Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 64th session, 1082nd meeting General Assembly Date: 9 May 2025 Language: English Transcript: https://transcripts.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1yxl5q439 Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations. --- COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [33:07]: Good morning, distinguished delegates. I now declare open the 1,082nd meeting Of the legal subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Distinguished delegates, this morning we will proceed as follows. We will first continue with our consideration of agenda item three, general exchange of views. We will continue and hopefully conclude our consideration of agenda item 9, which is the general exchange of information and views on legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and remediation measures, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee. We will begin our consideration of agenda item 10, general exchange of information on non-legally binding United Nations instruments on outer space. And time permitting, we will also begin our consideration of agenda item 11, general exchange of views On the legal aspects of space traffic management. We will then suspend the plenary meeting so that the Action Team on Lunar Activities Consultation can hold its first meeting. Following the adjournment of the Action Team meeting, we will then proceed with the discussions on organizational matters. Led by the delegation of India. And we'll then turn to technical presentations. We will have 2 technical presentations this morning, and as delegations are aware, the schedule of technical presentations is available on the session's webpage and in the Daily Journal. I would like to inform delegates that the informal consultations on the non-paper on a proposal for a study group on legal and policy aspects on space traffic will be held in Conference Room M3 this morning from 12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m. So once again, in Conference Room M3, from 12 noon, 12 PM to 1 PM. And those are the informal consultations on the non-paper on a proposal for a study group on legal and policy aspects on space traffic. Are there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule? I see none. Then we can now take up our first agenda item, which is our continued consideration of Agenda Item 3, General Exchange of Views. Distinguished delegates, I now turn to the list of speakers. And the first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of ACES Worldwide. You have the floor. ACES Worldwide [36:53]: Thank you, Madam Chair. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [37:25]: Thank you very much, distinguished delegates. We will give the floor to the following speaker on my list, which is Lunar Policy Platform Foundation. You have the floor. LPP Foundation [37:40]: Muchas gracias, señora. Thank you very much, Chair. On behalf of Stichting Lunar Policy Platform, a nonprofit, non-governmental entity registered in the Netherlands, globally known as Lunar Policy Platform Foundation, we are grateful for the honor and opportunity to attend the 64th session of the Legal Subcommittee as a DOC observer. And address the distinguished member states and permanent observers through this statement. The Lunar Policy Platform is an expert, global, neutral, multi-layer platform dedicated to enabling a peaceful, prosperous, and cooperative lunar future through policy. In this statement, we wish to share with you some key information on our work and invite your views on how we can best support the crucial work of COPUSS which we recognize as the leading multilateral body in charge of space governance. Distinguished delegates, our distinctive future is the creation of focused, collaborative documents identifying common ground between all actors on priorities, policies, and standards for peaceful, safe, and sustainable lunar activities. All our documents are developed through a rigorous consultative process open to the participation of all actors. And they are published online in perpetual open access for the use and benefit of all. Our activities began in late 2022 as a global initiative incubated by the Open Lunar Foundation, an independent nonprofit entity committed to safeguarding a peaceful, cooperative, and sustainable lunar future. Since then, we have published 2 widely referenced policy documents, We also support capacity building in lunar policy through events and commentaries. For example, at the 67th session of COPUSS in 2024, we co-organized a side event to promote reflections on the UN Conference on Sustainable Lunar Activities. At the 2024 World Space Forum, we hosted an event to educate on lunar policy trends and futures. Distinguished delegates, after these years of groundbreaking work, I am pleased to inform you that as of 2025, LPP is established as a global, nonprofit, neutral foundation in the Netherlands. Building upon our previous work, and thanks to the continuing support of Open Lunar, this year we are advancing critical policy work on lunar information sharing and lunar science and ethics. On lunar information sharing, for the past 3 months we've interviewed over 70 representatives from 35 organizations to gather global views on what to share, why, when, where, and how. The result of these consultations has been transposed into a draft Lunar Information Sharing 101 that aims to provide a useful guide for the benefit of all interested actors. The first draft of the LIS 101 is open for comments until the end of this month. The document has been shared with all participants to the consultations, and we would be delighted to share it with all member states that may be interested. On lunar science and ethics, we're also conducting global consultations to identify scientific, cultural, and ethical interest in lunar exploration, clarify their implications on the conduct of other lunar activities, and help evaluate principles and practices for a balanced approach. A preliminary overview of the consultations is being outlined in a document that will be shared with all interested actors in mid-May. All our activities are designed to complement and support the work of COPUSS, and particularly the Working Group on the Status and Applications of the 5 UN Treaties, the Working Group on the Legal Aspects of Space Resources, and the Action Team on Lunar Activities Consultation. More information on LPP Foundation and our work can be found in CRP number 13. And if of interest to the committee, We will be pleased to present a further update at the 68th session of COPUSS in June to help build capacity in lunar policy. During this session, we will be delighted to meet with all interested member states and permanent observers to share our expertise, explore ways in which we may be of help, and receive feedback on our intent to apply as a permanent observer at the 68th session of the committee in June. To conclude, we are deeply grateful for the opportunity to attend this session of the Legal Subcommittee as an ad hoc observer, and look forward to working together for a peaceful, safe, and sustainable future on the Moon for the benefit of all humanity. Thank you for your kind attention. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [42:50]: I thank the distinguished representative of Lunar Policy Platform. With that, we have concluded our consideration of Agenda Item 3 for this morning. On the general exchange of views, and we will continue with our consideration of agenda item 3 in the afternoon. Distinguished delegates, I would now like to take up agenda item 9, general exchange of information and views on legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and remediation measures. Taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee. And the first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Malaysia. You have the floor. Malaysia [43:49]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. Distinguished delegates, Malaysia continues to advocate for transparency among member states by encouraging the sharing of knowledge and information pertaining to space activities. That could potentially cause harm and compromise the security and safety of other states. Therefore, efficient and effective governance is crucial as a mechanism to monitor and regulate space activities. In light of the above, Malaysia would like to acknowledge the role and work of COPOS in promoting and encouraging cooperation amongst member states to continuously work together for the sustainability of outer space. Mr. Chair, Malaysia recognizes the importance of developing legal mechanisms related to space debris mitigation and remediation. Hence, Malaysia acknowledges the significance of non-legally binding and voluntary measures such as the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities. Underscoring the importance of enhancing the legal capacity of emerging spacefaring nations, Malaysia would like to encourage other member states to adopt and implement these above-mentioned guidelines on a voluntary basis. In support of the implementation of these guidelines, Malaysia has incorporated them into our national legislation, the Malaysian Space Board Act 2022, Act 834, and its related regulations. Mr. Chair, Malaysia further reiterates that cooperation in sharing accurate data, knowledge, and experiences as well as enhancing capacity capabilities, including the development of technical resources, modified prediction models, and advanced facilities, is essential. Therefore, in addition to the collaborative efforts facilitated by COPUS, member states can collaborate on other international or regional platforms. Malaysia reaffirms that proactive and responsible measures must be taken to prevent accidents and incidents resulting from space activities. Understanding that the number of space objects is increasing over time, continuous efforts are needed to mitigate pollution in Earth's orbit to ensure the long-term sustainability of space for the benefit of future generations. Development of space traffic management protocol under the auspices of international bodies such as the UN-USAID, or through regional initiatives, is essential in effectively addressing the growing issue of space debris. With the increasing number of satellites and space activities, it is crucial to establish a unified and coordinated framework for managing space traffic to prevent collisions and the generation of additional debris. International cooperation through recognized bodies can help set global standards, ensure data sharing, and develop binding regulations to mitigate the risk of space debris. Such effort would promote the sustainable use of outer space, enhance the safety of satellite operations, and safeguard space-based infrastructure critical to global communication, navigation, and scientific progress. Such cooperation can foster transparency, promote responsible space activities, and reduce the risk of catastrophic events that could threaten both space infrastructure and life on Earth. In conclusion, Malaysia consistently supports and recognizes COPUOS as the appropriate forum to address issues regarding legal mechanisms related to space debris mitigation and remediation measures. Malaysia looks forward to further engagement in the discussion of this session. With that, Mr. Chair, I thank you. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [47:38]: Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Malaysia, for your statement. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia [47:53]: Your Excellency, Chair of the 64th session of the Legal Subcommittee of the Committee of the— on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, ladies and gentlemen, distinguished delegations, may God's peace and mercy and blessings be upon you all. At the outset, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia would like to thank the chair of the Legal Subcommittee, Mr. Santiago Ripoll Carola, for all his efforts to support the committee and to produce its final report for the 63rd session, which contributes to achieving great strides in promoting and developing international space law and achieving its higher interests. Ladies and gentlemen, space debris has become a growing issue affecting the security and safety of global space infrastructure, with risks to satellites, the Earth orbit environment, and the safety of future space flights, whether manned or unmanned. The danger lies in the rapid pace of increasing number of inactive objects in space, which complicates the chances of managing space as a safe and sustainable environment. In this context, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia expresses its full support to the international efforts aimed at addressing this phenomenon by strengthening cooperation frameworks, activating the Voluntary Guidelines for the Reduction of Orbital Debris issued by the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, and supporting the development of technical and operational standards to be applied by all parties in the space sector, governmental and non-governmental. Ladies and gentlemen, the Kingdom believes in the importance of shared responsibility to protect the space environment. Accordingly, it's working on developing a number of national policies as well as regulations and guiding legislations consistent with the relevant international conventions, and it's developing its monitoring and orbital follow-up capabilities, and it's participating in the different scientific and technical initiatives through the Communications and Space and Technology Commission. And the Saudi Space Agency, it's emphasizing the need— the concept of sustainable use of space as part of its commitment to enhancing space security at the regional and international levels. Ladies and gentlemen, based on our futuristic vision towards a sustainable space, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, represented by the Saudi Space Initiative, is working on launching its research platform for space awareness based in Riyadh, focusing on research and development to invest in human capital and disseminate advanced scientific research as an important contribution to the scientific community in the field of space. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, presented by the Saudi Space Agency, also invites all delegations to participate in the 2nd edition of the Space Debris Conference 2026, which we hope will constitute a milestone in international cooperation that brings together solutions, experiences, and ideas from all over the world in a single space to maximize the benefit of initiatives and efforts aimed at a sustainable space and to address challenges of space debris. Ladies and gentlemen, in conclusion, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia reaffirms its commitment to promoting the principles of international space law and to contribute constructively to the discussions and initiatives put forward by this committee. We look forward to cooperating with all member states and international partners to promote the peaceful, safe, and sustainable use of outer space. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [51:33]: Muchas gracias, distinguida. Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Saudi Arabia, for your statement. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of South Africa. South Africa [51:44]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. South Africa joins the vast majority of member states in expressing concern about the increased quantity of space debris in Earth's orbits, particularly in lower Earth orbit. All states share the responsibility and have an interest in the long-term sustainability of outer space, including through debris mitigation and ultimately its elimination. Failure to do so presents significant risk to the investments made by states in their outer space activities. In the case of developing countries, this investment is made from extremely limited resources, given the competing priorities they face. Moreover, space debris presents an acute risk to the lives and well-being of all envoys of mankind, namely astronauts. So we must avoid repeating the mistakes we have made on Earth, and this entails not taking a parochial and purely national interest and commercial-based approach to outer space activities. Outer space exploration and activities present an opportunity for states to act in true international solidarity based on international cooperation and for the benefit of mankind. South Africa is encouraged by the research and technical innovation in areas such as space debris mitigation, removal, and space situational awareness. The side events which have taken place on the margins of this legal subcommittee and organized by UNOSA and by states have been most informative. South Africa is fortunate to work alongside several states in various areas of its national space program. It considers that such cooperation, also with developing countries, could extend to incorporating space debris mitigation and elimination technologies in the areas of cooperation. And given the shared responsibility, it follows that such technologies, as they become available, should be developed jointly and made available, including through financial support to adopt them. The Outer Space Treaty requires that states conduct their activities in accordance with international law, and this includes international environmental law and the duty to avoid transboundary harm. The Registration, Rescue, and Liability Conventions creates additional obligations, obligations which also extend implicitly to the obligation to address space debris mitigation. Failure to do so can have catastrophic consequences in outer space and on the surface of the Earth. Given the unique nature of the outer space environment and in view of the finite nature of Earth's orbits, South Africa supports the further development of both soft law and binding legal instruments focusing specifically on debris mitigation. There should be no gap in the law, Mr. Chair. There should also be no window for states to evade their international obligations. States bear a weighty responsibility to safeguard the safety in and the longevity of the outer space environment, both in the present and for future generations. South Africa supports the common but differentiated responsibilities approach to address the historical, current, and future remediation of space debris. Irresponsible outer space behavior in the sphere of space debris contravenes the non-discrimination, free access, and equality principles as contained in the Outer Space Treaty. Mr. Chair, South Africa welcomes that some states have incorporated the long-term sustainability of outer space and debris mitigation guidelines into their national regulatory frameworks. For its part, South Africa is introducing measures requiring domestic space actors, including commercial operators, to demonstrate credible plans for mitigating space debris. However, we must also take into account the role of university students and the limited resources available to them for the design of rockets and satellites, and consider that a careful balance is required not to stifle their contribution to our national space program. And so we would welcome increased collaboration with private partners and states. Mr. Chair, in conclusion, we have the opportunity to cooperate responsibly with respect to the preservation of outer space. In this regard, South Africa urges states to fulfill their obligations and to cooperate to address this urgent and pressing issue. I thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [56:52]: I thank the distinguished representative of South Africa for their statement. The following speaker Is the distinguished representative of Mexico. Mexico [57:08]: Good morning. Thank you very much, Chair. Chair, distinguished delegates, Mexico recognizes and shares the growing concern regarding the accumulation of space debris, as well as the urgent need to strengthen measures in order to mitigate their impact on sustainability of space operations, as well as the safety of activities in orbit. This global challenge requires coordinated action and the strengthening of legal and technical mechanisms to promote the prevention, mitigation, and remediation of this waste, of this debris. While Mexico does not have a national comprehensive legislative framework in this area, our country has implemented implemented specific legislative measures that contribute to reducing this problem. And inter alia, we would underscore 2 official Mexican standards which establish technical requirements for satellite design and for comprehensive risk management for space projects. This provides a basis for the regulation of space activities in Mexico. Secondly, a space debris mitigation policy for geostationary satellites, which requires that operators guarantee that there is sufficient fuel available at the end of the lifespan of the satellite so that it can be moved to a so-called cemetery orbit, which is approximately 300 kilometers from the geostationary orbit. This contributes to reducing congestion in one of the most critical orbits for global spatial infrastructure. We are aware that the remediation of space debris poses a significant challenge, and therefore we restate our commitment to working in close cooperation with the international community in order to strengthen the impact of mitigation efforts and to develop joint strategies to ensure a safe and sustainable space environment. In this vein, we appeal to all states and actors engaging in space activities to shoulder their responsibilities for the mitigation and remediation of space debris through multilateral cooperation and by developing appropriate legal frameworks to guarantee the sustainability of outer space for future generations. Here we underscore the value, the immense value of the work undertaken by this subcommittee as well as by the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and by COPUOS itself in seeking to address this challenge that humankind faces. Space governance and promoting initiatives for the responsible use of outer space will ensure that their benefits will continue to drive technological development, connectivity, and innovation for the benefit of all of humankind. Thank you very much, Chair. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:00:19]: Thank you very much to the distinguished representative of Mexico. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of China. Please continue. China [1:00:31]: Chair, with the rapid development in space activities and objects, the importance of space debris mitigation and remediation in ensuring the safety of space operations and spacecraft, as well as promoting the long-term sustainability of our space activities, has become increasingly evident. China attaches great importance to the issue of space debris and is actively engaged in related efforts. We're committed to scientific research and capacity building in the field of space debris, aiming to enhance our capabilities in observation, analysis, mitigation, and removal. China recognized the significant role of the UN Space Mitigation Guidelines and has strengthened its regulation of domestic space activities. We strictly implement regulatory reviews of space debris throughout the entire lifecycle of spacecraft. And by imposing strict, stringent requirements on space debris mitigation programs and measures for spacecraft on their launch vehicles, China will continue to promote the revision and development of space debris mitigation policies, regulations, and national standards to further strengthen the domestic regulatory system. In addition, China actively participates in international cooperation on space debris mitigation, including engagement with IADC, and the implementation of relevant cooperative projects under the framework of the Apsco Chair. In yesterday's statements, some delegations raised the issue of banning helicopter-type anti-defense tests. With this issue is related to space debris to some extent. It is fundamentally a matter of outer space security. In this regard, China has consistently maintained that the most effective way to address outer space security is through negotiation and conclusion of a legally binding instrument on outer space arms control. Such an instrument would prohibit in an equally— legally binding manner the deployment of weapons in outer space, as well as the use of or threat of use of force against outer space objects. Meanwhile, relevant issues being discussed in the arms control platform are conducting in Geneva. We hope discussions will remain focused on the peaceful use of outer space. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:02:52]: Thank you very much, distinguished delegate of China. We have concluded our consideration of Agenda Item 9, General Exchange of Information and Views. On legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and remediation measures, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee. Distinguished delegates, I would now like to begin our consideration of agenda item 10: General Exchange of Information on Non-Legally Binding United Nations Instruments on Outer Space. space. And the first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Kenya on behalf of the G77 and China. You have the floor. Kenya · G77 + China [1:03:53]: Chair, the Group of 77 and China underscores its firm conviction that the use and exploration of the outer space shall be carried out exclusively for peaceful purposes, for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and in conformity with applicable international law. With regard to information exchange, the group encourages the states launching objects into orbit in accordance with their commitments under relevant General Assembly resolutions of 1969, 1961 and 1962, and the Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space of 1963, to furnish information to COPAS through the UN Secretary-General, who is also requested to maintain a public registry and consider establishing a national registry for the purpose of information exchange on space objects as appropriate. Thank you. With regard to the principles relating to remote sensing of the Earth from outer space adopted by the UN General Assembly, the group underscores the importance of upholding the principle of promoting the availability of remote sensing data on an undiscriminatory basis, as this type of information is essential to the promotion of sustainable development in areas such as agriculture, agriculture, disaster risk reduction and management, climate change, global health, and also promotes transparency and confidence among states. The group reiterates its support of the Declaration of International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interest of All States, Taking into Particular Account the Needs of Developing Countries, which was adopted by the General Assembly. The group believes that this instrument is important as it further promotes international cooperation in a bid to maximize the benefits in the utilization of space applications for all states and calls on all spacefaring nations to contribute to promoting and fostering international cooperation on an equitable basis and to refrain from introducing unilateral restrictive measures hampering this cooperation. The group also underscores that particular attention be given to the interests of developing countries and that the committee should be strengthened in its role as the main platform for the exchange of information in the field of international cooperation. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:06:28]: I thank the distinguished representative of Kenya who spoke on behalf of the G77 and China. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Canada. You have the floor. Canada [1:06:45]: Chair, distinguished delegates, the development of international law is a relatively slow process. It usually evolves over time based on the practice of states and the gradual recognition that a given practice is required and that it should be legally binding on states. Sometimes these practices are codified in treaties for greater certainty and accompanied by the creation of intergovernmental international organizations. The development of space law is somewhat unique amongst areas of international law. The first legal principles were developed at a time when there was very little practice and very few participants. The first treaty, the Outer Space Treaty, was concluded a little over 10 years after the first space object was placed in Earth orbit. This is a remarkable amount of progress in legal norm-building over a short period of time in a novel area of human activity. By contrast, humans navigated the high seas for millennia before the first maritime laws were codified into treaties. International air law moved more rapidly towards lawmaking, with the first treaty appearing 16 years after the inaugural flight of the Wright brothers, but still almost 140 years after humans first took flight in a hot air balloon over Paris. When looking back on the swift development of international space law, it's instructive to consider how this was achieved. International space law was developed by a committee of states from different regions of the world representing different legal traditions. COPUSS was formed shortly after the first space object was placed into orbit to review international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space and to study the nature of legal problems which may arise from the exploration of outer space. It offered an open forum where states could discuss and debate technical and legal issues related to the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, as it still does today. If the forum was one key ingredient in the success of space law, the approach to legal norm building was another. COPUIS did not attempt to conclude a detailed treaty governing every aspect of outer space exploration. Indeed, it did not have the mandate to do so at the time. Instead, it outlined general legal principles relevant to peaceful exploration use of outer space in a non-legally binding format, UN General Assembly resolutions. Opting for the flexibility of non-binding resolutions facilitated acceptance of new legal principles. Once adopted by the UN General Assembly, often unanimously, these principles were put into practice on a voluntary basis by States. For example, States began submitting registration information after the adoption of Resolution 1721 of 1961, long before the Registration Convention, created a legally binding obligation to do so. The legal principles put into practice by states were then transformed into treaties, starting with the Outer Space Treaty. The approach to legal norm-building through non-legally binding instruments proved to be a very successful model for rapidly developing international space law. The final component in the successful development of international space law was the willingness to make steady progress. The resolutions adopted in 1961 and 1962 contained only a few paragraphs with 2 or 3 legal principles each. This was also true of Resolution 1884, adopted in 1963, which only addressed one topic: the call to refrain from placing nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction in orbit. While the General Assembly was strongly calling for comprehensive legal principles right away, Copulos resisted the temptation to do everything at once, and instead delivered modest and consistent results each year. The modest results eventually culminated in a more comprehensive set of legal principles, which were set out in Resolution 1962, adopted on 13 December 1963. These legal principles went on to become the foundation for the Outer Space Treaty. The history of the development of space law illustrates that monumental achievements can be made in a relatively short period of time by combining small, consistent results on a regular basis. International space law did not follow an all-or-nothing approach to development, but instead adopted a slow and steady pace to achieve great success. Chair, distinguished delegates, the use of non-legally binding instruments has been the method of choice for the progressive and successful development of international space law. While the pace has slowed over the years, progress in legal principles relevant to the peaceful exploration and use of outer space continues to this day. Some of the principles contained in current non-legally binding UN instruments may one day form the foundation of future treaties. The Legal Subcommittee should continue to look for opportunities to advance the development of international space law through whatever format is most appropriate based on the situation, including non-legally binding UN instruments. I thank you. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:11:52]: I thank the distinguished representative of Canada for their statement. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation. Russian Federation [1:12:05]: Thank you, Chairman. Distinguished delegates. First, may I express a very heartfelt congratulations on the Victory Day, where we celebrate the liberation of thousands of people. 9 May is not just a tribute to the memories of the heroes fallen on the battlefield, but also to the memory of how just peace and cooperation in international are cooperation are necessary so as to prevent new tragedies. Chairman, legally non-binding United Nations instruments on outer space provide states with significant assistance in formulating regulations for various types of national space activities. As these activities grow and experience in research in using outer space does as well, the necessity it requires to discuss and, where necessary, adopt on copulos new legally binding documents— non-binding documents such as guidelines, frameworks, so on and so forth. It's important, though, that the superiority of such documents is retained and that should there be contradictions, these are addressed with respect to previous documents. It's important to note that work on non-legally binding documents should not substitute efforts to craft legally binding instruments. That is because a number of areas of outer space activities, including space traffic management, space debris removal, active removal, as As well as the use of outer space resources, all of these things can only be carried out strictly in compliance with binding international treaties stipulating international liability for their implementation. Thank you. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:14:10]: Muchas gracias. Thank you very much to distinguished representative of the Russian Federation for their statement. The following speaker. Is the distinguished representative of the United Kingdom. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [1:14:31]: Chair, the United Kingdom is pleased to participate in this important discussion on legally binding instruments on outer space. These instruments are crucial in developing the multilateral governance framework for space. They offer a flexible, low-risk, and effective approach to adapting to new uses of outer space and addressing the dynamic challenges of outer space activities. Chair, non-binding instruments have always been key in shaping the behavior of spacefaring nations and contributing to the development of the UN space treaties. They have helped to shape multilateral norms, build consensus, and enable incremental progress on complex and contested issues. The Outer Space Treaty, which is the cornerstone of international space law, began life as a set of non-binding principles aimed at creating a shared understanding of how states should behave in a new area of human activity. This very committee drafted and negotiated the texts that were ultimately adopted by the UN General Assembly by consensus in 1963 as the legal principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space. It was only years later, once views and practice had settled, these principles were formalized as legally binding obligations in the form of the Outer Space Treaty. This pathway to legally binding obligations via non-binding instruments helped to navigate the geopolitical differences at the time and provided the framework within which the peaceful exploration and use of outer space could continue despite those differences. More recently, a range of guidelines have been developed on space debris mitigation, long-term sustainability of space activities, and the use of nuclear power sources in space. These non-binding instruments help to ensure the protection and sustainability of the space environment and of human life. The United Kingdom has incorporated these guidelines into our national space policies and regulatory frameworks. We support ongoing efforts to update and refine these non-binding instruments in light of new technological advancements and continue to advocate for their widespread adoption. Chair, non-binding instruments interact with and build upon the existing legal framework in a number of ways. They can complement the existing legal framework by providing implementing detail to the otherwise broad Outer Space Treaty. They can assist in interpreting key terms and provisions of the UN space treaties, such as due regard or harmful interference. They can act as precursors to future treaties by generating consensus on standards or ways of interacting in space, especially on complex issues with diverse interests, and they can generate state practice and opinio juris which may over time become customary international law. The United Kingdom places great importance on non-binding instruments on outer space and seeks to act consistently with them. We commend the efforts of this committee on the peaceful uses of outer space and its legal subcommittee in developing and promoting such instruments and recognize the key role they have to play in navigating the new challenges and opportunities we face in space today. Chair, in conclusion, the United Kingdom reaffirms its commitment to the peaceful and sustainable use of outer space. We will continue to support the development and implementation of non-binding instruments that promote responsible space activities and international cooperation in outer space. I thank you, Chair. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:18:24]: Muchas gracias, distinguished representative of the United Kingdom, for your statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Colombia. You have the floor. Colombia [1:18:40]: Chair, distinguished colleagues, good day. We align ourselves with the statement delivered by the G77 and China and in our national capacity wish to state the following. Colombia believes that the committee and its subsidiary bodies play a significant role in consolidating best practices Through United Nations non-legally binding instruments on outer space, we underscore the flexibility and efficiency of these mechanisms in addressing the challenges of exploration and utilization of outer space. Given the legal nature of these instruments, Colombia notes. That while they are not legally binding or mandatory upon states and do not give rise to international obligations, this does not mean that they are not useful documents. Quite the contrary. In practice, soft law instruments are able to align interests among states and guide shared models of conduct in order to thus shape consensus in multilateral fora as well as in state practice. And so the non-legally binding United Nations instruments on outer space can contribute to and influence the shaping of customary international law. As well as serving as a benchmark of reference for the development of national legislation and promote international cooperation for the peaceful and sustainable use of outer space. Chair, in keeping with the statement delivered by the G77, Colombia wishes to highlight a number of soft law instruments that we attach particular value to. Firstly, the Declaration of the Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Utilization of Outer Space of 1962. Secondly, the Principles on the Remote Sensing of Earth from Space of 1986. And thirdly, The Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Utilization of Outer Space should be carried out for the benefit and interest of all states, taking into particular account the needs of developing countries of 1991. And in particular, we believe that this declaration is a most significant instrument in order to keep promoting international cooperation with a view to ensuring that all states can benefit to the utmost from space applications. We recall that this declaration appeals to those countries with developed space capacity to contribute to promoting and consolidating international cooperation on an equitable basis. Chair, to conclude, we would like to encourage COPUOS and its subcommittees to continue striving to find consensus that will allow us to further develop mechanisms to promote sustainable development through space and equally to guarantee the sustainability of activities in outer space. And to keep seeking solutions to meet the challenges and issues that have been identified with a view to preserving space for future generations. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:22:45]: Thank you very much. Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Colombia, for your statement. The following speaker on my list is is the distinguished representative of Chile. Chile [1:23:00]: Chair, Chile recognizes the value of non-legally binding instruments as tools to promote transparency, trust, and cooperation. However, we underscore that these instruments cannot replace nor weaken the legally binding framework currently in place. We support the role played by COPUOS as a central forum for the discussion thereof and call for efforts to be made to ensure that all new initiatives are in keeping with existing treaties and to preserve the principle of equality among states. Thank you. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:23:37]: I thank the distinguished representative of Chile for her statement. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia [1:23:51]: Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, peace be upon you. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia would like to extend its sincere appreciation to the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs and to the Chair of the Legal Subcommittee for their continued efforts to promote international cooperation in the field of outer space, particularly through discussing non-legally binding UN instruments on outer space. Saudi Arabia affirms the importance of these instruments, including the relevant guiding principles, as tools that contribute to enhancing the legal and regulatory environment in support of the peaceful and sustainable use of outer space. Saudi Arabia believes in the importance of aligning national legislation with the guiding principles outlined in those instruments, especially those related to the sustainability of outer space activities and the mitigation of space debris, as well as other related principles. As such, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia encourages member states to adopt these non-legally binding instruments within their national legislative frameworks as appropriate. We are of the view that this approach contributes to the development of an effective and coherent international regulatory framework that promotes transparency, cooperation, and peace as foundation for international collaboration and peaceful exploration of the outer space. Ladies and gentlemen, in conclusion, Saudi Arabia reaffirms its ongoing commitment to positively contribute to the development of the international legal framework governing outer space. We look forward to continued cooperation with all member states and international partners to promote the peaceful, safe, and sustainable use of outer space. Thank you. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:25:57]: Muchas gracias, distinguida representante. Thank you very much to distinguished representative of Saudi Arabia. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. You have the floor. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) [1:26:12]: Thank you very much, Chair. My delegation attaches importance to increased interaction between this subcommittee and the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee in order to promote the development of binding international law that will address critical matters given that this concerns the use of nuclear power sources in outer space, space debris, exploitation of outer space resources, inter alia. We believe that one of the most pressing responsibilities of the United Nations in the legal sphere is to promote the progressive development of international law and in this case regarding the environment of outer space. In keeping with earlier statements delivered, our delegation underscores the need to review and update the 5 existing United Nations treaties on outer space in order to further strengthen the guiding principles establishing guidelines governing the space activities of states, such as the peaceful use of outer space, access to outer space on an equal basis without discrimination and in an equitable manner, further strengthening international cooperation in space, and ensuring that space technology is in the reach of all nations. On this latter point, we ratify our position regarding the fact that the legal regime applicable to outer space in itself cannot prevent the development of an arms race in outer space, and that it is therefore necessary to adopt appropriate and effective measures which will prevent military activity in this area. The lack of existing definition and regulation in the areas mentioned earlier makes it difficult to imagine a future where we will be able to preserve the peaceful use of outer space, which in turn will impede the development of peaceful space activities for our states. Chair, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela restates the commitment we have made to the utilization and exploration of outer space for peaceful purposes, as well as to the principles established by the General Assembly regarding access on an equal basis and without discrimination to outer space in equitable conditions for all states irrespective of their scientific, technical, or economic capacities, in addition to the non-appropriation of outer space including the moon and other celestial bodies through sovereignty claims, use, or occupation, the non-militarization of outer space, and the exploitation of outer space with the sole purpose of improving living conditions and building peace on our planet. As well as to international cooperation and regional cooperation to promote peaceful space activities. Chair, our delegation calls on states party and equally those states that are not yet party to focus on the critical aspects that currently pose a risk to space activities in order to create, update, and amend existing international space legislation and to continue the progressive development of international law. as well as governance. The immense responsibility for this undertaking lies with this legal subcommittee. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:29:14]: I would like to thank the distinguished representative of Venezuela for their statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of India. You have the floor. India [1:29:32]: Mr. Chair and distinguished delegates, India recognizes the UN COPUOS Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the UN Adopted 21 Guidelines on the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities as vital non-legally binding instruments for ensuring safe and sustainable utilization of outer space and appreciates their immense contributions as guiding principles for shaping national-level policies and directives for responsible, safe, and sustainable conduct of space activities. Mr. Chair, India has already prioritized the implementation of these guidelines and actively pursues improving compliance with these guidelines through ongoing proactive efforts and formulation of guidelines that promote space sustainability among Indian space actors. In 2024, the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center in Space brought out norms, guidelines, and procedures for the implementation of Indian Space Policy 2023 in respect of authorization of space activities that are in line with the aforementioned guidelines. The Intent for Debris-Free Space Mission, or DFSM, which was unveiled in 2024, reaffirms India's longstanding commitment to ensure sustainable and peaceful use of outer space. DFSM also aligns with the ongoing global efforts for safe, secure, and sustainable space and to preserve the common heritage of humankind for future generations. Mr. Chair, with the steadily increasing orbital congestion, there is need for more stringent adherence to practices that relate to space debris mitigation and preserving long-term sustainability. This rapidly evolving space landscape due to skyrocketing space traffic, increasing number of atmospheric reentries, and persistent proliferation of large satellite constellations and small satellites pose challenges to safe, secure, and sustainable operations in outer space. Addressing these challenges entail a comprehensive and coordinated strategy with the inclusive participation of all relevant stakeholders from private industries, academic institutions, and state-owned space organizations. Given the growing number of lunar missions in the near future, India believes that it is worthwhile to deliberate on potential for extending some of these non-binding instruments on mitigation of space debris and LTS to lunar and cislunar regions. And these instruments can be evolved from prevalent best practices with a wider participation of member states to incorporate the views of those who aspire to explore the Moon and beyond. India looks forward to continued deliberations on these non-legally binding instruments and their further extensions to tackle the emerging challenges of preserving long-term sustainability of outer space. Thank you, Mr. Chair and distinguished delegates. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:32:24]: Thank you very much, distinguished representative of India, for your statement. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of the Philippines. Philippines [1:32:37]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. We support the development of non-legally binding instruments as essential tools for fostering cooperation, enhancing transparency, and promoting responsible behavior in outer space. We are committed to advancing these instruments through meaningful dialogue and action. Importantly, we emphasize the need for good faith compliance with COPU's guidelines, which serve as practical standards for a safe and secure space environment. While we recognize the importance of legally binding instruments such as treaties, we are also mindful of the time required for the negotiation and entry into force. In the interim, non-binding instruments offer a practical path forward. They set shared norms, facilitate cooperation, and lay the groundwork for future legal commitments. In the Philippine experience, the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines, the LTS Guidelines, and relevant UN resolutions provide important references in shaping our national frameworks, informing practices, and guiding satellite design, mission planning, and operations. Mr. Chair, the Philippines actively participated in the Open-Ended Working Group on Reducing Space Threats through norms, rules, and principles of responsible behavior. During the discussions, we emphasized the importance of the principle of due regard in Article 9 of the Outer Space Treaty and highlighted its relevance in guiding responsible behavior in outer space. Principle of due regard serves as a foundational element in building norms and behaviors that promote transparency, trust, and cooperation. It underscores the duty of conducting international consultations in good faith, demonstrating openness to address the concerns of other states, and a willingness to compromise for the greater good. And therefore, we welcome continued discussions on this principle, including at the upcoming symposium co-organized by the International Institute of Space Law and the European Center for Space Law on Due Regard in Outer Space: Current Legal Implications. The Philippines also participated in the Group of Governmental Experts on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space. We recognize that space security is integral to space safety. We support the GGE's recommendation to consider elements of a legally binding instrument on space security, which we view as complementary to COPUOS efforts in promoting responsible conduct. Through non-binding norms. We remain committed to the ongoing discussions within the open-ended working group, which we see as a vital platform for shaping practical consensus-based measures to strengthen space security and sustainability. In closing, Mr. Chair, the Philippines reaffirms its strong support for the development and above all the implementation of non-legally binding instruments as we continue to shape the global governance of outer space, cultivating a culture of compliance, transparency, and cooperation is essential. These instruments, when consistently observed and complied with, provide a solid foundation for future legally binding commitments. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:35:54]: Muchas gracias a la distinguida representante. Thank you very much to distinguished representative of the Philippines for your statement. We have thus concluded our consideration of agenda item 10, general exchange of information on non-legally binding United Nations instruments on outer space. Distinguished delegates, I would now like to begin our consideration of agenda item 11, general exchange of views on on the legal aspects of space traffic management. I shall now turn to the list of speakers, and the first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Austria. You have the floor. Austria [1:36:50]: Muchas gracias, señor presidente. Thank you, Chair. Mr. Chair, increasingly congested orbits result in the need for COPUOS and its subcommittees to consider issues of space traffic from all its angles. Complementary to the proposal on considering space situational awareness, which was made by the United Arab Emirates in the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, the Legal Subcommittee must supplement these efforts from a legal and policy perspective. Consequently, Alongside other member states of this subcommittee, we fully support the initiative started by Germany to establish a study group on legal and policy perspectives of space traffic. We appreciate the informal discussions we have had so far and hope to convince further members of this subcommittee to co-sponsor this initiative. We hope that by constructively addressing any open questions other delegations might still have about it, we will be able to achieve consensus on establishing the study group during this session of the Legal Subcommittee. Mr. Chair, on a final note, please let me express my hope that these important decisions by the subcommittee won't be further delayed by formalistic discussions about the term study group. Austria would also like to remind other delegations that what should matter is what the mechanism to study space traffic is actually supposed to do instead of what it is called. Muchas gracias, señor presidente. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:38:20]: I thank the distinguished representative of Austria for his statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Canada. Canada [1:38:33]: Thank you very much, Chairman. Distinguished delegates. According to the most recent data from the European Space Agency, the number of space objects regularly surveyed by surveillance networks in outer space totals 39,340. However, they are not all surveyed or catalogued. The number of debris in orbit, according to statistical modelling, is several times— several folds higher, and thus Mechanisms for space debris mitigation and remediation are necessary. The viability— or rather, the sustainability of outer space activities requires cooperation and coordination globally. Here, we welcome the Pact for the Future, as well as any initiative which would bolster international cooperation under the aegis of COPUOS. Indeed, we're seeing growing interest for data on space situational awareness, data that is exact, usable, and provided in real time, hand in hand with rules of the road that are clear for space traffic. Actors in space, as well as activities, are growing in line with the number of data available and sources. Which can be a good thing but also a bad— a risk. Technically speaking, design activities should take into account this growth and the ability of future space traffic management systems to intake several types of data and speak the same language in coordinating efforts to avoid overlap. That is why we like the CRP presented by the UAE during the 62nd session of the STSC. It proposes establishing a group of experts to study this matter. We would also like to express our interest in establishing a study group on the legal and political aspects of space traffic. In particular, there should be discussions on sharing data on space activity. Operational coordination, and interoperability of existing systems. This will allow for a bettering of this type of knowledge and is an important stage in establishing a future framework for space traffic. So as to be effective, space traffic management has to consider all types of space objects. Orbital space is international, open to all. As such, if every state state independently undertakes exploration activities, we will not have necessary coordination to ensure the safety and sustainability of outer space activities in an increasingly cluttered environment. Also, we should highlight the exploration of maneuverability norms. This should be examined at the very beginning of the authorization process for space activities. The OST is the cornerstone of legal regime internationally for outer space activities. It stipulates that states parties have international responsibility for national activities. However, it does not specifically cover space traffic management activities nor their context. However, we think there should be a balance between the utilization and free exploration of outer space, as well as taking into account the activities of other states. Also offering tools for communication of information that would be necessary for monitoring space traffic to avoid collisions and harmful interference. That is why we welcome the Working Group on the Status and Application of the 5 UN Treaties on Outer Space, particular implementation of Article 11 of said treaty to improve transparency and information exchange. Between states, updated information on space objects are key for space traffic management. It's important to find a mechanism that would be sufficiently flexible and agile for swift transition and use of information on space activities such as maneuvers. The Canadian Space Agency here has made available. A Canadian risk assessment and management system regarding space debris, as well as collision risks, as well as planning for avoidance maneuvers when necessary. This provides important data for swift decisions to be taken should there be danger, and it is shared with operators across the globe. We think that all of these communication tools should be mutually beneficial. Followed for the discussion of space resource activities. Thank you. Muchas gracias. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:43:51]: Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Canada, for your statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of the Netherlands. Netherlands (Kingdom of the) [1:44:02]: Mr. Chair, thank you for giving me the floor. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, my government would like to recall that the issue of space space traffic is closely connected to the notion of the freedom of exploration and use of outer space as defined in the Outer Space Treaty. The Outer Space Treaty, in particular through its principles on freedom, of due regard, and of cooperation and mutual assistance, clearly obliges us to coordinate and manage space traffic in such a manner that space remains safe and sustainable and indeed accessible. Yet the worrying lack of rules on the coordination of space traffic, let alone its management, is a cause of concern. This subcommittee must dedicate its time and attention to this problem. It's for that reason that we have co-sponsored the German initiative to set up a study group under the present agenda item. We thank Germany for taking this initiative and provide our full support. This effort is complementary to the work in the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on Space Traffic Coordination and Management, in particular to the work on space situational awareness, the long-term sustainability guidelines, and space surveillance and tracking. The scientific and technical aspects being addressed in the Scientific and technical subcommittee, the legal aspects being addressed in the legal subcommittee. It should culminate in concrete steps in the main committee. As the German non-paper suggests, the study group will collect policies, best practices, and requirements. These should guide us to develop this further and to consider how to adopt the most responsible behavior, norms, and rules in the context of space traffic in all its aspects. As outer space is the province of mankind, management and coordination of traffic in outer space is not the responsibility of a single country, but of all countries carrying out activities in outer space. And it's for that reason that a coordinated multilateral approach is required. Mr. Chair, we need to turn our minds to this topic. The modern world could not function without air traffic control and everything related to that. Aircraft would crash into each other and many, many lives would be lost. My delegation fails to see why the same should not apply to outer space. A lack of coordination in the management of space traffic not only endangers the freedoms of outer space of future generations, But as we on Earth are increasingly dependent on space technology, it's only a matter of time before incidents in outer space as a result of the lack of space traffic coordination threaten lives on Earth. I thank you for your attention. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:47:06]: I thank the distinguished representative of the Netherlands for her statement. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of the United States. United States of America [1:47:25]: Chair, as we all know, the number of objects in space is increasing rapidly. The United States believes that reliable space situational awareness information and services are necessary necessary to support global spaceflight safety and sustainability. Reliable and actionable SSA services are necessary to enable the continued growth of a vibrant commercial space industry and ensure ongoing access to the many practical benefits provided by space systems. International coordination, including the continuing focus on the implementation of the committee's space debris mitigation and long-term sustainability guidelines, is also critical. And this subcommittee should continue to promote best practices, guidelines, and recommended principles that reflect operational realities. The United States is committed to continuing its longstanding role as a global space situational awareness provider. The U.S. Department of Defense continues to share space situational awareness, SSA information and services, with satellite owners and operators worldwide, both governmental and non-governmental. And non-U.S. entities to improve the safety of spaceflight. Much of this information is available on a free and publicly available website at spacetrack.org. As we transition this responsibility from the U.S. Department of Defense to the U.S. Department of Commerce, our new Traffic Coordination System for Space, or TRACS, will leverage data from operators, governments, commercial, academic, and international sources. TRACS will provide space situational awareness information and services to spacecraft operators around the world in support of spaceflight safety, and we anticipate it will begin operations later this year. I should say fully open operations. It is already operating as a beta system. As the United States is developing TRACS, many other nations and organizations around the world are also developing or improving their own space Space situational awareness capabilities. The United States is committed to maintaining an open and transparent system that enables global coordination with other space situational awareness providers and ensures reliable and efficient services to global spacecraft operators. This type of close coordination among independent national and regional SSA systems will be necessary to minimize the potential for spacecraft operators to receive. Conflicting information about potential conjunction events. It also lays the foundation for future space traffic coordination efforts in which spacecraft operators should have consistent information on the likelihood and nature of potential conjunctions, allowing for safe and efficient resolution of issues. This is articulated in the Global Vision for Space Situational Awareness developed by the U.S. Department of Commerce, which is available to all delegations online, and I actually have some hard copies if anyone wants to stop by and ask for them. The United States will continue to engage with international partners both bilaterally and multilaterally, including here at COPUUS, to enable cooperation between national and regional space situational awareness systems in operation or in development around the world. We hope that you in COPUUS and the subcommittees can find a home for these conversations as soon as possible. With that in mind, we are pleased to see real progress being made here in the Legal Subcommittee and also at the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on Space Situational Awareness and on Space Traffic. I want to specifically recognize the leadership shown at COPUAS by the United Arab Emirates, Germany, and India. We very much hope the full meeting of COPUAS later this year will be able to endorse practical steps forward on these issues. Thank you, Chair. Thank you, Mr. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:51:03]: Thank you very much, distinguished representative of the United States, for your statement. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation. Russian Federation [1:51:20]: Thank you very much, Chair. Space traffic management is a crucial aspect of ensuring safety and sustainability in outer space activities. There are a growing number of space objects, including satellites and debris. That means we need clear legal frameworks that would regulate their movement and interaction. When discussing the legal aspects of space traffic management, the Russian Federation is taking specific steps to strengthen surveillance and coordination of space activity. By way of example, as per our national law, owners of space objects must provide detailed information on their spacecraft. This requirement applies to Russian citizens and organizations owning objects that are planned for launch or are in orbit, independently of their launch site, if they are registered in the Russian Federation. Moreover, any legal person Permitted to operate these objects also must provide data on their functional features and technical status. This initiative seeks to ensure updated and precise information on space objects. This is of utmost importance for effective management of space traffic and preventing possible incidents in orbit. The collection and The exchange of this data increases the safety of outer space activities and bolsters international cooperation. This is particularly relevant today due to the launching of satellite megaconstellations, which are of additional difficulty and risk for space navigation. Increasing density of space objects means that we have to be more careful in our coordination and exchanging of data so as to prevent possible collisions. The Russian Federation underscores that effective management of space traffic requires international cooperation and agreed-upon action. We will have to design rules as standards, mechanisms, principles which will avoid collisions and ensure the safety for current objects as well as future launches. There must be a monitoring and exchange of information system between states such that potential risks are identified in a timely manner and measures taken to resolve them. In this regard, the Russian Federation welcomes the use of an open platform for the exchange of data under the UN so as to ensure greater transparency and safety in outer space. One of the main tasks when ensuring the safety of outer space activities is the participation of states— rather, spacefaring nations. In crafting international treaties for space traffic management on COPUOS, as well as in the Interagency Coordination Committee on Space Debris and the ISO. Also have to take into account recommendations drafted by the Advisory Committee on Systems for Space Data. A key element of Yes. The most important elements of space traffic management is information on objects and information on maneuvers. The Russian delegation, when considering this matter, made a number of— made a number of proposals reflected in the LTS guidelines as well as in the CRP A/ASLI 105/C.1/2025/CRP 26. This CRP is called UN Information Platform for the Supply of Information on Objects and Events in Outer Space for General Use. This platform is an integration mechanism for state efforts and those of international organizations, as well as space operators and specialized national and international NGOs, when it comes to the collection, systematization, and presentation for general use and analysis of information on the monitoring of objects and events in outer space. Through the platform, we can do the following: number 1, carry out sensor— a centralized collection of international information on space objects and planned launches, as well as events in outer space. 2, provide information of potential risk for space objects regarding other objects in the near-Earth space Thank you. 3, ensure centralized pool of information for suppliers, ensuring a single interpretation of the information on space objects and the functioning of a single mechanism for their registration and identification. This will prevent dangerous situations from arising in outer space. Merging efforts using these type of methods and means in outer space Can assist in tackling all of the challenges we face in space traffic management. Given the fast-growing space industry, the Russian legal standards are adapting to new obligations internationally and nationally so as to ensure the safety and sustainability of outer space. We make changes as necessary so as to deal. With the tasks of space debris mitigation, space traffic management, inter alia. In conclusion, we call upon all states to take part in crafting legal mechanisms to ensure the safety and sustainability of outer space activities, as well as face challenges having to do with space traffic management. Thank you. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [1:56:55]: Muchas gracias, distinguida representante. I thank the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation for his statement. We will continue our consideration of agenda item 11, general exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management, this afternoon. We will now suspend the plenary meeting so that the action team on lunar activities consultation can hold its first meeting. Following the adjournment of the Action Team meeting, we will proceed with the discussions on organizational matters, and these are led by the delegation of India. Following these discussions, we will then resume the plenary with a view to proceeding with technical presentations And there will be 2 technical presentations this morning. Distinguished delegates, we shall now suspend our plenary meeting so that the Action Team on Lunar Activities Consultation can hold its meeting. Thank you very much. Thank you. We shall now turn to the final segment of our work for this morning. And we shall proceed now with the technical presentations. And as you know, we have 2 technical presentations for this morning. The first presentation on my list is Chile's National Space Program: A Horizon of Opportunities, and this will be delivered by the representative representative of Chile. You have the floor. Chile · General of the Air Brigade · Paracarrasco Borques [2:34:46]: Thank you very much, Chair, distinguished delegates. I am the General of the Air Brigade, Paracarrasco Borques, on behalf of the General Auditorate of the Chilean Air Force, and I'm pleased to address you today on behalf of the Chilean delegation in order to share with you the progress achieved and the vision set forth in our national space program. Chair, this program represents a significant step forward in terms of our commitment to peaceful and sustainable space development and seeks to place Chile as a key player both regionally and globally. Our national space program focuses on the following aspects. Next slide, please. Capacity building. We are investing in the training of highly qualified professionals, in establishing cutting-edge infrastructure, and in promoting investigation, research, and innovation in key areas such as Earth observation, satellite communications, and space science. Next slide, please. Accordingly, Chair, towards the end of the year, we will have implemented and inaugurated the National Space Center, which is the keystone of our national space program and of the national satellite system of Chile. Next slide, please. This National Space Center will provide a forum for cooperation for scientists, academia, and entrepreneurs promoting space technology development, as well as the training of specialized human capital. Next slide, please. This new infrastructure chair equally comprises the establishment of regional space centers, and these regional space centers will be responsible for implementing local projects, thus ensuring the decentralization of space development in Chile. Next slide. Regarding the sustainable use of space, here we note the need to ensure that outer space is used in a responsible and equitable manner in the better— for the benefit of all of humankind. That is why we are committed to upholding the United Nations treaties and principles on outer space. Next slide. To that end, we believe that cooperation is fundamental in order to ensure the success of any space program. We are actively seeking to forge partnerships with organizations such as UNOSA and with other countries in order to share knowledge, resources, and experience. This program is designed in order to have a direct impact on our national socioeconomic development by helping establish satellite applications which will assist in decision-taking in the following areas: agriculture, natural disaster management, something that we encounter frequently in Chile, as well as environmental monitoring. Next slide. Here, the International Air and Space Event known as FIDAYA 2026, which will take in Santiago in Chile next year, will be a milestone for our space program. On that occasion, we will be organizing the Space Summit, where we'll be able to engage in deeper debate on emerging challenges in space law, and we'll be able to explore opportunities for regional cooperation. And so we would like to invite all delegations and experts to join us on that occasion at FIDAYA 2026, so that together we'd be able to shape a more prosperous and equitable space future. Chair, we restate our commitment to the peaceful and sustainable use of outer space, and we are certain that our national space program will make a significant contribution to that aim. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [2:38:41]: Thank you very much. Muchas gracias. Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Chile, for that presentation. The second presentation on my list is Moon Village Association Benefits of Sharing Project Policy Briefing, and this will be delivered by the observer for the Moon Village Association. You have the floor. MVA · Güneş Ünivar [2:39:11]: Thank you, Mr. Chair, and good morning. My name is Güneş Ünivar, and I'm here on behalf of the Moon Village Association. Association, or MVA. Today I'll be presenting the MVA's Benefit Sharing Project, also known as the BSP. Next slide, please. The Benefit Sharing Project was launched in fall 2022 under the MVA's Lunar Governance Working Group. It concluded its main phase in spring 2025. 2005, and the project was co-chaired by Suyan Malhadas from Latin America and Christophe Bosquillon from Europe. Next slide, please. The VSP's primary goal is to identify concrete mechanisms for enabling access to and sharing the benefits of lunar and cislunar activities. It offers a detailed analysis of the challenges, opportunities, and necessary frameworks relevant to space activities beyond Earth. These mechanisms are designed to operate effectively within the globally competitive context of lunar exploration and resource utilization. Next slide, please. Think of the BSP as an expansive menu of benefit-sharing options. It presents practical, flexible tools for implementation. How each actor participates is entirely up to them within a framework of definitions and collaborative requirements, such as inclusion in lunar mission value chains, knowledge sharing and capacity building, outward benefits such as advancing exploration, and inward benefits, such as improving life on Earth. It is crucial to note that benefit sharing is not a subsidy scheme or a passive redistribution mechanism. Instead, it emphasizes active international cooperation among all stakeholders. Next slide, please. The BSP brought together over 55 contributors from 26 countries, focusing on reducing the 3G gap: geography, gender, and generation. This diversity strengthened the quality of our outputs and reinforced inclusive global cooperation. Our deliverables are being shared with the UN COPOLIS Legal Subcommittee Working Group on the legal aspects of space resource activities. We must recognize that the Moon is no longer the domain of a few spacefaring nations. Legal frameworks remain incomplete, particularly on benefit sharing and space resource utilization. Emerging space countries must have access to opportunities like education and capacity building, Entry into cisterner value chains, support for entrepreneurs and innovators, and international coordination mechanisms. Next slide, please. First, our legal assessment addressed gaps in the Outer Space Treaty, particularly Articles 1, 2, 9, and 11. Aiming to balance private sector interests with public policy. Second, our operational assessment focused on cooperation in lunar science, technology, and business, inclusion in lunar value chains, and development of lunar diplomacy supporting education and infrastructure. Third, the BSP proposes mechanisms for international coordination. Our outputs contribute to the COPROS Action Team on Lunar Activities Consultation, or ATLAC for short. We advocate for a UN-led coordination that includes private sector and civil society, especially in support of emerging space countries and their educational and workforce development. Thank you. Next slide, please. All BSP deliverables are published under a Creative Commons 4.0 license, ensuring free and broad access. These include the BSP Policy Brief, now part of the MVA CRP submission to this LSE session, and 2, the BSP Main Report, a comprehensive technical document currently being finalized for publication on the MVA website. The BSP offers a practical menu of mechanisms, a call for legal clarity in space resource use, a push for capacity building in emerging space countries, and a model of lunar engagement that promotes diplomacy and cooperation. Benefit sharing should yield both outward benefits, advancing exploration, and inward benefits, improving life on Earth. Next slide, please. The Brazilian Portuguese phrase, tamo junto, misturado, means we're all in this together. 2025 marks both the completion of the benefits sharing projects and the start of its implementation phase. The MVA will continue sharing insights and materials through its website and social media channels. Please feel free to spread the word. Thank you for your attention. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carola [2:45:17]: Muchas gracias. I would like to thank the Thank you very much for this presentation. Now, that brings us to a close of our morning session, distinguished delegates. And before adjourning the meeting, I would like to inform delegates of our schedule of work for this afternoon. We will meet promptly at 3:00 PM. Thank you. And we'll continue our consideration of agenda item 3. We will continue our consideration of agenda item 3, general exchange of views. The Secretariat has informed me that this afternoon Mr. Prakash Chauhan of India will report back to the plenary on the discussions on organizational matters that were led by the delegation of India. We will therefore reopen agenda item 7, future role and method of work of the committee. We will continue our consideration of agenda item 8, general exchange of views on potential legal models for activities in the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources this afternoon. To take action on the chairmanship of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities. We will reopen our consideration of Agenda Item 9, General Exchange of Information and Views on Legal Mechanisms Relating to Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation Measures. Taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee. And at the request of member states, we will reopen our consideration of agenda item 10, General Exchange of Information on Non-Legally Binding United Nations Instruments on Outer Space, this afternoon. We will continue our consideration of agenda item 11, general exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management. We will then adjourn the plenary meeting so that the working group on the definition and delimitation of outer space can hold its second meeting. And following the meeting of that working group, The Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities will hold its 3rd meeting. So there will be 2 working group meetings this afternoon. The Working Group on Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space, and then the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities. We have no technical presentations this afternoon. And I would like to inform delegates that the informal consultations of the Action Team on Lunar Activities Consultation will be held in Conference Room M3. During the lunch break, during lunchtime from 2 PM to 3 PM. From 2 PM to 3 PM. The consultation will also be available via the MS Team link contained in the circular dispatched on the 29th of April, 2025 in CU 2025/137. Are there any questions? I see none. Then the meeting is adjourned until 3 PM. Thank you very much.