":8666.079,"end":8666.593},{"text":"space","start":8666.722,"end":8667.124},{"text":"environment.","start":8667.204,"end":8667.766}]},{"text":"The United Kingdom looks forward to continued constructive engagement with partners, and this work progresses within the subcommittee.","start":8668.265,"end":8674.931,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8668.265,"end":8668.313},{"text":"United","start":8668.313,"end":8668.731},{"text":"Kingdom","start":8668.731,"end":8670.82},{"text":"looks","start":8668.956,"end":8669.197},{"text":"forward","start":8669.197,"end":8669.534},{"text":"to","start":8669.534,"end":8669.694},{"text":"continued","start":8669.694,"end":8670.144},{"text":"constructive","start":8670.16,"end":8670.658},{"text":"engagement","start":8670.658,"end":8671.204},{"text":"with","start":8671.204,"end":8671.301},{"text":"partners,","start":8671.301,"end":8671.799},{"text":"and","start":8672.248,"end":8672.329},{"text":"this","start":8672.409,"end":8672.538},{"text":"work","start":8672.666,"end":8673.003},{"text":"progresses","start":8673.068,"end":8673.598},{"text":"within","start":8673.951,"end":8674.24},{"text":"the","start":8674.272,"end":8674.337},{"text":"subcommittee.","start":8674.337,"end":8674.931}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":8675.14,"end":8675.397,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8675.14,"end":8675.316},{"text":"you.","start":8675.316,"end":8675.397}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"GBR","affiliation_full":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":79,"start":8676.585,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=8677","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the United Kingdom for their statement, and now I give the floor to Austria.","start":8676.585,"end":8683.332,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8676.585,"end":8676.714},{"text":"thank","start":8676.842,"end":8677.726},{"text":"the","start":8677.726,"end":8677.951},{"text":"United","start":8677.951,"end":8679.557},{"text":"Kingdom","start":8679.557,"end":8679.942},{"text":"for","start":8680.039,"end":8680.199},{"text":"their","start":8680.199,"end":8680.312},{"text":"statement,","start":8680.312,"end":8680.922},{"text":"and","start":8681.725,"end":8681.806},{"text":"now","start":8681.806,"end":8681.966},{"text":"I","start":8681.966,"end":8681.982},{"text":"give","start":8682.063,"end":8682.288},{"text":"the","start":8682.288,"end":8682.368},{"text":"floor","start":8682.368,"end":8682.561},{"text":"to","start":8682.561,"end":8682.769},{"text":"Austria.","start":8682.85,"end":8683.332}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":80,"start":8683.492,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=8684","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr.","start":8683.492,"end":8684.006,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8683.492,"end":8683.733},{"text":"you,","start":8683.733,"end":8683.765},{"text":"Mr.","start":8683.781,"end":8684.006}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair.","start":8684.054,"end":8684.215,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":8684.054,"end":8684.215}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"As orbital environments become more and more congested, space traffic incidents and near misses are increasingly common.","start":8685.291,"end":8691.459,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8685.291,"end":8685.372},{"text":"orbital","start":8685.372,"end":8685.773},{"text":"environments","start":8685.773,"end":8686.4},{"text":"become","start":8686.4,"end":8686.608},{"text":"more","start":8686.721,"end":8686.914},{"text":"and","start":8686.946,"end":8687.01},{"text":"more","start":8687.042,"end":8687.283},{"text":"congested,","start":8687.283,"end":8687.942},{"text":"space","start":8688.343,"end":8688.648},{"text":"traffic","start":8688.648,"end":8688.986},{"text":"incidents","start":8688.986,"end":8689.532},{"text":"and","start":8689.612,"end":8689.676},{"text":"near","start":8689.757,"end":8689.933},{"text":"misses","start":8689.933,"end":8690.223},{"text":"are","start":8690.399,"end":8690.576},{"text":"increasingly","start":8690.576,"end":8691.106},{"text":"common.","start":8691.138,"end":8691.459}]},{"text":"14,000 active satellites and 1.2 million debris objects larger than 1 centimeter are crowding critical orbital planes.","start":8692.343,"end":8700.5,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"14,000","start":8692.343,"end":8693.21},{"text":"active","start":8693.307,"end":8693.564},{"text":"satellites","start":8693.564,"end":8694.383},{"text":"and","start":8694.415,"end":8694.479},{"text":"1.2","start":8694.672,"end":8695.218},{"text":"million","start":8695.218,"end":8695.555},{"text":"debris","start":8695.555,"end":8695.972},{"text":"objects","start":8696.181,"end":8696.518},{"text":"larger","start":8696.583,"end":8696.904},{"text":"than","start":8696.904,"end":8697.048},{"text":"1","start":8697.08,"end":8697.193},{"text":"centimeter","start":8697.241,"end":8697.915},{"text":"are","start":8698.269,"end":8698.349},{"text":"crowding","start":8698.349,"end":8698.734},{"text":"critical","start":8698.766,"end":8699.698},{"text":"orbital","start":8699.81,"end":8700.179},{"text":"planes.","start":8700.195,"end":8700.5}]},{"text":"OSCE remains convinced that COPOS and its subcommittees are the key fora to address the challenges of space traffic in a comprehensive manner.","start":8701.721,"end":8709.444,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"OSCE","start":8701.721,"end":8701.897},{"text":"remains","start":8701.897,"end":8702.347},{"text":"convinced","start":8702.379,"end":8703.005},{"text":"that","start":8703.005,"end":8703.182},{"text":"COPOS","start":8703.182,"end":8703.631},{"text":"and","start":8703.904,"end":8703.969},{"text":"its","start":8703.985,"end":8704.049},{"text":"subcommittees","start":8704.049,"end":8704.836},{"text":"are","start":8705.43,"end":8705.51},{"text":"the","start":8705.51,"end":8705.655},{"text":"key","start":8705.655,"end":8705.831},{"text":"fora","start":8705.895,"end":8706.393},{"text":"to","start":8706.393,"end":8706.474},{"text":"address","start":8706.474,"end":8706.875},{"text":"the","start":8706.875,"end":8706.955},{"text":"challenges","start":8706.955,"end":8707.373},{"text":"of","start":8707.437,"end":8707.517},{"text":"space","start":8707.517,"end":8707.726},{"text":"traffic","start":8707.838,"end":8708.336},{"text":"in","start":8708.4,"end":8708.481},{"text":"a","start":8708.481,"end":8708.497},{"text":"comprehensive","start":8708.561,"end":8709.139},{"text":"manner.","start":8709.187,"end":8709.444}]},{"text":"The challenge is both technical and legal.","start":8710.311,"end":8712.928,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8710.311,"end":8710.407},{"text":"challenge","start":8710.407,"end":8710.937},{"text":"is","start":8711.146,"end":8711.226},{"text":"both","start":8711.274,"end":8711.419},{"text":"technical","start":8711.628,"end":8712.222},{"text":"and","start":8712.479,"end":8712.591},{"text":"legal.","start":8712.655,"end":8712.928}]},{"text":"Therefore, both the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, including on Space Situational Awareness, as well as this legal subcommittee have important roles to play.","start":8713.763,"end":8723.175,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":8713.763,"end":8714.277},{"text":"both","start":8714.662,"end":8714.951},{"text":"the","start":8715.048,"end":8715.144},{"text":"Scientific","start":8715.144,"end":8715.706},{"text":"and","start":8715.706,"end":8715.786},{"text":"Technical","start":8715.786,"end":8716.188},{"text":"Subcommittee,","start":8716.188,"end":8716.766},{"text":"including","start":8717.215,"end":8717.601},{"text":"on","start":8717.874,"end":8717.922},{"text":"Space","start":8717.954,"end":8718.371},{"text":"Situational","start":8718.677,"end":8719.222},{"text":"Awareness,","start":8719.222,"end":8719.72},{"text":"as","start":8720.282,"end":8720.331},{"text":"well","start":8720.363,"end":8720.491},{"text":"as","start":8720.507,"end":8720.572},{"text":"this","start":8720.588,"end":8720.748},{"text":"legal","start":8720.748,"end":8721.006},{"text":"subcommittee","start":8721.006,"end":8721.713},{"text":"have","start":8721.793,"end":8721.938},{"text":"important","start":8721.97,"end":8722.5},{"text":"roles","start":8722.516,"end":8722.661},{"text":"to","start":8722.709,"end":8722.854},{"text":"play.","start":8722.854,"end":8723.175}]},{"text":"Austria regrets that it was not possible to agree on a more structured format within the legal subcommittee to advance this work, including in the form of a study group.","start":8724.766,"end":8733.443,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Austria","start":8724.766,"end":8725.248},{"text":"regrets","start":8725.425,"end":8726.019},{"text":"that","start":8726.052,"end":8726.164},{"text":"it","start":8726.164,"end":8726.244},{"text":"was","start":8726.293,"end":8726.437},{"text":"not","start":8726.453,"end":8726.63},{"text":"possible","start":8726.63,"end":8727.16},{"text":"to","start":8727.176,"end":8727.273},{"text":"agree","start":8727.273,"end":8727.626},{"text":"on","start":8727.819,"end":8727.851},{"text":"a","start":8727.851,"end":8727.9},{"text":"more","start":8727.9,"end":8728.06},{"text":"structured","start":8728.06,"end":8728.526},{"text":"format","start":8728.558,"end":8729.008},{"text":"within","start":8729.041,"end":8729.25},{"text":"the","start":8729.25,"end":8729.362},{"text":"legal","start":8729.362,"end":8729.587},{"text":"subcommittee","start":8729.587,"end":8730.069},{"text":"to","start":8730.069,"end":8730.23},{"text":"advance","start":8730.792,"end":8731.21},{"text":"this","start":8731.21,"end":8731.338},{"text":"work,","start":8731.435,"end":8731.708},{"text":"including","start":8731.997,"end":8732.415},{"text":"in","start":8732.415,"end":8732.479},{"text":"the","start":8732.479,"end":8732.56},{"text":"form","start":8732.56,"end":8732.768},{"text":"of","start":8732.817,"end":8732.913},{"text":"a","start":8732.913,"end":8732.977},{"text":"study","start":8732.977,"end":8733.267},{"text":"group.","start":8733.299,"end":8733.443}]},{"text":"Together with a group of countries in which all of the United Nations regional groups were represented, it supported the establishment of such a study group last year.","start":8734.6,"end":8743.039,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Together","start":8734.6,"end":8734.97},{"text":"with","start":8735.147,"end":8735.307},{"text":"a","start":8735.307,"end":8735.372},{"text":"group","start":8735.468,"end":8735.693},{"text":"of","start":8735.725,"end":8735.838},{"text":"countries","start":8735.87,"end":8736.4},{"text":"in","start":8736.753,"end":8736.818},{"text":"which","start":8736.834,"end":8736.962},{"text":"all","start":8737.139,"end":8737.171},{"text":"of","start":8737.171,"end":8737.284},{"text":"the","start":8737.3,"end":8737.396},{"text":"United","start":8737.396,"end":8737.718},{"text":"Nations","start":8737.718,"end":8738.055},{"text":"regional","start":8738.119,"end":8738.489},{"text":"groups","start":8738.505,"end":8738.65},{"text":"were","start":8738.65,"end":8738.843},{"text":"represented,","start":8738.843,"end":8739.537},{"text":"it","start":8740.231,"end":8740.296},{"text":"supported","start":8740.296,"end":8740.732},{"text":"the","start":8740.764,"end":8740.796},{"text":"establishment","start":8740.796,"end":8741.555},{"text":"of","start":8741.684,"end":8741.764},{"text":"such","start":8741.764,"end":8741.942},{"text":"a","start":8741.974,"end":8742.007},{"text":"study","start":8742.007,"end":8742.313},{"text":"group","start":8742.313,"end":8742.539},{"text":"last","start":8742.539,"end":8742.862},{"text":"year.","start":8742.862,"end":8743.039}]},{"text":"The topic certainly remains important and urgent, and we just made meaningful progress this year.","start":8743.927,"end":8749.378,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8743.927,"end":8744.072},{"text":"topic","start":8744.072,"end":8744.508},{"text":"certainly","start":8744.573,"end":8745.186},{"text":"remains","start":8745.364,"end":8745.751},{"text":"important","start":8745.83,"end":8746.102},{"text":"and","start":8746.102,"end":8746.231},{"text":"urgent,","start":8746.279,"end":8746.745},{"text":"and","start":8746.841,"end":8747.21},{"text":"we","start":8747.21,"end":8747.242},{"text":"just","start":8747.242,"end":8747.419},{"text":"made","start":8747.467,"end":8747.708},{"text":"meaningful","start":8747.724,"end":8748.222},{"text":"progress","start":8748.511,"end":8748.896},{"text":"this","start":8748.896,"end":8749.153},{"text":"year.","start":8749.153,"end":8749.378}]},{"text":"We would like to thank Germany for its efforts in compiling and summarizing the contributions made by delegations.","start":8749.555,"end":8756.427,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8749.555,"end":8750.101},{"text":"would","start":8750.823,"end":8750.968},{"text":"like","start":8750.984,"end":8751.16},{"text":"to","start":8751.16,"end":8751.208},{"text":"thank","start":8751.241,"end":8751.546},{"text":"Germany","start":8751.546,"end":8751.931},{"text":"for","start":8752.188,"end":8752.3},{"text":"its","start":8752.3,"end":8752.429},{"text":"efforts","start":8752.509,"end":8753.039},{"text":"in","start":8753.087,"end":8753.135},{"text":"compiling","start":8753.167,"end":8753.697},{"text":"and","start":8753.745,"end":8753.874},{"text":"summarizing","start":8753.874,"end":8754.42},{"text":"the","start":8754.452,"end":8754.532},{"text":"contributions","start":8754.532,"end":8755.383},{"text":"made","start":8755.48,"end":8755.656},{"text":"by","start":8755.656,"end":8755.801},{"text":"delegations.","start":8755.801,"end":8756.427}]},{"text":"In its submission, Austria made reference to its national regulatory framework, which reflects key obligations of responsible space actors.","start":8757.342,"end":8765.338,"topics":[{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8757.342,"end":8757.438},{"text":"its","start":8757.438,"end":8757.567},{"text":"submission,","start":8757.567,"end":8758.033},{"text":"Austria","start":8758.289,"end":8758.53},{"text":"made","start":8758.53,"end":8758.723},{"text":"reference","start":8758.723,"end":8759.253},{"text":"to","start":8759.253,"end":8759.349},{"text":"its","start":8759.349,"end":8759.446},{"text":"national","start":8759.51,"end":8760.104},{"text":"regulatory","start":8760.537,"end":8761.244},{"text":"framework,","start":8761.276,"end":8761.838},{"text":"which","start":8762.4,"end":8762.544},{"text":"reflects","start":8762.544,"end":8762.93},{"text":"key","start":8763.026,"end":8763.267},{"text":"obligations","start":8763.267,"end":8763.893},{"text":"of","start":8763.925,"end":8764.006},{"text":"responsible","start":8764.006,"end":8764.584},{"text":"space","start":8764.584,"end":8764.969},{"text":"actors.","start":8764.969,"end":8765.338}]},{"text":"These include safety and continuous supervision of space activities, mitigation of space debris, as well as planned termination and safe end-of-life scenarios.","start":8766.414,"end":8776.014,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":8766.414,"end":8766.543},{"text":"include","start":8766.575,"end":8766.944},{"text":"safety","start":8766.96,"end":8767.506},{"text":"and","start":8767.618,"end":8767.683},{"text":"continuous","start":8767.699,"end":8768.18},{"text":"supervision","start":8768.18,"end":8768.726},{"text":"of","start":8768.726,"end":8768.774},{"text":"space","start":8768.823,"end":8769.079},{"text":"activities,","start":8769.079,"end":8769.674},{"text":"mitigation","start":8770.268,"end":8770.926},{"text":"of","start":8771.07,"end":8771.167},{"text":"space","start":8771.167,"end":8773.206},{"text":"debris,","start":8771.392,"end":8771.809},{"text":"as","start":8772.194,"end":8772.242},{"text":"well","start":8772.274,"end":8772.338},{"text":"as","start":8772.338,"end":8772.403},{"text":"planned","start":8772.515,"end":8772.868},{"text":"termination","start":8772.916,"end":8773.59},{"text":"and","start":8773.622,"end":8773.671},{"text":"safe","start":8773.671,"end":8774.024},{"text":"end-of-life","start":8774.184,"end":8775.532},{"text":"scenarios.","start":8775.548,"end":8776.014}]},{"text":"Austria also supports the increased efforts of the European Union to develop an EU approach to STM and is deeply embedded in space surveillance and tracking at EU level.","start":8777.089,"end":8786.237,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"Austria","start":8777.089,"end":8777.474},{"text":"also","start":8777.49,"end":8777.651},{"text":"supports","start":8777.651,"end":8778.116},{"text":"the","start":8778.116,"end":8778.18},{"text":"increased","start":8778.196,"end":8778.662},{"text":"efforts","start":8778.71,"end":8779.079},{"text":"of","start":8779.111,"end":8779.224},{"text":"the","start":8779.256,"end":8779.4},{"text":"European","start":8779.4,"end":8779.785},{"text":"Union","start":8779.801,"end":8780.106},{"text":"to","start":8780.138,"end":8780.219},{"text":"develop","start":8780.299,"end":8780.78},{"text":"an","start":8780.78,"end":8780.973},{"text":"EU","start":8781.101,"end":8781.39},{"text":"approach","start":8781.406,"end":8781.791},{"text":"to","start":8781.984,"end":8782.08},{"text":"STM","start":8782.08,"end":8782.417},{"text":"and","start":8782.449,"end":8783.156},{"text":"is","start":8783.172,"end":8783.204},{"text":"deeply","start":8783.268,"end":8783.637},{"text":"embedded","start":8783.669,"end":8784.038},{"text":"in","start":8784.07,"end":8784.119},{"text":"space","start":8784.151,"end":8784.472},{"text":"surveillance","start":8784.472,"end":8785.114},{"text":"and","start":8785.114,"end":8785.178},{"text":"tracking","start":8785.258,"end":8785.547},{"text":"at","start":8785.595,"end":8785.772},{"text":"EU","start":8785.772,"end":8785.884},{"text":"level.","start":8785.98,"end":8786.237}]},{"text":"National and regional efforts in space traffic management are important, in particular in the absence of a global system.","start":8787.425,"end":8793.828,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"National","start":8787.425,"end":8787.906},{"text":"and","start":8788.018,"end":8788.083},{"text":"regional","start":8788.147,"end":8788.548},{"text":"efforts","start":8788.548,"end":8789.142},{"text":"in","start":8789.206,"end":8789.286},{"text":"space","start":8789.286,"end":8789.607},{"text":"traffic","start":8789.607,"end":8789.912},{"text":"management","start":8789.912,"end":8790.458},{"text":"are","start":8790.715,"end":8790.795},{"text":"important,","start":8790.795,"end":8791.373},{"text":"in","start":8791.854,"end":8791.902},{"text":"particular","start":8791.934,"end":8792.416},{"text":"in","start":8792.416,"end":8792.56},{"text":"the","start":8792.56,"end":8792.705},{"text":"absence","start":8792.737,"end":8793.058},{"text":"of","start":8793.058,"end":8793.138},{"text":"a","start":8793.138,"end":8793.202},{"text":"global","start":8793.202,"end":8793.459},{"text":"system.","start":8793.459,"end":8793.828}]},{"text":"However, they will only be able to ensure safety and collision avoidance to a certain extent.","start":8795.048,"end":8798.981,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":8795.048,"end":8795.321},{"text":"they","start":8795.385,"end":8795.449},{"text":"will","start":8795.465,"end":8795.562},{"text":"only","start":8795.69,"end":8795.866},{"text":"be","start":8795.866,"end":8796.011},{"text":"able","start":8796.091,"end":8796.268},{"text":"to","start":8796.268,"end":8796.364},{"text":"ensure","start":8796.364,"end":8796.749},{"text":"safety","start":8796.749,"end":8797.118},{"text":"and","start":8797.15,"end":8797.215},{"text":"collision","start":8797.215,"end":8797.584},{"text":"avoidance","start":8797.632,"end":8798.098},{"text":"to","start":8798.098,"end":8798.194},{"text":"a","start":8798.194,"end":8798.21},{"text":"certain","start":8798.21,"end":8798.515},{"text":"extent.","start":8798.515,"end":8798.981}]},{"text":"Austria will therefore continue to support all efforts and initiatives aimed at strengthening international cooperation in this regard.","start":8799.944,"end":8806.431,"topics":[{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"Austria","start":8799.944,"end":8800.345},{"text":"will","start":8800.362,"end":8800.506},{"text":"therefore","start":8800.522,"end":8800.827},{"text":"continue","start":8800.843,"end":8801.229},{"text":"to","start":8801.229,"end":8801.261},{"text":"support","start":8801.261,"end":8801.823},{"text":"all","start":8801.871,"end":8802.015},{"text":"efforts","start":8802.112,"end":8802.449},{"text":"and","start":8802.449,"end":8802.513},{"text":"initiatives","start":8802.545,"end":8803.139},{"text":"aimed","start":8803.477,"end":8803.669},{"text":"at","start":8803.669,"end":8803.749},{"text":"strengthening","start":8803.749,"end":8804.424},{"text":"international","start":8804.617,"end":8805.098},{"text":"cooperation","start":8805.098,"end":8805.74},{"text":"in","start":8805.74,"end":8805.789},{"text":"this","start":8805.821,"end":8805.933},{"text":"regard.","start":8806.062,"end":8806.431}]},{"text":"It emphasizes the need for a successful global system for traffic management, just as it has been achieved at sea or in aviation.","start":8807.202,"end":8814.62,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":8807.202,"end":8807.33},{"text":"emphasizes","start":8807.33,"end":8807.876},{"text":"the","start":8807.988,"end":8808.069},{"text":"need","start":8808.069,"end":8808.438},{"text":"for","start":8808.615,"end":8808.759},{"text":"a","start":8808.791,"end":8808.807},{"text":"successful","start":8808.807,"end":8809.979},{"text":"global","start":8809.995,"end":8810.317},{"text":"system","start":8810.317,"end":8810.606},{"text":"for","start":8810.622,"end":8810.718},{"text":"traffic","start":8810.718,"end":8811.039},{"text":"management,","start":8811.039,"end":8811.649},{"text":"just","start":8812.083,"end":8812.259},{"text":"as","start":8812.259,"end":8812.34},{"text":"it","start":8812.388,"end":8812.484},{"text":"has","start":8812.484,"end":8812.613},{"text":"been","start":8812.645,"end":8812.821},{"text":"achieved","start":8812.821,"end":8813.351},{"text":"at","start":8813.351,"end":8813.432},{"text":"sea","start":8813.432,"end":8813.689},{"text":"or","start":8813.865,"end":8813.913},{"text":"in","start":8813.929,"end":8814.058},{"text":"aviation.","start":8814.09,"end":8814.62}]},{"text":"Improving space safety and security through global traffic management is not just an option, it should be a common priority for all of us.","start":8815.471,"end":8822.76,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Improving","start":8815.471,"end":8815.904},{"text":"space","start":8815.952,"end":8816.258},{"text":"safety","start":8816.258,"end":8816.787},{"text":"and","start":8816.803,"end":8816.884},{"text":"security","start":8816.884,"end":8817.51},{"text":"through","start":8817.767,"end":8817.944},{"text":"global","start":8817.944,"end":8818.249},{"text":"traffic","start":8818.249,"end":8818.586},{"text":"management","start":8818.586,"end":8819.067},{"text":"is","start":8819.485,"end":8819.597},{"text":"not","start":8819.629,"end":8819.79},{"text":"just","start":8819.79,"end":8819.967},{"text":"an","start":8819.967,"end":8820.175},{"text":"option,","start":8820.416,"end":8820.769},{"text":"it","start":8820.93,"end":8821.058},{"text":"should","start":8821.058,"end":8821.155},{"text":"be","start":8821.155,"end":8821.235},{"text":"a","start":8821.235,"end":8821.38},{"text":"common","start":8821.38,"end":8821.685},{"text":"priority","start":8821.701,"end":8822.118},{"text":"for","start":8822.199,"end":8822.359},{"text":"all","start":8822.359,"end":8822.439},{"text":"of","start":8822.439,"end":8822.6},{"text":"us.","start":8822.6,"end":8822.76}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr.","start":8823.308,"end":8825.813,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8823.308,"end":8823.47},{"text":"you,","start":8823.47,"end":8823.664},{"text":"Mr.","start":8823.728,"end":8825.813}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair.","start":8825.893,"end":8826.216,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":8825.893,"end":8826.216}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"AUT","affiliation_full":"Austria","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":81,"start":8826.782,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=8827","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Austria for their statement, and I give the floor to the Russian Federation.","start":8826.782,"end":8832.179,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8826.782,"end":8826.863},{"text":"thank","start":8826.863,"end":8827.267},{"text":"Austria","start":8827.348,"end":8827.751},{"text":"for","start":8827.751,"end":8828.01},{"text":"their","start":8828.01,"end":8828.172},{"text":"statement,","start":8828.172,"end":8828.915},{"text":"and","start":8829.868,"end":8829.933},{"text":"I","start":8830.014,"end":8830.143},{"text":"give","start":8830.175,"end":8830.418},{"text":"the","start":8830.418,"end":8830.514},{"text":"floor","start":8830.514,"end":8830.935},{"text":"to","start":8831.225,"end":8831.29},{"text":"the","start":8831.322,"end":8831.468},{"text":"Russian","start":8831.468,"end":8831.775},{"text":"Federation.","start":8831.807,"end":8832.179}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":82,"start":8835.99,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=8836","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Distinguished Chairperson, space traffic management is a very important aspect of ensuring the safety and sustainability of space activities.","start":8835.99,"end":8845.565,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":8835.99,"end":8836.263},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":8836.263,"end":8836.874},{"text":"space","start":8838.69,"end":8839.011},{"text":"traffic","start":8839.011,"end":8839.3},{"text":"management","start":8839.317,"end":8839.783},{"text":"is","start":8839.783,"end":8839.863},{"text":"a","start":8839.863,"end":8839.879},{"text":"very","start":8839.879,"end":8840.088},{"text":"important","start":8840.104,"end":8840.57},{"text":"aspect","start":8840.747,"end":8841.245},{"text":"of","start":8841.31,"end":8841.422},{"text":"ensuring","start":8841.422,"end":8842.001},{"text":"the","start":8842.37,"end":8842.628},{"text":"safety","start":8842.788,"end":8843.624},{"text":"and","start":8843.801,"end":8843.897},{"text":"sustainability","start":8843.897,"end":8844.637},{"text":"of","start":8844.765,"end":8844.813},{"text":"space","start":8844.83,"end":8845.107},{"text":"activities.","start":8845.107,"end":8845.565}]},{"text":"In view of the increase in the number of space objects, including satellites and fragments.","start":8846.594,"end":8851.408,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8846.594,"end":8847.084},{"text":"view","start":8847.134,"end":8847.297},{"text":"of","start":8847.297,"end":8847.379},{"text":"the","start":8847.379,"end":8847.477},{"text":"increase","start":8847.477,"end":8847.902},{"text":"in","start":8847.902,"end":8847.983},{"text":"the","start":8848.032,"end":8848.114},{"text":"number","start":8848.114,"end":8848.245},{"text":"of","start":8848.294,"end":8848.506},{"text":"space","start":8848.812,"end":8849.244},{"text":"objects,","start":8849.517,"end":8849.773},{"text":"including","start":8849.837,"end":8850.222},{"text":"satellites","start":8850.414,"end":8850.895},{"text":"and","start":8850.895,"end":8850.975},{"text":"fragments.","start":8850.975,"end":8851.408}]},{"text":"We need to develop frameworks that would allow for space traffic management.","start":8852.081,"end":8856.199,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8852.081,"end":8852.113},{"text":"need","start":8852.113,"end":8852.257},{"text":"to","start":8852.257,"end":8852.513},{"text":"develop","start":8852.513,"end":8852.962},{"text":"frameworks","start":8853.795,"end":8854.34},{"text":"that","start":8854.34,"end":8854.388},{"text":"would","start":8854.388,"end":8854.5},{"text":"allow","start":8854.5,"end":8854.661},{"text":"for","start":8854.741,"end":8854.965},{"text":"space","start":8855.141,"end":8855.462},{"text":"traffic","start":8855.462,"end":8855.766},{"text":"management.","start":8855.766,"end":8856.199}]},{"text":"We need to develop rules and standards, mechanisms and principles that would allow us to avoid collisions and ensure the safety of existing objects and future ones.","start":8856.263,"end":8865.365,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8856.263,"end":8856.343},{"text":"need","start":8856.343,"end":8856.503},{"text":"to","start":8856.503,"end":8856.648},{"text":"develop","start":8856.648,"end":8857.257},{"text":"rules","start":8857.769,"end":8858.074},{"text":"and","start":8858.106,"end":8858.17},{"text":"standards,","start":8858.186,"end":8858.715},{"text":"mechanisms","start":8858.747,"end":8859.244},{"text":"and","start":8859.244,"end":8859.372},{"text":"principles","start":8859.372,"end":8859.836},{"text":"that","start":8860.413,"end":8860.574},{"text":"would","start":8860.574,"end":8860.638},{"text":"allow","start":8860.638,"end":8860.75},{"text":"us","start":8860.846,"end":8860.974},{"text":"to","start":8860.974,"end":8861.006},{"text":"avoid","start":8861.006,"end":8861.359},{"text":"collisions","start":8861.391,"end":8862},{"text":"and","start":8862.112,"end":8862.176},{"text":"ensure","start":8862.24,"end":8862.705},{"text":"the","start":8863.218,"end":8863.298},{"text":"safety","start":8863.298,"end":8863.602},{"text":"of","start":8863.618,"end":8863.762},{"text":"existing","start":8863.939,"end":8864.323},{"text":"objects","start":8864.5,"end":8864.756},{"text":"and","start":8864.756,"end":8864.836},{"text":"future","start":8864.836,"end":8865.157},{"text":"ones.","start":8865.157,"end":8865.365}]},{"text":"The availability of precise information on space objects and events is critically important to space traffic management.","start":8865.942,"end":8874.899,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8865.942,"end":8866.198},{"text":"availability","start":8866.503,"end":8867.608},{"text":"of","start":8867.704,"end":8867.929},{"text":"precise","start":8869.403,"end":8869.82},{"text":"information","start":8869.82,"end":8870.348},{"text":"on","start":8870.348,"end":8870.397},{"text":"space","start":8870.429,"end":8870.781},{"text":"objects","start":8870.781,"end":8871.711},{"text":"and","start":8871.791,"end":8871.967},{"text":"events","start":8871.967,"end":8872.448},{"text":"is","start":8872.912,"end":8872.976},{"text":"critically","start":8873.009,"end":8873.329},{"text":"important","start":8873.329,"end":8873.89},{"text":"to","start":8873.89,"end":8873.986},{"text":"space","start":8873.986,"end":8874.371},{"text":"traffic","start":8874.371,"end":8874.611},{"text":"management.","start":8874.627,"end":8874.899}]},{"text":"And to preventing incidents in orbit.","start":8875.558,"end":8877.982,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8875.558,"end":8875.814},{"text":"to","start":8875.814,"end":8876.087},{"text":"preventing","start":8876.2,"end":8876.665},{"text":"incidents","start":8876.938,"end":8877.356},{"text":"in","start":8877.356,"end":8877.468},{"text":"orbit.","start":8877.565,"end":8877.982}]},{"text":"Collecting and exchanging such data improves the safety of space operations and cooperation in this area.","start":8878.062,"end":8887.215,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Collecting","start":8878.062,"end":8878.576},{"text":"and","start":8879.01,"end":8879.122},{"text":"exchanging","start":8879.122,"end":8879.524},{"text":"such","start":8879.524,"end":8879.716},{"text":"data","start":8879.813,"end":8880.214},{"text":"improves","start":8881.113,"end":8881.482},{"text":"the","start":8881.515,"end":8881.595},{"text":"safety","start":8881.595,"end":8881.932},{"text":"of","start":8881.932,"end":8881.996},{"text":"space","start":8881.996,"end":8882.43},{"text":"operations","start":8882.542,"end":8883.088},{"text":"and","start":8883.666,"end":8884.1},{"text":"cooperation","start":8885.432,"end":8885.914},{"text":"in","start":8886.235,"end":8886.38},{"text":"this","start":8886.733,"end":8887.038},{"text":"area.","start":8887.038,"end":8887.215}]},{"text":"Increased density of space objects requires better cooperation in this area.","start":8887.439,"end":8891.389,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Increased","start":8887.439,"end":8887.777},{"text":"density","start":8887.777,"end":8888.194},{"text":"of","start":8888.194,"end":8888.306},{"text":"space","start":8888.323,"end":8888.563},{"text":"objects","start":8888.724,"end":8889.029},{"text":"requires","start":8889.447,"end":8889.832},{"text":"better","start":8889.864,"end":8890.153},{"text":"cooperation","start":8890.169,"end":8890.747},{"text":"in","start":8890.747,"end":8890.827},{"text":"this","start":8890.827,"end":8891.052},{"text":"area.","start":8891.052,"end":8891.389}]},{"text":"We need to set up a system of monitoring and information exchange between states so as to identify risks and adopt measures to prevent them.","start":8892.417,"end":8902.531,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8892.417,"end":8892.545},{"text":"need","start":8892.545,"end":8892.594},{"text":"to","start":8892.594,"end":8892.722},{"text":"set","start":8892.738,"end":8892.995},{"text":"up","start":8892.995,"end":8893.091},{"text":"a","start":8893.091,"end":8893.14},{"text":"system","start":8893.14,"end":8893.477},{"text":"of","start":8893.477,"end":8893.605},{"text":"monitoring","start":8894.906,"end":8895.291},{"text":"and","start":8895.468,"end":8895.693},{"text":"information","start":8896.271,"end":8896.672},{"text":"exchange","start":8896.672,"end":8897.073},{"text":"between","start":8897.089,"end":8897.427},{"text":"states","start":8897.427,"end":8897.812},{"text":"so","start":8897.812,"end":8897.989},{"text":"as","start":8897.989,"end":8898.101},{"text":"to","start":8898.133,"end":8898.342},{"text":"identify","start":8899.241,"end":8899.803},{"text":"risks","start":8899.803,"end":8900.204},{"text":"and","start":8900.285,"end":8900.59},{"text":"adopt","start":8901.167,"end":8901.584},{"text":"measures","start":8901.584,"end":8901.873},{"text":"to","start":8901.889,"end":8901.969},{"text":"prevent","start":8901.969,"end":8902.306},{"text":"them.","start":8902.306,"end":8902.531}]},{"text":"In this connection, the Russian Federation welcomes the use of an open platform for data exchange under the auspices of the UN so as to ensure better transparency and safety in space.","start":8903.028,"end":8914.868,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8903.028,"end":8903.076},{"text":"this","start":8903.975,"end":8904.087},{"text":"connection,","start":8904.087,"end":8904.44},{"text":"the","start":8904.456,"end":8904.504},{"text":"Russian","start":8904.504,"end":8904.697},{"text":"Federation","start":8904.697,"end":8905.162},{"text":"welcomes","start":8905.579,"end":8906.044},{"text":"the","start":8906.141,"end":8906.237},{"text":"use","start":8906.237,"end":8906.558},{"text":"of","start":8906.702,"end":8907.023},{"text":"an","start":8907.023,"end":8907.071},{"text":"open","start":8907.344,"end":8907.649},{"text":"platform","start":8907.905,"end":8908.483},{"text":"for","start":8908.483,"end":8908.756},{"text":"data","start":8909.991,"end":8910.232},{"text":"exchange","start":8910.232,"end":8910.665},{"text":"under","start":8910.793,"end":8910.905},{"text":"the","start":8910.905,"end":8911.034},{"text":"auspices","start":8911.034,"end":8911.339},{"text":"of","start":8911.371,"end":8911.515},{"text":"the","start":8911.515,"end":8911.595},{"text":"UN","start":8911.595,"end":8911.98},{"text":"so","start":8912.349,"end":8912.606},{"text":"as","start":8912.638,"end":8912.702},{"text":"to","start":8912.734,"end":8912.782},{"text":"ensure","start":8912.782,"end":8912.991},{"text":"better","start":8913.055,"end":8913.216},{"text":"transparency","start":8913.216,"end":8913.825},{"text":"and","start":8913.857,"end":8914.018},{"text":"safety","start":8914.018,"end":8914.419},{"text":"in","start":8914.419,"end":8914.499},{"text":"space.","start":8914.515,"end":8914.868}]},{"text":"We must avoid monopolization of sources of information on events in space.","start":8915.622,"end":8921.029,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8915.622,"end":8915.863},{"text":"must","start":8915.959,"end":8916.312},{"text":"avoid","start":8916.36,"end":8916.889},{"text":"monopolization","start":8917.387,"end":8918.157},{"text":"of","start":8918.253,"end":8918.398},{"text":"sources","start":8918.526,"end":8919.039},{"text":"of","start":8919.392,"end":8919.488},{"text":"information","start":8919.488,"end":8919.922},{"text":"on","start":8920.178,"end":8920.371},{"text":"events","start":8920.371,"end":8920.692},{"text":"in","start":8920.692,"end":8920.756},{"text":"space.","start":8920.756,"end":8921.029}]},{"text":"A key area for space traffic management is to have information on objects and planned maneuvers.","start":8921.494,"end":8929.09,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":8921.494,"end":8921.51},{"text":"key","start":8921.558,"end":8921.863},{"text":"area","start":8921.879,"end":8922.2},{"text":"for","start":8922.2,"end":8922.553},{"text":"space","start":8923.403,"end":8923.788},{"text":"traffic","start":8923.788,"end":8924.045},{"text":"management","start":8924.045,"end":8924.51},{"text":"is","start":8924.59,"end":8924.654},{"text":"to","start":8925.023,"end":8925.136},{"text":"have","start":8925.168,"end":8925.456},{"text":"information","start":8925.713,"end":8926.339},{"text":"on","start":8926.515,"end":8926.563},{"text":"objects","start":8927.001,"end":8927.357},{"text":"and","start":8927.568,"end":8927.794},{"text":"planned","start":8928.07,"end":8928.556},{"text":"maneuvers.","start":8928.556,"end":8929.09}]},{"text":"The Russian delegation under this item has submitted proposals.","start":8929.949,"end":8933.951,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8929.949,"end":8930.014},{"text":"Russian","start":8930.014,"end":8930.257},{"text":"delegation","start":8930.257,"end":8930.792},{"text":"under","start":8931.375,"end":8931.537},{"text":"this","start":8931.537,"end":8931.78},{"text":"item","start":8931.78,"end":8932.12},{"text":"has","start":8932.12,"end":8932.33},{"text":"submitted","start":8932.363,"end":8932.833},{"text":"proposals.","start":8933.416,"end":8933.951}]},{"text":"These are reflected in the draft guidelines on the long-term sustainability of space activities and also in our CRP, CRP 13, entitled A UN Information System as an Expanded System for Realizing Competencies in the Sphere of Furnishing Information on space objects and events for common use.","start":8934.064,"end":8956.598,"topics":[{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":8934.064,"end":8934.242},{"text":"are","start":8934.242,"end":8934.291},{"text":"reflected","start":8934.291,"end":8934.841},{"text":"in","start":8935.425,"end":8935.652},{"text":"the","start":8935.911,"end":8936.122},{"text":"draft","start":8937.127,"end":8937.483},{"text":"guidelines","start":8938.18,"end":8938.569},{"text":"on","start":8938.682,"end":8938.747},{"text":"the","start":8938.747,"end":8938.828},{"text":"long-term","start":8938.828,"end":8939.233},{"text":"sustainability","start":8939.233,"end":8939.784},{"text":"of","start":8939.801,"end":8939.833},{"text":"space","start":8939.833,"end":8940.141},{"text":"activities","start":8940.141,"end":8940.514},{"text":"and","start":8941.016,"end":8941.113},{"text":"also","start":8941.178,"end":8941.519},{"text":"in","start":8941.583,"end":8941.729},{"text":"our","start":8941.988,"end":8942.442},{"text":"CRP,","start":8942.54,"end":8943.072},{"text":"CRP","start":8943.637,"end":8944.105},{"text":"13,","start":8944.105,"end":8944.75},{"text":"entitled","start":8944.831,"end":8945.396},{"text":"A","start":8948.042,"end":8948.123},{"text":"UN","start":8948.123,"end":8948.365},{"text":"Information","start":8948.365,"end":8948.865},{"text":"System","start":8948.865,"end":8949.22},{"text":"as","start":8949.333,"end":8949.398},{"text":"an","start":8949.494,"end":8949.543},{"text":"Expanded","start":8949.575,"end":8950.059},{"text":"System","start":8950.059,"end":8950.447},{"text":"for","start":8950.479,"end":8950.64},{"text":"Realizing","start":8950.785,"end":8951.221},{"text":"Competencies","start":8951.269,"end":8951.77},{"text":"in","start":8951.77,"end":8951.818},{"text":"the","start":8951.915,"end":8951.98},{"text":"Sphere","start":8951.98,"end":8952.131},{"text":"of","start":8952.332,"end":8952.416},{"text":"Furnishing","start":8952.416,"end":8952.903},{"text":"Information","start":8952.92,"end":8953.307},{"text":"on","start":8954.005,"end":8954.07},{"text":"space","start":8954.087,"end":8954.432},{"text":"objects","start":8954.432,"end":8954.76},{"text":"and","start":8954.76,"end":8954.858},{"text":"events","start":8954.858,"end":8955.121},{"text":"for","start":8955.843,"end":8956.073},{"text":"common","start":8956.073,"end":8956.352},{"text":"use.","start":8956.385,"end":8956.598}]},{"text":"The proposed platform is to be used to integrate states' efforts and those of international organizations, operators, relevant national and international non-governmental bodies in the area of gathering, systemizing, and providing for common use and analysis of information on space objects and events.","start":8958.31,"end":8978.172,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8958.31,"end":8958.906},{"text":"proposed","start":8958.97,"end":8959.357},{"text":"platform","start":8959.389,"end":8959.824},{"text":"is","start":8960.018,"end":8960.243},{"text":"to","start":8960.276,"end":8960.372},{"text":"be","start":8960.372,"end":8960.501},{"text":"used","start":8960.501,"end":8960.985},{"text":"to","start":8960.985,"end":8961.227},{"text":"integrate","start":8961.307,"end":8961.726},{"text":"states'","start":8961.726,"end":8962.21},{"text":"efforts","start":8962.29,"end":8962.645},{"text":"and","start":8963.161,"end":8963.225},{"text":"those","start":8963.241,"end":8963.467},{"text":"of","start":8963.563,"end":8963.628},{"text":"international","start":8963.725,"end":8964.192},{"text":"organizations,","start":8964.192,"end":8964.804},{"text":"operators,","start":8964.933,"end":8965.562},{"text":"relevant","start":8966.319,"end":8966.642},{"text":"national","start":8966.642,"end":8967.012},{"text":"and","start":8967.012,"end":8967.093},{"text":"international","start":8967.141,"end":8967.721},{"text":"non-governmental","start":8967.914,"end":8968.864},{"text":"bodies","start":8968.896,"end":8969.266},{"text":"in","start":8969.621,"end":8969.685},{"text":"the","start":8969.701,"end":8969.782},{"text":"area","start":8969.782,"end":8970.088},{"text":"of","start":8970.104,"end":8970.233},{"text":"gathering,","start":8970.329,"end":8970.716},{"text":"systemizing,","start":8970.764,"end":8971.44},{"text":"and","start":8972.664,"end":8972.89},{"text":"providing","start":8973.147,"end":8973.662},{"text":"for","start":8973.711,"end":8974.403},{"text":"common","start":8974.693,"end":8974.999},{"text":"use","start":8974.999,"end":8975.208},{"text":"and","start":8975.402,"end":8975.482},{"text":"analysis","start":8975.498,"end":8976.046},{"text":"of","start":8976.23,"end":8976.364},{"text":"information","start":8976.415,"end":8976.933},{"text":"on","start":8977.067,"end":8977.151},{"text":"space","start":8977.151,"end":8977.553},{"text":"objects","start":8977.553,"end":8977.821},{"text":"and","start":8977.821,"end":8977.921},{"text":"events.","start":8977.921,"end":8978.172}]},{"text":"As part of discussion of this topic, we need to bear in mind that in many cases such information can be quite sensitive for states.","start":8979.053,"end":8987.084,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8979.053,"end":8979.181},{"text":"part","start":8979.213,"end":8979.39},{"text":"of","start":8979.39,"end":8979.47},{"text":"discussion","start":8979.518,"end":8979.952},{"text":"of","start":8979.952,"end":8980.032},{"text":"this","start":8980.081,"end":8980.257},{"text":"topic,","start":8980.257,"end":8980.595},{"text":"we","start":8980.643,"end":8980.739},{"text":"need","start":8980.739,"end":8980.964},{"text":"to","start":8980.964,"end":8981.076},{"text":"bear","start":8981.141,"end":8981.317},{"text":"in","start":8981.317,"end":8981.414},{"text":"mind","start":8981.414,"end":8981.831},{"text":"that","start":8981.944,"end":8982.393},{"text":"in","start":8982.57,"end":8982.634},{"text":"many","start":8982.667,"end":8982.891},{"text":"cases","start":8982.891,"end":8983.357},{"text":"such","start":8983.454,"end":8983.598},{"text":"information","start":8983.63,"end":8984.08},{"text":"can","start":8984.176,"end":8984.498},{"text":"be","start":8984.514,"end":8984.706},{"text":"quite","start":8985.156,"end":8985.461},{"text":"sensitive","start":8985.461,"end":8985.895},{"text":"for","start":8986.184,"end":8986.473},{"text":"states.","start":8986.538,"end":8987.084}]},{"text":"Additionally, we must also discuss the criteria for timeliness, reliability, and accuracy of such information, the procedure for provision of information and access to it by interested users, and also responsibility by for suppliers for the accuracy of data and for the timely provision of information.","start":8988.047,"end":9011.352,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."}],"words":[{"text":"Additionally,","start":8988.047,"end":8988.658},{"text":"we","start":8989.397,"end":8989.589},{"text":"must","start":8990.28,"end":8990.601},{"text":"also","start":8990.617,"end":8991.179},{"text":"discuss","start":8991.324,"end":8991.854},{"text":"the","start":8992.448,"end":8992.545},{"text":"criteria","start":8992.545,"end":8993.091},{"text":"for","start":8993.091,"end":8993.3},{"text":"timeliness,","start":8993.894,"end":8994.424},{"text":"reliability,","start":8994.697,"end":8995.34},{"text":"and","start":8995.42,"end":8995.564},{"text":"accuracy","start":8995.597,"end":8995.998},{"text":"of","start":8995.998,"end":8996.078},{"text":"such","start":8996.078,"end":8996.303},{"text":"information,","start":8996.303,"end":8996.769},{"text":"the","start":8997.267,"end":8997.363},{"text":"procedure","start":8997.363,"end":8997.829},{"text":"for","start":8997.829,"end":8998.022},{"text":"provision","start":8998.086,"end":8998.793},{"text":"of","start":8998.793,"end":8998.889},{"text":"information","start":8998.889,"end":8999.339},{"text":"and","start":8999.451,"end":8999.516},{"text":"access","start":8999.676,"end":9000.094},{"text":"to","start":9000.094,"end":9000.255},{"text":"it","start":9000.255,"end":9000.463},{"text":"by","start":9000.656,"end":9000.769},{"text":"interested","start":9001.315,"end":9001.716},{"text":"users,","start":9001.764,"end":9002.07},{"text":"and","start":9002.728,"end":9002.808},{"text":"also","start":9002.889,"end":9003.242},{"text":"responsibility","start":9003.371,"end":9004.109},{"text":"by","start":9004.511,"end":9004.623},{"text":"for","start":9004.898,"end":9005.076},{"text":"suppliers","start":9005.076,"end":9005.61},{"text":"for","start":9006.128,"end":9006.338},{"text":"the","start":9006.435,"end":9006.597},{"text":"accuracy","start":9006.613,"end":9007.017},{"text":"of","start":9007.017,"end":9007.114},{"text":"data","start":9007.163,"end":9007.616},{"text":"and","start":9008.295,"end":9008.7},{"text":"for","start":9009.266,"end":9009.783},{"text":"the","start":9009.913,"end":9010.01},{"text":"timely","start":9010.01,"end":9010.333},{"text":"provision","start":9010.333,"end":9010.722},{"text":"of","start":9010.722,"end":9010.819},{"text":"information.","start":9010.819,"end":9011.352}]},{"text":"We would also like to note that we don't know of any state in which road, water, or air transport would be based— or their management would be based on non-legally binding recommendations.","start":9012.913,"end":9026.515,"topics":[{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9012.913,"end":9012.978},{"text":"would","start":9013.303,"end":9013.482},{"text":"also","start":9013.482,"end":9013.726},{"text":"like","start":9013.726,"end":9013.888},{"text":"to","start":9013.888,"end":9013.986},{"text":"note","start":9013.986,"end":9014.506},{"text":"that","start":9014.928,"end":9015.27},{"text":"we","start":9015.27,"end":9015.351},{"text":"don't","start":9015.351,"end":9015.578},{"text":"know","start":9015.611,"end":9015.92},{"text":"of","start":9016.001,"end":9016.196},{"text":"any","start":9016.245,"end":9016.456},{"text":"state","start":9016.488,"end":9017.057},{"text":"in","start":9017.057,"end":9017.203},{"text":"which","start":9017.203,"end":9017.431},{"text":"road,","start":9018.341,"end":9018.617},{"text":"water,","start":9019.04,"end":9019.396},{"text":"or","start":9019.623,"end":9019.672},{"text":"air","start":9019.964,"end":9020.126},{"text":"transport","start":9020.126,"end":9020.791},{"text":"would","start":9021.099,"end":9021.229},{"text":"be","start":9021.261,"end":9021.423},{"text":"based—","start":9021.423,"end":9021.877},{"text":"or","start":9022.299,"end":9022.477},{"text":"their","start":9022.493,"end":9022.704},{"text":"management","start":9022.704,"end":9023.109},{"text":"would","start":9023.109,"end":9023.174},{"text":"be","start":9023.207,"end":9023.353},{"text":"based","start":9023.353,"end":9023.677},{"text":"on","start":9023.677,"end":9023.904},{"text":"non-legally","start":9024.893,"end":9025.704},{"text":"binding","start":9025.704,"end":9026.012},{"text":"recommendations.","start":9026.028,"end":9026.515}]},{"text":"If we join up our efforts, we can ensure that we meet our objectives in space traffic management.","start":9029.729,"end":9035.871,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":9029.729,"end":9029.828},{"text":"we","start":9029.828,"end":9029.894},{"text":"join","start":9029.894,"end":9030.092},{"text":"up","start":9030.142,"end":9030.208},{"text":"our","start":9030.208,"end":9030.291},{"text":"efforts,","start":9030.456,"end":9030.886},{"text":"we","start":9031.051,"end":9031.25},{"text":"can","start":9031.283,"end":9031.514},{"text":"ensure","start":9032.546,"end":9032.869},{"text":"that","start":9032.869,"end":9032.949},{"text":"we","start":9032.949,"end":9033.192},{"text":"meet","start":9033.417,"end":9033.74},{"text":"our","start":9033.756,"end":9033.95},{"text":"objectives","start":9033.998,"end":9034.418},{"text":"in","start":9034.418,"end":9034.483},{"text":"space","start":9034.483,"end":9034.805},{"text":"traffic","start":9034.805,"end":9035.209},{"text":"management.","start":9035.29,"end":9035.871}]},{"text":"We urge all countries to participate in the development of legal instruments that will ensure the safety and sustainability of space activities and allow us to address the challenges related to space traffic management.","start":9035.935,"end":9048.539,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9035.935,"end":9036.016},{"text":"urge","start":9036.113,"end":9036.306},{"text":"all","start":9036.484,"end":9036.532},{"text":"countries","start":9036.661,"end":9037.033},{"text":"to","start":9037.533,"end":9037.614},{"text":"participate","start":9037.614,"end":9038.598},{"text":"in","start":9038.598,"end":9038.679},{"text":"the","start":9038.679,"end":9038.711},{"text":"development","start":9038.711,"end":9039.228},{"text":"of","start":9039.228,"end":9039.341},{"text":"legal","start":9039.341,"end":9039.631},{"text":"instruments","start":9039.631,"end":9040.035},{"text":"that","start":9040.035,"end":9040.131},{"text":"will","start":9040.131,"end":9040.196},{"text":"ensure","start":9040.293,"end":9040.696},{"text":"the","start":9040.696,"end":9040.938},{"text":"safety","start":9041.019,"end":9041.31},{"text":"and","start":9041.31,"end":9041.455},{"text":"sustainability","start":9041.455,"end":9042.199},{"text":"of","start":9042.377,"end":9042.603},{"text":"space","start":9042.814,"end":9043.315},{"text":"activities","start":9043.606,"end":9044.108},{"text":"and","start":9044.496,"end":9044.56},{"text":"allow","start":9044.577,"end":9044.771},{"text":"us","start":9044.835,"end":9044.997},{"text":"to","start":9045.046,"end":9045.207},{"text":"address","start":9045.207,"end":9045.531},{"text":"the","start":9045.531,"end":9045.612},{"text":"challenges","start":9045.612,"end":9046.162},{"text":"related","start":9046.178,"end":9046.518},{"text":"to","start":9046.518,"end":9046.663},{"text":"space","start":9046.663,"end":9047.116},{"text":"traffic","start":9047.472,"end":9047.957},{"text":"management.","start":9048.07,"end":9048.539}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":9049.251,"end":9050.869,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9049.251,"end":9050.74},{"text":"you.","start":9050.772,"end":9050.869}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian Federation","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":83,"start":9051.516,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=9052","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the Russian Federation for their statement.","start":9051.516,"end":9054.364,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9051.516,"end":9051.532},{"text":"thank","start":9051.532,"end":9051.921},{"text":"the","start":9051.921,"end":9052.018},{"text":"Russian","start":9052.018,"end":9052.358},{"text":"Federation","start":9052.422,"end":9053.296},{"text":"for","start":9053.296,"end":9053.474},{"text":"their","start":9053.474,"end":9053.636},{"text":"statement.","start":9053.652,"end":9054.364}]},{"text":"Dear colleagues, I I plan to suspend agenda item 12 so that the working group on the status and application of the 5 United Nations treaties on outer space can hold its 3rd meeting.","start":9055.82,"end":9074.599,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Dear","start":9055.82,"end":9056.111},{"text":"colleagues,","start":9056.128,"end":9056.597},{"text":"I","start":9057.584,"end":9057.713},{"text":"I","start":9057.948,"end":9057.964},{"text":"plan","start":9058.318,"end":9058.783},{"text":"to","start":9059.233,"end":9059.393},{"text":"suspend","start":9059.474,"end":9060.501},{"text":"agenda","start":9061.063,"end":9061.657},{"text":"item","start":9061.689,"end":9062.075},{"text":"12","start":9062.332,"end":9062.846},{"text":"so","start":9063.713,"end":9064.082},{"text":"that","start":9064.114,"end":9064.596},{"text":"the","start":9065.72,"end":9065.977},{"text":"working","start":9066.828,"end":9067.293},{"text":"group","start":9067.807,"end":9068.273},{"text":"on","start":9068.674,"end":9068.754},{"text":"the","start":9068.77,"end":9068.851},{"text":"status","start":9068.851,"end":9069.22},{"text":"and","start":9069.22,"end":9069.397},{"text":"application","start":9069.397,"end":9069.959},{"text":"of","start":9069.959,"end":9070.023},{"text":"the","start":9070.055,"end":9070.135},{"text":"5","start":9070.135,"end":9070.521},{"text":"United","start":9070.521,"end":9071.018},{"text":"Nations","start":9071.018,"end":9071.436},{"text":"treaties","start":9071.5,"end":9071.789},{"text":"on","start":9071.901,"end":9071.95},{"text":"outer","start":9072.046,"end":9072.303},{"text":"space","start":9072.319,"end":9072.801},{"text":"can","start":9073.186,"end":9073.395},{"text":"hold","start":9073.427,"end":9073.684},{"text":"its","start":9073.732,"end":9073.86},{"text":"3rd","start":9073.973,"end":9074.198},{"text":"meeting.","start":9074.23,"end":9074.599}]},{"text":"On Monday morning, we will continue and I hope to conclude our examination of this agenda item.","start":9075.98,"end":9084.348,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":9075.98,"end":9076.044},{"text":"Monday","start":9076.221,"end":9076.558},{"text":"morning,","start":9076.622,"end":9077.007},{"text":"we","start":9077.505,"end":9077.666},{"text":"will","start":9077.666,"end":9077.794},{"text":"continue","start":9078.003,"end":9078.806},{"text":"and","start":9079.593,"end":9079.817},{"text":"I","start":9080.155,"end":9080.171},{"text":"hope","start":9080.171,"end":9080.395},{"text":"to","start":9080.395,"end":9080.54},{"text":"conclude","start":9080.652,"end":9081.343},{"text":"our","start":9082.242,"end":9082.483},{"text":"examination","start":9082.483,"end":9083.27},{"text":"of","start":9083.286,"end":9083.386},{"text":"this","start":9083.386,"end":9083.585},{"text":"agenda","start":9083.651,"end":9084.049},{"text":"item.","start":9084.049,"end":9084.348}]},{"text":"Before I adjourn, I would like to inform you of our program for Monday.","start":9086.13,"end":9093.833,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Before","start":9086.13,"end":9086.583},{"text":"I","start":9086.874,"end":9086.906},{"text":"adjourn,","start":9087.295,"end":9087.829},{"text":"I","start":9089.14,"end":9089.188},{"text":"would","start":9089.221,"end":9089.318},{"text":"like","start":9089.318,"end":9089.577},{"text":"to","start":9089.577,"end":9089.706},{"text":"inform","start":9089.738,"end":9090.143},{"text":"you","start":9090.208,"end":9090.353},{"text":"of","start":9091.163,"end":9091.389},{"text":"our","start":9092.134,"end":9092.49},{"text":"program","start":9092.635,"end":9093.056},{"text":"for","start":9093.121,"end":9093.299},{"text":"Monday.","start":9093.299,"end":9093.833}]},{"text":"We will meet promptly at 10:00 a.m.","start":9096.127,"end":9099.196,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9096.127,"end":9096.337},{"text":"will","start":9096.45,"end":9096.58},{"text":"meet","start":9096.693,"end":9097.016},{"text":"promptly","start":9097.016,"end":9097.436},{"text":"at","start":9097.516,"end":9097.597},{"text":"10:00","start":9097.597,"end":9098.227},{"text":"a.m.","start":9098.227,"end":9099.196}]},{"text":"We will continue and hopefully conclude our consideration of agenda item 4, general exchange of views.","start":9100.101,"end":9108.155,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9100.101,"end":9100.263},{"text":"will","start":9100.263,"end":9100.376},{"text":"continue","start":9100.505,"end":9101.086},{"text":"and","start":9101.296,"end":9101.442},{"text":"hopefully","start":9101.458,"end":9101.926},{"text":"conclude","start":9102.04,"end":9102.686},{"text":"our","start":9103.235,"end":9103.283},{"text":"consideration","start":9103.332,"end":9104.204},{"text":"of","start":9104.204,"end":9104.35},{"text":"agenda","start":9104.35,"end":9104.787},{"text":"item","start":9104.787,"end":9105.078},{"text":"4,","start":9105.175,"end":9105.532},{"text":"general","start":9106.973,"end":9107.313},{"text":"exchange","start":9107.361,"end":9107.782},{"text":"of","start":9107.782,"end":9107.863},{"text":"views.","start":9107.863,"end":9108.155}]},{"text":"Then we will continue our consideration of agenda item 12, and once we have concluded that, we will begin and hopefully conclude our consideration of agenda item 13.","start":9108.657,"end":9124.201,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Then","start":9108.657,"end":9108.884},{"text":"we","start":9108.997,"end":9109.224},{"text":"will","start":9109.224,"end":9109.418},{"text":"continue","start":9110.24,"end":9111.085},{"text":"our","start":9111.783,"end":9111.881},{"text":"consideration","start":9111.881,"end":9112.515},{"text":"of","start":9112.515,"end":9112.628},{"text":"agenda","start":9112.628,"end":9113.035},{"text":"item","start":9113.083,"end":9113.49},{"text":"12,","start":9113.49,"end":9113.961},{"text":"and","start":9115.639,"end":9115.706},{"text":"once","start":9115.706,"end":9115.838},{"text":"we","start":9115.888,"end":9115.988},{"text":"have","start":9115.988,"end":9116.204},{"text":"concluded","start":9116.303,"end":9116.968},{"text":"that,","start":9116.968,"end":9117.317},{"text":"we","start":9119.36,"end":9119.392},{"text":"will","start":9119.392,"end":9119.569},{"text":"begin","start":9119.634,"end":9120.021},{"text":"and","start":9120.021,"end":9120.118},{"text":"hopefully","start":9120.118,"end":9120.57},{"text":"conclude","start":9120.602,"end":9121.264},{"text":"our","start":9121.715,"end":9121.78},{"text":"consideration","start":9121.812,"end":9122.635},{"text":"of","start":9122.635,"end":9122.764},{"text":"agenda","start":9122.764,"end":9123.232},{"text":"item","start":9123.265,"end":9123.587},{"text":"13.","start":9123.652,"end":9124.201}]},{"text":"Time permitting, we will begin our consideration of agenda item 14, proposals to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer outer space for new items to be considered by the Legal Subcommittee at its 66th session.","start":9126.556,"end":9144.031,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Time","start":9126.556,"end":9126.782},{"text":"permitting,","start":9126.879,"end":9127.347},{"text":"we","start":9127.928,"end":9127.993},{"text":"will","start":9128.089,"end":9128.154},{"text":"begin","start":9128.186,"end":9128.509},{"text":"our","start":9128.509,"end":9128.8},{"text":"consideration","start":9128.8,"end":9129.4},{"text":"of","start":9129.4,"end":9129.497},{"text":"agenda","start":9129.497,"end":9129.968},{"text":"item","start":9130.114,"end":9130.374},{"text":"14,","start":9130.374,"end":9130.974},{"text":"proposals","start":9132.159,"end":9132.743},{"text":"to","start":9132.873,"end":9132.937},{"text":"the","start":9132.97,"end":9133.132},{"text":"Committee","start":9133.132,"end":9133.587},{"text":"on","start":9134.106,"end":9134.203},{"text":"the","start":9134.203,"end":9134.349},{"text":"Peaceful","start":9134.349,"end":9134.787},{"text":"Uses","start":9134.901,"end":9135.534},{"text":"of","start":9135.81,"end":9135.875},{"text":"Outer","start":9135.875,"end":9136.086},{"text":"outer","start":9135.966,"end":9136.143},{"text":"space","start":9136.16,"end":9136.58},{"text":"for","start":9137.178,"end":9137.356},{"text":"new","start":9137.356,"end":9137.679},{"text":"items","start":9137.744,"end":9138.18},{"text":"to","start":9138.245,"end":9138.326},{"text":"be","start":9138.326,"end":9138.633},{"text":"considered","start":9138.633,"end":9139.312},{"text":"by","start":9139.926,"end":9140.023},{"text":"the","start":9140.023,"end":9140.184},{"text":"Legal","start":9140.184,"end":9140.524},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":9140.524,"end":9141.461},{"text":"at","start":9142.027,"end":9142.189},{"text":"its","start":9142.189,"end":9142.318},{"text":"66th","start":9142.528,"end":9143.498},{"text":"session.","start":9143.498,"end":9144.031}]},{"text":"At the end of the meeting on Monday morning, the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities will hold its 3rd meeting.","start":9147.825,"end":9159.226,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":9147.825,"end":9147.925},{"text":"the","start":9147.925,"end":9148.091},{"text":"end","start":9148.091,"end":9148.34},{"text":"of","start":9148.34,"end":9148.44},{"text":"the","start":9148.44,"end":9148.507},{"text":"meeting","start":9148.523,"end":9148.922},{"text":"on","start":9148.922,"end":9149.005},{"text":"Monday","start":9149.005,"end":9149.421},{"text":"morning,","start":9149.421,"end":9149.803},{"text":"the","start":9151.37,"end":9151.434},{"text":"Working","start":9151.467,"end":9151.774},{"text":"Group","start":9151.872,"end":9152.293},{"text":"on","start":9152.844,"end":9152.892},{"text":"Legal","start":9153.006,"end":9153.41},{"text":"Aspects","start":9153.41,"end":9153.929},{"text":"of","start":9154.01,"end":9154.123},{"text":"Space","start":9154.139,"end":9154.512},{"text":"Resource","start":9154.642,"end":9155.208},{"text":"Activities","start":9155.208,"end":9155.986},{"text":"will","start":9157.719,"end":9157.849},{"text":"hold","start":9157.946,"end":9158.221},{"text":"its","start":9158.221,"end":9158.448},{"text":"3rd","start":9158.513,"end":9158.772},{"text":"meeting.","start":9158.772,"end":9159.226}]},{"text":"I would like to inform delegates that on Monday morning from 9:00 AM to 10:00 AM, there will be informal consultations on legal and policy aspects of space traffic management to be held in CR7, Conference Room 7.","start":9161.914,"end":9181.232,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9161.914,"end":9161.978},{"text":"would","start":9161.978,"end":9162.058},{"text":"like","start":9162.058,"end":9162.251},{"text":"to","start":9162.251,"end":9162.38},{"text":"inform","start":9162.396,"end":9162.798},{"text":"delegates","start":9162.798,"end":9163.441},{"text":"that","start":9163.907,"end":9164.084},{"text":"on","start":9164.084,"end":9164.213},{"text":"Monday","start":9164.245,"end":9164.566},{"text":"morning","start":9164.647,"end":9165.016},{"text":"from","start":9166.319,"end":9166.463},{"text":"9:00","start":9166.576,"end":9167.123},{"text":"AM","start":9167.123,"end":9167.299},{"text":"to","start":9167.315,"end":9167.524},{"text":"10:00","start":9167.524,"end":9168.553},{"text":"AM,","start":9168.602,"end":9168.666},{"text":"there","start":9169.309,"end":9169.47},{"text":"will","start":9169.47,"end":9169.614},{"text":"be","start":9169.695,"end":9169.84},{"text":"informal","start":9169.84,"end":9170.338},{"text":"consultations","start":9170.354,"end":9171.335},{"text":"on","start":9172.123,"end":9172.171},{"text":"legal","start":9172.283,"end":9172.605},{"text":"and","start":9172.605,"end":9172.75},{"text":"policy","start":9172.75,"end":9173.248},{"text":"aspects","start":9173.248,"end":9173.843},{"text":"of","start":9174.374,"end":9174.502},{"text":"space","start":9174.518,"end":9174.888},{"text":"traffic","start":9175.001,"end":9175.435},{"text":"management","start":9175.499,"end":9176.207},{"text":"to","start":9177.332,"end":9177.445},{"text":"be","start":9177.445,"end":9177.589},{"text":"held","start":9177.589,"end":9178.072},{"text":"in","start":9178.136,"end":9178.281},{"text":"CR7,","start":9178.733,"end":9179.652},{"text":"Conference","start":9180.168,"end":9180.652},{"text":"Room","start":9180.652,"end":9180.877},{"text":"7.","start":9180.877,"end":9181.232}]},{"text":"And there are no side events for this evening or Monday morning.","start":9182.812,"end":9188.074,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":9182.812,"end":9182.909},{"text":"there","start":9182.909,"end":9183.07},{"text":"are","start":9183.07,"end":9183.167},{"text":"no","start":9183.167,"end":9183.36},{"text":"side","start":9184.054,"end":9184.521},{"text":"events","start":9184.521,"end":9184.876},{"text":"for","start":9185.069,"end":9185.424},{"text":"this","start":9185.424,"end":9185.602},{"text":"evening","start":9185.731,"end":9186.101},{"text":"or","start":9187.085,"end":9187.198},{"text":"Monday","start":9187.43,"end":9187.639},{"text":"morning.","start":9187.639,"end":9188.074}]},{"text":"I would now like to give the floor to the Secretary for an announcement.","start":9191.96,"end":9196.511,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9191.96,"end":9192.04},{"text":"would","start":9192.04,"end":9192.218},{"text":"now","start":9192.54,"end":9192.653},{"text":"like","start":9192.782,"end":9193.024},{"text":"to","start":9193.024,"end":9193.153},{"text":"give","start":9193.169,"end":9193.41},{"text":"the","start":9193.41,"end":9193.491},{"text":"floor","start":9193.491,"end":9193.91},{"text":"to","start":9194.297,"end":9194.442},{"text":"the","start":9194.458,"end":9194.555},{"text":"Secretary","start":9194.555,"end":9195.248},{"text":"for","start":9195.281,"end":9195.41},{"text":"an","start":9195.41,"end":9195.49},{"text":"announcement.","start":9195.523,"end":9196.511}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":84,"start":9196.819,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=9197","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":9196.819,"end":9197.985,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9196.819,"end":9197.693},{"text":"you,","start":9197.693,"end":9197.79},{"text":"Chair.","start":9197.855,"end":9197.985}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Delegates, the provisional list of participants has now been posted on the session website.","start":9198.033,"end":9204.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Delegates,","start":9198.033,"end":9198.665},{"text":"the","start":9199.151,"end":9199.248},{"text":"provisional","start":9199.313,"end":9200.09},{"text":"list","start":9200.139,"end":9200.479},{"text":"of","start":9200.479,"end":9200.56},{"text":"participants","start":9200.625,"end":9201.451},{"text":"has","start":9201.515,"end":9201.726},{"text":"now","start":9201.855,"end":9202.034},{"text":"been","start":9202.228,"end":9202.374},{"text":"posted","start":9202.471,"end":9202.941},{"text":"on","start":9203.281,"end":9203.507},{"text":"the","start":9203.54,"end":9203.669},{"text":"session","start":9203.669,"end":9203.992},{"text":"website.","start":9204.008,"end":9204.59}]},{"text":"Delegates are invited to check the accuracy of the list and also send to the Secretariat any corrections to be made to the email address address that we have at the UN, osat-submissions@un.org.","start":9205.463,"end":9217.237,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Delegates","start":9205.463,"end":9205.835},{"text":"are","start":9205.949,"end":9206.11},{"text":"invited","start":9206.11,"end":9206.676},{"text":"to","start":9206.676,"end":9206.806},{"text":"check","start":9206.935,"end":9207.178},{"text":"the","start":9207.178,"end":9207.258},{"text":"accuracy","start":9207.404,"end":9207.905},{"text":"of","start":9207.905,"end":9207.986},{"text":"the","start":9207.986,"end":9208.132},{"text":"list","start":9208.132,"end":9208.536},{"text":"and","start":9208.617,"end":9208.682},{"text":"also","start":9208.779,"end":9209.118},{"text":"send","start":9209.118,"end":9209.361},{"text":"to","start":9209.361,"end":9209.539},{"text":"the","start":9209.539,"end":9209.619},{"text":"Secretariat","start":9209.619,"end":9210.412},{"text":"any","start":9210.557,"end":9210.784},{"text":"corrections","start":9210.8,"end":9211.269},{"text":"to","start":9211.317,"end":9211.463},{"text":"be","start":9211.463,"end":9211.56},{"text":"made","start":9211.56,"end":9211.883},{"text":"to","start":9212.433,"end":9212.579},{"text":"the","start":9212.579,"end":9212.643},{"text":"email","start":9212.821,"end":9213.015},{"text":"address","start":9213.015,"end":9215.053},{"text":"address","start":9213.14,"end":9213.318},{"text":"that","start":9213.318,"end":9213.415},{"text":"we","start":9213.415,"end":9213.577},{"text":"have","start":9213.577,"end":9213.868},{"text":"at","start":9213.998,"end":9214.128},{"text":"the","start":9214.128,"end":9214.225},{"text":"UN,","start":9214.225,"end":9214.516},{"text":"osat-submissions@un.org.","start":9214.694,"end":9217.237}]},{"text":"Thank you very much, Mr.","start":9217.691,"end":9218.776,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9217.691,"end":9217.821},{"text":"you","start":9217.853,"end":9217.885},{"text":"very","start":9217.885,"end":9218.031},{"text":"much,","start":9218.031,"end":9218.242},{"text":"Mr.","start":9218.42,"end":9218.776}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair.","start":9218.841,"end":9219.084,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":9218.841,"end":9219.084}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"UN","affiliation_full":"UN","group":null,"function":"Secretary"}},{"statement_number":85,"start":9221.418,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1t/k1tiandw3u?t=9222","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the Secretary for that announcement.","start":9221.418,"end":9224.718,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9221.418,"end":9221.482},{"text":"thank","start":9221.482,"end":9221.82},{"text":"the","start":9221.82,"end":9222.062},{"text":"Secretary","start":9222.062,"end":9222.754},{"text":"for","start":9223.35,"end":9223.575},{"text":"that","start":9223.591,"end":9223.784},{"text":"announcement.","start":9223.913,"end":9224.718}]},{"text":"And now I would like to invite Ms. Francisca Knorr, Chair of the Working Group on the Status and Application of the 5 United Nations Treaties on Outer Space, to the podium so that the Working group can hold its third meeting.","start":9225.604,"end":9241.127,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":9225.604,"end":9225.668},{"text":"now","start":9225.765,"end":9225.845},{"text":"I","start":9226.554,"end":9226.586},{"text":"would","start":9226.586,"end":9226.811},{"text":"like","start":9226.811,"end":9227.149},{"text":"to","start":9227.214,"end":9227.423},{"text":"invite","start":9227.616,"end":9228.003},{"text":"Ms.","start":9228.003,"end":9228.244},{"text":"Francisca","start":9228.325,"end":9229.081},{"text":"Knorr,","start":9229.226,"end":9229.484},{"text":"Chair","start":9230.08,"end":9230.193},{"text":"of","start":9230.193,"end":9230.322},{"text":"the","start":9230.338,"end":9230.403},{"text":"Working","start":9230.5,"end":9230.808},{"text":"Group","start":9230.905,"end":9231.099},{"text":"on","start":9231.164,"end":9231.261},{"text":"the","start":9231.309,"end":9231.342},{"text":"Status","start":9231.342,"end":9231.892},{"text":"and","start":9231.892,"end":9232.038},{"text":"Application","start":9232.038,"end":9232.83},{"text":"of","start":9233.348,"end":9233.478},{"text":"the","start":9233.51,"end":9233.591},{"text":"5","start":9233.591,"end":9233.963},{"text":"United","start":9233.996,"end":9234.61},{"text":"Nations","start":9234.627,"end":9235.064},{"text":"Treaties","start":9235.209,"end":9235.662},{"text":"on","start":9235.759,"end":9235.873},{"text":"Outer","start":9236.002,"end":9236.277},{"text":"Space,","start":9236.277,"end":9236.698},{"text":"to","start":9236.827,"end":9236.957},{"text":"the","start":9236.973,"end":9237.135},{"text":"podium","start":9237.135,"end":9237.556},{"text":"so","start":9238.3,"end":9238.591},{"text":"that","start":9238.591,"end":9238.818},{"text":"the","start":9238.85,"end":9238.931},{"text":"Working","start":9239.12,"end":9239.28},{"text":"group","start":9239.376,"end":9239.649},{"text":"can","start":9239.778,"end":9240.003},{"text":"hold","start":9240.019,"end":9240.276},{"text":"its","start":9240.276,"end":9240.516},{"text":"third","start":9240.516,"end":9240.822},{"text":"meeting.","start":9240.822,"end":9241.127}]},{"text":"I thank you all for your patience, and I wish you a very nice weekend.","start":9242.427,"end":9248.208,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9242.427,"end":9242.556},{"text":"thank","start":9243.487,"end":9243.792},{"text":"you","start":9243.792,"end":9243.856},{"text":"all","start":9243.969,"end":9244.129},{"text":"for","start":9244.129,"end":9244.37},{"text":"your","start":9244.37,"end":9244.531},{"text":"patience,","start":9244.531,"end":9245.125},{"text":"and","start":9245.895,"end":9245.96},{"text":"I","start":9246.04,"end":9246.088},{"text":"wish","start":9246.2,"end":9246.329},{"text":"you","start":9246.377,"end":9246.522},{"text":"a","start":9246.682,"end":9246.698},{"text":"very","start":9246.779,"end":9247.148},{"text":"nice","start":9247.18,"end":9247.597},{"text":"weekend.","start":9247.662,"end":9248.208}]},{"text":"The meeting is adjourned until Monday.","start":9248.786,"end":9250.423,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9248.786,"end":9248.882},{"text":"meeting","start":9248.882,"end":9249.155},{"text":"is","start":9249.251,"end":9249.315},{"text":"adjourned","start":9249.412,"end":9249.813},{"text":"until","start":9249.813,"end":9250.07},{"text":"Monday.","start":9250.07,"end":9250.423}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS","affiliation_full":"COPUOS","group":null,"function":"Chair"}}],"topics":[{"key":"active-debris-removal","label":"Active Debris Removal","description":"A major recurring issue was whether and how to remove existing debris from orbit. Delegations discussed the legal implications of remediation missions, especially consent, jurisdiction, liability, and the status of defunct or abandoned objects."},{"key":"destructive-asat-tests","label":"Destructive ASAT Tests","description":"Some delegations raised the intentional destruction of space objects, especially direct-ascent anti-satellite tests, as a serious source of debris and a threat to peaceful use of outer space. The debate also touched on whether this issue should be addressed under debris discussions, arms control forums, or both."},{"key":"non-binding-instruments","label":"Non-Binding Instruments","description":"Many statements examined the role of soft-law tools such as guidelines, principles, and recommendations in space governance. Delegations generally saw them as useful for adapting to fast technological change, while also debating their limits and relationship to binding treaties."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Many delegations focused on preventing the creation of new debris through design standards, end-of-life disposal, mission planning, and updated mitigation guidelines. Speakers stressed that mitigation remains a basic obligation for safe and sustainable space operations."},{"key":"long-term-sustainability","label":"Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities","description":"States repeatedly linked debris, congestion, and operator behavior to the broader goal of long-term sustainability. The discussion emphasized implementing the LTS Guidelines and translating sustainability principles into operational and legal practice."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Delegations highlighted the need for rules and coordination mechanisms to manage growing traffic in orbit and reduce collision risks. Many called for further legal and policy work within COPUOS on traffic coordination, operator responsibilities, and interoperable governance approaches."},{"key":"national-space-legislation","label":"National Space Legislation and Licensing","description":"Several speakers described national laws, licensing systems, and regulatory reforms for authorizing and supervising space activities. These frameworks were presented as the main way to implement international obligations and sustainability standards domestically."},{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness and Data Sharing","description":"A common theme was the importance of tracking objects, sharing orbital data, and improving conjunction assessment. Speakers viewed SSA as essential for collision avoidance, transparency, and effective space traffic coordination."},{"key":"international-cooperation-equity","label":"International Cooperation, Equity, and Capacity Building","description":"Numerous interventions stressed that space governance must include technical assistance, information exchange, and support for developing countries. Equity, differentiated capabilities, and fair access to outer space were presented as central to sustainable international cooperation."}]}}