Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 65th session, 1097th meeting General Assembly Date: 16 April 2026 Language: English Transcript: https://transcripts.un.org/en/asset/k1v/k1vqk00u0y Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations. --- COPUOS · Chair [32:49]: Buenas tardes. Good afternoon, colleagues. Welcome back to our afternoon session. I now declare open the meeting of the Legal Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. I would first like to continue with our consideration of Agenda Item 4, General Exchange of Views. Although we currently do not have any states that have requested the floor under this item, and so it will remain suspended. And we will then continue with our consideration of agenda item 6, where we do have a list of speakers which we began this morning in order to conclude this afternoon. Once we have concluded our speakers list, we will then begin our consideration of agenda item 7A and then 7B, and then we will begin and suspend our consideration of agenda item 8. And as previously indicated, we will then suspend our meeting so that the Working Group on the Status and Application of the 5 United Nations Treaties on Outer Space can hold its second meeting. And so with that, I shall now proceed to take up the list of speakers under Agenda Item 6, and we will begin with the delegation of Argentina. Argentina [34:49]: Thank you, Madam Chair. Thank you, Madam Chair. Chair, the Republic of Argentina has ratified the Outer Space Treaty, the Rescue Agreement, the Liability Convention, and the Registration Convention, all of which have been transposed into national legislation. And we note with appreciate— appreciation the growing number of states to ratify the various space treaties. Thus, we understand that the acceptance and ratification of these binding instruments forms the legal backbone for the organization of space activities in an orderly, safe, sustainable, and inclusive manner for peaceful purposes. In turn, given that international cooperation is one of the key premises, it serves to strengthen multilateralism. We encourage those states that have not yet done so to join. Distinguished delegates, more nations and actors in the non-governmental sector are engaging in the space ecosystem and environment every year, and this requires solid governance in order to ensure that space activities are carried out in a way that is in the benefit and interest of all of humankind. New challenges such as missions to the Moon or to deep space, the increasing congestion of space traffic and of space debris underscore the need to have communication and notification mechanisms that are geared towards this new dynamic and circumstances. We welcome the commendable efforts underway within the Working Group on the Status and Application of the 5 Treaties under Article 11 of the Space Treaty. We therefore underscore the need to carry out coordinated efforts with ATLAS, as well as the Group of Experts on Space Situational Awareness, in order to develop a mechanism that is able to address the information that is involved in a comprehensive, non-fragmentary manner, avoiding duplication of efforts. Chair, distinguished delegations, capacity building in the area of space law is essential in order to increase our understanding and training of the legal implications of space activities and pursuant to the obligations we are under. In the Republic of Argentina, we are continuing to extend training in space law in specialized degree courses. Detailed information of these courses can be found in the UNOSA directory. We are equally pleased to inform you that a number of non-legal master's and postgraduate degree courses have already started to include courses and modules on space law and space policy. Chair, to conclude, we wish to underscore the achievements of the team of the Law Faculty of the National University of Buenos In 2025, this team won the regional Latin American round of the Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition, and this too is an example of capacity building in the area. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [37:36]: I thank the delegation of Argentina for their statement, and I now give the floor to the delegation of Mexico. Mexico [37:50]: Thank you, Mr. President. Chair, distinguished delegations, Mexico is one of the 18 founding members of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and has ratified the 5 United Nations treaties on outer space. For my country, it is essential that activities in outer space, on the moon, and other celestial bodies comply with these treaties. It is essential that states that have not yet ratified these treaties do so in order to consolidate harmonized, effective, and equitable governance of outer space based on the principles of transparency, cooperation, sustainability, and safety. Governance in outer space is a critical matter on the international agenda. The purpose of promoting the implementation of the 5 United Nations is to guarantee the safety and safeguarding of space activities, as well as promoting the peaceful and responsible exploration of outer space in the benefit of all. To the extent that space exploration and commercial activities are increasing in the new space era, new challenges are arising to space law. These challenges are linked to potential activities connected to scientific and technological The consequence of this is the growing commercialization of space activities such as tourism and space mining, human settlements on the Moon or Mars, the use of specific areas of space for particular purposes, including of the cislunar economy as a segment of the space economy, and satellite communications. Thus, Mexico underscores that the international legal framework of outer space is applicable to space activities in all phases, including test launches, to the extent that these are space activities or are related to space activities. Recent experience has shown that the impact of these activities may have consequences beyond the state that has carried out these activities, including in the territories of other states, with potential impacts on persons, goods, and the environment. Therefore, we underscore the need to ensure that states fully abide by their treaty obligations, in particular international liability for national activities carried out in outer space, as well as the duty of authorization and continuous supervision. Here, Mexico has participated actively in debates regarding the application of Article 11 of the Outer Space Treaty highlighting the need to promote an exchange of information on space activities to uphold international cooperation and safety. We commend the progress made by the Working Group in this area, including the draft template in order to submit information on space activities. Finally, Mexico restates its readiness to continue cooperating with other states and international organizations to develop a solid and up-to-date legal regime that will allow for the peaceful, safe, and sustainable development of outer space for the benefit of all of humankind. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [41:21]: I thank the distinguished delegation of Mexico for their statement. This was the final statement by a member state, and I shall now open the floor for the observers. The first observer to take the floor is the International Organization of Space Communications. You have the floor. Intersputnik [41:40]: Mr. Chair, thank you for giving me the floor. Distinguished delegates, established in 1971, Intersputnik is an intergovernmental satellite organization operating a satellite communication system and as such conducting space activities within the meaning of the United Nations Treaties on Outer Space. After Intersputnik's membership had met the requirement that a majority of its member states be parties to the Outer Space Treaty, as well as to the Rescue Agreement, the Liability Convention, and the Registration Convention, Intersputnik in 2018 accepted the rights and obligations under the latter 3 treaties through the declaration mechanism available to international organizations involved in space activities. As regards the Outer Space Treaty, Space Treaty, Article 6 provides that where space activities are carried out by an international organization, responsibility for compliance with the treaty is borne both by the organization and by the states parties participating in it. However, the Outer Space Treaty neither allows international organizations to become parties nor provides a mechanism for accepting rights and obligations. Given that the Outer Space Treaty establishes the fundamental principles of international space law, Intersputnik member states considered it important to ensure the organization's commitment to these principles and that it bear no less responsibility than its member states. For this reason, and in line with international law, Intersputnik unilaterally accepted the obligation to comply with the Outer Space Treaty. Treaty and the responsibility for such compliance in accordance with Article 6. The report of the Legal Subcommittee of April 2019 noted Intersputnik's declarations accepting the rights and obligations under the Rescue Agreement, the Liability Convention, and the Registration Convention, as well as its acceptance of the obligation to comply with the Outer Space Treaty and the responsibility entailed. Within the 55th anniversary of Intersputnik approaching in November this year, this decision of Intersputnik member states may be regarded as a major milestone in the application of international space law. It contributed to promoting the implementation of the UN space treaties, as Intersputnik became the first international organization to declare unilaterally its acceptance of the obligation to comply with the Outer Space Treaty and the responsibility for such compliance. This legal approach may be of relevance to other international organizations conducting space activities. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, I thank you for your kind attention. COPUOS · Chair [44:26]: I thank the— I thank Intersputnik for their statement, and now give the floor to Outer Space Institute. OSI [44:34]: Thank you very much, Chair. Thank you, Mr. Chair. The International Space Institute, OSI, would like to congratulate you, Chair, on your appointment and wish you every success in this role. We would also like to thank the Secretariat for their outstanding work and Mrs. Franziska Knorr, the Chair of the Working Group on the Status and Application of the 5 UN Treaties, for her invaluable work to date with respect to information sharing on space activities with reference to Article 11 of the Outer Space Treaty. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, Thank you, Madam Chair. Thank you, Madam Chair. Thank you, distinguished delegates. OSI greatly appreciates the opportunity to comment on this agenda item regarding the potential for strengthening global cooperation on the duty to rescue. The number and diversity of human space activities and actors increase every day, and such activities come with calculated risk. At some point, human beings who could well be non-state astronauts or spaceflight participants will find themselves in distress in Earth orbit or around the Moon or elsewhere. As discussed in our Conference Room Paper 25, available at the LAC 2026 website, OSI suggests that Member States of COPUS adopt a broad interpretation of the relevant treaty provisions on the duty to assist persons in distress and encourages those Member States to affirm that this duty applies everywhere in space and with regards to all human beings. As UNOSA Director Arte Holle-Meijnen stated yesterday, the duty to rescue set out in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Moreover, the importance attached to assisting persons in distress is demonstrated by the swift negotiation of the 1968 Rescue Agreement. Its preamble shows that the negotiators were prompted by sentiments of humanity, while Article 3 elaborates on Article 5 of the Outer Space Treaty, including by changing the reference to astronauts to personnel of a spacecraft and clarifying that a duty to assist applies in any place not under the jurisdiction of any state. Support for broad interpretation that covers all human beings in distress is found in numerous multilateral treaties. For example, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, the SOLAS Convention, adopted in 1914, and the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation. The duty to assist and rescue also exists in many national legal systems. Member States of COPAS are therefore encouraged to take appropriate steps to reaffirm commitments to and ensure adherence to the duty to assist principle, and to interpret this principle, as codified in 2 multilateral treaties, as broadly as possible, including applying to all spaceflight participants and locations to the extent practicable. Moreover, developing mechanisms and understandings for implementing implementing the duty to assist, we'll be keen improving international cooperation on Earth and in space. The OSI wishes to affirm its support for the chair and the work of the subcommittee, and we look forward to further discussions on this matter. Thank you for your attention. COPUOS · Chair [47:26]: I thank OSI for their statement and now give the floor to 3 Country Trusted Broker. TCTB [47:33]: Thank you, Chair, uh, Chair, distinguished delegates. So TCTB would like to take this opportunity to share some specific views regarding the implementation of Article 11 of the Outer Space Treaty. To this end, TCDB welcomes the draft template for the submission of information on space activities prepared by the Working Group Chair, Ms. Franziska Koenig. We look forward to active responses and subsequent practice by member states in this regard. This instrument is a useful tool for enhancing transparency in space activities, and it can facilitate international coordination and cooperation. It just complements the legal requirements of registration of space objects under the Registration Convention, the 2007 General Assembly recommendations on registration practices, and the 2019 Long-Term Sustainability Guidelines. However, none of these instruments, including the present template, explicitly requires or invites member states to provide information on abandoned space objects, including the massive derelicts. Since 2019, TCTB has described a model for cooperative remediation of massive derelicts among the relevant responsible states. Through a neutral consent-based framework designed to facilitate cross-jurisdictional cooperation where direct collaboration may not otherwise be feasible. In this regard, improved information sharing on such objects, especially legacy objects no longer under active, active control, would meaningfully support future cooperative remediation efforts. We therefore invite member states to consider to include and share such information in the template and make it easily accessible and searchable, either through the existing space object registration portal or the recommended, the recommended repository from the Office for Outer Space Affairs. Chair, distinguished delegates, we believe this would significantly strengthen information sharing, advance the implementation of Article 11, Article 9 of the Outer Space Treaty, and the relevant legal requirements in Lex Lata. In particular, it would support transparency, coordination, and future cooperation— cooperative action regarding the active debris removal of such abandoned space objects. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [50:15]: I thank the delegation of TCPB for their statement. And with that, we have concluded the list of speakers under this item. Before suspending our consideration of agenda item 6, I would like to seek the subcommittee's agreement on some of the recurring documents and reporting under this agenda item. Firstly, in relation to the Directory of Educational Opportunities in Space Law that the Office for Outer Space Affairs produces each year, do I take it that the subcommittee agrees that the office should continue to update the directory, and in that connection, that the subcommittee invites member states States to encourage contributions at the national level for updating the directory. I see no objections. It is so decided. Secondly, in relation to capacity building in space law, and given the importance emphasized by many delegates on this matter, Do I take it that the subcommittee recommends that states members and permanent observers of the committee inform the subcommittee at its 66th session of any action taken or planned at the national, regional, or international levels to build capacity in space law? I see no objections. It is so decided. And thirdly, in relation to regular exchange of information on developments in the area of national space-related regulatory frameworks, do I take it that the subcommittee encourages member states to continue To submit to the Secretariat the texts of their national space laws and regulations, and to provide updates on their national regulatory frameworks for space activities. I see no objections. It is so decided. Distinguished delegates, I would now like to begin and conclude our consideration of agenda item 7A, matters relating to the definition and delimitation of outer space. The first speaker on my list is India on behalf of the G77 and China. You have the TCTB [53:17]: Thank you, Chair. India · G77 + China [53:21]: The Group of 77 and China would like to thank the Secretariat for preparing the documentation on this agenda item, particularly the contributions from member states on their legal approaches to the definition and delimitation of outer space and suborbital flights, as well as the historical summary on the consideration of the question on the definition and delimitation of outer space. The group underscores that the definition and delimitation of outer space is an important topic that should be kept on the agenda of this committee— subcommittee, and that more work should be done in this direction considering the difference between legal regimes governing airspace and outer space. The group reiterates its commitment to continuing the discussion on issues related to definition and delimitation of outer space, including on the working group on definition and delimitation of outer space and invites other countries to contribute in order to reach consensus. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [54:15]: I thank the delegation of India on behalf of the G77 in China for their statement, and I now give the floor to the delegation of the United States. United States of America [54:26]: Thank you, Chair. The United States appreciates the opportunity to present its views on matters relating to the definition and delimitation of outer space. The United States continues to hold the view that there is no need to seek a legal definition or delimitation for outer space. The current framework has presented no practical difficulties, and activities in outer space are flourishing, as we have already heard at this session. Any attempt to define or delimit outer space would be an unnecessary theoretical exercise that could unintentionally complicate existing activities and prove inadequate adaptable, or even irrelevant to future technological developments. The current framework has served everyone well, and we should continue to operate under it until there is a demonstrated need and a practical basis for developing a definition or delimitation. To date, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration has successfully and safely licensed over 1,000 U.S. commercial launches and reentries. Maintaining public safety and the successful growth of industry have not been hampered by the absence of a universally agreed delimitation of outer space. Many years of debate have not furthered LSC understanding of delimitation issues. There is no consensus among states regarding the practice of states, and no real-world problems have arisen during more than 50 years of space use and exploration as a result of the absence of any definition or delimitation of outer space. It is worth noting that some individual U.S. States within the United States, as well as you— as well as U.S. government departments and agencies have adopted or proposed definitions of outer space or related concepts for their own purposes, such as regulatory compliance, administrative and operational clarity, or tax laws. It is our position that these actions do not relate to and are not evidence of the existence of a definition of outer space under international law. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [56:16]: I thank the delegation of the United States for their statement. And the following speaker is the delegation of Panama. Panama [56:25]: Thank you very much, Chair. Thank you for giving me the floor. In this current context, the issue of the definition and limitation of outer space is of particular relevance in terms of the coherent development of international space law. Chair, we align ourselves with the statement of the G77 and China and in our national capacity wish to state the following. My delegation believes that this matter remains one of legal relevance given the sustained and significant increase in space activities as well as the need to ensure a coherent application of relevant legal regimes. We believe that the discussion of this issue should remain on the agenda of the subcommittee and should be addressed through a gradual approach based on the exchange of information, practice of states, as well as legal analysis. Accordingly, my delegation is of the view that phased and progressive advances in this area can contribute to enhancing legal certainty as well as coherence in terms of the application of relevant international regimes and preventing possible diverging interpretations. It is noted that the absence of a universally agreed definition of delimitation has not prevented the development of space activities. Quite the contrast. We believe that the ongoing discussion of this matter can help contribute to reducing potential legal uncertainties in the future, in particular against a backdrop of growing diversity of actors and activities. We underscore the need to ensure that this process continues to be developed on the basis of consensus and with the participation of all states, taking into account the varying levels of development and different realities of states, in particular the needs of developing countries and with less developed emerging space capacity. In order to progress towards global harmonization of space law and space policy for the benefit of all humankind. Finally, retaining this item on the agenda, flanked with an approach that will allow for the progressive accumulation of substantial contributions made by states, can promote a more structured discussion that is geared towards achieving results in order to make gradual and sustained progress in this area. And to strengthen necessary legal clarity for the safe, orderly, and predictable development of space activities. Thank you very much, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [59:09]: I thank the delegation of Panama for their statement, and now give the floor to the Russian Federation. Russian Federation [59:17]: Благодарю вас. Thank you, distinguished chairperson. In the current conditions, we see an increased need to regulate issues related to delimitation and definition of outer space and airspace because there are different legal regimes in place. This is due to the need to delimit the airspace above a country and to ensure national security and also to create conditions for the long-term sustainability of space activity and the safety of spaceflight and airplane flight. We support the delimitation of airspace and outer space. The uncertainty that prevails creates potential threats to space activities and prevents states from exercising their sovereign rights with respect to their sovereign territory. Airspace is a part of that. There are provisions on borders between countries. Therefore, delimitation should be seen as an extension of the delimitation and definition of borders between countries, interspace and airspace. Addressing this was a name of a proposal from the USSR, which submitted document AAC 105 C2L 139. It states that the border between airspace and eterspace is established by agreement between countries at an altitude that's not above 110 kilometers above sea level. This will— this should be enshrined in a legally binding international instrument. In the same document, it stated that space objects of any country are entitled to unobstructed flight above any country in order to allow them to enter orbit and to return to Earth. The Russian Federation does not support the idea of establishing between a airspace and outer space to establish a particular layer. The Russian Federation views the issue of delimitation of outer space and airspace as one of the main areas of work of this committee. We believe that international cooperation should be focusing efforts on coming up with an agreed approach to this issue. At the same time, we underscore that the absence of progress in achieving consensus on this matter should not be used as an argument to stop the work. Progress in addressing the issue of delimitation of airspace and outer space can be achieved by having cooperation between COPROs and other UN bodies such as ICAO. When addressing this with other UN bodies, We believe it's necessary to ensure that views, the views of the committee and its LSC, are taken into consideration. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:02:44]: I thank the delegation of the Russian Federation for their statement. I now give the floor to Indonesia. Indonesia [1:02:52]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. Indonesia associates itself fully with the statement delivered by. I am the distinguished delegate from India for the Group of 77 and China, and we wish to convey the following in our national capacity. Indonesia wishes to underscore the increasing relevance of Agenda Item 7A amidst the rapid yet disruptive advancements in space activities, including megaconstellations, space exploration, suborbital flights, and human spaceflight. These developments These developments pose unprecedented challenges to the long-term sustainability of outer space and celestial bodies, while demanding clear legal certainty for all actors— states, non-governmental entities, and international organizations alike. The absence of a universally agreed definition and delimitation of outer space continues to create ambiguities that may undermine the principles enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty, particularly Article 1 and 2 on the exploration and use of outer space for the benefit and in the interest of all countries. Indonesia views this agenda item as important for ensuring equitable access, preventing misuse of near-space regimes, and safeguarding national sovereignty over airspace. With the enactment of Law No. 21/2025 on Airspace Management, Indonesia has further strengthened its national legal framework framework by defining its airspace with precise vertical and lateral boundaries, as well as legal procedures for airspace violations. We've also established a robust and comprehensive framework for institutional competence, regulation, safety, and international cooperation in both air and outer space. Indonesia therefore calls upon the committee to intensify its deliberations towards a consensus-based definition and delimitation of outer space, grounded in scientific evidence, equitable principles, and the needs of developing countries. Establishing this clear legal framework will foster sustainable space governance, mitigate risks from disruptive technologies, and provide the legal predictability essential for peaceful exploration and utilization of outer space for all humanity. Indonesia remains committed to working with all allegations on this critical issue. I thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair [1:05:10]: I thank the delegation of Indonesia for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of Canada. Canada [1:05:16]: Thank you, Chair. The outer space treaties do not define or delimit outer space, choosing instead to regulate activities and objects based on purpose or function. For example, Article 2 of the Registration Convention requires registration of a space object that has gone to Earth orbit or beyond. Article 1B of the Liability Convention defines launching to include an attempted launch regardless of the altitude achieved. Similarly, liability for damage caused by space objects applies regardless of the location of the object or the damage, whether in orbit, airspace, or on the surface of the Earth. Air law also adopts a functional approach. An aircraft is defined by its ability to derive support in the atmosphere from reactions of the air other than reactions of the air against the Earth's surface. Altitude is not part of the definition. While airspace is divided into functional zones for air traffic control purposes, the upper limit of airspace is undefined by ICAO. This parallel demonstrates that functional regulation is not unique to space law. It is a proven approach in other domains where a rigid altitude-based boundary would be impractical. There are also practical challenges to definition and delimitation of outer space. Most objects orbit the Earth above an altitude of 200 kilometers. However, the Japanese Super Low Altitude Test Satellite operated continuously at an altitude of approximately kilometers. The US Gambit 4346 satellite maintained an elliptical orbit with a perigee between 125 and 135 kilometers for approximately a month, with some reports indicating that it dipped as low as 112 kilometers. The Chinese satellite Lijiang-1— apologies if I got that pronunciation wrong— maintained a nearly circular orbit at 124 kilometers, and some space objects have had orbits as low as 80 or 90 kilometers, whether they were reentering and going to their final orbits or whether in a highly elliptical stage of their orbit. A further complicating factor is the development of new technologies. Air-breathing electric propulsion could enable objects to achieve stable orbits at even lower altitudes. There's simply no certainty that any delimitation established today will be appropriate in the future. Rather than promoting the further exploration and use of outer space, it could actually hinder progress of new technologies. After decades of discussion, there is no consensus on the definition or delimitation of outer space. Canada does not consider it necessary or advisable to elaborate such a definition or delimitation. The absence of such a definition has in no way hindered aviation or space activities. To the contrary, both have thrived over the last 60 years. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:08:12]: I thank the delegation of Canada for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of China. China [1:08:25]: Chair, China aligns itself with the statement delivered by the distinguished representative of India on behalf of G77 and China. China welcomes China welcomes and supports the continued consideration of the item matters relating to the definition and delimitation of outer space, and believes that discussions on this issue are conducive to advancing fundamental research in space law. China would like to share the following views. First, the importance of this item for both the study and practice of space law should be fully recognized. The definition and delimitation of outer space concern the distinction between outer space and airspace, as well as the legal regimes applicable thereto. This issue bears directly on the boundaries of national sovereignty and jurisdiction over territorial airspace, and on the peaceful uses of outer space by all states. At present, divergence remains within the international community. It is therefore for states to engage in full discussion to build common understanding gradually. Second, due account should be taken of states' practices as well as in trends in scientific technology development. Discussions on the relevant issues should fully consider existing national practices and the legitimate interests of all states, in particular developing countries. This should ensure full respect for the principle of sovereignty over territorial airspace, facilitate the free exploration and use of outer space, and avoid any prejudice to the existing rules of international air law. At the same time, attention should be given to the potential impact of the rapid development of aerospace technologies and commercial space activities on the definition and delimitation of outer space. Third, suborbital flights are to a certain extent relevant to the definition and delimitation of outer space. China notes the gradual development of suborbital flight practices and supports the Working Group in continuing to advance research and discussions on related issues through a pragmatic and comprehensive comprehensive approach. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [1:10:23]: I thank the delegation of China for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of Brazil. Brazil [1:10:30]: Mr. Chair, Brazil wishes to underscore the growing importance and urgency of discussions under this agenda item. Since the early days of space activities, the international community has benefited from a shared commitment to the peaceful uses of outer space. However, today we are witnessing a profound transformation. Rapid technological developments and the emergence of a new era of exploration marked by renewed missions to the Moon, including crewed expeditions, satellites, and robotic systems, are reshaping the way we access and use outer space. In this evolving context, questions that have long been discussed in theoretical terms now demand practical answers. In law, definitions are not merely conceptual; they are foundational. Where does airspace end and outer space begin? What do we mean when we refer to the exploration and use of outer space? What are the rights and obligations of states in this domain? In the absence of clear definitions and delimitation, legal uncertainty persists, with tangible implications for safety, security, and sustainability of space activities. It is therefore our collective responsibility within the framework of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space to pursue a reasonable, balanced, and forward-looking solution. Brazil believes that this committee, as it has done in addressing other complex issues, is well positioned to advance constructive outcomes through dialogue, inclusiveness, and cooperation. Mr. Chair, in the absence of a multilateral agreement, national legislations have continued to evolve, often reflecting the divergent interpretations and regulatory approaches. While these initiatives are understandable, they risk leading to fragmentation and inconsistencies, which may ultimately undermine the safety and predictability of space operations. In this context, considerations of space traffic management have become particularly urgent, given the rapid increase in space traffic, the growing number of actors, and the need to ensure the safe passage, launch, and operation of space objects. Brazil does not advocate for a rigid adherence to either the specialist or the functionalist approach. Rather, we believe that a pragmatic and innovative path forward may lie in exploring a balanced solution that takes into account both perspectives. This is undoubtedly a challenging task, but precisely for that reason, it is also an opportunity for this Committee to demonstrate its relevance and leadership. We recall that the Working Group on the Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space is the oldest Working Group of this Committee, The time has come to intensify our efforts. Brazil encourages all members to engage in a spirit of flexibility and shared purpose so that we may finally move closer to consensus. Thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair [1:13:35]: I thank the delegation of Brazil for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of Colombia. Colombia [1:13:42]: Chair, given the current and future legal, technical, and operational impacts related to outer space and suborbital activities, Colombia acknowledges the need to continue a multilateral debate on the definition and delimitation of outer space. In the current context of increased activities, the absence of a clear definition and delimitation of outer space creates a legal loophole which could affect the comprehensive application of space law and of aeronautic law. This situation poses challenges in terms of jurisdiction, given that there is a need to stipulate liability criteria for the management of air and space traffic. As such, Colombia believes that COPUOS provides an appropriate forum to continue promoting a constructive dialogue in order to progress towards greater legal clarity in this area, always respecting sovereignty of states and international— the framework of international law. We restate that any proposal that seeks to define and delimit limit outer space must be governed by the principles of equity, sustainability, and shared benefit, avoiding the replication of inequalities. Equally, any proposal must be based on the principle of multilateral consensus, guaranteeing the inclusion of all perspectives and ensuring a progressive, flexible approach that is compatible with current international law. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:15:01]: I thank the delegation of Colombia for their statement, and I now give the floor to the delegation of Ecuador. Ecuador [1:15:09]: Chair, Ecuador attaches the utmost relevance to the discussion of this agenda item. There is a clear legal and technical need to establish a clear limit between airspace and outer space. The absence of a legally binding delimitation creates uncertainties regarding the sovereign exercise of states as well as the safe control of air and space operations. For my country, defining this delimitation is not a mere theoretical exercise; rather, it is a guarantee. for legal certainty in order to shape the application of differing legal regimes. To that end, we support the efforts of the Working Group on the Definition and Delimitation, which is convening its meeting during this session in keeping with the agreement of 2021. Thank you very much. COPUOS · Chair [1:16:23]: I thank Ecuador for their statement. I give the floor to the delegation of France. France [1:16:30]: Chairperson, distinguished delegates, France believes that the matter of delimiting outer space needs to be approached pragmatically. There is no scientific consensus to define precisely and with certainty an altitude above which outer space begins. This was stated by the COPROSTSC as early as the preparatory deliberations for the 1967 treaty and has remained so ever since. The delimitation, which is located between 100 and 120 kilometers above sea level, may vary as scientific research advances. Legally speaking, the point of delimitating airspace and outer space is to determine the legal framework that's applicable to certain activities in high-altitude outer space and both airspace and outer space, such as suborbital flight and piggyback launches. Depending on the applicable framework, the rights and obligations in terms of licensing, jurisdiction, control, and responsibility are entirely different. Chairperson, France continues to support a functionalist approach as regards the application of space law. That approach deems any activity whose purpose is to place a space object into outer space to be a space activity. The purpose and characteristics of the activity, including its nature and associated risks, should solely determine the applicable framework and not the place where the activity is conducted. This approach is fully aligned with the spirit of the Outer Space Treaty and the liability. Convention, which provide for a liability framework in the event of damage caused by a space object whereby the altitude of the object is not relevant. Similarly, the 1968 Rescue Agreement is applicable in different environments, namely outer space, the high seas, and the territory of a state party. There can be no doubt, therefore, that space law applies to space launch activities even when the launch vehicle is located in airspace space and also to satellite maneuvering activities, notably in terms of liability. Chairperson, these examples illustrate that most activities deemed space activities are such regardless of the altitude they occur at and that the latter is irrelevant in terms of determining the applicable framework. The absence of a definition and delimitation of outer space creates no uncertainty as regards the applicability of space law and airspace laws, as the case may be. With that in mind, France does not deem it expedient at the current state of play regarding space activities to define and limit outer space. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:19:12]: I thank the delegation of France for their statement, and now give the floor to the delegation of South Africa. South Africa [1:19:20]: Thank you, Chair. South Africa supports continued consideration of the definition and delimitation of outer space. While an agreed boundary may not be immediately within reach, the legal consequences of leaving the matter entirely unresolved could become more consequential as technology evolves. The absence of a universally agreed line should not invite unilateral legal characterization, which could result in uncertainty for states. The legal regime governing airspace is fundamentally different from that governing outer space. It follows that any future approach to delimitation must preserve legal certainty and respect existing treaty principles and regimes. Chair, South Africa would favor a more structured legal discussion under this item and identifying the legal consequences that any eventual approach must address. This would help move the discussion to a more practical legal analysis. We also consider that this topic concerns future access, regulation of emerging technologies, and the ability to legislate coherently at the national level. South Africa accordingly supports retaining this item and deepening its legal content. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [1:20:38]: I thank the delegation of South Africa for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of Pakistan. Pakistan [1:20:45]: Respected Chair, distinguished delegates, the question of defining and delimiting outer space arises from the increasing overlap between national airspace governed by state sovereignty and outer space governed by the Outer Space Treaty. Pakistan considers that a clear boundary is essential to establish legal clarity, ensure jurisdictional certainty, and enable the effective application of applicable laws. It would also enhance operational safety, particularly with the rise of subordinate— suborbital flights and high-altitude platforms, and provide a structured framework for managing aerospace activities, including space traffic management. Respected Chair, Pakistan has not yet considered it necessary to define outer space, to delimit the boundary between airspace and outer space, or to adopt an alternative regulatory approach to address such matters. Pakistan's position is that definitions adopted by any national entity or practices that directly or indirectly delimit outer space do not constitute nor serve as evidence of a definition of outer space under international law. Chair, the orbits of all of Pakistan's planned satellites lie well above any zone of delimitation ambiguity. Furthermore, the current level of space activities in Pakistan and the region has not created a practical need to exercise jurisdiction over objects transitioning through Pakistan's airspace en route to or returning from outer space. However, such a need may arise in the future, driven by technological advancements in the space and aviation sectors, particularly the growth of suborbital flights, commercial space flights, and space tourism. At that stage, Pakistan may need to evaluate whether to define outer space, delimit the boundary, or adopt an alternative regulatory approach. For now, given the evolving and uncertain nature of these developments, Pakistan does not consider it necessary to establish a regulatory framework for their governance. I thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [1:22:41]: I thank the delegation of Pakistan for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of Mexico. Mexico [1:23:00]: Presidente. Thank you, Chair. Distinguished delegates, Mexico underscores the need to continue an analysis of the definition and delimitation of outer space in order to progress towards greater legal certainty. In particular, we are of the view that a legally sound A sound definition would increase the ability to determine the applicable space law regime, either airspace or space traffic law, regarding the authorization of activities, the exercise of sovereignty, as well as the application of the principles of the exploration and utilization of outer space. In turn, a clearer delimitation would enhance the liability regime as well as oversight of activities in a rapidly evolving technological environment where both state and private activities are proliferating, as well as hybrid activities such as suborbital flights. Here it is important to reduce gray areas that may impede the clear identification of the applicable legislative framework, as well as determining obligations and legal implications should incidents or interferences arise or damage be caused. In the same vein, Mexico is of the view that further progressing in the area will equally uphold compliance and prevention of abuse by dissuasive— by ensuring that space activities actors are unable to operate in an ambiguous area. Certainty will help prevent opportunistic interpretations regarding the nature of certain operations, such as activities that are related to suborbital tourism or other high-altitude flight modalities, and in so doing prevent disputes or conflicts from arising that could affect the rights or interests of other states. Our political constitution since 1970 has established in Article 42 that our national territory comprises Thank you, Mr. President. The Mexican space law recognizes the space area above our national territory with the modality set forth under international law. While Mexican legislation does not specify the delimitation of outer space as such, we are aware that the legislation of other countries provides a delimitation of 100 kilometers above sea level as such a limit. provision has not been implemented uniformly on the international level. We underscore the need in the subcommittee to continue our analysis of the situation. Our country wishes to participate actively in the progress made in discussions of this area in order to attain acceptable results for all member states. Thank you very much. COPUOS · Chair [1:25:51]: I thank the delegation of Mexico for their statement. This was the last speaker on my list for agenda item 7A, and we have therefore concluded our consideration of agenda item 7A. With that, I would now like to take up our consideration of agenda item 7B, matters relating to the character and utilization of the geostationary orbit, including consideration of ways and means to ensure the rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit without prejudice to the role of the International Telecommunications Union. And we shall begin our consideration by opening the speakers list. The first speaker on my list is the Delegation of India on behalf of the G77 and China, you have the floor. India · G77 + China [1:26:53]: Chair, the Group of 77 and China firmly believes that geostationary orbit, a limited natural resource clearly in danger of saturation, shall be used rationally and shall be made available to all states irrespective of their current technical capabilities. The group reiterates the need to ensure that the current uses of geostationary orbit would provide states with the possibility of gaining their access to the orbit under equitable conditions, bearing in mind in particular the needs of interest of developing countries and the geographical position of certain countries, and taking into account the processes of the ITU and relevant norms and decisions of the United Nations. With the unprecedented rate at which the developed countries are employing satellites to exploit the latest technology, there has been increasing awareness of the limitations of geostationary orbit. Despite the relatively rapid development of certain developing countries in recent years, significant disparity between the ability of developed and developing countries to utilize satellite technology generally remains, and it needs to be addressed appropriately. The group underscores that, that the geostationary orbit orbit shall not be subject to national appropriation and that its utilization shall be governed by applicable international law and in accordance with the principle of non-appropriation of outer space, in order to ensure the guaranteed and equitable access to orbital positions of the geostationary orbit according to the needs of all countries, in particular developing countries and countries in certain geographical positions, bearing in mind that communications nations, satellites are an indispensable tool in the efforts to promote the development of all countries. The group is of the view that in order to develop adequate mechanisms to ensure equitable access to geostationary orbit, it is necessary to keep this issue on the agenda of this subcommittee. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [1:28:47]: I thank the delegation of India on behalf of the G77 and China for their statement, and I now give the floor to the delegation of the United States. United States of America [1:28:56]: Thank you, Chair. Chair, the United States appreciates the opportunity to present its views on matters relating to the character and utilization of the geostationary orbit without prejudice to the role of the International Telecommunication Union. The United States continues its commitment to the rational, efficient, and economic use of the geostationary orbit, or GSO, consistent with ITU economic use or consistent with the ITU Constitution and Convention. It is clear that the GSO is part of outer space and that its use is governed by the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, as well as by the International Telecommunication Union's treaties. As set forth in Article 1 of the Outer Space Treaty, outer space shall be free for exploration and use by all states without discrimination of any kind on the basis of equality and in accordance with international law. Thank you. National law. Article 2 of this treaty further provides that outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means. These articles make clear that a party to the Outer Space Treaty cannot appropriate a position in outer space, such as an orbital location in the GSO, either by claim of sovereignty or by means of use, or even by repeated use of such an orbital position. The United States has taken numerous actions to enable the use of the GSO and other orbits. This includes the free provision of its Global Positioning System, GPS, and the free provision of a variety of weather and other Earth observation data from its meteorological and environmental satellites operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA, in polar and geostationary orbit. These NOAA satellites provide the world information about hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, and effluent flooding, droughts, and related environmental matters. Additionally, the United States participates in the international satellite-aided search and rescue program known as COSPAS-SARSAT as a means for ships, aircraft, and others in distress to signal their need for help and their locations. My delegation would like to note that significant developments have not been made under this agenda item in years. And as such, we And as we discuss how to more efficiently use our limited time and translation resources, we should also consider suspending agenda items 7A and B from the agenda until international developments necessitate further consideration in this body. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [1:31:18]: I thank the delegation of the United States for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of the Russian Federation. Russian Federation [1:31:31]: Thank you, distinguished chairperson. The geostationary orbit is a part of outer space. Accordingly, its use is governed by the principles and norms of international space law, which are codified in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, including the principle of non-appropriation. The geostationary orbit is a finite space resource. It is in high demand, and access to it must remain equitable. Existing requirements and procedures provide for its sustainable use. We are concerned at the gradual accumulation of space debris in disposal orbits above the geostationary orbit. The conduct of orbital servicing operations and active removal of space vehicles in the geostationary orbit. And also the possible creation of space vehicle containers to group defunct satellites in disposal regions. All of this will require the drafting of additional legal definitions, rules, and procedures. The rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit should be assured by assuring issues— rather, by addressing issues as they arise using the methods and instruments of international law. Such methods include: one, improving operating regimes; two, enforcement of compliance with the ITU Constitution, bearing in mind that the radio frequencies and the orbits of geostationary satellites are finite natural resources that must be used rationally, effectively, and sparingly in accordance with the ITU radio regulations; three, the adoption of new regulations governing the use of geostationary orbit radio frequencies frequency resources to address emerging issues. 4, meeting requirements for the equipping of geostationary orbit satellites with post-active service life deorbiting systems. 5, ensuring the safe operation of geostationary satellites. 6, integration of space resources on platforms so as to reduce the number of spacecraft in geostationary orbit. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:33:45]: I thank the Russian Federation for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of Ecuador. Ecuador [1:33:53]: Chair, regarding the character and utilization of the geostationary orbit, Ecuador's position indicates that the use of the geostationary orbit must be governed by the principle of sovereign equality of states and the rational use of this resource, guaranteeing that the opportunities of accessing, using this planetary orbit for developing countries is not undermined as a result of structural technological asymmetries. Regarding the need to guarantee equitable, rational, and non-discriminatory access to this strategic resource. This must be upheld in terms that will effectively contribute towards closing the current technological gap between developed and developing states. As such, the management of this resource must strictly comply with the principles and norms of applicable international law, in particular the principles of sovereign equality of states, the peaceful use of outer space and equitable access to orbital and spectral resources, avoiding any form of undue appropriation or de facto exclusion. Here we recognize the specialized technical role of the International Telecommunications Union in the allocation and coordination of the radio frequency spectrum and positions on the geostationary orbit. However, We underscore that the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space is the competent multilateral forum from both the legal and political angle for the progressive development of an international legislative framework that will guarantee that the rules regarding access to and use of the geostationary orbit are based on the criteria of equity, transparency, and non-discrimination. In keeping with the common interests of humankind and recognizing the geographic position of certain states. We underscored that Ecuador's geographic location on the equator gives Ecuador an objective comparative advantage for efficient access to orbital trajectories, in particular as regards the energy organization of launches to the geostationary orbit. This is a strategic advantage that the State of Ecuador places at the disposal of the international community in the context of international mutually beneficial cooperation models. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [1:36:29]: I thank Ecuador for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of South Africa. South Africa [1:36:35]: Chair, South Africa continues to regard the geostationary orbit as a limited natural resource of particular importance. Its rational, efficient, and equitable use therefore remains a legal and developmental issue and not merely a technical one. South Africa remains aligned with the longstanding concern of developing countries that access to orbital positions and associated spectrum resources must not become the preserve of those countries with early technical or financial advantage. South Africa considers that repeated use cannot mature into appropriation or claims of sovereignty. Article 2 of the Outer Space Treaty remains applicable, together with the requirement in Article 1 that outer space shall be open to exploration and use by all states on the basis of equality. Because orbital coordination is technically complex or institutionally mediated through other bodies does not render this issue less important from a legal perspective in this subcommittee. South Africa therefore supports continuing this item with a stronger emphasis on the legal implications of equity, non-appropriation, and non-discrimination for use of the geostationary orbit. I thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair [1:37:54]: I thank the delegation of South Africa for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation Panama [1:37:59]: Thank you very much, Chair. Given the growing pressure on orbital resources, it is particularly relevant to address the character and utilization of the geostationary orbit. Accordingly, we align ourselves with the declaration of the G77 in China in our national capacity, wish to make the following comments. My delegation is of the view that the geostationary orbit is a limited resource. The use of this resource must be governed by the principles of equity, rational use, and nondiscriminate use in keeping with international law and in particular international space law. We believe that it is fundamental that we ensure access for all states, in particular of developing states or nations with emerging space capacity, to have equitable access to this resource, avoiding situations of exclusion as a result of either technological or economic asymmetries. Thus, my delegation highlights the need to ensure that the use of the geostationary is carried out in a manner that reflects the principle of equitable access, duly taking into account the needs and interests of all states. My country equally recognizes the fundamental role of the International Telecommunications Union in the technical management of this resource and deems it essential to ensure an appropriate coordination between this technical body as well as the multilateral legal framework that is developed within the Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. The sustained increase in space activities and the growing pressure exercised on orbital resources heighten the need to continue our examination of this matter within the subcommittee. To conclude, we are of the view that making sustained and gradual progress towards enhanced enhanced coordination between the technical and legal frameworks will contribute to a more balanced, rational, and sustainable management of the geostationary orbit for the benefit of all states. Thank you very much, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [1:40:29]: I thank Panama for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of Pakistan. Pakistan [1:40:36]: Respected Chair, the geostationary orbit, or GSO, is a limited natural resource that must be accessible to all member states of United Nations and the ITU, International Telecommunication Union, on an equitable basis irrespective of their technical capacities. Its use must be governed by Article 44 of the ITU Constitution and the Outer Space Treaty. Chair, access to GSO is critical for communications and socioeconomic economic development, particularly for developing countries. Yet equitable access to orbit and spectrum resources for geostationary satellite networks faces serious legal, regulatory, and technological challenges, including the following 3. First, the first-come, first-served rule under the International Radio Regulations continues to lock developing countries out of GSO orbit allocations. Second, the rapid expansion of non-geostationary fixed satellite service constellations is eroding the GSO market and capturing limited spectrum resources at the expense of developing nations. Third, the progressive encroachment of international mobile telecommunication services on GSO spectrum, combined with the use of certain ITU radio regulation provisions, notably Articles 4.4, 11.41, and 11.49, has allowed developed nations to capture specific orbital slots in indefinitely. Chair, lastly, Pakistan considers that to ensure sustainability of the optimum utilization of geostationary orbit, it is necessary to enhance resource allocations to the developing states. Applications of developing countries including Pakistan, which lost their right at ITU regarding GSO due to delays caused in the past, should be accepted for development for ICT sector. At the end, Pakistan supports the retention of this agenda item. I thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [1:42:23]: I thank the delegation of Pakistan for their statement, and I now give the floor to the delegation of Mexico. Mexico [1:42:32]: Thank you very much, Chair. Distinguished delegates, Mexico wishes to recall what has been stated repeatedly by a number of delegations, including our own, at earlier sessions of the subcommittee. Firstly, First, that the geostationary orbit is a natural limited resource at risk of saturation, which cannot be subjected to any form of national appropriation. Secondly, that the geostationary orbit must be always used in a rational manner, and access must be provided to all states regardless of their technical capacity at the current stage. Currently, the increased number of space objects and the consequent increase in congestion in the space environment pose a threat to future activities within the GSO. The saturation of the GSO equally may create interference among the various space objects. Mexico believes that we must continue our analysis of this matter, finding ways and means in order to ensure the rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit. And thus COPUOS plays an essential role regarding the rational and equitable responsible use, while equally recognizing the relevant role played by the ITU in this regard within its purview. In light of the work within COPUOS and in the ITU, these are particularly relevant in view of the increased use of the orbit by private private actors, which in the long term will lead to the displacement of developing states, which at this stage do not have the technical capacity to engage actively in order to fully participate in the rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit. In light of the aforementioned, Mexico highlights the need to ensure that our subcommittee is a forum to harmonize practices and perspective— perspectives regarding the use of the geostationary orbit for the benefit of all member states. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [1:44:41]: I thank the delegation of Mexico for their statement. Mexico was the last speaker on my list. And with that, we have concluded our consideration of agenda item 7B. I would now like to begin our consideration and hopefully suspend our consideration of agenda item 8, future role and method of work of the committee, pending deliberations by the— by ATLAS. In line with the agreement reached at the session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee in February this year and as contained in the subcommittee's report, AAC 105/1346, Annex 1, paragraph 12, I would first like to give the floor to the distinguished representative of India, India, in its capacity as chair of the Working Group of the Whole of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, to inform this subcommittee of the report of the Working Group of the Whole. You have the floor. India · Chair of the Working Group of the Whole [1:46:04]: Mr. Chair, India, in its capacity as chair of the Working Group of the Whole of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, refers to the recommendation of the Working Group at the 63rd session of the subcommittee held in February this year. That the report of the working group at that session be brought to the attention of the Legal Subcommittee at its 65th session with a view to informing the Legal Subcommittee in its consideration of item 8 of its agenda for that session entitled Future Role and Method of Work of the Committee. The report is contained in document A/ AC.105/1346 Annex 1. As reflected in the report, the Working Group agreed to hold informal open-ended intersessional consultation during 2026 under the leadership of the Chair with a view to further discussing measures to address the effect of the liquidity crisis and to improve the organization and method of work of the Committee and its subcommittee. In line with the mandate, 3 rounds of intersessional consultations are scheduled to take place on 30th March, 30th of April, and 14th of May 2026, providing a structured and inclusive platform for delegations to exchange views and develop potential ways forward. The outcome of these consultations will be further considered by the Working Group of the Whole during the 69th session of the Committee in June 2026. With a view to finalizing proposal for consideration by the committee under the agenda item Future Role and Method of Work of the Committee. India looks forward to facilitating an open, transparent, and constructive process and urges all the delegations to engage actively in advancing this important work. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [1:47:51]: I thank the representative of India in his capacity as the Chair of the Working group of the whole for informing the subcommittee. And would now like to begin our list of speakers. And I give the floor to the delegation of India on behalf of the G77 and China. India · G77 + China [1:48:12]: Chair, the group reiterates that CCOPU, with its 2 subcommittees, is the primary UN forum to discuss comprehensively all matters related to the peaceful uses of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies. The Group of 77 and China stands ready to engage constructively with the Secretariat and Member States in addressing the implications of the current liquidity crisis. In this regard, the Group looks forward to receiving further detailed information on the budgetary situation of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, as well as on possible efficiencies already achieved on— or envisaged by the Secretariat. The Group reiterates, however, that any measures undertaken to address the liquidity situation must not adversely affect the activities or programs benefiting developing countries. In this context, the Group is prepared to consider practical and reasonable options to improve the organization and the work of the Committee and Subcommittee. At the same time, the Group underscores that all its core positions must continue to be duly reflected in the final reports of the Committee and its subcommittees, including positions related to the Sustainable Development Goals and the Space Agenda 2030. The group therefore reiterates its request to retain and consolidate the relevant agenda items related to capacity building and space for sustainable development, as well as similar agenda items in the committee and the 2 subcommittees. The development dimension remains the core objective of the group and the cornerstone of the mandate of this office. Any discussion on the future role, priorities, or methods of the work of the committee and its subcommittees should remain consistent with the rules of procedures of the United Nations General Assembly. In this regard, the group recalls that the annual resolutions adopted by the General Assembly on international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space, including most recent Resolution 80/76, constitute the mandate for the work of this august body. The group underscores the centrality of the international cooperation as a guiding principle principle of the committee's work to be pursued with due consideration for the interests and needs of developing countries. The group further emphasizes the need to seize this opportunity to address the current challenges and to consolidate and to advance the aspirations of developing countries regarding the peaceful uses of outer space. This includes strengthening international cooperation, equitable access, and promoting the benefits of space activities for all humankind. In particular, to enhance support for space science and applications in developing countries. The group recommends that there should be greater interaction between the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and the Legal Subcommittee in order to promote advancements in space law so that it should be aligned with the major scientific and technical advances in space activities. The group is of the view that such coordination and synergies between the 2 subcommittees can also promote greater understanding, acceptance, and further implementation of the existing United Nations legal instruments. The group is of the view that the discussions of this subcommittee should not lead to any measures, including norms, guidelines, and standards, that would limit access of developing and emerging spacefaring countries to outer space. Accordingly, the group believes that the international legal framework should be developed in a manner that addresses the concerns of all states. Finally, for the G77 and China, it is important to reach consensus on the reports of the Committee and its subcommittees in order to make progress on issues related to the peaceful uses of outer space conducive to our collective advantage, thus avoiding politicization and prolongation of discussions that exceed the mandate of COPUSS. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [1:51:37]: I thank the delegation of India for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of the United States. United States of America [1:51:51]: Thank you, Chair. The United States would first like to express its appreciation to the Secretariat and you, Chair, for all the effort in organizing this session. 2 years ago, this body successfully streamlined our agenda without sacrificing content or member state engagement. As we saw during STFC, we face increasingly limited resources of both time and money. Reform is needed to address this reality, including discussion of consolidating or retiring several agenda items that are at best complementary or redundant, and at worst contribute nothing to progressing the vital work and core mandates of this committee. We must also work to establish an enduring format for meetings so this committee does not waste precious time repeatedly deliberating upon how to our meetings, there is too much work to be done in addressing the pressing challenges of ensuring the safe, prosperous, and viable outer space environment. We must adapt how we do business here in this body to provide real results for the world that is demanding them. This is necessary as we expand human reach and presence in outer space. Last year, we heard calls for more work in this body on benefit sharing. The United The United States is already making tremendous efforts to share the benefits of our taxpayer dollars in space to all of humanity through the sharing of scientific data and findings, provision of GPS and satellite-enabled rescue services, and much, much more. What COPUOS needs to focus on are solutions for civil and commercial operators who need them now to, for example, avoid collisions with other satellites or debris and protect the orbital environment so we may all continue to enjoy the benefits of space. In order to embrace a more effective and practical committee, we must avoid the lengthy debates on language and issues that are far outside the scope of COPUAS and serve only to divert member states' attention away from advancing a safer and more prosperous outer space environment. These distractions include references to the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs as they advance a program of soft global governance that is inconsistent with the principles of national sovereignty, as well as ambiguous terms like developing countries. We encourage member states to avoid these lengthy debates on language and ideology and move towards an action-oriented report that is streamlined, concise, and focuses on the decisions taken by this body. The action-oriented report format adopted by this year's STSC was a remarkable win for this body. If we maintain this momentum, saving valuable translation time used for arguing over terms irrelevant to the actual purpose of this meeting or expertise of its participants, we can focus instead on real achievements and save precious resources. There is no reason to retreat from this success, particularly as all statements made at our sessions are available online. My delegation would also like to recognize and highlight the value of intergovernmental non-governmental, and private sector observers to this and other bodies of UN COPUUS. My delegation makes a point to invite private sector advisors to share their expertise with not only our delegation but with the entire body. As we know, the issues we cover in our subcommittee are complex, and the diplomats and lawyers in the room need access to the expertise and unique perspectives provided by academia, the private sector, and non-governmental organizations. The United States remains committed to the essential work of UN COPUUS and its subcommittees, looks forward to fostering space activities that benefit us all. But if COPUUS does not act, others will, which means we must act to preserve the relevancy and improve the effectiveness of this body. We hope that this committee can achieve its potential through focused work and dispense with the wasteful distractions that undermine these efforts. Thank you very much, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [1:55:35]: I thank the delegation of the United States for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of Ukraine. Ukraine [1:55:41]: Thank you for giving me the floor, Mr. Chair. At the last year's session, we outlined the conceptual horizon, the need to update the architecture of international space law, integrate the ethical dimension into the norm-making process, and ensure that the Committee remains the cornerstone of global space governance amid conditions that have fundamentally changed since the signing of the Outer Space Treaty and continue to evolve. In this context, it must be noted that the Committee and its subcommittees are operating in a fundamentally new environment. In particular, some states have adopted national space legislation regulating the activities of private operators. The commercial sector is conducting missions that just 2 or 3 decades ago were the prerogative of state agencies. Autonomous systems and artificial intelligence are making decisions during space missions without direct human involvement and are increasingly applied in space activities. Under these conditions, the committee's traditional method of work based on consensus retains its legitimacy, although a certain shortcoming is that since the 1980s, No codified act in the form of comprehensive international treaty has been produced. Nevertheless, the committee's established working methods could be supplemented with more flexible and operational tools. In particular, the expansion of the practice of creating thematic working groups with clearly defined mandates and timelines. The experience of the working group on the legal aspects of space resources demonstrates that this format allows focus. Focus on specific issues and the development of practical recommendations. A similar approach could be applied to issues of jurisdiction over autonomous space systems, liability for damage caused by AI systems, cybersecurity in outer space, as well as legal mechanisms to ensure ethical aspects of the exploration and use of outer space. In other words, studying the moral and ethical implications of the exploration, use, and development of outer space, including space flights. Secondly is the establishment of a structured dialogue with non-state actors. The current rules for participation in the committee's work are already lagging behind reality. Private operators can carry out full-fledged space activities, remain outside the rulemaking process. The third is to ensure technical competence in the rulemaking process. Norms regulate technologically complex issues, activities related to orbits, problematic aspects of resource extraction, autonomous systems cannot be developed exclusively by lawyers or by lawyers and technical specialists separately. We believe that the committee could initiate the development of a declaration of principles of responsible and ethical space activities, at least initially in the form of expert legal discussions within the legal subcommittee. Unlike existing sources, this declaration could clearly state the principle of intergenerational responsibility in the use of space resources, standards for minimizing anthropogenic pollution of near-Earth space and planetary protection, requirements for transparency and accountability regarding autonomous systems in space, prohibition of unilateral appropriation of competitive advantages through actions that restrict access to space for others, States and the legal contours of future colonization. And this could be the first step toward the values-based consensus, which is a necessary prerequisite for any future negotiation of binding norms, just as it was with the space constitution, the Outer Space Treaty. The delegation of Ukraine cannot fail to note that these issues have a special dimension for our country as a state that has been fighting unprovoked illegal armed aggression for the 5th year in a row, we realize like no other that a stable international legal order is the only alternative to the new— to the law of force, sorry. This applies to both terrestrial and cosmic dimensions. That is why Ukraine consistently supports the strengthening of universal space governance mechanisms and considers COPUOS and its subcommittees indispensable forums for achieving this goal. I thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair [2:00:00]: I thank the delegation of Ukraine for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of Panama. Panama [2:00:10]: Thank you very much, Chair. We align ourselves with the statement delivered by the G77 and in our national capacity wish to make the following comments. Further developing the issues considered within the committee and its subcommittees highlight the need to continue strengthening its role and working methodology in order to ensure an effective response to current challenges in terms of governance of space activities. We acknowledge the need to enhance enhance the efficiency of the committee's working methods, in particular in a context of operational constraints. However, any adjustment that is made must preserve the inclusive, transparent, and consensus-based nature that has historically been the hallmark of the work of COPUS. In this regard, my delegation underscores the need to ensure that measures geared towards generating efficiencies do not lead to a reduction of the effective participation of states. We equally attach relevance to the need to promote greater coordination between the Legal Subcommittee and the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee in order to ensure that technical developments are coherently reflected in our legal analysis. Processes and that there is no encroachment of material. The structured organization of our work could be promoted in order to contribute towards enhancing the effectiveness of our working methodology without undermining the inclusive nature of our work. Balanced— rebalancing of the work of the committee is essential in order to ensure that the work within the committee and its subcommittees continue to play a central and representative and effective role. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [2:02:21]: I thank the delegation of Panama for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of the United Kingdom. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [2:02:29]: Chair, please allow me to present the views of the United Kingdom on the future role and method of the work of the Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space and its legal subcommittee. The United Kingdom has long championed the sustainability, security, and safety of outer space, and we firmly believe that both the committee and the LSE remain central to ensuring peaceful and sustainable use of the space environment. A clear and complementary distinction continues to exist between discussions held in Geneva and those held here in Vienna. The dual-use nature of many space systems makes it essential that these conversations remain distinct but mutually reinforcing. We encourage all states to engage with the Open-Ended Working Group on the Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space in Geneva to ensure a more open, inclusive, and integrated conversation. Second, we are pleased to note the continued diversity of observers present across COPUS and its subcommittees. Space sustainability is a shared responsibility that requires engagement from government, industry, and the scientific community. We therefore encourage delegations to include non-governmental actors throughout the COPUS cycle. For this session, the United Kingdom is joined by colleagues colleagues from The Open University. The UK also includes industry experts among its members of the Expert Group on Space Situational Awareness. We welcome the establishment of the Space Situational Awareness Expert Group and express our thanks to the United Arab Emirates and Ms. Fatima Salam Al-Shamsi for her leadership. We are similarly eager to see continued progress under the Action team on lunar activities consultation, and we extend our appreciation to Ms. Ulpia Bozzizzatto and Mr. Hassan Abbas for their contributions. Finally, our collective efforts are only just beginning. We hope that our future work remains rooted in practical, open, informal, and expert-driven dialogue. The United Kingdom will continue to be an active and constructive participant in the LSC and committed to support UNICEF's vital work. Thank you, Chair, and thank you to all participants in this session. COPUOS · Chair [2:05:44]: I thank the delegation of the United Kingdom for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of Canada. Canada [2:05:52]: Distinguished Chairperson, distinguished delegates, we would like to thank the Secretariat for their ongoing efforts to move forward with the important work of this committee and its subcommittees against the backdrop of the liquidity crisis. In spite of the situation, the committee continues to grow. We see this as a positive development and an important proof of the importance of its work. In order to ensure the effective completion of this session, we would like to propose some measures to save time, such as shorter speaking times, so as to allow all states to speak with interpretation and also the broadcasting online of our plenary sessions— plenary meetings. Our work should prioritize the work of the experts and working groups. They have a clear mandate and we need to devote more time to them, including informal meetings with interpretation to the that end, the agenda needs to be restructured. The LSC has a number of issues on its agenda that have been curtailed, but more can be done. For example, the issue on satellites is closely linked to space traffic management and can be tied in with Article 12. The LSC has decided to hold meetings of the committee— the working group on the delimitation of outer space every 12 years. So we could have 7A included on the agenda for 12 years. The same could apply to item 11. This would save time. Additionally, 7B on the characteristics and use of the geostationary orbit doesn't have a working group anymore. The exchanges here have become obsolete. The states are reiterating the same positions time and time again, so 7B should be deleted from the LSE's agenda. By reducing the number of agenda items for each session, we should use the time for substantive discussions. The act of— the current practice of having 2 days for the report is not sustainable. The format of the report should just be a list of decisions rather than reiterating positions expressed during the session. It's always possible for member states, universities, and the public to consult and examine the positions of states because these are published. The report is not necessary for this. If we were to do this, we would reduce the time devoted to drafting the report and we could have more time for substantive discussions. Alongside that, we have budgetary constraints and this means that the COPs must adapt. We think that we need to adjust our methods. methods so as to have a results-based approach. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [2:09:08]: I thank the delegation of Canada for their statement and now give the floor to Egypt on behalf of the African Group. Egypt · Africa Group [2:09:14]: Thank you, Chair. First time I take the floor, so let me commend you again for your able stewardship of, uh, of this session. Mr. Chair, the African Group reaffirms its readiness to engage constructively with the Secretary and all member states in addressing the implications of the current liquidity situation. In this regard, the group looks forward to receiving comprehensive and transparent information on the budgetary situation of the office, including objectives already realized and those envisaged. The Africa Group remains open to considering practical and balanced options to address the implications of the liquidity crisis, including those relating to the duration of the meetings and the length of the final reports of the committee and its subcommittee. However, efficiency must not come at the expense of inclusivity or substance. The group stresses that its core positions, particularly those relating to Sustainable Development Goals and Space 2030 Agenda, must continue to be fully, accurately, and transparently reflected in all official reports. The development agenda and priorities of developing countries have never been the source of procedural delays in negotiations of a political or controversial nature. At the same time, the group underscores that any measures adopted to address financial constraints must not adversely affect programs and activities that support African countries, particularly those aimed at strengthening capacity, access, and meaningful participation in space activities. Mr. Chair, the group reiterates the importance of retaining and consolidating the agenda items related to space for sustainable development within the committee and relevant agenda items within this subcommittee and the other subcommittee without alteration. The development dimension remains central to the mandates of this committee and the work of the office. The group reiterates that any consideration of the future role, priorities, or working methods of the committee and its subcommittees must remain fully consistent with the rules of procedures of the United Nations General Assembly and must preserve the intergovernmental nature of this body. The African Group recalls that the annual resolution adopted by the General Assembly on international cooperation and peaceful uses of outer space, most recently Resolution 80/76, provides a mandate for the work of this committee. International cooperation remains a guiding principle of our deliberations and must be pursued with due regard for the interests, priorities, and specific needs needs of developing countries, including those in Africa. The group further emphasized that its principal position must be duly reflected in all documents issued by the Committee and the Subcommittee and their working groups. The group notes the growing importance of operational coordination in space activities. However, the African Group stresses that such efforts must not marginalize the development aspect nor widen the existing gaps in access to space capabilities and benefits. The group recalls the foundational legal framework governing outer space activities, notably the Outer Space Treaty and the United Nations Declaration on the International Cooperation in Outer Space of 1996, and affirmed that those instruments remain fully applicable. In this spirit, the African Group reaffirms the principles of equality, non-discrimination, non-appropriation, peaceful use of outer space, space, and equitable benefit sharing, with particular consideration for the needs and priorities of developing countries, including African countries. The present juncture should be seized as an opportunity to consolidate these principles in practice by strengthening international cooperation, expand access to space science and technology, and ensure that benefits of space activities are shared fairly and inclusively for the advancement of all humankind. Thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair [2:12:53]: I thank the delegation of Egypt for their statement, and now give the floor to the delegation of China. China [2:13:00]: Chair, currently rapid development of space science and technology and diversification of space activities bring both opportunities and challenges to international cooperation and governance in outer space. China firmly supports the central role of COPUOS and its legal subcommittee, which Institute, the main platform for rulemaking for international cooperation and global governance for peaceful uses of outer space, so as to improve the legal regime governing outer space and build a global space governance system which is more fair and inclusive. China aligns itself with the statement by India on behalf of G77 and China on future role and working methods of the Committee, and I would like to share the following. First, preserve COPUSS' key role. China always believes that COPUSS and its Legal Subcommittee provide the main platform for rulemaking and international cooperation in outer space. This role should be preserved and further strengthened so as to avoid fragmentation space governance and space rules. COPUSS and other UN bodies, mechanisms, and processes should deal with space-related matters in accordance with their mandate and division of labor, and it is also necessary for them to strengthen coordination. Non-governmental processes could complement COPUOS work, but should not interfere with its normal activities. Second, actively address new challenges. Currently, with low Earth orbit megaconstellations in the trend, and with the rapid deployment of a huge number of satellites there, the risk of close approach has increased, impacting also launching and astronomy observation. Most countries have already noted the challenges posed by these issues to space governance. COPUS has an excellent tradition of keeping pace with the times and responding to new challenges. China supports more attention by COPUS to such new challenges so as to more vigorously advance governance in outer space. Third, strengthen and international cooperation and capacity building, we would suggest fully leverage the role of regional centers and strengthen synergy among regional centers. The needs of emerging spacefaring nations and developing countries should be fully taken into account. Recent remarkable achievement of the private sector in outer space is evident to all, and commercial space entities should therefore play an active role in capacity building. Fourth, improve COPUSS working methods. China supports better interaction between the Legal Subcommittee and STSC so as to tap into the synergy between legal and technical experts for space governance. China also supports a streamlining agenda of the Legal Subcommittee by consolidating items so as to drive efficiency. Finally, China takes this opportunity to once again thank UNWUSA for its huge efforts to facilitate the work of COPUS and its 2 subcommittees. We are ready to continue to work with all parties to further strengthen the role of COPUS. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [2:16:48]: I thank the delegation of China for their statement and now give the floor to the delegation of Indonesia. Indonesia [2:16:57]: Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, colleagues, Indonesia firstly would like to appreciate the Secretariat's efforts to manage resources prudently amid the current challenges that we face. Indonesia supports prudent management of the ongoing UN liquidity crisis but stresses that it must not be used to justify weakening the effectiveness of key bodies such as COPUS. Any fiscal measures or budgetary adjustment within COPUS must not result in limiting capacity building, technical assistance, or programs that are specifically designed to deliver tangible benefits for developing countries. Indonesia reaffirms that COPUS remains an essential forum for facilitating discussions on relevant agenda items related to capacity building, space for sustainable development, the mitigation of space debris, and emerging legal issues relating to space sustainability, resource activities, and equitable access, so as to ensure that the benefits of space activities are shared by all. From this perspective, Indonesia urges the committee to consider first strengthening its methods of work through enhanced multi-stakeholder engagement, including greater involvement of developing states and non-governmental experts. 2, prioritize initiatives that bridge the digital divide and the space divide, including through technology transfer, training programs, and knowledge-sharing platforms. And 3, maintain robust working group structures that enable the committees to address priority legal issues in a substantive, inclusive, and effective manner. Indonesia stands ready to engage in discussions on possible means to address current challenges without undermining the important work of COPUSS and its subcommittees, particularly for the benefit of developing countries. Preserving COPUSS's pivotal role remains essential to realizing the promise of the Outer Space Treaty that space activities should be carried out for the benefit of all humanity, particularly those nations striving to participate fully. I thank you. COPUOS · Chair [2:18:54]: I thank the delegation of Indonesia for their statement. I now give the floor to the Republic of Korea. Republic of Korea [2:19:01]: Thank you, Chair. The Republic of Korea would like to take this opportunity to express its sincere appreciation to the co-chairs of the ATLAS for their distinguished leadership and indeed to UNOSA for its unwavering support. As an active contributor to ATLAS, the Republic of Korea delivered a technical presentation at an intersessional meeting last year. Furthermore, we submitted a written contribution following the recent Scientific and Technical Subcommittee. Based on our operational experience, we have consistently underscored the importance of safe lunar orbiter operations and responsible end-of-mission disposal. Furthermore, as we prepare for future lunar landing missions, we emphasize the need to address key challenges. These include our limited understanding of the lunar environment, the prevention of harmful interference on the lunar surface, and the enhancement of interoperability among related systems and infrastructure. We trust this session will foster a broader common understanding of these issues and encourage ATLAS to initiate its consideration of practical and pragmatic mechanisms to address them. Furthermore, the Republic of Korea expresses concern regarding the implications of the current liquidity crisis for the operating budget of the United Nations and the subsequent constraints this places on the activities requested by member states. To ensure the sustainable and effective operation of the committee and its subcommittees, Even despite these financial challenges, it would be timely to consider measures to even further enhance the efficiency of the committee. These measures could include further streamlining of documents and strict adherence to the reduced limits for speaking time. We would like to take this chance to reaffirm that the Republic of Korea will continue to engage actively and constructively in the meaningful work of the committee and its subcommittee. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [2:21:11]: I thank the Republic of Korea for their statement and now give the floor to the Netherlands. Netherlands (Kingdom of the) [2:21:19]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, COPUOS and its subcommittees remain crucial in international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space. My government values values the discussions within the Legal Subcommittee and would appreciate a 2-week session, while understanding the adjustments required at this session due to the current liquidity crisis. We hope that the measures taken for this year's session will be temporary and that we may resume our normal schedule as soon as possible. In particular, the compression of our work has produced a schedule that is not conducive to The non-stop scheduling of our meetings makes it hard to find the time to actually talk to colleagues, to foster understanding, to find rapprochement. Thus, there is no time to consider the ideas of others and to subsequently support them or develop them further, especially for small delegations such as mine. And I will not even mention having lunch. That has become an illusion. If the solution is to get— not to get more time, we need to create it by addressing how we spend our time. In view of spending our time wisely, I would recall my government's statement of last year. We would support the removal of Item 7 on the character and utilization of the geostationary orbit, and potentially also Item 7 on the definition and the limitation of outer space. And we would propose the consolidation of the agenda items that are closely interconnected, in particular the agenda items concerning space traffic management, space debris mitigation and remediation, and small satellites, as these issues are inter— all interlinked to the safe and sustainable use of outer space. And although we see the benefit of having 2 distinct agenda items, we could also consider merging items 5 and 10. Another issue I wish to recall is a more action-oriented approach to reporting, reflecting agreed actions and outcomes. In the present times where achieving consensus sometimes seems to depend on the use of a single word, the goals of this subcommittee could be achieved through reporting on our decision and plans rather than our discussions. We should agree on what we do, not on what we say. What is being said will be published by by the Secretariat so helpfully through the publication of the statements of the delegations made in the room. Finally, Mr. Chair, the Kingdom of the Netherlands attaches great importance to the participation of observers, including non-governmental organizations, representatives of industry, and academia. These stakeholders bring essential expertise and diverse perspectives. Their input ensures that we discuss what matters and that we remain relevant. Without their engagement, we risk losing both depth and practical relevance. Also, my delegation does not support efforts to force other stakeholders to provide their input through the member states. They have an independent voice that should be heard independently. For this reason, my delegation strongly supports their continued participation And we would therefore encourage the subcommittee to facilitate their involvement to the greatest extent possible. Thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair [2:24:43]: As a footnote, I think having lunch in any UN meeting that is filled with sessions is an illusion we all share. In any case, thank you for your intervention to the Netherlands. And now I give the floor to the delegation of France. France [2:24:59]: Thank you, Chairperson. Distinguished delegates, France actively supports the work of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and that of its subcommittees. We believe that our working methods must be such that they allow for fruitful, respectful, and equitable discussions. Against the backdrop of the liquidity crisis faced by the United Nations as a whole, we welcome the innovative solutions proposed by the Office of Outer Space Affairs to rationalize the agenda and change the speaking time. We encourage continued efforts to preserve high-quality discussions in a constrained format and avoiding duplication. Against that backdrop, we reiterate our strong attachment to multilingualism and the equality of all— equality of status of all working languages. This is essential to the high caliber of our exchanges and to transparency. We insist on the need to continue to have interpretation for all plenary meetings. The duration of the technical presentations could be reduced so as to allow delegates and speakers to have a proper exchange of views following the technical presentations. We support the organization of Unispace 4 so as to create political momentum in order to respond to the challenges faced by the international space community. The committee should play a key role in this process. Our work needs new guidance that will give new impetus to strengthening the safety of space activities over the coming years in the following areas notably. Firstly, space traffic management, which is necessary in view of the increased risk of collision due to the unprecedented growth in the orbital population. Against a backdrop of constrained financial and technological resources and in view of the urgency of the situation, we need to improve the coordination of existing systems of SSA, Space Situational Awareness, and space operators. Secondly, the prevention, or rather mitigation, of space debris. We should slow down the generation of new space debris and strengthen the responsibility of states for sustainable management of their space activities. Thirdly, the use and exploration of space resources in line with international law in a sustainable way, in a reasonable way, and peacefully via the priority— prioritization of activities for scientific purposes and the sharing of scientific results and outcomes. By way of conclusion, this delegation supports coordination between the 2 subcommittees and their working groups in addressing cross-cutting issues which have many aspects in common. COPUOS · Chair [2:28:05]: I thank France for the statement and I give the floor to the delegation of New Zealand. New Zealand [2:28:13]: New Zealand strongly supports the work being led in the Working Group of the Whole. The opportunities for improved agenda management, updated working methods, and shorter reports accurately reflects the reform we need. This work is about focus and effectiveness, not about weakening COPUOS or its subcommittees. The recent adoption of the General Assembly resolution on mandate creation, implementation, and review reinforces the relevance of this work. Across the UN system, member have agreed on the need for clearer mandates, stronger prioritisation, shorter and more user-focused reporting, and working methods that are fit for purpose in a constrained resource environment. These same principles apply here. For New Zealand, this translates into the following: priorities. Agenda items should be reviewed, not rolled over by default. New work should come with clear objectives and an understanding of the workload. Reports should be concise and focused on outcomes, and meeting structures should reflect today's reality, not past practice. For small delegations, the current model makes full participation increasingly difficult. Streamlining the way we work can enhance inclusivity. Chair, we reiterate New Zealand's support for the Working Group of the Whole reform process. The opportunity for improved agenda management, updated working methods, and shorter, user-focused reporting accurately reflect the reform we need. And without progress in this direction, sustaining current working practices will become increasingly difficult. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [2:30:39]: I thank the delegate El Salvador [2:30:40]: Thank you very much, Chair. The delegation of El Salvador welcomes the inclusion of this item at this current session and welcomes the ongoing debate regarding the working methods within the committee led by the distinguished representative of India in his capacity as Chair of the Working Group. Thank you very much, Chair. Working group of the whole. My country is taking the floor in a constructive frame of mind and with full readiness for dialogue. We acknowledge the importance for sustained support for UNOSA against the backdrop of the current liquidity crisis which jeopardizes the capacity of the office to fulfill its mandate, including the central role that it plays as the Secretariat of COPUOS. For our delegation, any reform is to be guided by principles that are analogous to efficiency, transparency, and inclusivity. If not, the result will lead to ultimately a less representative committee. Reducing the number of periods under the formal sessions is already a reality that has been imposed as a result of current budgetary constraints. The true challenge lies in how to to best organize available time both formally and informally in as efficient and inclusive a manner as possible. Thus, my delegation welcomes the organizational model that has been proposed for this current session given the current context that we are in. However, we restate that all substantive decisions are to be adopted in strictly formal sessions with full access to interpretation services. Furthermore, the substantial work of the working groups must equally be one of the priorities when it comes to the distribution of meeting times. This reduction inevitably will lead to a review of the structure and organization of the agenda. Our delegation is open to taking a pragmatic view of all proposals that will lead to reasonable solutions, the need to preserve those items on the agenda that are related to capacity building and international cooperation, which are of particular relevance for our country and which are a key component of this committee's work. Turning to the final reports, we insist that they are excessive in their current length and that the time set aside for their negotiation takes away valuable time from substantial Therefore, we support their simplification as well as their shortening. We must find a right point of balance that will, in addition, take into account the current context of debates and serve to preserve in some form the positions of member states that are part of the negotiating heritage of this committee. Chair El Salvador underscores the need to preserve consensus within the reports of the committee and its subcommittees as a prerequisite in order to make further progress in matters related to the peaceful uses of outer space for the collective benefit of all states. Thank you very much, Chair. COPUOS · Chair [2:33:49]: I thank the delegation of El Salvador for her statement, and I now give the floor to the delegation of South Africa. South Africa [2:33:56]: Chairperson, in considering the future role of this subcommittee, South Africa is of the view that its work should remain anchored in its core mandate, namely the development, clarification, and strengthening of international legal frameworks governing the peaceful uses of outer space. The subcommittee must continue to engage in emerging issues, including the legal implication of mega constellation and increased orbital congestion, including equitable access to geostationary orbit, space traffic management, and the long-term sustainability of outer space activities, equitable benefit sharing derived from outer space activities, the evolving role of private sector actors in space activity. South Africa believes that the subcommittee should play a central role in fostering common understanding and facilitating consensus on the complex matters, and that the evolving legal framework promotes equitable access to and the fair sharing of benefits derived from outer space activities for the benefit of all countries, taking into account the particular needs of developing countries. Chair, regarding methods of South Africa supports focused and well-structured agenda items, continued use of working groups and expert discussions, and close coordination between the Legal Subcommittee and Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on cross-cutting issues. We also support informal consultations, intersessional work, and knowledge sharing initiatives that can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the subcommittee. Chair, South Africa also emphasizes the importance of inclusivity and equitable participation in the work of the subcommittee. It is important to ensure that such participation is meaningful and not merely formal, including through processes and timelines that enable adequate analysis and consideration inputs— considered inputs, particularly in the view of resource constraints and the challenges many developing countries face in keeping pace with the rapidly evolving space sector and the technical and legal discussions underway. As part of improving the subcommittee's methods of work, adequate attention should be given to capacity building as a practical means of enabling meaningful and informed participation. Chair, in conclusion, South Africa affirms its commitment to the work of the Legal Subcommittee and to the continued strengthening of the international legal regime governing outer space. We remain confident that through constructive dialogue and inclusive multilateral cooperation. This subcommittee will continue to play a vital role in shaping the future of space governance. I thank you. COPUOS · Chair [2:37:18]: I thank the delegation of South Africa for their statement and now give the floor to the final speaker on our list, which is the delegation of Argentina. Argentina [2:37:28]: Thank you very much, Chair. We thank the Director of UNOSA for the efforts that have been made in order to ensure the organization of this committee's meetings and the efforts of the team despite the limited resources made available. We equally thank the office for its efforts in terms of capacity building, organizing various types of inclusive workshops, including with input from the private commercial sector activities which support the further progression of space activities. Chair, My delegation wishes to restate the relevance of COPUOS as a multilateral forum, as well as of COPUOS's work in upholding the peaceful uses of outer space. Over the years, we have proposed and supported various initiatives in order to suggest modifications to its functioning to ensure greater efficiency and effectiveness to its work in light of the use of meeting time. Nevertheless, We wish to highlight that the statements made by member states and observer organizations during the item on the exchange of views makes it possible to become acquainted with further developments and novelties in this area, in the development of space activities, or expressing positions on agenda items. Therefore, we have always supported the proposal to reduce the speaking time limits as long as there is the possibility of uploading Thank you very much. Thank you, Mr. President. We are also uploading the extensive written versions online. Chair and distinguished delegations, we shall continue looking into alternatives so that the debates and times allocated to the working groups are held within the sessions and not outside of our sessions. And while informal meetings allow for opportunities to further progress in negotiations, we would warn regarding the negative impact that this can have on multilateral negotiation on the important issues on the agenda which involve all our nations with a view to the future in space and in particular for developing countries. And therefore, on some occasions, certain meetings overlap with other activities or events which prevents smaller delegations from being able to participate in them, which was said earlier by the delegation of the Netherlands. We express our concern regarding limitations the limited interpretation services provided, the bedrock of multilingualism, given that this service is a tool for inclusive debate within the United Nations. Chair, turning to the agenda items and the manner in which they were reflected in the reports of the debates that have taken place, the need to curtail the length of the report should not undermine appropriate follow-up to these reports or any curtailment of the visions that have been expressed We note with appreciation the work that is underway within ATLAC and trust that with the participation and contributions made by the ATLAC members, observers, and specialists with technical experience, it will be possible to design an appropriate mechanism for coordination and communication of the comprehensive information regarding lunar activities. This mechanism should, inter alia, include information regarding the nature, development, locations, duration and results of these activities. In turn, providing for early communication channels both during and after activities underway, both for states as well as for non-governmental entities as authorized. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair [2:40:51]: I thank the delegation of Argentina. As stated previously, this was the last speaker on our list for this afternoon. Tomorrow morning we will continue and suspend our consideration of this agenda item, agenda item 8, future role and method of work of the committee, pending deliberations by ATLAS. Distinguished delegates, I will shortly adjourn this meeting so that the Working Group on the Status and Application of the 5 United Nations Treaties on outer space can hold its second meeting. Before doing so, I would like to inform delegates of our schedule of work for tomorrow morning. We will meet promptly at 10:00 a.m. and we'll continue with our consideration of agenda item 4, general exchange of views. We will continue and suspend our consideration of agenda item Item 8, pending deliberations by ATAC. We will also begin and suspend our consideration of agenda item 9, general exchange of views on potential legal models for activities in the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources, pending discussion in the Working Group. Time permitting, we will begin our consideration of Agenda Item 10, General Exchange of Information and Views on Legal Mechanisms Relating to Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation Measures, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee. Thank you. We will then adjourn the plenary tomorrow morning so that the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities can hold its second meeting. I would also like to inform delegates that tomorrow morning an informal consultation of the Working Group on the Status and Application of the 5 United Nations Treaties on Outer Space outer space will be held from 9:00 AM to 10:00 AM in Conference Room CR7 on the 7th floor. These informal consultations are open for participation through MS Teams with a virtual link connection made available to all representatives of COP The MS Teams link is available on the Information Circular OOSA/2026/23 dispatched on the 25th of March, 2026. The schedule of consultations is available on the webpage of the session. I have also been informed that there are no side events scheduled for this evening or for tomorrow morning. Thank you. After this overview, and if there are no requests for the floor, I would now like to give the floor to the Secretariat for an announcement. UNOSA · Secretariat [2:44:16]: Thank you, Chair. There is an announcement from the Chair and the Vice Chair of the Working Group on the Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities. The chair and the vice chair of this working group would like to inform the Legal Subcommittee that a consolidated preamble to the set of initial recommended principles on space resource activities will be uploaded on the dedicated website of the working group this evening and will be discussed during the formal meeting of this working group tomorrow morning. Thank you very much, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair [2:44:58]: Gracias. Thank you very much. I would now like to invite Ms. Franziska Knorr, Chair of the Working Group on the Status and Application of the 5 United Nations Treaties on Outer Space, to the podium so that the Working Group can hold its 2nd meeting. And with that, this meeting is adjourned.