{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1ymvnvcxk","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/en/asset/k1y/k1ymvnvcxk.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k1y/k1ymvnvcxk","kaltura_id":"1_ymvnvcxk","title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, 63rd session, 1047th meeting","clean_title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, 63rd session, 1047th meeting","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1ymvnvcxk","date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2026-02-11T09:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"04:24:22","category":"General Assembly","body":"General Assembly","event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":"63rd session","pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k1y/k1ymvnvcxk"},"metadata":{"summary":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, 63rd session","description":null,"categories":["Meetings & Events","General Assembly","Subsidiary organs of the General Assembly","Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space"],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":[],"corporate_name":[],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[{"title":"Website","url":"https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/stsc/2026/index.html"}]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"azure-llm-speech-1f1a09d6-e4c7-4d77-9d38-e1e1ad5bb418","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":1376.95,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1y/k1ymvnvcxk?t=1377","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good morning, distinguished delegates.","start":1376.95,"end":1379.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":1376.95,"end":1377.11},{"text":"morning,","start":1377.11,"end":1377.59},{"text":"distinguished","start":1378.07,"end":1378.79},{"text":"delegates.","start":1378.87,"end":1379.47}]},{"text":"I now declare open the 1047th meeting of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer 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delegates, In line with the agreement endorsed by the Committee at its 68th session in June, this meeting of the Subcommittee will be fully dedicated to the technical presentations on item 6 on the Space debris and item 11 on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities.","start":1392.31,"end":1416.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":1392.31,"end":1392.91},{"text":"delegates,","start":1393.19,"end":1393.79},{"text":"In","start":1395.91,"end":1396.11},{"text":"line","start":1396.11,"end":1396.23},{"text":"with","start":1396.23,"end":1396.39},{"text":"the","start":1396.39,"end":1396.47},{"text":"agreement","start":1396.47,"end":1397.03},{"text":"endorsed","start":1397.03,"end":1397.67},{"text":"by","start":1397.75,"end":1398.07},{"text":"the","start":1398.07,"end":1398.31},{"text":"Committee","start":1398.31,"end":1398.87},{"text":"at","start":1399.19,"end":1399.43},{"text":"its","start":1399.43,"end":1399.67},{"text":"68th","start":1399.99,"end":1400.63},{"text":"session","start":1400.63,"end":1401.19},{"text":"in","start":1401.19,"end":1401.27},{"text":"June,","start":1401.27,"end":1401.67},{"text":"this","start":1401.99,"end":1402.23},{"text":"meeting","start":1402.23,"end":1402.55},{"text":"of","start":1402.55,"end":1402.75},{"text":"the","start":1402.75,"end":1402.87},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":1402.87,"end":1403.43},{"text":"will","start":1403.43,"end":1403.59},{"text":"be","start":1403.59,"end":1403.99},{"text":"fully","start":1404.15,"end":1404.51},{"text":"dedicated","start":1404.51,"end":1405.23},{"text":"to","start":1405.23,"end":1405.31},{"text":"the","start":1405.31,"end":1405.43},{"text":"technical","start":1405.67,"end":1406.15},{"text":"presentations","start":1406.15,"end":1406.87},{"text":"on","start":1407.27,"end":1407.43},{"text":"item","start":1407.43,"end":1407.67},{"text":"6","start":1407.67,"end":1407.99},{"text":"on","start":1408.23,"end":1408.35},{"text":"the","start":1408.35,"end":1408.43},{"text":"Space","start":1408.43,"end":1408.79},{"text":"debris","start":1408.79,"end":1409.27},{"text":"and","start":1410.55,"end":1410.87},{"text":"item","start":1410.87,"end":1411.27},{"text":"11","start":1411.43,"end":1412.07},{"text":"on","start":1412.07,"end":1412.31},{"text":"the","start":1412.31,"end":1412.55},{"text":"long-term","start":1412.79,"end":1413.51},{"text":"sustainability","start":1413.83,"end":1414.71},{"text":"of","start":1414.71,"end":1414.95},{"text":"outer","start":1415.03,"end":1415.27},{"text":"space","start":1415.27,"end":1415.59},{"text":"activities.","start":1415.67,"end":1416.31}]},{"text":"There will be 13 technical presentations this morning.","start":1418.23,"end":1421.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"There","start":1418.23,"end":1418.51},{"text":"will","start":1418.55,"end":1418.71},{"text":"be","start":1418.71,"end":1418.79},{"text":"13","start":1418.79,"end":1419.03},{"text":"technical","start":1419.03,"end":1419.51},{"text":"presentations","start":1419.51,"end":1420.23},{"text":"this","start":1420.31,"end":1420.55},{"text":"morning.","start":1420.55,"end":1421.03}]},{"text":"delegates are reminded that the full schedule of technical presentations is available on the session webpage.","start":1422.11,"end":1427.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"delegates","start":1422.11,"end":1422.67},{"text":"are","start":1422.67,"end":1422.95},{"text":"reminded","start":1423.39,"end":1423.83},{"text":"that","start":1423.83,"end":1423.95},{"text":"the","start":1423.95,"end":1424.19},{"text":"full","start":1424.19,"end":1424.35},{"text":"schedule","start":1424.35,"end":1424.71},{"text":"of","start":1424.71,"end":1424.83},{"text":"technical","start":1424.83,"end":1425.19},{"text":"presentations","start":1425.19,"end":1425.83},{"text":"is","start":1425.83,"end":1425.99},{"text":"available","start":1425.99,"end":1426.47},{"text":"on","start":1426.47,"end":1426.63},{"text":"the","start":1426.63,"end":1426.75},{"text":"session","start":1426.75,"end":1427.15},{"text":"webpage.","start":1427.19,"end":1427.79}]},{"text":"Once the technical presentations have concluded, we will suspend the plenary meeting so that the working group on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities can hold its third meeting.","start":1431.71,"end":1442.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Once","start":1431.71,"end":1432.03},{"text":"the","start":1432.03,"end":1432.27},{"text":"technical","start":1432.27,"end":1432.59},{"text":"presentations","start":1432.59,"end":1433.23},{"text":"have","start":1433.23,"end":1433.43},{"text":"concluded,","start":1433.43,"end":1433.95},{"text":"we","start":1434.35,"end":1434.51},{"text":"will","start":1434.51,"end":1434.67},{"text":"suspend","start":1434.67,"end":1435.19},{"text":"the","start":1435.19,"end":1435.31},{"text":"plenary","start":1435.31,"end":1435.79},{"text":"meeting","start":1435.79,"end":1436.27},{"text":"so","start":1436.43,"end":1436.67},{"text":"that","start":1436.67,"end":1436.83},{"text":"the","start":1436.83,"end":1436.95},{"text":"working","start":1436.95,"end":1437.19},{"text":"group","start":1437.19,"end":1437.35},{"text":"on","start":1437.35,"end":1437.47},{"text":"the","start":1437.47,"end":1437.55},{"text":"long-term","start":1437.55,"end":1438.27},{"text":"sustainability","start":1438.51,"end":1439.23},{"text":"of","start":1439.23,"end":1439.39},{"text":"outer","start":1439.39,"end":1439.71},{"text":"space","start":1439.71,"end":1440.03},{"text":"activities","start":1440.03,"end":1440.51},{"text":"can","start":1440.75,"end":1440.99},{"text":"hold","start":1440.99,"end":1441.23},{"text":"its","start":1441.23,"end":1441.39},{"text":"third","start":1441.63,"end":1441.87},{"text":"meeting.","start":1441.87,"end":1442.27}]},{"text":"Are there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule?","start":1444.43,"end":1447.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Are","start":1444.43,"end":1444.59},{"text":"there","start":1444.59,"end":1444.79},{"text":"any","start":1444.79,"end":1444.95},{"text":"questions","start":1444.95,"end":1445.47},{"text":"or","start":1445.47,"end":1445.67},{"text":"comments","start":1445.67,"end":1446.19},{"text":"on","start":1446.19,"end":1446.39},{"text":"this","start":1446.39,"end":1446.59},{"text":"proposed","start":1446.67,"end":1447.07},{"text":"schedule?","start":1447.07,"end":1447.55}]},{"text":"I see none.","start":1450.11,"end":1450.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1450.11,"end":1450.27},{"text":"see","start":1450.27,"end":1450.51},{"text":"none.","start":1450.51,"end":1450.83}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, I will now turn to proceed with the dedicated technical presentations.","start":1452.47,"end":1459.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":1452.47,"end":1453.19},{"text":"delegates,","start":1453.35,"end":1453.91},{"text":"I","start":1454.63,"end":1454.67},{"text":"will","start":1454.67,"end":1454.79},{"text":"now","start":1454.79,"end":1455.03},{"text":"turn","start":1455.03,"end":1455.51},{"text":"to","start":1455.51,"end":1456.23},{"text":"proceed","start":1456.23,"end":1456.71},{"text":"with","start":1456.71,"end":1456.91},{"text":"the","start":1456.91,"end":1457.11},{"text":"dedicated","start":1457.27,"end":1457.91},{"text":"technical","start":1458.35,"end":1458.71},{"text":"presentations.","start":1458.71,"end":1459.51}]},{"text":"We have four technical presentations under item six on the space debris and eight technical presentations under item 11 on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities.","start":1460.55,"end":1471.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1460.55,"end":1460.71},{"text":"have","start":1460.71,"end":1460.83},{"text":"four","start":1460.83,"end":1461.07},{"text":"technical","start":1461.07,"end":1461.39},{"text":"presentations","start":1461.39,"end":1462.07},{"text":"under","start":1462.07,"end":1462.39},{"text":"item","start":1462.55,"end":1462.79},{"text":"six","start":1462.79,"end":1463.11},{"text":"on","start":1463.11,"end":1463.27},{"text":"the","start":1463.27,"end":1463.43},{"text":"space","start":1463.43,"end":1463.79},{"text":"debris","start":1463.79,"end":1464.31},{"text":"and","start":1464.79,"end":1465.11},{"text":"eight","start":1465.11,"end":1465.35},{"text":"technical","start":1465.35,"end":1465.67},{"text":"presentations","start":1465.67,"end":1466.31},{"text":"under","start":1466.31,"end":1466.55},{"text":"item","start":1466.55,"end":1466.87},{"text":"11","start":1466.87,"end":1467.43},{"text":"on","start":1467.83,"end":1467.95},{"text":"the","start":1467.95,"end":1468.15},{"text":"long-term","start":1468.15,"end":1468.71},{"text":"sustainability","start":1468.71,"end":1469.43},{"text":"of","start":1469.67,"end":1469.91},{"text":"outer","start":1470.15,"end":1470.43},{"text":"space","start":1470.43,"end":1470.79},{"text":"activities.","start":1470.79,"end":1471.43}]},{"text":"Exceptionally, we have one presentation under item seven.","start":1472.31,"end":1475.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Exceptionally,","start":1472.31,"end":1473.03},{"text":"we","start":1473.03,"end":1473.27},{"text":"have","start":1473.27,"end":1473.51},{"text":"one","start":1473.59,"end":1473.83},{"text":"presentation","start":1473.83,"end":1474.47},{"text":"under","start":1474.47,"end":1474.71},{"text":"item","start":1474.71,"end":1474.95},{"text":"seven.","start":1474.95,"end":1475.43}]},{"text":"on space system based asset management support, which was originally scheduled for yesterday.","start":1476.31,"end":1481.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"on","start":1476.31,"end":1476.47},{"text":"space","start":1476.47,"end":1476.87},{"text":"system","start":1476.87,"end":1477.23},{"text":"based","start":1477.23,"end":1477.55},{"text":"asset","start":1477.59,"end":1477.99},{"text":"management","start":1477.99,"end":1478.55},{"text":"support,","start":1478.55,"end":1479.11},{"text":"which","start":1479.31,"end":1479.59},{"text":"was","start":1479.59,"end":1479.83},{"text":"originally","start":1479.83,"end":1480.31},{"text":"scheduled","start":1480.31,"end":1480.91},{"text":"for","start":1481.03,"end":1481.23},{"text":"yesterday.","start":1481.23,"end":1481.75}]},{"text":"Before I move on to the technical presentation, I'd like to advise all the presenters that if they wish to have interactions with the delegates to the question and answer after presentation, they may wish to finish their presentation few minutes 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first presentation on my list under agenda item six on the space debris is on the Interagency Space Debris Coordination Committee, IADC, role, organization, and outlook by the representative of the United 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Kingdom, the floor is yours.","start":1520.75,"end":1522.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"United","start":1520.75,"end":1521.11},{"text":"Kingdom,","start":1521.11,"end":1521.47},{"text":"the","start":1521.47,"end":1521.55},{"text":"floor","start":1521.55,"end":1521.75},{"text":"is","start":1521.75,"end":1521.87},{"text":"yours.","start":1521.87,"end":1522.11}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":2,"start":1524.19,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1y/k1ymvnvcxk?t=1525","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, distinguished delegates, my name is Mamatha Maheswarappa, head of research and development in the office of the chief engineer at the UK Space 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represent the United Kingdom on the Interagency Space Debris Coordination Committee Steering Group alongside Andrew Ratcliffe, the UK Space Agency's Chief Engineer and the current IADC Chair.","start":1534.15,"end":1547.27,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"A major focus was preventing the creation of new debris through mitigation guidelines, passivation, collision avoidance, shielding, and end-of-life disposal. 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Speakers also discussed remediation-related work and the need for stronger compliance as launch activity and orbital congestion increase."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":1586.99,"end":1587.11},{"text":"we","start":1587.11,"end":1587.23},{"text":"are","start":1587.23,"end":1587.35},{"text":"all","start":1587.35,"end":1587.55},{"text":"aware,","start":1587.55,"end":1587.95},{"text":"the","start":1588.03,"end":1588.27},{"text":"operational","start":1588.27,"end":1588.99},{"text":"space","start":1588.99,"end":1589.31},{"text":"environment","start":1589.31,"end":1589.87},{"text":"is","start":1589.87,"end":1590.03},{"text":"rapidly","start":1590.03,"end":1590.55},{"text":"evolving","start":1590.55,"end":1591.15},{"text":"and","start":1591.15,"end":1591.39},{"text":"is","start":1591.39,"end":1591.55},{"text":"often","start":1591.55,"end":1591.87},{"text":"described","start":1591.87,"end":1592.43},{"text":"as","start":1592.51,"end":1592.75},{"text":"increasingly","start":1592.75,"end":1593.47},{"text":"congested","start":1593.47,"end":1594.11},{"text":"and","start":1594.11,"end":1594.35},{"text":"contested.","start":1594.35,"end":1594.99}]},{"text":"The plot on the right, taken from the annual IADC report on the status of the space debris environment, shows launch activity by funding sources, including civil, defense, and commercial.","start":1595.63,"end":1608.03,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"A major focus was preventing the creation of new debris through mitigation guidelines, passivation, collision avoidance, shielding, and end-of-life disposal. 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you, Chair.","start":2220.75,"end":2221.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2220.75,"end":2220.99},{"text":"you,","start":2220.99,"end":2221.07},{"text":"Chair.","start":2221.07,"end":2221.39}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Mamatha Maheswarappa","affiliation":"GBR","affiliation_full":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","group":null,"function":"Head of Research and Development"}},{"statement_number":3,"start":2223.71,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1y/k1ymvnvcxk?t=2224","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thanks the UK very much for her 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right?","start":2227.55,"end":2233.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":2227.55,"end":2227.79},{"text":"anyone","start":2227.79,"end":2228.11},{"text":"want","start":2228.11,"end":2228.31},{"text":"to","start":2228.31,"end":2228.39},{"text":"contact","start":2228.39,"end":2228.91},{"text":"to","start":2229.23,"end":2229.39},{"text":"the","start":2229.39,"end":2229.47},{"text":"group,","start":2229.47,"end":2229.79},{"text":"she'll","start":2229.99,"end":2230.27},{"text":"be","start":2230.35,"end":2230.63},{"text":"around","start":2230.63,"end":2230.91},{"text":"for","start":2230.91,"end":2231.31},{"text":"half","start":2232.19,"end":2232.51},{"text":"this","start":2232.55,"end":2232.71},{"text":"morning,","start":2232.71,"end":2233.07},{"text":"right?","start":2233.07,"end":2233.31}]},{"text":"And The second presentation on my list is on the near-Earth space observation activities at Ukraine in 2025 by the representative of 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Speakers referred to ongoing observation campaigns, confirmation of new NEO discoveries, and international conferences and exercises focused on impact-threat preparedness."}],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":2390.51,"end":2390.83},{"text":"also","start":2390.83,"end":2391.23},{"text":"worth","start":2391.23,"end":2391.51},{"text":"noting","start":2391.51,"end":2391.95},{"text":"that","start":2391.95,"end":2392.27},{"text":"this","start":2392.27,"end":2392.67},{"text":"year","start":2392.67,"end":2393.07},{"text":"Ukrainian","start":2393.07,"end":2393.71},{"text":"telescopes","start":2393.71,"end":2394.51},{"text":"were","start":2394.51,"end":2394.83},{"text":"able","start":2394.83,"end":2395.07},{"text":"to","start":2395.07,"end":2395.23},{"text":"contribute","start":2395.23,"end":2396.47},{"text":"to","start":2396.47,"end":2396.59},{"text":"the","start":2396.59,"end":2396.71},{"text":"confirmation","start":2396.71,"end":2397.55},{"text":"of","start":2397.55,"end":2397.87},{"text":"over","start":2397.87,"end":2398.43},{"text":"a","start":2398.43,"end":2398.47},{"text":"hundred","start":2398.47,"end":2398.83},{"text":"new","start":2398.83,"end":2399.15},{"text":"NEO","start":2399.15,"end":2399.47},{"text":"discoveries.","start":2399.47,"end":2400.43}]},{"text":"Thus, Ukraine continues to develop its near-Earth space observation capabilities at the same level as in the previous years, despite all the problems associated with ongoing military operations.","start":2402.91,"end":2415.23,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"Several statements addressed tracking and monitoring objects in near-Earth space to support safe operations. 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is my honor today to present the work of our team led by Professor Shovalov on a topic that bridges space science and earthquake 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central goal of our research was to explore whether earthquakes can be localized in space and time along a satellite's ground 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onboard diagnostics relied on electric Langmuir probes and retarding potential ion analyzers.","start":2594.95,"end":2604.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Traditionally,","start":2594.95,"end":2595.91},{"text":"onboard","start":2596.11,"end":2596.75},{"text":"diagnostics","start":2596.75,"end":2597.83},{"text":"relied","start":2598.15,"end":2598.79},{"text":"on","start":2598.79,"end":2598.99},{"text":"electric","start":2598.99,"end":2599.51},{"text":"Langmuir","start":2599.51,"end":2600.79},{"text":"probes","start":2600.79,"end":2601.51},{"text":"and","start":2601.51,"end":2601.95},{"text":"retarding","start":2602.07,"end":2602.71},{"text":"potential","start":2602.71,"end":2603.43},{"text":"ion","start":2603.51,"end":2603.91},{"text":"analyzers.","start":2603.95,"end":2604.95}]},{"text":"which measure the temperature and density of electrons and ions.","start":2605.47,"end":2610.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"which","start":2605.47,"end":2605.83},{"text":"measure","start":2605.83,"end":2606.31},{"text":"the","start":2606.31,"end":2606.47},{"text":"temperature","start":2606.47,"end":2607.23},{"text":"and","start":2607.23,"end":2607.39},{"text":"density","start":2607.39,"end":2607.99},{"text":"of","start":2607.99,"end":2608.23},{"text":"electrons","start":2608.31,"end":2609.11},{"text":"and","start":2609.35,"end":2610.23},{"text":"ions.","start":2610.31,"end":2610.79}]},{"text":"These instruments allowed researchers to identify ionospheric precursors of earthquakes, local disturbances in plasma parameters observed as maxima in temperature and density distributions of charged particles.","start":2611.27,"end":2628.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":2611.27,"end":2611.59},{"text":"instruments","start":2612.07,"end":2613.03},{"text":"allowed","start":2613.15,"end":2613.59},{"text":"researchers","start":2613.59,"end":2614.47},{"text":"to","start":2614.47,"end":2614.79},{"text":"identify","start":2614.79,"end":2615.71},{"text":"ionospheric","start":2615.71,"end":2616.47},{"text":"precursors","start":2616.71,"end":2617.59},{"text":"of","start":2617.71,"end":2617.91},{"text":"earthquakes,","start":2618.03,"end":2618.87},{"text":"local","start":2619.35,"end":2619.91},{"text":"disturbances","start":2619.91,"end":2620.87},{"text":"in","start":2620.87,"end":2621.03},{"text":"plasma","start":2621.03,"end":2621.51},{"text":"parameters","start":2621.51,"end":2622.39},{"text":"observed","start":2622.47,"end":2623.03},{"text":"as","start":2623.03,"end":2623.43},{"text":"maxima","start":2623.59,"end":2624.39},{"text":"in","start":2624.39,"end":2624.55},{"text":"temperature","start":2624.55,"end":2625.35},{"text":"and","start":2625.35,"end":2625.55},{"text":"density","start":2625.55,"end":2626.23},{"text":"distributions","start":2626.47,"end":2627.51},{"text":"of","start":2627.51,"end":2627.75},{"text":"charged","start":2627.75,"end":2628.15},{"text":"particles.","start":2628.15,"end":2628.95}]},{"text":"However, it is important to remember that the ionospheric plasma is a partially ionized gas.","start":2630.07,"end":2637.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":2630.07,"end":2630.87},{"text":"it","start":2630.87,"end":2631.03},{"text":"is","start":2631.03,"end":2631.19},{"text":"important","start":2631.19,"end":2631.79},{"text":"to","start":2631.79,"end":2631.87},{"text":"remember","start":2631.87,"end":2632.63},{"text":"that","start":2632.63,"end":2633.11},{"text":"the","start":2633.19,"end":2633.39},{"text":"ionospheric","start":2633.59,"end":2634.23},{"text":"plasma","start":2634.23,"end":2634.75},{"text":"is","start":2634.95,"end":2635.15},{"text":"a","start":2635.15,"end":2635.19},{"text":"partially","start":2635.19,"end":2635.75},{"text":"ionized","start":2635.75,"end":2637.15},{"text":"gas.","start":2637.19,"end":2637.75}]},{"text":"The density of neutron particles is several orders of magnitude greater than that of charged particles.","start":2638.23,"end":2646.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2638.23,"end":2638.39},{"text":"density","start":2638.39,"end":2639.03},{"text":"of","start":2639.03,"end":2639.27},{"text":"neutron","start":2639.27,"end":2639.67},{"text":"particles","start":2639.67,"end":2640.47},{"text":"is","start":2640.55,"end":2640.79},{"text":"several","start":2640.79,"end":2641.35},{"text":"orders","start":2641.35,"end":2641.83},{"text":"of","start":2641.91,"end":2642.15},{"text":"magnitude","start":2642.23,"end":2642.95},{"text":"greater","start":2642.95,"end":2643.67},{"text":"than","start":2643.67,"end":2644.07},{"text":"that","start":2644.15,"end":2644.63},{"text":"of","start":2644.87,"end":2645.03},{"text":"charged","start":2645.03,"end":2645.47},{"text":"particles.","start":2645.47,"end":2646.19}]},{"text":"This means that to fully understand the ionospheric behavior, plasma monitoring should be complemented with information about neutral particle temperature and density.","start":2647.03,"end":2662.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2647.03,"end":2647.19},{"text":"means","start":2647.19,"end":2647.67},{"text":"that","start":2647.67,"end":2648.47},{"text":"to","start":2648.55,"end":2648.71},{"text":"fully","start":2648.71,"end":2649.11},{"text":"understand","start":2649.27,"end":2650.23},{"text":"the","start":2650.55,"end":2650.67},{"text":"ionospheric","start":2650.79,"end":2651.51},{"text":"behavior,","start":2651.83,"end":2652.71},{"text":"plasma","start":2653.03,"end":2653.59},{"text":"monitoring","start":2653.59,"end":2654.55},{"text":"should","start":2654.95,"end":2655.27},{"text":"be","start":2655.27,"end":2655.51},{"text":"complemented","start":2655.51,"end":2656.55},{"text":"with","start":2656.55,"end":2656.91},{"text":"information","start":2657.11,"end":2657.99},{"text":"about","start":2657.99,"end":2658.55},{"text":"neutral","start":2658.55,"end":2659.11},{"text":"particle","start":2659.27,"end":2659.91},{"text":"temperature","start":2659.99,"end":2660.75},{"text":"and","start":2660.75,"end":2661.11},{"text":"density.","start":2661.35,"end":2662.07}]},{"text":"To address this need, our research team developed a novel satellite instrument, the electric pressure probe.","start":2662.79,"end":2670.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":2662.79,"end":2662.95},{"text":"address","start":2662.95,"end":2663.35},{"text":"this","start":2663.35,"end":2663.67},{"text":"need,","start":2663.67,"end":2664.07},{"text":"our","start":2664.55,"end":2664.83},{"text":"research","start":2664.83,"end":2665.27},{"text":"team","start":2665.27,"end":2665.67},{"text":"developed","start":2665.83,"end":2666.35},{"text":"a","start":2666.47,"end":2666.51},{"text":"novel","start":2666.51,"end":2666.87},{"text":"satellite","start":2666.87,"end":2667.59},{"text":"instrument,","start":2667.59,"end":2668.39},{"text":"the","start":2668.79,"end":2668.99},{"text":"electric","start":2668.99,"end":2669.83},{"text":"pressure","start":2669.83,"end":2670.31},{"text":"probe.","start":2670.31,"end":2670.75}]},{"text":"This device provides direct information on local values of neutral particle temperature and density in the ionospheric plasma, opening new possibilities for earthquake precursor studies and advancing satellite-based plasma 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and density analyzing.","start":2715.27,"end":2727.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Unlike","start":2715.27,"end":2715.67},{"text":"similar","start":2715.67,"end":2716.23},{"text":"satellites,","start":2716.23,"end":2717.75},{"text":"such","start":2717.79,"end":2717.99},{"text":"to","start":2717.99,"end":2718.31},{"text":"provide","start":2718.47,"end":2718.95},{"text":"it","start":2718.95,"end":2719.11},{"text":"simultaneous","start":2719.35,"end":2720.31},{"text":"measurements","start":2720.31,"end":2721.07},{"text":"of","start":2721.07,"end":2721.19},{"text":"both","start":2721.19,"end":2721.51},{"text":"neutral","start":2721.91,"end":2722.39},{"text":"particle","start":2722.39,"end":2723.11},{"text":"and","start":2723.11,"end":2723.39},{"text":"electron","start":2723.39,"end":2723.91},{"text":"temperature","start":2723.91,"end":2724.67},{"text":"and","start":2724.67,"end":2725.11},{"text":"density","start":2725.35,"end":2726.15},{"text":"analyzing.","start":2726.87,"end":2727.75}]},{"text":"Analyzing these results, we were able to expand the set of earthquake precursors.","start":2729.51,"end":2735.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Analyzing","start":2729.51,"end":2730.07},{"text":"these","start":2730.07,"end":2730.39},{"text":"results,","start":2730.39,"end":2731.19},{"text":"we","start":2731.19,"end":2731.43},{"text":"were","start":2731.43,"end":2731.67},{"text":"able","start":2731.67,"end":2732.07},{"text":"to","start":2732.07,"end":2732.23},{"text":"expand","start":2732.23,"end":2732.87},{"text":"the","start":2732.87,"end":2732.95},{"text":"set","start":2732.95,"end":2733.27},{"text":"of","start":2733.27,"end":2733.43},{"text":"earthquake","start":2733.59,"end":2734.15},{"text":"precursors.","start":2734.15,"end":2735.11}]},{"text":"In addition to electron and ion temperature and density, we now include neutral particle temperature and density, the electron energy gain rate, and the electric field strength in the ionospheric 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striking finding emerged.","start":2752.51,"end":2755.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"A","start":2752.51,"end":2752.55},{"text":"striking","start":2753.43,"end":2754.07},{"text":"finding","start":2754.07,"end":2754.67},{"text":"emerged.","start":2754.71,"end":2755.43}]},{"text":"The geographic coordinates of earthquake epicenters coincided with the coordinates of maxima in these precursor parameters along the satellite orbit.","start":2755.91,"end":2767.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2755.91,"end":2755.95},{"text":"geographic","start":2756.15,"end":2756.95},{"text":"coordinates","start":2756.95,"end":2757.67},{"text":"of","start":2757.87,"end":2758.07},{"text":"earthquake","start":2758.19,"end":2758.87},{"text":"epicenters","start":2758.87,"end":2759.91},{"text":"coincided","start":2760.31,"end":2761.11},{"text":"with","start":2761.11,"end":2761.35},{"text":"the","start":2761.91,"end":2762.19},{"text":"coordinates","start":2762.23,"end":2763.07},{"text":"of","start":2763.07,"end":2763.19},{"text":"maxima","start":2763.19,"end":2763.83},{"text":"in","start":2763.83,"end":2764.07},{"text":"these","start":2764.07,"end":2764.55},{"text":"precursor","start":2764.79,"end":2765.43},{"text":"parameters","start":2765.43,"end":2766.23},{"text":"along","start":2766.27,"end":2766.59},{"text":"the","start":2766.59,"end":2766.71},{"text":"satellite","start":2766.71,"end":2767.43},{"text":"orbit.","start":2767.43,"end":2767.99}]},{"text":"In other words, the epicenter is essentially the projection of the maximum point in the precursor distributions onto the ground track.","start":2768.79,"end":2779.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2768.79,"end":2769.03},{"text":"other","start":2769.11,"end":2769.35},{"text":"words,","start":2769.35,"end":2769.91},{"text":"the","start":2769.99,"end":2770.19},{"text":"epicenter","start":2770.31,"end":2771.35},{"text":"is","start":2771.43,"end":2771.67},{"text":"essentially","start":2771.67,"end":2772.31},{"text":"the","start":2772.31,"end":2772.55},{"text":"projection","start":2772.55,"end":2773.35},{"text":"of","start":2773.35,"end":2773.51},{"text":"the","start":2773.51,"end":2773.59},{"text":"maximum","start":2773.59,"end":2774.15},{"text":"point","start":2774.15,"end":2774.71},{"text":"in","start":2774.71,"end":2774.83},{"text":"the","start":2774.83,"end":2774.91},{"text":"precursor","start":2774.95,"end":2775.75},{"text":"distributions","start":2776.07,"end":2777.19},{"text":"onto","start":2777.51,"end":2777.91},{"text":"the","start":2777.91,"end":2778.07},{"text":"ground","start":2778.07,"end":2778.55},{"text":"track.","start":2778.55,"end":2779.11}]},{"text":"We confirm this across multiple missions, DEMETER, CSES, and CH2 satellites.","start":2782.59,"end":2793.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2782.59,"end":2782.75},{"text":"confirm","start":2782.75,"end":2783.31},{"text":"this","start":2783.31,"end":2783.71},{"text":"across","start":2783.71,"end":2784.11},{"text":"multiple","start":2784.11,"end":2784.83},{"text":"missions,","start":2784.91,"end":2785.63},{"text":"DEMETER,","start":2786.03,"end":2786.91},{"text":"CSES,","start":2788.27,"end":2790.19},{"text":"and","start":2791.31,"end":2791.87},{"text":"CH2","start":2792.19,"end":2792.91},{"text":"satellites.","start":2792.91,"end":2793.79}]},{"text":"Here you see the positions of maxima in electron, ion, and neutral particle distributions connected with dashed line to the epicenters of detected earthquakes.","start":2795.47,"end":2809.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Here","start":2795.47,"end":2795.99},{"text":"you","start":2796.75,"end":2797.07},{"text":"see","start":2797.07,"end":2797.47},{"text":"the","start":2797.47,"end":2797.63},{"text":"positions","start":2797.63,"end":2798.43},{"text":"of","start":2798.59,"end":2798.83},{"text":"maxima","start":2798.83,"end":2799.63},{"text":"in","start":2799.63,"end":2799.79},{"text":"electron,","start":2799.83,"end":2800.59},{"text":"ion,","start":2800.59,"end":2800.99},{"text":"and","start":2800.99,"end":2801.19},{"text":"neutral","start":2801.19,"end":2801.55},{"text":"particle","start":2801.55,"end":2802.43},{"text":"distributions","start":2802.43,"end":2803.55},{"text":"connected","start":2804.11,"end":2804.75},{"text":"with","start":2804.75,"end":2805.27},{"text":"dashed","start":2805.27,"end":2805.63},{"text":"line","start":2805.63,"end":2806.03},{"text":"to","start":2806.03,"end":2806.23},{"text":"the","start":2806.23,"end":2806.39},{"text":"epicenters","start":2806.43,"end":2807.31},{"text":"of","start":2807.31,"end":2807.63},{"text":"detected","start":2807.63,"end":2808.35},{"text":"earthquakes.","start":2808.43,"end":2809.31}]},{"text":"This table shows relative values of precursor parameters.","start":2811.91,"end":2816.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2811.91,"end":2812.31},{"text":"table","start":2812.47,"end":2812.95},{"text":"shows","start":2812.95,"end":2813.59},{"text":"relative","start":2813.59,"end":2814.27},{"text":"values","start":2814.27,"end":2814.95},{"text":"of","start":2814.99,"end":2815.11},{"text":"precursor","start":2815.11,"end":2815.67},{"text":"parameters.","start":2815.67,"end":2816.55}]},{"text":"Notice that the electron energy gain rate stands out as the most sensitive additional 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do we predict this?","start":2851.99,"end":2854.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"How","start":2851.99,"end":2852.39},{"text":"do","start":2852.47,"end":2852.79},{"text":"we","start":2852.79,"end":2853.03},{"text":"predict","start":2853.35,"end":2853.91},{"text":"this?","start":2853.91,"end":2854.47}]},{"text":"We use relaxation times of electron and neutral particle temperatures from the maximum disturbed values back to undisturbed 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temperatures.","start":2884.35,"end":2892.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Accuracy","start":2884.35,"end":2885.07},{"text":"depends","start":2885.15,"end":2885.87},{"text":"directly","start":2885.87,"end":2886.67},{"text":"on","start":2886.67,"end":2886.91},{"text":"how","start":2886.91,"end":2887.23},{"text":"precisely","start":2887.23,"end":2888.03},{"text":"we","start":2888.03,"end":2888.19},{"text":"measure","start":2888.19,"end":2888.75},{"text":"disturbed","start":2888.91,"end":2889.87},{"text":"and","start":2889.87,"end":2890.23},{"text":"undisturbed","start":2890.27,"end":2891.31},{"text":"plasma","start":2891.31,"end":2891.75},{"text":"temperatures.","start":2891.75,"end":2892.67}]},{"text":"So what is the procedure for short time earthquake prediction prediction along a satellite ground track?","start":2895.19,"end":2902.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2895.19,"end":2895.75},{"text":"what","start":2895.75,"end":2895.99},{"text":"is","start":2895.99,"end":2896.15},{"text":"the","start":2896.15,"end":2896.31},{"text":"procedure","start":2896.31,"end":2897.03},{"text":"for","start":2897.03,"end":2897.59},{"text":"short","start":2897.59,"end":2897.99},{"text":"time","start":2897.99,"end":2898.31},{"text":"earthquake","start":2898.35,"end":2898.87},{"text":"prediction","start":2898.87,"end":2899.35},{"text":"prediction","start":2899.35,"end":2900.07},{"text":"along","start":2900.07,"end":2900.35},{"text":"a","start":2900.35,"end":2900.47},{"text":"satellite","start":2900.47,"end":2901.27},{"text":"ground","start":2901.27,"end":2901.79},{"text":"track?","start":2901.79,"end":2902.31}]},{"text":"It involves five steps.","start":2902.63,"end":2904.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2902.63,"end":2902.83},{"text":"involves","start":2902.83,"end":2903.35},{"text":"five","start":2903.35,"end":2903.59},{"text":"steps.","start":2903.59,"end":2904.23}]},{"text":"First, monitoring ionospheric plasma to determine neutral particle and electron temperature and density in both undisturbed and disturbed states to identifying the location and time of maxima in this distribution along the orbit.","start":2904.71,"end":2925.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":2904.71,"end":2905.27},{"text":"monitoring","start":2905.27,"end":2906.23},{"text":"ionospheric","start":2906.31,"end":2907.03},{"text":"plasma","start":2907.03,"end":2907.75},{"text":"to","start":2908.15,"end":2908.31},{"text":"determine","start":2908.31,"end":2908.79},{"text":"neutral","start":2909.51,"end":2910.31},{"text":"particle","start":2910.31,"end":2911.27},{"text":"and","start":2911.51,"end":2911.63},{"text":"electron","start":2911.63,"end":2912.15},{"text":"temperature","start":2912.15,"end":2912.87},{"text":"and","start":2912.87,"end":2913.07},{"text":"density","start":2913.07,"end":2913.59},{"text":"in","start":2913.59,"end":2913.75},{"text":"both","start":2913.75,"end":2914.23},{"text":"undisturbed","start":2914.71,"end":2915.67},{"text":"and","start":2915.75,"end":2916.11},{"text":"disturbed","start":2916.11,"end":2916.55},{"text":"states","start":2916.55,"end":2917.19},{"text":"to","start":2917.43,"end":2917.91},{"text":"identifying","start":2918.39,"end":2919.43},{"text":"the","start":2919.43,"end":2919.71},{"text":"location","start":2919.75,"end":2920.55},{"text":"and","start":2920.55,"end":2920.67},{"text":"time","start":2920.67,"end":2921.11},{"text":"of","start":2921.15,"end":2921.27},{"text":"maxima","start":2921.27,"end":2921.91},{"text":"in","start":2921.91,"end":2922.15},{"text":"this","start":2922.15,"end":2922.55},{"text":"distribution","start":2922.63,"end":2923.51},{"text":"along","start":2923.51,"end":2923.91},{"text":"the","start":2924.07,"end":2924.31},{"text":"orbit.","start":2924.71,"end":2925.27}]},{"text":"Three, determining the geographic coordinates of the epicenter from those maxima.","start":2926.55,"end":2933.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Three,","start":2926.55,"end":2926.87},{"text":"determining","start":2926.87,"end":2927.59},{"text":"the","start":2927.59,"end":2927.79},{"text":"geographic","start":2927.91,"end":2928.79},{"text":"coordinates","start":2928.87,"end":2929.83},{"text":"of","start":2929.83,"end":2930.15},{"text":"the","start":2930.23,"end":2930.43},{"text":"epicenter","start":2930.63,"end":2931.43},{"text":"from","start":2931.43,"end":2931.91},{"text":"those","start":2931.91,"end":2932.39},{"text":"maxima.","start":2932.47,"end":2933.35}]},{"text":"Four, calculating relaxation times of neutral particle and electron 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delegates.","start":3022.03,"end":3025.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":3022.03,"end":3022.15},{"text":"morning,","start":3023.67,"end":3024.07},{"text":"Chair","start":3024.07,"end":3024.43},{"text":"and","start":3024.43,"end":3024.55},{"text":"distinguished","start":3024.55,"end":3025.15},{"text":"delegates.","start":3025.15,"end":3025.63}]},{"text":"Today I will update you on recent progress we've made with the international space standards development community.","start":3026.27,"end":3032.75,"topics":[{"key":"space-standards-governance","label":"Space Standards and Governance","description":"A recurring theme was the role of international standards, guidelines, and national regulatory frameworks in shaping responsible space behavior. 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you very much for your presentation.","start":3632.19,"end":3634.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3632.19,"end":3632.43},{"text":"you","start":3632.43,"end":3632.51},{"text":"very","start":3632.51,"end":3632.75},{"text":"much","start":3632.75,"end":3632.99},{"text":"for","start":3633.47,"end":3633.59},{"text":"your","start":3633.59,"end":3633.71},{"text":"presentation.","start":3633.71,"end":3634.43}]},{"text":"The last presentation on my list under agenda item six on the space derby is on the space team, Sat-1, or STS-1, a CubeSat for the next generation by the representative of 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the floor is yours, Austria.","start":3651.67,"end":3652.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3651.67,"end":3651.79},{"text":"the","start":3651.79,"end":3651.87},{"text":"floor","start":3651.87,"end":3652.07},{"text":"is","start":3652.07,"end":3652.15},{"text":"yours,","start":3652.15,"end":3652.31},{"text":"Austria.","start":3652.31,"end":3652.55}]},{"text":"This is the next slide.","start":3652.75,"end":3654.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3652.75,"end":3652.91},{"text":"is","start":3652.91,"end":3652.99},{"text":"the","start":3654.03,"end":3654.11},{"text":"next","start":3654.15,"end":3654.35},{"text":"slide.","start":3654.35,"end":3654.51}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":10,"start":3657.47,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1y/k1ymvnvcxk?t=3658","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good morning. Good morning.","start":3657.47,"end":3670.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":3657.47,"end":3657.59},{"text":"morning.","start":3657.59,"end":3658.03},{"text":"Good","start":3670.03,"end":3670.15},{"text":"morning.","start":3670.15,"end":3670.43}]},{"text":"Today I will present our nanosatellite project named Space Team Sat-1, in short STS-1, and the considerations that our team had to make in connection to the space debris mitigation.","start":3670.51,"end":3682.11,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"A major focus was preventing the creation of new debris through mitigation guidelines, passivation, collision avoidance, shielding, and end-of-life disposal. 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have Raspberry Pi computational modules that is used to gather the data and perform the necessary 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this, we want to provide School students with a platform that allows them to conduct small research projects in space utilizing the sensors available on the CubeSat.","start":3818.95,"end":3829.51,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building-inclusion","label":"Capacity-Building and Inclusion","description":"Multiple presentations stressed that sustainable space activity depends on people, skills, and access to participation. 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that, we will make photos of the Earth using our onboard cameras.","start":3830.47,"end":3835.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Besides","start":3830.47,"end":3830.87},{"text":"that,","start":3830.87,"end":3831.27},{"text":"we","start":3831.59,"end":3831.91},{"text":"will","start":3831.91,"end":3832.23},{"text":"make","start":3832.23,"end":3832.47},{"text":"photos","start":3832.47,"end":3832.95},{"text":"of","start":3832.95,"end":3833.11},{"text":"the","start":3833.11,"end":3833.23},{"text":"Earth","start":3833.23,"end":3833.55},{"text":"using","start":3833.59,"end":3833.99},{"text":"our","start":3833.99,"end":3834.39},{"text":"onboard","start":3834.39,"end":3834.75},{"text":"cameras.","start":3834.75,"end":3835.27}]},{"text":"And the collected data during the course of the mission will be made publicly 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will be the topic I will cover in the remaining time.","start":3921.87,"end":3924.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3921.87,"end":3922.19},{"text":"will","start":3922.27,"end":3922.43},{"text":"be","start":3922.43,"end":3922.51},{"text":"the","start":3922.51,"end":3922.67},{"text":"topic","start":3922.67,"end":3923.07},{"text":"I","start":3923.07,"end":3923.15},{"text":"will","start":3923.15,"end":3923.31},{"text":"cover","start":3923.31,"end":3923.63},{"text":"in","start":3923.63,"end":3923.87},{"text":"the","start":3923.87,"end":3923.95},{"text":"remaining","start":3923.95,"end":3924.35},{"text":"time.","start":3924.35,"end":3924.55}]},{"text":"So after successful launch and satellite deployment, STS-1 will wait for 45 minutes and will power up all of the necessary subsystems.","start":3926.99,"end":3934.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3926.99,"end":3927.31},{"text":"after","start":3927.31,"end":3927.63},{"text":"successful","start":3927.63,"end":3928.15},{"text":"launch","start":3928.15,"end":3928.43},{"text":"and","start":3928.43,"end":3928.55},{"text":"satellite","start":3928.55,"end":3928.95},{"text":"deployment,","start":3928.95,"end":3929.63},{"text":"STS-1","start":3929.63,"end":3930.27},{"text":"will","start":3930.27,"end":3930.43},{"text":"wait","start":3930.43,"end":3930.67},{"text":"for","start":3930.67,"end":3930.83},{"text":"45","start":3930.83,"end":3931.39},{"text":"minutes","start":3931.39,"end":3931.79},{"text":"and","start":3931.79,"end":3931.99},{"text":"will","start":3931.99,"end":3932.19},{"text":"power","start":3932.19,"end":3932.59},{"text":"up","start":3932.59,"end":3932.83},{"text":"all","start":3932.83,"end":3932.95},{"text":"of","start":3932.95,"end":3933.03},{"text":"the","start":3933.03,"end":3933.11},{"text":"necessary","start":3933.11,"end":3933.55},{"text":"subsystems.","start":3933.55,"end":3934.35}]},{"text":"If the battery voltage is within the usable range, the satellite will attempt to deploy the antenna by burning the wire that attaches it to the body of the 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necessary, this operation repeats until canceled.","start":3944.79,"end":3948.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":3944.79,"end":3944.95},{"text":"necessary,","start":3944.95,"end":3945.67},{"text":"this","start":3946.15,"end":3946.35},{"text":"operation","start":3946.35,"end":3946.87},{"text":"repeats","start":3946.87,"end":3947.27},{"text":"until","start":3947.31,"end":3947.67},{"text":"canceled.","start":3947.67,"end":3948.11}]},{"text":"Then STS-1 will transmit beacons every 30 seconds that will provide us with information that the satellite operates nominally.","start":3949.35,"end":3957.15,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"Several statements addressed tracking and monitoring objects in near-Earth space to support safe operations. 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charging only in the operational temperature range.","start":3982.33,"end":3988.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3982.33,"end":3982.45},{"text":"battery","start":3982.45,"end":3982.81},{"text":"cell","start":3982.81,"end":3983.13},{"text":"is","start":3983.13,"end":3983.21},{"text":"protected","start":3983.21,"end":3983.73},{"text":"by","start":3983.77,"end":3983.93},{"text":"tracking","start":3983.93,"end":3984.37},{"text":"its","start":3984.37,"end":3984.57},{"text":"temperature","start":3984.57,"end":3985.05},{"text":"and","start":3985.13,"end":3985.45},{"text":"allowing","start":3985.45,"end":3985.85},{"text":"charging","start":3985.85,"end":3986.41},{"text":"only","start":3986.49,"end":3986.89},{"text":"in","start":3986.89,"end":3987.05},{"text":"the","start":3987.05,"end":3987.25},{"text":"operational","start":3987.25,"end":3987.77},{"text":"temperature","start":3987.77,"end":3988.25},{"text":"range.","start":3988.25,"end":3988.57}]},{"text":"It has an integrated 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an event is called latch-up, and we employ some special measures to protect our electronics against 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subsystems operate nominally.","start":4031.77,"end":4037.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Besides","start":4031.77,"end":4032.21},{"text":"that,","start":4032.21,"end":4032.53},{"text":"we","start":4032.53,"end":4032.69},{"text":"have","start":4032.69,"end":4032.85},{"text":"circuits","start":4032.85,"end":4033.41},{"text":"that","start":4033.41,"end":4033.65},{"text":"are","start":4033.65,"end":4033.73},{"text":"called","start":4033.73,"end":4034.13},{"text":"watchdogs","start":4034.13,"end":4034.69},{"text":"that","start":4035.09,"end":4035.25},{"text":"check","start":4035.25,"end":4035.57},{"text":"if","start":4035.57,"end":4035.65},{"text":"other","start":4035.73,"end":4036.01},{"text":"subsystems","start":4036.01,"end":4036.69},{"text":"operate","start":4036.69,"end":4037.09},{"text":"nominally.","start":4037.09,"end":4037.65}]},{"text":"And if that is not the case, the malfunction system would be subjected to a 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expect no parts to be released during the normal operation, so no contribution to existing amount of space debris will be made.","start":4053.93,"end":4061.77,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"A major focus was preventing the creation of new debris through mitigation guidelines, passivation, collision avoidance, shielding, and end-of-life disposal. 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large satellite constellations by the Institute of Germany.","start":4242.33,"end":4252.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"on","start":4242.33,"end":4242.49},{"text":"the","start":4242.49,"end":4242.57},{"text":"recent","start":4242.57,"end":4243.45},{"text":"measurement","start":4243.73,"end":4244.81},{"text":"and","start":4244.81,"end":4245.21},{"text":"unintended","start":4245.77,"end":4246.49},{"text":"electromagnetic","start":4246.97,"end":4247.69},{"text":"radiation","start":4247.85,"end":4248.37},{"text":"from","start":4248.37,"end":4248.65},{"text":"large","start":4248.73,"end":4249.01},{"text":"satellite","start":4249.01,"end":4249.37},{"text":"constellations","start":4249.37,"end":4250.17},{"text":"by","start":4250.89,"end":4251.13},{"text":"the","start":4251.17,"end":4251.29},{"text":"Institute","start":4251.53,"end":4251.93},{"text":"of","start":4251.93,"end":4252.17},{"text":"Germany.","start":4252.25,"end":4252.73}]},{"text":"Germany, you have the floor, 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Mr. Chairman, distinguished delegates, dear colleagues, in this presentation, I address a new phenomenon discovered in large satellite constellations, which may significantly affect radio astronomical research.","start":4255.77,"end":4273.65,"topics":[{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"The rapid growth of large constellations was presented as a driver of congestion in low Earth orbit and a source of new sustainability challenges. 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astronomers.","start":4438.93,"end":4447.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":4438.93,"end":4439.09},{"text":"test","start":4439.09,"end":4439.45},{"text":"this,","start":4439.45,"end":4439.89},{"text":"a","start":4440.29,"end":4440.33},{"text":"campaign","start":4440.33,"end":4440.93},{"text":"to","start":4440.93,"end":4441.09},{"text":"measure","start":4441.09,"end":4441.41},{"text":"the","start":4441.41,"end":4441.61},{"text":"unintended","start":4441.61,"end":4442.17},{"text":"radiation","start":4442.17,"end":4442.77},{"text":"onboard","start":4442.77,"end":4443.25},{"text":"satellites","start":4443.25,"end":4444.05},{"text":"was","start":4444.05,"end":4444.61},{"text":"initiated","start":4444.61,"end":4445.49},{"text":"by","start":4445.49,"end":4445.65},{"text":"concerned","start":4445.65,"end":4446.21},{"text":"radio","start":4446.21,"end":4446.57},{"text":"astronomers.","start":4446.57,"end":4447.41}]},{"text":"The LOFAR telescope was used to point to a fixed position in the sky.","start":4448.69,"end":4453.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4448.69,"end":4448.77},{"text":"LOFAR","start":4448.97,"end":4449.73},{"text":"telescope","start":4449.73,"end":4450.37},{"text":"was","start":4450.37,"end":4450.61},{"text":"used","start":4450.61,"end":4451.13},{"text":"to","start":4451.13,"end":4451.25},{"text":"point","start":4451.25,"end":4451.77},{"text":"to","start":4451.77,"end":4451.93},{"text":"a","start":4451.93,"end":4451.97},{"text":"fixed","start":4451.97,"end":4452.33},{"text":"position","start":4452.33,"end":4452.93},{"text":"in","start":4452.93,"end":4453.01},{"text":"the","start":4453.01,"end":4453.09},{"text":"sky.","start":4453.09,"end":4453.49}]},{"text":"Then the signals from satellites crossing the field of view was measured.","start":4454.85,"end":4459.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Then","start":4454.85,"end":4455.33},{"text":"the","start":4455.81,"end":4455.97},{"text":"signals","start":4455.97,"end":4456.61},{"text":"from","start":4456.61,"end":4457.01},{"text":"satellites","start":4457.01,"end":4457.73},{"text":"crossing","start":4457.73,"end":4458.21},{"text":"the","start":4458.21,"end":4458.33},{"text":"field","start":4458.37,"end":4458.73},{"text":"of","start":4458.73,"end":4458.89},{"text":"view","start":4458.89,"end":4459.17},{"text":"was","start":4459.17,"end":4459.49},{"text":"measured.","start":4459.49,"end":4459.97}]},{"text":"For the majority of them, a signal was received at the predicted position of the satellites, which are shown as red dots in the movie on the right side of slide five.","start":4461.45,"end":4471.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":4461.45,"end":4461.61},{"text":"the","start":4461.61,"end":4461.73},{"text":"majority","start":4461.73,"end":4462.45},{"text":"of","start":4462.45,"end":4462.57},{"text":"them,","start":4462.57,"end":4462.81},{"text":"a","start":4462.81,"end":4462.89},{"text":"signal","start":4462.89,"end":4463.37},{"text":"was","start":4463.37,"end":4463.61},{"text":"received","start":4463.61,"end":4464.25},{"text":"at","start":4464.33,"end":4464.45},{"text":"the","start":4464.45,"end":4464.57},{"text":"predicted","start":4464.57,"end":4465.09},{"text":"position","start":4465.09,"end":4465.65},{"text":"of","start":4465.65,"end":4465.77},{"text":"the","start":4465.77,"end":4465.89},{"text":"satellites,","start":4465.89,"end":4466.65},{"text":"which","start":4467.17,"end":4467.45},{"text":"are","start":4467.45,"end":4467.53},{"text":"shown","start":4467.53,"end":4468.01},{"text":"as","start":4468.01,"end":4468.17},{"text":"red","start":4468.17,"end":4468.53},{"text":"dots","start":4468.53,"end":4468.97},{"text":"in","start":4468.97,"end":4469.13},{"text":"the","start":4469.13,"end":4469.21},{"text":"movie","start":4469.21,"end":4469.77},{"text":"on","start":4469.77,"end":4469.93},{"text":"the","start":4469.93,"end":4470.01},{"text":"right","start":4470.01,"end":4470.33},{"text":"side","start":4470.33,"end":4470.81},{"text":"of","start":4470.89,"end":4470.97},{"text":"slide","start":4470.97,"end":4471.45},{"text":"five.","start":4471.45,"end":4471.85}]},{"text":"The radiation was measured at a frequency far from the carrier frequency of the communication signal.","start":4473.77,"end":4479.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4473.77,"end":4473.89},{"text":"radiation","start":4473.89,"end":4474.49},{"text":"was","start":4474.49,"end":4474.69},{"text":"measured","start":4474.81,"end":4475.53},{"text":"at","start":4475.77,"end":4475.93},{"text":"a","start":4475.93,"end":4476.01},{"text":"frequency","start":4476.01,"end":4476.57},{"text":"far","start":4476.57,"end":4477.05},{"text":"from","start":4477.05,"end":4477.29},{"text":"the","start":4477.29,"end":4477.37},{"text":"carrier","start":4477.37,"end":4477.77},{"text":"frequency","start":4477.77,"end":4478.41},{"text":"of","start":4478.41,"end":4478.49},{"text":"the","start":4478.49,"end":4478.61},{"text":"communication","start":4478.61,"end":4479.45},{"text":"signal.","start":4479.45,"end":4479.93}]},{"text":"Further investigations indicated that most of the radiation was not the result of reflections of terrestrial emissions, but intrinsic to the satellites.","start":4481.21,"end":4491.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Further","start":4481.21,"end":4481.61},{"text":"investigations","start":4481.61,"end":4482.73},{"text":"indicated","start":4482.73,"end":4483.61},{"text":"that","start":4484.01,"end":4484.25},{"text":"most","start":4484.25,"end":4484.73},{"text":"of","start":4484.73,"end":4484.81},{"text":"the","start":4484.81,"end":4484.97},{"text":"radiation","start":4484.97,"end":4485.61},{"text":"was","start":4485.61,"end":4485.85},{"text":"not","start":4485.85,"end":4486.17},{"text":"the","start":4486.17,"end":4486.25},{"text":"result","start":4486.25,"end":4486.85},{"text":"of","start":4486.85,"end":4486.93},{"text":"reflections","start":4486.93,"end":4487.93},{"text":"of","start":4488.29,"end":4488.41},{"text":"terrestrial","start":4488.41,"end":4489.05},{"text":"emissions,","start":4489.05,"end":4489.61},{"text":"but","start":4490.17,"end":4490.33},{"text":"intrinsic","start":4490.33,"end":4490.89},{"text":"to","start":4490.89,"end":4490.97},{"text":"the","start":4490.97,"end":4491.09},{"text":"satellites.","start":4491.09,"end":4491.93}]},{"text":"It was hence coined unintended electromagnetic radiation or UMR.","start":4493.05,"end":4498.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4493.05,"end":4493.21},{"text":"was","start":4493.21,"end":4493.37},{"text":"hence","start":4493.37,"end":4493.77},{"text":"coined","start":4493.77,"end":4494.33},{"text":"unintended","start":4494.49,"end":4495.21},{"text":"electromagnetic","start":4495.21,"end":4496.25},{"text":"radiation","start":4496.25,"end":4496.97},{"text":"or","start":4497.21,"end":4497.61},{"text":"UMR.","start":4497.77,"end":4498.57}]},{"text":"To investigate To investigate the potential impact of UMR on radio astronomy, a calculation can be made by treating it like typical satellite emissions.","start":4503.69,"end":4538.25,"topics":[{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"The rapid growth of large constellations was presented as a driver of congestion in low Earth orbit and a source of new sustainability challenges. 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Speakers linked constellations to higher collision risks, greater coordination needs, and harmful impacts on radio astronomy through unintended emissions."}],"words":[{"text":"Grigal","start":4711.33,"end":4712.05},{"text":"2025","start":4712.25,"end":4713.49},{"text":"concludes","start":4713.57,"end":4714.21},{"text":"that","start":4714.29,"end":4714.53},{"text":"a","start":4714.53,"end":4714.57},{"text":"major","start":4714.57,"end":4715.01},{"text":"target","start":4715.09,"end":4715.65},{"text":"of","start":4715.69,"end":4715.81},{"text":"low","start":4715.81,"end":4716.05},{"text":"frequency","start":4716.05,"end":4716.69},{"text":"radio","start":4716.69,"end":4717.05},{"text":"astronomy,","start":4717.05,"end":4717.81},{"text":"the","start":4718.77,"end":4718.97},{"text":"observation","start":4718.97,"end":4719.69},{"text":"of","start":4719.69,"end":4719.81},{"text":"the","start":4719.81,"end":4719.89},{"text":"epoch","start":4719.89,"end":4720.45},{"text":"of","start":4720.45,"end":4720.69},{"text":"reionization","start":4720.69,"end":4721.97},{"text":"might","start":4722.53,"end":4722.85},{"text":"be","start":4722.85,"end":4722.93},{"text":"fundamentally","start":4722.93,"end":4723.81},{"text":"threatened.","start":4723.81,"end":4724.37}]},{"text":"From the studies presented here, it can be concluded that UMR is a major concern for radio astronomy.","start":4728.73,"end":4735.29,"topics":[{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"The rapid growth of large constellations was presented as a driver of congestion in low Earth orbit and a source of new sustainability challenges. 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Speakers emphasized consensus-based technical standards, legal clarity, and coordinated governance as essential to implementing long-term sustainability."}],"words":[{"text":"Its","start":4736.89,"end":4737.13},{"text":"reduction","start":4737.13,"end":4737.85},{"text":"may","start":4737.93,"end":4738.17},{"text":"hence","start":4738.17,"end":4738.57},{"text":"be","start":4738.57,"end":4738.73},{"text":"included","start":4738.73,"end":4739.21},{"text":"in","start":4739.21,"end":4739.33},{"text":"the","start":4739.33,"end":4739.41},{"text":"targets","start":4739.41,"end":4739.97},{"text":"when","start":4739.97,"end":4740.17},{"text":"defining","start":4740.17,"end":4740.65},{"text":"space","start":4740.65,"end":4741.09},{"text":"sustainability","start":4741.09,"end":4741.93},{"text":"goals.","start":4741.93,"end":4742.33}]},{"text":"The pathway towards this is, however, somewhat unclear, as it is disputed which domain the study of UMR might fall into.","start":4744.41,"end":4754.25,"topics":[{"key":"space-standards-governance","label":"Space Standards and Governance","description":"A recurring theme was the role of international standards, guidelines, and national regulatory frameworks in shaping responsible space behavior. 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Speakers emphasized consensus-based technical standards, legal clarity, and coordinated governance as essential to implementing long-term sustainability."}],"words":[{"text":"So,","start":4780.37,"end":4780.77},{"text":"which","start":4781.37,"end":4781.65},{"text":"regulatory","start":4781.65,"end":4782.37},{"text":"body","start":4782.37,"end":4782.61},{"text":"is","start":4782.61,"end":4782.77},{"text":"responsible?","start":4782.77,"end":4783.57}]},{"text":"A clarification of this question is desirable.","start":4784.45,"end":4787.25,"topics":[{"key":"space-standards-governance","label":"Space Standards and Governance","description":"A recurring theme was the role of international standards, guidelines, and national regulatory frameworks in shaping responsible space behavior. Speakers emphasized consensus-based technical standards, legal clarity, and coordinated governance as essential to implementing long-term sustainability."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":4784.45,"end":4784.49},{"text":"clarification","start":4784.49,"end":4785.41},{"text":"of","start":4785.41,"end":4785.49},{"text":"this","start":4785.49,"end":4785.77},{"text":"question","start":4785.77,"end":4786.41},{"text":"is","start":4786.41,"end":4786.73},{"text":"desirable.","start":4786.73,"end":4787.25}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates and colleagues, I would like to summarize.","start":4790.73,"end":4794.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":4790.73,"end":4791.29},{"text":"delegates","start":4791.29,"end":4791.93},{"text":"and","start":4791.97,"end":4792.17},{"text":"colleagues,","start":4792.17,"end":4792.81},{"text":"I","start":4793.37,"end":4793.49},{"text":"would","start":4793.49,"end":4793.61},{"text":"like","start":4793.61,"end":4793.85},{"text":"to","start":4793.85,"end":4793.97},{"text":"summarize.","start":4793.97,"end":4794.73}]},{"text":"Since first documented in 2023, several studies confirmed the phenomenon called UMR, the emission of unintended radiation from satellites in large satellite constellations.","start":4796.57,"end":4808.49,"topics":[{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"The rapid growth of large constellations was presented as a driver of congestion in low Earth orbit and a source of new sustainability challenges. 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Speakers linked constellations to higher collision risks, greater coordination needs, and harmful impacts on radio astronomy through unintended emissions."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":4822.97,"end":4823.37},{"text":"emission","start":4823.37,"end":4823.85},{"text":"may","start":4823.85,"end":4824.09},{"text":"strongly","start":4824.09,"end":4824.61},{"text":"impact","start":4824.61,"end":4825.13},{"text":"astronomical","start":4825.21,"end":4825.89},{"text":"research,","start":4825.89,"end":4826.49},{"text":"especially","start":4827.13,"end":4827.77},{"text":"given","start":4827.77,"end":4828.09},{"text":"the","start":4828.09,"end":4828.17},{"text":"still","start":4828.17,"end":4828.57},{"text":"increasing","start":4828.57,"end":4829.13},{"text":"number","start":4829.13,"end":4829.49},{"text":"of","start":4829.49,"end":4829.57},{"text":"satellites.","start":4829.57,"end":4830.17}]},{"text":"As a consequence, regulatory measures to address the unwanted impact of UMR might be explored.","start":4832.33,"end":4839.53,"topics":[{"key":"space-standards-governance","label":"Space Standards and Governance","description":"A recurring theme was the role of international standards, guidelines, and national regulatory frameworks in shaping responsible space behavior. Speakers emphasized consensus-based technical standards, legal clarity, and coordinated governance as essential to implementing long-term sustainability."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4832.33,"end":4832.53},{"text":"a","start":4832.53,"end":4832.57},{"text":"consequence,","start":4832.57,"end":4833.45},{"text":"regulatory","start":4834.01,"end":4834.73},{"text":"measures","start":4834.73,"end":4835.29},{"text":"to","start":4835.29,"end":4835.53},{"text":"address","start":4835.53,"end":4836.09},{"text":"the","start":4836.09,"end":4836.29},{"text":"unwanted","start":4836.29,"end":4836.89},{"text":"impact","start":4836.89,"end":4837.37},{"text":"of","start":4837.41,"end":4837.53},{"text":"UMR","start":4837.53,"end":4838.33},{"text":"might","start":4838.57,"end":4838.81},{"text":"be","start":4838.81,"end":4838.97},{"text":"explored.","start":4838.97,"end":4839.53}]},{"text":"Mr. Chairman, distinguished delegates, dear colleagues, I thank you for your attention.","start":4841.17,"end":4847.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":4841.17,"end":4841.49},{"text":"Chairman,","start":4841.49,"end":4841.97},{"text":"distinguished","start":4842.17,"end":4842.77},{"text":"delegates,","start":4842.77,"end":4843.41},{"text":"dear","start":4844.13,"end":4844.37},{"text":"colleagues,","start":4844.37,"end":4844.93},{"text":"I","start":4845.89,"end":4846.05},{"text":"thank","start":4846.05,"end":4846.29},{"text":"you","start":4846.29,"end":4846.37},{"text":"for","start":4846.37,"end":4846.61},{"text":"your","start":4846.61,"end":4846.81},{"text":"attention.","start":4846.81,"end":4847.41}]},{"text":"Do not hesitate to contact me if there are any 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presentation.","start":4858.93,"end":4861.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4858.93,"end":4859.17},{"text":"you","start":4859.17,"end":4859.29},{"text":"very","start":4859.29,"end":4859.45},{"text":"much","start":4859.45,"end":4859.65},{"text":"for","start":4859.65,"end":4859.85},{"text":"your","start":4859.85,"end":4860.13},{"text":"presentation.","start":4860.13,"end":4861.09}]},{"text":"The second presentation on my list is on the contribution of the GSI to the long-term sustainability of the space activities in Brazilian context by the representative of Brazil, Brazilian.","start":4862.73,"end":4877.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4862.73,"end":4862.81},{"text":"second","start":4862.81,"end":4863.13},{"text":"presentation","start":4863.13,"end":4863.69},{"text":"on","start":4863.69,"end":4863.85},{"text":"my","start":4863.85,"end":4864.01},{"text":"list","start":4864.01,"end":4864.25},{"text":"is","start":4864.25,"end":4864.49},{"text":"on","start":4864.49,"end":4864.65},{"text":"the","start":4864.65,"end":4864.81},{"text":"contribution","start":4865.13,"end":4865.77},{"text":"of","start":4865.77,"end":4866.01},{"text":"the","start":4866.01,"end":4866.17},{"text":"GSI","start":4866.41,"end":4866.97},{"text":"to","start":4867.21,"end":4867.45},{"text":"the","start":4867.45,"end":4867.61},{"text":"long-term","start":4867.61,"end":4868.33},{"text":"sustainability","start":4868.49,"end":4869.29},{"text":"of","start":4869.29,"end":4869.45},{"text":"the","start":4869.45,"end":4869.53},{"text":"space","start":4869.53,"end":4870.17},{"text":"activities","start":4870.17,"end":4870.97},{"text":"in","start":4871.37,"end":4871.53},{"text":"Brazilian","start":4871.53,"end":4872.17},{"text":"context","start":4872.81,"end":4873.37},{"text":"by","start":4873.69,"end":4873.93},{"text":"the","start":4873.97,"end":4874.09},{"text":"representative","start":4874.73,"end":4875.29},{"text":"of","start":4875.29,"end":4875.45},{"text":"Brazil,","start":4875.45,"end":4876.01},{"text":"Brazilian.","start":4876.49,"end":4877.53}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":14,"start":4886.55,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1y/k1ymvnvcxk?t=4887","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, it is a great privilege to address this subcommittee on behalf of the Institutional Security Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Brazil, the GSI, to briefly present its contributions to the long-term sustainability of space activities in the Brazilian context.","start":4886.55,"end":4911.57,"topics":[{"key":"space-standards-governance","label":"Space Standards and Governance","description":"A recurring theme was the role of international standards, guidelines, and national regulatory frameworks in shaping responsible space behavior. 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flight.","start":5482.09,"end":5486.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"A","start":5482.09,"end":5482.13},{"text":"case","start":5482.13,"end":5482.33},{"text":"study","start":5482.33,"end":5482.81},{"text":"of","start":5482.81,"end":5482.97},{"text":"the","start":5482.97,"end":5483.09},{"text":"landscape","start":5483.09,"end":5483.69},{"text":"to","start":5484.17,"end":5484.41},{"text":"Q3","start":5484.41,"end":5485.29},{"text":"maiden","start":5485.69,"end":5486.17},{"text":"flight.","start":5486.17,"end":5486.65}]},{"text":"by the representative of China, China.","start":5487.81,"end":5490.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"by","start":5487.81,"end":5488.05},{"text":"the","start":5488.05,"end":5488.37},{"text":"representative","start":5488.69,"end":5489.25},{"text":"of","start":5489.25,"end":5489.41},{"text":"China,","start":5489.41,"end":5489.89},{"text":"China.","start":5490.37,"end":5490.85}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":16,"start":5492.61,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1y/k1ymvnvcxk?t=5493","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5492.61,"end":5493.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5492.61,"end":5492.77},{"text":"you,","start":5492.77,"end":5492.89},{"text":"Chair.","start":5492.89,"end":5493.25}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, it's my honor to have the floor to represent land space and China addressing this technical presentation about the most recent engineering practices on the reusable rocket technology in China, supporting the long term sustainability of the outer space.","start":5493.41,"end":5512.29,"topics":[{"key":"space-standards-governance","label":"Space Standards and Governance","description":"A recurring theme was the role of international standards, guidelines, and national regulatory frameworks in shaping responsible space behavior. Speakers emphasized consensus-based technical standards, legal clarity, and coordinated governance as essential to implementing long-term sustainability."}],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":5493.41,"end":5494.09},{"text":"delegates,","start":5494.09,"end":5494.61},{"text":"it's","start":5494.85,"end":5495.09},{"text":"my","start":5495.09,"end":5495.29},{"text":"honor","start":5495.29,"end":5495.73},{"text":"to","start":5495.81,"end":5496.05},{"text":"have","start":5496.29,"end":5496.53},{"text":"the","start":5496.53,"end":5496.65},{"text":"floor","start":5496.65,"end":5497.01},{"text":"to","start":5497.49,"end":5497.65},{"text":"represent","start":5497.73,"end":5498.29},{"text":"land","start":5498.29,"end":5498.57},{"text":"space","start":5498.57,"end":5499.09},{"text":"and","start":5499.17,"end":5499.37},{"text":"China","start":5499.37,"end":5499.81},{"text":"addressing","start":5500.21,"end":5500.69},{"text":"this","start":5500.69,"end":5500.93},{"text":"technical","start":5500.93,"end":5501.37},{"text":"presentation","start":5501.37,"end":5502.13},{"text":"about","start":5502.21,"end":5502.61},{"text":"the","start":5502.61,"end":5502.81},{"text":"most","start":5503.09,"end":5503.49},{"text":"recent","start":5503.49,"end":5503.89},{"text":"engineering","start":5503.89,"end":5504.37},{"text":"practices","start":5504.37,"end":5505.09},{"text":"on","start":5505.49,"end":5505.65},{"text":"the","start":5505.65,"end":5505.77},{"text":"reusable","start":5505.77,"end":5506.33},{"text":"rocket","start":5506.33,"end":5506.89},{"text":"technology","start":5506.89,"end":5507.33},{"text":"in","start":5507.33,"end":5507.49},{"text":"China,","start":5507.49,"end":5507.89},{"text":"supporting","start":5508.21,"end":5508.93},{"text":"the","start":5509.09,"end":5509.49},{"text":"long","start":5509.57,"end":5509.89},{"text":"term","start":5509.89,"end":5510.05},{"text":"sustainability","start":5510.05,"end":5511.01},{"text":"of","start":5511.33,"end":5511.49},{"text":"the","start":5511.49,"end":5511.65},{"text":"outer","start":5511.65,"end":5511.81},{"text":"space.","start":5511.81,"end":5512.29}]},{"text":"I work at land space, as general manager for quality and safety and a member of the China Space Debris Technical Subcommittee.","start":5514.29,"end":5524.01,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"A major focus was preventing the creation of new debris through mitigation guidelines, passivation, collision avoidance, shielding, and end-of-life disposal. Speakers also discussed remediation-related work and the need for stronger compliance as launch activity and orbital congestion increase."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5514.29,"end":5514.45},{"text":"work","start":5514.45,"end":5514.69},{"text":"at","start":5514.69,"end":5515.01},{"text":"land","start":5515.01,"end":5515.25},{"text":"space,","start":5515.25,"end":5515.97},{"text":"as","start":5517.05,"end":5517.29},{"text":"general","start":5517.53,"end":5517.85},{"text":"manager","start":5517.85,"end":5518.17},{"text":"for","start":5518.17,"end":5518.33},{"text":"quality","start":5518.33,"end":5518.73},{"text":"and","start":5518.73,"end":5518.97},{"text":"safety","start":5518.97,"end":5519.69},{"text":"and","start":5520.09,"end":5520.25},{"text":"a","start":5520.25,"end":5520.33},{"text":"member","start":5520.33,"end":5520.89},{"text":"of","start":5520.89,"end":5521.05},{"text":"the","start":5521.05,"end":5521.17},{"text":"China","start":5521.17,"end":5521.45},{"text":"Space","start":5521.45,"end":5521.93},{"text":"Debris","start":5521.93,"end":5522.41},{"text":"Technical","start":5523.05,"end":5523.45},{"text":"Subcommittee.","start":5523.45,"end":5524.01}]},{"text":"My presentation today will cover four sections, a brief introduction to launch space, an overview of the Zhuque-3 vehicle, details about its maiden flight and the first stage recovery attempt and the key technology validated.","start":5524.49,"end":5540.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":5524.49,"end":5524.65},{"text":"presentation","start":5524.65,"end":5525.37},{"text":"today","start":5525.37,"end":5525.61},{"text":"will","start":5525.61,"end":5525.77},{"text":"cover","start":5525.77,"end":5526.05},{"text":"four","start":5526.05,"end":5526.25},{"text":"sections,","start":5526.25,"end":5526.89},{"text":"a","start":5527.53,"end":5527.61},{"text":"brief","start":5528.01,"end":5528.33},{"text":"introduction","start":5528.33,"end":5528.89},{"text":"to","start":5528.89,"end":5529.01},{"text":"launch","start":5529.01,"end":5529.21},{"text":"space,","start":5529.21,"end":5529.77},{"text":"an","start":5530.13,"end":5530.21},{"text":"overview","start":5530.25,"end":5530.89},{"text":"of","start":5531.13,"end":5531.29},{"text":"the","start":5531.29,"end":5531.45},{"text":"Zhuque-3","start":5531.45,"end":5532.17},{"text":"vehicle,","start":5532.25,"end":5532.81},{"text":"details","start":5533.29,"end":5533.61},{"text":"about","start":5533.61,"end":5533.93},{"text":"its","start":5533.93,"end":5534.17},{"text":"maiden","start":5534.17,"end":5534.57},{"text":"flight","start":5534.57,"end":5535.05},{"text":"and","start":5535.13,"end":5535.33},{"text":"the","start":5535.33,"end":5535.45},{"text":"first","start":5535.45,"end":5535.69},{"text":"stage","start":5535.69,"end":5536.17},{"text":"recovery","start":5536.57,"end":5537.13},{"text":"attempt","start":5537.13,"end":5537.69},{"text":"and","start":5538.17,"end":5538.49},{"text":"the","start":5538.57,"end":5538.65},{"text":"key","start":5538.65,"end":5538.89},{"text":"technology","start":5538.89,"end":5539.69},{"text":"validated.","start":5539.85,"end":5540.49}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Not working.","start":5548.77,"end":5549.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Not","start":5548.77,"end":5548.97},{"text":"working.","start":5548.97,"end":5549.33}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Okay. Landspace founded in 2015 with headquarters in Beijing was China's first commercial rocket company who has obtained all necessary launch licenses.","start":5551.97,"end":5566.45,"topics":[{"key":"space-standards-governance","label":"Space Standards and Governance","description":"A recurring theme was the role of international standards, guidelines, and national regulatory frameworks in shaping responsible space behavior. 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ZQ-3 is a two-stage launch vehicle designed for high frequency, low cost space access.","start":5677.97,"end":5683.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5677.97,"end":5678.13},{"text":"ZQ-3","start":5678.13,"end":5678.93},{"text":"is","start":5678.93,"end":5679.17},{"text":"a","start":5679.17,"end":5679.25},{"text":"two-stage","start":5679.25,"end":5679.89},{"text":"launch","start":5679.89,"end":5680.13},{"text":"vehicle","start":5680.13,"end":5680.61},{"text":"designed","start":5680.61,"end":5681.09},{"text":"for","start":5681.09,"end":5681.29},{"text":"high","start":5681.29,"end":5681.41},{"text":"frequency,","start":5681.41,"end":5682.21},{"text":"low","start":5682.37,"end":5682.61},{"text":"cost","start":5682.61,"end":5682.97},{"text":"space","start":5682.97,"end":5683.25},{"text":"access.","start":5683.25,"end":5683.89}]},{"text":"Its key features including a cluster of nine engines first stage, a vacuum optimized engine plus RCS system second stage, mid structure by 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payload fairing is 5.2 meters in diameter to provide more space for payloads and is capable to delivering payloads up to 21 tons to low orbit and 18 tons in downrange recovery 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middle flight targets 200 kilometers low as orbit.","start":5792.45,"end":5796.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5792.45,"end":5792.61},{"text":"middle","start":5792.61,"end":5792.85},{"text":"flight","start":5792.85,"end":5793.37},{"text":"targets","start":5793.37,"end":5793.73},{"text":"200","start":5793.89,"end":5794.57},{"text":"kilometers","start":5795.09,"end":5795.65},{"text":"low","start":5795.65,"end":5795.97},{"text":"as","start":5796.01,"end":5796.13},{"text":"orbit.","start":5796.13,"end":5796.61}]},{"text":"The first stage is in downrange recovery mode with landing zone located approximately 390 kilometers from the launch 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later.","start":5828.17,"end":5829.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5828.17,"end":5828.41},{"text":"analyze","start":5828.41,"end":5828.89},{"text":"this","start":5828.89,"end":5829.13},{"text":"in","start":5829.13,"end":5829.21},{"text":"detail","start":5829.21,"end":5829.61},{"text":"later.","start":5829.61,"end":5829.93}]},{"text":"Prior to the launch, we conducted extensive testing, including a static fire test, landing leg deployment verification, a firing operation rehearsals in October 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fueling, transfer to the pad, and pre-launch rehearsals.","start":5852.57,"end":5859.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5852.57,"end":5852.73},{"text":"launch","start":5852.73,"end":5853.05},{"text":"campaign,","start":5853.05,"end":5853.53},{"text":"including","start":5853.93,"end":5854.37},{"text":"a","start":5854.37,"end":5854.41},{"text":"final","start":5854.41,"end":5854.69},{"text":"assembly,","start":5854.69,"end":5855.13},{"text":"RCS","start":5855.89,"end":5856.37},{"text":"fueling,","start":5856.37,"end":5856.81},{"text":"transfer","start":5856.97,"end":5857.33},{"text":"to","start":5857.33,"end":5857.45},{"text":"the","start":5857.45,"end":5857.53},{"text":"pad,","start":5857.53,"end":5857.93},{"text":"and","start":5858.25,"end":5858.49},{"text":"pre-launch","start":5858.49,"end":5858.97},{"text":"rehearsals.","start":5858.97,"end":5859.69}]},{"text":"All verification was successful.","start":5859.93,"end":5861.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"All","start":5859.93,"end":5860.05},{"text":"verification","start":5860.05,"end":5860.73},{"text":"was","start":5860.73,"end":5860.89},{"text":"successful.","start":5860.89,"end":5861.53}]},{"text":"On December 3rd, 2025, ZQ-3Y1 lifted off, marking China's first orbital launch of a reusable vehicle with a recovery attempt.","start":5861.93,"end":5872.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":5861.93,"end":5862.09},{"text":"December","start":5862.09,"end":5862.73},{"text":"3rd,","start":5862.73,"end":5863.05},{"text":"2025,","start":5863.05,"end":5864.25},{"text":"ZQ-3Y1","start":5864.57,"end":5865.45},{"text":"lifted","start":5865.45,"end":5865.85},{"text":"off,","start":5865.85,"end":5866.17},{"text":"marking","start":5866.65,"end":5867.21},{"text":"China's","start":5867.37,"end":5867.85},{"text":"first","start":5867.85,"end":5868.25},{"text":"orbital","start":5868.25,"end":5868.65},{"text":"launch","start":5868.65,"end":5868.97},{"text":"of","start":5868.97,"end":5869.25},{"text":"a","start":5869.25,"end":5869.29},{"text":"reusable","start":5869.61,"end":5870.33},{"text":"vehicle","start":5870.33,"end":5870.81},{"text":"with","start":5870.97,"end":5871.29},{"text":"a","start":5871.29,"end":5871.37},{"text":"recovery","start":5871.37,"end":5871.93},{"text":"attempt.","start":5871.93,"end":5872.49}]},{"text":"In terms of the orbital launch mission, the second stage achieved a high precise orbital insertion, all system performed 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successfully completed a 1,400 second long coasting phase and a critical re-ignition test, which is essential for future deep space 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stage was safely passivated at the end of the mission and safely decayed on January 30, 2026 to the South Pacific Ocean.","start":5897.33,"end":5908.21,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"A major focus was preventing the creation of new debris through mitigation guidelines, passivation, collision avoidance, shielding, and end-of-life disposal. Speakers also discussed remediation-related work and the need for stronger compliance as launch activity and orbital congestion increase."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5897.33,"end":5897.53},{"text":"stage","start":5897.53,"end":5898.13},{"text":"was","start":5898.29,"end":5898.53},{"text":"safely","start":5898.53,"end":5899.09},{"text":"passivated","start":5899.17,"end":5899.97},{"text":"at","start":5900.13,"end":5900.45},{"text":"the","start":5900.45,"end":5900.53},{"text":"end","start":5900.69,"end":5900.89},{"text":"of","start":5900.89,"end":5901.01},{"text":"the","start":5901.01,"end":5901.09},{"text":"mission","start":5901.09,"end":5901.65},{"text":"and","start":5902.05,"end":5902.37},{"text":"safely","start":5902.37,"end":5902.73},{"text":"decayed","start":5902.73,"end":5903.33},{"text":"on","start":5903.41,"end":5903.73},{"text":"January","start":5903.81,"end":5904.37},{"text":"30,","start":5904.37,"end":5904.69},{"text":"2026","start":5905.01,"end":5906.21},{"text":"to","start":5906.53,"end":5906.65},{"text":"the","start":5906.65,"end":5906.77},{"text":"South","start":5906.77,"end":5907.05},{"text":"Pacific","start":5907.17,"end":5907.65},{"text":"Ocean.","start":5907.73,"end":5908.21}]},{"text":"During 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an anomaly occurred after landing burn ignition.","start":5923.25,"end":5927.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5923.25,"end":5923.81},{"text":"an","start":5924.05,"end":5924.21},{"text":"anomaly","start":5924.21,"end":5924.77},{"text":"occurred","start":5924.77,"end":5925.25},{"text":"after","start":5925.25,"end":5925.53},{"text":"landing","start":5925.53,"end":5925.89},{"text":"burn","start":5925.89,"end":5926.21},{"text":"ignition.","start":5926.37,"end":5927.01}]},{"text":"The first stage turned into a rock and preventing a soft 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a successful first stage recovery in the next flight of 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thank the office and subcommittee for the opportunity to share our progress with colleagues worldwide.","start":6200.69,"end":6207.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6200.69,"end":6200.93},{"text":"thank","start":6200.93,"end":6201.17},{"text":"the","start":6201.21,"end":6201.33},{"text":"office","start":6201.33,"end":6201.97},{"text":"and","start":6202.29,"end":6202.61},{"text":"subcommittee","start":6202.69,"end":6203.49},{"text":"for","start":6203.57,"end":6203.73},{"text":"the","start":6203.73,"end":6203.85},{"text":"opportunity","start":6203.85,"end":6204.53},{"text":"to","start":6204.69,"end":6204.81},{"text":"share","start":6204.85,"end":6205.41},{"text":"our","start":6205.65,"end":6205.81},{"text":"progress","start":6205.81,"end":6206.37},{"text":"with","start":6206.37,"end":6206.57},{"text":"colleagues","start":6206.61,"end":6207.09},{"text":"worldwide.","start":6207.09,"end":6207.65}]},{"text":"We look forward to continued international collaboration in the peaceful use of outer space.","start":6207.97,"end":6213.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6207.97,"end":6208.13},{"text":"look","start":6208.13,"end":6208.37},{"text":"forward","start":6208.37,"end":6208.73},{"text":"to","start":6208.73,"end":6208.93},{"text":"continued","start":6208.93,"end":6209.49},{"text":"international","start":6209.49,"end":6210.09},{"text":"collaboration","start":6210.09,"end":6210.85},{"text":"in","start":6211.17,"end":6211.33},{"text":"the","start":6211.33,"end":6211.45},{"text":"peaceful","start":6211.45,"end":6211.89},{"text":"use","start":6211.89,"end":6212.37},{"text":"of","start":6212.73,"end":6212.93},{"text":"outer","start":6212.93,"end":6213.09},{"text":"space.","start":6213.09,"end":6213.65}]},{"text":"Thank you for your attention.","start":6214.17,"end":6215.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6214.17,"end":6214.37},{"text":"you","start":6214.37,"end":6214.45},{"text":"for","start":6214.45,"end":6214.61},{"text":"your","start":6214.61,"end":6214.77},{"text":"attention.","start":6214.77,"end":6215.33}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":6215.49,"end":6216.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6215.49,"end":6215.65},{"text":"you,","start":6215.65,"end":6215.73},{"text":"Chair.","start":6215.73,"end":6216.05}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"CHN","affiliation_full":"China","group":null,"function":"General Manager for Quality and Safety"}},{"statement_number":17,"start":6217.25,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1y/k1ymvnvcxk?t=6218","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much for your presentation.","start":6217.25,"end":6218.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6217.25,"end":6217.49},{"text":"you","start":6217.49,"end":6217.57},{"text":"very","start":6217.57,"end":6217.73},{"text":"much","start":6217.73,"end":6217.97},{"text":"for","start":6217.97,"end":6218.09},{"text":"your","start":6218.09,"end":6218.21},{"text":"presentation.","start":6218.21,"end":6218.93}]},{"text":"The fourth presentation on my list is on the building sustainable space future capacity development, education and gender inclusion by the representative of Brazil.","start":6220.41,"end":6233.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6220.41,"end":6220.81},{"text":"fourth","start":6221.29,"end":6221.65},{"text":"presentation","start":6221.65,"end":6222.21},{"text":"on","start":6222.21,"end":6222.33},{"text":"my","start":6222.33,"end":6222.45},{"text":"list","start":6222.45,"end":6222.69},{"text":"is","start":6222.69,"end":6222.81},{"text":"on","start":6222.81,"end":6222.97},{"text":"the","start":6222.97,"end":6223.13},{"text":"building","start":6223.13,"end":6223.69},{"text":"sustainable","start":6223.93,"end":6224.89},{"text":"space","start":6225.37,"end":6225.77},{"text":"future","start":6225.85,"end":6226.33},{"text":"capacity","start":6226.49,"end":6227.13},{"text":"development,","start":6227.41,"end":6228.17},{"text":"education","start":6228.69,"end":6229.45},{"text":"and","start":6229.45,"end":6229.85},{"text":"gender","start":6229.85,"end":6230.17},{"text":"inclusion","start":6230.17,"end":6230.97},{"text":"by","start":6231.29,"end":6231.53},{"text":"the","start":6231.53,"end":6231.65},{"text":"representative","start":6231.65,"end":6232.49},{"text":"of","start":6232.49,"end":6232.61},{"text":"Brazil.","start":6232.61,"end":6233.21}]},{"text":"Brazil, you have the floor, please.","start":6234.41,"end":6235.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Brazil,","start":6234.41,"end":6234.77},{"text":"you","start":6234.77,"end":6234.85},{"text":"have","start":6234.85,"end":6234.97},{"text":"the","start":6234.97,"end":6235.05},{"text":"floor,","start":6235.05,"end":6235.21},{"text":"please.","start":6235.21,"end":6235.45}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":18,"start":6256.41,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1y/k1ymvnvcxk?t=6257","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"My name is Aline Veloso.","start":6256.41,"end":6258.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":6256.41,"end":6256.65},{"text":"name","start":6256.65,"end":6256.97},{"text":"is","start":6256.97,"end":6257.17},{"text":"Aline","start":6257.17,"end":6257.45},{"text":"Veloso.","start":6257.53,"end":6258.25}]},{"text":"I'm from Brazil Space Agency.","start":6258.25,"end":6260.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'm","start":6258.25,"end":6258.49},{"text":"from","start":6258.49,"end":6259.09},{"text":"Brazil","start":6259.09,"end":6259.45},{"text":"Space","start":6259.45,"end":6259.93},{"text":"Agency.","start":6259.93,"end":6260.81}]},{"text":"I work as a coordinator of competence and technology development.","start":6261.53,"end":6267.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6261.53,"end":6261.77},{"text":"work","start":6261.77,"end":6262.33},{"text":"as","start":6262.41,"end":6262.81},{"text":"a","start":6263.13,"end":6263.17},{"text":"coordinator","start":6263.17,"end":6263.97},{"text":"of","start":6263.97,"end":6264.17},{"text":"competence","start":6264.17,"end":6264.97},{"text":"and","start":6264.97,"end":6265.25},{"text":"technology","start":6265.25,"end":6266.41},{"text":"development.","start":6266.41,"end":6267.45}]},{"text":"I go talk about how capacity development, education, and gender inclusion can help to build a sustainable space future.","start":6268.73,"end":6280.97,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building-inclusion","label":"Capacity-Building and Inclusion","description":"Multiple presentations stressed that sustainable space activity depends on people, skills, and access to participation. Examples included student satellite projects, national education platforms, workforce development, public outreach, and efforts to improve gender inclusion in the space sector."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6268.73,"end":6268.81},{"text":"go","start":6268.81,"end":6269.05},{"text":"talk","start":6269.13,"end":6269.45},{"text":"about","start":6269.45,"end":6270.01},{"text":"how","start":6270.01,"end":6270.57},{"text":"capacity","start":6270.81,"end":6271.69},{"text":"development,","start":6271.69,"end":6272.81},{"text":"education,","start":6272.89,"end":6273.81},{"text":"and","start":6273.81,"end":6273.93},{"text":"gender","start":6273.93,"end":6274.41},{"text":"inclusion","start":6274.41,"end":6275.21},{"text":"can","start":6275.77,"end":6276.41},{"text":"help","start":6276.97,"end":6277.61},{"text":"to","start":6277.61,"end":6277.93},{"text":"build","start":6277.93,"end":6278.41},{"text":"a","start":6278.49,"end":6278.73},{"text":"sustainable","start":6278.73,"end":6279.69},{"text":"space","start":6279.69,"end":6280.17},{"text":"future.","start":6280.17,"end":6280.97}]},{"text":"So I start asking why people matters in this space sustainability.","start":6282.13,"end":6289.49,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building-inclusion","label":"Capacity-Building and Inclusion","description":"Multiple presentations stressed that sustainable space activity depends on people, skills, and access to participation. 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thank you very much for your attention.","start":7420.21,"end":7422.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7420.21,"end":7420.22},{"text":"thank","start":7420.29,"end":7420.53},{"text":"you","start":7420.53,"end":7420.65},{"text":"very","start":7420.65,"end":7420.85},{"text":"much","start":7420.85,"end":7421.09},{"text":"for","start":7421.09,"end":7421.25},{"text":"your","start":7421.25,"end":7421.41},{"text":"attention.","start":7421.41,"end":7422.05}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chairman.","start":7422.85,"end":7423.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7422.85,"end":7423.05},{"text":"you,","start":7423.05,"end":7423.13},{"text":"Mr.","start":7423.13,"end":7423.41},{"text":"Chairman.","start":7423.41,"end":7423.81}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IAA","affiliation_full":"IAA","group":null,"function":"Secretary General"}},{"statement_number":21,"start":7425.49,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1y/k1ymvnvcxk?t=7426","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much for your presentation.","start":7425.49,"end":7427.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7425.49,"end":7425.69},{"text":"you","start":7425.69,"end":7425.81},{"text":"very","start":7425.81,"end":7425.97},{"text":"much","start":7425.97,"end":7426.25},{"text":"for","start":7426.25,"end":7426.37},{"text":"your","start":7426.85,"end":7426.97},{"text":"presentation.","start":7427.01,"end":7427.73}]},{"text":"The sixth presentation on my list is on the lunar dust as a long-term sustainability challenge by the observer for all of 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have the floor, please.","start":7441.17,"end":7442.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":7441.17,"end":7441.33},{"text":"have","start":7441.73,"end":7441.89},{"text":"the","start":7441.89,"end":7442.05},{"text":"floor,","start":7442.05,"end":7442.25},{"text":"please.","start":7442.25,"end":7442.45}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":22,"start":7443.69,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1y/k1ymvnvcxk?t=7444","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":7443.69,"end":7444.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7443.69,"end":7443.89},{"text":"you,","start":7443.89,"end":7443.97},{"text":"Chair.","start":7443.97,"end":7444.41}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates and representatives, my name is Michelle Hanlon.","start":7444.89,"end":7448.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":7444.89,"end":7445.37},{"text":"delegates","start":7445.37,"end":7445.89},{"text":"and","start":7445.89,"end":7446.01},{"text":"representatives,","start":7446.01,"end":7446.89},{"text":"my","start":7446.89,"end":7447.13},{"text":"name","start":7447.13,"end":7447.41},{"text":"is","start":7447.41,"end":7447.61},{"text":"Michelle","start":7447.61,"end":7448.01},{"text":"Hanlon.","start":7448.01,"end":7448.73}]},{"text":"I'm a space lawyer and the executive director of the Center for Air and Space Law at the University of Mississippi in the United 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speaking today on behalf of For All Moonkind, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to protecting sites of outstanding value to humanity in outer space and advancing responsible, sustainable activity on the moon and beyond.","start":7456.57,"end":7472.25,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-environment-protection","label":"Lunar Environment Protection","description":"Delegates highlighted emerging sustainability issues beyond Earth orbit, especially around the Moon. 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Speakers linked constellations to higher collision risks, greater coordination needs, and harmful impacts on radio astronomy through unintended emissions."}],"words":[{"text":"What","start":8201.49,"end":8201.81},{"text":"is","start":8201.81,"end":8201.97},{"text":"the","start":8201.97,"end":8202.05},{"text":"timescale","start":8202.05,"end":8202.69},{"text":"for","start":8202.69,"end":8202.93},{"text":"potential","start":8202.93,"end":8203.41},{"text":"collision","start":8203.41,"end":8203.89},{"text":"to","start":8203.89,"end":8203.97},{"text":"occur","start":8203.97,"end":8204.45},{"text":"if","start":8204.69,"end":8204.85},{"text":"there","start":8204.85,"end":8205.09},{"text":"is","start":8205.09,"end":8205.17},{"text":"a","start":8205.17,"end":8205.21},{"text":"situation,","start":8205.21,"end":8205.97},{"text":"for","start":8206.29,"end":8206.49},{"text":"whatever","start":8206.49,"end":8207.13},{"text":"reason,","start":8207.13,"end":8207.57},{"text":"where","start":8207.93,"end":8208.13},{"text":"there","start":8208.13,"end":8208.25},{"text":"is","start":8208.25,"end":8208.37},{"text":"a","start":8208.37,"end":8208.41},{"text":"complete","start":8208.41,"end":8208.93},{"text":"loss","start":8208.93,"end":8209.37},{"text":"of","start":8209.37,"end":8209.49},{"text":"satellite","start":8209.49,"end":8210.01},{"text":"control?","start":8210.01,"end":8210.61}]},{"text":"By loss of control, we mean no station keeping, and thus optimal configurations cannot be maintained within constellations, no collision avoidance maneuvers, and no minimization of collisional cross sections.","start":8211.49,"end":8223.89,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"A major focus was preventing the creation of new debris through mitigation guidelines, passivation, collision avoidance, shielding, and end-of-life disposal. 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Speakers linked constellations to higher collision risks, greater coordination needs, and harmful impacts on radio astronomy through unintended emissions."}],"words":[{"text":"By","start":8211.49,"end":8211.65},{"text":"loss","start":8211.65,"end":8211.97},{"text":"of","start":8211.97,"end":8212.05},{"text":"control,","start":8212.05,"end":8212.53},{"text":"we","start":8212.53,"end":8212.69},{"text":"mean","start":8212.69,"end":8213.05},{"text":"no","start":8213.05,"end":8213.25},{"text":"station","start":8213.25,"end":8213.81},{"text":"keeping,","start":8213.81,"end":8214.29},{"text":"and","start":8214.29,"end":8214.49},{"text":"thus","start":8214.49,"end":8214.69},{"text":"optimal","start":8214.69,"end":8215.17},{"text":"configurations","start":8215.17,"end":8215.97},{"text":"cannot","start":8215.97,"end":8216.45},{"text":"be","start":8216.45,"end":8216.61},{"text":"maintained","start":8216.61,"end":8217.09},{"text":"within","start":8217.09,"end":8217.41},{"text":"constellations,","start":8217.41,"end":8218.37},{"text":"no","start":8218.93,"end":8219.17},{"text":"collision","start":8219.17,"end":8219.61},{"text":"avoidance","start":8219.61,"end":8220.05},{"text":"maneuvers,","start":8220.05,"end":8220.77},{"text":"and","start":8221.01,"end":8221.21},{"text":"no","start":8221.21,"end":8221.41},{"text":"minimization","start":8221.41,"end":8222.21},{"text":"of","start":8222.25,"end":8222.37},{"text":"collisional","start":8222.37,"end":8222.93},{"text":"cross","start":8222.93,"end":8223.29},{"text":"sections.","start":8223.29,"end":8223.89}]},{"text":"While hypothetical, this assumption has several desirable features.","start":8224.61,"end":8228.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"While","start":8224.61,"end":8224.89},{"text":"hypothetical,","start":8224.89,"end":8225.85},{"text":"this","start":8225.85,"end":8226.09},{"text":"assumption","start":8226.09,"end":8226.57},{"text":"has","start":8226.57,"end":8226.81},{"text":"several","start":8226.81,"end":8227.13},{"text":"desirable","start":8227.13,"end":8227.77},{"text":"features.","start":8227.93,"end":8228.57}]},{"text":"It is intuitive, you simply let the system go.","start":8229.05,"end":8232.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":8229.05,"end":8229.33},{"text":"is","start":8229.33,"end":8229.61},{"text":"intuitive,","start":8229.77,"end":8230.57},{"text":"you","start":8230.97,"end":8231.13},{"text":"simply","start":8231.13,"end":8231.53},{"text":"let","start":8231.53,"end":8231.77},{"text":"the","start":8231.77,"end":8231.89},{"text":"system","start":8231.89,"end":8232.25},{"text":"go.","start":8232.25,"end":8232.57}]},{"text":"Relatively straightforward to calculate and reflects an extreme but realistic possibility.","start":8233.37,"end":8238.49,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"A major focus was preventing the creation of new debris through mitigation guidelines, passivation, collision avoidance, shielding, and end-of-life disposal. Speakers also discussed remediation-related work and the need for stronger compliance as launch activity and orbital congestion increase."}],"words":[{"text":"Relatively","start":8233.37,"end":8233.93},{"text":"straightforward","start":8233.93,"end":8234.53},{"text":"to","start":8234.53,"end":8234.61},{"text":"calculate","start":8234.61,"end":8235.13},{"text":"and","start":8235.53,"end":8235.73},{"text":"reflects","start":8235.73,"end":8236.09},{"text":"an","start":8236.09,"end":8236.21},{"text":"extreme","start":8236.21,"end":8236.73},{"text":"but","start":8236.73,"end":8237.05},{"text":"realistic","start":8237.05,"end":8237.69},{"text":"possibility.","start":8237.69,"end":8238.49}]},{"text":"Examples might include a catastrophic solar storm or widespread and severe corruption of control software.","start":8239.37,"end":8246.01,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"A major focus was preventing the creation of new debris through mitigation guidelines, passivation, collision avoidance, shielding, and end-of-life disposal. Speakers also discussed remediation-related work and the need for stronger compliance as launch activity and orbital congestion increase."}],"words":[{"text":"Examples","start":8239.37,"end":8240.01},{"text":"might","start":8240.01,"end":8240.17},{"text":"include","start":8240.17,"end":8240.53},{"text":"a","start":8240.53,"end":8240.57},{"text":"catastrophic","start":8240.57,"end":8241.25},{"text":"solar","start":8241.25,"end":8241.53},{"text":"storm","start":8241.53,"end":8242.01},{"text":"or","start":8242.41,"end":8242.57},{"text":"widespread","start":8242.57,"end":8243.29},{"text":"and","start":8243.29,"end":8243.53},{"text":"severe","start":8243.53,"end":8244.01},{"text":"corruption","start":8244.09,"end":8244.73},{"text":"of","start":8244.81,"end":8244.97},{"text":"control","start":8244.97,"end":8245.45},{"text":"software.","start":8245.45,"end":8246.01}]},{"text":"So how do you calculate the crash clock?","start":8248.81,"end":8250.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":8248.81,"end":8248.97},{"text":"how","start":8248.97,"end":8249.13},{"text":"do","start":8249.13,"end":8249.25},{"text":"you","start":8249.25,"end":8249.37},{"text":"calculate","start":8249.37,"end":8249.85},{"text":"the","start":8249.85,"end":8249.93},{"text":"crash","start":8249.93,"end":8250.25},{"text":"clock?","start":8250.25,"end":8250.65}]},{"text":"There are several steps.","start":8251.45,"end":8252.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"There","start":8251.45,"end":8251.57},{"text":"are","start":8251.57,"end":8251.69},{"text":"several","start":8251.69,"end":8252.01},{"text":"steps.","start":8252.01,"end":8252.49}]},{"text":"Density distributions are calculated using actual orbital information.","start":8253.17,"end":8256.69,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"Several statements addressed tracking and monitoring objects in near-Earth space to support safe operations. This included optical observations, debris and spacecraft cataloguing, conjunction information, reentry tracking, and better exchange of operational data among actors."}],"words":[{"text":"Density","start":8253.17,"end":8253.57},{"text":"distributions","start":8253.57,"end":8254.21},{"text":"are","start":8254.21,"end":8254.29},{"text":"calculated","start":8254.29,"end":8254.93},{"text":"using","start":8254.93,"end":8255.25},{"text":"actual","start":8255.25,"end":8255.61},{"text":"orbital","start":8255.61,"end":8256.01},{"text":"information.","start":8256.01,"end":8256.69}]},{"text":"For simplicity, we average over spherical shells, making the density a function of altitude only.","start":8257.17,"end":8262.85,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"Several statements addressed tracking and monitoring objects in near-Earth space to support safe operations. This included optical observations, debris and spacecraft cataloguing, conjunction information, reentry tracking, and better exchange of operational data among actors."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":8257.17,"end":8257.37},{"text":"simplicity,","start":8257.37,"end":8258.05},{"text":"we","start":8258.05,"end":8258.37},{"text":"average","start":8258.37,"end":8258.69},{"text":"over","start":8258.69,"end":8258.93},{"text":"spherical","start":8258.93,"end":8259.33},{"text":"shells,","start":8259.33,"end":8259.81},{"text":"making","start":8260.13,"end":8260.37},{"text":"the","start":8260.37,"end":8260.49},{"text":"density","start":8260.49,"end":8261.01},{"text":"a","start":8261.01,"end":8261.09},{"text":"function","start":8261.09,"end":8261.49},{"text":"of","start":8261.49,"end":8261.73},{"text":"altitude","start":8261.73,"end":8262.29},{"text":"only.","start":8262.29,"end":8262.85}]},{"text":"For the calculation, we use an average typical relative interaction speed, which we approximate by assuming randomly oriented orbits within each shell.","start":8263.41,"end":8271.89,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"Several statements addressed tracking and monitoring objects in near-Earth space to support safe operations. This included optical observations, debris and spacecraft cataloguing, conjunction information, reentry tracking, and better exchange of operational data among actors."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":8263.41,"end":8263.57},{"text":"the","start":8263.57,"end":8263.65},{"text":"calculation,","start":8263.65,"end":8264.45},{"text":"we","start":8264.45,"end":8264.61},{"text":"use","start":8264.61,"end":8264.89},{"text":"an","start":8264.89,"end":8265.17},{"text":"average","start":8265.17,"end":8265.65},{"text":"typical","start":8265.65,"end":8266.13},{"text":"relative","start":8266.13,"end":8266.61},{"text":"interaction","start":8266.61,"end":8267.25},{"text":"speed,","start":8267.25,"end":8267.65},{"text":"which","start":8267.85,"end":8268.17},{"text":"we","start":8268.17,"end":8268.33},{"text":"approximate","start":8268.33,"end":8268.93},{"text":"by","start":8268.93,"end":8269.09},{"text":"assuming","start":8269.09,"end":8269.57},{"text":"randomly","start":8269.57,"end":8270.13},{"text":"oriented","start":8270.13,"end":8270.61},{"text":"orbits","start":8270.61,"end":8271.01},{"text":"within","start":8271.01,"end":8271.33},{"text":"each","start":8271.33,"end":8271.53},{"text":"shell.","start":8271.53,"end":8271.89}]},{"text":"As we will show, this turns out not to be a serious limitation.","start":8272.45,"end":8275.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8272.45,"end":8272.69},{"text":"we","start":8272.69,"end":8272.81},{"text":"will","start":8272.81,"end":8272.93},{"text":"show,","start":8272.93,"end":8273.25},{"text":"this","start":8273.25,"end":8273.49},{"text":"turns","start":8273.49,"end":8273.73},{"text":"out","start":8273.73,"end":8273.89},{"text":"not","start":8273.89,"end":8274.17},{"text":"to","start":8274.17,"end":8274.25},{"text":"be","start":8274.25,"end":8274.33},{"text":"a","start":8274.33,"end":8274.37},{"text":"serious","start":8274.37,"end":8274.93},{"text":"limitation.","start":8274.93,"end":8275.65}]},{"text":"One of the most important steps of the crash clock is setting cross sections for various interactions between objects.","start":8276.85,"end":8282.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"One","start":8276.85,"end":8277.05},{"text":"of","start":8277.05,"end":8277.13},{"text":"the","start":8277.13,"end":8277.21},{"text":"most","start":8277.21,"end":8277.37},{"text":"important","start":8277.37,"end":8277.81},{"text":"steps","start":8277.81,"end":8278.09},{"text":"of","start":8278.09,"end":8278.17},{"text":"the","start":8278.17,"end":8278.25},{"text":"crash","start":8278.25,"end":8278.53},{"text":"clock","start":8278.53,"end":8278.85},{"text":"is","start":8278.85,"end":8278.97},{"text":"setting","start":8278.97,"end":8279.25},{"text":"cross","start":8279.25,"end":8279.69},{"text":"sections","start":8279.69,"end":8280.21},{"text":"for","start":8280.21,"end":8280.37},{"text":"various","start":8280.37,"end":8280.77},{"text":"interactions","start":8280.77,"end":8281.41},{"text":"between","start":8281.41,"end":8281.97},{"text":"objects.","start":8281.97,"end":8282.61}]},{"text":"The cross section should be based on possible collision thresholds and not absolute minimum distances.","start":8283.17,"end":8288.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8283.17,"end":8283.25},{"text":"cross","start":8283.25,"end":8283.61},{"text":"section","start":8283.61,"end":8283.97},{"text":"should","start":8283.97,"end":8284.13},{"text":"be","start":8284.13,"end":8284.25},{"text":"based","start":8284.25,"end":8284.61},{"text":"on","start":8284.61,"end":8284.77},{"text":"possible","start":8284.77,"end":8285.41},{"text":"collision","start":8285.41,"end":8285.93},{"text":"thresholds","start":8285.93,"end":8286.45},{"text":"and","start":8286.45,"end":8286.57},{"text":"not","start":8286.57,"end":8286.85},{"text":"absolute","start":8286.85,"end":8287.49},{"text":"minimum","start":8287.49,"end":8287.89},{"text":"distances.","start":8287.89,"end":8288.69}]},{"text":"Earlier, I had mentioned the crash clock represents the expectation time for a potential collision to occur.","start":8289.49,"end":8295.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Earlier,","start":8289.49,"end":8289.97},{"text":"I","start":8289.97,"end":8290.05},{"text":"had","start":8290.05,"end":8290.21},{"text":"mentioned","start":8290.21,"end":8290.53},{"text":"the","start":8290.53,"end":8290.61},{"text":"crash","start":8290.61,"end":8290.85},{"text":"clock","start":8290.85,"end":8291.17},{"text":"represents","start":8291.17,"end":8291.65},{"text":"the","start":8291.65,"end":8291.77},{"text":"expectation","start":8291.89,"end":8293.49},{"text":"time","start":8293.49,"end":8293.81},{"text":"for","start":8293.81,"end":8294.01},{"text":"a","start":8294.01,"end":8294.05},{"text":"potential","start":8294.05,"end":8294.69},{"text":"collision","start":8294.69,"end":8295.17},{"text":"to","start":8295.17,"end":8295.33},{"text":"occur.","start":8295.33,"end":8295.73}]},{"text":"The reason we emphasize a potential collision is because whether a collision takes place or not will depend on the actual orientation of the objects at the time of their closest approach.","start":8296.29,"end":8306.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8296.29,"end":8296.41},{"text":"reason","start":8296.41,"end":8296.77},{"text":"we","start":8296.77,"end":8296.97},{"text":"emphasize","start":8296.97,"end":8297.65},{"text":"a","start":8297.73,"end":8297.89},{"text":"potential","start":8297.89,"end":8298.53},{"text":"collision","start":8298.53,"end":8299.09},{"text":"is","start":8299.17,"end":8299.33},{"text":"because","start":8299.33,"end":8299.65},{"text":"whether","start":8299.65,"end":8299.93},{"text":"a","start":8299.93,"end":8299.97},{"text":"collision","start":8299.97,"end":8300.41},{"text":"takes","start":8300.41,"end":8300.61},{"text":"place","start":8300.61,"end":8301.01},{"text":"or","start":8301.25,"end":8301.49},{"text":"not","start":8301.49,"end":8301.81},{"text":"will","start":8302.05,"end":8302.21},{"text":"depend","start":8302.21,"end":8302.57},{"text":"on","start":8302.57,"end":8302.69},{"text":"the","start":8302.69,"end":8302.81},{"text":"actual","start":8302.85,"end":8303.25},{"text":"orientation","start":8303.25,"end":8303.93},{"text":"of","start":8303.93,"end":8304.09},{"text":"the","start":8304.09,"end":8304.17},{"text":"objects","start":8304.17,"end":8304.61},{"text":"at","start":8304.61,"end":8304.77},{"text":"the","start":8304.77,"end":8304.85},{"text":"time","start":8304.85,"end":8305.25},{"text":"of","start":8305.25,"end":8305.33},{"text":"their","start":8305.33,"end":8305.49},{"text":"closest","start":8305.49,"end":8305.97},{"text":"approach.","start":8305.97,"end":8306.53}]},{"text":"These components, density distributions, relative speeds, and cross sections are used to calculate an average collision rate within each shell.","start":8307.61,"end":8315.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":8307.61,"end":8307.77},{"text":"components,","start":8307.77,"end":8308.33},{"text":"density","start":8308.33,"end":8308.81},{"text":"distributions,","start":8308.81,"end":8309.61},{"text":"relative","start":8309.61,"end":8310.05},{"text":"speeds,","start":8310.05,"end":8310.57},{"text":"and","start":8310.57,"end":8310.73},{"text":"cross","start":8310.73,"end":8311.01},{"text":"sections","start":8311.01,"end":8311.61},{"text":"are","start":8311.61,"end":8311.77},{"text":"used","start":8311.77,"end":8312.05},{"text":"to","start":8312.05,"end":8312.13},{"text":"calculate","start":8312.13,"end":8312.61},{"text":"an","start":8312.61,"end":8312.73},{"text":"average","start":8312.73,"end":8313.13},{"text":"collision","start":8313.13,"end":8313.61},{"text":"rate","start":8313.61,"end":8313.85},{"text":"within","start":8314.01,"end":8314.65},{"text":"each","start":8314.65,"end":8314.97},{"text":"shell.","start":8314.97,"end":8315.45}]},{"text":"Finally, we sum all the rates in all the shells with the inverse of that giving the crash clock 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those seeking more detail, the paper lays out the calculations.","start":8324.09,"end":8328.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":8324.09,"end":8324.25},{"text":"those","start":8324.25,"end":8324.53},{"text":"seeking","start":8324.53,"end":8325.13},{"text":"more","start":8325.77,"end":8326.09},{"text":"detail,","start":8326.09,"end":8326.57},{"text":"the","start":8326.57,"end":8326.73},{"text":"paper","start":8326.73,"end":8327.01},{"text":"lays","start":8327.01,"end":8327.29},{"text":"out","start":8327.29,"end":8327.41},{"text":"the","start":8327.41,"end":8327.49},{"text":"calculations.","start":8327.49,"end":8328.33}]},{"text":"To give a brief technical description, the top equation shown here is used to determine potential collision 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determined for the circular speed assuming random 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you can see, the density distribution given by N sub I and N sub J for two different object types such as satellites and debris or the same object type when I equals J is also of high 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the basic calculations in mind, we want to visualize some of the quantities used in the crash clock.","start":8357.89,"end":8363.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":8357.89,"end":8358.13},{"text":"the","start":8358.13,"end":8358.21},{"text":"basic","start":8358.21,"end":8358.57},{"text":"calculations","start":8358.57,"end":8359.21},{"text":"in","start":8359.21,"end":8359.29},{"text":"mind,","start":8359.29,"end":8359.61},{"text":"we","start":8359.61,"end":8359.73},{"text":"want","start":8359.73,"end":8359.89},{"text":"to","start":8359.89,"end":8359.97},{"text":"visualize","start":8359.97,"end":8360.53},{"text":"some","start":8360.53,"end":8360.73},{"text":"of","start":8360.73,"end":8360.81},{"text":"the","start":8360.81,"end":8360.89},{"text":"quantities","start":8360.89,"end":8361.49},{"text":"used","start":8361.49,"end":8361.89},{"text":"in","start":8361.97,"end":8362.21},{"text":"the","start":8362.21,"end":8362.33},{"text":"crash","start":8362.33,"end":8362.61},{"text":"clock.","start":8362.61,"end":8363.01}]},{"text":"The following graph shows the orbit average density distribution of different objects as a function of altitude.","start":8363.41,"end":8369.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8363.41,"end":8363.53},{"text":"following","start":8363.53,"end":8363.89},{"text":"graph","start":8363.89,"end":8364.17},{"text":"shows","start":8364.17,"end":8364.45},{"text":"the","start":8364.45,"end":8364.53},{"text":"orbit","start":8364.53,"end":8364.93},{"text":"average","start":8364.93,"end":8365.33},{"text":"density","start":8365.33,"end":8365.73},{"text":"distribution","start":8365.73,"end":8366.53},{"text":"of","start":8366.69,"end":8366.85},{"text":"different","start":8366.85,"end":8367.17},{"text":"objects","start":8367.17,"end":8367.73},{"text":"as","start":8367.73,"end":8367.93},{"text":"a","start":8367.93,"end":8367.97},{"text":"function","start":8367.97,"end":8368.37},{"text":"of","start":8368.37,"end":8368.61},{"text":"altitude.","start":8368.61,"end":8369.33}]},{"text":"The black curve includes everything in the public catalog, 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This included optical observations, debris and spacecraft cataloguing, conjunction information, reentry tracking, and better exchange of operational data among actors."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8369.81,"end":8369.97},{"text":"black","start":8369.97,"end":8370.25},{"text":"curve","start":8370.25,"end":8370.53},{"text":"includes","start":8370.53,"end":8370.93},{"text":"everything","start":8370.93,"end":8371.37},{"text":"in","start":8371.37,"end":8371.45},{"text":"the","start":8371.45,"end":8371.53},{"text":"public","start":8371.53,"end":8371.85},{"text":"catalog,","start":8371.85,"end":8372.37},{"text":"while","start":8372.77,"end":8373.01},{"text":"the","start":8373.01,"end":8373.17},{"text":"different","start":8373.17,"end":8373.53},{"text":"colors","start":8373.53,"end":8374.05},{"text":"give","start":8374.05,"end":8374.21},{"text":"example","start":8374.21,"end":8374.61},{"text":"satellite","start":8374.61,"end":8375.05},{"text":"constellations","start":8375.05,"end":8375.97},{"text":"or","start":8375.97,"end":8376.13},{"text":"debris","start":8376.13,"end":8376.45},{"text":"fields.","start":8376.45,"end":8376.93}]},{"text":"The debris fields tend to form broad swaths over many altitudes, while the satellite constellation shells can form sharp peaks.","start":8377.41,"end":8384.21,"topics":[{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"The rapid growth of large constellations was presented as a driver of congestion in low Earth orbit and a source of new sustainability challenges. Speakers linked constellations to higher collision risks, greater coordination needs, and harmful impacts on radio astronomy through unintended emissions."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8377.41,"end":8377.57},{"text":"debris","start":8377.57,"end":8377.81},{"text":"fields","start":8377.81,"end":8378.13},{"text":"tend","start":8378.13,"end":8378.45},{"text":"to","start":8378.45,"end":8378.61},{"text":"form","start":8378.61,"end":8378.93},{"text":"broad","start":8378.93,"end":8379.33},{"text":"swaths","start":8379.33,"end":8379.81},{"text":"over","start":8379.81,"end":8380.05},{"text":"many","start":8380.05,"end":8380.29},{"text":"altitudes,","start":8380.29,"end":8380.93},{"text":"while","start":8381.13,"end":8381.33},{"text":"the","start":8381.33,"end":8381.41},{"text":"satellite","start":8381.41,"end":8381.85},{"text":"constellation","start":8381.85,"end":8382.61},{"text":"shells","start":8382.61,"end":8382.93},{"text":"can","start":8382.93,"end":8383.09},{"text":"form","start":8383.09,"end":8383.33},{"text":"sharp","start":8383.33,"end":8383.69},{"text":"peaks.","start":8383.69,"end":8384.21}]},{"text":"I want to impress upon you that while the density values may appear to be small, they are consequential due to high orbital speeds.","start":8384.89,"end":8393.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8384.89,"end":8384.97},{"text":"want","start":8384.97,"end":8385.25},{"text":"to","start":8385.25,"end":8385.45},{"text":"impress","start":8385.45,"end":8385.89},{"text":"upon","start":8385.89,"end":8386.25},{"text":"you","start":8386.25,"end":8386.41},{"text":"that","start":8386.41,"end":8386.61},{"text":"while","start":8386.61,"end":8386.81},{"text":"the","start":8386.81,"end":8386.93},{"text":"density","start":8386.93,"end":8387.37},{"text":"values","start":8387.37,"end":8387.85},{"text":"may","start":8387.85,"end":8388.09},{"text":"appear","start":8388.09,"end":8388.81},{"text":"to","start":8388.81,"end":8388.97},{"text":"be","start":8388.97,"end":8389.13},{"text":"small,","start":8389.13,"end":8389.61},{"text":"they","start":8389.85,"end":8390.01},{"text":"are","start":8390.01,"end":8390.17},{"text":"consequential","start":8390.17,"end":8391.13},{"text":"due","start":8391.53,"end":8391.77},{"text":"to","start":8391.77,"end":8391.93},{"text":"high","start":8391.93,"end":8392.41},{"text":"orbital","start":8392.41,"end":8392.89},{"text":"speeds.","start":8392.89,"end":8393.69}]},{"text":"The last point is illustrated in the following plots, which show the typical timescale as a function of altitude for any two objects to come within one kilometer of each other, assuming no maneuvers.","start":8395.53,"end":8406.49,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"Several statements addressed tracking and monitoring objects in near-Earth space to support safe operations. 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Speakers also discussed remediation-related work and the need for stronger compliance as launch activity and orbital congestion increase."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":8578.21,"end":8578.37},{"text":"the","start":8578.37,"end":8578.53},{"text":"case","start":8578.53,"end":8578.73},{"text":"shown","start":8578.73,"end":8579.01},{"text":"here,","start":8579.01,"end":8579.33},{"text":"the","start":8579.33,"end":8579.49},{"text":"orientations","start":8579.49,"end":8580.37},{"text":"are","start":8580.37,"end":8580.53},{"text":"not","start":8580.53,"end":8580.77},{"text":"favorable","start":8580.77,"end":8581.25},{"text":"for","start":8581.25,"end":8581.49},{"text":"a","start":8581.49,"end":8581.53},{"text":"close","start":8581.53,"end":8581.81},{"text":"conjunction","start":8581.81,"end":8582.45},{"text":"and","start":8582.45,"end":8582.61},{"text":"a","start":8582.61,"end":8582.65},{"text":"collision","start":8582.65,"end":8583.05},{"text":"becomes","start":8583.05,"end":8583.41},{"text":"possible.","start":8583.41,"end":8583.97}]},{"text":"Because the crash clock assumes random orientations, such encounter situations need to be taken into account.","start":8584.29,"end":8590.21,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"A major focus was preventing the creation of new debris through mitigation guidelines, passivation, collision avoidance, shielding, and end-of-life disposal. Speakers also discussed remediation-related work and the need for stronger compliance as launch activity and orbital congestion increase."}],"words":[{"text":"Because","start":8584.29,"end":8584.61},{"text":"the","start":8584.61,"end":8584.69},{"text":"crash","start":8584.69,"end":8585.01},{"text":"clock","start":8585.01,"end":8585.33},{"text":"assumes","start":8585.33,"end":8585.73},{"text":"random","start":8585.73,"end":8586.05},{"text":"orientations,","start":8586.05,"end":8586.89},{"text":"such","start":8586.89,"end":8587.21},{"text":"encounter","start":8587.21,"end":8587.65},{"text":"situations","start":8587.65,"end":8588.37},{"text":"need","start":8588.37,"end":8588.65},{"text":"to","start":8588.65,"end":8588.77},{"text":"be","start":8588.77,"end":8588.93},{"text":"taken","start":8588.93,"end":8589.33},{"text":"into","start":8589.33,"end":8589.77},{"text":"account.","start":8589.77,"end":8590.21}]},{"text":"So, for the 10-5-10 crash clock, we find that at the start of 2018, the crash clock value was 164 days.","start":8592.69,"end":8601.89,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"A major focus was preventing the creation of new debris through mitigation guidelines, passivation, collision avoidance, shielding, and end-of-life disposal. 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Speakers also discussed remediation-related work and the need for stronger compliance as launch activity and orbital congestion increase."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":8602.45,"end":8602.65},{"text":"something","start":8602.65,"end":8603.01},{"text":"were","start":8603.01,"end":8603.17},{"text":"to","start":8603.17,"end":8603.29},{"text":"go","start":8603.29,"end":8603.49},{"text":"horribly","start":8603.49,"end":8604.05},{"text":"wrong,","start":8604.05,"end":8604.45},{"text":"there","start":8604.61,"end":8604.77},{"text":"would","start":8604.77,"end":8604.93},{"text":"be","start":8604.93,"end":8605.09},{"text":"months","start":8605.09,"end":8605.65},{"text":"to","start":8605.65,"end":8605.81},{"text":"address","start":8605.81,"end":8606.21},{"text":"the","start":8606.21,"end":8606.29},{"text":"problem.","start":8606.29,"end":8606.85}]},{"text":"In June of last year, the crash clock value had dropped to less than a week.","start":8607.49,"end":8611.25,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"A major focus was preventing the creation of new debris through mitigation guidelines, passivation, collision avoidance, shielding, and end-of-life disposal. Speakers also discussed remediation-related work and the need for stronger compliance as launch activity and orbital congestion increase."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8607.49,"end":8607.65},{"text":"June","start":8607.65,"end":8607.97},{"text":"of","start":8607.97,"end":8608.05},{"text":"last","start":8608.05,"end":8608.45},{"text":"year,","start":8608.45,"end":8608.77},{"text":"the","start":8608.85,"end":8608.93},{"text":"crash","start":8608.93,"end":8609.25},{"text":"clock","start":8609.25,"end":8609.53},{"text":"value","start":8609.53,"end":8609.81},{"text":"had","start":8609.81,"end":8609.97},{"text":"dropped","start":8609.97,"end":8610.33},{"text":"to","start":8610.33,"end":8610.41},{"text":"less","start":8610.41,"end":8610.69},{"text":"than","start":8610.69,"end":8610.85},{"text":"a","start":8610.85,"end":8610.89},{"text":"week.","start":8610.89,"end":8611.25}]},{"text":"And now, the crash clock is just under four days.","start":8611.65,"end":8614.45,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"A major focus was preventing the creation of new debris through mitigation guidelines, passivation, collision avoidance, shielding, and end-of-life disposal. Speakers also discussed remediation-related work and the need for stronger compliance as launch activity and orbital congestion increase."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8611.65,"end":8611.85},{"text":"now,","start":8611.85,"end":8612.13},{"text":"the","start":8612.13,"end":8612.29},{"text":"crash","start":8612.29,"end":8612.53},{"text":"clock","start":8612.53,"end":8612.93},{"text":"is","start":8612.93,"end":8613.09},{"text":"just","start":8613.09,"end":8613.41},{"text":"under","start":8613.41,"end":8613.69},{"text":"four","start":8613.69,"end":8613.97},{"text":"days.","start":8613.97,"end":8614.45}]},{"text":"We expect this value to vary with time, but the overall change is quite clear.","start":8614.85,"end":8619.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8614.85,"end":8615.05},{"text":"expect","start":8615.05,"end":8615.45},{"text":"this","start":8615.45,"end":8615.65},{"text":"value","start":8615.65,"end":8615.97},{"text":"to","start":8615.97,"end":8616.09},{"text":"vary","start":8616.09,"end":8616.37},{"text":"with","start":8616.37,"end":8616.49},{"text":"time,","start":8616.49,"end":8616.85},{"text":"but","start":8616.85,"end":8617.05},{"text":"the","start":8617.05,"end":8617.13},{"text":"overall","start":8617.13,"end":8617.49},{"text":"change","start":8617.49,"end":8617.89},{"text":"is","start":8617.89,"end":8618.13},{"text":"quite","start":8618.13,"end":8618.45},{"text":"clear.","start":8618.61,"end":8619.01}]},{"text":"What can be done with this information?","start":8621.05,"end":8622.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"What","start":8621.05,"end":8621.33},{"text":"can","start":8621.33,"end":8621.57},{"text":"be","start":8621.57,"end":8621.65},{"text":"done","start":8621.65,"end":8621.89},{"text":"with","start":8621.89,"end":8622.05},{"text":"this","start":8622.05,"end":8622.21},{"text":"information?","start":8622.21,"end":8622.93}]},{"text":"As a KEI, the crash clock can be used to inform policy decisions and assess the safety risks associated with prolonged periods of uncertainty.","start":8623.65,"end":8631.81,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"Several statements addressed tracking and monitoring objects in near-Earth space to support safe operations. This included optical observations, debris and spacecraft cataloguing, conjunction information, reentry tracking, and better exchange of operational data among actors."},{"key":"space-standards-governance","label":"Space Standards and Governance","description":"A recurring theme was the role of international standards, guidelines, and national regulatory frameworks in shaping responsible space behavior. Speakers emphasized consensus-based technical standards, legal clarity, and coordinated governance as essential to implementing long-term sustainability."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8623.65,"end":8623.85},{"text":"a","start":8623.85,"end":8623.89},{"text":"KEI,","start":8623.89,"end":8624.37},{"text":"the","start":8624.45,"end":8624.65},{"text":"crash","start":8624.65,"end":8624.93},{"text":"clock","start":8624.93,"end":8625.21},{"text":"can","start":8625.21,"end":8625.33},{"text":"be","start":8625.33,"end":8625.53},{"text":"used","start":8625.53,"end":8625.77},{"text":"to","start":8625.77,"end":8625.85},{"text":"inform","start":8625.85,"end":8626.21},{"text":"policy","start":8626.21,"end":8626.69},{"text":"decisions","start":8626.69,"end":8627.33},{"text":"and","start":8627.33,"end":8627.45},{"text":"assess","start":8627.45,"end":8627.81},{"text":"the","start":8627.81,"end":8627.89},{"text":"safety","start":8627.89,"end":8628.45},{"text":"risks","start":8628.45,"end":8628.93},{"text":"associated","start":8628.93,"end":8629.49},{"text":"with","start":8629.49,"end":8629.65},{"text":"prolonged","start":8629.65,"end":8630.13},{"text":"periods","start":8630.13,"end":8630.77},{"text":"of","start":8630.81,"end":8631.01},{"text":"uncertainty.","start":8631.01,"end":8631.81}]},{"text":"Here is one example.","start":8632.37,"end":8633.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Here","start":8632.37,"end":8632.57},{"text":"is","start":8632.57,"end":8632.69},{"text":"one","start":8632.69,"end":8632.89},{"text":"example.","start":8632.89,"end":8633.41}]},{"text":"Assume for some reason there was a widespread failure and we are in a no maneuver situation.","start":8633.89,"end":8639.65,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"Several statements addressed tracking and monitoring objects in near-Earth space to support safe operations. This included optical observations, debris and spacecraft cataloguing, conjunction information, reentry tracking, and better exchange of operational data among actors."}],"words":[{"text":"Assume","start":8633.89,"end":8634.29},{"text":"for","start":8634.29,"end":8634.45},{"text":"some","start":8634.45,"end":8634.69},{"text":"reason","start":8634.69,"end":8635.09},{"text":"there","start":8635.09,"end":8635.25},{"text":"was","start":8635.25,"end":8635.41},{"text":"a","start":8635.41,"end":8635.49},{"text":"widespread","start":8635.49,"end":8636.05},{"text":"failure","start":8636.05,"end":8636.61},{"text":"and","start":8636.69,"end":8636.85},{"text":"we","start":8636.85,"end":8637.17},{"text":"are","start":8637.17,"end":8637.41},{"text":"in","start":8637.41,"end":8637.73},{"text":"a","start":8637.81,"end":8637.85},{"text":"no","start":8637.85,"end":8638.37},{"text":"maneuver","start":8638.37,"end":8638.93},{"text":"situation.","start":8638.93,"end":8639.65}]},{"text":"Further suppose we require 24 hours to manage the problem.","start":8639.97,"end":8643.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Further","start":8639.97,"end":8640.33},{"text":"suppose","start":8640.33,"end":8640.77},{"text":"we","start":8640.77,"end":8640.93},{"text":"require","start":8640.93,"end":8641.49},{"text":"24","start":8641.49,"end":8641.97},{"text":"hours","start":8641.97,"end":8642.29},{"text":"to","start":8642.29,"end":8642.41},{"text":"manage","start":8642.41,"end":8642.77},{"text":"the","start":8642.77,"end":8642.93},{"text":"problem.","start":8642.93,"end":8643.41}]},{"text":"In this case, we can ask what is the probability that there will be a potential collision during a 24 hour period?","start":8643.97,"end":8649.65,"topics":[{"key":"space-situational-awareness","label":"Space Situational Awareness","description":"Several statements addressed tracking and monitoring objects in near-Earth space to support safe operations. 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delegates.","start":8733.09,"end":8737.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8733.09,"end":8733.29},{"text":"you","start":8733.29,"end":8733.37},{"text":"very","start":8733.37,"end":8733.57},{"text":"much,","start":8733.57,"end":8733.89},{"text":"Mr.","start":8733.89,"end":8734.21},{"text":"Chairman,","start":8734.21,"end":8734.77},{"text":"distinguished","start":8735.53,"end":8736.21},{"text":"delegates.","start":8736.37,"end":8737.09}]},{"text":"Earth has 8.5 billion people and we are using resources faster than they can be 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conditions.","start":8744.77,"end":8750.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8744.77,"end":8744.97},{"text":"leads","start":8745.01,"end":8745.25},{"text":"to","start":8745.25,"end":8745.37},{"text":"a","start":8745.37,"end":8745.41},{"text":"decline","start":8745.41,"end":8746.05},{"text":"in","start":8746.29,"end":8746.77},{"text":"quality","start":8746.77,"end":8747.13},{"text":"of","start":8747.13,"end":8747.21},{"text":"life","start":8747.21,"end":8747.57},{"text":"and","start":8747.57,"end":8747.69},{"text":"the","start":8747.69,"end":8747.77},{"text":"worsening","start":8747.77,"end":8748.29},{"text":"of","start":8748.29,"end":8748.45},{"text":"environmental","start":8748.45,"end":8749.29},{"text":"and","start":8749.29,"end":8749.41},{"text":"social","start":8749.41,"end":8749.97},{"text":"conditions.","start":8749.97,"end":8750.85}]},{"text":"Next 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left.","start":8758.53,"end":8764.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8758.53,"end":8758.77},{"text":"resources","start":8758.77,"end":8759.33},{"text":"become","start":8759.33,"end":8759.73},{"text":"scarce,","start":8759.73,"end":8760.45},{"text":"some","start":8761.01,"end":8761.49},{"text":"will","start":8761.49,"end":8761.73},{"text":"cling","start":8761.73,"end":8762.21},{"text":"to","start":8762.21,"end":8762.45},{"text":"Earth","start":8762.45,"end":8762.77},{"text":"and","start":8762.77,"end":8763.01},{"text":"fight","start":8763.01,"end":8763.41},{"text":"for","start":8763.41,"end":8763.57},{"text":"what's","start":8763.57,"end":8763.89},{"text":"left.","start":8763.89,"end":8764.45}]},{"text":"The brave will venture behind our planet to find new resources for all of humanity.","start":8764.85,"end":8770.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8764.85,"end":8764.97},{"text":"brave","start":8764.97,"end":8765.41},{"text":"will","start":8765.41,"end":8765.65},{"text":"venture","start":8765.65,"end":8766.21},{"text":"behind","start":8766.21,"end":8766.85},{"text":"our","start":8766.85,"end":8767.17},{"text":"planet","start":8767.17,"end":8767.61},{"text":"to","start":8767.61,"end":8767.69},{"text":"find","start":8767.69,"end":8768.01},{"text":"new","start":8768.01,"end":8768.21},{"text":"resources","start":8768.21,"end":8768.77},{"text":"for","start":8768.77,"end":8769.13},{"text":"all","start":8769.13,"end":8769.25},{"text":"of","start":8769.25,"end":8769.45},{"text":"humanity.","start":8769.45,"end":8770.21}]},{"text":"These pioneers will be known as the space 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is equally vital not just biologically but as a living environment.","start":9142.69,"end":9147.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Water","start":9142.69,"end":9143.13},{"text":"is","start":9143.17,"end":9143.41},{"text":"equally","start":9143.41,"end":9143.81},{"text":"vital","start":9143.81,"end":9144.29},{"text":"not","start":9144.29,"end":9144.45},{"text":"just","start":9144.45,"end":9144.81},{"text":"biologically","start":9144.81,"end":9145.81},{"text":"but","start":9145.81,"end":9146.21},{"text":"as","start":9146.21,"end":9146.41},{"text":"a","start":9146.41,"end":9146.45},{"text":"living","start":9146.45,"end":9146.89},{"text":"environment.","start":9146.89,"end":9147.65}]},{"text":"Lakes, rivers and large bodies of water are needed for self-sustaining ecosystems and on a style spinning habitats could host vast seas supporting rich 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living demands more than survival.","start":9158.69,"end":9162.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Space","start":9158.69,"end":9159.09},{"text":"living","start":9159.09,"end":9160.61},{"text":"demands","start":9160.61,"end":9161.17},{"text":"more","start":9161.17,"end":9161.57},{"text":"than","start":9161.57,"end":9161.81},{"text":"survival.","start":9161.81,"end":9162.45}]},{"text":"Beauty, comfort, and nurturing spaces are essential for emotional well-being far from 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thrive.","start":9168.37,"end":9181.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Access","start":9168.37,"end":9168.77},{"text":"to","start":9168.77,"end":9168.89},{"text":"nature,","start":9168.89,"end":9169.41},{"text":"natural","start":9169.41,"end":9169.93},{"text":"light,","start":9169.93,"end":9170.37},{"text":"art,","start":9170.61,"end":9171.09},{"text":"ergonomic","start":9171.21,"end":9171.81},{"text":"design,","start":9171.81,"end":9172.29},{"text":"sport","start":9172.37,"end":9172.77},{"text":"arenas,","start":9172.77,"end":9173.33},{"text":"meditation","start":9173.49,"end":9174.13},{"text":"pods,","start":9174.13,"end":9174.53},{"text":"and","start":9174.69,"end":9174.93},{"text":"tranquil","start":9174.93,"end":9175.33},{"text":"gardens","start":9175.33,"end":9175.89},{"text":"transform","start":9175.89,"end":9176.45},{"text":"habitats","start":9176.77,"end":9177.25},{"text":"from","start":9177.25,"end":9177.49},{"text":"shelters","start":9177.49,"end":9178.05},{"text":"into","start":9178.05,"end":9178.45},{"text":"true","start":9178.45,"end":9178.77},{"text":"homes","start":9178.77,"end":9179.21},{"text":"where","start":9179.21,"end":9179.49},{"text":"both","start":9179.49,"end":9179.69},{"text":"body","start":9179.81,"end":9180.29},{"text":"and","start":9180.45,"end":9180.69},{"text":"soul","start":9180.69,"end":9181.09},{"text":"can","start":9181.09,"end":9181.37},{"text":"thrive.","start":9181.37,"end":9181.89}]},{"text":"Without freedom, space settlements risk creating exiles, not pioneers.","start":9183.81,"end":9189.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Without","start":9183.81,"end":9184.05},{"text":"freedom,","start":9184.05,"end":9184.85},{"text":"space","start":9185.09,"end":9185.53},{"text":"settlements","start":9185.53,"end":9186.37},{"text":"risk","start":9186.53,"end":9187.01},{"text":"creating","start":9187.09,"end":9187.65},{"text":"exiles,","start":9187.65,"end":9188.45},{"text":"not","start":9188.45,"end":9188.77},{"text":"pioneers.","start":9188.77,"end":9189.49}]},{"text":"Freedom of choice is a fundamental human right and the cornerstone of dignity.","start":9189.49,"end":9195.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Freedom","start":9189.49,"end":9189.93},{"text":"of","start":9189.93,"end":9190.05},{"text":"choice","start":9190.05,"end":9190.45},{"text":"is","start":9190.45,"end":9190.69},{"text":"a","start":9190.69,"end":9190.73},{"text":"fundamental","start":9190.73,"end":9191.49},{"text":"human","start":9191.49,"end":9191.81},{"text":"right","start":9191.81,"end":9192.21},{"text":"and","start":9192.21,"end":9192.33},{"text":"the","start":9192.33,"end":9192.45},{"text":"cornerstone","start":9192.45,"end":9194.37},{"text":"of","start":9194.37,"end":9194.53},{"text":"dignity.","start":9194.53,"end":9195.17}]},{"text":"Take Peter, a pioneer who joins a moon colony full of hope.","start":9195.97,"end":9199.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Take","start":9195.97,"end":9196.29},{"text":"Peter,","start":9196.29,"end":9196.77},{"text":"a","start":9196.77,"end":9196.81},{"text":"pioneer","start":9196.81,"end":9197.33},{"text":"who","start":9197.33,"end":9197.49},{"text":"joins","start":9197.49,"end":9197.89},{"text":"a","start":9197.89,"end":9197.97},{"text":"moon","start":9197.97,"end":9198.21},{"text":"colony","start":9198.21,"end":9198.61},{"text":"full","start":9198.61,"end":9198.85},{"text":"of","start":9198.85,"end":9198.93},{"text":"hope.","start":9198.93,"end":9199.49}]},{"text":"Over time, the moon's low gravity weakens his body, making a return to Earth dangerous or even deadly.","start":9199.57,"end":9205.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Over","start":9199.57,"end":9199.81},{"text":"time,","start":9199.81,"end":9200.13},{"text":"the","start":9200.13,"end":9200.29},{"text":"moon's","start":9200.29,"end":9200.61},{"text":"low","start":9200.61,"end":9200.81},{"text":"gravity","start":9200.81,"end":9201.33},{"text":"weakens","start":9201.33,"end":9201.73},{"text":"his","start":9201.73,"end":9201.97},{"text":"body,","start":9201.97,"end":9202.29},{"text":"making","start":9202.29,"end":9202.77},{"text":"a","start":9202.77,"end":9202.81},{"text":"return","start":9202.81,"end":9203.25},{"text":"to","start":9203.25,"end":9203.37},{"text":"Earth","start":9203.37,"end":9203.61},{"text":"dangerous","start":9203.61,"end":9204.37},{"text":"or","start":9204.37,"end":9204.53},{"text":"even","start":9204.53,"end":9204.85},{"text":"deadly.","start":9204.85,"end":9205.41}]},{"text":"His trip becomes one way, forcing painful limitations.","start":9206.05,"end":9209.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"His","start":9206.05,"end":9206.33},{"text":"trip","start":9206.33,"end":9206.53},{"text":"becomes","start":9206.53,"end":9206.97},{"text":"one","start":9206.97,"end":9207.21},{"text":"way,","start":9207.21,"end":9207.61},{"text":"forcing","start":9207.61,"end":9208.17},{"text":"painful","start":9208.17,"end":9208.69},{"text":"limitations.","start":9208.69,"end":9209.49}]},{"text":"Humans must always retain the freedom to choose where to live, free from being trapped by biology, technology or 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we decide to live in a space community, non-human rights should be disregarded or denied.","start":9217.01,"end":9222.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"When","start":9217.01,"end":9217.29},{"text":"we","start":9217.29,"end":9217.45},{"text":"decide","start":9217.45,"end":9217.93},{"text":"to","start":9217.93,"end":9218.01},{"text":"live","start":9218.01,"end":9218.25},{"text":"in","start":9218.25,"end":9218.37},{"text":"a","start":9218.37,"end":9218.41},{"text":"space","start":9218.41,"end":9218.73},{"text":"community,","start":9218.73,"end":9219.29},{"text":"non-human","start":9219.29,"end":9219.85},{"text":"rights","start":9219.85,"end":9220.33},{"text":"should","start":9220.33,"end":9220.57},{"text":"be","start":9220.57,"end":9220.81},{"text":"disregarded","start":9220.81,"end":9221.61},{"text":"or","start":9221.61,"end":9221.77},{"text":"denied.","start":9221.77,"end":9222.21}]},{"text":"Space habitats spinning to simulate Earth.","start":9222.33,"end":9224.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Space","start":9222.33,"end":9222.77},{"text":"habitats","start":9222.77,"end":9223.33},{"text":"spinning","start":9223.33,"end":9223.69},{"text":"to","start":9223.69,"end":9223.85},{"text":"simulate","start":9223.85,"end":9224.41},{"text":"Earth.","start":9224.41,"end":9224.73}]},{"text":"Gravity preserve health and strength, so settlers like Peter won't face cruel 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begin and hopefully suspend our consideration of agenda item 17 on the draft professional agenda for 64th session of the subcommittee pending the discussion in the working 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will continue our consideration of agenda item 14 on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space with a view to endorsing the report of the working group on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space, and we will hopefully conclude our consideration of this 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will be six presentations this afternoon.","start":9540.85,"end":9543.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"There","start":9540.85,"end":9541.01},{"text":"will","start":9541.01,"end":9541.13},{"text":"be","start":9541.13,"end":9541.25},{"text":"six","start":9541.25,"end":9541.49},{"text":"presentations","start":9541.49,"end":9542.41},{"text":"this","start":9542.57,"end":9542.77},{"text":"afternoon.","start":9542.77,"end":9543.41}]},{"text":"Delegates are reminded that the full schedule of today's presentation is available on the session web 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main stream link is available on the information circular USA 2026/4, dispatched on the January 26, 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Secretariat has informed me that any correction shall be submitted to the Secretariat at the submission e-mail of the Office of Outer Space Affairs on 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schedule?","start":9670.37,"end":9673.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Are","start":9670.37,"end":9670.53},{"text":"there","start":9670.53,"end":9670.73},{"text":"any","start":9670.73,"end":9670.89},{"text":"questions","start":9670.89,"end":9671.41},{"text":"or","start":9671.49,"end":9671.73},{"text":"comments","start":9671.73,"end":9672.21},{"text":"on","start":9672.21,"end":9672.37},{"text":"this","start":9672.37,"end":9672.53},{"text":"proposed","start":9672.53,"end":9673.01},{"text":"schedule?","start":9673.01,"end":9673.65}]},{"text":"All right, I see none.","start":9681.17,"end":9682.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"All","start":9681.17,"end":9681.25},{"text":"right,","start":9681.25,"end":9681.57},{"text":"I","start":9681.97,"end":9682.05},{"text":"see","start":9682.05,"end":9682.29},{"text":"none.","start":9682.29,"end":9682.61}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, And with that, this meeting is adjourned till 3 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Speakers referred to ongoing observation campaigns, confirmation of new NEO discoveries, and international conferences and exercises focused on impact-threat preparedness."},{"key":"space-debris-mitigation","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"A major focus was preventing the creation of new debris through mitigation guidelines, passivation, collision avoidance, shielding, and end-of-life disposal. Speakers also discussed remediation-related work and the need for stronger compliance as launch activity and orbital congestion increase."},{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"The rapid growth of large constellations was presented as a driver of congestion in low Earth orbit and a source of new sustainability challenges. 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