{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k1z/k1zbgtrqzo","kaltura_id":"1_zbgtrqzo","title":"3rd Meeting - 2nd Session Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems 2025","clean_title":"3rd Meeting - 2nd Session Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems 2025","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo","date":"2025-09-02T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2025-09-02T08:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"02:18:24","category":"Meetings & Events","body":null,"event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":null,"pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo"},"metadata":{"summary":null,"description":null,"categories":[],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":[],"corporate_name":[],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"azure-llm-speech-830b4ed9-bff9-498a-abbc-8f1ca6d95172","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":0.67,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=0:01","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Excellencies, distinguished delegates, could I invite you to take your seats again so we can resume our discussions.","start":0.67,"end":16.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Excellencies,","start":0.67,"end":1.87},{"text":"distinguished","start":2.31,"end":3.39},{"text":"delegates,","start":3.39,"end":4.35},{"text":"could","start":7.79,"end":8.11},{"text":"I","start":8.11,"end":8.35},{"text":"invite","start":8.35,"end":8.75},{"text":"you","start":8.75,"end":8.91},{"text":"to","start":8.91,"end":9.07},{"text":"take","start":9.11,"end":9.31},{"text":"your","start":9.31,"end":9.43},{"text":"seats","start":9.43,"end":9.71},{"text":"again","start":9.71,"end":10.19},{"text":"so","start":13.23,"end":13.55},{"text":"we","start":13.55,"end":13.71},{"text":"can","start":13.71,"end":14.03},{"text":"resume","start":14.03,"end":14.51},{"text":"our","start":14.51,"end":14.91},{"text":"discussions.","start":14.99,"end":16.11}]},{"text":"Yesterday, we had a discussion on box 1 and box 2.","start":24.45,"end":31.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yesterday,","start":24.45,"end":25.41},{"text":"we","start":26.29,"end":26.53},{"text":"had","start":26.53,"end":26.89},{"text":"a","start":26.89,"end":26.93},{"text":"discussion","start":26.97,"end":28.13},{"text":"on","start":28.13,"end":28.61},{"text":"box","start":29.01,"end":29.33},{"text":"1","start":29.33,"end":29.81},{"text":"and","start":30.05,"end":30.25},{"text":"box","start":30.25,"end":30.61},{"text":"2.","start":30.61,"end":31.09}]},{"text":"We are still in box 2.","start":32.05,"end":33.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":32.05,"end":32.21},{"text":"are","start":32.21,"end":32.29},{"text":"still","start":32.29,"end":32.85},{"text":"in","start":32.85,"end":33.17},{"text":"box","start":33.17,"end":33.57},{"text":"2.","start":33.57,"end":33.97}]},{"text":"And I have at this moment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 requests for the floor.","start":34.43,"end":40.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":34.43,"end":34.75},{"text":"I","start":34.83,"end":35.07},{"text":"have","start":35.07,"end":35.27},{"text":"at","start":35.27,"end":35.35},{"text":"this","start":35.35,"end":35.55},{"text":"moment","start":35.55,"end":35.95},{"text":"1,","start":35.95,"end":36.27},{"text":"2,","start":36.27,"end":36.59},{"text":"3,","start":36.59,"end":37.15},{"text":"4,","start":37.15,"end":37.63},{"text":"5,","start":37.63,"end":38.19},{"text":"6,","start":38.19,"end":38.79},{"text":"7","start":38.79,"end":39.15},{"text":"requests","start":39.15,"end":39.63},{"text":"for","start":39.63,"end":39.83},{"text":"the","start":39.83,"end":39.91},{"text":"floor.","start":39.91,"end":40.51}]},{"text":"So if you would like to still join in with the discussion, please put your plaque up.","start":42.43,"end":48.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":42.43,"end":42.67},{"text":"if","start":42.67,"end":42.83},{"text":"you","start":42.83,"end":42.95},{"text":"would","start":42.95,"end":43.15},{"text":"like","start":43.15,"end":43.47},{"text":"to","start":43.47,"end":43.67},{"text":"still","start":44.11,"end":44.67},{"text":"join","start":44.67,"end":45.15},{"text":"in","start":45.15,"end":45.23},{"text":"with","start":45.23,"end":45.43},{"text":"the","start":45.43,"end":45.51},{"text":"discussion,","start":45.51,"end":46.27},{"text":"please","start":46.35,"end":46.91},{"text":"put","start":47.55,"end":47.71},{"text":"your","start":47.71,"end":47.83},{"text":"plaque","start":47.83,"end":48.19},{"text":"up.","start":48.23,"end":48.43}]},{"text":"If you are at the very back, please wave it a bit so we can register that you would like to be on the list of speakers.","start":49.23,"end":59.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":49.23,"end":49.39},{"text":"you","start":49.39,"end":49.47},{"text":"are","start":49.47,"end":49.59},{"text":"at","start":49.59,"end":49.71},{"text":"the","start":49.71,"end":49.79},{"text":"very","start":49.79,"end":50.27},{"text":"back,","start":50.67,"end":50.99},{"text":"please","start":50.99,"end":51.39},{"text":"wave","start":51.39,"end":51.83},{"text":"it","start":51.83,"end":51.99},{"text":"a","start":51.99,"end":52.03},{"text":"bit","start":52.03,"end":52.35},{"text":"so","start":52.35,"end":52.83},{"text":"we","start":53.07,"end":53.23},{"text":"can","start":53.23,"end":53.71},{"text":"register","start":53.95,"end":54.83},{"text":"that","start":56.43,"end":56.63},{"text":"you","start":56.63,"end":56.71},{"text":"would","start":56.71,"end":56.99},{"text":"like","start":56.99,"end":57.31},{"text":"to","start":57.31,"end":57.47},{"text":"be","start":57.47,"end":57.79},{"text":"on","start":57.79,"end":57.95},{"text":"the","start":57.95,"end":58.07},{"text":"list","start":58.07,"end":58.43},{"text":"of","start":58.43,"end":58.51},{"text":"speakers.","start":58.51,"end":59.23}]},{"text":"And then let me start with the United Kingdom to be followed by the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, the Philippines and Italy.","start":60.39,"end":68.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":60.39,"end":60.51},{"text":"then","start":60.51,"end":60.63},{"text":"let","start":60.63,"end":60.79},{"text":"me","start":60.79,"end":60.95},{"text":"start","start":60.95,"end":61.67},{"text":"with","start":61.75,"end":62.11},{"text":"the","start":62.11,"end":62.19},{"text":"United","start":62.19,"end":62.59},{"text":"Kingdom","start":62.59,"end":63.11},{"text":"to","start":63.11,"end":63.23},{"text":"be","start":63.23,"end":63.43},{"text":"followed","start":63.43,"end":64.07},{"text":"by","start":64.71,"end":64.95},{"text":"the","start":64.95,"end":65.07},{"text":"Campaign","start":65.07,"end":65.47},{"text":"to","start":65.47,"end":65.55},{"text":"Stop","start":65.59,"end":65.83},{"text":"Killer","start":65.83,"end":66.19},{"text":"Robots,","start":66.19,"end":66.63},{"text":"the","start":66.63,"end":66.71},{"text":"Philippines","start":66.71,"end":67.43},{"text":"and","start":67.43,"end":67.63},{"text":"Italy.","start":67.63,"end":68.07}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of the United Kingdom.","start":68.39,"end":72.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":68.39,"end":68.55},{"text":"let","start":68.55,"end":68.67},{"text":"me","start":68.67,"end":68.79},{"text":"first","start":68.79,"end":69.19},{"text":"pass","start":69.43,"end":69.67},{"text":"the","start":69.67,"end":69.75},{"text":"floor","start":69.75,"end":70.07},{"text":"to","start":70.07,"end":70.19},{"text":"the","start":70.19,"end":70.31},{"text":"distinguished","start":70.31,"end":70.91},{"text":"representative","start":70.91,"end":71.59},{"text":"of","start":71.59,"end":71.67},{"text":"the","start":71.67,"end":71.75},{"text":"United","start":71.75,"end":72.23},{"text":"Kingdom.","start":72.23,"end":72.63}]},{"text":"So you have the floor.","start":72.63,"end":73.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":72.63,"end":72.87},{"text":"you","start":72.87,"end":72.95},{"text":"have","start":72.95,"end":73.07},{"text":"the","start":73.07,"end":73.15},{"text":"floor.","start":73.19,"end":73.51}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":2,"start":75.43,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:16","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":75.43,"end":76.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":75.43,"end":75.63},{"text":"you,","start":75.63,"end":75.71},{"text":"Mr.","start":75.71,"end":75.95},{"text":"Chair.","start":75.95,"end":76.31}]},{"text":"I'd like to address UK comments on box two.","start":76.31,"end":80.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'd","start":76.31,"end":76.55},{"text":"like","start":76.55,"end":76.67},{"text":"to","start":76.67,"end":76.99},{"text":"address","start":77.47,"end":77.83},{"text":"UK","start":77.83,"end":78.15},{"text":"comments","start":78.15,"end":78.63},{"text":"on","start":78.63,"end":78.95},{"text":"box","start":78.95,"end":79.43},{"text":"two.","start":79.43,"end":80.07}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Paragraphs one to four, the UK has no issue with and is fine.","start":80.95,"end":84.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Paragraphs","start":80.95,"end":81.47},{"text":"one","start":81.47,"end":81.67},{"text":"to","start":81.67,"end":81.75},{"text":"four,","start":81.75,"end":82.31},{"text":"the","start":82.39,"end":82.51},{"text":"UK","start":82.55,"end":82.79},{"text":"has","start":82.79,"end":82.95},{"text":"no","start":82.95,"end":83.19},{"text":"issue","start":83.19,"end":83.59},{"text":"with","start":83.59,"end":83.75},{"text":"and","start":84.07,"end":84.27},{"text":"is","start":84.27,"end":84.47},{"text":"fine.","start":84.47,"end":84.95}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"With reference to paragraph 5.","start":85.59,"end":87.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":85.59,"end":85.83},{"text":"reference","start":85.83,"end":86.15},{"text":"to","start":86.15,"end":86.23},{"text":"paragraph","start":86.23,"end":87.07},{"text":"5.","start":87.07,"end":87.59}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"We noted the comments yesterday from our Australian colleagues, the point that this section deals with principles of IHL and the possibility that paragraph 5 is.","start":87.59,"end":103.95,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":87.59,"end":87.91},{"text":"noted","start":87.91,"end":88.43},{"text":"the","start":88.43,"end":88.51},{"text":"comments","start":88.51,"end":88.83},{"text":"yesterday","start":88.83,"end":89.51},{"text":"from","start":89.51,"end":90.07},{"text":"our","start":90.39,"end":90.63},{"text":"Australian","start":91.11,"end":91.59},{"text":"colleagues,","start":91.59,"end":92.23},{"text":"the","start":92.87,"end":93.03},{"text":"point","start":93.03,"end":93.35},{"text":"that","start":93.35,"end":93.75},{"text":"this","start":94.63,"end":94.83},{"text":"section","start":94.83,"end":95.19},{"text":"deals","start":95.19,"end":95.51},{"text":"with","start":95.51,"end":95.75},{"text":"principles","start":95.75,"end":96.71},{"text":"of","start":96.79,"end":96.91},{"text":"IHL","start":97.67,"end":98.47},{"text":"and","start":98.79,"end":99.43},{"text":"the","start":101.59,"end":101.75},{"text":"possibility","start":102.23,"end":102.87},{"text":"that","start":102.87,"end":103.11},{"text":"paragraph","start":103.11,"end":103.59},{"text":"5","start":103.59,"end":103.83},{"text":"is.","start":103.83,"end":103.95}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Therefore not appropriate in this section, and we took that on board and I think that's an interesting suggestion.","start":103.95,"end":110.87,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore","start":103.95,"end":104.31},{"text":"not","start":104.31,"end":104.63},{"text":"appropriate","start":105.11,"end":105.67},{"text":"in","start":105.67,"end":105.79},{"text":"this","start":105.79,"end":106.03},{"text":"section,","start":106.03,"end":106.47},{"text":"and","start":106.47,"end":106.87},{"text":"we","start":107.27,"end":107.43},{"text":"took","start":107.43,"end":107.59},{"text":"that","start":107.59,"end":107.71},{"text":"on","start":107.71,"end":107.83},{"text":"board","start":107.83,"end":108.11},{"text":"and","start":108.11,"end":108.27},{"text":"I","start":108.27,"end":108.31},{"text":"think","start":108.31,"end":108.55},{"text":"that's","start":108.55,"end":108.95},{"text":"an","start":109.63,"end":109.75},{"text":"interesting","start":109.75,"end":110.23},{"text":"suggestion.","start":110.23,"end":110.87}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"I'd just like to make that point, um, and it's, it's similar to points we might make regarding, um.","start":114.47,"end":119.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'd","start":114.47,"end":114.63},{"text":"just","start":114.63,"end":114.79},{"text":"like","start":114.79,"end":114.91},{"text":"to","start":114.91,"end":115.03},{"text":"make","start":115.03,"end":115.15},{"text":"that","start":115.15,"end":115.31},{"text":"point,","start":115.31,"end":115.71},{"text":"um,","start":115.71,"end":115.79},{"text":"and","start":115.79,"end":115.95},{"text":"it's,","start":115.95,"end":116.23},{"text":"it's","start":116.23,"end":116.51},{"text":"similar","start":116.51,"end":116.79},{"text":"to","start":116.79,"end":116.87},{"text":"points","start":116.87,"end":117.11},{"text":"we","start":117.11,"end":117.19},{"text":"might","start":117.19,"end":117.35},{"text":"make","start":117.35,"end":117.63},{"text":"regarding,","start":118.43,"end":119.15},{"text":"um.","start":119.43,"end":119.63}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Paragraph six in part three, but we'll come to that later.","start":119.87,"end":122.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":119.87,"end":120.27},{"text":"six","start":120.27,"end":120.83},{"text":"in","start":120.83,"end":121.07},{"text":"part","start":121.07,"end":121.39},{"text":"three,","start":121.39,"end":121.59},{"text":"but","start":121.59,"end":121.71},{"text":"we'll","start":121.71,"end":121.95},{"text":"come","start":121.95,"end":122.07},{"text":"to","start":122.07,"end":122.15},{"text":"that","start":122.15,"end":122.27},{"text":"later.","start":122.27,"end":122.71}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":122.87,"end":123.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":122.87,"end":123.03},{"text":"you,","start":123.03,"end":123.11},{"text":"Mr.","start":123.11,"end":123.35},{"text":"Chair.","start":123.35,"end":123.47}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"GBR","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}},{"statement_number":3,"start":125.55,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=2:06","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you for that.","start":125.55,"end":126.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":125.55,"end":125.71},{"text":"you","start":125.71,"end":125.79},{"text":"for","start":125.79,"end":125.91},{"text":"that.","start":125.91,"end":126.27}]},{"text":"Uh, but let me be clear, there's no way of escaping discussing the substance of it.","start":126.83,"end":130.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Uh,","start":126.83,"end":126.87},{"text":"but","start":126.87,"end":127.03},{"text":"let","start":127.03,"end":127.15},{"text":"me","start":127.15,"end":127.31},{"text":"be","start":127.31,"end":127.47},{"text":"clear,","start":127.47,"end":127.67},{"text":"there's","start":127.67,"end":127.95},{"text":"no","start":127.95,"end":128.11},{"text":"way","start":128.11,"end":128.39},{"text":"of","start":128.39,"end":128.51},{"text":"escaping","start":128.51,"end":129.15},{"text":"discussing","start":129.15,"end":129.79},{"text":"the","start":129.79,"end":129.87},{"text":"substance","start":129.87,"end":130.35},{"text":"of","start":130.39,"end":130.51},{"text":"it.","start":130.51,"end":130.75}]},{"text":"Uh, it's a bit on where we located and in the end, there is, uh, not a real difference because boxes will disappear because we have a set of elements in the end.","start":131.55,"end":139.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Uh,","start":131.55,"end":131.59},{"text":"it's","start":131.59,"end":131.83},{"text":"a","start":131.83,"end":131.87},{"text":"bit","start":131.87,"end":132.19},{"text":"on","start":132.19,"end":132.43},{"text":"where","start":132.59,"end":132.91},{"text":"we","start":132.91,"end":133.07},{"text":"located","start":133.07,"end":133.67},{"text":"and","start":133.67,"end":133.79},{"text":"in","start":133.79,"end":133.91},{"text":"the","start":133.91,"end":133.99},{"text":"end,","start":133.99,"end":134.23},{"text":"there","start":134.23,"end":134.35},{"text":"is,","start":134.35,"end":134.67},{"text":"uh,","start":135.31,"end":135.35},{"text":"not","start":135.35,"end":135.47},{"text":"a","start":135.47,"end":135.51},{"text":"real","start":135.51,"end":135.79},{"text":"difference","start":135.79,"end":136.19},{"text":"because","start":136.19,"end":136.59},{"text":"boxes","start":136.59,"end":136.99},{"text":"will","start":136.99,"end":137.15},{"text":"disappear","start":137.15,"end":137.63},{"text":"because","start":137.63,"end":137.95},{"text":"we","start":137.95,"end":138.03},{"text":"have","start":138.03,"end":138.15},{"text":"a","start":138.15,"end":138.19},{"text":"set","start":138.19,"end":138.31},{"text":"of","start":138.31,"end":138.43},{"text":"elements","start":138.43,"end":138.83},{"text":"in","start":138.83,"end":138.95},{"text":"the","start":138.95,"end":139.03},{"text":"end.","start":139.03,"end":139.23}]},{"text":"Um, but, um, I'm fine.","start":140.47,"end":142.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Um,","start":140.47,"end":140.59},{"text":"but,","start":140.83,"end":141.07},{"text":"um,","start":141.11,"end":141.23},{"text":"I'm","start":141.95,"end":142.11},{"text":"fine.","start":142.11,"end":142.43}]},{"text":"We get back anyhow in the next box, as you were stating in para 6 of box 3.","start":142.43,"end":148.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":142.43,"end":142.75},{"text":"get","start":142.75,"end":142.91},{"text":"back","start":142.91,"end":143.23},{"text":"anyhow","start":143.23,"end":143.71},{"text":"in","start":143.71,"end":143.95},{"text":"the","start":143.95,"end":144.07},{"text":"next","start":144.07,"end":144.75},{"text":"box,","start":144.75,"end":145.15},{"text":"as","start":145.55,"end":145.63},{"text":"you","start":145.63,"end":145.75},{"text":"were","start":145.75,"end":145.87},{"text":"stating","start":145.87,"end":146.31},{"text":"in","start":146.31,"end":146.99},{"text":"para","start":146.99,"end":147.27},{"text":"6","start":147.27,"end":147.63},{"text":"of","start":147.63,"end":147.79},{"text":"box","start":147.79,"end":148.19},{"text":"3.","start":148.27,"end":148.59}]},{"text":"Let me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, to be followed by the Philippines and Italy.","start":150.51,"end":156.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":150.51,"end":150.67},{"text":"me","start":150.67,"end":150.79},{"text":"now","start":150.79,"end":150.91},{"text":"pass","start":150.91,"end":151.15},{"text":"the","start":151.15,"end":151.23},{"text":"floor","start":151.23,"end":151.47},{"text":"to","start":151.47,"end":151.55},{"text":"the","start":151.55,"end":151.63},{"text":"distinguished","start":151.63,"end":152.19},{"text":"representative","start":152.19,"end":152.83},{"text":"of","start":152.87,"end":152.99},{"text":"the","start":152.99,"end":153.11},{"text":"Campaign","start":153.11,"end":153.55},{"text":"to","start":153.55,"end":153.67},{"text":"Stop","start":153.67,"end":154.03},{"text":"Killer","start":154.03,"end":154.35},{"text":"Robots,","start":154.35,"end":154.63},{"text":"to","start":154.63,"end":154.71},{"text":"be","start":154.75,"end":154.99},{"text":"followed","start":154.99,"end":155.47},{"text":"by","start":155.47,"end":155.63},{"text":"the","start":155.63,"end":155.75},{"text":"Philippines","start":155.75,"end":156.23},{"text":"and","start":156.23,"end":156.39},{"text":"Italy.","start":156.39,"end":156.67}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":157.39,"end":158.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":157.39,"end":157.55},{"text":"have","start":157.55,"end":157.71},{"text":"the","start":157.71,"end":157.79},{"text":"floor.","start":157.79,"end":158.03}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":4,"start":174.22,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=2:55","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair. For Stop Killer Robots, preserving meaningful human control over the use of force is one of the core purposes of a legally binding instrument on autonomous weapon systems.","start":174.22,"end":185.91,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":174.22,"end":174.46},{"text":"you,","start":174.46,"end":174.62},{"text":"Chair.","start":174.62,"end":175.1},{"text":"For","start":176.39,"end":176.71},{"text":"Stop","start":176.71,"end":177.03},{"text":"Killer","start":177.03,"end":177.31},{"text":"Robots,","start":177.31,"end":177.83},{"text":"preserving","start":178.07,"end":178.59},{"text":"meaningful","start":178.59,"end":179.03},{"text":"human","start":179.03,"end":179.35},{"text":"control","start":179.35,"end":179.79},{"text":"over","start":179.79,"end":179.99},{"text":"the","start":179.99,"end":180.11},{"text":"use","start":180.11,"end":180.35},{"text":"of","start":180.35,"end":180.47},{"text":"force","start":180.47,"end":180.87},{"text":"is","start":181.27,"end":181.43},{"text":"one","start":181.43,"end":181.59},{"text":"of","start":181.59,"end":181.67},{"text":"the","start":181.67,"end":181.75},{"text":"core","start":181.75,"end":182.07},{"text":"purposes","start":182.07,"end":182.63},{"text":"of","start":182.63,"end":182.75},{"text":"a","start":182.75,"end":182.79},{"text":"legally","start":182.79,"end":183.27},{"text":"binding","start":183.27,"end":183.67},{"text":"instrument","start":183.67,"end":184.27},{"text":"on","start":184.27,"end":184.43},{"text":"autonomous","start":184.43,"end":184.95},{"text":"weapon","start":184.95,"end":185.23},{"text":"systems.","start":185.23,"end":185.91}]},{"text":"For this reason, we welcome the centrality given to the concept of context-appropriate human control and judgment throughout the text, and urge states to maintain their focus on the rules needed for meaningful human control in their current discussions and in future negotiations on a legal instrument.","start":186.47,"end":203.91,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":186.47,"end":186.63},{"text":"this","start":186.63,"end":186.87},{"text":"reason,","start":186.87,"end":187.35},{"text":"we","start":187.59,"end":187.79},{"text":"welcome","start":187.79,"end":188.15},{"text":"the","start":188.15,"end":188.27},{"text":"centrality","start":188.27,"end":189.11},{"text":"given","start":189.11,"end":189.43},{"text":"to","start":189.43,"end":189.51},{"text":"the","start":189.51,"end":189.59},{"text":"concept","start":189.59,"end":190.27},{"text":"of","start":190.27,"end":190.39},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":190.39,"end":191.91},{"text":"human","start":191.91,"end":192.23},{"text":"control","start":192.23,"end":192.67},{"text":"and","start":192.67,"end":192.87},{"text":"judgment","start":192.87,"end":193.43},{"text":"throughout","start":193.75,"end":194.07},{"text":"the","start":194.07,"end":194.15},{"text":"text,","start":194.15,"end":194.63},{"text":"and","start":194.95,"end":195.23},{"text":"urge","start":195.23,"end":195.43},{"text":"states","start":195.43,"end":195.91},{"text":"to","start":195.91,"end":196.07},{"text":"maintain","start":196.07,"end":196.63},{"text":"their","start":196.63,"end":196.79},{"text":"focus","start":196.79,"end":197.35},{"text":"on","start":197.35,"end":197.51},{"text":"the","start":197.51,"end":197.59},{"text":"rules","start":197.59,"end":198.07},{"text":"needed","start":198.07,"end":198.43},{"text":"for","start":198.43,"end":198.63},{"text":"meaningful","start":198.63,"end":199.07},{"text":"human","start":199.07,"end":199.35},{"text":"control","start":199.35,"end":199.91},{"text":"in","start":199.91,"end":200.07},{"text":"their","start":200.07,"end":200.23},{"text":"current","start":200.23,"end":200.51},{"text":"discussions","start":200.51,"end":201.27},{"text":"and","start":201.27,"end":201.43},{"text":"in","start":201.43,"end":201.51},{"text":"future","start":201.51,"end":201.79},{"text":"negotiations","start":201.79,"end":202.71},{"text":"on","start":202.71,"end":202.87},{"text":"a","start":202.95,"end":202.99},{"text":"legal","start":202.99,"end":203.19},{"text":"instrument.","start":203.19,"end":203.91}]},{"text":"We do not think it would be productive for states to try to restrict the meaning of this term or narrow the wording of context-appropriate human control and judgment.","start":205.11,"end":214.23,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":205.11,"end":205.27},{"text":"do","start":205.27,"end":205.43},{"text":"not","start":205.43,"end":205.71},{"text":"think","start":205.71,"end":205.99},{"text":"it","start":206.07,"end":206.15},{"text":"would","start":206.15,"end":206.39},{"text":"be","start":206.39,"end":206.47},{"text":"productive","start":206.47,"end":207.11},{"text":"for","start":207.11,"end":207.27},{"text":"states","start":207.27,"end":207.75},{"text":"to","start":207.75,"end":207.95},{"text":"try","start":207.99,"end":208.23},{"text":"to","start":208.23,"end":208.31},{"text":"restrict","start":208.31,"end":208.83},{"text":"the","start":208.83,"end":208.91},{"text":"meaning","start":208.91,"end":209.43},{"text":"of","start":209.51,"end":209.63},{"text":"this","start":209.63,"end":209.83},{"text":"term","start":209.83,"end":210.23},{"text":"or","start":210.31,"end":210.47},{"text":"narrow","start":210.47,"end":210.79},{"text":"the","start":210.79,"end":210.95},{"text":"wording","start":210.95,"end":211.43},{"text":"of","start":211.55,"end":211.75},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":211.75,"end":212.83},{"text":"human","start":212.83,"end":213.07},{"text":"control","start":213.07,"end":213.47},{"text":"and","start":213.47,"end":213.63},{"text":"judgment.","start":213.63,"end":214.23}]},{"text":"The substance and operational standards of human control matter more than the name or term that is used to describe human control.","start":214.87,"end":222.23,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":214.87,"end":214.99},{"text":"substance","start":215.03,"end":215.67},{"text":"and","start":215.67,"end":215.83},{"text":"operational","start":215.83,"end":216.31},{"text":"standards","start":216.31,"end":216.87},{"text":"of","start":216.91,"end":216.99},{"text":"human","start":216.99,"end":217.27},{"text":"control","start":217.27,"end":217.83},{"text":"matter","start":218.07,"end":218.47},{"text":"more","start":218.47,"end":218.87},{"text":"than","start":218.95,"end":219.19},{"text":"the","start":219.19,"end":219.31},{"text":"name","start":219.31,"end":219.59},{"text":"or","start":219.59,"end":219.75},{"text":"term","start":219.75,"end":220.07},{"text":"that","start":220.07,"end":220.23},{"text":"is","start":220.23,"end":220.35},{"text":"used","start":220.39,"end":220.63},{"text":"to","start":220.63,"end":220.71},{"text":"describe","start":220.71,"end":221.27},{"text":"human","start":221.43,"end":221.75},{"text":"control.","start":221.75,"end":222.23}]},{"text":"Rather, states should focus on moving to negotiate the legal rules that are necessary to build out this concept.","start":223.27,"end":230.55,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Rather,","start":223.27,"end":223.83},{"text":"states","start":223.99,"end":224.51},{"text":"should","start":224.51,"end":224.63},{"text":"focus","start":224.71,"end":225.19},{"text":"on","start":225.27,"end":225.43},{"text":"moving","start":225.43,"end":225.83},{"text":"to","start":225.83,"end":225.95},{"text":"negotiate","start":225.95,"end":226.63},{"text":"the","start":226.63,"end":226.75},{"text":"legal","start":226.79,"end":227.11},{"text":"rules","start":227.11,"end":227.59},{"text":"that","start":227.59,"end":227.75},{"text":"are","start":227.75,"end":228.07},{"text":"necessary","start":228.07,"end":228.71},{"text":"to","start":228.71,"end":228.83},{"text":"build","start":228.87,"end":229.27},{"text":"out","start":229.35,"end":229.59},{"text":"this","start":229.59,"end":229.91},{"text":"concept.","start":229.91,"end":230.55}]},{"text":"They must concentrate on elaborating the kind of human control that is needed in the use of force to uphold ethical and legal principles and ensure responsibility and accountability.","start":231.15,"end":242.75,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."},{"key":"martens-clause-ethics","label":"Martens Clause and Ethical Considerations","description":"Multiple delegations emphasized the importance of the Martens Clause and broader ethical concerns in addressing autonomous weapons. They linked the issue to humanity, public conscience, and the need to preserve human moral judgment in the use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":231.15,"end":231.27},{"text":"must","start":231.31,"end":231.47},{"text":"concentrate","start":231.47,"end":232.27},{"text":"on","start":232.35,"end":232.59},{"text":"elaborating","start":232.59,"end":233.39},{"text":"the","start":233.47,"end":233.63},{"text":"kind","start":233.63,"end":233.95},{"text":"of","start":233.95,"end":234.03},{"text":"human","start":234.03,"end":234.35},{"text":"control","start":234.35,"end":234.91},{"text":"that","start":235.31,"end":235.55},{"text":"is","start":235.55,"end":235.71},{"text":"needed","start":235.71,"end":236.11},{"text":"in","start":236.11,"end":236.35},{"text":"the","start":236.35,"end":236.47},{"text":"use","start":236.47,"end":236.71},{"text":"of","start":236.71,"end":236.79},{"text":"force","start":236.79,"end":237.31},{"text":"to","start":237.31,"end":237.55},{"text":"uphold","start":237.55,"end":238.27},{"text":"ethical","start":238.27,"end":238.99},{"text":"and","start":238.99,"end":239.19},{"text":"legal","start":239.23,"end":239.47},{"text":"principles","start":239.47,"end":240.27},{"text":"and","start":240.27,"end":240.47},{"text":"ensure","start":240.47,"end":240.79},{"text":"responsibility","start":240.79,"end":241.71},{"text":"and","start":241.71,"end":241.91},{"text":"accountability.","start":241.91,"end":242.75}]},{"text":"States should focus on elaborating specific legal rules to give this concept substance.","start":243.47,"end":249.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"States","start":243.47,"end":243.79},{"text":"should","start":243.79,"end":243.95},{"text":"focus","start":243.95,"end":244.43},{"text":"on","start":244.43,"end":244.75},{"text":"elaborating","start":244.75,"end":245.63},{"text":"specific","start":245.95,"end":246.59},{"text":"legal","start":246.59,"end":246.91},{"text":"rules","start":246.91,"end":247.47},{"text":"to","start":247.47,"end":247.59},{"text":"give","start":247.59,"end":247.75},{"text":"this","start":247.75,"end":247.95},{"text":"concept","start":247.95,"end":248.59},{"text":"substance.","start":248.75,"end":249.63}]},{"text":"We urge clarification on what context, human judgment, and control entail.","start":250.11,"end":256.19,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":250.11,"end":250.43},{"text":"urge","start":250.43,"end":250.75},{"text":"clarification","start":250.75,"end":251.71},{"text":"on","start":251.71,"end":252.03},{"text":"what","start":252.03,"end":252.43},{"text":"context,","start":252.43,"end":253.31},{"text":"human","start":253.63,"end":254.03},{"text":"judgment,","start":254.03,"end":254.59},{"text":"and","start":254.75,"end":254.87},{"text":"control","start":254.87,"end":255.55},{"text":"entail.","start":255.71,"end":256.19}]},{"text":"Context.","start":256.99,"end":257.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Context.","start":256.99,"end":257.79}]},{"text":"must encompass system characteristics, weapon types, operational environment, mission objectives, and deploy conditions.","start":258.39,"end":266.15,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"must","start":258.39,"end":258.55},{"text":"encompass","start":258.55,"end":259.47},{"text":"system","start":259.47,"end":259.83},{"text":"characteristics,","start":259.83,"end":260.95},{"text":"weapon","start":260.95,"end":261.43},{"text":"types,","start":261.43,"end":261.99},{"text":"operational","start":261.99,"end":262.63},{"text":"environment,","start":262.63,"end":263.35},{"text":"mission","start":263.35,"end":263.71},{"text":"objectives,","start":263.71,"end":264.47},{"text":"and","start":264.47,"end":264.83},{"text":"deploy","start":264.83,"end":265.35},{"text":"conditions.","start":265.35,"end":266.15}]},{"text":"Human judgment must extend beyond IHL compliance to include broader decision-making responsibilities in the use of force.","start":267.19,"end":276.15,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Human","start":267.19,"end":267.51},{"text":"judgment","start":267.51,"end":268.07},{"text":"must","start":268.55,"end":268.79},{"text":"extend","start":268.79,"end":269.23},{"text":"beyond","start":269.23,"end":269.59},{"text":"IHL","start":269.59,"end":269.99},{"text":"compliance","start":269.99,"end":270.79},{"text":"to","start":271.11,"end":271.23},{"text":"include","start":271.27,"end":271.91},{"text":"broader","start":272.07,"end":272.55},{"text":"decision-making","start":272.55,"end":273.83},{"text":"responsibilities","start":273.83,"end":275.03},{"text":"in","start":275.03,"end":275.19},{"text":"the","start":275.19,"end":275.31},{"text":"use","start":275.31,"end":275.55},{"text":"of","start":275.55,"end":275.63},{"text":"force.","start":275.63,"end":276.15}]},{"text":"Control requires sufficient assurance that weapon systems act predictably enabling determination that their effects conform with IHL rules of engagement and commander intentions, noting this is only possible if systems are predictable, reliable, traceable, and explainable.","start":276.95,"end":297.91,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Control","start":276.95,"end":277.67},{"text":"requires","start":278.23,"end":278.87},{"text":"sufficient","start":278.87,"end":279.51},{"text":"assurance","start":279.51,"end":280.23},{"text":"that","start":280.23,"end":280.47},{"text":"weapon","start":280.47,"end":280.83},{"text":"systems","start":280.83,"end":281.35},{"text":"act","start":281.59,"end":281.91},{"text":"predictably","start":281.91,"end":282.63},{"text":"enabling","start":283.19,"end":283.99},{"text":"determination","start":284.15,"end":285.19},{"text":"that","start":285.19,"end":285.43},{"text":"their","start":285.43,"end":285.67},{"text":"effects","start":285.67,"end":286.31},{"text":"conform","start":286.31,"end":286.83},{"text":"with","start":286.83,"end":286.95},{"text":"IHL","start":287.03,"end":287.59},{"text":"rules","start":287.59,"end":287.91},{"text":"of","start":287.91,"end":287.99},{"text":"engagement","start":287.99,"end":288.79},{"text":"and","start":289.43,"end":289.83},{"text":"commander","start":289.83,"end":290.47},{"text":"intentions,","start":290.47,"end":291.27},{"text":"noting","start":291.59,"end":292.23},{"text":"this","start":292.39,"end":292.63},{"text":"is","start":292.63,"end":292.87},{"text":"only","start":292.87,"end":293.11},{"text":"possible","start":293.11,"end":293.75},{"text":"if","start":293.75,"end":293.87},{"text":"systems","start":293.87,"end":294.39},{"text":"are","start":294.39,"end":294.55},{"text":"predictable,","start":294.55,"end":295.19},{"text":"reliable,","start":295.35,"end":296.15},{"text":"traceable,","start":296.31,"end":296.95},{"text":"and","start":297.03,"end":297.19},{"text":"explainable.","start":297.19,"end":297.91}]},{"text":"The dynamic nature of conflict underscores why clear common understandings are essential.","start":298.63,"end":305.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":298.63,"end":298.79},{"text":"dynamic","start":298.79,"end":299.43},{"text":"nature","start":299.43,"end":299.91},{"text":"of","start":299.91,"end":300.23},{"text":"conflict","start":300.31,"end":300.95},{"text":"underscores","start":300.95,"end":301.83},{"text":"why","start":301.83,"end":302.31},{"text":"clear","start":302.31,"end":302.87},{"text":"common","start":302.87,"end":303.19},{"text":"understandings","start":303.19,"end":304.15},{"text":"are","start":304.15,"end":304.39},{"text":"essential.","start":304.39,"end":305.19}]},{"text":"As variables shift during autonomous weapons systems deployment, What constitutes appropriate control may change from moment to moment.","start":305.91,"end":315.43,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":305.91,"end":306.23},{"text":"variables","start":306.23,"end":306.79},{"text":"shift","start":306.79,"end":307.39},{"text":"during","start":307.39,"end":307.91},{"text":"autonomous","start":307.99,"end":308.51},{"text":"weapons","start":308.55,"end":308.91},{"text":"systems","start":308.91,"end":309.27},{"text":"deployment,","start":309.27,"end":309.99},{"text":"What","start":310.43,"end":310.67},{"text":"constitutes","start":310.67,"end":311.35},{"text":"appropriate","start":311.35,"end":312.31},{"text":"control","start":312.39,"end":313.03},{"text":"may","start":313.03,"end":313.35},{"text":"change","start":313.35,"end":313.75},{"text":"from","start":313.83,"end":314.35},{"text":"moment","start":314.35,"end":314.67},{"text":"to","start":314.67,"end":314.75},{"text":"moment.","start":314.75,"end":315.43}]},{"text":"In doing the work of defining the elements of context-appropriate human judgment and control and elaborating the kind of human control that is needed in the use of force, States can form the common ground they are already developing through boxes 3, 4 and 5 of the rolling text, of which we will give further comments.","start":316.15,"end":338.63,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":316.15,"end":316.31},{"text":"doing","start":316.31,"end":316.63},{"text":"the","start":316.63,"end":316.75},{"text":"work","start":316.75,"end":317.11},{"text":"of","start":317.11,"end":317.35},{"text":"defining","start":317.35,"end":317.91},{"text":"the","start":317.91,"end":318.03},{"text":"elements","start":318.07,"end":318.63},{"text":"of","start":318.63,"end":318.79},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":318.79,"end":320.07},{"text":"human","start":320.07,"end":320.39},{"text":"judgment","start":320.39,"end":320.83},{"text":"and","start":320.83,"end":320.95},{"text":"control","start":320.95,"end":321.59},{"text":"and","start":321.83,"end":322.11},{"text":"elaborating","start":322.11,"end":322.71},{"text":"the","start":322.71,"end":322.83},{"text":"kind","start":322.83,"end":323.19},{"text":"of","start":323.19,"end":323.27},{"text":"human","start":323.27,"end":323.59},{"text":"control","start":323.59,"end":324.07},{"text":"that","start":324.07,"end":324.23},{"text":"is","start":324.23,"end":324.31},{"text":"needed","start":324.31,"end":324.63},{"text":"in","start":324.63,"end":324.79},{"text":"the","start":324.79,"end":324.87},{"text":"use","start":324.87,"end":325.11},{"text":"of","start":325.11,"end":325.19},{"text":"force,","start":325.19,"end":325.75},{"text":"States","start":326.15,"end":326.79},{"text":"can","start":326.79,"end":327.11},{"text":"form","start":327.27,"end":328.15},{"text":"the","start":328.63,"end":328.83},{"text":"common","start":328.83,"end":329.35},{"text":"ground","start":329.35,"end":329.91},{"text":"they","start":330.07,"end":330.47},{"text":"are","start":330.47,"end":330.79},{"text":"already","start":330.79,"end":331.27},{"text":"developing","start":331.27,"end":332.07},{"text":"through","start":332.15,"end":332.47},{"text":"boxes","start":332.47,"end":333.11},{"text":"3,","start":333.19,"end":333.51},{"text":"4","start":333.51,"end":333.83},{"text":"and","start":333.83,"end":333.99},{"text":"5","start":333.99,"end":334.47},{"text":"of","start":334.47,"end":334.63},{"text":"the","start":334.63,"end":334.71},{"text":"rolling","start":334.71,"end":335.19},{"text":"text,","start":335.19,"end":335.67},{"text":"of","start":335.83,"end":336.15},{"text":"which","start":336.19,"end":336.95},{"text":"we","start":336.95,"end":337.19},{"text":"will","start":337.19,"end":337.31},{"text":"give","start":337.31,"end":337.59},{"text":"further","start":337.59,"end":337.99},{"text":"comments.","start":337.99,"end":338.63}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":339.11,"end":339.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":339.11,"end":339.31},{"text":"you,","start":339.31,"end":339.39},{"text":"Chair.","start":339.39,"end":339.75}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"Stop Killer Robots","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Stop Killer Robots"}},{"statement_number":5,"start":341.35,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=5:42","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, and I'll pass the floor to the distinguished representative of the Philippines, to be followed by Italy.","start":341.35,"end":350.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":341.35,"end":341.47},{"text":"me","start":341.47,"end":341.75},{"text":"thank","start":341.75,"end":342.07},{"text":"the","start":342.07,"end":342.15},{"text":"distinguished","start":342.15,"end":342.71},{"text":"representative","start":342.71,"end":343.31},{"text":"of","start":343.31,"end":343.51},{"text":"the","start":343.63,"end":343.75},{"text":"Campaign","start":343.91,"end":344.35},{"text":"to","start":344.35,"end":344.43},{"text":"Stop","start":344.47,"end":344.71},{"text":"Killer","start":344.71,"end":345.03},{"text":"Robots,","start":345.03,"end":345.51},{"text":"and","start":345.55,"end":345.67},{"text":"I'll","start":345.67,"end":345.91},{"text":"pass","start":345.91,"end":346.19},{"text":"the","start":346.19,"end":346.27},{"text":"floor","start":346.27,"end":346.63},{"text":"to","start":346.71,"end":347.03},{"text":"the","start":347.03,"end":347.11},{"text":"distinguished","start":347.11,"end":347.67},{"text":"representative","start":347.67,"end":348.31},{"text":"of","start":348.31,"end":348.39},{"text":"the","start":348.39,"end":348.47},{"text":"Philippines,","start":348.55,"end":349.11},{"text":"to","start":349.11,"end":349.23},{"text":"be","start":349.23,"end":349.35},{"text":"followed","start":349.35,"end":349.71},{"text":"by","start":349.71,"end":349.83},{"text":"Italy.","start":349.83,"end":350.23}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":350.23,"end":350.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":350.23,"end":350.35},{"text":"have","start":350.35,"end":350.55},{"text":"the","start":350.55,"end":350.63},{"text":"floor.","start":350.63,"end":350.87}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":6,"start":354.55,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=5:55","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":354.55,"end":355.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":354.55,"end":354.71},{"text":"you,","start":354.71,"end":354.79},{"text":"Mr.","start":354.79,"end":355.07},{"text":"Chair.","start":355.07,"end":355.51}]},{"text":"As it is the first time for our delegation to take the floor, allow me to thank you, Chair, and your team's work on the current version of the rolling text.","start":355.59,"end":363.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":355.59,"end":355.67},{"text":"it","start":355.75,"end":355.91},{"text":"is","start":355.91,"end":356.07},{"text":"the","start":356.07,"end":356.19},{"text":"first","start":356.19,"end":356.55},{"text":"time","start":356.55,"end":356.79},{"text":"for","start":356.79,"end":356.91},{"text":"our","start":356.91,"end":357.03},{"text":"delegation","start":357.03,"end":357.67},{"text":"to","start":357.67,"end":357.79},{"text":"take","start":357.79,"end":357.99},{"text":"the","start":357.99,"end":358.11},{"text":"floor,","start":358.11,"end":358.55},{"text":"allow","start":359.03,"end":359.23},{"text":"me","start":359.23,"end":359.43},{"text":"to","start":359.43,"end":359.59},{"text":"thank","start":359.59,"end":359.83},{"text":"you,","start":359.83,"end":359.99},{"text":"Chair,","start":359.99,"end":360.47},{"text":"and","start":360.47,"end":360.63},{"text":"your","start":360.63,"end":360.79},{"text":"team's","start":360.79,"end":361.15},{"text":"work","start":361.15,"end":361.51},{"text":"on","start":362.07,"end":362.23},{"text":"the","start":362.23,"end":362.31},{"text":"current","start":362.31,"end":362.63},{"text":"version","start":362.63,"end":362.99},{"text":"of","start":362.99,"end":363.07},{"text":"the","start":363.07,"end":363.15},{"text":"rolling","start":363.15,"end":363.51},{"text":"text.","start":363.55,"end":363.91}]},{"text":"We thank you for incorporating some of the previous suggestions from delegations in this current version of the text.","start":364.47,"end":369.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":364.47,"end":364.59},{"text":"thank","start":364.63,"end":364.87},{"text":"you","start":364.87,"end":364.95},{"text":"for","start":364.95,"end":365.11},{"text":"incorporating","start":365.11,"end":365.83},{"text":"some","start":365.83,"end":366.03},{"text":"of","start":366.03,"end":366.15},{"text":"the","start":366.15,"end":366.27},{"text":"previous","start":366.27,"end":366.75},{"text":"suggestions","start":366.75,"end":367.35},{"text":"from","start":367.35,"end":367.51},{"text":"delegations","start":367.51,"end":368.23},{"text":"in","start":368.23,"end":368.31},{"text":"this","start":368.31,"end":368.47},{"text":"current","start":368.47,"end":368.79},{"text":"version","start":368.79,"end":369.19},{"text":"of","start":369.19,"end":369.27},{"text":"the","start":369.27,"end":369.35},{"text":"text.","start":369.35,"end":369.67}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, we recognize the progress that this group has achieved over the past years.","start":370.51,"end":375.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":370.51,"end":370.83},{"text":"Chair,","start":370.83,"end":371.23},{"text":"we","start":371.55,"end":371.67},{"text":"recognize","start":371.67,"end":372.19},{"text":"the","start":372.19,"end":372.31},{"text":"progress","start":372.31,"end":372.83},{"text":"that","start":372.83,"end":372.95},{"text":"this","start":372.95,"end":373.07},{"text":"group","start":373.07,"end":373.39},{"text":"has","start":373.39,"end":373.51},{"text":"achieved","start":373.51,"end":373.95},{"text":"over","start":373.95,"end":374.19},{"text":"the","start":374.19,"end":374.35},{"text":"past","start":374.35,"end":374.67},{"text":"years.","start":374.67,"end":375.23}]},{"text":"We also acknowledge the need to come up with a set of elements that will serve as a basis for a future instrument on laws, with the hope that universality for such will be achieved in the near future.","start":375.55,"end":386.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":375.55,"end":375.71},{"text":"also","start":375.71,"end":375.99},{"text":"acknowledge","start":375.99,"end":376.43},{"text":"the","start":376.43,"end":376.55},{"text":"need","start":376.55,"end":376.91},{"text":"to","start":376.91,"end":377.03},{"text":"come","start":377.03,"end":377.31},{"text":"up","start":377.31,"end":377.55},{"text":"with","start":377.55,"end":377.71},{"text":"a","start":377.71,"end":377.79},{"text":"set","start":377.79,"end":378.03},{"text":"of","start":378.03,"end":378.19},{"text":"elements","start":378.19,"end":378.75},{"text":"that","start":379.15,"end":379.35},{"text":"will","start":379.35,"end":379.47},{"text":"serve","start":379.47,"end":379.75},{"text":"as","start":379.75,"end":379.87},{"text":"a","start":379.87,"end":379.95},{"text":"basis","start":379.95,"end":380.43},{"text":"for","start":380.43,"end":380.63},{"text":"a","start":380.63,"end":380.67},{"text":"future","start":380.67,"end":381.07},{"text":"instrument","start":381.07,"end":381.55},{"text":"on","start":381.55,"end":381.63},{"text":"laws,","start":381.63,"end":382.11},{"text":"with","start":382.43,"end":382.63},{"text":"the","start":382.63,"end":382.71},{"text":"hope","start":382.71,"end":382.99},{"text":"that","start":382.99,"end":383.15},{"text":"universality","start":383.15,"end":383.95},{"text":"for","start":383.95,"end":384.19},{"text":"such","start":384.19,"end":384.51},{"text":"will","start":384.51,"end":384.67},{"text":"be","start":384.67,"end":384.79},{"text":"achieved","start":384.79,"end":385.19},{"text":"in","start":385.19,"end":385.27},{"text":"the","start":385.27,"end":385.35},{"text":"near","start":385.35,"end":385.55},{"text":"future.","start":385.55,"end":386.03}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, may I also seek your indulgence to hear our views in some paragraphs of box 1.","start":386.67,"end":391.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":386.67,"end":386.91},{"text":"Chair,","start":386.91,"end":387.31},{"text":"may","start":387.31,"end":387.43},{"text":"I","start":387.43,"end":387.47},{"text":"also","start":387.47,"end":387.75},{"text":"seek","start":387.75,"end":387.99},{"text":"your","start":387.99,"end":388.11},{"text":"indulgence","start":388.11,"end":388.67},{"text":"to","start":388.67,"end":388.83},{"text":"hear","start":388.83,"end":389.03},{"text":"our","start":389.03,"end":389.15},{"text":"views","start":389.15,"end":389.47},{"text":"in","start":389.47,"end":389.63},{"text":"some","start":389.63,"end":389.87},{"text":"paragraphs","start":389.87,"end":390.43},{"text":"of","start":390.43,"end":390.51},{"text":"box","start":390.51,"end":390.91},{"text":"1.","start":390.91,"end":391.15}]},{"text":"While the current formulation could be further improved as far as our delegation is concerned, we support the broad characterization of LOS as a weapon system that can select and engage a target, as long as delegations have the common understanding that identification is already subsumed in how we understand select in this context.","start":391.99,"end":410.39,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":391.99,"end":392.23},{"text":"the","start":392.23,"end":392.35},{"text":"current","start":392.35,"end":392.59},{"text":"formulation","start":392.59,"end":393.23},{"text":"could","start":393.23,"end":393.43},{"text":"be","start":393.43,"end":393.55},{"text":"further","start":393.55,"end":393.87},{"text":"improved","start":393.87,"end":394.39},{"text":"as","start":394.43,"end":394.67},{"text":"far","start":394.67,"end":394.87},{"text":"as","start":394.87,"end":394.95},{"text":"our","start":394.95,"end":395.07},{"text":"delegation","start":395.07,"end":395.59},{"text":"is","start":395.59,"end":395.71},{"text":"concerned,","start":395.71,"end":396.35},{"text":"we","start":396.67,"end":396.79},{"text":"support","start":396.79,"end":397.47},{"text":"the","start":397.47,"end":397.55},{"text":"broad","start":397.87,"end":398.19},{"text":"characterization","start":398.19,"end":399.07},{"text":"of","start":399.07,"end":399.15},{"text":"LOS","start":399.15,"end":399.47},{"text":"as","start":399.47,"end":399.63},{"text":"a","start":399.63,"end":399.71},{"text":"weapon","start":399.71,"end":400.03},{"text":"system","start":400.03,"end":400.59},{"text":"that","start":400.91,"end":401.07},{"text":"can","start":401.07,"end":401.23},{"text":"select","start":401.23,"end":401.67},{"text":"and","start":401.67,"end":401.79},{"text":"engage","start":401.79,"end":402.11},{"text":"a","start":402.11,"end":402.19},{"text":"target,","start":402.19,"end":402.67},{"text":"as","start":403.07,"end":403.23},{"text":"long","start":403.23,"end":403.43},{"text":"as","start":403.43,"end":403.55},{"text":"delegations","start":403.55,"end":404.23},{"text":"have","start":404.23,"end":404.35},{"text":"the","start":404.35,"end":404.43},{"text":"common","start":404.43,"end":404.83},{"text":"understanding","start":404.83,"end":405.63},{"text":"that","start":405.95,"end":406.15},{"text":"identification","start":406.15,"end":406.95},{"text":"is","start":406.95,"end":407.07},{"text":"already","start":407.07,"end":407.39},{"text":"subsumed","start":407.39,"end":407.95},{"text":"in","start":407.95,"end":408.11},{"text":"how","start":408.11,"end":408.31},{"text":"we","start":408.31,"end":408.43},{"text":"understand","start":408.43,"end":409.07},{"text":"select","start":409.07,"end":409.47},{"text":"in","start":409.47,"end":409.63},{"text":"this","start":409.63,"end":409.79},{"text":"context.","start":409.79,"end":410.39}]},{"text":"We would also prefer that this understanding be reflected in the text.","start":410.99,"end":414.27,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":410.99,"end":411.15},{"text":"would","start":411.15,"end":411.31},{"text":"also","start":411.31,"end":411.51},{"text":"prefer","start":411.51,"end":411.95},{"text":"that","start":411.95,"end":412.07},{"text":"this","start":412.07,"end":412.27},{"text":"understanding","start":412.27,"end":412.99},{"text":"be","start":412.99,"end":413.07},{"text":"reflected","start":413.07,"end":413.63},{"text":"in","start":413.63,"end":413.75},{"text":"the","start":413.75,"end":413.87},{"text":"text.","start":413.87,"end":414.27}]},{"text":"As to the concept of lethality, our delegation views that our current discussion is not about whether the weapon or weapon system is designed to kill or not, but instead, this discussion is about its effects and to ultimately ensure that autonomous weapon system complies with IHL and do not cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering.","start":415.15,"end":435.47,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":415.15,"end":415.35},{"text":"to","start":415.35,"end":415.43},{"text":"the","start":415.43,"end":415.55},{"text":"concept","start":415.55,"end":415.95},{"text":"of","start":415.95,"end":416.03},{"text":"lethality,","start":416.03,"end":416.83},{"text":"our","start":416.83,"end":417.03},{"text":"delegation","start":417.03,"end":417.63},{"text":"views","start":417.63,"end":417.95},{"text":"that","start":417.95,"end":418.11},{"text":"our","start":418.11,"end":418.19},{"text":"current","start":418.19,"end":418.55},{"text":"discussion","start":418.55,"end":419.23},{"text":"is","start":419.55,"end":419.71},{"text":"not","start":419.71,"end":419.95},{"text":"about","start":419.95,"end":420.31},{"text":"whether","start":420.31,"end":420.59},{"text":"the","start":420.59,"end":420.75},{"text":"weapon","start":420.75,"end":421.23},{"text":"or","start":421.23,"end":421.39},{"text":"weapon","start":421.39,"end":421.71},{"text":"system","start":421.71,"end":422.11},{"text":"is","start":422.11,"end":422.27},{"text":"designed","start":422.27,"end":422.75},{"text":"to","start":422.75,"end":422.83},{"text":"kill","start":422.83,"end":423.11},{"text":"or","start":423.11,"end":423.23},{"text":"not,","start":423.23,"end":423.63},{"text":"but","start":423.95,"end":424.19},{"text":"instead,","start":424.19,"end":424.67},{"text":"this","start":424.99,"end":425.23},{"text":"discussion","start":425.23,"end":425.79},{"text":"is","start":425.79,"end":425.87},{"text":"about","start":425.87,"end":426.27},{"text":"its","start":426.27,"end":426.43},{"text":"effects","start":426.43,"end":426.91},{"text":"and","start":426.99,"end":427.19},{"text":"to","start":427.19,"end":427.27},{"text":"ultimately","start":427.27,"end":427.95},{"text":"ensure","start":427.95,"end":428.51},{"text":"that","start":428.91,"end":429.11},{"text":"autonomous","start":429.11,"end":429.63},{"text":"weapon","start":429.63,"end":429.95},{"text":"system","start":429.95,"end":430.35},{"text":"complies","start":430.35,"end":430.91},{"text":"with","start":430.91,"end":431.07},{"text":"IHL","start":431.07,"end":431.79},{"text":"and","start":432.11,"end":432.31},{"text":"do","start":432.31,"end":432.39},{"text":"not","start":432.39,"end":432.51},{"text":"cause","start":432.51,"end":432.79},{"text":"superfluous","start":432.79,"end":433.47},{"text":"injury","start":433.47,"end":433.95},{"text":"or","start":433.95,"end":434.19},{"text":"unnecessary","start":434.19,"end":434.91},{"text":"suffering.","start":434.91,"end":435.47}]},{"text":"In this regard, it is important that its characterization is consistent with this goal.","start":436.03,"end":440.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":436.03,"end":436.19},{"text":"this","start":436.19,"end":436.35},{"text":"regard,","start":436.35,"end":436.83},{"text":"it","start":436.83,"end":436.99},{"text":"is","start":436.99,"end":437.07},{"text":"important","start":437.07,"end":437.71},{"text":"that","start":437.71,"end":437.87},{"text":"its","start":437.87,"end":438.03},{"text":"characterization","start":438.11,"end":439.07},{"text":"is","start":439.07,"end":439.15},{"text":"consistent","start":439.15,"end":439.75},{"text":"with","start":439.75,"end":439.91},{"text":"this","start":439.91,"end":440.11},{"text":"goal.","start":440.11,"end":440.43}]},{"text":"Our delegation would prefer not to include the concept of lethality in the rolling text, but would be flexible in order to be constructive in our discussions.","start":440.91,"end":449.75,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":440.91,"end":441.11},{"text":"delegation","start":441.11,"end":441.67},{"text":"would","start":441.67,"end":441.79},{"text":"prefer","start":441.79,"end":442.31},{"text":"not","start":442.31,"end":442.51},{"text":"to","start":442.51,"end":442.63},{"text":"include","start":442.63,"end":442.99},{"text":"the","start":442.99,"end":443.11},{"text":"concept","start":443.11,"end":443.51},{"text":"of","start":443.51,"end":443.59},{"text":"lethality","start":443.59,"end":444.71},{"text":"in","start":444.71,"end":444.79},{"text":"the","start":444.79,"end":444.87},{"text":"rolling","start":444.87,"end":445.27},{"text":"text,","start":445.27,"end":445.67},{"text":"but","start":446.31,"end":446.47},{"text":"would","start":446.47,"end":446.63},{"text":"be","start":446.63,"end":446.75},{"text":"flexible","start":446.75,"end":447.27},{"text":"in","start":447.27,"end":447.43},{"text":"order","start":447.43,"end":447.75},{"text":"to","start":447.75,"end":447.87},{"text":"be","start":447.87,"end":447.99},{"text":"constructive","start":447.99,"end":448.63},{"text":"in","start":448.63,"end":448.75},{"text":"our","start":448.75,"end":448.87},{"text":"discussions.","start":448.87,"end":449.75}]},{"text":"Additionally, in line with this argumentation, we do not agree with incorporating \"with lethal force\" after \"select and engage a target\" in paragraph 1 of box 1.","start":450.23,"end":460.63,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Additionally,","start":450.23,"end":451.11},{"text":"in","start":451.19,"end":451.35},{"text":"line","start":451.35,"end":451.59},{"text":"with","start":451.59,"end":451.71},{"text":"this","start":451.71,"end":451.83},{"text":"argumentation,","start":451.83,"end":452.79},{"text":"we","start":453.03,"end":453.23},{"text":"do","start":453.23,"end":453.31},{"text":"not","start":453.31,"end":453.51},{"text":"agree","start":453.51,"end":453.83},{"text":"with","start":453.83,"end":453.99},{"text":"incorporating","start":453.99,"end":454.95},{"text":"\"with","start":455.19,"end":455.47},{"text":"lethal","start":455.59,"end":456.31},{"text":"force\"","start":456.31,"end":456.87},{"text":"after","start":456.87,"end":457.27},{"text":"\"select","start":457.27,"end":457.67},{"text":"and","start":457.67,"end":457.79},{"text":"engage","start":457.79,"end":458.23},{"text":"a","start":458.23,"end":458.31},{"text":"target\"","start":458.31,"end":458.71},{"text":"in","start":458.87,"end":459.03},{"text":"paragraph","start":459.03,"end":459.51},{"text":"1","start":459.51,"end":459.75},{"text":"of","start":459.75,"end":459.91},{"text":"box","start":459.91,"end":460.31},{"text":"1.","start":460.31,"end":460.63}]},{"text":"Hence, we support the current formulation of paragraph 2 in box 1.","start":461.19,"end":464.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Hence,","start":461.19,"end":461.47},{"text":"we","start":461.47,"end":461.59},{"text":"support","start":461.59,"end":461.95},{"text":"the","start":461.95,"end":462.07},{"text":"current","start":462.07,"end":462.35},{"text":"formulation","start":462.35,"end":462.95},{"text":"of","start":462.95,"end":463.03},{"text":"paragraph","start":463.03,"end":463.51},{"text":"2","start":463.51,"end":463.75},{"text":"in","start":463.75,"end":463.91},{"text":"box","start":463.91,"end":464.23},{"text":"1.","start":464.23,"end":464.55}]},{"text":"On box 2, we are in the position to agree with the current formulation of paragraphs 1 to 4.","start":465.27,"end":470.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":465.27,"end":465.43},{"text":"box","start":465.43,"end":465.75},{"text":"2,","start":465.75,"end":466.07},{"text":"we","start":466.47,"end":466.59},{"text":"are","start":466.59,"end":466.71},{"text":"in","start":466.71,"end":466.79},{"text":"the","start":466.79,"end":466.91},{"text":"position","start":466.91,"end":467.35},{"text":"to","start":467.35,"end":467.47},{"text":"agree","start":467.47,"end":467.75},{"text":"with","start":467.75,"end":467.87},{"text":"the","start":467.87,"end":467.99},{"text":"current","start":467.99,"end":468.31},{"text":"formulation","start":468.31,"end":468.99},{"text":"of","start":468.99,"end":469.11},{"text":"paragraphs","start":469.11,"end":469.67},{"text":"1","start":469.67,"end":469.91},{"text":"to","start":469.91,"end":470.03},{"text":"4.","start":470.07,"end":470.47}]},{"text":"However, in paragraph 5, we would prefer the use of meaningful human control as reflected in the draft protocol 6 proposed by a group of states in 2022.","start":470.79,"end":479.99,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":470.79,"end":471.51},{"text":"in","start":471.75,"end":471.91},{"text":"paragraph","start":471.91,"end":472.35},{"text":"5,","start":472.35,"end":472.79},{"text":"we","start":472.87,"end":472.99},{"text":"would","start":472.99,"end":473.11},{"text":"prefer","start":473.11,"end":473.43},{"text":"the","start":473.43,"end":473.55},{"text":"use","start":473.59,"end":473.83},{"text":"of","start":473.87,"end":473.99},{"text":"meaningful","start":473.99,"end":474.55},{"text":"human","start":474.55,"end":474.87},{"text":"control","start":474.87,"end":475.43},{"text":"as","start":475.83,"end":475.91},{"text":"reflected","start":475.91,"end":476.43},{"text":"in","start":476.43,"end":476.55},{"text":"the","start":476.55,"end":476.63},{"text":"draft","start":476.63,"end":476.99},{"text":"protocol","start":476.99,"end":477.43},{"text":"6","start":477.43,"end":477.75},{"text":"proposed","start":477.75,"end":478.23},{"text":"by","start":478.23,"end":478.39},{"text":"a","start":478.39,"end":478.43},{"text":"group","start":478.43,"end":478.71},{"text":"of","start":478.71,"end":478.79},{"text":"states","start":478.79,"end":479.11},{"text":"in","start":479.11,"end":479.19},{"text":"2022.","start":479.19,"end":479.99}]},{"text":"However, in the spirit of being a constructive member of this group, Our delegation would like to ensure that this group has a common understanding of context-appropriate human judgment and control as a concept, what it constitutes, as well as its limits.","start":480.55,"end":494.03,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":480.55,"end":481.27},{"text":"in","start":481.27,"end":481.43},{"text":"the","start":481.43,"end":481.51},{"text":"spirit","start":481.51,"end":481.83},{"text":"of","start":481.83,"end":481.95},{"text":"being","start":481.95,"end":482.15},{"text":"a","start":482.15,"end":482.19},{"text":"constructive","start":482.19,"end":482.71},{"text":"member","start":482.71,"end":483.07},{"text":"of","start":483.07,"end":483.15},{"text":"this","start":483.15,"end":483.35},{"text":"group,","start":483.35,"end":483.63},{"text":"Our","start":484.15,"end":484.27},{"text":"delegation","start":484.27,"end":484.83},{"text":"would","start":484.83,"end":484.99},{"text":"like","start":484.99,"end":485.19},{"text":"to","start":485.19,"end":485.27},{"text":"ensure","start":485.27,"end":485.63},{"text":"that","start":485.63,"end":485.75},{"text":"this","start":485.75,"end":485.95},{"text":"group","start":485.95,"end":486.27},{"text":"has","start":486.27,"end":486.43},{"text":"a","start":486.43,"end":486.51},{"text":"common","start":486.51,"end":486.99},{"text":"understanding","start":486.99,"end":487.79},{"text":"of","start":488.15,"end":488.27},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":488.27,"end":489.31},{"text":"human","start":489.31,"end":489.63},{"text":"judgment","start":489.63,"end":490.07},{"text":"and","start":490.07,"end":490.19},{"text":"control","start":490.19,"end":490.67},{"text":"as","start":490.67,"end":490.75},{"text":"a","start":490.75,"end":490.83},{"text":"concept,","start":490.83,"end":491.35},{"text":"what","start":491.71,"end":491.99},{"text":"it","start":491.99,"end":492.11},{"text":"constitutes,","start":492.11,"end":492.91},{"text":"as","start":492.91,"end":493.07},{"text":"well","start":493.07,"end":493.23},{"text":"as","start":493.23,"end":493.35},{"text":"its","start":493.39,"end":493.55},{"text":"limits.","start":493.59,"end":494.03}]},{"text":"I will stop here.","start":494.19,"end":494.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":494.19,"end":494.23},{"text":"will","start":494.23,"end":494.35},{"text":"stop","start":494.35,"end":494.59},{"text":"here.","start":494.59,"end":494.75}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":494.83,"end":495.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":494.83,"end":495.07},{"text":"you.","start":495.07,"end":495.19}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"PHL","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Philippines"}},{"statement_number":7,"start":500.51,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=8:21","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of the Philippines for stating the positions of her delegation and also for showing flexibility but indeed also asking some questions we might have to address later on again.","start":500.51,"end":514.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":500.51,"end":500.63},{"text":"me","start":500.63,"end":500.91},{"text":"thank","start":500.91,"end":501.15},{"text":"the","start":501.15,"end":501.23},{"text":"distinguished","start":501.23,"end":501.71},{"text":"representative","start":501.71,"end":502.27},{"text":"of","start":502.27,"end":502.35},{"text":"the","start":502.35,"end":502.51},{"text":"Philippines","start":502.51,"end":503.15},{"text":"for","start":503.15,"end":503.31},{"text":"stating","start":503.31,"end":503.63},{"text":"the","start":503.63,"end":503.71},{"text":"positions","start":503.71,"end":504.43},{"text":"of","start":504.43,"end":504.59},{"text":"her","start":504.59,"end":504.75},{"text":"delegation","start":504.75,"end":505.63},{"text":"and","start":506.03,"end":506.19},{"text":"also","start":506.19,"end":506.75},{"text":"for","start":506.91,"end":507.31},{"text":"showing","start":507.31,"end":507.71},{"text":"flexibility","start":507.71,"end":508.67},{"text":"but","start":509.55,"end":509.79},{"text":"indeed","start":509.79,"end":510.11},{"text":"also","start":510.11,"end":510.67},{"text":"asking","start":510.91,"end":511.27},{"text":"some","start":511.27,"end":511.47},{"text":"questions","start":511.47,"end":512.11},{"text":"we","start":512.51,"end":512.67},{"text":"might","start":512.67,"end":512.87},{"text":"have","start":512.87,"end":512.99},{"text":"to","start":512.99,"end":513.15},{"text":"address","start":513.39,"end":513.71},{"text":"later","start":513.71,"end":513.99},{"text":"on","start":513.99,"end":514.11},{"text":"again.","start":514.11,"end":514.35}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Italy to be followed by Brazil and Israel, but let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Italy.","start":515.55,"end":521.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":515.55,"end":516.11},{"text":"on","start":516.11,"end":516.19},{"text":"my","start":516.19,"end":516.31},{"text":"list","start":516.31,"end":516.59},{"text":"is","start":516.59,"end":516.83},{"text":"Italy","start":516.83,"end":517.23},{"text":"to","start":517.23,"end":517.35},{"text":"be","start":517.35,"end":517.63},{"text":"followed","start":517.63,"end":517.91},{"text":"by","start":517.91,"end":517.99},{"text":"Brazil","start":517.99,"end":518.47},{"text":"and","start":518.47,"end":518.59},{"text":"Israel,","start":518.59,"end":518.99},{"text":"but","start":518.99,"end":519.15},{"text":"let","start":519.15,"end":519.27},{"text":"me","start":519.27,"end":519.39},{"text":"first","start":519.39,"end":519.67},{"text":"pass","start":519.67,"end":519.95},{"text":"the","start":519.95,"end":520.03},{"text":"floor","start":520.03,"end":520.23},{"text":"to","start":520.23,"end":520.31},{"text":"the","start":520.31,"end":520.39},{"text":"distinguished","start":520.39,"end":520.87},{"text":"representative","start":520.87,"end":521.47},{"text":"of","start":521.47,"end":521.63},{"text":"Italy.","start":521.63,"end":521.99}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":521.99,"end":522.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":521.99,"end":522.11},{"text":"have","start":522.11,"end":522.31},{"text":"the","start":522.31,"end":522.43},{"text":"floor.","start":522.43,"end":522.75}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":8,"start":527.31,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=8:48","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair, for giving me the floor.","start":527.31,"end":529.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":527.31,"end":527.51},{"text":"you,","start":527.51,"end":527.63},{"text":"Chair,","start":527.63,"end":527.95},{"text":"for","start":527.95,"end":528.51},{"text":"giving","start":528.67,"end":528.95},{"text":"me","start":528.95,"end":529.07},{"text":"the","start":529.07,"end":529.19},{"text":"floor.","start":529.19,"end":529.79}]},{"text":"The application of international humanitarian law to laws is at the core of our discussions and one of the most relevant aspects that will be addressed by the future instrument.","start":530.51,"end":542.71,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":530.51,"end":530.71},{"text":"application","start":531.07,"end":531.67},{"text":"of","start":531.67,"end":531.79},{"text":"international","start":531.79,"end":532.47},{"text":"humanitarian","start":532.47,"end":533.15},{"text":"law","start":533.39,"end":533.71},{"text":"to","start":533.71,"end":534.27},{"text":"laws","start":534.27,"end":534.67},{"text":"is","start":535.03,"end":535.19},{"text":"at","start":535.19,"end":535.27},{"text":"the","start":535.27,"end":535.35},{"text":"core","start":535.35,"end":535.75},{"text":"of","start":535.75,"end":535.83},{"text":"our","start":535.83,"end":536.07},{"text":"discussions","start":536.07,"end":537.03},{"text":"and","start":537.03,"end":537.35},{"text":"one","start":537.35,"end":537.63},{"text":"of","start":537.63,"end":537.75},{"text":"the","start":537.75,"end":537.83},{"text":"most","start":537.83,"end":538.15},{"text":"relevant","start":538.15,"end":538.71},{"text":"aspects","start":538.71,"end":539.35},{"text":"that","start":539.35,"end":539.51},{"text":"will","start":539.51,"end":539.67},{"text":"be","start":539.67,"end":540.07},{"text":"addressed","start":540.07,"end":540.71},{"text":"by","start":540.71,"end":541.03},{"text":"the","start":541.03,"end":541.19},{"text":"future","start":541.27,"end":541.91},{"text":"instrument.","start":541.91,"end":542.71}]},{"text":"In our view, existent international law, in particular the rules of IHL governing the choice of means and methods of warfare, and all specific treaties and customary rules prohibiting and restricting certain weapons, fully apply to new weaponry.","start":543.27,"end":561.99,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":543.27,"end":543.51},{"text":"our","start":543.51,"end":543.67},{"text":"view,","start":543.67,"end":544.07},{"text":"existent","start":544.15,"end":545.03},{"text":"international","start":545.03,"end":545.91},{"text":"law,","start":545.99,"end":546.27},{"text":"in","start":546.31,"end":546.55},{"text":"particular","start":546.55,"end":547.43},{"text":"the","start":547.43,"end":547.63},{"text":"rules","start":547.63,"end":548.03},{"text":"of","start":548.03,"end":548.15},{"text":"IHL","start":548.15,"end":548.79},{"text":"governing","start":548.79,"end":549.43},{"text":"the","start":549.43,"end":549.59},{"text":"choice","start":549.59,"end":550.19},{"text":"of","start":550.19,"end":550.31},{"text":"means","start":550.31,"end":550.83},{"text":"and","start":550.83,"end":550.95},{"text":"methods","start":550.95,"end":551.55},{"text":"of","start":551.55,"end":551.67},{"text":"warfare,","start":551.67,"end":552.39},{"text":"and","start":552.63,"end":552.83},{"text":"all","start":552.83,"end":553.03},{"text":"specific","start":553.03,"end":553.67},{"text":"treaties","start":553.67,"end":554.39},{"text":"and","start":554.39,"end":554.59},{"text":"customary","start":554.59,"end":555.15},{"text":"rules","start":555.15,"end":555.75},{"text":"prohibiting","start":555.75,"end":556.43},{"text":"and","start":556.43,"end":556.95},{"text":"restricting","start":556.95,"end":557.71},{"text":"certain","start":557.75,"end":558.23},{"text":"weapons,","start":558.23,"end":558.95},{"text":"fully","start":559.35,"end":559.99},{"text":"apply","start":560.03,"end":560.55},{"text":"to","start":560.55,"end":560.79},{"text":"new","start":560.79,"end":561.19},{"text":"weaponry.","start":561.19,"end":561.99}]},{"text":"Our delegation does not have comments on paras 1 to 4.","start":563.03,"end":568.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":563.03,"end":563.35},{"text":"delegation","start":563.35,"end":564.23},{"text":"does","start":564.39,"end":564.71},{"text":"not","start":564.71,"end":564.99},{"text":"have","start":564.99,"end":565.43},{"text":"comments","start":565.43,"end":566.15},{"text":"on","start":566.15,"end":566.31},{"text":"paras","start":566.31,"end":567.03},{"text":"1","start":567.03,"end":567.51},{"text":"to","start":567.51,"end":567.63},{"text":"4.","start":567.67,"end":568.31}]},{"text":"They are solid, in our view.","start":568.47,"end":571.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"They","start":568.47,"end":568.79},{"text":"are","start":568.79,"end":569.03},{"text":"solid,","start":569.03,"end":569.75},{"text":"in","start":570.23,"end":570.39},{"text":"our","start":570.39,"end":570.63},{"text":"view.","start":570.63,"end":571.03}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 5, we support the use of the formulation \"context-appropriate human judgment and control.\"","start":571.51,"end":580.63,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":571.51,"end":572.31},{"text":"paragraph","start":572.55,"end":573.23},{"text":"5,","start":573.23,"end":573.83},{"text":"we","start":574.15,"end":574.55},{"text":"support","start":574.55,"end":575.15},{"text":"the","start":575.15,"end":575.23},{"text":"use","start":575.23,"end":575.59},{"text":"of","start":575.59,"end":575.75},{"text":"the","start":575.75,"end":575.91},{"text":"formulation","start":576.07,"end":577.11},{"text":"\"context-appropriate","start":577.11,"end":578.55},{"text":"human","start":578.55,"end":579.03},{"text":"judgment","start":579.03,"end":579.83},{"text":"and","start":579.83,"end":580.03},{"text":"control.\"","start":580.03,"end":580.63}]},{"text":"To further elaborate, the responsibility of a chain of command and control presupposes the need of making autonomous decisions.","start":581.35,"end":592.39,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":581.35,"end":581.47},{"text":"further","start":581.47,"end":582.07},{"text":"elaborate,","start":582.11,"end":583.03},{"text":"the","start":583.27,"end":583.47},{"text":"responsibility","start":583.47,"end":584.95},{"text":"of","start":585.03,"end":585.27},{"text":"a","start":585.27,"end":585.43},{"text":"chain","start":585.43,"end":585.79},{"text":"of","start":585.79,"end":585.99},{"text":"command","start":586.07,"end":586.71},{"text":"and","start":586.71,"end":586.95},{"text":"control","start":586.95,"end":587.75},{"text":"presupposes","start":587.99,"end":589.03},{"text":"the","start":589.03,"end":589.27},{"text":"need","start":589.27,"end":589.83},{"text":"of","start":590.07,"end":590.23},{"text":"making","start":590.23,"end":590.79},{"text":"autonomous","start":590.79,"end":591.43},{"text":"decisions.","start":591.43,"end":592.39}]},{"text":"and therefore of judging whether or not to use those.","start":592.91,"end":597.47,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":592.91,"end":593.03},{"text":"therefore","start":593.03,"end":593.87},{"text":"of","start":594.03,"end":594.19},{"text":"judging","start":594.19,"end":594.83},{"text":"whether","start":595.15,"end":595.87},{"text":"or","start":595.87,"end":596.03},{"text":"not","start":596.03,"end":596.47},{"text":"to","start":596.47,"end":596.55},{"text":"use","start":596.55,"end":596.83},{"text":"those.","start":596.95,"end":597.47}]},{"text":"To ensure compliance with IHL, commanders must have the ability to make judgments based on full knowledge of the battlefield and the capabilities of the weapons employed.","start":598.19,"end":611.95,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":598.19,"end":598.35},{"text":"ensure","start":598.35,"end":598.83},{"text":"compliance","start":598.83,"end":599.71},{"text":"with","start":599.71,"end":599.99},{"text":"IHL,","start":600.03,"end":600.99},{"text":"commanders","start":601.31,"end":602.19},{"text":"must","start":602.19,"end":602.55},{"text":"have","start":602.55,"end":602.75},{"text":"the","start":602.75,"end":602.91},{"text":"ability","start":602.99,"end":603.87},{"text":"to","start":603.87,"end":604.07},{"text":"make","start":604.07,"end":604.35},{"text":"judgments","start":604.43,"end":605.31},{"text":"based","start":605.47,"end":605.95},{"text":"on","start":605.95,"end":606.19},{"text":"full","start":606.19,"end":606.51},{"text":"knowledge","start":606.51,"end":607.15},{"text":"of","start":607.15,"end":607.31},{"text":"the","start":607.31,"end":607.47},{"text":"battlefield","start":607.47,"end":608.35},{"text":"and","start":608.75,"end":608.95},{"text":"the","start":608.95,"end":609.03},{"text":"capabilities","start":609.03,"end":610.11},{"text":"of","start":610.27,"end":610.43},{"text":"the","start":610.43,"end":610.55},{"text":"weapons","start":610.55,"end":611.15},{"text":"employed.","start":611.15,"end":611.95}]},{"text":"They need a full assessment of effects on site and continuous acquisition of possible data related to the context.","start":612.79,"end":622.87,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":612.79,"end":613.03},{"text":"need","start":613.03,"end":613.51},{"text":"a","start":613.83,"end":613.87},{"text":"full","start":613.87,"end":614.15},{"text":"assessment","start":614.15,"end":615.03},{"text":"of","start":615.19,"end":615.31},{"text":"effects","start":615.31,"end":616.07},{"text":"on","start":616.15,"end":616.31},{"text":"site","start":616.31,"end":616.87},{"text":"and","start":617.27,"end":617.47},{"text":"continuous","start":617.47,"end":618.23},{"text":"acquisition","start":618.23,"end":619.35},{"text":"of","start":619.35,"end":619.59},{"text":"possible","start":619.59,"end":620.39},{"text":"data","start":620.39,"end":621.03},{"text":"related","start":621.11,"end":621.75},{"text":"to","start":621.75,"end":622.03},{"text":"the","start":622.03,"end":622.11},{"text":"context.","start":622.11,"end":622.87}]},{"text":"Such considerations confirm the necessity of maintaining this terminology within the scope of IHL.","start":623.59,"end":631.99,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":623.59,"end":623.99},{"text":"considerations","start":623.99,"end":625.19},{"text":"confirm","start":625.19,"end":625.99},{"text":"the","start":626.07,"end":626.27},{"text":"necessity","start":626.27,"end":627.27},{"text":"of","start":627.35,"end":627.51},{"text":"maintaining","start":627.51,"end":628.27},{"text":"this","start":628.27,"end":628.63},{"text":"terminology","start":628.63,"end":629.59},{"text":"within","start":629.83,"end":630.23},{"text":"the","start":630.23,"end":630.31},{"text":"scope","start":630.31,"end":630.95},{"text":"of","start":631.03,"end":631.27},{"text":"IHL.","start":631.27,"end":631.99}]},{"text":"Starting from these reflections, we would like to add that human control needs to be exercised also through means and instruments other than direct control prior to its deployment, for example, by limiting the type of targets or the geographical scope for the use of such systems.","start":632.71,"end":655.99,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"Starting","start":632.71,"end":633.35},{"text":"from","start":633.35,"end":633.63},{"text":"these","start":633.63,"end":633.83},{"text":"reflections,","start":633.83,"end":634.87},{"text":"we","start":635.11,"end":635.31},{"text":"would","start":635.31,"end":635.43},{"text":"like","start":635.43,"end":635.75},{"text":"to","start":635.75,"end":635.91},{"text":"add","start":635.91,"end":636.59},{"text":"that","start":636.59,"end":636.95},{"text":"human","start":637.07,"end":637.51},{"text":"control","start":637.51,"end":638.23},{"text":"needs","start":638.71,"end":639.11},{"text":"to","start":639.11,"end":639.31},{"text":"be","start":639.31,"end":639.67},{"text":"exercised","start":639.67,"end":640.71},{"text":"also","start":640.87,"end":641.31},{"text":"through","start":641.35,"end":641.59},{"text":"means","start":641.59,"end":642.23},{"text":"and","start":642.31,"end":642.55},{"text":"instruments","start":642.55,"end":643.35},{"text":"other","start":643.51,"end":643.87},{"text":"than","start":643.87,"end":644.15},{"text":"direct","start":644.15,"end":644.55},{"text":"control","start":644.55,"end":645.27},{"text":"prior","start":645.67,"end":646.31},{"text":"to","start":646.31,"end":646.47},{"text":"its","start":646.47,"end":646.79},{"text":"deployment,","start":646.79,"end":647.59},{"text":"for","start":647.99,"end":648.15},{"text":"example,","start":648.15,"end":648.75},{"text":"by","start":648.75,"end":649.03},{"text":"limiting","start":649.03,"end":649.71},{"text":"the","start":649.75,"end":649.87},{"text":"type","start":649.87,"end":650.39},{"text":"of","start":650.39,"end":650.55},{"text":"targets","start":650.55,"end":651.35},{"text":"or","start":651.67,"end":651.99},{"text":"the","start":651.99,"end":652.23},{"text":"geographical","start":652.23,"end":652.95},{"text":"scope","start":652.95,"end":653.51},{"text":"for","start":653.51,"end":653.83},{"text":"the","start":653.83,"end":653.91},{"text":"use","start":653.91,"end":654.31},{"text":"of","start":654.47,"end":654.63},{"text":"such","start":654.63,"end":655.11},{"text":"systems.","start":655.11,"end":655.99}]},{"text":"And I thank you, Chair.","start":656.23,"end":657.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":656.23,"end":656.47},{"text":"I","start":656.47,"end":656.51},{"text":"thank","start":656.51,"end":656.75},{"text":"you,","start":656.75,"end":656.87},{"text":"Chair.","start":656.87,"end":657.19}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"ITA","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Italy"}},{"statement_number":9,"start":659.15,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=11:00","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Italy.","start":659.15,"end":661.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":659.15,"end":659.31},{"text":"thank","start":659.31,"end":659.55},{"text":"the","start":659.55,"end":659.63},{"text":"distinguished","start":659.63,"end":660.15},{"text":"representative","start":660.15,"end":660.83},{"text":"of","start":660.87,"end":661.07},{"text":"Italy.","start":661.07,"end":661.55}]},{"text":"And next on my list is Brazil, to be followed by Israel, Colombia.","start":661.95,"end":665.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":661.95,"end":662.31},{"text":"next","start":662.31,"end":662.59},{"text":"on","start":662.59,"end":662.67},{"text":"my","start":662.67,"end":662.83},{"text":"list","start":662.83,"end":663.23},{"text":"is","start":663.23,"end":663.55},{"text":"Brazil,","start":663.55,"end":664.03},{"text":"to","start":664.03,"end":664.15},{"text":"be","start":664.19,"end":664.35},{"text":"followed","start":664.35,"end":664.59},{"text":"by","start":664.59,"end":664.75},{"text":"Israel,","start":664.75,"end":665.23},{"text":"Colombia.","start":665.23,"end":665.79}]},{"text":"But first, the floor for the distinguished representative of Brazil.","start":666.67,"end":670.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":666.67,"end":666.91},{"text":"first,","start":666.91,"end":667.15},{"text":"the","start":668.03,"end":668.19},{"text":"floor","start":668.19,"end":668.43},{"text":"for","start":668.43,"end":668.55},{"text":"the","start":668.55,"end":668.63},{"text":"distinguished","start":668.63,"end":669.11},{"text":"representative","start":669.11,"end":669.67},{"text":"of","start":669.67,"end":669.79},{"text":"Brazil.","start":669.79,"end":670.11}]},{"text":"You have the floor, sir.","start":670.11,"end":671.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":670.11,"end":670.27},{"text":"have","start":670.31,"end":670.51},{"text":"the","start":671.03,"end":671.11},{"text":"floor,","start":671.15,"end":671.31},{"text":"sir.","start":671.31,"end":671.55}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":10,"start":674.99,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=11:15","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":674.99,"end":676.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":674.99,"end":675.23},{"text":"you.","start":675.23,"end":675.39},{"text":"Thank","start":675.39,"end":675.63},{"text":"you,","start":675.63,"end":675.79},{"text":"Mr.","start":676.03,"end":676.35},{"text":"Chair.","start":676.35,"end":676.67}]},{"text":"For our delegation, the current formulation of box 2 is in very good shape, and we believe that the elements contained therein should be preserved.","start":677.55,"end":689.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":677.55,"end":677.95},{"text":"our","start":677.95,"end":678.03},{"text":"delegation,","start":678.03,"end":678.91},{"text":"the","start":679.23,"end":679.51},{"text":"current","start":680.03,"end":680.27},{"text":"formulation","start":680.27,"end":680.83},{"text":"of","start":680.83,"end":680.91},{"text":"box","start":680.91,"end":681.31},{"text":"2","start":681.31,"end":681.71},{"text":"is","start":682.19,"end":682.67},{"text":"in","start":682.83,"end":683.07},{"text":"very","start":683.07,"end":683.23},{"text":"good","start":683.23,"end":683.43},{"text":"shape,","start":683.43,"end":683.79},{"text":"and","start":684.11,"end":684.43},{"text":"we","start":684.43,"end":684.67},{"text":"believe","start":684.67,"end":685.23},{"text":"that","start":685.79,"end":686.03},{"text":"the","start":686.03,"end":686.43},{"text":"elements","start":686.55,"end":686.99},{"text":"contained","start":686.99,"end":687.31},{"text":"therein","start":687.31,"end":687.63},{"text":"should","start":687.63,"end":687.87},{"text":"be","start":687.87,"end":688.27},{"text":"preserved.","start":688.59,"end":689.39}]},{"text":"With regards to the comments that were offered yesterday and today on paragraph 5, we continue to believe that the notion of human control, human judgment and control are of utmost importance, and we, like others, believe that the formulation that we've seen in this version and in previous ones and the previous one on context appropriate is a way to reflect the fact that the expectations and necessities in terms of control and judgment will vary depending on the context in which these systems are to be employed, as was very usefully articulated by the intervention of the Stop Killer Robots campaigner just now.","start":690.59,"end":737.83,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":690.59,"end":690.91},{"text":"regards","start":690.91,"end":691.39},{"text":"to","start":691.39,"end":691.63},{"text":"the","start":691.63,"end":691.75},{"text":"comments","start":691.75,"end":692.11},{"text":"that","start":692.11,"end":692.51},{"text":"were","start":692.75,"end":693.23},{"text":"offered","start":693.23,"end":693.87},{"text":"yesterday","start":694.03,"end":694.67},{"text":"and","start":694.67,"end":694.87},{"text":"today","start":694.87,"end":695.39},{"text":"on","start":695.39,"end":695.79},{"text":"paragraph","start":695.79,"end":696.47},{"text":"5,","start":696.47,"end":696.99},{"text":"we","start":697.79,"end":698.11},{"text":"continue","start":698.11,"end":698.51},{"text":"to","start":698.51,"end":698.59},{"text":"believe","start":698.59,"end":699.15},{"text":"that","start":699.79,"end":700.03},{"text":"the","start":700.03,"end":700.19},{"text":"notion","start":700.19,"end":700.75},{"text":"of","start":700.75,"end":701.07},{"text":"human","start":701.31,"end":701.63},{"text":"control,","start":701.63,"end":702.19},{"text":"human","start":702.59,"end":702.91},{"text":"judgment","start":702.91,"end":703.31},{"text":"and","start":703.31,"end":703.47},{"text":"control","start":703.47,"end":704.03},{"text":"are","start":704.51,"end":704.83},{"text":"of","start":704.83,"end":705.07},{"text":"utmost","start":705.07,"end":705.51},{"text":"importance,","start":705.51,"end":706.27},{"text":"and","start":706.83,"end":707.07},{"text":"we,","start":707.07,"end":707.55},{"text":"like","start":707.55,"end":707.87},{"text":"others,","start":707.87,"end":708.59},{"text":"believe","start":708.83,"end":709.15},{"text":"that","start":709.15,"end":709.39},{"text":"the","start":709.39,"end":709.63},{"text":"formulation","start":709.71,"end":710.31},{"text":"that","start":710.31,"end":710.47},{"text":"we've","start":710.47,"end":710.67},{"text":"seen","start":710.67,"end":711.23},{"text":"in","start":711.23,"end":711.55},{"text":"this","start":711.55,"end":711.95},{"text":"version","start":711.95,"end":712.43},{"text":"and","start":712.43,"end":712.63},{"text":"in","start":712.63,"end":712.71},{"text":"previous","start":712.71,"end":713.07},{"text":"ones","start":713.07,"end":713.47},{"text":"and","start":714.07,"end":714.19},{"text":"the","start":714.19,"end":714.27},{"text":"previous","start":714.27,"end":714.59},{"text":"one","start":714.59,"end":714.87},{"text":"on","start":714.87,"end":715.27},{"text":"context","start":715.35,"end":715.87},{"text":"appropriate","start":715.87,"end":716.55},{"text":"is","start":716.55,"end":716.95},{"text":"a","start":717.11,"end":717.15},{"text":"way","start":717.15,"end":717.43},{"text":"to","start":717.43,"end":717.63},{"text":"reflect","start":717.63,"end":718.31},{"text":"the","start":718.71,"end":718.99},{"text":"fact","start":719.51,"end":719.83},{"text":"that","start":719.83,"end":719.99},{"text":"the","start":719.99,"end":720.23},{"text":"expectations","start":721.63,"end":722.39},{"text":"and","start":722.39,"end":722.67},{"text":"necessities","start":722.71,"end":723.83},{"text":"in","start":723.83,"end":723.99},{"text":"terms","start":723.99,"end":724.27},{"text":"of","start":724.27,"end":724.39},{"text":"control","start":724.39,"end":725.03},{"text":"and","start":725.19,"end":725.43},{"text":"judgment","start":725.43,"end":725.95},{"text":"will","start":725.95,"end":726.23},{"text":"vary","start":726.39,"end":726.75},{"text":"depending","start":726.75,"end":727.19},{"text":"on","start":727.19,"end":727.35},{"text":"the","start":727.35,"end":727.99},{"text":"context","start":727.99,"end":728.63},{"text":"in","start":728.63,"end":728.71},{"text":"which","start":728.71,"end":729.11},{"text":"these","start":729.19,"end":729.99},{"text":"systems","start":729.99,"end":730.39},{"text":"are","start":730.39,"end":730.47},{"text":"to","start":730.47,"end":730.59},{"text":"be","start":730.59,"end":730.75},{"text":"employed,","start":730.75,"end":731.27},{"text":"as","start":731.27,"end":731.43},{"text":"was","start":731.43,"end":731.83},{"text":"very","start":731.83,"end":732.11},{"text":"usefully","start":732.11,"end":732.71},{"text":"articulated","start":733.11,"end":733.75},{"text":"by","start":733.75,"end":734.07},{"text":"the","start":734.51,"end":734.59},{"text":"intervention","start":734.59,"end":735.03},{"text":"of","start":735.03,"end":735.11},{"text":"the","start":735.11,"end":735.27},{"text":"Stop","start":735.27,"end":735.51},{"text":"Killer","start":735.51,"end":735.91},{"text":"Robots","start":735.91,"end":736.39},{"text":"campaigner","start":736.39,"end":736.95},{"text":"just","start":736.95,"end":737.51},{"text":"now.","start":737.51,"end":737.83}]},{"text":"We believe, with regards to the reference to its relationship of this concept of context-appropriate human control and judgment, or judgment and control, with IHL, we do believe that it is a key bridging principle.","start":739.11,"end":755.95,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":739.11,"end":739.51},{"text":"believe,","start":739.51,"end":740.07},{"text":"with","start":740.15,"end":740.31},{"text":"regards","start":740.31,"end":740.71},{"text":"to","start":740.71,"end":740.87},{"text":"the","start":740.87,"end":740.95},{"text":"reference","start":740.95,"end":741.43},{"text":"to","start":741.43,"end":741.91},{"text":"its","start":742.91,"end":743.07},{"text":"relationship","start":743.07,"end":743.87},{"text":"of","start":744.27,"end":744.43},{"text":"this","start":744.43,"end":744.59},{"text":"concept","start":744.59,"end":745.15},{"text":"of","start":745.15,"end":745.31},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":745.31,"end":746.23},{"text":"human","start":746.23,"end":746.47},{"text":"control","start":746.47,"end":746.79},{"text":"and","start":746.79,"end":746.91},{"text":"judgment,","start":746.91,"end":747.39},{"text":"or","start":747.39,"end":747.63},{"text":"judgment","start":747.63,"end":748.03},{"text":"and","start":748.03,"end":748.15},{"text":"control,","start":748.15,"end":748.67},{"text":"with","start":749.07,"end":749.63},{"text":"IHL,","start":750.43,"end":751.23},{"text":"we","start":751.31,"end":751.55},{"text":"do","start":751.55,"end":751.79},{"text":"believe","start":751.79,"end":752.27},{"text":"that","start":752.27,"end":752.59},{"text":"it","start":752.83,"end":752.99},{"text":"is","start":752.99,"end":753.15},{"text":"a","start":753.23,"end":753.27},{"text":"key","start":753.27,"end":753.71},{"text":"bridging","start":754.51,"end":755.15},{"text":"principle.","start":755.15,"end":755.95}]},{"text":"It has been discussed in many previous occasions.","start":756.91,"end":760.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":756.91,"end":757.07},{"text":"has","start":757.07,"end":757.43},{"text":"been","start":757.43,"end":757.59},{"text":"discussed","start":757.59,"end":758.03},{"text":"in","start":758.03,"end":758.15},{"text":"many","start":758.15,"end":758.75},{"text":"previous","start":759.19,"end":759.51},{"text":"occasions.","start":759.51,"end":760.27}]},{"text":"Human control was not a problem to be considered by IHL prior to the development of autonomous weapons, but it became so.","start":760.99,"end":771.15,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Human","start":760.99,"end":761.31},{"text":"control","start":761.31,"end":761.67},{"text":"was","start":761.67,"end":761.87},{"text":"not","start":761.87,"end":762.11},{"text":"a","start":762.11,"end":762.19},{"text":"problem","start":762.19,"end":762.83},{"text":"to","start":763.15,"end":763.31},{"text":"be","start":763.31,"end":763.39},{"text":"considered","start":763.39,"end":763.87},{"text":"by","start":763.87,"end":764.31},{"text":"IHL","start":764.31,"end":764.91},{"text":"prior","start":766.19,"end":766.51},{"text":"to","start":766.51,"end":766.67},{"text":"the","start":766.67,"end":766.83},{"text":"development","start":767.87,"end":768.43},{"text":"of","start":768.43,"end":768.83},{"text":"autonomous","start":769.07,"end":769.55},{"text":"weapons,","start":769.55,"end":770.03},{"text":"but","start":770.03,"end":770.19},{"text":"it","start":770.19,"end":770.27},{"text":"became","start":770.27,"end":770.75},{"text":"so.","start":770.75,"end":771.15}]},{"text":"And we believe that it's important to articulate here on this box, too, that the implementation of IHL principles is impossible without it.","start":771.51,"end":780.23,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":771.51,"end":771.83},{"text":"we","start":771.83,"end":771.95},{"text":"believe","start":771.95,"end":772.23},{"text":"that","start":772.23,"end":772.47},{"text":"it's","start":772.47,"end":772.75},{"text":"important","start":772.75,"end":773.39},{"text":"to","start":773.39,"end":773.63},{"text":"articulate","start":773.63,"end":774.23},{"text":"here","start":774.23,"end":774.63},{"text":"on","start":774.63,"end":774.71},{"text":"this","start":774.71,"end":775.27},{"text":"box,","start":775.43,"end":775.91},{"text":"too,","start":775.91,"end":776.23},{"text":"that","start":776.23,"end":776.71},{"text":"the","start":776.71,"end":776.87},{"text":"implementation","start":776.87,"end":777.59},{"text":"of","start":777.59,"end":777.75},{"text":"IHL","start":777.75,"end":778.23},{"text":"principles","start":778.23,"end":778.79},{"text":"is","start":778.79,"end":779.11},{"text":"impossible","start":779.11,"end":779.67},{"text":"without","start":779.67,"end":779.99},{"text":"it.","start":779.99,"end":780.23}]},{"text":"And this is what paragraph five does very appropriately.","start":780.79,"end":785.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":780.79,"end":780.95},{"text":"this","start":780.95,"end":781.19},{"text":"is","start":781.19,"end":781.35},{"text":"what","start":781.35,"end":781.75},{"text":"paragraph","start":782.31,"end":783.03},{"text":"five","start":783.43,"end":783.99},{"text":"does","start":783.99,"end":784.55},{"text":"very","start":784.55,"end":784.91},{"text":"appropriately.","start":784.91,"end":785.59}]},{"text":"Both notions, judgment and control, are necessary in this case.","start":786.39,"end":789.99,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Both","start":786.39,"end":786.71},{"text":"notions,","start":786.71,"end":787.27},{"text":"judgment","start":787.27,"end":787.71},{"text":"and","start":787.71,"end":787.83},{"text":"control,","start":787.83,"end":788.31},{"text":"are","start":788.31,"end":788.47},{"text":"necessary","start":788.47,"end":788.99},{"text":"in","start":788.99,"end":789.11},{"text":"this","start":789.11,"end":789.27},{"text":"case.","start":789.27,"end":789.99}]},{"text":"And they relate directly to the principles, to the guiding principles, to the fundamental principles of IHL, in particular, the principle of precaution.","start":790.63,"end":800.71,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":790.63,"end":791.03},{"text":"they","start":792.39,"end":792.63},{"text":"relate","start":792.63,"end":793.27},{"text":"directly","start":793.27,"end":793.99},{"text":"to","start":793.99,"end":794.31},{"text":"the","start":794.47,"end":794.79},{"text":"principles,","start":794.79,"end":795.59},{"text":"to","start":795.91,"end":796.07},{"text":"the","start":796.07,"end":796.15},{"text":"guiding","start":796.15,"end":796.39},{"text":"principles,","start":796.39,"end":796.87},{"text":"to","start":796.87,"end":796.95},{"text":"the","start":797.19,"end":797.43},{"text":"fundamental","start":797.43,"end":797.91},{"text":"principles","start":797.91,"end":798.35},{"text":"of","start":798.35,"end":798.47},{"text":"IHL,","start":798.47,"end":798.87},{"text":"in","start":798.87,"end":798.95},{"text":"particular,","start":798.95,"end":799.47},{"text":"the","start":799.47,"end":799.59},{"text":"principle","start":799.59,"end":799.99},{"text":"of","start":799.99,"end":800.07},{"text":"precaution.","start":800.07,"end":800.71}]},{"text":"which includes, of course, the obligation of constant care.","start":801.43,"end":805.47,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"which","start":801.43,"end":801.87},{"text":"includes,","start":801.87,"end":802.67},{"text":"of","start":802.67,"end":802.83},{"text":"course,","start":802.83,"end":803.23},{"text":"the","start":803.23,"end":803.35},{"text":"obligation","start":803.35,"end":804.11},{"text":"of","start":804.19,"end":804.43},{"text":"constant","start":804.43,"end":805.03},{"text":"care.","start":805.03,"end":805.47}]},{"text":"The proposal that was offered yesterday by the delegation of Bangladesh is also extremely important.","start":806.99,"end":816.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":806.99,"end":807.19},{"text":"proposal","start":808.91,"end":809.39},{"text":"that","start":809.39,"end":809.51},{"text":"was","start":809.51,"end":809.95},{"text":"offered","start":810.27,"end":810.75},{"text":"yesterday","start":810.75,"end":811.31},{"text":"by","start":811.31,"end":811.43},{"text":"the","start":811.43,"end":811.59},{"text":"delegation","start":811.59,"end":812.11},{"text":"of","start":812.11,"end":812.51},{"text":"Bangladesh","start":812.51,"end":813.23},{"text":"is","start":813.75,"end":814.03},{"text":"also","start":814.03,"end":814.27},{"text":"extremely","start":814.27,"end":815.23},{"text":"important.","start":815.79,"end":816.59}]},{"text":"The elements of accountability and responsibility indeed is already present in box 5, but is also an important element that should be recognized here in box 2, as it offers what could be the preliminary elements or preambular elements of a future instrument.","start":817.55,"end":841.75,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":817.55,"end":817.75},{"text":"elements","start":817.75,"end":818.19},{"text":"of","start":818.19,"end":818.51},{"text":"accountability","start":820.51,"end":821.27},{"text":"and","start":821.27,"end":821.39},{"text":"responsibility","start":821.39,"end":822.43},{"text":"indeed","start":823.07,"end":823.55},{"text":"is","start":823.55,"end":823.87},{"text":"already","start":823.87,"end":824.19},{"text":"present","start":824.19,"end":824.83},{"text":"in","start":825.31,"end":825.63},{"text":"box","start":825.63,"end":826.03},{"text":"5,","start":826.03,"end":826.59},{"text":"but","start":826.99,"end":827.31},{"text":"is","start":827.31,"end":828.03},{"text":"also","start":828.19,"end":828.67},{"text":"an","start":828.67,"end":828.75},{"text":"important","start":828.75,"end":829.23},{"text":"element","start":829.23,"end":829.59},{"text":"that","start":829.59,"end":829.71},{"text":"should","start":829.71,"end":829.95},{"text":"be","start":829.95,"end":830.11},{"text":"recognized","start":830.11,"end":830.91},{"text":"here","start":831.43,"end":831.83},{"text":"in","start":831.83,"end":831.91},{"text":"box","start":831.91,"end":832.23},{"text":"2,","start":832.23,"end":832.55},{"text":"as","start":832.55,"end":832.95},{"text":"it","start":832.95,"end":833.43},{"text":"offers","start":833.91,"end":834.63},{"text":"what","start":835.35,"end":835.83},{"text":"could","start":835.83,"end":836.31},{"text":"be","start":836.31,"end":836.71},{"text":"the","start":836.71,"end":836.95},{"text":"preliminary","start":837.51,"end":838.15},{"text":"elements","start":838.15,"end":838.63},{"text":"or","start":838.63,"end":838.95},{"text":"preambular","start":838.95,"end":839.83},{"text":"elements","start":839.83,"end":840.39},{"text":"of","start":840.39,"end":840.59},{"text":"a","start":840.59,"end":840.63},{"text":"future","start":840.63,"end":841.03},{"text":"instrument.","start":841.03,"end":841.75}]},{"text":"And the issue of accountability and responsibility also merits a place in this part.","start":841.75,"end":848.31,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":841.75,"end":842.03},{"text":"the","start":842.03,"end":842.23},{"text":"issue","start":842.71,"end":842.91},{"text":"of","start":842.91,"end":843.03},{"text":"accountability","start":843.03,"end":843.71},{"text":"and","start":843.71,"end":843.83},{"text":"responsibility","start":843.83,"end":844.63},{"text":"also","start":844.71,"end":845.03},{"text":"merits","start":845.03,"end":845.67},{"text":"a","start":846.79,"end":846.87},{"text":"place","start":846.87,"end":847.19},{"text":"in","start":847.19,"end":847.27},{"text":"this","start":847.27,"end":847.91},{"text":"part.","start":847.91,"end":848.31}]},{"text":"And I thank you very much, Mr. Chair.","start":848.31,"end":849.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":848.31,"end":848.43},{"text":"I","start":848.43,"end":848.47},{"text":"thank","start":848.47,"end":848.71},{"text":"you","start":848.71,"end":848.79},{"text":"very","start":848.79,"end":849.03},{"text":"much,","start":849.03,"end":849.35},{"text":"Mr.","start":849.35,"end":849.59},{"text":"Chair.","start":849.59,"end":849.91}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"BRA","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Brazil"}},{"statement_number":11,"start":864.91,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=14:25","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Brazil.","start":864.91,"end":867.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":864.91,"end":865.03},{"text":"me","start":865.03,"end":865.19},{"text":"thank","start":865.23,"end":865.47},{"text":"the","start":865.47,"end":865.55},{"text":"distinguished","start":865.59,"end":866.07},{"text":"representative","start":866.07,"end":866.71},{"text":"of","start":866.71,"end":866.79},{"text":"Brazil.","start":866.79,"end":867.35}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Israel, to be followed by Colombia and Ireland.","start":868.23,"end":872.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":868.23,"end":868.79},{"text":"on","start":868.83,"end":868.91},{"text":"my","start":868.91,"end":869.03},{"text":"list","start":869.07,"end":869.35},{"text":"is","start":869.35,"end":869.51},{"text":"Israel,","start":869.51,"end":869.99},{"text":"to","start":869.99,"end":870.15},{"text":"be","start":870.15,"end":870.31},{"text":"followed","start":870.31,"end":870.79},{"text":"by","start":870.79,"end":870.95},{"text":"Colombia","start":870.95,"end":871.55},{"text":"and","start":871.83,"end":871.99},{"text":"Ireland.","start":871.99,"end":872.55}]},{"text":"And I'll pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Israel.","start":872.79,"end":875.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":872.79,"end":872.95},{"text":"I'll","start":872.95,"end":873.15},{"text":"pass","start":873.15,"end":873.27},{"text":"the","start":873.27,"end":873.35},{"text":"floor","start":873.35,"end":873.55},{"text":"to","start":873.55,"end":873.63},{"text":"the","start":873.63,"end":873.71},{"text":"distinguished","start":873.71,"end":874.19},{"text":"representative","start":874.19,"end":874.75},{"text":"of","start":874.75,"end":874.87},{"text":"Israel.","start":874.87,"end":875.19}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":875.19,"end":875.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":875.19,"end":875.27},{"text":"have","start":875.27,"end":875.39},{"text":"the","start":875.39,"end":875.47},{"text":"floor.","start":875.47,"end":875.63}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":12,"start":878.55,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=14:39","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":878.55,"end":879.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":878.55,"end":878.79},{"text":"you,","start":878.79,"end":878.95},{"text":"Chair.","start":878.95,"end":879.35}]},{"text":"Regarding the fifth paragraph in box 2 of the rolling text, the term context-appropriate human judgment and control remains a serious concern for us.","start":881.19,"end":892.39,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":881.19,"end":881.83},{"text":"the","start":881.83,"end":881.99},{"text":"fifth","start":881.99,"end":882.31},{"text":"paragraph","start":882.31,"end":882.95},{"text":"in","start":882.95,"end":883.03},{"text":"box","start":883.03,"end":883.35},{"text":"2","start":883.35,"end":883.75},{"text":"of","start":884.15,"end":884.23},{"text":"the","start":884.23,"end":884.35},{"text":"rolling","start":884.35,"end":884.71},{"text":"text,","start":884.71,"end":885.27},{"text":"the","start":886.47,"end":886.63},{"text":"term","start":886.63,"end":886.95},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":886.95,"end":888.15},{"text":"human","start":888.31,"end":888.71},{"text":"judgment","start":888.71,"end":889.15},{"text":"and","start":889.15,"end":889.27},{"text":"control","start":889.27,"end":889.83},{"text":"remains","start":890.47,"end":890.99},{"text":"a","start":890.99,"end":891.03},{"text":"serious","start":891.03,"end":891.51},{"text":"concern","start":891.51,"end":891.91},{"text":"for","start":891.91,"end":892.11},{"text":"us.","start":892.11,"end":892.39}]},{"text":"We believe it does not assist States in implementing the law, but rather makes it more challenging due to its ambiguity.","start":893.63,"end":900.83,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":893.63,"end":893.87},{"text":"believe","start":893.87,"end":894.15},{"text":"it","start":894.15,"end":894.23},{"text":"does","start":894.23,"end":894.43},{"text":"not","start":894.43,"end":894.59},{"text":"assist","start":894.59,"end":894.95},{"text":"States","start":894.95,"end":895.27},{"text":"in","start":895.27,"end":895.39},{"text":"implementing","start":895.39,"end":895.95},{"text":"the","start":895.95,"end":896.03},{"text":"law,","start":896.03,"end":896.47},{"text":"but","start":897.15,"end":897.31},{"text":"rather","start":897.31,"end":897.79},{"text":"makes","start":897.79,"end":898.03},{"text":"it","start":898.03,"end":898.19},{"text":"more","start":898.19,"end":898.43},{"text":"challenging","start":898.43,"end":899.15},{"text":"due","start":899.39,"end":899.71},{"text":"to","start":899.71,"end":899.83},{"text":"its","start":899.83,"end":900.03},{"text":"ambiguity.","start":900.03,"end":900.83}]},{"text":"Additionally, the context-appropriate element can easily be understood as referring to an obligation of constant real-time control, which is at the heart of our debate and is a controversial concept.","start":902.11,"end":914.27,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Additionally,","start":902.11,"end":902.91},{"text":"the","start":903.07,"end":903.19},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":903.19,"end":904.11},{"text":"element","start":904.11,"end":904.67},{"text":"can","start":904.99,"end":905.23},{"text":"easily","start":905.23,"end":905.63},{"text":"be","start":905.63,"end":905.79},{"text":"understood","start":905.79,"end":906.27},{"text":"as","start":906.27,"end":906.35},{"text":"referring","start":906.35,"end":906.99},{"text":"to","start":906.99,"end":907.11},{"text":"an","start":907.11,"end":907.19},{"text":"obligation","start":907.19,"end":907.83},{"text":"of","start":907.83,"end":907.95},{"text":"constant","start":907.95,"end":908.51},{"text":"real-time","start":908.51,"end":908.99},{"text":"control,","start":908.99,"end":909.55},{"text":"which","start":910.23,"end":910.51},{"text":"is","start":910.51,"end":910.63},{"text":"at","start":910.63,"end":910.75},{"text":"the","start":910.75,"end":910.87},{"text":"heart","start":910.87,"end":911.19},{"text":"of","start":911.19,"end":911.27},{"text":"our","start":911.27,"end":911.39},{"text":"debate","start":911.39,"end":911.95},{"text":"and","start":912.51,"end":912.71},{"text":"is","start":912.71,"end":912.95},{"text":"a","start":912.95,"end":912.99},{"text":"controversial","start":912.99,"end":913.67},{"text":"concept.","start":913.67,"end":914.27}]},{"text":"Therefore, we would request the deletion of this paragraph.","start":915.47,"end":918.19,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":915.47,"end":916.03},{"text":"we","start":916.03,"end":916.11},{"text":"would","start":916.11,"end":916.27},{"text":"request","start":916.27,"end":916.91},{"text":"the","start":916.91,"end":917.03},{"text":"deletion","start":917.03,"end":917.43},{"text":"of","start":917.43,"end":917.51},{"text":"this","start":917.51,"end":917.63},{"text":"paragraph.","start":917.63,"end":918.19}]},{"text":"However, For the purpose of getting closer to a consensus, we are willing to positively consider a suggestion made by the US delegation yesterday to instead use the following language.","start":919.87,"end":932.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":919.87,"end":920.59},{"text":"For","start":921.55,"end":921.67},{"text":"the","start":921.67,"end":921.75},{"text":"purpose","start":921.75,"end":922.07},{"text":"of","start":922.07,"end":922.19},{"text":"getting","start":922.19,"end":922.43},{"text":"closer","start":922.43,"end":922.83},{"text":"to","start":922.83,"end":922.95},{"text":"a","start":922.95,"end":922.99},{"text":"consensus,","start":922.99,"end":923.87},{"text":"we","start":924.59,"end":924.83},{"text":"are","start":924.83,"end":925.07},{"text":"willing","start":925.07,"end":925.39},{"text":"to","start":925.39,"end":925.55},{"text":"positively","start":925.55,"end":926.07},{"text":"consider","start":926.07,"end":926.63},{"text":"a","start":926.63,"end":926.67},{"text":"suggestion","start":926.67,"end":927.47},{"text":"made","start":928.19,"end":928.43},{"text":"by","start":928.43,"end":928.55},{"text":"the","start":928.55,"end":928.87},{"text":"US","start":928.87,"end":928.95},{"text":"delegation","start":928.95,"end":929.43},{"text":"yesterday","start":929.43,"end":929.95},{"text":"to","start":930.91,"end":930.99},{"text":"instead","start":930.99,"end":931.39},{"text":"use","start":931.39,"end":931.59},{"text":"the","start":931.59,"end":931.71},{"text":"following","start":931.71,"end":932.11},{"text":"language.","start":932.11,"end":932.67}]},{"text":"I quote, \"Measures, including during development, relating to control and human judgment are needed to ensure the use of laws is in compliance with the principles and requirements of distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack, and other rules of international law applicable in armed conflicts.","start":933.31,"end":953.99,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":933.31,"end":933.47},{"text":"quote,","start":933.47,"end":934.03},{"text":"\"Measures,","start":935.39,"end":936.11},{"text":"including","start":936.35,"end":936.91},{"text":"during","start":936.91,"end":937.31},{"text":"development,","start":937.31,"end":938.11},{"text":"relating","start":938.51,"end":938.99},{"text":"to","start":938.99,"end":939.11},{"text":"control","start":939.11,"end":939.71},{"text":"and","start":939.71,"end":939.83},{"text":"human","start":939.83,"end":940.15},{"text":"judgment","start":940.15,"end":940.83},{"text":"are","start":941.31,"end":941.47},{"text":"needed","start":941.47,"end":941.71},{"text":"to","start":941.71,"end":941.83},{"text":"ensure","start":941.83,"end":942.19},{"text":"the","start":942.19,"end":942.31},{"text":"use","start":942.31,"end":942.55},{"text":"of","start":942.55,"end":942.67},{"text":"laws","start":942.67,"end":943.15},{"text":"is","start":943.71,"end":943.83},{"text":"in","start":943.83,"end":943.95},{"text":"compliance","start":943.95,"end":944.67},{"text":"with","start":944.75,"end":944.99},{"text":"the","start":944.99,"end":945.07},{"text":"principles","start":945.07,"end":945.63},{"text":"and","start":945.63,"end":945.75},{"text":"requirements","start":945.75,"end":946.35},{"text":"of","start":946.35,"end":946.43},{"text":"distinction,","start":946.43,"end":947.15},{"text":"proportionality,","start":947.15,"end":948.19},{"text":"and","start":948.75,"end":948.91},{"text":"precautions","start":948.91,"end":949.47},{"text":"in","start":949.47,"end":949.59},{"text":"attack,","start":949.59,"end":950.19},{"text":"and","start":950.91,"end":951.07},{"text":"other","start":951.07,"end":951.35},{"text":"rules","start":951.35,"end":951.59},{"text":"of","start":951.59,"end":951.67},{"text":"international","start":951.67,"end":952.31},{"text":"law","start":952.31,"end":952.47},{"text":"applicable","start":952.47,"end":953.15},{"text":"in","start":953.15,"end":953.31},{"text":"armed","start":953.31,"end":953.51},{"text":"conflicts.","start":953.51,"end":953.99}]},{"text":"Nevertheless, regardless of its final exact wording, we, like other delegations, think that a paragraph of this nature should not appear in box 2, since this section is focused on fundamental issues concerning the applicability.","start":956.11,"end":971.47,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Nevertheless,","start":956.11,"end":957.07},{"text":"regardless","start":957.55,"end":958.15},{"text":"of","start":958.15,"end":958.27},{"text":"its","start":958.27,"end":958.43},{"text":"final","start":958.43,"end":958.71},{"text":"exact","start":958.71,"end":959.07},{"text":"wording,","start":959.07,"end":959.63},{"text":"we,","start":960.59,"end":960.99},{"text":"like","start":960.99,"end":961.31},{"text":"other","start":961.31,"end":961.47},{"text":"delegations,","start":961.47,"end":962.35},{"text":"think","start":962.51,"end":962.75},{"text":"that","start":962.75,"end":962.91},{"text":"a","start":962.91,"end":962.95},{"text":"paragraph","start":962.95,"end":963.47},{"text":"of","start":963.47,"end":963.63},{"text":"this","start":963.63,"end":963.79},{"text":"nature","start":963.79,"end":964.35},{"text":"should","start":964.75,"end":964.99},{"text":"not","start":964.99,"end":965.15},{"text":"appear","start":965.15,"end":965.43},{"text":"in","start":965.43,"end":965.55},{"text":"box","start":965.55,"end":965.83},{"text":"2,","start":965.83,"end":966.19},{"text":"since","start":967.15,"end":967.47},{"text":"this","start":967.47,"end":967.59},{"text":"section","start":967.59,"end":967.95},{"text":"is","start":967.95,"end":968.03},{"text":"focused","start":968.03,"end":968.47},{"text":"on","start":968.47,"end":968.59},{"text":"fundamental","start":968.59,"end":969.31},{"text":"issues","start":969.31,"end":969.71},{"text":"concerning","start":969.71,"end":970.43},{"text":"the","start":970.51,"end":970.63},{"text":"applicability.","start":970.63,"end":971.47}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Of IHL.","start":971.99,"end":972.67,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Of","start":971.99,"end":972.11},{"text":"IHL.","start":972.11,"end":972.67}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"As human-machine interaction is not a primary rule of IHL, but rather a tool to implement IHL, We do not consider this box debris the appropriate location for this paragraph and therefore suggest moving it to box four.","start":973.87,"end":988.35,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":973.87,"end":973.99},{"text":"human-machine","start":974.03,"end":974.59},{"text":"interaction","start":974.59,"end":975.15},{"text":"is","start":975.15,"end":975.31},{"text":"not","start":975.31,"end":975.51},{"text":"a","start":975.51,"end":975.55},{"text":"primary","start":975.55,"end":976.07},{"text":"rule","start":976.07,"end":976.27},{"text":"of","start":976.27,"end":976.35},{"text":"IHL,","start":976.35,"end":976.99},{"text":"but","start":977.63,"end":977.79},{"text":"rather","start":977.79,"end":978.23},{"text":"a","start":978.23,"end":978.27},{"text":"tool","start":978.27,"end":978.59},{"text":"to","start":978.59,"end":978.71},{"text":"implement","start":978.71,"end":979.31},{"text":"IHL,","start":979.31,"end":979.95},{"text":"We","start":980.75,"end":980.91},{"text":"do","start":980.91,"end":980.99},{"text":"not","start":980.99,"end":981.11},{"text":"consider","start":981.11,"end":981.51},{"text":"this","start":981.51,"end":981.67},{"text":"box","start":981.67,"end":981.99},{"text":"debris","start":981.99,"end":982.51},{"text":"the","start":982.67,"end":982.79},{"text":"appropriate","start":982.79,"end":983.19},{"text":"location","start":983.19,"end":983.67},{"text":"for","start":983.67,"end":983.83},{"text":"this","start":983.83,"end":983.99},{"text":"paragraph","start":983.99,"end":984.67},{"text":"and","start":984.99,"end":985.19},{"text":"therefore","start":985.19,"end":985.55},{"text":"suggest","start":985.55,"end":986.11},{"text":"moving","start":986.51,"end":986.91},{"text":"it","start":986.91,"end":987.23},{"text":"to","start":987.39,"end":987.51},{"text":"box","start":987.51,"end":987.87},{"text":"four.","start":987.87,"end":988.35}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair, and we will of course share this text in writing too.","start":989.95,"end":993.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":989.95,"end":990.19},{"text":"you,","start":990.19,"end":990.27},{"text":"Chair,","start":990.27,"end":990.71},{"text":"and","start":990.71,"end":990.99},{"text":"we","start":990.99,"end":991.15},{"text":"will","start":991.15,"end":991.35},{"text":"of","start":991.35,"end":991.43},{"text":"course","start":991.43,"end":991.71},{"text":"share","start":991.71,"end":991.95},{"text":"this","start":991.95,"end":992.11},{"text":"text","start":992.11,"end":992.47},{"text":"in","start":992.47,"end":992.59},{"text":"writing","start":992.59,"end":993.07},{"text":"too.","start":993.39,"end":993.71}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":993.87,"end":994.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":993.87,"end":994.15},{"text":"you.","start":994.15,"end":994.27}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"ISR","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Israel"}},{"statement_number":13,"start":1005.35,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=16:46","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Israel for stating the position of his delegation and also reacting to proposals made by other delegations.","start":1005.35,"end":1014.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":1005.35,"end":1005.47},{"text":"me","start":1005.47,"end":1005.63},{"text":"thank","start":1005.63,"end":1005.83},{"text":"the","start":1005.83,"end":1005.91},{"text":"distinguished","start":1005.91,"end":1006.39},{"text":"representative","start":1006.39,"end":1006.99},{"text":"of","start":1007.03,"end":1007.15},{"text":"Israel","start":1007.15,"end":1007.87},{"text":"for","start":1008.03,"end":1008.27},{"text":"stating","start":1008.27,"end":1008.59},{"text":"the","start":1008.59,"end":1008.67},{"text":"position","start":1008.67,"end":1009.31},{"text":"of","start":1009.51,"end":1009.59},{"text":"his","start":1009.63,"end":1009.79},{"text":"delegation","start":1009.79,"end":1010.75},{"text":"and","start":1010.75,"end":1010.91},{"text":"also","start":1010.91,"end":1011.39},{"text":"reacting","start":1011.79,"end":1012.27},{"text":"to","start":1012.27,"end":1012.51},{"text":"proposals","start":1012.83,"end":1013.39},{"text":"made","start":1013.39,"end":1013.55},{"text":"by","start":1013.55,"end":1013.67},{"text":"other","start":1013.79,"end":1013.95},{"text":"delegations.","start":1013.95,"end":1014.59}]},{"text":"I copy you right.","start":1014.91,"end":1015.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1014.91,"end":1015.07},{"text":"copy","start":1015.07,"end":1015.35},{"text":"you","start":1015.35,"end":1015.43},{"text":"right.","start":1015.43,"end":1015.67}]},{"text":"You said box four because we have it in box three also.","start":1015.67,"end":1018.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":1015.67,"end":1015.75},{"text":"said","start":1015.75,"end":1015.87},{"text":"box","start":1015.87,"end":1016.19},{"text":"four","start":1016.19,"end":1016.47},{"text":"because","start":1016.47,"end":1016.75},{"text":"we","start":1016.75,"end":1016.83},{"text":"have","start":1016.83,"end":1016.99},{"text":"it","start":1016.99,"end":1017.07},{"text":"in","start":1017.07,"end":1017.15},{"text":"box","start":1017.15,"end":1017.39},{"text":"three","start":1017.39,"end":1017.63},{"text":"also.","start":1017.63,"end":1018.03}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":14,"start":1027.39,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=17:08","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Excuse me.","start":1027.39,"end":1027.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Excuse","start":1027.39,"end":1027.75},{"text":"me.","start":1027.75,"end":1027.95}]},{"text":"Could you repeat the question, please?","start":1027.95,"end":1029.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Could","start":1027.95,"end":1028.11},{"text":"you","start":1028.11,"end":1028.19},{"text":"repeat","start":1028.19,"end":1028.59},{"text":"the","start":1028.59,"end":1028.71},{"text":"question,","start":1028.71,"end":1029.03},{"text":"please?","start":1029.03,"end":1029.39}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"ISR","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Israel"}},{"statement_number":15,"start":1029.63,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=17:10","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Yes. You proposed to move the text from para 5, and then a revised version of that as proposed by the US to box 4.","start":1029.63,"end":1040.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yes.","start":1029.63,"end":1030.03},{"text":"You","start":1030.67,"end":1030.99},{"text":"proposed","start":1031.71,"end":1032.31},{"text":"to","start":1032.31,"end":1032.43},{"text":"move","start":1032.43,"end":1032.79},{"text":"the","start":1032.79,"end":1032.87},{"text":"text","start":1032.87,"end":1033.23},{"text":"from","start":1033.23,"end":1033.47},{"text":"para","start":1033.91,"end":1034.27},{"text":"5,","start":1034.27,"end":1034.67},{"text":"and","start":1034.67,"end":1034.83},{"text":"then","start":1034.83,"end":1035.11},{"text":"a","start":1036.15,"end":1036.19},{"text":"revised","start":1036.19,"end":1036.75},{"text":"version","start":1036.75,"end":1037.11},{"text":"of","start":1037.11,"end":1037.19},{"text":"that","start":1037.19,"end":1037.51},{"text":"as","start":1037.67,"end":1037.83},{"text":"proposed","start":1037.83,"end":1038.15},{"text":"by","start":1038.15,"end":1038.31},{"text":"the","start":1038.31,"end":1038.59},{"text":"US","start":1038.59,"end":1038.71},{"text":"to","start":1038.71,"end":1039.27},{"text":"box","start":1039.27,"end":1039.67},{"text":"4.","start":1039.67,"end":1040.15}]},{"text":"But we have this concept coming back also in box 3.","start":1040.15,"end":1044.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":1040.15,"end":1040.31},{"text":"we","start":1040.31,"end":1040.47},{"text":"have","start":1040.47,"end":1040.71},{"text":"this","start":1040.71,"end":1041.03},{"text":"concept","start":1041.91,"end":1042.39},{"text":"coming","start":1042.39,"end":1042.63},{"text":"back","start":1042.63,"end":1042.87},{"text":"also","start":1042.87,"end":1043.27},{"text":"in","start":1043.27,"end":1043.43},{"text":"box","start":1043.43,"end":1043.79},{"text":"3.","start":1043.79,"end":1044.31}]},{"text":"But you mean box 4.","start":1045.03,"end":1046.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":1045.03,"end":1045.23},{"text":"you","start":1045.23,"end":1045.35},{"text":"mean","start":1045.35,"end":1045.59},{"text":"box","start":1045.59,"end":1045.91},{"text":"4.","start":1045.91,"end":1046.31}]},{"text":"Okay.","start":1047.63,"end":1047.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Okay.","start":1047.63,"end":1047.79}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Colombia, to be followed by Ireland and Singapore.","start":1051.51,"end":1055.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1051.51,"end":1051.83},{"text":"on","start":1051.83,"end":1051.91},{"text":"my","start":1051.91,"end":1051.99},{"text":"list","start":1052.03,"end":1052.39},{"text":"is","start":1052.39,"end":1052.63},{"text":"Colombia,","start":1052.63,"end":1053.11},{"text":"to","start":1053.11,"end":1053.23},{"text":"be","start":1053.23,"end":1053.35},{"text":"followed","start":1053.35,"end":1053.67},{"text":"by","start":1053.67,"end":1053.91},{"text":"Ireland","start":1053.91,"end":1054.19},{"text":"and","start":1054.19,"end":1054.35},{"text":"Singapore.","start":1054.35,"end":1055.03}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Colombia.","start":1055.03,"end":1058.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":1055.03,"end":1055.43},{"text":"let","start":1055.43,"end":1055.55},{"text":"me","start":1055.55,"end":1055.67},{"text":"first","start":1055.67,"end":1055.95},{"text":"pass","start":1055.95,"end":1056.23},{"text":"the","start":1056.23,"end":1056.31},{"text":"floor","start":1056.31,"end":1056.51},{"text":"to","start":1056.51,"end":1056.59},{"text":"the","start":1056.59,"end":1056.67},{"text":"distinguished","start":1056.67,"end":1057.19},{"text":"representative","start":1057.19,"end":1057.91},{"text":"of","start":1057.91,"end":1058.07},{"text":"Colombia.","start":1058.07,"end":1058.55}]},{"text":"Sir, you have the floor.","start":1058.55,"end":1059.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sir,","start":1058.55,"end":1058.75},{"text":"you","start":1058.75,"end":1058.83},{"text":"have","start":1058.83,"end":1058.95},{"text":"the","start":1058.95,"end":1059.03},{"text":"floor.","start":1059.03,"end":1059.27}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":16,"start":1061.63,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=17:42","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chairperson.","start":1061.63,"end":1063.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1061.63,"end":1062.03},{"text":"you","start":1062.03,"end":1062.11},{"text":"very","start":1062.11,"end":1062.27},{"text":"much,","start":1062.27,"end":1062.63},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":1062.63,"end":1063.47}]},{"text":"The Colombian delegation supports the proposal presented in box 2 of the ruling text.","start":1063.63,"end":1071.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1063.63,"end":1063.75},{"text":"Colombian","start":1063.75,"end":1064.11},{"text":"delegation","start":1064.11,"end":1064.99},{"text":"supports","start":1066.27,"end":1066.83},{"text":"the","start":1066.83,"end":1067.03},{"text":"proposal","start":1067.31,"end":1067.87},{"text":"presented","start":1067.87,"end":1068.67},{"text":"in","start":1068.99,"end":1069.39},{"text":"box","start":1069.39,"end":1069.75},{"text":"2","start":1069.75,"end":1070.27},{"text":"of","start":1070.39,"end":1070.59},{"text":"the","start":1070.59,"end":1070.67},{"text":"ruling","start":1070.67,"end":1071.07},{"text":"text.","start":1071.15,"end":1071.83}]},{"text":"Nonetheless, we wanted to say that in the fifth paragraph, we believe, and we put this to your consideration, that the concept of meaningful human control as presented in the draft of Protocol 6, which refers to the whole of human agency, including the preservation of the concepts of judgment and control over the use of force, is important.","start":1071.83,"end":1102.59,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Nonetheless,","start":1071.83,"end":1072.27},{"text":"we","start":1072.27,"end":1072.39},{"text":"wanted","start":1072.39,"end":1072.75},{"text":"to","start":1072.75,"end":1072.87},{"text":"say","start":1072.87,"end":1073.23},{"text":"that","start":1073.23,"end":1073.55},{"text":"in","start":1073.63,"end":1073.95},{"text":"the","start":1073.95,"end":1074.03},{"text":"fifth","start":1074.03,"end":1074.59},{"text":"paragraph,","start":1074.67,"end":1075.71},{"text":"we","start":1078.51,"end":1078.91},{"text":"believe,","start":1078.99,"end":1079.43},{"text":"and","start":1079.43,"end":1079.63},{"text":"we","start":1079.63,"end":1079.79},{"text":"put","start":1079.79,"end":1080.11},{"text":"this","start":1080.11,"end":1080.43},{"text":"to","start":1080.43,"end":1080.63},{"text":"your","start":1080.63,"end":1080.75},{"text":"consideration,","start":1080.75,"end":1081.63},{"text":"that","start":1081.63,"end":1081.79},{"text":"the","start":1081.79,"end":1081.91},{"text":"concept","start":1081.91,"end":1082.47},{"text":"of","start":1082.47,"end":1082.67},{"text":"meaningful","start":1082.67,"end":1083.39},{"text":"human","start":1083.55,"end":1084.19},{"text":"control","start":1084.83,"end":1085.63},{"text":"as","start":1087.11,"end":1087.51},{"text":"presented","start":1087.59,"end":1088.31},{"text":"in","start":1088.47,"end":1088.95},{"text":"the","start":1089.03,"end":1089.19},{"text":"draft","start":1089.19,"end":1089.59},{"text":"of","start":1089.59,"end":1089.67},{"text":"Protocol","start":1089.67,"end":1090.23},{"text":"6,","start":1090.23,"end":1091.27},{"text":"which","start":1092.19,"end":1092.63},{"text":"refers","start":1092.63,"end":1093.19},{"text":"to","start":1093.19,"end":1093.51},{"text":"the","start":1094.23,"end":1094.43},{"text":"whole","start":1094.55,"end":1094.99},{"text":"of","start":1094.99,"end":1095.07},{"text":"human","start":1095.07,"end":1095.43},{"text":"agency,","start":1095.43,"end":1095.87},{"text":"including","start":1095.87,"end":1096.35},{"text":"the","start":1096.35,"end":1096.43},{"text":"preservation","start":1096.43,"end":1097.11},{"text":"of","start":1097.11,"end":1097.27},{"text":"the","start":1097.27,"end":1097.47},{"text":"concepts","start":1097.51,"end":1098.15},{"text":"of","start":1098.15,"end":1098.23},{"text":"judgment","start":1098.23,"end":1098.87},{"text":"and","start":1098.87,"end":1099.19},{"text":"control","start":1099.19,"end":1099.59},{"text":"over","start":1099.59,"end":1099.75},{"text":"the","start":1099.75,"end":1099.83},{"text":"use","start":1099.83,"end":1099.99},{"text":"of","start":1099.99,"end":1100.07},{"text":"force,","start":1100.07,"end":1100.87},{"text":"is","start":1101.83,"end":1101.99},{"text":"important.","start":1101.99,"end":1102.59}]},{"text":"And we believe this includes, among other things, the following elements: the ability to redefine or change the goals of the weapons system or adapt the environment to disactivate, abort, terminate or interrupt their operation or use as necessary, and the ability to limit their ability to self-initiate.","start":1102.59,"end":1125.91,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1102.59,"end":1102.79},{"text":"we","start":1102.79,"end":1102.95},{"text":"believe","start":1102.95,"end":1103.27},{"text":"this","start":1103.27,"end":1103.47},{"text":"includes,","start":1103.47,"end":1103.83},{"text":"among","start":1103.83,"end":1104.03},{"text":"other","start":1104.03,"end":1104.23},{"text":"things,","start":1104.23,"end":1104.47},{"text":"the","start":1104.47,"end":1104.55},{"text":"following","start":1104.55,"end":1104.87},{"text":"elements:","start":1104.87,"end":1105.67},{"text":"the","start":1105.91,"end":1106.03},{"text":"ability","start":1106.23,"end":1106.79},{"text":"to","start":1106.79,"end":1106.99},{"text":"redefine","start":1106.99,"end":1107.67},{"text":"or","start":1107.67,"end":1108.15},{"text":"change","start":1108.39,"end":1109.11},{"text":"the","start":1109.11,"end":1109.39},{"text":"goals","start":1110.23,"end":1110.79},{"text":"of","start":1110.79,"end":1111.03},{"text":"the","start":1111.03,"end":1111.11},{"text":"weapons","start":1111.11,"end":1111.55},{"text":"system","start":1111.55,"end":1112.07},{"text":"or","start":1112.23,"end":1112.39},{"text":"adapt","start":1112.39,"end":1112.63},{"text":"the","start":1112.63,"end":1112.71},{"text":"environment","start":1112.71,"end":1113.59},{"text":"to","start":1114.15,"end":1114.35},{"text":"disactivate,","start":1114.35,"end":1115.19},{"text":"abort,","start":1115.19,"end":1115.99},{"text":"terminate","start":1116.39,"end":1117.11},{"text":"or","start":1117.11,"end":1117.39},{"text":"interrupt","start":1117.39,"end":1118.31},{"text":"their","start":1118.63,"end":1118.91},{"text":"operation","start":1118.95,"end":1119.67},{"text":"or","start":1119.67,"end":1119.91},{"text":"use","start":1119.91,"end":1120.55},{"text":"as","start":1120.55,"end":1120.79},{"text":"necessary,","start":1120.79,"end":1121.59},{"text":"and","start":1121.99,"end":1122.27},{"text":"the","start":1122.27,"end":1122.35},{"text":"ability","start":1122.35,"end":1122.79},{"text":"to","start":1122.83,"end":1122.95},{"text":"limit","start":1122.95,"end":1123.59},{"text":"their","start":1123.59,"end":1123.87},{"text":"ability","start":1123.87,"end":1124.75},{"text":"to","start":1124.75,"end":1124.83},{"text":"self-initiate.","start":1124.83,"end":1125.91}]},{"text":"In addition, the ability to limit the scope and the scale of use of the weapon system, including time and space limits, and to restrict their parameters and target selection ability.","start":1125.91,"end":1140.87,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1125.91,"end":1126.07},{"text":"addition,","start":1126.07,"end":1126.71},{"text":"the","start":1127.03,"end":1127.15},{"text":"ability","start":1127.15,"end":1127.67},{"text":"to","start":1127.67,"end":1127.83},{"text":"limit","start":1127.83,"end":1128.23},{"text":"the","start":1128.23,"end":1128.31},{"text":"scope","start":1128.31,"end":1129.03},{"text":"and","start":1129.35,"end":1129.51},{"text":"the","start":1129.51,"end":1129.59},{"text":"scale","start":1129.59,"end":1129.95},{"text":"of","start":1129.95,"end":1130.07},{"text":"use","start":1130.07,"end":1130.43},{"text":"of","start":1130.43,"end":1130.51},{"text":"the","start":1130.51,"end":1130.63},{"text":"weapon","start":1130.63,"end":1130.95},{"text":"system,","start":1130.95,"end":1131.51},{"text":"including","start":1131.83,"end":1132.71},{"text":"time","start":1133.35,"end":1133.83},{"text":"and","start":1133.87,"end":1134.07},{"text":"space","start":1134.07,"end":1134.71},{"text":"limits,","start":1134.79,"end":1135.35},{"text":"and","start":1135.35,"end":1135.59},{"text":"to","start":1135.59,"end":1135.71},{"text":"restrict","start":1135.71,"end":1136.55},{"text":"their","start":1136.87,"end":1137.07},{"text":"parameters","start":1137.07,"end":1137.99},{"text":"and","start":1138.07,"end":1138.71},{"text":"target","start":1139.03,"end":1139.51},{"text":"selection","start":1139.51,"end":1140.15},{"text":"ability.","start":1140.15,"end":1140.87}]},{"text":"And finally, the ability to understand and explain the operation of the weapons system in order to retrospectively provide an explanation that would satisfy legal and other types of requirements relating to weapons systems, including the attribution of responsibility and accountability.","start":1141.39,"end":1165.71,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1141.39,"end":1141.59},{"text":"finally,","start":1141.59,"end":1142.39},{"text":"the","start":1143.07,"end":1143.19},{"text":"ability","start":1143.19,"end":1143.63},{"text":"to","start":1143.63,"end":1143.83},{"text":"understand","start":1143.83,"end":1144.47},{"text":"and","start":1144.47,"end":1144.75},{"text":"explain","start":1144.75,"end":1145.95},{"text":"the","start":1146.11,"end":1146.31},{"text":"operation","start":1146.35,"end":1147.31},{"text":"of","start":1147.47,"end":1147.79},{"text":"the","start":1147.79,"end":1147.99},{"text":"weapons","start":1147.99,"end":1148.43},{"text":"system","start":1148.43,"end":1149.07},{"text":"in","start":1149.47,"end":1149.63},{"text":"order","start":1149.63,"end":1149.87},{"text":"to","start":1149.87,"end":1149.99},{"text":"retrospectively","start":1149.99,"end":1151.23},{"text":"provide","start":1151.23,"end":1151.91},{"text":"an","start":1151.91,"end":1152.03},{"text":"explanation","start":1152.03,"end":1153.07},{"text":"that","start":1153.15,"end":1153.39},{"text":"would","start":1153.39,"end":1153.55},{"text":"satisfy","start":1153.55,"end":1154.51},{"text":"legal","start":1154.99,"end":1155.79},{"text":"and","start":1156.15,"end":1156.43},{"text":"other","start":1156.43,"end":1156.75},{"text":"types","start":1156.75,"end":1157.39},{"text":"of","start":1157.55,"end":1157.79},{"text":"requirements","start":1157.79,"end":1158.59},{"text":"relating","start":1158.59,"end":1159.23},{"text":"to","start":1159.23,"end":1159.55},{"text":"weapons","start":1159.55,"end":1160.07},{"text":"systems,","start":1160.07,"end":1160.67},{"text":"including","start":1160.67,"end":1161.55},{"text":"the","start":1161.63,"end":1161.83},{"text":"attribution","start":1161.87,"end":1162.75},{"text":"of","start":1163.15,"end":1163.31},{"text":"responsibility","start":1163.39,"end":1164.43},{"text":"and","start":1164.43,"end":1164.67},{"text":"accountability.","start":1164.67,"end":1165.71}]},{"text":"We believe that the clarifications presented previously could be useful for the understanding of the scope that human judgment and control should embrace concerning laws.","start":1166.55,"end":1178.87,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1166.55,"end":1166.71},{"text":"believe","start":1166.71,"end":1167.03},{"text":"that","start":1167.03,"end":1167.19},{"text":"the","start":1167.19,"end":1167.35},{"text":"clarifications","start":1167.35,"end":1168.23},{"text":"presented","start":1168.23,"end":1168.87},{"text":"previously","start":1168.95,"end":1169.83},{"text":"could","start":1169.91,"end":1170.15},{"text":"be","start":1170.15,"end":1170.39},{"text":"useful","start":1170.39,"end":1171.11},{"text":"for","start":1171.59,"end":1171.71},{"text":"the","start":1171.71,"end":1171.79},{"text":"understanding","start":1171.79,"end":1172.63},{"text":"of","start":1172.67,"end":1172.87},{"text":"the","start":1172.87,"end":1172.95},{"text":"scope","start":1172.95,"end":1173.67},{"text":"that","start":1173.67,"end":1174.23},{"text":"human","start":1174.39,"end":1174.79},{"text":"judgment","start":1174.79,"end":1175.19},{"text":"and","start":1175.19,"end":1175.31},{"text":"control","start":1175.31,"end":1175.83},{"text":"should","start":1176.15,"end":1176.71},{"text":"embrace","start":1176.79,"end":1177.51},{"text":"concerning","start":1177.51,"end":1178.31},{"text":"laws.","start":1178.31,"end":1178.87}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":1179.11,"end":1180.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1179.11,"end":1179.39},{"text":"you","start":1179.39,"end":1179.47},{"text":"very","start":1179.47,"end":1179.63},{"text":"much.","start":1179.63,"end":1180.15}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"COL","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Colombia"}},{"statement_number":17,"start":1183.03,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=19:44","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Colombia.","start":1183.03,"end":1185.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1183.03,"end":1183.27},{"text":"thank","start":1183.27,"end":1183.51},{"text":"the","start":1183.51,"end":1183.59},{"text":"distinguished","start":1183.59,"end":1184.07},{"text":"representative","start":1184.07,"end":1184.63},{"text":"of","start":1184.63,"end":1184.79},{"text":"Colombia.","start":1184.79,"end":1185.67}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Ireland, and then India, Singapore, Algeria, Panama.","start":1185.67,"end":1194.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1185.67,"end":1186.19},{"text":"on","start":1186.19,"end":1186.27},{"text":"my","start":1186.27,"end":1186.39},{"text":"list","start":1186.39,"end":1186.79},{"text":"is","start":1186.87,"end":1187.27},{"text":"Ireland,","start":1187.27,"end":1187.99},{"text":"and","start":1189.91,"end":1190.11},{"text":"then","start":1190.11,"end":1190.47},{"text":"India,","start":1190.47,"end":1191.03},{"text":"Singapore,","start":1191.03,"end":1192.15},{"text":"Algeria,","start":1192.91,"end":1193.67},{"text":"Panama.","start":1193.91,"end":1194.23}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Ireland.","start":1194.71,"end":1198.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":1194.71,"end":1194.83},{"text":"let","start":1194.83,"end":1194.95},{"text":"me","start":1194.95,"end":1195.07},{"text":"first","start":1195.07,"end":1195.27},{"text":"pass","start":1195.27,"end":1195.63},{"text":"the","start":1195.63,"end":1195.75},{"text":"floor","start":1195.75,"end":1196.15},{"text":"to","start":1196.15,"end":1196.39},{"text":"the","start":1196.43,"end":1196.51},{"text":"distinguished","start":1196.51,"end":1197.07},{"text":"representative","start":1197.07,"end":1197.83},{"text":"of","start":1198.19,"end":1198.31},{"text":"Ireland.","start":1198.31,"end":1198.79}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":1198.83,"end":1199.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":1198.83,"end":1198.91},{"text":"have","start":1198.95,"end":1199.07},{"text":"the","start":1199.19,"end":1199.27},{"text":"floor.","start":1199.27,"end":1199.47}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":18,"start":1201.19,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=20:02","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Mr. Chair.","start":1201.19,"end":1202.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1201.19,"end":1201.43},{"text":"you","start":1201.43,"end":1201.51},{"text":"very","start":1201.51,"end":1201.67},{"text":"much,","start":1201.67,"end":1201.91},{"text":"Mr.","start":1201.91,"end":1202.23},{"text":"Chair.","start":1202.23,"end":1202.55}]},{"text":"On box 2, overall, we think the section is in a good place, adequately setting out established IHL principles, and importantly, introducing the concept of context-appropriate human judgment and control.","start":1203.19,"end":1213.43,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":1203.19,"end":1203.31},{"text":"box","start":1203.31,"end":1203.59},{"text":"2,","start":1203.59,"end":1203.91},{"text":"overall,","start":1203.91,"end":1204.23},{"text":"we","start":1204.23,"end":1204.39},{"text":"think","start":1204.39,"end":1204.63},{"text":"the","start":1204.63,"end":1204.71},{"text":"section","start":1204.71,"end":1205.11},{"text":"is","start":1205.11,"end":1205.19},{"text":"in","start":1205.19,"end":1205.31},{"text":"a","start":1205.31,"end":1205.35},{"text":"good","start":1205.35,"end":1205.51},{"text":"place,","start":1205.51,"end":1206.15},{"text":"adequately","start":1206.31,"end":1206.79},{"text":"setting","start":1206.79,"end":1207.11},{"text":"out","start":1207.11,"end":1207.27},{"text":"established","start":1207.27,"end":1207.83},{"text":"IHL","start":1207.83,"end":1208.15},{"text":"principles,","start":1208.15,"end":1208.91},{"text":"and","start":1208.91,"end":1209.03},{"text":"importantly,","start":1209.03,"end":1209.67},{"text":"introducing","start":1209.67,"end":1210.19},{"text":"the","start":1210.19,"end":1210.27},{"text":"concept","start":1210.27,"end":1210.87},{"text":"of","start":1210.91,"end":1211.11},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":1211.11,"end":1212.15},{"text":"human","start":1212.15,"end":1212.39},{"text":"judgment","start":1212.39,"end":1212.87},{"text":"and","start":1212.87,"end":1212.99},{"text":"control.","start":1212.99,"end":1213.43}]},{"text":"We think that its placement here and underlining the necessity of this understanding and concept to ensure that these weapon systems and their effects are used in compliance with IHL serves as an appropriate bridge before elaborating prohibitions and restrictions necessary to ensure such compliance.","start":1214.63,"end":1230.51,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1214.63,"end":1214.79},{"text":"think","start":1214.79,"end":1214.95},{"text":"that","start":1214.95,"end":1215.11},{"text":"its","start":1215.11,"end":1215.27},{"text":"placement","start":1215.27,"end":1215.75},{"text":"here","start":1215.75,"end":1216.15},{"text":"and","start":1216.15,"end":1216.31},{"text":"underlining","start":1216.31,"end":1216.95},{"text":"the","start":1217.11,"end":1217.27},{"text":"necessity","start":1217.27,"end":1217.87},{"text":"of","start":1217.87,"end":1217.95},{"text":"this","start":1217.95,"end":1218.15},{"text":"understanding","start":1218.15,"end":1218.87},{"text":"and","start":1218.87,"end":1219.03},{"text":"concept","start":1219.03,"end":1219.59},{"text":"to","start":1219.91,"end":1220.03},{"text":"ensure","start":1220.03,"end":1220.31},{"text":"that","start":1220.31,"end":1220.47},{"text":"these","start":1220.47,"end":1220.67},{"text":"weapon","start":1220.67,"end":1220.95},{"text":"systems","start":1220.95,"end":1221.51},{"text":"and","start":1221.51,"end":1221.71},{"text":"their","start":1221.71,"end":1221.91},{"text":"effects","start":1221.91,"end":1222.47},{"text":"are","start":1222.47,"end":1222.63},{"text":"used","start":1222.63,"end":1222.95},{"text":"in","start":1222.95,"end":1223.07},{"text":"compliance","start":1223.07,"end":1223.47},{"text":"with","start":1223.47,"end":1223.59},{"text":"IHL","start":1223.59,"end":1224.15},{"text":"serves","start":1224.83,"end":1225.15},{"text":"as","start":1225.15,"end":1225.31},{"text":"an","start":1225.31,"end":1225.39},{"text":"appropriate","start":1225.39,"end":1225.95},{"text":"bridge","start":1225.95,"end":1226.27},{"text":"before","start":1226.27,"end":1226.55},{"text":"elaborating","start":1226.55,"end":1227.23},{"text":"prohibitions","start":1227.23,"end":1227.83},{"text":"and","start":1227.83,"end":1227.95},{"text":"restrictions","start":1227.95,"end":1228.59},{"text":"necessary","start":1228.59,"end":1229.15},{"text":"to","start":1229.15,"end":1229.27},{"text":"ensure","start":1229.27,"end":1229.63},{"text":"such","start":1229.63,"end":1229.87},{"text":"compliance.","start":1229.87,"end":1230.51}]},{"text":"Reacting to some of the comments we heard yesterday, while we acknowledge that context-appropriate human judgment and control is not an established IHL principle, we do support its inclusion here.","start":1231.31,"end":1241.15,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Reacting","start":1231.31,"end":1231.79},{"text":"to","start":1231.79,"end":1231.87},{"text":"some","start":1231.87,"end":1232.11},{"text":"of","start":1232.11,"end":1232.19},{"text":"the","start":1232.19,"end":1232.31},{"text":"comments","start":1232.31,"end":1232.75},{"text":"we","start":1232.75,"end":1232.83},{"text":"heard","start":1232.83,"end":1233.03},{"text":"yesterday,","start":1233.03,"end":1233.63},{"text":"while","start":1234.19,"end":1234.51},{"text":"we","start":1234.51,"end":1234.63},{"text":"acknowledge","start":1234.63,"end":1235.15},{"text":"that","start":1235.15,"end":1235.55},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":1235.55,"end":1236.39},{"text":"human","start":1236.39,"end":1236.67},{"text":"judgment","start":1236.67,"end":1236.99},{"text":"and","start":1236.99,"end":1237.11},{"text":"control","start":1237.11,"end":1237.47},{"text":"is","start":1237.47,"end":1237.63},{"text":"not","start":1237.63,"end":1237.95},{"text":"an","start":1237.95,"end":1238.07},{"text":"established","start":1238.07,"end":1238.59},{"text":"IHL","start":1238.59,"end":1238.91},{"text":"principle,","start":1238.91,"end":1239.47},{"text":"we","start":1239.55,"end":1239.71},{"text":"do","start":1239.71,"end":1239.87},{"text":"support","start":1239.87,"end":1240.31},{"text":"its","start":1240.31,"end":1240.43},{"text":"inclusion","start":1240.43,"end":1240.91},{"text":"here.","start":1240.91,"end":1241.15}]},{"text":"As another delegation mentioned, we are describing an overarching prerequisite for compliance with IHL, and as such, it should remain alongside other high-level principles.","start":1242.11,"end":1250.59,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":1242.11,"end":1242.23},{"text":"another","start":1242.23,"end":1242.51},{"text":"delegation","start":1242.51,"end":1243.07},{"text":"mentioned,","start":1243.07,"end":1243.63},{"text":"we","start":1243.71,"end":1243.87},{"text":"are","start":1243.87,"end":1243.95},{"text":"describing","start":1243.95,"end":1244.59},{"text":"an","start":1244.59,"end":1244.75},{"text":"overarching","start":1244.75,"end":1245.39},{"text":"prerequisite","start":1245.39,"end":1246.15},{"text":"for","start":1246.15,"end":1246.27},{"text":"compliance","start":1246.27,"end":1246.79},{"text":"with","start":1246.79,"end":1246.91},{"text":"IHL,","start":1246.91,"end":1247.47},{"text":"and","start":1247.55,"end":1247.71},{"text":"as","start":1247.71,"end":1247.83},{"text":"such,","start":1247.83,"end":1248.07},{"text":"it","start":1248.07,"end":1248.19},{"text":"should","start":1248.19,"end":1248.47},{"text":"remain","start":1248.47,"end":1248.79},{"text":"alongside","start":1248.79,"end":1249.31},{"text":"other","start":1249.31,"end":1249.55},{"text":"high-level","start":1249.55,"end":1249.95},{"text":"principles.","start":1249.95,"end":1250.59}]},{"text":"We also want to reiterate the point that we should not shy away from further developing IHL, including in developing novel ideas.","start":1251.67,"end":1257.75,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1251.67,"end":1251.79},{"text":"also","start":1251.79,"end":1251.99},{"text":"want","start":1251.99,"end":1252.19},{"text":"to","start":1252.19,"end":1252.27},{"text":"reiterate","start":1252.27,"end":1252.75},{"text":"the","start":1252.75,"end":1252.87},{"text":"point","start":1252.87,"end":1253.27},{"text":"that","start":1253.27,"end":1253.39},{"text":"we","start":1253.39,"end":1253.51},{"text":"should","start":1253.51,"end":1253.63},{"text":"not","start":1253.63,"end":1253.83},{"text":"shy","start":1253.83,"end":1254.07},{"text":"away","start":1254.07,"end":1254.31},{"text":"from","start":1254.31,"end":1254.47},{"text":"further","start":1254.47,"end":1254.83},{"text":"developing","start":1254.83,"end":1255.27},{"text":"IHL,","start":1255.27,"end":1255.83},{"text":"including","start":1255.91,"end":1256.35},{"text":"in","start":1256.35,"end":1256.43},{"text":"developing","start":1256.43,"end":1256.91},{"text":"novel","start":1256.91,"end":1257.27},{"text":"ideas.","start":1257.27,"end":1257.75}]},{"text":"This is necessary and indeed our job in the CCW if we are to sufficiently address the challenges posed by the paradigm shift taking place before our eyes with regard to human control over the use of force or lack thereof, as autonomous technology becomes increasingly integrated into war fighting.","start":1258.15,"end":1273.43,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1258.15,"end":1258.31},{"text":"is","start":1258.31,"end":1258.47},{"text":"necessary","start":1258.47,"end":1259.03},{"text":"and","start":1259.03,"end":1259.23},{"text":"indeed","start":1259.23,"end":1259.51},{"text":"our","start":1259.51,"end":1259.67},{"text":"job","start":1259.67,"end":1260.03},{"text":"in","start":1260.03,"end":1260.15},{"text":"the","start":1260.15,"end":1260.23},{"text":"CCW","start":1260.23,"end":1261.03},{"text":"if","start":1261.03,"end":1261.19},{"text":"we","start":1261.19,"end":1261.31},{"text":"are","start":1261.31,"end":1261.43},{"text":"to","start":1261.43,"end":1261.55},{"text":"sufficiently","start":1261.55,"end":1262.15},{"text":"address","start":1262.15,"end":1262.55},{"text":"the","start":1262.55,"end":1262.63},{"text":"challenges","start":1262.63,"end":1263.27},{"text":"posed","start":1263.59,"end":1263.91},{"text":"by","start":1263.91,"end":1264.07},{"text":"the","start":1264.07,"end":1264.19},{"text":"paradigm","start":1264.19,"end":1264.63},{"text":"shift","start":1264.63,"end":1264.91},{"text":"taking","start":1264.91,"end":1265.19},{"text":"place","start":1265.19,"end":1265.43},{"text":"before","start":1265.43,"end":1265.91},{"text":"our","start":1265.91,"end":1265.99},{"text":"eyes","start":1265.99,"end":1266.23},{"text":"with","start":1266.55,"end":1266.79},{"text":"regard","start":1266.79,"end":1267.07},{"text":"to","start":1267.07,"end":1267.15},{"text":"human","start":1267.15,"end":1267.43},{"text":"control","start":1267.43,"end":1267.79},{"text":"over","start":1267.79,"end":1267.99},{"text":"the","start":1267.99,"end":1268.07},{"text":"use","start":1268.07,"end":1268.27},{"text":"of","start":1268.27,"end":1268.35},{"text":"force","start":1268.35,"end":1268.79},{"text":"or","start":1268.79,"end":1268.95},{"text":"lack","start":1268.95,"end":1269.19},{"text":"thereof,","start":1269.19,"end":1269.67},{"text":"as","start":1269.99,"end":1270.19},{"text":"autonomous","start":1270.19,"end":1270.63},{"text":"technology","start":1270.63,"end":1271.15},{"text":"becomes","start":1271.15,"end":1271.51},{"text":"increasingly","start":1271.51,"end":1272.03},{"text":"integrated","start":1272.03,"end":1272.63},{"text":"into","start":1272.63,"end":1272.91},{"text":"war","start":1272.91,"end":1273.11},{"text":"fighting.","start":1273.11,"end":1273.43}]},{"text":"With this in mind, the agreed language of past reports should guide our work but not serve as a ceiling for our future agreements.","start":1275.43,"end":1281.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":1275.43,"end":1275.63},{"text":"this","start":1275.63,"end":1275.79},{"text":"in","start":1275.79,"end":1275.91},{"text":"mind,","start":1275.91,"end":1276.19},{"text":"the","start":1276.19,"end":1276.27},{"text":"agreed","start":1276.27,"end":1276.59},{"text":"language","start":1276.59,"end":1276.95},{"text":"of","start":1276.95,"end":1277.03},{"text":"past","start":1277.03,"end":1277.35},{"text":"reports","start":1277.35,"end":1277.83},{"text":"should","start":1277.83,"end":1278.07},{"text":"guide","start":1278.07,"end":1278.35},{"text":"our","start":1278.35,"end":1278.47},{"text":"work","start":1278.47,"end":1278.79},{"text":"but","start":1278.79,"end":1278.95},{"text":"not","start":1278.95,"end":1279.27},{"text":"serve","start":1279.27,"end":1279.51},{"text":"as","start":1279.51,"end":1279.63},{"text":"a","start":1279.63,"end":1279.67},{"text":"ceiling","start":1279.67,"end":1280.15},{"text":"for","start":1280.15,"end":1280.27},{"text":"our","start":1280.27,"end":1280.39},{"text":"future","start":1280.39,"end":1280.67},{"text":"agreements.","start":1280.67,"end":1281.35}]},{"text":"And on this, as you mentioned, Chair, yesterday, we have three years in our mandate to build on the previous text, and we should not shy away from doing so.","start":1282.03,"end":1288.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1282.03,"end":1282.23},{"text":"on","start":1282.23,"end":1282.35},{"text":"this,","start":1282.35,"end":1282.59},{"text":"as","start":1282.83,"end":1282.99},{"text":"you","start":1282.99,"end":1283.07},{"text":"mentioned,","start":1283.07,"end":1283.43},{"text":"Chair,","start":1283.43,"end":1283.63},{"text":"yesterday,","start":1283.63,"end":1284.03},{"text":"we","start":1284.03,"end":1284.15},{"text":"have","start":1284.15,"end":1284.35},{"text":"three","start":1284.35,"end":1284.59},{"text":"years","start":1284.59,"end":1284.79},{"text":"in","start":1284.79,"end":1284.87},{"text":"our","start":1284.87,"end":1284.99},{"text":"mandate","start":1284.99,"end":1285.39},{"text":"to","start":1285.39,"end":1285.47},{"text":"build","start":1285.47,"end":1285.71},{"text":"on","start":1285.71,"end":1285.87},{"text":"the","start":1285.87,"end":1285.95},{"text":"previous","start":1285.95,"end":1286.35},{"text":"text,","start":1286.35,"end":1286.71},{"text":"and","start":1286.71,"end":1286.83},{"text":"we","start":1286.83,"end":1286.91},{"text":"should","start":1286.91,"end":1287.07},{"text":"not","start":1287.07,"end":1287.23},{"text":"shy","start":1287.23,"end":1287.39},{"text":"away","start":1287.39,"end":1287.63},{"text":"from","start":1287.63,"end":1287.79},{"text":"doing","start":1287.79,"end":1288.03},{"text":"so.","start":1288.03,"end":1288.27}]},{"text":"We agree with the delegation of Pakistan, who yesterday eloquently described how both control and judgment in this concept are distinct and complementary.","start":1289.15,"end":1296.91,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1289.15,"end":1289.35},{"text":"agree","start":1289.35,"end":1289.55},{"text":"with","start":1289.55,"end":1289.67},{"text":"the","start":1289.67,"end":1289.75},{"text":"delegation","start":1289.75,"end":1290.27},{"text":"of","start":1290.27,"end":1290.35},{"text":"Pakistan,","start":1290.35,"end":1290.99},{"text":"who","start":1290.99,"end":1291.11},{"text":"yesterday","start":1291.11,"end":1291.63},{"text":"eloquently","start":1291.63,"end":1292.15},{"text":"described","start":1292.15,"end":1292.67},{"text":"how","start":1292.91,"end":1293.03},{"text":"both","start":1293.03,"end":1293.31},{"text":"control","start":1293.31,"end":1293.79},{"text":"and","start":1293.79,"end":1293.91},{"text":"judgment","start":1293.91,"end":1294.39},{"text":"in","start":1294.39,"end":1294.55},{"text":"this","start":1294.55,"end":1294.75},{"text":"concept","start":1294.75,"end":1295.35},{"text":"are","start":1295.35,"end":1295.47},{"text":"distinct","start":1295.47,"end":1296.03},{"text":"and","start":1296.03,"end":1296.15},{"text":"complementary.","start":1296.15,"end":1296.91}]},{"text":"So we also support retaining them both.","start":1297.23,"end":1298.99,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":1297.23,"end":1297.39},{"text":"we","start":1297.39,"end":1297.51},{"text":"also","start":1297.51,"end":1297.67},{"text":"support","start":1297.67,"end":1298.15},{"text":"retaining","start":1298.15,"end":1298.55},{"text":"them","start":1298.55,"end":1298.67},{"text":"both.","start":1298.67,"end":1298.99}]},{"text":"Their order to us seems less important.","start":1299.79,"end":1301.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Their","start":1299.79,"end":1299.95},{"text":"order","start":1299.95,"end":1300.27},{"text":"to","start":1300.27,"end":1300.43},{"text":"us","start":1300.43,"end":1300.63},{"text":"seems","start":1300.63,"end":1300.91},{"text":"less","start":1300.91,"end":1301.15},{"text":"important.","start":1301.15,"end":1301.79}]},{"text":"For us, it means the way it's spelled out now to include both human judgment and human control.","start":1303.87,"end":1310.19,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":1303.87,"end":1304.11},{"text":"us,","start":1304.11,"end":1304.35},{"text":"it","start":1304.35,"end":1304.83},{"text":"means","start":1305.79,"end":1306.35},{"text":"the","start":1306.59,"end":1306.75},{"text":"way","start":1306.75,"end":1306.87},{"text":"it's","start":1306.87,"end":1307.11},{"text":"spelled","start":1307.11,"end":1307.39},{"text":"out","start":1307.39,"end":1307.55},{"text":"now","start":1307.55,"end":1307.71},{"text":"to","start":1307.71,"end":1307.87},{"text":"include","start":1307.87,"end":1308.23},{"text":"both","start":1308.23,"end":1308.47},{"text":"human","start":1308.47,"end":1308.79},{"text":"judgment","start":1308.79,"end":1309.31},{"text":"and","start":1309.31,"end":1309.51},{"text":"human","start":1309.51,"end":1309.79},{"text":"control.","start":1309.79,"end":1310.19}]},{"text":"On the concept more generally, we share the widespread view that direct control is not required at all times.","start":1311.55,"end":1317.47,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":1311.55,"end":1311.71},{"text":"the","start":1311.71,"end":1311.79},{"text":"concept","start":1311.79,"end":1312.51},{"text":"more","start":1312.91,"end":1313.07},{"text":"generally,","start":1313.07,"end":1313.51},{"text":"we","start":1313.51,"end":1313.63},{"text":"share","start":1313.63,"end":1313.87},{"text":"the","start":1313.87,"end":1314.03},{"text":"widespread","start":1314.03,"end":1314.59},{"text":"view","start":1314.59,"end":1314.83},{"text":"that","start":1314.83,"end":1315.03},{"text":"direct","start":1315.03,"end":1315.39},{"text":"control","start":1315.39,"end":1315.83},{"text":"is","start":1315.83,"end":1315.95},{"text":"not","start":1315.95,"end":1316.15},{"text":"required","start":1316.15,"end":1316.59},{"text":"at","start":1316.59,"end":1316.75},{"text":"all","start":1316.75,"end":1316.99},{"text":"times.","start":1316.99,"end":1317.47}]},{"text":"This would not qualify under the characterization of laws.","start":1317.71,"end":1320.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1317.71,"end":1317.95},{"text":"would","start":1317.95,"end":1318.07},{"text":"not","start":1318.07,"end":1318.19},{"text":"qualify","start":1318.19,"end":1318.71},{"text":"under","start":1318.71,"end":1318.91},{"text":"the","start":1318.91,"end":1318.99},{"text":"characterization","start":1318.99,"end":1319.95},{"text":"of","start":1319.95,"end":1320.19},{"text":"laws.","start":1320.19,"end":1320.67}]},{"text":"However, we are clear that human control over the effects of laws is necessary, and context-appropriate human judgment and control is an appropriate balance and landing zone to this end.","start":1321.39,"end":1330.91,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":1321.39,"end":1321.79},{"text":"we","start":1321.79,"end":1321.91},{"text":"are","start":1321.91,"end":1322.03},{"text":"clear","start":1322.03,"end":1322.35},{"text":"that","start":1322.35,"end":1322.47},{"text":"human","start":1322.47,"end":1322.75},{"text":"control","start":1322.75,"end":1323.23},{"text":"over","start":1323.23,"end":1323.39},{"text":"the","start":1323.39,"end":1323.51},{"text":"effects","start":1323.51,"end":1324.23},{"text":"of","start":1324.23,"end":1324.35},{"text":"laws","start":1324.35,"end":1324.75},{"text":"is","start":1324.75,"end":1324.83},{"text":"necessary,","start":1324.83,"end":1325.55},{"text":"and","start":1325.95,"end":1326.19},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":1326.19,"end":1326.99},{"text":"human","start":1326.99,"end":1327.23},{"text":"judgment","start":1327.23,"end":1327.59},{"text":"and","start":1327.59,"end":1327.71},{"text":"control","start":1327.71,"end":1328.19},{"text":"is","start":1328.19,"end":1328.35},{"text":"an","start":1328.35,"end":1328.43},{"text":"appropriate","start":1328.43,"end":1328.95},{"text":"balance","start":1328.95,"end":1329.39},{"text":"and","start":1329.39,"end":1329.55},{"text":"landing","start":1329.55,"end":1329.95},{"text":"zone","start":1329.95,"end":1330.19},{"text":"to","start":1330.19,"end":1330.27},{"text":"this","start":1330.27,"end":1330.51},{"text":"end.","start":1330.51,"end":1330.91}]},{"text":"In this vein, we welcome the reference to effects in paragraph 5 and wish to see it retained.","start":1332.19,"end":1337.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1332.19,"end":1332.35},{"text":"this","start":1332.35,"end":1332.59},{"text":"vein,","start":1332.59,"end":1332.75},{"text":"we","start":1332.75,"end":1332.91},{"text":"welcome","start":1332.91,"end":1333.23},{"text":"the","start":1333.23,"end":1333.31},{"text":"reference","start":1333.31,"end":1333.71},{"text":"to","start":1333.71,"end":1333.91},{"text":"effects","start":1333.91,"end":1334.59},{"text":"in","start":1334.75,"end":1335.19},{"text":"paragraph","start":1335.19,"end":1335.67},{"text":"5","start":1335.67,"end":1335.91},{"text":"and","start":1335.91,"end":1336.03},{"text":"wish","start":1336.03,"end":1336.19},{"text":"to","start":1336.19,"end":1336.31},{"text":"see","start":1336.31,"end":1336.47},{"text":"it","start":1336.47,"end":1336.59},{"text":"retained.","start":1336.59,"end":1337.15}]},{"text":"and we believe that any ambiguity around the concept is dealt with sufficiently through delineating how to ensure it as contained in paragraph six and box three.","start":1337.79,"end":1345.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"and","start":1337.79,"end":1337.99},{"text":"we","start":1337.99,"end":1338.11},{"text":"believe","start":1338.11,"end":1338.47},{"text":"that","start":1338.47,"end":1338.67},{"text":"any","start":1338.67,"end":1338.99},{"text":"ambiguity","start":1338.99,"end":1339.59},{"text":"around","start":1339.59,"end":1339.79},{"text":"the","start":1339.79,"end":1339.87},{"text":"concept","start":1339.87,"end":1340.43},{"text":"is","start":1340.43,"end":1340.59},{"text":"dealt","start":1340.59,"end":1340.91},{"text":"with","start":1340.91,"end":1341.07},{"text":"sufficiently","start":1341.07,"end":1341.79},{"text":"through","start":1341.79,"end":1342.03},{"text":"delineating","start":1342.03,"end":1342.67},{"text":"how","start":1342.67,"end":1342.91},{"text":"to","start":1342.91,"end":1343.11},{"text":"ensure","start":1343.11,"end":1343.47},{"text":"it","start":1343.47,"end":1343.63},{"text":"as","start":1343.63,"end":1343.83},{"text":"contained","start":1343.83,"end":1344.35},{"text":"in","start":1344.35,"end":1344.43},{"text":"paragraph","start":1344.43,"end":1344.83},{"text":"six","start":1344.83,"end":1345.23},{"text":"and","start":1345.23,"end":1345.39},{"text":"box","start":1345.39,"end":1345.63},{"text":"three.","start":1345.67,"end":1345.95}]},{"text":"Finally, we welcome the working paper submitted by a group of states on this topic and support in broad terms its rationale and takeaways, particularly that implementing context appropriate human judgment and control is fundamental in order to ensure compliance with international law, in particular IHL, during the development and use of laws.","start":1348.03,"end":1367.31,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":1348.03,"end":1348.43},{"text":"we","start":1348.43,"end":1348.59},{"text":"welcome","start":1348.59,"end":1348.91},{"text":"the","start":1348.91,"end":1348.99},{"text":"working","start":1348.99,"end":1349.27},{"text":"paper","start":1349.27,"end":1349.63},{"text":"submitted","start":1349.63,"end":1350.03},{"text":"by","start":1350.03,"end":1350.23},{"text":"a","start":1350.23,"end":1350.27},{"text":"group","start":1350.27,"end":1350.51},{"text":"of","start":1350.51,"end":1350.59},{"text":"states","start":1350.59,"end":1351.07},{"text":"on","start":1351.07,"end":1351.19},{"text":"this","start":1351.19,"end":1351.39},{"text":"topic","start":1351.39,"end":1351.87},{"text":"and","start":1352.35,"end":1352.47},{"text":"support","start":1352.47,"end":1352.87},{"text":"in","start":1352.87,"end":1352.99},{"text":"broad","start":1352.99,"end":1353.23},{"text":"terms","start":1353.23,"end":1353.67},{"text":"its","start":1353.67,"end":1353.87},{"text":"rationale","start":1353.87,"end":1354.43},{"text":"and","start":1354.43,"end":1354.55},{"text":"takeaways,","start":1354.55,"end":1355.23},{"text":"particularly","start":1355.55,"end":1356.19},{"text":"that","start":1356.19,"end":1356.51},{"text":"implementing","start":1356.51,"end":1357.23},{"text":"context","start":1357.23,"end":1357.63},{"text":"appropriate","start":1357.63,"end":1358.11},{"text":"human","start":1358.11,"end":1358.43},{"text":"judgment","start":1358.43,"end":1358.83},{"text":"and","start":1358.83,"end":1358.95},{"text":"control","start":1358.95,"end":1359.47},{"text":"is","start":1359.47,"end":1359.71},{"text":"fundamental","start":1359.71,"end":1360.31},{"text":"in","start":1360.31,"end":1360.43},{"text":"order","start":1360.43,"end":1360.67},{"text":"to","start":1360.67,"end":1360.79},{"text":"ensure","start":1360.79,"end":1361.15},{"text":"compliance","start":1361.15,"end":1361.59},{"text":"with","start":1361.59,"end":1361.75},{"text":"international","start":1361.75,"end":1362.67},{"text":"law,","start":1362.67,"end":1362.75},{"text":"in","start":1363.39,"end":1363.51},{"text":"particular","start":1363.51,"end":1364.07},{"text":"IHL,","start":1364.07,"end":1364.75},{"text":"during","start":1365.07,"end":1365.47},{"text":"the","start":1365.47,"end":1365.59},{"text":"development","start":1365.59,"end":1366.19},{"text":"and","start":1366.19,"end":1366.35},{"text":"use","start":1366.35,"end":1366.67},{"text":"of","start":1366.71,"end":1366.83},{"text":"laws.","start":1366.83,"end":1367.31}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":1367.71,"end":1368.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1367.71,"end":1367.83},{"text":"you,","start":1367.83,"end":1367.91},{"text":"Mr.","start":1367.91,"end":1368.15},{"text":"Chair.","start":1368.15,"end":1368.39}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"IRL","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Ireland"}},{"statement_number":19,"start":1369.99,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=22:50","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Ireland.","start":1369.99,"end":1372.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1369.99,"end":1370.07},{"text":"thank","start":1370.15,"end":1370.47},{"text":"the","start":1370.47,"end":1370.55},{"text":"distinguished","start":1370.55,"end":1371.11},{"text":"representative","start":1371.11,"end":1371.99},{"text":"of","start":1371.99,"end":1372.07},{"text":"Ireland.","start":1372.07,"end":1372.63}]},{"text":"Next on my list is the distinguished representative of India, to be followed by Singapore.","start":1372.79,"end":1379.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1372.79,"end":1373.23},{"text":"on","start":1373.23,"end":1373.31},{"text":"my","start":1373.31,"end":1373.51},{"text":"list","start":1373.51,"end":1374.07},{"text":"is","start":1374.07,"end":1374.55},{"text":"the","start":1375.91,"end":1376.03},{"text":"distinguished","start":1376.07,"end":1376.59},{"text":"representative","start":1376.59,"end":1377.19},{"text":"of","start":1377.23,"end":1377.43},{"text":"India,","start":1377.43,"end":1377.91},{"text":"to","start":1377.91,"end":1378.07},{"text":"be","start":1378.07,"end":1378.23},{"text":"followed","start":1378.23,"end":1378.51},{"text":"by","start":1378.51,"end":1378.63},{"text":"Singapore.","start":1378.63,"end":1379.27}]},{"text":"So you have the floor.","start":1379.83,"end":1380.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":1379.83,"end":1379.99},{"text":"you","start":1379.99,"end":1380.07},{"text":"have","start":1380.07,"end":1380.23},{"text":"the","start":1380.23,"end":1380.31},{"text":"floor.","start":1380.31,"end":1380.59}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":20,"start":1385.67,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=23:06","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chairperson, for giving my delegation the floor.","start":1385.67,"end":1389.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1385.67,"end":1385.87},{"text":"you,","start":1385.87,"end":1386.07},{"text":"Mr.","start":1386.71,"end":1387.03},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":1387.03,"end":1387.55},{"text":"for","start":1387.55,"end":1387.67},{"text":"giving","start":1387.67,"end":1388.07},{"text":"my","start":1388.31,"end":1388.55},{"text":"delegation","start":1388.55,"end":1389.19},{"text":"the","start":1389.35,"end":1389.51},{"text":"floor.","start":1389.51,"end":1389.91}]},{"text":"And good morning, distinguished colleagues.","start":1390.47,"end":1392.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1390.47,"end":1390.87},{"text":"good","start":1391.03,"end":1391.15},{"text":"morning,","start":1391.15,"end":1391.43},{"text":"distinguished","start":1391.43,"end":1392.07},{"text":"colleagues.","start":1392.31,"end":1392.79}]},{"text":"I want to begin by appreciating you, Mr. Chairperson, and your team's efforts in guiding the work of the group.","start":1393.23,"end":1400.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1393.23,"end":1393.35},{"text":"want","start":1393.35,"end":1393.51},{"text":"to","start":1393.51,"end":1393.59},{"text":"begin","start":1393.59,"end":1394.11},{"text":"by","start":1394.11,"end":1394.51},{"text":"appreciating","start":1394.59,"end":1395.15},{"text":"you,","start":1395.15,"end":1395.31},{"text":"Mr.","start":1395.31,"end":1395.71},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":1395.87,"end":1396.43},{"text":"and","start":1396.43,"end":1396.63},{"text":"your","start":1396.63,"end":1396.75},{"text":"team's","start":1396.75,"end":1397.15},{"text":"efforts","start":1397.51,"end":1398.03},{"text":"in","start":1398.35,"end":1398.55},{"text":"guiding","start":1398.55,"end":1398.87},{"text":"the","start":1398.87,"end":1398.95},{"text":"work","start":1398.95,"end":1399.31},{"text":"of","start":1399.55,"end":1399.71},{"text":"the","start":1399.71,"end":1399.79},{"text":"group.","start":1399.79,"end":1400.03}]},{"text":"We are going to be very brief in our comments with regard to box 2.","start":1400.99,"end":1405.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1400.99,"end":1401.11},{"text":"are","start":1401.11,"end":1401.19},{"text":"going","start":1401.19,"end":1401.35},{"text":"to","start":1401.35,"end":1401.43},{"text":"be","start":1401.43,"end":1401.63},{"text":"very","start":1401.95,"end":1402.19},{"text":"brief","start":1402.19,"end":1402.67},{"text":"in","start":1403.15,"end":1403.31},{"text":"our","start":1403.31,"end":1403.43},{"text":"comments","start":1403.43,"end":1404.03},{"text":"with","start":1404.11,"end":1404.35},{"text":"regard","start":1404.35,"end":1404.67},{"text":"to","start":1404.67,"end":1404.91},{"text":"box","start":1404.91,"end":1405.31},{"text":"2.","start":1405.31,"end":1405.63}]},{"text":"In general, my delegation believes that we would benefit from more discussion on where this box and its paragraphs that are contained beneath should be placed and what purpose do they serve in respect of the elements of instrument.","start":1406.59,"end":1423.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1406.59,"end":1406.75},{"text":"general,","start":1406.75,"end":1407.07},{"text":"my","start":1407.07,"end":1407.23},{"text":"delegation","start":1407.23,"end":1408.19},{"text":"believes","start":1408.43,"end":1409.07},{"text":"that","start":1409.07,"end":1409.55},{"text":"we","start":1409.79,"end":1410.03},{"text":"would","start":1410.03,"end":1410.19},{"text":"benefit","start":1410.19,"end":1410.83},{"text":"from","start":1410.99,"end":1411.51},{"text":"more","start":1411.51,"end":1411.71},{"text":"discussion","start":1411.71,"end":1412.35},{"text":"on","start":1412.35,"end":1412.83},{"text":"where","start":1413.31,"end":1413.63},{"text":"this","start":1413.63,"end":1413.95},{"text":"box","start":1413.95,"end":1414.51},{"text":"and","start":1414.67,"end":1415.15},{"text":"its","start":1415.15,"end":1415.47},{"text":"paragraphs","start":1415.71,"end":1416.35},{"text":"that","start":1416.35,"end":1416.55},{"text":"are","start":1416.55,"end":1416.63},{"text":"contained","start":1416.63,"end":1417.23},{"text":"beneath","start":1417.47,"end":1417.87},{"text":"should","start":1418.35,"end":1418.55},{"text":"be","start":1418.55,"end":1418.67},{"text":"placed","start":1418.67,"end":1419.15},{"text":"and","start":1419.15,"end":1419.27},{"text":"what","start":1419.27,"end":1419.55},{"text":"purpose","start":1419.55,"end":1420.03},{"text":"do","start":1420.19,"end":1420.43},{"text":"they","start":1420.43,"end":1420.55},{"text":"serve","start":1420.55,"end":1420.83},{"text":"in","start":1420.83,"end":1420.99},{"text":"respect","start":1420.99,"end":1421.47},{"text":"of","start":1421.47,"end":1421.63},{"text":"the","start":1421.63,"end":1421.75},{"text":"elements","start":1421.75,"end":1422.19},{"text":"of","start":1422.19,"end":1422.43},{"text":"instrument.","start":1422.67,"end":1423.23}]},{"text":"More specifically, we note that the para 5 introduces the concept or the term which is of a fundamental nature, which is context appropriate human control and judgment.","start":1423.87,"end":1436.43,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"More","start":1423.87,"end":1424.11},{"text":"specifically,","start":1424.11,"end":1424.83},{"text":"we","start":1424.91,"end":1425.39},{"text":"note","start":1425.63,"end":1426.19},{"text":"that","start":1426.27,"end":1426.55},{"text":"the","start":1426.55,"end":1426.67},{"text":"para","start":1426.67,"end":1426.91},{"text":"5","start":1426.91,"end":1427.23},{"text":"introduces","start":1427.23,"end":1427.95},{"text":"the","start":1428.11,"end":1428.27},{"text":"concept","start":1428.27,"end":1428.91},{"text":"or","start":1429.39,"end":1429.95},{"text":"the","start":1430.35,"end":1430.47},{"text":"term","start":1430.47,"end":1430.83},{"text":"which","start":1430.91,"end":1431.15},{"text":"is","start":1431.15,"end":1431.47},{"text":"of","start":1431.79,"end":1432.03},{"text":"a","start":1432.59,"end":1432.63},{"text":"fundamental","start":1432.63,"end":1433.15},{"text":"nature,","start":1433.15,"end":1433.55},{"text":"which","start":1434.11,"end":1434.31},{"text":"is","start":1434.31,"end":1434.43},{"text":"context","start":1434.43,"end":1434.83},{"text":"appropriate","start":1434.83,"end":1435.27},{"text":"human","start":1435.27,"end":1435.55},{"text":"control","start":1435.55,"end":1435.87},{"text":"and","start":1435.87,"end":1435.99},{"text":"judgment.","start":1435.99,"end":1436.43}]},{"text":"My delegation has a few comments on that term.","start":1437.31,"end":1439.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":1437.31,"end":1437.47},{"text":"delegation","start":1437.47,"end":1437.95},{"text":"has","start":1437.95,"end":1438.07},{"text":"a","start":1438.07,"end":1438.11},{"text":"few","start":1438.11,"end":1438.27},{"text":"comments","start":1438.27,"end":1438.67},{"text":"on","start":1438.67,"end":1438.87},{"text":"that","start":1438.87,"end":1439.11},{"text":"term.","start":1439.11,"end":1439.39}]},{"text":"Our group has agreed to the term of human judgment being essential in 2019 report.","start":1440.51,"end":1447.39,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":1440.51,"end":1440.75},{"text":"group","start":1440.75,"end":1440.99},{"text":"has","start":1441.55,"end":1441.71},{"text":"agreed","start":1441.71,"end":1442.07},{"text":"to","start":1442.07,"end":1442.15},{"text":"the","start":1442.15,"end":1442.27},{"text":"term","start":1442.27,"end":1442.59},{"text":"of","start":1442.67,"end":1442.83},{"text":"human","start":1442.83,"end":1443.15},{"text":"judgment","start":1443.15,"end":1443.79},{"text":"being","start":1445.23,"end":1445.51},{"text":"essential","start":1445.51,"end":1446.03},{"text":"in","start":1446.03,"end":1446.11},{"text":"2019","start":1446.11,"end":1446.95},{"text":"report.","start":1446.95,"end":1447.39}]},{"text":"Our group has also agreed to the concept of control in the 2023 report.","start":1448.07,"end":1452.87,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":1448.07,"end":1448.23},{"text":"group","start":1448.23,"end":1448.39},{"text":"has","start":1448.39,"end":1448.55},{"text":"also","start":1448.55,"end":1448.83},{"text":"agreed","start":1448.83,"end":1449.15},{"text":"to","start":1449.15,"end":1449.23},{"text":"the","start":1449.23,"end":1449.31},{"text":"concept","start":1449.31,"end":1449.79},{"text":"of","start":1449.79,"end":1450.07},{"text":"control","start":1450.07,"end":1450.63},{"text":"in","start":1450.63,"end":1450.71},{"text":"the","start":1450.71,"end":1450.83},{"text":"2023","start":1450.83,"end":1451.75},{"text":"report.","start":1452.39,"end":1452.87}]},{"text":"These terms, I would like to highlight, were agreed separately without linking one with the other, and we have noted that you've clubbed these terms together.","start":1453.67,"end":1462.63,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":1453.67,"end":1453.91},{"text":"terms,","start":1453.91,"end":1454.39},{"text":"I","start":1454.39,"end":1454.55},{"text":"would","start":1454.55,"end":1454.87},{"text":"like","start":1454.87,"end":1455.15},{"text":"to","start":1455.15,"end":1455.23},{"text":"highlight,","start":1455.23,"end":1455.67},{"text":"were","start":1455.67,"end":1455.79},{"text":"agreed","start":1455.79,"end":1456.15},{"text":"separately","start":1456.15,"end":1456.79},{"text":"without","start":1457.11,"end":1457.59},{"text":"linking","start":1457.59,"end":1457.99},{"text":"one","start":1457.99,"end":1458.23},{"text":"with","start":1458.23,"end":1458.39},{"text":"the","start":1458.39,"end":1458.47},{"text":"other,","start":1458.47,"end":1458.79},{"text":"and","start":1459.51,"end":1459.67},{"text":"we","start":1459.67,"end":1459.75},{"text":"have","start":1459.75,"end":1459.87},{"text":"noted","start":1459.87,"end":1460.19},{"text":"that","start":1460.19,"end":1460.55},{"text":"you've","start":1460.55,"end":1460.79},{"text":"clubbed","start":1461.03,"end":1461.31},{"text":"these","start":1461.31,"end":1461.75},{"text":"terms","start":1461.83,"end":1462.15},{"text":"together.","start":1462.15,"end":1462.63}]},{"text":"Regarding the term context appropriate, we would like to point out that the DG has indeed, in its guiding principle C, agreed that in determining the quality and extent of human machine interaction, a range of factors should be considered, including the operational context and the characteristics and capabilities of the weapon system as a whole.","start":1463.19,"end":1482.31,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":1463.19,"end":1463.67},{"text":"the","start":1463.67,"end":1463.75},{"text":"term","start":1463.75,"end":1464.07},{"text":"context","start":1464.23,"end":1464.63},{"text":"appropriate,","start":1464.63,"end":1465.27},{"text":"we","start":1465.35,"end":1465.47},{"text":"would","start":1465.47,"end":1465.63},{"text":"like","start":1465.63,"end":1465.75},{"text":"to","start":1465.75,"end":1465.87},{"text":"point","start":1465.87,"end":1466.23},{"text":"out","start":1466.23,"end":1466.31},{"text":"that","start":1466.31,"end":1466.47},{"text":"the","start":1466.47,"end":1466.55},{"text":"DG","start":1466.55,"end":1467.19},{"text":"has","start":1467.27,"end":1467.51},{"text":"indeed,","start":1467.51,"end":1467.99},{"text":"in","start":1468.39,"end":1468.55},{"text":"its","start":1468.55,"end":1468.71},{"text":"guiding","start":1468.71,"end":1469.03},{"text":"principle","start":1469.03,"end":1469.51},{"text":"C,","start":1469.51,"end":1469.83},{"text":"agreed","start":1471.75,"end":1472.15},{"text":"that","start":1472.15,"end":1472.31},{"text":"in","start":1472.31,"end":1472.43},{"text":"determining","start":1472.43,"end":1472.91},{"text":"the","start":1472.91,"end":1473.03},{"text":"quality","start":1473.03,"end":1473.43},{"text":"and","start":1473.43,"end":1473.55},{"text":"extent","start":1473.55,"end":1473.95},{"text":"of","start":1473.95,"end":1474.07},{"text":"human","start":1474.07,"end":1474.39},{"text":"machine","start":1474.39,"end":1474.63},{"text":"interaction,","start":1474.63,"end":1475.27},{"text":"a","start":1475.51,"end":1475.59},{"text":"range","start":1475.59,"end":1475.87},{"text":"of","start":1475.87,"end":1475.95},{"text":"factors","start":1475.95,"end":1476.39},{"text":"should","start":1476.39,"end":1476.55},{"text":"be","start":1476.55,"end":1476.63},{"text":"considered,","start":1476.63,"end":1477.03},{"text":"including","start":1477.03,"end":1477.51},{"text":"the","start":1477.51,"end":1477.71},{"text":"operational","start":1477.71,"end":1478.11},{"text":"context","start":1478.15,"end":1478.71},{"text":"and","start":1479.11,"end":1479.27},{"text":"the","start":1479.27,"end":1479.35},{"text":"characteristics","start":1479.35,"end":1480.23},{"text":"and","start":1480.23,"end":1480.43},{"text":"capabilities","start":1480.43,"end":1481.03},{"text":"of","start":1481.03,"end":1481.11},{"text":"the","start":1481.11,"end":1481.23},{"text":"weapon","start":1481.23,"end":1481.51},{"text":"system","start":1481.51,"end":1481.83},{"text":"as","start":1481.83,"end":1481.95},{"text":"a","start":1481.95,"end":1481.99},{"text":"whole.","start":1481.99,"end":1482.31}]},{"text":"We note that you've clubbed context appropriate with the term human judgment and control.","start":1483.67,"end":1488.63,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1483.67,"end":1483.87},{"text":"note","start":1483.87,"end":1484.15},{"text":"that","start":1484.15,"end":1484.39},{"text":"you've","start":1484.55,"end":1484.99},{"text":"clubbed","start":1485.15,"end":1485.43},{"text":"context","start":1485.43,"end":1485.87},{"text":"appropriate","start":1485.87,"end":1486.55},{"text":"with","start":1486.63,"end":1486.95},{"text":"the","start":1487.11,"end":1487.23},{"text":"term","start":1487.23,"end":1487.43},{"text":"human","start":1487.43,"end":1487.75},{"text":"judgment","start":1487.75,"end":1488.15},{"text":"and","start":1488.15,"end":1488.27},{"text":"control.","start":1488.27,"end":1488.63}]},{"text":"Such a clubbing of terms in our view is helpful given the nature of divergences we have seen, but it might superficially given that they have been clubbed superficially, might make them susceptible to some sort of misrepresentation and also misunderstandings from the term.","start":1489.19,"end":1505.59,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":1489.19,"end":1489.51},{"text":"a","start":1489.51,"end":1489.55},{"text":"clubbing","start":1489.55,"end":1489.87},{"text":"of","start":1489.87,"end":1489.99},{"text":"terms","start":1489.99,"end":1490.27},{"text":"in","start":1490.27,"end":1490.39},{"text":"our","start":1490.39,"end":1490.51},{"text":"view","start":1490.51,"end":1490.79},{"text":"is","start":1490.79,"end":1491.35},{"text":"helpful","start":1492.15,"end":1492.71},{"text":"given","start":1492.79,"end":1493.19},{"text":"the","start":1493.19,"end":1493.35},{"text":"nature","start":1493.59,"end":1493.95},{"text":"of","start":1493.95,"end":1494.07},{"text":"divergences","start":1494.07,"end":1494.71},{"text":"we","start":1494.71,"end":1494.79},{"text":"have","start":1494.79,"end":1494.95},{"text":"seen,","start":1494.95,"end":1495.27},{"text":"but","start":1495.67,"end":1495.83},{"text":"it","start":1495.83,"end":1495.99},{"text":"might","start":1495.99,"end":1496.31},{"text":"superficially","start":1496.31,"end":1497.11},{"text":"given","start":1498.15,"end":1498.55},{"text":"that","start":1498.55,"end":1498.71},{"text":"they","start":1498.71,"end":1498.79},{"text":"have","start":1498.79,"end":1498.91},{"text":"been","start":1498.91,"end":1499.11},{"text":"clubbed","start":1499.11,"end":1499.35},{"text":"superficially,","start":1499.35,"end":1499.99},{"text":"might","start":1499.99,"end":1500.39},{"text":"make","start":1500.39,"end":1500.55},{"text":"them","start":1500.55,"end":1500.71},{"text":"susceptible","start":1500.71,"end":1501.27},{"text":"to","start":1501.27,"end":1501.39},{"text":"some","start":1501.39,"end":1501.59},{"text":"sort","start":1501.59,"end":1501.83},{"text":"of","start":1501.83,"end":1501.91},{"text":"misrepresentation","start":1501.91,"end":1502.87},{"text":"and","start":1503.27,"end":1503.47},{"text":"also","start":1503.47,"end":1503.67},{"text":"misunderstandings","start":1503.67,"end":1504.63},{"text":"from","start":1505.03,"end":1505.27},{"text":"the","start":1505.27,"end":1505.35},{"text":"term.","start":1505.35,"end":1505.59}]},{"text":"The uncertainties that surround this term might lead to varied interpretations around what it means, the operational obligations that it might create, whether that is in terms of weapon design or deployment or use.","start":1506.55,"end":1518.63,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1506.55,"end":1506.75},{"text":"uncertainties","start":1506.75,"end":1507.43},{"text":"that","start":1507.43,"end":1507.75},{"text":"surround","start":1507.75,"end":1508.07},{"text":"this","start":1508.07,"end":1508.23},{"text":"term","start":1508.23,"end":1508.43},{"text":"might","start":1508.43,"end":1508.71},{"text":"lead","start":1508.87,"end":1509.03},{"text":"to","start":1509.03,"end":1509.15},{"text":"varied","start":1509.15,"end":1509.47},{"text":"interpretations","start":1509.47,"end":1510.15},{"text":"around","start":1510.15,"end":1510.39},{"text":"what","start":1510.39,"end":1510.59},{"text":"it","start":1510.59,"end":1510.71},{"text":"means,","start":1510.71,"end":1511.11},{"text":"the","start":1511.75,"end":1511.87},{"text":"operational","start":1511.99,"end":1512.55},{"text":"obligations","start":1512.55,"end":1513.19},{"text":"that","start":1513.19,"end":1513.43},{"text":"it","start":1513.43,"end":1513.51},{"text":"might","start":1513.51,"end":1513.99},{"text":"create,","start":1514.31,"end":1514.71},{"text":"whether","start":1514.71,"end":1515.03},{"text":"that","start":1515.03,"end":1515.19},{"text":"is","start":1515.19,"end":1515.27},{"text":"in","start":1515.27,"end":1515.39},{"text":"terms","start":1515.39,"end":1515.67},{"text":"of","start":1515.67,"end":1515.75},{"text":"weapon","start":1515.75,"end":1516.07},{"text":"design","start":1516.07,"end":1516.63},{"text":"or","start":1517.27,"end":1517.51},{"text":"deployment","start":1517.51,"end":1518.07},{"text":"or","start":1518.07,"end":1518.23},{"text":"use.","start":1518.23,"end":1518.63}]},{"text":"We believe that if we have to seriously consider this term for inclusion, the group must evolve a common interpretation of this term.","start":1519.59,"end":1527.31,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1519.59,"end":1519.83},{"text":"believe","start":1519.83,"end":1520.15},{"text":"that","start":1520.15,"end":1520.31},{"text":"if","start":1520.31,"end":1520.55},{"text":"we","start":1520.71,"end":1520.79},{"text":"have","start":1520.79,"end":1520.91},{"text":"to","start":1520.91,"end":1520.99},{"text":"seriously","start":1521.03,"end":1521.51},{"text":"consider","start":1521.51,"end":1521.99},{"text":"this","start":1521.99,"end":1522.15},{"text":"term","start":1522.15,"end":1522.39},{"text":"for","start":1522.39,"end":1522.55},{"text":"inclusion,","start":1522.55,"end":1523.11},{"text":"the","start":1523.71,"end":1523.87},{"text":"group","start":1523.87,"end":1524.11},{"text":"must","start":1524.11,"end":1524.39},{"text":"evolve","start":1524.39,"end":1524.67},{"text":"a","start":1524.67,"end":1524.75},{"text":"common","start":1524.75,"end":1525.15},{"text":"interpretation","start":1525.15,"end":1526.03},{"text":"of","start":1526.35,"end":1526.51},{"text":"this","start":1526.51,"end":1526.91},{"text":"term.","start":1526.91,"end":1527.31}]},{"text":"As far as my delegation is concerned at this stage, we view it strictly in line from the understandings that have been agreed in the past and the manner in which those understandings were agreed.","start":1527.95,"end":1537.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":1527.95,"end":1528.43},{"text":"far","start":1528.43,"end":1528.67},{"text":"as","start":1528.67,"end":1528.75},{"text":"my","start":1528.75,"end":1528.91},{"text":"delegation","start":1528.91,"end":1529.43},{"text":"is","start":1529.43,"end":1529.55},{"text":"concerned","start":1529.55,"end":1529.99},{"text":"at","start":1529.99,"end":1530.11},{"text":"this","start":1530.11,"end":1530.23},{"text":"stage,","start":1530.23,"end":1530.51},{"text":"we","start":1530.51,"end":1530.67},{"text":"view","start":1530.67,"end":1530.91},{"text":"it","start":1530.91,"end":1531.07},{"text":"strictly","start":1531.07,"end":1531.51},{"text":"in","start":1531.51,"end":1531.59},{"text":"line","start":1531.59,"end":1532.03},{"text":"from","start":1532.03,"end":1532.27},{"text":"the","start":1532.27,"end":1532.39},{"text":"understandings","start":1532.39,"end":1533.07},{"text":"that","start":1533.07,"end":1533.47},{"text":"have","start":1533.63,"end":1533.79},{"text":"been","start":1533.79,"end":1533.95},{"text":"agreed","start":1533.95,"end":1534.23},{"text":"in","start":1534.23,"end":1534.35},{"text":"the","start":1534.35,"end":1534.43},{"text":"past","start":1534.43,"end":1534.79},{"text":"and","start":1534.79,"end":1534.91},{"text":"the","start":1534.91,"end":1534.99},{"text":"manner","start":1534.99,"end":1535.35},{"text":"in","start":1535.35,"end":1535.47},{"text":"which","start":1535.47,"end":1535.71},{"text":"those","start":1535.99,"end":1536.23},{"text":"understandings","start":1536.23,"end":1536.75},{"text":"were","start":1536.75,"end":1536.91},{"text":"agreed.","start":1536.91,"end":1537.23}]},{"text":"This term, in our view, does not imply continuous human involvement during the system operation, but it should be satisfiable through prior decisions at design, programming, and mission planning stages.","start":1538.19,"end":1549.31,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1538.19,"end":1538.43},{"text":"term,","start":1538.43,"end":1538.67},{"text":"in","start":1538.67,"end":1538.79},{"text":"our","start":1538.79,"end":1538.87},{"text":"view,","start":1538.87,"end":1539.07},{"text":"does","start":1539.07,"end":1539.31},{"text":"not","start":1539.31,"end":1539.55},{"text":"imply","start":1539.55,"end":1540.03},{"text":"continuous","start":1540.75,"end":1541.31},{"text":"human","start":1541.31,"end":1541.63},{"text":"involvement","start":1541.63,"end":1542.27},{"text":"during","start":1542.35,"end":1542.79},{"text":"the","start":1542.79,"end":1542.87},{"text":"system","start":1542.87,"end":1543.23},{"text":"operation,","start":1543.23,"end":1543.79},{"text":"but","start":1544.27,"end":1544.43},{"text":"it","start":1544.43,"end":1544.59},{"text":"should","start":1544.59,"end":1544.75},{"text":"be","start":1544.75,"end":1544.87},{"text":"satisfiable","start":1544.87,"end":1545.63},{"text":"through","start":1545.63,"end":1545.87},{"text":"prior","start":1545.87,"end":1546.19},{"text":"decisions","start":1546.19,"end":1546.67},{"text":"at","start":1546.67,"end":1546.75},{"text":"design,","start":1546.75,"end":1547.23},{"text":"programming,","start":1547.23,"end":1547.87},{"text":"and","start":1547.87,"end":1548.03},{"text":"mission","start":1548.03,"end":1548.35},{"text":"planning","start":1548.35,"end":1548.75},{"text":"stages.","start":1548.75,"end":1549.31}]},{"text":"We are willing to discuss this further.","start":1550.03,"end":1551.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1550.03,"end":1550.11},{"text":"are","start":1550.11,"end":1550.19},{"text":"willing","start":1550.19,"end":1550.43},{"text":"to","start":1550.43,"end":1550.55},{"text":"discuss","start":1550.55,"end":1550.91},{"text":"this","start":1550.91,"end":1551.07},{"text":"further.","start":1551.07,"end":1551.55}]},{"text":"We also have conceptual questions, including as to which factors in specific, whether that is in terms of environmental complexity, mission type, target characteristics, weapon capabilities, which of these factors should be considered in laying out the context and in assessing the context appropriateness of laws that shape or will shape the required level of human judgment and control.","start":1552.15,"end":1575.91,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1552.15,"end":1552.31},{"text":"also","start":1552.31,"end":1552.55},{"text":"have","start":1552.55,"end":1552.79},{"text":"conceptual","start":1552.79,"end":1553.35},{"text":"questions,","start":1553.35,"end":1553.91},{"text":"including","start":1554.55,"end":1555.07},{"text":"as","start":1555.07,"end":1555.19},{"text":"to","start":1555.19,"end":1555.27},{"text":"which","start":1555.27,"end":1555.51},{"text":"factors","start":1555.51,"end":1555.95},{"text":"in","start":1555.95,"end":1556.07},{"text":"specific,","start":1556.07,"end":1556.63},{"text":"whether","start":1556.99,"end":1557.47},{"text":"that","start":1558.15,"end":1558.39},{"text":"is","start":1558.39,"end":1558.47},{"text":"in","start":1558.47,"end":1558.59},{"text":"terms","start":1558.59,"end":1558.87},{"text":"of","start":1558.87,"end":1558.95},{"text":"environmental","start":1558.95,"end":1559.83},{"text":"complexity,","start":1560.55,"end":1561.19},{"text":"mission","start":1561.19,"end":1561.51},{"text":"type,","start":1561.51,"end":1561.83},{"text":"target","start":1562.39,"end":1562.71},{"text":"characteristics,","start":1562.71,"end":1563.59},{"text":"weapon","start":1563.67,"end":1563.99},{"text":"capabilities,","start":1563.99,"end":1564.75},{"text":"which","start":1564.75,"end":1564.95},{"text":"of","start":1564.95,"end":1565.07},{"text":"these","start":1565.07,"end":1565.27},{"text":"factors","start":1565.27,"end":1565.71},{"text":"should","start":1565.71,"end":1565.91},{"text":"be","start":1565.91,"end":1565.99},{"text":"considered","start":1565.99,"end":1566.43},{"text":"in","start":1566.43,"end":1566.55},{"text":"laying","start":1566.55,"end":1566.87},{"text":"out","start":1566.87,"end":1567.03},{"text":"the","start":1567.03,"end":1567.15},{"text":"context","start":1567.15,"end":1567.75},{"text":"and","start":1568.63,"end":1568.87},{"text":"in","start":1568.87,"end":1568.95},{"text":"assessing","start":1568.95,"end":1569.35},{"text":"the","start":1569.35,"end":1569.47},{"text":"context","start":1569.47,"end":1570.07},{"text":"appropriateness","start":1570.11,"end":1570.95},{"text":"of","start":1570.95,"end":1571.19},{"text":"laws","start":1571.43,"end":1571.91},{"text":"that","start":1572.71,"end":1572.95},{"text":"shape","start":1572.95,"end":1573.27},{"text":"or","start":1573.27,"end":1573.43},{"text":"will","start":1573.43,"end":1573.59},{"text":"shape","start":1573.59,"end":1573.83},{"text":"the","start":1573.83,"end":1573.95},{"text":"required","start":1573.95,"end":1574.31},{"text":"level","start":1574.31,"end":1574.59},{"text":"of","start":1574.59,"end":1574.67},{"text":"human","start":1574.67,"end":1574.95},{"text":"judgment","start":1574.95,"end":1575.35},{"text":"and","start":1575.35,"end":1575.47},{"text":"control.","start":1575.47,"end":1575.91}]},{"text":"Our delegation is, as I said, is not entirely opposed to the term.","start":1577.03,"end":1582.47,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":1577.03,"end":1577.19},{"text":"delegation","start":1577.19,"end":1577.75},{"text":"is,","start":1577.75,"end":1578.23},{"text":"as","start":1578.23,"end":1578.39},{"text":"I","start":1578.39,"end":1578.47},{"text":"said,","start":1578.47,"end":1578.71},{"text":"is","start":1578.71,"end":1578.87},{"text":"not","start":1578.87,"end":1579.19},{"text":"entirely","start":1579.71,"end":1580.11},{"text":"opposed","start":1580.11,"end":1580.79},{"text":"to","start":1581.03,"end":1581.91},{"text":"the","start":1581.91,"end":1582.11},{"text":"term.","start":1582.11,"end":1582.47}]},{"text":"However, we view that the group needs to do more work to come on the same page on this issue.","start":1582.47,"end":1587.75,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":1582.47,"end":1582.87},{"text":"we","start":1582.91,"end":1583.03},{"text":"view","start":1583.03,"end":1583.23},{"text":"that","start":1583.23,"end":1583.35},{"text":"the","start":1583.35,"end":1583.43},{"text":"group","start":1583.43,"end":1583.67},{"text":"needs","start":1583.67,"end":1583.87},{"text":"to","start":1583.87,"end":1583.99},{"text":"do","start":1583.99,"end":1584.15},{"text":"more","start":1584.15,"end":1584.39},{"text":"work","start":1584.39,"end":1584.71},{"text":"to","start":1585.11,"end":1585.23},{"text":"come","start":1585.23,"end":1585.59},{"text":"on","start":1585.59,"end":1585.99},{"text":"the","start":1586.07,"end":1586.23},{"text":"same","start":1586.23,"end":1586.55},{"text":"page","start":1586.55,"end":1586.95},{"text":"on","start":1587.11,"end":1587.27},{"text":"this","start":1587.27,"end":1587.43},{"text":"issue.","start":1587.43,"end":1587.75}]},{"text":"We will therefore continue to examine and assess this term, whether its inclusion has merits or not.","start":1588.39,"end":1593.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1588.39,"end":1588.55},{"text":"will","start":1588.55,"end":1588.87},{"text":"therefore","start":1589.19,"end":1589.59},{"text":"continue","start":1589.59,"end":1589.99},{"text":"to","start":1589.99,"end":1590.07},{"text":"examine","start":1590.07,"end":1590.47},{"text":"and","start":1590.47,"end":1590.59},{"text":"assess","start":1590.59,"end":1590.87},{"text":"this","start":1590.87,"end":1591.03},{"text":"term,","start":1591.03,"end":1591.39},{"text":"whether","start":1591.39,"end":1591.79},{"text":"its","start":1591.79,"end":1591.91},{"text":"inclusion","start":1591.91,"end":1592.39},{"text":"has","start":1592.39,"end":1592.55},{"text":"merits","start":1592.55,"end":1592.95},{"text":"or","start":1592.95,"end":1593.03},{"text":"not.","start":1593.03,"end":1593.35}]},{"text":"We have heard the views of some delegations in this session and look forward to listening from others.","start":1593.91,"end":1599.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1593.91,"end":1593.99},{"text":"have","start":1593.99,"end":1594.11},{"text":"heard","start":1594.11,"end":1594.31},{"text":"the","start":1594.31,"end":1594.43},{"text":"views","start":1594.43,"end":1594.71},{"text":"of","start":1594.71,"end":1594.87},{"text":"some","start":1595.19,"end":1595.43},{"text":"delegations","start":1595.43,"end":1596.03},{"text":"in","start":1596.03,"end":1596.15},{"text":"this","start":1596.15,"end":1596.27},{"text":"session","start":1596.27,"end":1596.71},{"text":"and","start":1597.51,"end":1597.75},{"text":"look","start":1597.75,"end":1597.91},{"text":"forward","start":1597.91,"end":1598.19},{"text":"to","start":1598.19,"end":1598.31},{"text":"listening","start":1598.31,"end":1598.87},{"text":"from","start":1598.87,"end":1599.19},{"text":"others.","start":1599.19,"end":1599.59}]},{"text":"It is also our view that the term, even if it is considered, it should be laid out in box 3 that covers that seeks to cover obligations instead over here.","start":1600.07,"end":1609.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":1600.07,"end":1600.19},{"text":"is","start":1600.19,"end":1600.31},{"text":"also","start":1600.31,"end":1600.55},{"text":"our","start":1600.55,"end":1600.63},{"text":"view","start":1600.63,"end":1601.03},{"text":"that","start":1601.03,"end":1601.51},{"text":"the","start":1601.51,"end":1601.71},{"text":"term,","start":1601.71,"end":1601.99},{"text":"even","start":1601.99,"end":1602.27},{"text":"if","start":1602.27,"end":1602.39},{"text":"it","start":1602.39,"end":1602.47},{"text":"is","start":1602.47,"end":1602.63},{"text":"considered,","start":1602.63,"end":1603.19},{"text":"it","start":1603.59,"end":1603.75},{"text":"should","start":1603.75,"end":1603.91},{"text":"be","start":1603.91,"end":1603.99},{"text":"laid","start":1603.99,"end":1604.31},{"text":"out","start":1604.31,"end":1604.47},{"text":"in","start":1604.47,"end":1604.63},{"text":"box","start":1604.63,"end":1604.95},{"text":"3","start":1604.95,"end":1605.19},{"text":"that","start":1605.19,"end":1605.35},{"text":"covers","start":1605.35,"end":1605.83},{"text":"that","start":1606.15,"end":1606.63},{"text":"seeks","start":1607.19,"end":1607.43},{"text":"to","start":1607.43,"end":1607.55},{"text":"cover","start":1607.55,"end":1607.83},{"text":"obligations","start":1607.83,"end":1608.39},{"text":"instead","start":1608.39,"end":1608.79},{"text":"over","start":1608.79,"end":1608.95},{"text":"here.","start":1608.95,"end":1609.15}]},{"text":"I thank you, Mr. Chairperson.","start":1609.43,"end":1610.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1609.43,"end":1609.51},{"text":"thank","start":1609.51,"end":1609.75},{"text":"you,","start":1609.75,"end":1609.83},{"text":"Mr.","start":1609.83,"end":1610.11},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":1610.11,"end":1610.55}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"IND","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"India"}},{"statement_number":21,"start":1619.52,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=27:00","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of India for stating the positions of his delegation and also for showing flexibility.","start":1619.52,"end":1627.84,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1619.52,"end":1619.68},{"text":"thank","start":1619.76,"end":1620},{"text":"the","start":1620,"end":1620.08},{"text":"distinguished","start":1620.08,"end":1620.6},{"text":"representative","start":1620.6,"end":1621.36},{"text":"of","start":1621.72,"end":1621.84},{"text":"India","start":1622.48,"end":1622.92},{"text":"for","start":1623.04,"end":1623.44},{"text":"stating","start":1623.44,"end":1623.72},{"text":"the","start":1623.72,"end":1623.8},{"text":"positions","start":1623.8,"end":1624.24},{"text":"of","start":1624.24,"end":1624.32},{"text":"his","start":1624.32,"end":1624.48},{"text":"delegation","start":1624.48,"end":1625.16},{"text":"and","start":1625.16,"end":1625.28},{"text":"also","start":1625.28,"end":1625.84},{"text":"for","start":1625.84,"end":1626.24},{"text":"showing","start":1626.48,"end":1626.8},{"text":"flexibility.","start":1626.88,"end":1627.84}]},{"text":"And indeed, we take note of your remarks with regard to coming to a common understanding.","start":1627.92,"end":1634.32,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1627.92,"end":1628.4},{"text":"indeed,","start":1628.4,"end":1628.8},{"text":"we","start":1628.8,"end":1628.96},{"text":"take","start":1628.96,"end":1629.16},{"text":"note","start":1629.16,"end":1629.44},{"text":"of","start":1629.48,"end":1629.6},{"text":"your","start":1630.16,"end":1630.56},{"text":"remarks","start":1630.72,"end":1631.24},{"text":"with","start":1631.24,"end":1631.4},{"text":"regard","start":1631.4,"end":1631.72},{"text":"to","start":1631.72,"end":1632},{"text":"coming","start":1632.48,"end":1632.8},{"text":"to","start":1632.8,"end":1633},{"text":"a","start":1633.28,"end":1633.32},{"text":"common","start":1633.32,"end":1633.56},{"text":"understanding.","start":1633.56,"end":1634.32}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Singapore, to be followed by Algeria.","start":1636.43,"end":1640.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1636.43,"end":1636.83},{"text":"on","start":1636.83,"end":1636.91},{"text":"my","start":1636.91,"end":1637.07},{"text":"list","start":1637.07,"end":1637.47},{"text":"is","start":1637.47,"end":1637.63},{"text":"Singapore,","start":1637.63,"end":1638.51},{"text":"to","start":1638.51,"end":1638.63},{"text":"be","start":1638.63,"end":1638.75},{"text":"followed","start":1638.75,"end":1639.31},{"text":"by","start":1639.31,"end":1639.55},{"text":"Algeria.","start":1639.59,"end":1640.15}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Singapore.","start":1640.15,"end":1643.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":1640.15,"end":1640.27},{"text":"let","start":1640.27,"end":1640.47},{"text":"me","start":1640.47,"end":1640.67},{"text":"first","start":1640.67,"end":1640.91},{"text":"pass","start":1640.91,"end":1641.23},{"text":"the","start":1641.23,"end":1641.31},{"text":"floor","start":1641.31,"end":1641.59},{"text":"to","start":1641.59,"end":1641.71},{"text":"the","start":1641.71,"end":1641.83},{"text":"distinguished","start":1641.83,"end":1642.31},{"text":"representative","start":1642.31,"end":1642.95},{"text":"of","start":1642.95,"end":1643.07},{"text":"Singapore.","start":1643.07,"end":1643.63}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":22,"start":1646.83,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=27:27","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":1646.83,"end":1647.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1646.83,"end":1647.07},{"text":"you,","start":1647.07,"end":1647.15},{"text":"Mr.","start":1647.15,"end":1647.47},{"text":"Chair.","start":1647.47,"end":1647.79}]},{"text":"Good morning, fellow colleagues.","start":1647.87,"end":1649.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":1647.87,"end":1648.03},{"text":"morning,","start":1648.03,"end":1648.31},{"text":"fellow","start":1648.31,"end":1648.59},{"text":"colleagues.","start":1648.59,"end":1649.07}]},{"text":"With your indulgence, my delegation wishes to return to box one and react to the intervention from the distinguished delegate of the ICRC yesterday afternoon that cited Singapore.","start":1649.71,"end":1660.51,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":1649.71,"end":1649.87},{"text":"your","start":1649.95,"end":1650.23},{"text":"indulgence,","start":1650.23,"end":1650.91},{"text":"my","start":1651.31,"end":1651.63},{"text":"delegation","start":1652.19,"end":1652.83},{"text":"wishes","start":1652.83,"end":1653.11},{"text":"to","start":1653.11,"end":1653.19},{"text":"return","start":1653.19,"end":1653.47},{"text":"to","start":1653.47,"end":1653.59},{"text":"box","start":1653.59,"end":1653.95},{"text":"one","start":1653.95,"end":1654.35},{"text":"and","start":1654.35,"end":1654.59},{"text":"react","start":1654.59,"end":1654.99},{"text":"to","start":1654.99,"end":1655.07},{"text":"the","start":1655.07,"end":1655.15},{"text":"intervention","start":1655.15,"end":1655.79},{"text":"from","start":1655.79,"end":1655.99},{"text":"the","start":1655.99,"end":1656.07},{"text":"distinguished","start":1656.07,"end":1656.63},{"text":"delegate","start":1656.63,"end":1657.07},{"text":"of","start":1657.31,"end":1657.55},{"text":"the","start":1657.55,"end":1657.67},{"text":"ICRC","start":1657.67,"end":1658.39},{"text":"yesterday","start":1658.39,"end":1658.87},{"text":"afternoon","start":1658.87,"end":1659.43},{"text":"that","start":1659.43,"end":1659.59},{"text":"cited","start":1659.59,"end":1659.99},{"text":"Singapore.","start":1659.99,"end":1660.51}]},{"text":"We express our appreciation to the ICRC for engaging on specific examples in support of the proposed characterisation of laws that has only select and engage.","start":1661.59,"end":1671.51,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1661.59,"end":1661.75},{"text":"express","start":1661.75,"end":1662.15},{"text":"our","start":1662.15,"end":1662.27},{"text":"appreciation","start":1662.27,"end":1662.95},{"text":"to","start":1662.95,"end":1663.03},{"text":"the","start":1663.03,"end":1663.15},{"text":"ICRC","start":1663.15,"end":1663.91},{"text":"for","start":1663.91,"end":1664.31},{"text":"engaging","start":1664.31,"end":1664.91},{"text":"on","start":1664.91,"end":1665.03},{"text":"specific","start":1665.03,"end":1665.59},{"text":"examples","start":1665.59,"end":1666.31},{"text":"in","start":1666.31,"end":1666.47},{"text":"support","start":1666.47,"end":1666.95},{"text":"of","start":1666.95,"end":1667.27},{"text":"the","start":1667.27,"end":1667.35},{"text":"proposed","start":1667.35,"end":1667.83},{"text":"characterisation","start":1667.83,"end":1668.67},{"text":"of","start":1668.67,"end":1668.79},{"text":"laws","start":1668.79,"end":1669.19},{"text":"that","start":1669.19,"end":1669.43},{"text":"has","start":1669.43,"end":1669.67},{"text":"only","start":1669.67,"end":1670.07},{"text":"select","start":1670.07,"end":1670.55},{"text":"and","start":1670.63,"end":1670.91},{"text":"engage.","start":1670.91,"end":1671.51}]},{"text":"In particular, our ICRC colleagues highlighted the Faye and Forget missile system as an example that would not be included in such a characterisation.","start":1672.55,"end":1683.11,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1672.55,"end":1672.71},{"text":"particular,","start":1672.71,"end":1673.35},{"text":"our","start":1673.59,"end":1673.75},{"text":"ICRC","start":1673.83,"end":1674.47},{"text":"colleagues","start":1674.47,"end":1674.87},{"text":"highlighted","start":1674.87,"end":1675.51},{"text":"the","start":1677.59,"end":1677.75},{"text":"Faye","start":1677.75,"end":1678.03},{"text":"and","start":1678.03,"end":1678.31},{"text":"Forget","start":1678.31,"end":1678.67},{"text":"missile","start":1678.67,"end":1678.95},{"text":"system","start":1678.95,"end":1679.43},{"text":"as","start":1679.59,"end":1679.71},{"text":"an","start":1679.71,"end":1679.79},{"text":"example","start":1679.79,"end":1680.31},{"text":"that","start":1680.31,"end":1680.47},{"text":"would","start":1680.47,"end":1680.63},{"text":"not","start":1680.63,"end":1681.03},{"text":"be","start":1681.03,"end":1681.11},{"text":"included","start":1681.11,"end":1681.59},{"text":"in","start":1681.59,"end":1681.83},{"text":"such","start":1681.83,"end":1682.11},{"text":"a","start":1682.11,"end":1682.15},{"text":"characterisation.","start":1682.15,"end":1683.11}]},{"text":"The explanation provided by the ICRC was that the identify and select functions of such a fire-and-forget missile would be fulfilled by the human operator, with the missile system only conducting the engage function.","start":1684.51,"end":1697.79,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1684.51,"end":1684.67},{"text":"explanation","start":1684.67,"end":1685.35},{"text":"provided","start":1685.35,"end":1685.79},{"text":"by","start":1685.79,"end":1686.03},{"text":"the","start":1686.03,"end":1686.15},{"text":"ICRC","start":1686.15,"end":1687.07},{"text":"was","start":1687.07,"end":1687.23},{"text":"that","start":1687.23,"end":1687.55},{"text":"the","start":1687.55,"end":1687.67},{"text":"identify","start":1687.67,"end":1688.43},{"text":"and","start":1688.43,"end":1688.67},{"text":"select","start":1688.67,"end":1689.07},{"text":"functions","start":1689.07,"end":1689.71},{"text":"of","start":1689.71,"end":1689.79},{"text":"such","start":1689.79,"end":1690.15},{"text":"a","start":1690.15,"end":1690.19},{"text":"fire-and-forget","start":1690.19,"end":1690.91},{"text":"missile","start":1690.91,"end":1691.47},{"text":"would","start":1691.71,"end":1691.95},{"text":"be","start":1691.95,"end":1692.11},{"text":"fulfilled","start":1692.11,"end":1692.59},{"text":"by","start":1692.59,"end":1692.75},{"text":"the","start":1692.79,"end":1692.87},{"text":"human","start":1692.87,"end":1693.27},{"text":"operator,","start":1693.27,"end":1693.87},{"text":"with","start":1694.35,"end":1694.51},{"text":"the","start":1694.51,"end":1694.59},{"text":"missile","start":1694.59,"end":1694.99},{"text":"system","start":1694.99,"end":1695.39},{"text":"only","start":1695.55,"end":1695.95},{"text":"conducting","start":1695.95,"end":1696.51},{"text":"the","start":1696.51,"end":1696.63},{"text":"engage","start":1696.67,"end":1697.23},{"text":"function.","start":1697.23,"end":1697.79}]},{"text":"There was thus a sentiment that fire-and-forget missiles would not be covered by the characterization of only select and engage, because it is not the weapon that selects the target autonomously.","start":1698.91,"end":1709.63,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"There","start":1698.91,"end":1699.11},{"text":"was","start":1699.11,"end":1699.31},{"text":"thus","start":1699.31,"end":1699.63},{"text":"a","start":1699.71,"end":1699.79},{"text":"sentiment","start":1699.79,"end":1700.51},{"text":"that","start":1700.51,"end":1700.75},{"text":"fire-and-forget","start":1700.75,"end":1701.43},{"text":"missiles","start":1701.43,"end":1701.95},{"text":"would","start":1701.95,"end":1702.19},{"text":"not","start":1702.19,"end":1702.59},{"text":"be","start":1702.59,"end":1702.75},{"text":"covered","start":1702.75,"end":1703.07},{"text":"by","start":1703.07,"end":1703.31},{"text":"the","start":1703.31,"end":1703.39},{"text":"characterization","start":1703.39,"end":1704.51},{"text":"of","start":1704.51,"end":1704.67},{"text":"only","start":1704.67,"end":1704.99},{"text":"select","start":1704.99,"end":1705.35},{"text":"and","start":1705.35,"end":1705.47},{"text":"engage,","start":1705.47,"end":1705.95},{"text":"because","start":1706.19,"end":1706.59},{"text":"it","start":1706.59,"end":1706.75},{"text":"is","start":1706.75,"end":1706.91},{"text":"not","start":1706.91,"end":1707.19},{"text":"the","start":1707.19,"end":1707.31},{"text":"weapon","start":1707.31,"end":1707.67},{"text":"that","start":1707.67,"end":1707.87},{"text":"selects","start":1707.87,"end":1708.27},{"text":"the","start":1708.27,"end":1708.39},{"text":"target","start":1708.39,"end":1708.83},{"text":"autonomously.","start":1708.87,"end":1709.63}]},{"text":"Well, Mr. Chair, My delegation would like to clarify that such an explanation would unfortunately not be compatible with a technical understanding of typical conventional fire-and-forget missile systems.","start":1711.07,"end":1722.79,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Well,","start":1711.07,"end":1711.23},{"text":"Mr.","start":1711.23,"end":1711.51},{"text":"Chair,","start":1711.51,"end":1711.95},{"text":"My","start":1712.63,"end":1712.79},{"text":"delegation","start":1712.79,"end":1713.43},{"text":"would","start":1713.43,"end":1713.55},{"text":"like","start":1713.55,"end":1713.75},{"text":"to","start":1713.75,"end":1713.87},{"text":"clarify","start":1713.87,"end":1714.55},{"text":"that","start":1714.55,"end":1714.79},{"text":"such","start":1714.79,"end":1715.15},{"text":"an","start":1715.15,"end":1715.23},{"text":"explanation","start":1715.23,"end":1716.07},{"text":"would","start":1716.07,"end":1716.35},{"text":"unfortunately","start":1716.35,"end":1717.19},{"text":"not","start":1717.19,"end":1717.51},{"text":"be","start":1717.51,"end":1717.67},{"text":"compatible","start":1717.67,"end":1718.31},{"text":"with","start":1718.31,"end":1718.55},{"text":"a","start":1718.55,"end":1718.59},{"text":"technical","start":1718.59,"end":1719.11},{"text":"understanding","start":1719.11,"end":1719.91},{"text":"of","start":1719.91,"end":1720.15},{"text":"typical","start":1720.15,"end":1720.55},{"text":"conventional","start":1720.55,"end":1721.23},{"text":"fire-and-forget","start":1721.23,"end":1721.87},{"text":"missile","start":1721.87,"end":1722.19},{"text":"systems.","start":1722.19,"end":1722.79}]},{"text":"If we may, in such systems, while the human operator does conduct the function of identify, he or she does not, however, conduct the function of select.","start":1723.91,"end":1735.19,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":1723.91,"end":1724.11},{"text":"we","start":1724.11,"end":1724.23},{"text":"may,","start":1724.23,"end":1724.63},{"text":"in","start":1725.27,"end":1725.43},{"text":"such","start":1725.43,"end":1725.67},{"text":"systems,","start":1725.67,"end":1726.39},{"text":"while","start":1726.99,"end":1727.27},{"text":"the","start":1727.27,"end":1727.39},{"text":"human","start":1727.39,"end":1727.75},{"text":"operator","start":1727.75,"end":1728.23},{"text":"does","start":1728.23,"end":1728.55},{"text":"conduct","start":1728.55,"end":1729.03},{"text":"the","start":1729.03,"end":1729.15},{"text":"function","start":1729.15,"end":1729.59},{"text":"of","start":1729.59,"end":1729.75},{"text":"identify,","start":1729.75,"end":1730.55},{"text":"he","start":1731.19,"end":1731.55},{"text":"or","start":1731.55,"end":1731.67},{"text":"she","start":1731.67,"end":1732.07},{"text":"does","start":1732.07,"end":1732.47},{"text":"not,","start":1732.47,"end":1732.79},{"text":"however,","start":1732.79,"end":1733.43},{"text":"conduct","start":1733.59,"end":1733.99},{"text":"the","start":1733.99,"end":1734.15},{"text":"function","start":1734.15,"end":1734.59},{"text":"of","start":1734.59,"end":1734.67},{"text":"select.","start":1734.67,"end":1735.19}]},{"text":"And allow us to elaborate further.","start":1735.99,"end":1737.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1735.99,"end":1736.15},{"text":"allow","start":1736.15,"end":1736.39},{"text":"us","start":1736.43,"end":1736.63},{"text":"to","start":1736.63,"end":1736.75},{"text":"elaborate","start":1736.95,"end":1737.51},{"text":"further.","start":1737.51,"end":1737.91}]},{"text":"Prior to the firing of a typical fire-and-forget missile, human input to the missile system may be limited to providing geographical data of the intended target.","start":1739.27,"end":1749.51,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Prior","start":1739.27,"end":1739.67},{"text":"to","start":1739.67,"end":1739.79},{"text":"the","start":1739.79,"end":1739.91},{"text":"firing","start":1739.91,"end":1740.35},{"text":"of","start":1740.35,"end":1740.47},{"text":"a","start":1740.47,"end":1740.55},{"text":"typical","start":1740.55,"end":1741.27},{"text":"fire-and-forget","start":1741.35,"end":1742.07},{"text":"missile,","start":1742.07,"end":1742.63},{"text":"human","start":1743.19,"end":1743.59},{"text":"input","start":1743.59,"end":1744.03},{"text":"to","start":1744.03,"end":1744.11},{"text":"the","start":1744.11,"end":1744.23},{"text":"missile","start":1744.23,"end":1744.55},{"text":"system","start":1744.55,"end":1745.23},{"text":"may","start":1745.23,"end":1745.35},{"text":"be","start":1745.35,"end":1745.51},{"text":"limited","start":1745.51,"end":1746.07},{"text":"to","start":1746.23,"end":1746.43},{"text":"providing","start":1746.43,"end":1747.11},{"text":"geographical","start":1747.11,"end":1747.75},{"text":"data","start":1747.75,"end":1748.35},{"text":"of","start":1748.35,"end":1748.47},{"text":"the","start":1748.47,"end":1748.55},{"text":"intended","start":1748.55,"end":1749.11},{"text":"target.","start":1749.11,"end":1749.51}]},{"text":"At that juncture, whereby the human keys in or inputs such data to the missile launch control system, there is no selection of targets taking place at that point.","start":1750.71,"end":1760.75,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":1750.71,"end":1750.79},{"text":"that","start":1750.79,"end":1750.95},{"text":"juncture,","start":1750.95,"end":1751.51},{"text":"whereby","start":1751.79,"end":1752.15},{"text":"the","start":1752.15,"end":1752.23},{"text":"human","start":1752.31,"end":1752.87},{"text":"keys","start":1752.87,"end":1753.35},{"text":"in","start":1753.35,"end":1753.51},{"text":"or","start":1753.51,"end":1753.75},{"text":"inputs","start":1753.75,"end":1754.43},{"text":"such","start":1754.43,"end":1754.71},{"text":"data","start":1754.71,"end":1755.03},{"text":"to","start":1755.03,"end":1755.11},{"text":"the","start":1755.11,"end":1755.23},{"text":"missile","start":1755.23,"end":1755.75},{"text":"launch","start":1755.99,"end":1756.27},{"text":"control","start":1756.27,"end":1756.63},{"text":"system,","start":1756.63,"end":1757.11},{"text":"there","start":1757.67,"end":1757.91},{"text":"is","start":1757.91,"end":1758.07},{"text":"no","start":1758.07,"end":1758.39},{"text":"selection","start":1758.39,"end":1758.99},{"text":"of","start":1758.99,"end":1759.07},{"text":"targets","start":1759.07,"end":1759.59},{"text":"taking","start":1759.59,"end":1759.91},{"text":"place","start":1759.91,"end":1760.19},{"text":"at","start":1760.19,"end":1760.27},{"text":"that","start":1760.27,"end":1760.39},{"text":"point.","start":1760.39,"end":1760.75}]},{"text":"And moving on, the missile is launched.","start":1762.51,"end":1765.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1762.51,"end":1762.63},{"text":"moving","start":1762.63,"end":1762.95},{"text":"on,","start":1762.95,"end":1763.19},{"text":"the","start":1764.15,"end":1764.27},{"text":"missile","start":1764.27,"end":1764.71},{"text":"is","start":1764.71,"end":1764.95},{"text":"launched.","start":1765.03,"end":1765.51}]},{"text":"it takes flight towards the geographical location of the intended target.","start":1766.03,"end":1769.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"it","start":1766.03,"end":1766.23},{"text":"takes","start":1766.23,"end":1766.43},{"text":"flight","start":1766.43,"end":1766.79},{"text":"towards","start":1766.79,"end":1767.11},{"text":"the","start":1767.11,"end":1767.19},{"text":"geographical","start":1767.19,"end":1767.83},{"text":"location","start":1767.83,"end":1768.51},{"text":"of","start":1768.51,"end":1768.75},{"text":"the","start":1768.75,"end":1768.87},{"text":"intended","start":1768.87,"end":1769.31},{"text":"target.","start":1769.31,"end":1769.71}]},{"text":"And during flight, it is only during the terminal phase, whereby the missile is already launched, whereby the radar seeker head of the fire-and-forget missile is activated.","start":1771.63,"end":1781.31,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1771.63,"end":1771.83},{"text":"during","start":1771.83,"end":1772.11},{"text":"flight,","start":1772.11,"end":1772.59},{"text":"it","start":1772.67,"end":1772.83},{"text":"is","start":1772.83,"end":1773.07},{"text":"only","start":1773.15,"end":1773.55},{"text":"during","start":1773.55,"end":1773.83},{"text":"the","start":1773.83,"end":1773.91},{"text":"terminal","start":1773.91,"end":1774.51},{"text":"phase,","start":1774.51,"end":1775.07},{"text":"whereby","start":1775.19,"end":1775.55},{"text":"the","start":1775.55,"end":1775.63},{"text":"missile","start":1775.63,"end":1775.95},{"text":"is","start":1775.95,"end":1776.03},{"text":"already","start":1776.03,"end":1776.35},{"text":"launched,","start":1776.35,"end":1776.83},{"text":"whereby","start":1777.23,"end":1777.67},{"text":"the","start":1777.67,"end":1777.75},{"text":"radar","start":1777.75,"end":1778.15},{"text":"seeker","start":1778.15,"end":1778.55},{"text":"head","start":1778.55,"end":1778.83},{"text":"of","start":1778.91,"end":1779.15},{"text":"the","start":1779.15,"end":1779.35},{"text":"fire-and-forget","start":1779.35,"end":1779.99},{"text":"missile","start":1779.99,"end":1780.35},{"text":"is","start":1780.35,"end":1780.59},{"text":"activated.","start":1780.59,"end":1781.31}]},{"text":"At this point, the targets detected by the radar seeker are thereafter selected by the weapon system or the missile involved for eventual homing and engagement.","start":1782.43,"end":1792.71,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":1782.43,"end":1782.63},{"text":"this","start":1782.63,"end":1782.83},{"text":"point,","start":1782.83,"end":1783.27},{"text":"the","start":1783.79,"end":1783.91},{"text":"targets","start":1783.91,"end":1784.43},{"text":"detected","start":1784.43,"end":1784.95},{"text":"by","start":1784.95,"end":1785.11},{"text":"the","start":1785.11,"end":1785.19},{"text":"radar","start":1785.19,"end":1785.51},{"text":"seeker","start":1785.51,"end":1786.03},{"text":"are","start":1786.03,"end":1786.27},{"text":"thereafter","start":1786.27,"end":1786.91},{"text":"selected","start":1786.91,"end":1787.71},{"text":"by","start":1787.71,"end":1788.03},{"text":"the","start":1788.03,"end":1788.15},{"text":"weapon","start":1788.15,"end":1788.51},{"text":"system","start":1788.51,"end":1788.99},{"text":"or","start":1788.99,"end":1789.11},{"text":"the","start":1789.11,"end":1789.19},{"text":"missile","start":1789.19,"end":1789.55},{"text":"involved","start":1789.55,"end":1790.11},{"text":"for","start":1790.59,"end":1790.83},{"text":"eventual","start":1790.87,"end":1791.43},{"text":"homing","start":1791.43,"end":1791.87},{"text":"and","start":1791.87,"end":1792.03},{"text":"engagement.","start":1792.03,"end":1792.71}]},{"text":"In other words, after launch, the missile selects a target on its own, thereafter it guides itself to the target.","start":1793.87,"end":1801.51,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1793.87,"end":1794.15},{"text":"other","start":1794.15,"end":1794.31},{"text":"words,","start":1794.31,"end":1794.75},{"text":"after","start":1794.99,"end":1795.35},{"text":"launch,","start":1795.35,"end":1796.03},{"text":"the","start":1796.11,"end":1796.27},{"text":"missile","start":1796.27,"end":1796.67},{"text":"selects","start":1796.67,"end":1797.23},{"text":"a","start":1797.23,"end":1797.27},{"text":"target","start":1797.27,"end":1797.71},{"text":"on","start":1797.71,"end":1797.87},{"text":"its","start":1797.87,"end":1798.03},{"text":"own,","start":1798.03,"end":1798.35},{"text":"thereafter","start":1798.75,"end":1799.39},{"text":"it","start":1799.39,"end":1799.59},{"text":"guides","start":1799.59,"end":1800.07},{"text":"itself","start":1800.07,"end":1800.59},{"text":"to","start":1800.83,"end":1800.99},{"text":"the","start":1800.99,"end":1801.07},{"text":"target.","start":1801.07,"end":1801.51}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, in this regard, based on our technical understanding, the characterisation of laws with only the select and engage functions by the current rolling text will thereby include find, forget missile systems.","start":1803.39,"end":1815.87,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":1803.39,"end":1803.63},{"text":"Chair,","start":1803.63,"end":1803.95},{"text":"in","start":1804.15,"end":1804.27},{"text":"this","start":1804.27,"end":1804.51},{"text":"regard,","start":1804.51,"end":1804.91},{"text":"based","start":1805.15,"end":1805.39},{"text":"on","start":1805.39,"end":1805.47},{"text":"our","start":1805.47,"end":1805.59},{"text":"technical","start":1805.59,"end":1806.03},{"text":"understanding,","start":1806.03,"end":1806.75},{"text":"the","start":1806.91,"end":1807.03},{"text":"characterisation","start":1807.03,"end":1807.91},{"text":"of","start":1807.91,"end":1808.03},{"text":"laws","start":1808.03,"end":1808.51},{"text":"with","start":1808.51,"end":1808.71},{"text":"only","start":1808.99,"end":1809.31},{"text":"the","start":1809.31,"end":1809.43},{"text":"select","start":1809.43,"end":1809.95},{"text":"and","start":1810.11,"end":1810.27},{"text":"engage","start":1810.27,"end":1810.67},{"text":"functions","start":1810.67,"end":1811.23},{"text":"by","start":1811.23,"end":1811.35},{"text":"the","start":1811.35,"end":1811.47},{"text":"current","start":1811.47,"end":1811.87},{"text":"rolling","start":1811.87,"end":1812.19},{"text":"text","start":1812.19,"end":1812.55},{"text":"will","start":1812.91,"end":1813.11},{"text":"thereby","start":1813.19,"end":1813.71},{"text":"include","start":1813.71,"end":1814.35},{"text":"find,","start":1814.35,"end":1814.67},{"text":"forget","start":1814.67,"end":1814.99},{"text":"missile","start":1814.99,"end":1815.31},{"text":"systems.","start":1815.31,"end":1815.87}]},{"text":"We thank the ICRC for raising the example yesterday, but Upon further analysis and clarification, it has only served to make our delegation be further inclined towards an appropriate characterization of laws that includes all functions of identify, select, and engage.","start":1816.91,"end":1833.67,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1816.91,"end":1817.03},{"text":"thank","start":1817.07,"end":1817.35},{"text":"the","start":1817.35,"end":1817.43},{"text":"ICRC","start":1817.43,"end":1818.03},{"text":"for","start":1818.03,"end":1818.27},{"text":"raising","start":1818.27,"end":1818.51},{"text":"the","start":1818.51,"end":1818.59},{"text":"example","start":1818.59,"end":1819.07},{"text":"yesterday,","start":1819.07,"end":1819.63},{"text":"but","start":1819.63,"end":1819.95},{"text":"Upon","start":1820.43,"end":1820.71},{"text":"further","start":1820.71,"end":1821.03},{"text":"analysis","start":1821.03,"end":1821.51},{"text":"and","start":1821.51,"end":1821.63},{"text":"clarification,","start":1821.63,"end":1822.55},{"text":"it","start":1822.79,"end":1822.95},{"text":"has","start":1822.95,"end":1823.11},{"text":"only","start":1823.11,"end":1823.27},{"text":"served","start":1823.27,"end":1823.63},{"text":"to","start":1823.63,"end":1823.75},{"text":"make","start":1823.75,"end":1823.91},{"text":"our","start":1823.91,"end":1824.11},{"text":"delegation","start":1824.11,"end":1824.95},{"text":"be","start":1825.03,"end":1825.27},{"text":"further","start":1825.27,"end":1825.63},{"text":"inclined","start":1825.63,"end":1826.27},{"text":"towards","start":1826.27,"end":1826.79},{"text":"an","start":1826.99,"end":1827.15},{"text":"appropriate","start":1827.15,"end":1827.67},{"text":"characterization","start":1827.67,"end":1828.43},{"text":"of","start":1828.43,"end":1828.55},{"text":"laws","start":1828.55,"end":1828.87},{"text":"that","start":1828.87,"end":1829.11},{"text":"includes","start":1830.47,"end":1831.11},{"text":"all","start":1831.11,"end":1831.43},{"text":"functions","start":1831.43,"end":1831.91},{"text":"of","start":1831.91,"end":1832.07},{"text":"identify,","start":1832.07,"end":1832.71},{"text":"select,","start":1832.71,"end":1833.03},{"text":"and","start":1833.03,"end":1833.19},{"text":"engage.","start":1833.19,"end":1833.67}]},{"text":"In other words, such a complete characterization will better address the potentially high-risk weapon systems, including autonomous identification function, while appropriately excluding find-and-forget weapons, which are not the intended focus of this GGE.","start":1834.39,"end":1848.07,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1834.39,"end":1834.59},{"text":"other","start":1834.59,"end":1834.75},{"text":"words,","start":1834.75,"end":1835.19},{"text":"such","start":1835.27,"end":1835.63},{"text":"a","start":1835.63,"end":1835.67},{"text":"complete","start":1835.67,"end":1836.15},{"text":"characterization","start":1836.15,"end":1837.19},{"text":"will","start":1837.51,"end":1837.67},{"text":"better","start":1837.67,"end":1838.11},{"text":"address","start":1838.11,"end":1838.39},{"text":"the","start":1838.39,"end":1838.47},{"text":"potentially","start":1838.47,"end":1839.03},{"text":"high-risk","start":1839.03,"end":1839.59},{"text":"weapon","start":1839.59,"end":1839.95},{"text":"systems,","start":1839.95,"end":1840.39},{"text":"including","start":1840.39,"end":1840.87},{"text":"autonomous","start":1840.87,"end":1841.43},{"text":"identification","start":1841.43,"end":1842.15},{"text":"function,","start":1842.15,"end":1842.71},{"text":"while","start":1843.07,"end":1843.35},{"text":"appropriately","start":1843.35,"end":1844.07},{"text":"excluding","start":1844.07,"end":1844.79},{"text":"find-and-forget","start":1844.79,"end":1845.35},{"text":"weapons,","start":1845.35,"end":1845.75},{"text":"which","start":1845.75,"end":1845.99},{"text":"are","start":1845.99,"end":1846.07},{"text":"not","start":1846.07,"end":1846.35},{"text":"the","start":1846.35,"end":1846.43},{"text":"intended","start":1846.43,"end":1846.83},{"text":"focus","start":1846.83,"end":1847.19},{"text":"of","start":1847.19,"end":1847.35},{"text":"this","start":1847.35,"end":1847.51},{"text":"GGE.","start":1847.51,"end":1848.07}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":1848.79,"end":1849.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1848.79,"end":1849.03},{"text":"you,","start":1849.03,"end":1849.11},{"text":"Chair.","start":1849.11,"end":1849.35}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"SGP","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Singapore"}},{"statement_number":23,"start":1851.83,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=30:52","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Singapore.","start":1851.83,"end":1855.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1851.83,"end":1851.99},{"text":"thank","start":1852.07,"end":1852.39},{"text":"the","start":1852.39,"end":1852.47},{"text":"distinguished","start":1852.47,"end":1852.99},{"text":"representative","start":1852.99,"end":1853.83},{"text":"of","start":1853.83,"end":1853.91},{"text":"Singapore.","start":1853.91,"end":1855.03}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Algeria, to be followed by Panama and Switzerland.","start":1855.83,"end":1859.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1855.83,"end":1856.11},{"text":"on","start":1856.11,"end":1856.19},{"text":"my","start":1856.19,"end":1856.31},{"text":"list","start":1856.31,"end":1856.63},{"text":"is","start":1856.63,"end":1856.91},{"text":"Algeria,","start":1856.91,"end":1857.59},{"text":"to","start":1857.59,"end":1857.75},{"text":"be","start":1857.75,"end":1857.83},{"text":"followed","start":1857.83,"end":1858.23},{"text":"by","start":1858.23,"end":1858.39},{"text":"Panama","start":1858.39,"end":1858.95},{"text":"and","start":1858.95,"end":1859.19},{"text":"Switzerland.","start":1859.19,"end":1859.95}]},{"text":"I now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Algeria.","start":1860.15,"end":1863.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1860.15,"end":1860.19},{"text":"now","start":1860.19,"end":1860.79},{"text":"pass","start":1860.79,"end":1861.03},{"text":"the","start":1861.03,"end":1861.11},{"text":"floor","start":1861.11,"end":1861.43},{"text":"to","start":1861.43,"end":1861.55},{"text":"the","start":1861.55,"end":1861.63},{"text":"distinguished","start":1861.63,"end":1862.23},{"text":"representative","start":1862.23,"end":1863.03},{"text":"of","start":1863.03,"end":1863.11},{"text":"Algeria.","start":1863.11,"end":1863.51}]},{"text":"Madam, you have the floor.","start":1863.51,"end":1864.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam,","start":1863.51,"end":1863.75},{"text":"you","start":1863.75,"end":1863.83},{"text":"have","start":1863.83,"end":1863.99},{"text":"the","start":1863.99,"end":1864.07},{"text":"floor.","start":1864.07,"end":1864.39}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":24,"start":1869.11,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=31:10","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":1869.11,"end":1870.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1869.11,"end":1869.35},{"text":"you,","start":1869.35,"end":1869.43},{"text":"Mr.","start":1869.43,"end":1869.67},{"text":"Chair.","start":1869.67,"end":1870.07}]},{"text":"Allow me to share some key observation on behalf of my delegation regarding box 2 of the rolling text.","start":1870.71,"end":1876.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Allow","start":1870.71,"end":1870.99},{"text":"me","start":1870.99,"end":1871.27},{"text":"to","start":1871.27,"end":1871.47},{"text":"share","start":1871.47,"end":1871.75},{"text":"some","start":1871.75,"end":1872.07},{"text":"key","start":1872.07,"end":1872.23},{"text":"observation","start":1872.23,"end":1873.11},{"text":"on","start":1873.11,"end":1873.27},{"text":"behalf","start":1873.27,"end":1873.67},{"text":"of","start":1873.67,"end":1873.75},{"text":"my","start":1873.75,"end":1873.91},{"text":"delegation","start":1873.91,"end":1874.55},{"text":"regarding","start":1874.55,"end":1875.07},{"text":"box","start":1875.07,"end":1875.43},{"text":"2","start":1875.43,"end":1875.67},{"text":"of","start":1875.67,"end":1875.79},{"text":"the","start":1875.79,"end":1875.87},{"text":"rolling","start":1875.87,"end":1876.23},{"text":"text.","start":1876.23,"end":1876.63}]},{"text":"We support the paragraph 1 in line with Article 35 of Additional Protocol I of 1977, that the right to choose methods and means of warfare is not unlimited.","start":1877.31,"end":1888.99,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1877.31,"end":1877.51},{"text":"support","start":1877.51,"end":1877.87},{"text":"the","start":1877.87,"end":1878.03},{"text":"paragraph","start":1878.03,"end":1878.51},{"text":"1","start":1878.51,"end":1878.83},{"text":"in","start":1878.83,"end":1879.03},{"text":"line","start":1879.03,"end":1879.31},{"text":"with","start":1879.31,"end":1879.55},{"text":"Article","start":1879.55,"end":1880.27},{"text":"35","start":1880.27,"end":1881.15},{"text":"of","start":1881.15,"end":1881.35},{"text":"Additional","start":1881.47,"end":1882.11},{"text":"Protocol","start":1882.11,"end":1882.83},{"text":"I","start":1882.83,"end":1882.91},{"text":"of","start":1883.07,"end":1883.23},{"text":"1977,","start":1883.23,"end":1884.51},{"text":"that","start":1884.99,"end":1885.19},{"text":"the","start":1885.19,"end":1885.27},{"text":"right","start":1885.27,"end":1885.67},{"text":"to","start":1885.67,"end":1885.75},{"text":"choose","start":1885.75,"end":1886.11},{"text":"methods","start":1886.11,"end":1886.67},{"text":"and","start":1886.67,"end":1886.87},{"text":"means","start":1886.87,"end":1887.23},{"text":"of","start":1887.23,"end":1887.39},{"text":"warfare","start":1887.39,"end":1887.95},{"text":"is","start":1887.95,"end":1888.19},{"text":"not","start":1888.19,"end":1888.43},{"text":"unlimited.","start":1888.43,"end":1888.99}]},{"text":"Building on this foundation, we emphasize the ethical dimension of laws in our deliberations.","start":1889.39,"end":1894.67,"topics":[{"key":"martens-clause-ethics","label":"Martens Clause and Ethical Considerations","description":"Multiple delegations emphasized the importance of the Martens Clause and broader ethical concerns in addressing autonomous weapons. They linked the issue to humanity, public conscience, and the need to preserve human moral judgment in the use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"Building","start":1889.39,"end":1889.83},{"text":"on","start":1889.83,"end":1889.95},{"text":"this","start":1889.95,"end":1890.15},{"text":"foundation,","start":1890.15,"end":1890.83},{"text":"we","start":1890.83,"end":1890.91},{"text":"emphasize","start":1890.91,"end":1891.55},{"text":"the","start":1891.55,"end":1891.63},{"text":"ethical","start":1891.63,"end":1892.19},{"text":"dimension","start":1892.19,"end":1892.83},{"text":"of","start":1892.83,"end":1892.99},{"text":"laws","start":1892.99,"end":1893.39},{"text":"in","start":1893.39,"end":1893.55},{"text":"our","start":1893.55,"end":1893.79},{"text":"deliberations.","start":1893.79,"end":1894.67}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 2, we consider that international law, including IHL, provides essential principles and rules regulating the means and methods of warfare, including emerging AI-enabled military applications, with the aim of protecting those affected by armed conflicts.","start":1895.19,"end":1913.75,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":1895.19,"end":1895.71},{"text":"paragraph","start":1895.71,"end":1896.23},{"text":"2,","start":1896.23,"end":1896.55},{"text":"we","start":1896.55,"end":1896.63},{"text":"consider","start":1896.63,"end":1897.19},{"text":"that","start":1897.19,"end":1897.51},{"text":"international","start":1897.51,"end":1898.43},{"text":"law,","start":1898.43,"end":1898.51},{"text":"including","start":1898.51,"end":1899.11},{"text":"IHL,","start":1899.11,"end":1899.83},{"text":"provides","start":1900.15,"end":1900.91},{"text":"essential","start":1901.11,"end":1901.91},{"text":"principles","start":1901.91,"end":1902.71},{"text":"and","start":1902.71,"end":1902.91},{"text":"rules","start":1902.91,"end":1903.27},{"text":"regulating","start":1903.27,"end":1903.99},{"text":"the","start":1903.99,"end":1904.15},{"text":"means","start":1904.15,"end":1904.55},{"text":"and","start":1904.55,"end":1904.71},{"text":"methods","start":1904.71,"end":1905.15},{"text":"of","start":1905.15,"end":1905.23},{"text":"warfare,","start":1905.27,"end":1905.83},{"text":"including","start":1905.83,"end":1906.59},{"text":"emerging","start":1906.59,"end":1907.19},{"text":"AI-enabled","start":1907.43,"end":1908.71},{"text":"military","start":1908.79,"end":1909.27},{"text":"applications,","start":1909.27,"end":1910.15},{"text":"with","start":1910.23,"end":1910.51},{"text":"the","start":1910.51,"end":1910.59},{"text":"aim","start":1910.59,"end":1910.95},{"text":"of","start":1910.95,"end":1911.11},{"text":"protecting","start":1911.11,"end":1911.75},{"text":"those","start":1911.75,"end":1912.07},{"text":"affected","start":1912.07,"end":1912.55},{"text":"by","start":1912.55,"end":1912.71},{"text":"armed","start":1912.71,"end":1913.03},{"text":"conflicts.","start":1913.03,"end":1913.75}]},{"text":"Concerning paragraph 5, we believe that the notion of context-appropriate human judgment and control constitutes a weak formulation for referring to human control.","start":1914.59,"end":1926.19,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Concerning","start":1914.59,"end":1915.39},{"text":"paragraph","start":1915.47,"end":1916.07},{"text":"5,","start":1916.07,"end":1916.43},{"text":"we","start":1916.75,"end":1916.99},{"text":"believe","start":1916.99,"end":1917.31},{"text":"that","start":1917.31,"end":1917.47},{"text":"the","start":1917.47,"end":1917.63},{"text":"notion","start":1917.63,"end":1918.11},{"text":"of","start":1918.19,"end":1918.43},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":1918.59,"end":1920.03},{"text":"human","start":1920.03,"end":1920.51},{"text":"judgment","start":1920.51,"end":1920.99},{"text":"and","start":1920.99,"end":1921.15},{"text":"control","start":1921.15,"end":1921.79},{"text":"constitutes","start":1922.11,"end":1922.87},{"text":"a","start":1922.87,"end":1922.91},{"text":"weak","start":1922.91,"end":1923.31},{"text":"formulation","start":1923.31,"end":1924.11},{"text":"for","start":1924.27,"end":1924.55},{"text":"referring","start":1924.55,"end":1925.15},{"text":"to","start":1925.15,"end":1925.31},{"text":"human","start":1925.31,"end":1925.63},{"text":"control.","start":1925.63,"end":1926.19}]},{"text":"In addition, the term \"context-appropriate\" remains ambiguous, as there is no agreed definition of what constitutes such an appropriate context.","start":1926.43,"end":1937.15,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1926.43,"end":1926.67},{"text":"addition,","start":1926.67,"end":1927.23},{"text":"the","start":1927.39,"end":1927.59},{"text":"term","start":1927.59,"end":1928.03},{"text":"\"context-appropriate\"","start":1928.11,"end":1929.47},{"text":"remains","start":1929.55,"end":1930.19},{"text":"ambiguous,","start":1930.19,"end":1930.99},{"text":"as","start":1931.23,"end":1931.39},{"text":"there","start":1931.39,"end":1931.63},{"text":"is","start":1931.63,"end":1931.79},{"text":"no","start":1931.79,"end":1932.11},{"text":"agreed","start":1932.11,"end":1932.55},{"text":"definition","start":1932.55,"end":1933.23},{"text":"of","start":1933.23,"end":1933.35},{"text":"what","start":1933.35,"end":1933.63},{"text":"constitutes","start":1933.63,"end":1934.43},{"text":"such","start":1934.67,"end":1935.11},{"text":"an","start":1935.11,"end":1935.23},{"text":"appropriate","start":1935.23,"end":1936.51},{"text":"context.","start":1936.51,"end":1937.15}]},{"text":"The expression \"context-appropriate\" is particularly problematic in relation to the laws.","start":1938.11,"end":1943.47,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1938.11,"end":1938.23},{"text":"expression","start":1938.23,"end":1938.91},{"text":"\"context-appropriate\"","start":1938.91,"end":1939.95},{"text":"is","start":1939.95,"end":1940.11},{"text":"particularly","start":1940.11,"end":1940.99},{"text":"problematic","start":1941.15,"end":1941.95},{"text":"in","start":1942.03,"end":1942.27},{"text":"relation","start":1942.27,"end":1942.75},{"text":"to","start":1942.75,"end":1942.83},{"text":"the","start":1942.83,"end":1942.91},{"text":"laws.","start":1942.91,"end":1943.47}]},{"text":"as it is vague and undefined.","start":1944.07,"end":1946.31,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"as","start":1944.07,"end":1944.23},{"text":"it","start":1944.23,"end":1944.39},{"text":"is","start":1944.39,"end":1944.63},{"text":"vague","start":1944.63,"end":1945.03},{"text":"and","start":1945.19,"end":1945.51},{"text":"undefined.","start":1945.51,"end":1946.31}]},{"text":"Without a clear and agreed definition, states may interpret appropriate context differently, potentially justifying varying and even minimal levels of human involvement.","start":1946.71,"end":1957.59,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Without","start":1946.71,"end":1947.19},{"text":"a","start":1947.19,"end":1947.23},{"text":"clear","start":1947.23,"end":1947.71},{"text":"and","start":1947.71,"end":1947.87},{"text":"agreed","start":1947.87,"end":1948.27},{"text":"definition,","start":1948.27,"end":1948.87},{"text":"states","start":1948.87,"end":1949.35},{"text":"may","start":1949.35,"end":1949.59},{"text":"interpret","start":1949.59,"end":1950.39},{"text":"appropriate","start":1950.39,"end":1951.03},{"text":"context","start":1951.03,"end":1951.51},{"text":"differently,","start":1951.51,"end":1952.15},{"text":"potentially","start":1952.39,"end":1953.03},{"text":"justifying","start":1953.03,"end":1953.91},{"text":"varying","start":1953.99,"end":1954.63},{"text":"and","start":1954.63,"end":1954.87},{"text":"even","start":1954.87,"end":1955.19},{"text":"minimal","start":1955.19,"end":1955.79},{"text":"levels","start":1955.79,"end":1956.23},{"text":"of","start":1956.23,"end":1956.39},{"text":"human","start":1956.39,"end":1956.87},{"text":"involvement.","start":1956.87,"end":1957.59}]},{"text":"Such ambiguity risks lowering the standards of human control and could result in decision to select and engage targets being delegated to machines without sufficient human oversight.","start":1958.31,"end":1971.83,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":1958.31,"end":1958.63},{"text":"ambiguity","start":1958.63,"end":1959.43},{"text":"risks","start":1959.43,"end":1959.99},{"text":"lowering","start":1959.99,"end":1960.87},{"text":"the","start":1960.87,"end":1960.99},{"text":"standards","start":1960.99,"end":1961.51},{"text":"of","start":1961.51,"end":1961.75},{"text":"human","start":1961.75,"end":1962.07},{"text":"control","start":1962.07,"end":1962.63},{"text":"and","start":1962.87,"end":1963.03},{"text":"could","start":1963.03,"end":1963.27},{"text":"result","start":1963.27,"end":1963.75},{"text":"in","start":1963.75,"end":1963.91},{"text":"decision","start":1963.91,"end":1964.39},{"text":"to","start":1964.39,"end":1964.47},{"text":"select","start":1964.47,"end":1965.11},{"text":"and","start":1965.43,"end":1965.83},{"text":"engage","start":1965.83,"end":1966.47},{"text":"targets","start":1966.47,"end":1967.03},{"text":"being","start":1967.03,"end":1967.51},{"text":"delegated","start":1967.99,"end":1968.71},{"text":"to","start":1968.71,"end":1968.79},{"text":"machines","start":1968.79,"end":1969.43},{"text":"without","start":1969.43,"end":1969.83},{"text":"sufficient","start":1969.83,"end":1970.51},{"text":"human","start":1970.63,"end":1971.03},{"text":"oversight.","start":1971.11,"end":1971.83}]},{"text":"This would undermine the ability to ensure compliance with the key principles of IHL, such as distinction, proportionality, and precaution, and weaken accountability in cases where violations occur.","start":1972.91,"end":1987.63,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1972.91,"end":1973.23},{"text":"would","start":1973.23,"end":1973.47},{"text":"undermine","start":1973.47,"end":1974.03},{"text":"the","start":1974.03,"end":1974.15},{"text":"ability","start":1974.15,"end":1974.67},{"text":"to","start":1974.67,"end":1974.79},{"text":"ensure","start":1974.79,"end":1975.15},{"text":"compliance","start":1975.15,"end":1975.83},{"text":"with","start":1975.83,"end":1975.99},{"text":"the","start":1975.99,"end":1976.11},{"text":"key","start":1976.11,"end":1976.35},{"text":"principles","start":1976.35,"end":1977.15},{"text":"of","start":1977.15,"end":1977.31},{"text":"IHL,","start":1977.31,"end":1977.95},{"text":"such","start":1978.27,"end":1978.59},{"text":"as","start":1978.59,"end":1978.83},{"text":"distinction,","start":1978.83,"end":1979.63},{"text":"proportionality,","start":1979.95,"end":1982.03},{"text":"and","start":1982.03,"end":1982.35},{"text":"precaution,","start":1982.39,"end":1983.07},{"text":"and","start":1983.47,"end":1983.75},{"text":"weaken","start":1983.75,"end":1984.19},{"text":"accountability","start":1984.19,"end":1985.15},{"text":"in","start":1985.15,"end":1985.31},{"text":"cases","start":1985.31,"end":1985.71},{"text":"where","start":1985.71,"end":1986.11},{"text":"violations","start":1986.11,"end":1986.75},{"text":"occur.","start":1986.75,"end":1987.63}]},{"text":"In the specific case of laws where autonomy is the critical function of selecting and engaging targets is at stake, it is essential to establish a robust, precise, and enforceable standards for human control.","start":1988.43,"end":2004.43,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1988.43,"end":1988.59},{"text":"the","start":1988.59,"end":1988.67},{"text":"specific","start":1988.67,"end":1989.23},{"text":"case","start":1989.23,"end":1989.47},{"text":"of","start":1989.47,"end":1989.59},{"text":"laws","start":1989.59,"end":1990.11},{"text":"where","start":1990.35,"end":1990.71},{"text":"autonomy","start":1990.71,"end":1991.15},{"text":"is","start":1991.15,"end":1991.39},{"text":"the","start":1991.39,"end":1991.55},{"text":"critical","start":1991.55,"end":1992.19},{"text":"function","start":1992.19,"end":1992.83},{"text":"of","start":1992.83,"end":1992.99},{"text":"selecting","start":1992.99,"end":1993.51},{"text":"and","start":1993.51,"end":1993.71},{"text":"engaging","start":1993.71,"end":1994.27},{"text":"targets","start":1994.27,"end":1994.83},{"text":"is","start":1995.31,"end":1995.55},{"text":"at","start":1995.71,"end":1995.95},{"text":"stake,","start":1995.95,"end":1996.43},{"text":"it","start":1996.83,"end":1996.99},{"text":"is","start":1996.99,"end":1997.23},{"text":"essential","start":1997.31,"end":1997.95},{"text":"to","start":1997.95,"end":1998.11},{"text":"establish","start":1998.11,"end":1998.67},{"text":"a","start":1998.67,"end":1998.71},{"text":"robust,","start":1998.71,"end":1999.71},{"text":"precise,","start":2000.15,"end":2000.83},{"text":"and","start":2000.91,"end":2001.31},{"text":"enforceable","start":2001.95,"end":2002.83},{"text":"standards","start":2002.83,"end":2003.51},{"text":"for","start":2003.51,"end":2003.71},{"text":"human","start":2003.71,"end":2003.99},{"text":"control.","start":2003.99,"end":2004.43}]},{"text":"For this reason, we believe that reference to human control should avoid vague qualifiers and instead emphasize the need for meaningful, direct, and effective human judgment at all stages of the use of laws.","start":2004.83,"end":2018.27,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2004.83,"end":2005.07},{"text":"this","start":2005.07,"end":2005.31},{"text":"reason,","start":2005.31,"end":2005.71},{"text":"we","start":2005.71,"end":2005.79},{"text":"believe","start":2005.79,"end":2006.19},{"text":"that","start":2006.19,"end":2006.43},{"text":"reference","start":2006.43,"end":2006.99},{"text":"to","start":2006.99,"end":2007.07},{"text":"human","start":2007.07,"end":2007.39},{"text":"control","start":2007.39,"end":2007.87},{"text":"should","start":2007.87,"end":2008.11},{"text":"avoid","start":2008.11,"end":2008.67},{"text":"vague","start":2008.67,"end":2009.07},{"text":"qualifiers","start":2009.07,"end":2010.03},{"text":"and","start":2010.27,"end":2010.51},{"text":"instead","start":2010.51,"end":2010.99},{"text":"emphasize","start":2010.99,"end":2011.71},{"text":"the","start":2011.71,"end":2011.79},{"text":"need","start":2011.79,"end":2012.07},{"text":"for","start":2012.07,"end":2012.35},{"text":"meaningful,","start":2012.35,"end":2013.07},{"text":"direct,","start":2013.39,"end":2014.03},{"text":"and","start":2014.03,"end":2014.27},{"text":"effective","start":2014.27,"end":2014.83},{"text":"human","start":2014.83,"end":2015.15},{"text":"judgment","start":2015.15,"end":2015.71},{"text":"at","start":2015.71,"end":2015.87},{"text":"all","start":2015.87,"end":2016.03},{"text":"stages","start":2016.03,"end":2016.75},{"text":"of","start":2016.91,"end":2017.23},{"text":"the","start":2017.23,"end":2017.31},{"text":"use","start":2017.31,"end":2017.63},{"text":"of","start":2017.63,"end":2017.87},{"text":"laws.","start":2017.87,"end":2018.27}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":2018.67,"end":2019.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2018.67,"end":2018.83},{"text":"thank","start":2018.83,"end":2019.15},{"text":"you.","start":2019.15,"end":2019.23}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"DZA","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Algeria"}},{"statement_number":25,"start":2028.97,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=33:49","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Algeria, next on my list is Panama, to be followed by Switzerland and the ICRC.","start":2028.97,"end":2037.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2028.97,"end":2029.13},{"text":"thank","start":2029.13,"end":2029.41},{"text":"the","start":2029.41,"end":2029.49},{"text":"distinguished","start":2029.49,"end":2030.01},{"text":"representative","start":2030.01,"end":2030.69},{"text":"of","start":2030.77,"end":2030.89},{"text":"Algeria,","start":2031.31,"end":2031.91},{"text":"next","start":2031.91,"end":2032.31},{"text":"on","start":2032.31,"end":2032.39},{"text":"my","start":2032.39,"end":2032.55},{"text":"list","start":2032.55,"end":2033.03},{"text":"is","start":2033.03,"end":2033.35},{"text":"Panama,","start":2033.51,"end":2033.99},{"text":"to","start":2033.99,"end":2034.07},{"text":"be","start":2034.63,"end":2034.79},{"text":"followed","start":2034.79,"end":2035.15},{"text":"by","start":2035.15,"end":2035.27},{"text":"Switzerland","start":2035.27,"end":2035.91},{"text":"and","start":2036.23,"end":2036.55},{"text":"the","start":2036.59,"end":2036.67},{"text":"ICRC.","start":2036.71,"end":2037.59}]},{"text":"Uh, let me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Panama.","start":2038.07,"end":2041.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Uh,","start":2038.07,"end":2038.11},{"text":"let","start":2038.11,"end":2038.23},{"text":"me","start":2038.23,"end":2038.35},{"text":"now","start":2038.35,"end":2038.47},{"text":"pass","start":2038.47,"end":2038.71},{"text":"the","start":2038.71,"end":2038.79},{"text":"floor","start":2038.79,"end":2039.03},{"text":"to","start":2039.03,"end":2039.19},{"text":"the","start":2039.19,"end":2039.27},{"text":"distinguished","start":2039.27,"end":2039.79},{"text":"representative","start":2039.79,"end":2040.63},{"text":"of","start":2040.63,"end":2040.71},{"text":"Panama.","start":2040.71,"end":2041.27}]},{"text":"Adam, you have the floor.","start":2041.43,"end":2042.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Adam,","start":2041.43,"end":2041.71},{"text":"you","start":2041.71,"end":2041.79},{"text":"have","start":2041.79,"end":2041.91},{"text":"the","start":2041.91,"end":2041.99},{"text":"floor.","start":2041.99,"end":2042.23}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":26,"start":2044.95,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=34:05","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chairperson.","start":2044.95,"end":2046.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2044.95,"end":2045.27},{"text":"you","start":2045.27,"end":2045.35},{"text":"very","start":2045.35,"end":2045.51},{"text":"much,","start":2045.51,"end":2045.87},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":2045.87,"end":2046.63}]},{"text":"My delegation, generally speaking, supports box 2 as it has been presented in this revised version of the running text.","start":2048.47,"end":2057.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2048.47,"end":2048.63},{"text":"delegation,","start":2048.63,"end":2049.35},{"text":"generally","start":2049.35,"end":2049.83},{"text":"speaking,","start":2049.83,"end":2050.63},{"text":"supports","start":2050.63,"end":2051.83},{"text":"box","start":2051.99,"end":2052.39},{"text":"2","start":2052.39,"end":2052.87},{"text":"as","start":2052.95,"end":2053.35},{"text":"it","start":2053.35,"end":2053.59},{"text":"has","start":2053.59,"end":2053.83},{"text":"been","start":2053.83,"end":2054.39},{"text":"presented","start":2054.47,"end":2055.03},{"text":"in","start":2055.03,"end":2055.19},{"text":"this","start":2055.19,"end":2055.51},{"text":"revised","start":2055.51,"end":2055.99},{"text":"version","start":2055.99,"end":2056.35},{"text":"of","start":2056.35,"end":2056.43},{"text":"the","start":2056.43,"end":2056.51},{"text":"running","start":2056.51,"end":2056.79},{"text":"text.","start":2056.79,"end":2057.51}]},{"text":"Specifically, we appreciate the retention of a reference to the Martens Clause in paragraph 4.","start":2058.67,"end":2065.23,"topics":[{"key":"martens-clause-ethics","label":"Martens Clause and Ethical Considerations","description":"Multiple delegations emphasized the importance of the Martens Clause and broader ethical concerns in addressing autonomous weapons. They linked the issue to humanity, public conscience, and the need to preserve human moral judgment in the use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"Specifically,","start":2058.67,"end":2059.63},{"text":"we","start":2059.63,"end":2059.79},{"text":"appreciate","start":2059.79,"end":2060.43},{"text":"the","start":2060.43,"end":2060.55},{"text":"retention","start":2060.55,"end":2061.47},{"text":"of","start":2061.47,"end":2061.79},{"text":"a","start":2061.87,"end":2061.91},{"text":"reference","start":2061.91,"end":2062.75},{"text":"to","start":2062.83,"end":2063.15},{"text":"the","start":2063.15,"end":2063.35},{"text":"Martens","start":2063.35,"end":2063.71},{"text":"Clause","start":2063.71,"end":2064.03},{"text":"in","start":2064.03,"end":2064.19},{"text":"paragraph","start":2064.19,"end":2064.79},{"text":"4.","start":2064.79,"end":2065.23}]},{"text":"With regard to paragraph 5, we support the comments made by Austria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Brazil, Colombia, Ireland and the Stop Killer Robots Campaign.","start":2067.07,"end":2081.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":2067.07,"end":2067.23},{"text":"regard","start":2067.23,"end":2067.51},{"text":"to","start":2067.51,"end":2067.59},{"text":"paragraph","start":2067.59,"end":2068.15},{"text":"5,","start":2068.15,"end":2068.59},{"text":"we","start":2069.71,"end":2069.91},{"text":"support","start":2069.91,"end":2070.51},{"text":"the","start":2070.59,"end":2070.75},{"text":"comments","start":2070.75,"end":2071.23},{"text":"made","start":2071.23,"end":2071.43},{"text":"by","start":2071.43,"end":2071.79},{"text":"Austria,","start":2071.95,"end":2072.43},{"text":"Pakistan,","start":2072.43,"end":2073.47},{"text":"the","start":2074.43,"end":2074.55},{"text":"Philippines,","start":2074.59,"end":2075.71},{"text":"Brazil,","start":2076.11,"end":2076.75},{"text":"Colombia,","start":2076.75,"end":2077.31},{"text":"Ireland","start":2077.31,"end":2078.03},{"text":"and","start":2079.47,"end":2079.79},{"text":"the","start":2079.79,"end":2079.95},{"text":"Stop","start":2080.03,"end":2080.35},{"text":"Killer","start":2080.35,"end":2080.59},{"text":"Robots","start":2080.59,"end":2080.91},{"text":"Campaign.","start":2080.91,"end":2081.47}]},{"text":"As is well known, throughout this discussion, my delegation has always supported a reference to meaningful human control.","start":2082.87,"end":2090.47,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":2082.87,"end":2083.11},{"text":"is","start":2083.11,"end":2083.19},{"text":"well","start":2083.19,"end":2083.39},{"text":"known,","start":2083.39,"end":2083.99},{"text":"throughout","start":2083.99,"end":2084.35},{"text":"this","start":2084.35,"end":2084.51},{"text":"discussion,","start":2084.51,"end":2085.03},{"text":"my","start":2085.03,"end":2085.15},{"text":"delegation","start":2085.15,"end":2085.83},{"text":"has","start":2085.83,"end":2086.23},{"text":"always","start":2086.23,"end":2086.87},{"text":"supported","start":2086.87,"end":2087.67},{"text":"a","start":2087.75,"end":2087.79},{"text":"reference","start":2087.91,"end":2088.55},{"text":"to","start":2088.55,"end":2088.75},{"text":"meaningful","start":2088.87,"end":2089.43},{"text":"human","start":2089.43,"end":2089.75},{"text":"control.","start":2089.75,"end":2090.47}]},{"text":"Although we understand that we are in a phase where we are trying to find convergence and need to demonstrate the greatest possible flexibility, we can support this wording on context-appropriate human judgment and control.","start":2091.35,"end":2109.35,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Although","start":2091.35,"end":2091.67},{"text":"we","start":2091.67,"end":2091.87},{"text":"understand","start":2091.87,"end":2092.79},{"text":"that","start":2092.87,"end":2093.19},{"text":"we","start":2093.19,"end":2093.59},{"text":"are","start":2093.67,"end":2093.99},{"text":"in","start":2094.07,"end":2094.35},{"text":"a","start":2094.35,"end":2094.39},{"text":"phase","start":2094.39,"end":2095.15},{"text":"where","start":2095.15,"end":2095.59},{"text":"we","start":2095.91,"end":2096.39},{"text":"are","start":2096.39,"end":2096.47},{"text":"trying","start":2097.51,"end":2097.91},{"text":"to","start":2097.91,"end":2098.11},{"text":"find","start":2098.11,"end":2098.35},{"text":"convergence","start":2098.35,"end":2098.95},{"text":"and","start":2098.95,"end":2099.07},{"text":"need","start":2099.07,"end":2099.23},{"text":"to","start":2099.23,"end":2099.31},{"text":"demonstrate","start":2099.31,"end":2099.83},{"text":"the","start":2099.83,"end":2099.91},{"text":"greatest","start":2099.91,"end":2100.31},{"text":"possible","start":2100.31,"end":2100.71},{"text":"flexibility,","start":2100.71,"end":2101.67},{"text":"we","start":2102.79,"end":2103.03},{"text":"can","start":2103.03,"end":2103.35},{"text":"support","start":2103.35,"end":2104.07},{"text":"this","start":2104.87,"end":2105.43},{"text":"wording","start":2105.67,"end":2106.39},{"text":"on","start":2106.39,"end":2106.63},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":2106.63,"end":2107.83},{"text":"human","start":2107.83,"end":2108.15},{"text":"judgment","start":2108.15,"end":2108.55},{"text":"and","start":2108.55,"end":2108.67},{"text":"control.","start":2108.67,"end":2109.35}]},{"text":"We are very grateful to the Presidency for the presentation of the background paper, as well as working paper 4 on the human element presented by a group of countries, which we think further clarifies this concept to make it acceptable for our delegation.","start":2112.55,"end":2131.51,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2112.55,"end":2112.67},{"text":"are","start":2112.67,"end":2112.75},{"text":"very","start":2112.75,"end":2112.91},{"text":"grateful","start":2112.91,"end":2113.67},{"text":"to","start":2114.63,"end":2114.79},{"text":"the","start":2114.79,"end":2114.95},{"text":"Presidency","start":2114.95,"end":2115.83},{"text":"for","start":2115.83,"end":2115.99},{"text":"the","start":2115.99,"end":2116.07},{"text":"presentation","start":2116.07,"end":2116.59},{"text":"of","start":2116.59,"end":2116.67},{"text":"the","start":2116.67,"end":2116.79},{"text":"background","start":2116.79,"end":2117.35},{"text":"paper,","start":2117.59,"end":2118.07},{"text":"as","start":2118.07,"end":2118.15},{"text":"well","start":2118.15,"end":2118.39},{"text":"as","start":2118.43,"end":2118.63},{"text":"working","start":2118.63,"end":2118.95},{"text":"paper","start":2118.95,"end":2119.27},{"text":"4","start":2119.27,"end":2119.55},{"text":"on","start":2119.55,"end":2119.75},{"text":"the","start":2119.75,"end":2119.83},{"text":"human","start":2119.83,"end":2120.27},{"text":"element","start":2120.27,"end":2120.63},{"text":"presented","start":2120.63,"end":2121.15},{"text":"by","start":2121.15,"end":2121.31},{"text":"a","start":2121.31,"end":2121.35},{"text":"group","start":2121.35,"end":2121.63},{"text":"of","start":2121.63,"end":2121.75},{"text":"countries,","start":2121.75,"end":2122.71},{"text":"which","start":2124.23,"end":2124.71},{"text":"we","start":2124.71,"end":2124.95},{"text":"think","start":2124.95,"end":2125.43},{"text":"further","start":2125.59,"end":2126.07},{"text":"clarifies","start":2126.07,"end":2127.11},{"text":"this","start":2127.99,"end":2128.23},{"text":"concept","start":2128.23,"end":2129.19},{"text":"to","start":2129.19,"end":2129.27},{"text":"make","start":2129.27,"end":2129.59},{"text":"it","start":2129.59,"end":2129.83},{"text":"acceptable","start":2129.83,"end":2130.51},{"text":"for","start":2130.51,"end":2130.63},{"text":"our","start":2130.63,"end":2130.71},{"text":"delegation.","start":2130.71,"end":2131.51}]},{"text":"It is important that this reference is retained so that it is made clear that control must relate to the impact of weapons systems and that it be in line with the requirements of IHL.","start":2131.91,"end":2146.31,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2131.91,"end":2132.03},{"text":"is","start":2132.03,"end":2132.15},{"text":"important","start":2132.15,"end":2132.95},{"text":"that","start":2132.95,"end":2133.11},{"text":"this","start":2133.11,"end":2133.27},{"text":"reference","start":2133.27,"end":2133.83},{"text":"is","start":2133.83,"end":2133.99},{"text":"retained","start":2133.99,"end":2134.63},{"text":"so","start":2134.63,"end":2134.79},{"text":"that","start":2134.79,"end":2134.95},{"text":"it","start":2134.95,"end":2135.11},{"text":"is","start":2135.11,"end":2135.27},{"text":"made","start":2135.27,"end":2135.43},{"text":"clear","start":2135.43,"end":2135.99},{"text":"that","start":2135.99,"end":2136.47},{"text":"control","start":2136.71,"end":2137.51},{"text":"must","start":2138.07,"end":2138.47},{"text":"relate","start":2138.47,"end":2138.99},{"text":"to","start":2138.99,"end":2139.07},{"text":"the","start":2139.07,"end":2139.31},{"text":"impact","start":2139.35,"end":2140.15},{"text":"of","start":2140.19,"end":2140.31},{"text":"weapons","start":2140.31,"end":2140.83},{"text":"systems","start":2140.83,"end":2141.67},{"text":"and","start":2142.63,"end":2143.03},{"text":"that","start":2143.35,"end":2143.67},{"text":"it","start":2143.67,"end":2143.83},{"text":"be","start":2143.83,"end":2143.99},{"text":"in","start":2143.99,"end":2144.23},{"text":"line","start":2144.23,"end":2144.47},{"text":"with","start":2144.47,"end":2144.59},{"text":"the","start":2144.59,"end":2144.67},{"text":"requirements","start":2144.67,"end":2145.31},{"text":"of","start":2145.31,"end":2145.43},{"text":"IHL.","start":2145.43,"end":2146.31}]},{"text":"We also believe it's important that this paragraph is retained as drafted in box 2, and we agree with Pakistan's explanation that here, referring to judgment and control, we're dealing with two distinct, mutually complementary concepts.","start":2148.07,"end":2169.27,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2148.07,"end":2148.27},{"text":"also","start":2148.27,"end":2148.59},{"text":"believe","start":2148.59,"end":2148.91},{"text":"it's","start":2148.91,"end":2149.15},{"text":"important","start":2149.15,"end":2149.87},{"text":"that","start":2149.87,"end":2150.15},{"text":"this","start":2150.15,"end":2150.39},{"text":"paragraph","start":2150.39,"end":2151.03},{"text":"is","start":2151.03,"end":2151.51},{"text":"retained","start":2151.51,"end":2152.07},{"text":"as","start":2152.07,"end":2152.31},{"text":"drafted","start":2152.31,"end":2153.27},{"text":"in","start":2153.75,"end":2153.99},{"text":"box","start":2153.99,"end":2154.39},{"text":"2,","start":2154.39,"end":2155.03},{"text":"and","start":2156.79,"end":2157.11},{"text":"we","start":2157.19,"end":2157.35},{"text":"agree","start":2157.35,"end":2157.59},{"text":"with","start":2157.59,"end":2157.71},{"text":"Pakistan's","start":2157.71,"end":2158.55},{"text":"explanation","start":2158.55,"end":2159.59},{"text":"that","start":2161.35,"end":2161.55},{"text":"here,","start":2161.55,"end":2161.79},{"text":"referring","start":2161.99,"end":2162.71},{"text":"to","start":2162.71,"end":2162.95},{"text":"judgment","start":2163.11,"end":2163.75},{"text":"and","start":2163.75,"end":2163.91},{"text":"control,","start":2163.91,"end":2164.55},{"text":"we're","start":2164.55,"end":2164.75},{"text":"dealing","start":2164.75,"end":2164.99},{"text":"with","start":2164.99,"end":2165.11},{"text":"two","start":2165.11,"end":2165.35},{"text":"distinct,","start":2165.35,"end":2166.47},{"text":"mutually","start":2167.03,"end":2167.59},{"text":"complementary","start":2167.59,"end":2168.31},{"text":"concepts.","start":2168.31,"end":2169.27}]},{"text":"With all of this, we would be in a position to support also the suggestion made by Bangladesh to include a reference to accountability in this section.","start":2172.75,"end":2180.67,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":2172.75,"end":2172.99},{"text":"all","start":2172.99,"end":2173.11},{"text":"of","start":2173.11,"end":2173.19},{"text":"this,","start":2173.19,"end":2173.47},{"text":"we","start":2173.47,"end":2173.63},{"text":"would","start":2173.63,"end":2173.79},{"text":"be","start":2173.79,"end":2173.91},{"text":"in","start":2173.91,"end":2173.99},{"text":"a","start":2173.99,"end":2174.03},{"text":"position","start":2174.03,"end":2174.51},{"text":"to","start":2174.51,"end":2174.63},{"text":"support","start":2174.63,"end":2175.15},{"text":"also","start":2175.15,"end":2175.63},{"text":"the","start":2175.63,"end":2175.83},{"text":"suggestion","start":2175.83,"end":2176.43},{"text":"made","start":2176.43,"end":2176.59},{"text":"by","start":2176.59,"end":2176.75},{"text":"Bangladesh","start":2176.75,"end":2177.31},{"text":"to","start":2177.31,"end":2177.51},{"text":"include","start":2177.51,"end":2178.19},{"text":"a","start":2178.19,"end":2178.23},{"text":"reference","start":2178.23,"end":2178.91},{"text":"to","start":2178.91,"end":2179.15},{"text":"accountability","start":2179.15,"end":2179.91},{"text":"in","start":2179.91,"end":2180.03},{"text":"this","start":2180.03,"end":2180.23},{"text":"section.","start":2180.23,"end":2180.67}]},{"text":"Thank you very much, Chair.","start":2181.07,"end":2182.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2181.07,"end":2181.31},{"text":"you","start":2181.31,"end":2181.39},{"text":"very","start":2181.39,"end":2181.59},{"text":"much,","start":2181.59,"end":2181.91},{"text":"Chair.","start":2181.91,"end":2182.19}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"PAN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Panama"}},{"statement_number":27,"start":2185.71,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=36:26","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Panama.","start":2185.71,"end":2188.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2185.71,"end":2185.87},{"text":"thank","start":2185.87,"end":2186.07},{"text":"the","start":2186.07,"end":2186.15},{"text":"distinguished","start":2186.15,"end":2186.67},{"text":"representative","start":2186.67,"end":2187.47},{"text":"of","start":2187.47,"end":2187.55},{"text":"Panama.","start":2187.55,"end":2188.11}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Switzerland, to be followed by the ICRC and Samoa.","start":2188.59,"end":2192.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":2188.59,"end":2188.99},{"text":"on","start":2188.99,"end":2189.07},{"text":"my","start":2189.07,"end":2189.15},{"text":"list","start":2189.15,"end":2189.47},{"text":"is","start":2189.47,"end":2189.55},{"text":"Switzerland,","start":2189.55,"end":2190.03},{"text":"to","start":2190.03,"end":2190.11},{"text":"be","start":2190.11,"end":2190.27},{"text":"followed","start":2190.27,"end":2190.51},{"text":"by","start":2190.51,"end":2190.59},{"text":"the","start":2190.59,"end":2190.71},{"text":"ICRC","start":2190.71,"end":2191.35},{"text":"and","start":2191.35,"end":2191.63},{"text":"Samoa.","start":2191.63,"end":2192.35}]},{"text":"I now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Switzerland.","start":2193.39,"end":2196.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2193.39,"end":2193.47},{"text":"now","start":2193.47,"end":2193.71},{"text":"pass","start":2193.71,"end":2194.03},{"text":"the","start":2194.03,"end":2194.11},{"text":"floor","start":2194.11,"end":2194.35},{"text":"to","start":2194.35,"end":2194.47},{"text":"the","start":2194.47,"end":2194.55},{"text":"distinguished","start":2194.55,"end":2195.07},{"text":"representative","start":2195.07,"end":2195.63},{"text":"of","start":2195.63,"end":2195.71},{"text":"Switzerland.","start":2195.71,"end":2196.27}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":28,"start":2199.35,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=36:40","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair, and good morning.","start":2199.35,"end":2201.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2199.35,"end":2199.55},{"text":"you,","start":2199.55,"end":2199.63},{"text":"Mr.","start":2199.63,"end":2199.91},{"text":"Chair,","start":2199.91,"end":2200.39},{"text":"and","start":2200.55,"end":2200.67},{"text":"good","start":2200.67,"end":2200.87},{"text":"morning.","start":2200.87,"end":2201.51}]},{"text":"We have no particular comments on paragraph 1 to 3, other than we support them, including the statement that IHL applies during armed conflicts and governs weapons, means, and methods of warfare of the past, present, and future.","start":2202.31,"end":2220.07,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2202.31,"end":2202.59},{"text":"have","start":2202.59,"end":2202.95},{"text":"no","start":2203.75,"end":2203.99},{"text":"particular","start":2203.99,"end":2204.63},{"text":"comments","start":2204.63,"end":2205.27},{"text":"on","start":2205.27,"end":2205.83},{"text":"paragraph","start":2206.55,"end":2207.19},{"text":"1","start":2207.59,"end":2207.99},{"text":"to","start":2207.99,"end":2208.15},{"text":"3,","start":2208.15,"end":2208.63},{"text":"other","start":2208.63,"end":2208.95},{"text":"than","start":2208.95,"end":2209.35},{"text":"we","start":2209.67,"end":2209.83},{"text":"support","start":2209.83,"end":2210.27},{"text":"them,","start":2210.27,"end":2210.47},{"text":"including","start":2210.47,"end":2211.35},{"text":"the","start":2211.35,"end":2211.43},{"text":"statement","start":2211.43,"end":2212.11},{"text":"that","start":2212.11,"end":2212.31},{"text":"IHL","start":2212.79,"end":2213.35},{"text":"applies","start":2213.35,"end":2213.91},{"text":"during","start":2214.15,"end":2214.51},{"text":"armed","start":2214.51,"end":2214.67},{"text":"conflicts","start":2214.67,"end":2215.19},{"text":"and","start":2215.19,"end":2215.35},{"text":"governs","start":2215.35,"end":2215.75},{"text":"weapons,","start":2215.75,"end":2216.31},{"text":"means,","start":2216.31,"end":2216.75},{"text":"and","start":2216.75,"end":2216.87},{"text":"methods","start":2216.87,"end":2217.23},{"text":"of","start":2217.23,"end":2217.35},{"text":"warfare","start":2217.35,"end":2217.79},{"text":"of","start":2217.79,"end":2217.91},{"text":"the","start":2217.91,"end":2217.99},{"text":"past,","start":2217.99,"end":2218.47},{"text":"present,","start":2218.47,"end":2218.91},{"text":"and","start":2219.47,"end":2219.59},{"text":"future.","start":2219.59,"end":2220.07}]},{"text":"So we turn straight to paragraph 5.","start":2220.79,"end":2222.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2220.79,"end":2220.95},{"text":"we","start":2220.95,"end":2221.03},{"text":"turn","start":2221.03,"end":2221.51},{"text":"straight","start":2221.51,"end":2221.83},{"text":"to","start":2221.83,"end":2221.91},{"text":"paragraph","start":2221.91,"end":2222.51},{"text":"5.","start":2222.51,"end":2222.95}]},{"text":"One of our overall goals for this week must be to advance work on an agreement on, uh, and the qualification of control and judgment as this is essential for the adoption of a consensus report.","start":2224.47,"end":2235.99,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"One","start":2224.47,"end":2224.71},{"text":"of","start":2224.71,"end":2224.87},{"text":"our","start":2224.87,"end":2225.19},{"text":"overall","start":2225.27,"end":2225.75},{"text":"goals","start":2225.75,"end":2226.31},{"text":"for","start":2226.31,"end":2226.43},{"text":"this","start":2226.43,"end":2226.63},{"text":"week","start":2226.63,"end":2226.87},{"text":"must","start":2226.87,"end":2227.11},{"text":"be","start":2227.11,"end":2227.27},{"text":"to","start":2227.27,"end":2227.39},{"text":"advance","start":2227.39,"end":2227.91},{"text":"work","start":2227.91,"end":2228.39},{"text":"on","start":2228.39,"end":2228.51},{"text":"an","start":2228.51,"end":2228.63},{"text":"agreement","start":2228.63,"end":2229.11},{"text":"on,","start":2229.11,"end":2229.59},{"text":"uh,","start":2229.75,"end":2229.79},{"text":"and","start":2229.79,"end":2230.11},{"text":"the","start":2230.11,"end":2230.19},{"text":"qualification","start":2230.19,"end":2230.95},{"text":"of","start":2230.95,"end":2231.35},{"text":"control","start":2231.35,"end":2231.91},{"text":"and","start":2231.91,"end":2232.07},{"text":"judgment","start":2232.07,"end":2232.63},{"text":"as","start":2232.63,"end":2232.79},{"text":"this","start":2232.79,"end":2233.03},{"text":"is","start":2233.03,"end":2233.19},{"text":"essential","start":2233.19,"end":2233.67},{"text":"for","start":2233.67,"end":2233.87},{"text":"the","start":2233.87,"end":2233.95},{"text":"adoption","start":2233.95,"end":2234.39},{"text":"of","start":2234.39,"end":2234.47},{"text":"a","start":2234.47,"end":2234.63},{"text":"consensus","start":2234.79,"end":2235.43},{"text":"report.","start":2235.43,"end":2235.99}]},{"text":"We listened, uh, carefully to the interventions yesterday and today on this topic, and we continue to support the formulation context appropriate human judgment and control is needed.","start":2236.63,"end":2247.67,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2236.63,"end":2236.79},{"text":"listened,","start":2236.79,"end":2237.19},{"text":"uh,","start":2237.59,"end":2237.67},{"text":"carefully","start":2237.67,"end":2238.15},{"text":"to","start":2238.15,"end":2238.47},{"text":"the","start":2238.47,"end":2238.67},{"text":"interventions","start":2238.67,"end":2239.67},{"text":"yesterday","start":2239.67,"end":2240.11},{"text":"and","start":2240.11,"end":2240.27},{"text":"today","start":2240.27,"end":2240.71},{"text":"on","start":2241.11,"end":2241.27},{"text":"this","start":2241.27,"end":2241.59},{"text":"topic,","start":2241.59,"end":2242.11},{"text":"and","start":2242.11,"end":2242.27},{"text":"we","start":2242.27,"end":2242.39},{"text":"continue","start":2242.39,"end":2242.87},{"text":"to","start":2242.87,"end":2243.03},{"text":"support","start":2243.03,"end":2243.59},{"text":"the","start":2243.59,"end":2243.67},{"text":"formulation","start":2243.67,"end":2244.47},{"text":"context","start":2244.47,"end":2244.87},{"text":"appropriate","start":2244.87,"end":2245.39},{"text":"human","start":2245.39,"end":2245.67},{"text":"judgment","start":2245.67,"end":2246.15},{"text":"and","start":2246.15,"end":2246.31},{"text":"control","start":2246.31,"end":2246.87},{"text":"is","start":2246.87,"end":2247.11},{"text":"needed.","start":2247.11,"end":2247.67}]},{"text":"And at this stage, we also still are of the view that such a notion should have a place in box two.","start":2248.51,"end":2255.31,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2248.51,"end":2248.71},{"text":"at","start":2248.71,"end":2248.79},{"text":"this","start":2248.79,"end":2248.95},{"text":"stage,","start":2248.95,"end":2249.39},{"text":"we","start":2249.39,"end":2249.55},{"text":"also","start":2249.55,"end":2250.19},{"text":"still","start":2250.19,"end":2250.59},{"text":"are","start":2250.83,"end":2251.07},{"text":"of","start":2251.07,"end":2251.27},{"text":"the","start":2251.27,"end":2251.39},{"text":"view","start":2251.39,"end":2251.71},{"text":"that","start":2251.71,"end":2251.87},{"text":"such","start":2251.87,"end":2252.19},{"text":"a","start":2252.19,"end":2252.23},{"text":"notion","start":2252.23,"end":2252.75},{"text":"should","start":2252.75,"end":2252.99},{"text":"have","start":2252.99,"end":2253.27},{"text":"a","start":2253.27,"end":2253.31},{"text":"place","start":2253.31,"end":2253.95},{"text":"in","start":2253.95,"end":2254.35},{"text":"box","start":2254.35,"end":2254.91},{"text":"two.","start":2254.99,"end":2255.31}]},{"text":"In our view, the combination of the terms judgment and control complement each other and are equally important.","start":2256.19,"end":2264.11,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2256.19,"end":2256.43},{"text":"our","start":2256.43,"end":2256.59},{"text":"view,","start":2256.59,"end":2256.91},{"text":"the","start":2257.47,"end":2257.59},{"text":"combination","start":2257.59,"end":2258.27},{"text":"of","start":2258.27,"end":2258.35},{"text":"the","start":2258.35,"end":2258.47},{"text":"terms","start":2258.47,"end":2258.99},{"text":"judgment","start":2259.63,"end":2260.07},{"text":"and","start":2260.07,"end":2260.19},{"text":"control","start":2260.19,"end":2260.83},{"text":"complement","start":2260.83,"end":2261.55},{"text":"each","start":2261.55,"end":2261.79},{"text":"other","start":2261.79,"end":2262.11},{"text":"and","start":2262.11,"end":2262.35},{"text":"are","start":2262.35,"end":2262.67},{"text":"equally","start":2262.83,"end":2263.31},{"text":"important.","start":2263.31,"end":2264.11}]},{"text":"The merge actually represents a significant development in the history of the control and judgment discussions we had in this forum.","start":2264.43,"end":2274.43,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2264.43,"end":2264.63},{"text":"merge","start":2264.63,"end":2265.39},{"text":"actually","start":2265.47,"end":2266.03},{"text":"represents","start":2266.03,"end":2266.87},{"text":"a","start":2266.87,"end":2266.91},{"text":"significant","start":2266.95,"end":2267.75},{"text":"development","start":2267.75,"end":2268.43},{"text":"in","start":2268.83,"end":2268.95},{"text":"the","start":2268.95,"end":2269.03},{"text":"history","start":2269.03,"end":2269.79},{"text":"of","start":2270.23,"end":2270.35},{"text":"the","start":2270.35,"end":2270.43},{"text":"control","start":2270.43,"end":2270.91},{"text":"and","start":2270.91,"end":2271.03},{"text":"judgment","start":2271.03,"end":2271.95},{"text":"discussions","start":2272.07,"end":2272.83},{"text":"we","start":2272.83,"end":2272.91},{"text":"had","start":2272.91,"end":2273.23},{"text":"in","start":2273.23,"end":2273.39},{"text":"this","start":2273.39,"end":2273.71},{"text":"forum.","start":2273.79,"end":2274.43}]},{"text":"And again, we commend the group of states that submitted working paper four this week, which makes a good case for the two concepts.","start":2274.83,"end":2285.23,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2274.83,"end":2275.03},{"text":"again,","start":2275.03,"end":2275.47},{"text":"we","start":2275.47,"end":2275.87},{"text":"commend","start":2275.87,"end":2276.59},{"text":"the","start":2276.59,"end":2276.75},{"text":"group","start":2276.75,"end":2277.11},{"text":"of","start":2277.11,"end":2277.23},{"text":"states","start":2277.23,"end":2278.03},{"text":"that","start":2278.03,"end":2278.35},{"text":"submitted","start":2278.35,"end":2278.95},{"text":"working","start":2278.95,"end":2279.31},{"text":"paper","start":2279.31,"end":2279.75},{"text":"four","start":2279.75,"end":2280.35},{"text":"this","start":2280.35,"end":2280.67},{"text":"week,","start":2280.67,"end":2281.03},{"text":"which","start":2281.03,"end":2281.55},{"text":"makes","start":2281.55,"end":2281.87},{"text":"a","start":2281.95,"end":2281.99},{"text":"good","start":2281.99,"end":2282.35},{"text":"case","start":2282.51,"end":2283.15},{"text":"for","start":2283.39,"end":2284.03},{"text":"the","start":2284.03,"end":2284.11},{"text":"two","start":2284.11,"end":2284.35},{"text":"concepts.","start":2284.35,"end":2285.23}]},{"text":"We would also like to recall that the notion of context appropriate builds on a large body of intellectual work inside and outside this room and captures that the human machine interaction and control and judgment in particular depends on the specific circumstances, systems, and contexts.","start":2285.95,"end":2306.35,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2285.95,"end":2286.19},{"text":"would","start":2286.19,"end":2286.35},{"text":"also","start":2286.35,"end":2286.67},{"text":"like","start":2286.67,"end":2286.99},{"text":"to","start":2286.99,"end":2287.15},{"text":"recall","start":2287.15,"end":2287.79},{"text":"that","start":2287.79,"end":2287.95},{"text":"the","start":2287.95,"end":2288.07},{"text":"notion","start":2288.07,"end":2288.59},{"text":"of","start":2288.63,"end":2288.75},{"text":"context","start":2288.75,"end":2289.19},{"text":"appropriate","start":2289.19,"end":2290.03},{"text":"builds","start":2290.51,"end":2290.91},{"text":"on","start":2290.91,"end":2291.19},{"text":"a","start":2291.19,"end":2291.23},{"text":"large","start":2291.23,"end":2291.63},{"text":"body","start":2291.63,"end":2291.95},{"text":"of","start":2291.95,"end":2292.03},{"text":"intellectual","start":2292.03,"end":2292.83},{"text":"work","start":2292.83,"end":2293.15},{"text":"inside","start":2293.15,"end":2293.87},{"text":"and","start":2293.87,"end":2294.15},{"text":"outside","start":2294.15,"end":2294.79},{"text":"this","start":2294.79,"end":2294.99},{"text":"room","start":2294.99,"end":2295.31},{"text":"and","start":2295.31,"end":2295.47},{"text":"captures","start":2295.47,"end":2296.07},{"text":"that","start":2296.07,"end":2296.27},{"text":"the","start":2296.27,"end":2296.39},{"text":"human","start":2296.39,"end":2296.83},{"text":"machine","start":2296.99,"end":2297.55},{"text":"interaction","start":2297.55,"end":2298.27},{"text":"and","start":2298.51,"end":2298.67},{"text":"control","start":2298.67,"end":2299.23},{"text":"and","start":2299.23,"end":2299.35},{"text":"judgment","start":2299.35,"end":2299.95},{"text":"in","start":2299.95,"end":2300.11},{"text":"particular","start":2300.11,"end":2300.75},{"text":"depends","start":2301.07,"end":2301.79},{"text":"on","start":2301.99,"end":2302.11},{"text":"the","start":2302.11,"end":2302.19},{"text":"specific","start":2302.19,"end":2302.91},{"text":"circumstances,","start":2302.91,"end":2303.95},{"text":"systems,","start":2304.11,"end":2304.99},{"text":"and","start":2305.31,"end":2305.51},{"text":"contexts.","start":2305.51,"end":2306.35}]},{"text":"So we would say that your formulation, context, appropriate human judgment, and control, given the diverse starting points of delegations, continues to look like an important attempt to find compromise.","start":2307.23,"end":2320.23,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2307.23,"end":2307.55},{"text":"we","start":2307.55,"end":2307.71},{"text":"would","start":2307.71,"end":2307.87},{"text":"say","start":2307.87,"end":2308.27},{"text":"that","start":2308.27,"end":2308.51},{"text":"your","start":2308.51,"end":2308.83},{"text":"formulation,","start":2308.83,"end":2309.87},{"text":"context,","start":2310.11,"end":2310.55},{"text":"appropriate","start":2310.55,"end":2310.91},{"text":"human","start":2310.91,"end":2311.15},{"text":"judgment,","start":2311.15,"end":2311.51},{"text":"and","start":2311.51,"end":2311.63},{"text":"control,","start":2311.63,"end":2312.35},{"text":"given","start":2312.79,"end":2313.19},{"text":"the","start":2313.19,"end":2313.27},{"text":"diverse","start":2313.27,"end":2314.19},{"text":"starting","start":2314.19,"end":2314.63},{"text":"points","start":2314.63,"end":2314.95},{"text":"of","start":2314.95,"end":2315.11},{"text":"delegations,","start":2315.11,"end":2315.99},{"text":"continues","start":2315.99,"end":2316.71},{"text":"to","start":2316.71,"end":2316.87},{"text":"look","start":2316.87,"end":2317.27},{"text":"like","start":2317.27,"end":2317.55},{"text":"an","start":2317.55,"end":2317.67},{"text":"important","start":2317.67,"end":2318.23},{"text":"attempt","start":2318.23,"end":2318.83},{"text":"to","start":2318.83,"end":2318.91},{"text":"find","start":2318.91,"end":2319.31},{"text":"compromise.","start":2319.31,"end":2320.23}]},{"text":"We take note of arguments by delegations that stress that context-appropriate human judgment and control is or is not in itself a requirement under IHL.","start":2322.07,"end":2333.51,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2322.07,"end":2322.31},{"text":"take","start":2322.31,"end":2322.55},{"text":"note","start":2322.55,"end":2322.87},{"text":"of","start":2322.87,"end":2323.03},{"text":"arguments","start":2323.03,"end":2323.59},{"text":"by","start":2323.59,"end":2323.75},{"text":"delegations","start":2323.75,"end":2324.55},{"text":"that","start":2324.55,"end":2324.79},{"text":"stress","start":2324.79,"end":2325.19},{"text":"that","start":2325.19,"end":2325.35},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":2325.35,"end":2326.19},{"text":"human","start":2326.19,"end":2326.47},{"text":"judgment","start":2326.47,"end":2327.19},{"text":"and","start":2327.23,"end":2327.35},{"text":"control","start":2327.35,"end":2327.99},{"text":"is","start":2327.99,"end":2328.71},{"text":"or","start":2328.95,"end":2329.19},{"text":"is","start":2329.19,"end":2329.35},{"text":"not","start":2329.35,"end":2329.83},{"text":"in","start":2329.91,"end":2330.15},{"text":"itself","start":2330.15,"end":2330.79},{"text":"a","start":2331.27,"end":2331.35},{"text":"requirement","start":2331.35,"end":2332.23},{"text":"under","start":2332.23,"end":2332.71},{"text":"IHL.","start":2332.71,"end":2333.51}]},{"text":"What remains important to us and what would constitute a large part of the added value of this GGE is to ensure that maintaining context-appropriate human judgment and control is recognized in this set of elements as an essential means to ensure IHL compliance.","start":2333.71,"end":2354.55,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"What","start":2333.71,"end":2333.95},{"text":"remains","start":2333.99,"end":2334.55},{"text":"important","start":2334.55,"end":2335.23},{"text":"to","start":2335.23,"end":2335.31},{"text":"us","start":2335.35,"end":2335.91},{"text":"and","start":2335.91,"end":2336.31},{"text":"what","start":2336.31,"end":2336.55},{"text":"would","start":2336.55,"end":2336.75},{"text":"constitute","start":2336.75,"end":2337.75},{"text":"a","start":2337.75,"end":2337.79},{"text":"large","start":2337.79,"end":2338.15},{"text":"part","start":2338.15,"end":2338.63},{"text":"of","start":2338.63,"end":2338.79},{"text":"the","start":2338.79,"end":2338.91},{"text":"added","start":2338.95,"end":2339.35},{"text":"value","start":2339.35,"end":2339.75},{"text":"of","start":2339.75,"end":2339.91},{"text":"this","start":2339.91,"end":2340.15},{"text":"GGE","start":2340.15,"end":2340.87},{"text":"is","start":2341.51,"end":2341.67},{"text":"to","start":2341.67,"end":2341.83},{"text":"ensure","start":2341.99,"end":2342.55},{"text":"that","start":2342.55,"end":2342.87},{"text":"maintaining","start":2342.87,"end":2343.75},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":2343.75,"end":2344.59},{"text":"human","start":2344.59,"end":2344.87},{"text":"judgment","start":2344.87,"end":2345.19},{"text":"and","start":2345.19,"end":2345.31},{"text":"control","start":2345.31,"end":2345.75},{"text":"is","start":2346.07,"end":2346.31},{"text":"recognized","start":2346.31,"end":2347.31},{"text":"in","start":2347.43,"end":2347.83},{"text":"this","start":2347.83,"end":2348.35},{"text":"set","start":2348.35,"end":2348.71},{"text":"of","start":2348.71,"end":2348.87},{"text":"elements","start":2348.95,"end":2349.67},{"text":"as","start":2349.91,"end":2350.23},{"text":"an","start":2350.23,"end":2350.47},{"text":"essential","start":2350.47,"end":2351.19},{"text":"means","start":2351.19,"end":2351.83},{"text":"to","start":2351.91,"end":2352.23},{"text":"ensure","start":2352.39,"end":2352.87},{"text":"IHL","start":2352.87,"end":2353.51},{"text":"compliance.","start":2353.67,"end":2354.55}]},{"text":"We also heard delegations who said technical details and understandings might still need to be clarified, otherwise the operationalization will remain unclear.","start":2356.55,"end":2368.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2356.55,"end":2356.79},{"text":"also","start":2356.79,"end":2357.19},{"text":"heard","start":2357.19,"end":2357.87},{"text":"delegations","start":2357.87,"end":2358.67},{"text":"who","start":2358.67,"end":2358.79},{"text":"said","start":2358.79,"end":2359.11},{"text":"technical","start":2359.27,"end":2359.79},{"text":"details","start":2359.79,"end":2360.31},{"text":"and","start":2360.31,"end":2360.47},{"text":"understandings","start":2360.47,"end":2361.35},{"text":"might","start":2361.35,"end":2361.67},{"text":"still","start":2361.67,"end":2362.15},{"text":"need","start":2362.15,"end":2362.35},{"text":"to","start":2362.35,"end":2362.63},{"text":"be","start":2363.03,"end":2363.19},{"text":"clarified,","start":2363.19,"end":2364.07},{"text":"otherwise","start":2364.47,"end":2365.03},{"text":"the","start":2365.11,"end":2365.23},{"text":"operationalization","start":2365.23,"end":2367.19},{"text":"will","start":2367.19,"end":2367.35},{"text":"remain","start":2367.35,"end":2367.83},{"text":"unclear.","start":2367.91,"end":2368.79}]},{"text":"This might well be, but it might also relate to other concepts in the text.","start":2369.51,"end":2375.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2369.51,"end":2369.83},{"text":"might","start":2369.83,"end":2370.31},{"text":"well","start":2370.31,"end":2370.79},{"text":"be,","start":2370.79,"end":2371.19},{"text":"but","start":2371.99,"end":2372.19},{"text":"it","start":2372.19,"end":2372.31},{"text":"might","start":2372.31,"end":2372.55},{"text":"also","start":2372.55,"end":2372.87},{"text":"relate","start":2372.87,"end":2373.39},{"text":"to","start":2373.39,"end":2373.59},{"text":"other","start":2373.59,"end":2373.83},{"text":"concepts","start":2373.83,"end":2374.71},{"text":"in","start":2374.71,"end":2374.95},{"text":"the","start":2374.95,"end":2375.03},{"text":"text.","start":2375.03,"end":2375.67}]},{"text":"And we find in this regard Pakistan's mentioning of the possible subsequent work in a technical annex as we move forward with a future mandate to give clarity to this concept and also to other concepts a good approach to be considered.","start":2376.23,"end":2394.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2376.23,"end":2376.35},{"text":"we","start":2376.35,"end":2376.47},{"text":"find","start":2376.47,"end":2376.95},{"text":"in","start":2376.95,"end":2377.27},{"text":"this","start":2377.27,"end":2377.55},{"text":"regard","start":2377.55,"end":2378.03},{"text":"Pakistan's","start":2378.03,"end":2378.87},{"text":"mentioning","start":2378.87,"end":2379.43},{"text":"of","start":2379.43,"end":2379.51},{"text":"the","start":2379.51,"end":2379.67},{"text":"possible","start":2379.67,"end":2380.23},{"text":"subsequent","start":2380.23,"end":2381.03},{"text":"work","start":2381.03,"end":2381.39},{"text":"in","start":2381.39,"end":2381.51},{"text":"a","start":2381.51,"end":2381.55},{"text":"technical","start":2381.55,"end":2382.15},{"text":"annex","start":2382.15,"end":2382.79},{"text":"as","start":2383.47,"end":2383.55},{"text":"we","start":2383.59,"end":2383.75},{"text":"move","start":2383.75,"end":2383.99},{"text":"forward","start":2383.99,"end":2384.79},{"text":"with","start":2385.11,"end":2385.35},{"text":"a","start":2385.35,"end":2385.43},{"text":"future","start":2385.43,"end":2385.83},{"text":"mandate","start":2385.83,"end":2386.31},{"text":"to","start":2386.79,"end":2386.95},{"text":"give","start":2386.95,"end":2387.19},{"text":"clarity","start":2387.19,"end":2387.99},{"text":"to","start":2387.99,"end":2388.15},{"text":"this","start":2388.15,"end":2388.39},{"text":"concept","start":2388.39,"end":2388.91},{"text":"and","start":2388.91,"end":2389.07},{"text":"also","start":2389.07,"end":2389.35},{"text":"to","start":2389.35,"end":2389.51},{"text":"other","start":2389.51,"end":2389.71},{"text":"concepts","start":2389.71,"end":2390.39},{"text":"a","start":2391.03,"end":2391.19},{"text":"good","start":2391.19,"end":2391.59},{"text":"approach","start":2391.99,"end":2392.79},{"text":"to","start":2392.95,"end":2393.27},{"text":"be","start":2393.35,"end":2393.51},{"text":"considered.","start":2393.51,"end":2394.23}]},{"text":"We listened carefully to the delegations made by the US, to the comments made by the US delegation on this paragraph five yesterday.","start":2395.31,"end":2405.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2395.31,"end":2395.35},{"text":"listened","start":2395.35,"end":2395.75},{"text":"carefully","start":2395.75,"end":2396.43},{"text":"to","start":2397.23,"end":2397.47},{"text":"the","start":2397.47,"end":2397.59},{"text":"delegations","start":2397.95,"end":2398.83},{"text":"made","start":2398.83,"end":2399.07},{"text":"by","start":2399.07,"end":2399.31},{"text":"the","start":2399.67,"end":2399.91},{"text":"US,","start":2399.91,"end":2400.27},{"text":"to","start":2400.43,"end":2400.59},{"text":"the","start":2400.59,"end":2400.75},{"text":"comments","start":2400.75,"end":2401.15},{"text":"made","start":2401.15,"end":2401.39},{"text":"by","start":2401.39,"end":2401.55},{"text":"the","start":2401.55,"end":2401.75},{"text":"US","start":2401.75,"end":2401.95},{"text":"delegation","start":2401.95,"end":2402.55},{"text":"on","start":2402.55,"end":2402.67},{"text":"this","start":2402.67,"end":2402.91},{"text":"paragraph","start":2403.63,"end":2404.15},{"text":"five","start":2404.15,"end":2404.51},{"text":"yesterday.","start":2404.51,"end":2405.15}]},{"text":"And in the spirit of our interactive exchanges, we would like to make some comments.","start":2405.67,"end":2410.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2405.67,"end":2405.79},{"text":"in","start":2405.79,"end":2405.87},{"text":"the","start":2405.87,"end":2406.03},{"text":"spirit","start":2406.03,"end":2406.55},{"text":"of","start":2406.55,"end":2406.67},{"text":"our","start":2406.67,"end":2406.79},{"text":"interactive","start":2406.79,"end":2407.35},{"text":"exchanges,","start":2407.35,"end":2407.95},{"text":"we","start":2407.95,"end":2408.03},{"text":"would","start":2408.03,"end":2408.19},{"text":"like","start":2408.19,"end":2408.43},{"text":"to","start":2408.43,"end":2408.55},{"text":"make","start":2408.55,"end":2408.99},{"text":"some","start":2409.39,"end":2409.79},{"text":"comments.","start":2409.79,"end":2410.59}]},{"text":"We do not, as I just outlined, support the proposed deletion of context, the property, human judgment and control.","start":2411.15,"end":2419.39,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2411.15,"end":2411.39},{"text":"do","start":2411.39,"end":2411.63},{"text":"not,","start":2411.63,"end":2412.03},{"text":"as","start":2412.51,"end":2412.67},{"text":"I","start":2412.67,"end":2412.83},{"text":"just","start":2412.83,"end":2413.31},{"text":"outlined,","start":2413.71,"end":2414.39},{"text":"support","start":2414.39,"end":2414.99},{"text":"the","start":2415.07,"end":2415.23},{"text":"proposed","start":2415.23,"end":2415.95},{"text":"deletion","start":2416.67,"end":2417.19},{"text":"of","start":2417.19,"end":2417.31},{"text":"context,","start":2417.31,"end":2417.67},{"text":"the","start":2417.67,"end":2417.75},{"text":"property,","start":2417.75,"end":2418.07},{"text":"human","start":2418.07,"end":2418.35},{"text":"judgment","start":2418.35,"end":2418.75},{"text":"and","start":2418.75,"end":2418.87},{"text":"control.","start":2418.87,"end":2419.39}]},{"text":"While box 2 would be well placed to give the concept an overall recognition, we are open to discuss the idea to place it in sections dealing with prohibitions, box 3, where it already is, as well as those dealing with the measures needed, so that would be box 4.","start":2421.27,"end":2440.55,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":2421.27,"end":2421.59},{"text":"box","start":2421.59,"end":2421.99},{"text":"2","start":2421.99,"end":2422.55},{"text":"would","start":2422.71,"end":2423.03},{"text":"be","start":2423.03,"end":2423.43},{"text":"well","start":2423.43,"end":2423.75},{"text":"placed","start":2423.75,"end":2424.51},{"text":"to","start":2424.51,"end":2424.63},{"text":"give","start":2424.63,"end":2424.95},{"text":"the","start":2424.95,"end":2425.03},{"text":"concept","start":2425.03,"end":2425.75},{"text":"an","start":2425.75,"end":2425.99},{"text":"overall","start":2425.99,"end":2426.39},{"text":"recognition,","start":2426.39,"end":2427.35},{"text":"we","start":2427.83,"end":2428.15},{"text":"are","start":2428.15,"end":2428.47},{"text":"open","start":2428.71,"end":2429.11},{"text":"to","start":2429.11,"end":2429.27},{"text":"discuss","start":2429.27,"end":2429.83},{"text":"the","start":2429.83,"end":2429.95},{"text":"idea","start":2429.99,"end":2430.39},{"text":"to","start":2430.39,"end":2430.59},{"text":"place","start":2430.59,"end":2431.03},{"text":"it","start":2431.03,"end":2431.19},{"text":"in","start":2431.19,"end":2431.35},{"text":"sections","start":2431.35,"end":2432.07},{"text":"dealing","start":2432.07,"end":2432.43},{"text":"with","start":2432.43,"end":2432.63},{"text":"prohibitions,","start":2432.63,"end":2433.67},{"text":"box","start":2433.91,"end":2434.19},{"text":"3,","start":2434.19,"end":2434.43},{"text":"where","start":2434.43,"end":2434.63},{"text":"it","start":2434.63,"end":2434.71},{"text":"already","start":2434.71,"end":2435.27},{"text":"is,","start":2435.27,"end":2435.59},{"text":"as","start":2435.99,"end":2436.15},{"text":"well","start":2436.15,"end":2436.35},{"text":"as","start":2436.35,"end":2436.47},{"text":"those","start":2436.47,"end":2436.79},{"text":"dealing","start":2436.83,"end":2437.19},{"text":"with","start":2437.19,"end":2437.35},{"text":"the","start":2437.35,"end":2437.43},{"text":"measures","start":2437.43,"end":2438.15},{"text":"needed,","start":2438.15,"end":2438.79},{"text":"so","start":2438.79,"end":2439.11},{"text":"that","start":2439.19,"end":2439.31},{"text":"would","start":2439.31,"end":2439.43},{"text":"be","start":2439.43,"end":2439.51},{"text":"box","start":2439.51,"end":2439.99},{"text":"4.","start":2440.07,"end":2440.55}]},{"text":"It is important to capture that control and judgment are needed, and we hope we can find a wording to capture this important point.","start":2441.11,"end":2449.39,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2441.11,"end":2441.27},{"text":"is","start":2441.27,"end":2441.39},{"text":"important","start":2441.39,"end":2442.03},{"text":"to","start":2442.03,"end":2442.15},{"text":"capture","start":2442.15,"end":2442.71},{"text":"that","start":2442.71,"end":2442.83},{"text":"control","start":2442.83,"end":2443.43},{"text":"and","start":2443.43,"end":2443.59},{"text":"judgment","start":2443.59,"end":2444.15},{"text":"are","start":2444.15,"end":2444.39},{"text":"needed,","start":2444.39,"end":2444.95},{"text":"and","start":2445.35,"end":2445.55},{"text":"we","start":2445.55,"end":2445.63},{"text":"hope","start":2445.63,"end":2445.91},{"text":"we","start":2445.91,"end":2445.99},{"text":"can","start":2445.99,"end":2446.23},{"text":"find","start":2446.23,"end":2446.71},{"text":"a","start":2446.71,"end":2446.79},{"text":"wording","start":2446.79,"end":2447.43},{"text":"to","start":2447.43,"end":2447.59},{"text":"capture","start":2447.59,"end":2448.11},{"text":"this","start":2448.11,"end":2448.39},{"text":"important","start":2448.39,"end":2448.99},{"text":"point.","start":2448.99,"end":2449.39}]},{"text":"We are, however, sympathetic in principle to add more specific IHL wording in the second part of paragraph 5, as long as it doesn't exclude any relevant rules and principles of IHL.","start":2450.55,"end":2464.55,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2450.55,"end":2450.71},{"text":"are,","start":2450.71,"end":2450.95},{"text":"however,","start":2450.95,"end":2451.35},{"text":"sympathetic","start":2451.35,"end":2452.03},{"text":"in","start":2452.03,"end":2452.15},{"text":"principle","start":2452.15,"end":2452.71},{"text":"to","start":2452.71,"end":2452.87},{"text":"add","start":2452.87,"end":2453.11},{"text":"more","start":2453.11,"end":2453.43},{"text":"specific","start":2453.43,"end":2454.15},{"text":"IHL","start":2454.15,"end":2454.79},{"text":"wording","start":2454.79,"end":2455.35},{"text":"in","start":2455.75,"end":2455.91},{"text":"the","start":2455.91,"end":2456.03},{"text":"second","start":2456.07,"end":2456.47},{"text":"part","start":2456.55,"end":2457.11},{"text":"of","start":2457.27,"end":2457.59},{"text":"paragraph","start":2457.83,"end":2458.35},{"text":"5,","start":2458.35,"end":2458.87},{"text":"as","start":2459.27,"end":2459.43},{"text":"long","start":2459.43,"end":2459.75},{"text":"as","start":2459.75,"end":2459.83},{"text":"it","start":2459.83,"end":2460.07},{"text":"doesn't","start":2460.07,"end":2460.43},{"text":"exclude","start":2460.43,"end":2461.27},{"text":"any","start":2461.43,"end":2461.67},{"text":"relevant","start":2461.67,"end":2462.07},{"text":"rules","start":2462.07,"end":2462.79},{"text":"and","start":2463.11,"end":2463.27},{"text":"principles","start":2463.27,"end":2463.79},{"text":"of","start":2463.79,"end":2463.91},{"text":"IHL.","start":2463.91,"end":2464.55}]},{"text":"While those governing the conduct of hostilities are at the core for the CCW, we should not exclude other rules that may be relevant.","start":2466.11,"end":2475.51,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":2466.11,"end":2466.71},{"text":"those","start":2466.71,"end":2467.03},{"text":"governing","start":2467.03,"end":2467.59},{"text":"the","start":2467.59,"end":2467.67},{"text":"conduct","start":2467.67,"end":2468.31},{"text":"of","start":2468.35,"end":2468.47},{"text":"hostilities","start":2468.47,"end":2469.43},{"text":"are","start":2469.43,"end":2469.63},{"text":"at","start":2469.63,"end":2469.75},{"text":"the","start":2469.75,"end":2469.83},{"text":"core","start":2469.83,"end":2470.63},{"text":"for","start":2470.63,"end":2470.87},{"text":"the","start":2470.87,"end":2470.95},{"text":"CCW,","start":2470.95,"end":2471.91},{"text":"we","start":2472.31,"end":2472.51},{"text":"should","start":2472.51,"end":2472.79},{"text":"not","start":2472.79,"end":2473.03},{"text":"exclude","start":2473.03,"end":2473.59},{"text":"other","start":2473.75,"end":2474.03},{"text":"rules","start":2474.03,"end":2474.39},{"text":"that","start":2474.39,"end":2474.63},{"text":"may","start":2474.63,"end":2474.79},{"text":"be","start":2474.79,"end":2474.95},{"text":"relevant.","start":2474.95,"end":2475.51}]},{"text":"The reference to the need for compliance with, in particular, the rules and principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution in attack, and other rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, for instance.","start":2476.59,"end":2489.79,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2476.59,"end":2476.71},{"text":"reference","start":2476.71,"end":2477.31},{"text":"to","start":2477.31,"end":2477.47},{"text":"the","start":2477.47,"end":2477.55},{"text":"need","start":2477.55,"end":2477.95},{"text":"for","start":2477.95,"end":2478.11},{"text":"compliance","start":2478.11,"end":2478.99},{"text":"with,","start":2478.99,"end":2479.31},{"text":"in","start":2479.55,"end":2479.75},{"text":"particular,","start":2479.75,"end":2480.35},{"text":"the","start":2480.39,"end":2480.51},{"text":"rules","start":2480.51,"end":2480.91},{"text":"and","start":2480.91,"end":2481.03},{"text":"principles","start":2481.03,"end":2481.55},{"text":"of","start":2481.55,"end":2481.71},{"text":"distinction,","start":2481.71,"end":2482.35},{"text":"proportionality,","start":2482.35,"end":2483.43},{"text":"and","start":2483.43,"end":2483.55},{"text":"precaution","start":2483.55,"end":2484.23},{"text":"in","start":2484.23,"end":2484.39},{"text":"attack,","start":2484.39,"end":2484.91},{"text":"and","start":2485.19,"end":2485.43},{"text":"other","start":2485.43,"end":2485.67},{"text":"rules","start":2485.67,"end":2485.95},{"text":"of","start":2485.95,"end":2486.03},{"text":"international","start":2486.03,"end":2486.99},{"text":"law","start":2487.15,"end":2487.27},{"text":"applicable","start":2487.27,"end":2488.11},{"text":"in","start":2488.11,"end":2488.27},{"text":"armed","start":2488.27,"end":2488.51},{"text":"conflict,","start":2488.51,"end":2489.15},{"text":"for","start":2489.15,"end":2489.31},{"text":"instance.","start":2489.31,"end":2489.79}]},{"text":"And I thank you very much for the attention.","start":2490.59,"end":2492.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2490.59,"end":2490.79},{"text":"I","start":2490.79,"end":2490.83},{"text":"thank","start":2490.83,"end":2491.11},{"text":"you","start":2491.11,"end":2491.19},{"text":"very","start":2491.19,"end":2491.35},{"text":"much","start":2491.35,"end":2491.55},{"text":"for","start":2491.55,"end":2491.71},{"text":"the","start":2491.71,"end":2491.79},{"text":"attention.","start":2491.79,"end":2492.15}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CHE","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Switzerland"}},{"statement_number":29,"start":2494.51,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=41:35","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Switzerland for stating the position of his delegation and also reacting to previous remarks of other delegations.","start":2494.51,"end":2503.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2494.51,"end":2494.59},{"text":"thank","start":2494.59,"end":2494.91},{"text":"the","start":2494.91,"end":2494.99},{"text":"distinguished","start":2494.99,"end":2495.55},{"text":"representative","start":2495.55,"end":2496.11},{"text":"of","start":2496.15,"end":2496.27},{"text":"Switzerland","start":2496.27,"end":2497.07},{"text":"for","start":2497.23,"end":2497.39},{"text":"stating","start":2497.39,"end":2497.71},{"text":"the","start":2497.71,"end":2497.79},{"text":"position","start":2497.79,"end":2498.43},{"text":"of","start":2498.51,"end":2498.59},{"text":"his","start":2498.59,"end":2498.71},{"text":"delegation","start":2498.71,"end":2499.47},{"text":"and","start":2499.47,"end":2499.63},{"text":"also","start":2499.63,"end":2500.11},{"text":"reacting","start":2500.51,"end":2501.07},{"text":"to","start":2501.07,"end":2501.23},{"text":"previous","start":2501.39,"end":2502.07},{"text":"remarks","start":2502.07,"end":2502.55},{"text":"of","start":2502.55,"end":2502.67},{"text":"other","start":2502.67,"end":2502.83},{"text":"delegations.","start":2502.83,"end":2503.59}]},{"text":"Next on my list is ICSC, to be followed by Samoa and South Africa.","start":2503.59,"end":2508.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":2503.59,"end":2503.87},{"text":"on","start":2503.87,"end":2503.95},{"text":"my","start":2503.95,"end":2504.19},{"text":"list","start":2504.19,"end":2504.59},{"text":"is","start":2504.59,"end":2504.83},{"text":"ICSC,","start":2504.83,"end":2505.79},{"text":"to","start":2506.03,"end":2506.11},{"text":"be","start":2506.11,"end":2506.27},{"text":"followed","start":2506.27,"end":2506.59},{"text":"by","start":2506.59,"end":2506.91},{"text":"Samoa","start":2506.91,"end":2507.83},{"text":"and","start":2507.83,"end":2507.99},{"text":"South","start":2507.99,"end":2508.27},{"text":"Africa.","start":2508.27,"end":2508.83}]},{"text":"But now first, the distinguished representative of the ICSC.","start":2509.15,"end":2512.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":2509.15,"end":2509.55},{"text":"now","start":2509.55,"end":2509.79},{"text":"first,","start":2509.79,"end":2510.31},{"text":"the","start":2510.31,"end":2510.39},{"text":"distinguished","start":2510.39,"end":2510.91},{"text":"representative","start":2510.91,"end":2511.55},{"text":"of","start":2511.55,"end":2511.71},{"text":"the","start":2511.83,"end":2511.91},{"text":"ICSC.","start":2511.91,"end":2512.71}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":2512.71,"end":2513.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":2512.71,"end":2512.79},{"text":"have","start":2512.79,"end":2513.07},{"text":"the","start":2513.07,"end":2513.15},{"text":"floor.","start":2513.15,"end":2513.47}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":30,"start":2516.43,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=41:57","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":2516.43,"end":2517.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2516.43,"end":2516.67},{"text":"you,","start":2516.67,"end":2516.75},{"text":"Chair.","start":2516.75,"end":2517.15}]},{"text":"I will first provide our comments on box 2 and then respond to the comments raised by the distinguished representative of Singapore.","start":2517.79,"end":2523.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2517.79,"end":2517.91},{"text":"will","start":2517.91,"end":2518.03},{"text":"first","start":2518.03,"end":2518.23},{"text":"provide","start":2518.23,"end":2518.51},{"text":"our","start":2518.51,"end":2518.67},{"text":"comments","start":2518.67,"end":2519.03},{"text":"on","start":2519.03,"end":2519.15},{"text":"box","start":2519.15,"end":2519.43},{"text":"2","start":2519.43,"end":2519.63},{"text":"and","start":2519.63,"end":2519.75},{"text":"then","start":2519.75,"end":2520.11},{"text":"respond","start":2520.11,"end":2520.71},{"text":"to","start":2520.71,"end":2520.87},{"text":"the","start":2520.95,"end":2521.03},{"text":"comments","start":2521.03,"end":2521.39},{"text":"raised","start":2521.39,"end":2521.55},{"text":"by","start":2521.55,"end":2521.63},{"text":"the","start":2521.63,"end":2521.71},{"text":"distinguished","start":2521.71,"end":2522.19},{"text":"representative","start":2522.19,"end":2523.15},{"text":"of","start":2523.23,"end":2523.31},{"text":"Singapore.","start":2523.31,"end":2523.95}]},{"text":"So we welcome the text in box 2 in its current form, which reaffirms the applicability of IHL to autonomous weapon systems.","start":2524.63,"end":2530.31,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2524.63,"end":2524.87},{"text":"we","start":2524.87,"end":2524.99},{"text":"welcome","start":2524.99,"end":2525.31},{"text":"the","start":2525.31,"end":2525.39},{"text":"text","start":2525.39,"end":2525.67},{"text":"in","start":2525.67,"end":2525.75},{"text":"box","start":2525.75,"end":2526.03},{"text":"2","start":2526.03,"end":2526.19},{"text":"in","start":2526.19,"end":2526.27},{"text":"its","start":2526.27,"end":2526.39},{"text":"current","start":2526.39,"end":2526.67},{"text":"form,","start":2526.67,"end":2526.95},{"text":"which","start":2526.95,"end":2527.19},{"text":"reaffirms","start":2527.19,"end":2527.63},{"text":"the","start":2527.63,"end":2527.71},{"text":"applicability","start":2527.71,"end":2528.31},{"text":"of","start":2528.31,"end":2528.47},{"text":"IHL","start":2528.47,"end":2528.95},{"text":"to","start":2528.95,"end":2529.11},{"text":"autonomous","start":2529.11,"end":2529.47},{"text":"weapon","start":2529.47,"end":2529.71},{"text":"systems.","start":2529.71,"end":2530.31}]},{"text":"Additionally, we support the recognition of the importance of context-appropriate human judgment and control, as eloquently put by several delegations, including Pakistan and Brazil.","start":2531.03,"end":2541.11,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Additionally,","start":2531.03,"end":2531.67},{"text":"we","start":2531.99,"end":2532.23},{"text":"support","start":2532.23,"end":2532.59},{"text":"the","start":2532.59,"end":2532.67},{"text":"recognition","start":2532.67,"end":2533.31},{"text":"of","start":2533.31,"end":2533.39},{"text":"the","start":2533.39,"end":2533.47},{"text":"importance","start":2533.47,"end":2534.03},{"text":"of","start":2534.03,"end":2534.15},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":2534.15,"end":2535.11},{"text":"human","start":2535.11,"end":2535.39},{"text":"judgment","start":2535.39,"end":2535.79},{"text":"and","start":2535.79,"end":2535.91},{"text":"control,","start":2535.91,"end":2536.39},{"text":"as","start":2536.95,"end":2537.35},{"text":"eloquently","start":2537.59,"end":2538.15},{"text":"put","start":2538.15,"end":2538.31},{"text":"by","start":2538.31,"end":2538.55},{"text":"several","start":2538.87,"end":2539.27},{"text":"delegations,","start":2539.27,"end":2539.79},{"text":"including","start":2539.79,"end":2540.15},{"text":"Pakistan","start":2540.15,"end":2540.55},{"text":"and","start":2540.55,"end":2540.67},{"text":"Brazil.","start":2540.67,"end":2541.11}]},{"text":"Echoing the comments made by the distinguished representative of Ireland, we understand this concept not as requiring direct or physical control of the weapon system at all times.","start":2542.31,"end":2551.27,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Echoing","start":2542.31,"end":2542.63},{"text":"the","start":2542.63,"end":2542.71},{"text":"comments","start":2542.71,"end":2543.03},{"text":"made","start":2543.03,"end":2543.19},{"text":"by","start":2543.19,"end":2543.35},{"text":"the","start":2543.35,"end":2543.43},{"text":"distinguished","start":2543.43,"end":2543.91},{"text":"representative","start":2543.91,"end":2544.63},{"text":"of","start":2544.63,"end":2544.71},{"text":"Ireland,","start":2544.71,"end":2545.35},{"text":"we","start":2545.35,"end":2545.51},{"text":"understand","start":2545.51,"end":2546.07},{"text":"this","start":2546.07,"end":2546.23},{"text":"concept","start":2546.23,"end":2546.79},{"text":"not","start":2546.87,"end":2547.15},{"text":"as","start":2547.15,"end":2547.27},{"text":"requiring","start":2547.27,"end":2547.83},{"text":"direct","start":2548.31,"end":2548.71},{"text":"or","start":2548.71,"end":2548.87},{"text":"physical","start":2548.87,"end":2549.19},{"text":"control","start":2549.19,"end":2549.55},{"text":"of","start":2549.55,"end":2549.63},{"text":"the","start":2549.63,"end":2549.75},{"text":"weapon","start":2549.75,"end":2549.99},{"text":"system","start":2549.99,"end":2550.35},{"text":"at","start":2550.35,"end":2550.47},{"text":"all","start":2550.47,"end":2550.63},{"text":"times.","start":2550.63,"end":2551.27}]},{"text":"Indeed, this would remove the system from their characterization as an autonomous weapon system.","start":2551.71,"end":2555.95,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Indeed,","start":2551.71,"end":2552.27},{"text":"this","start":2552.27,"end":2552.59},{"text":"would","start":2552.59,"end":2552.83},{"text":"remove","start":2552.83,"end":2553.07},{"text":"the","start":2553.07,"end":2553.15},{"text":"system","start":2553.15,"end":2553.51},{"text":"from","start":2553.51,"end":2553.67},{"text":"their","start":2553.67,"end":2553.79},{"text":"characterization","start":2553.79,"end":2554.63},{"text":"as","start":2554.63,"end":2554.75},{"text":"an","start":2554.75,"end":2554.83},{"text":"autonomous","start":2554.83,"end":2555.23},{"text":"weapon","start":2555.23,"end":2555.51},{"text":"system.","start":2555.51,"end":2555.95}]},{"text":"Instead, we consider that the relevant control must be over the effects of the weapon systems in line with IHL requirements.","start":2557.31,"end":2563.07,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Instead,","start":2557.31,"end":2557.79},{"text":"we","start":2557.79,"end":2557.91},{"text":"consider","start":2557.91,"end":2558.35},{"text":"that","start":2558.35,"end":2558.47},{"text":"the","start":2558.47,"end":2558.55},{"text":"relevant","start":2558.55,"end":2558.87},{"text":"control","start":2558.87,"end":2559.23},{"text":"must","start":2559.23,"end":2559.51},{"text":"be","start":2559.51,"end":2559.71},{"text":"over","start":2559.71,"end":2559.87},{"text":"the","start":2559.87,"end":2559.95},{"text":"effects","start":2559.95,"end":2560.31},{"text":"of","start":2560.31,"end":2560.39},{"text":"the","start":2560.39,"end":2560.47},{"text":"weapon","start":2560.47,"end":2560.75},{"text":"systems","start":2560.75,"end":2561.23},{"text":"in","start":2561.23,"end":2561.39},{"text":"line","start":2561.39,"end":2561.71},{"text":"with","start":2561.71,"end":2561.87},{"text":"IHL","start":2561.87,"end":2562.27},{"text":"requirements.","start":2562.27,"end":2563.07}]},{"text":"This control over effects is brought about through a combination of prohibitions and restrictions that we will consider in box three, particularly paragraph six.","start":2563.71,"end":2571.55,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2563.71,"end":2563.91},{"text":"control","start":2563.91,"end":2564.31},{"text":"over","start":2564.31,"end":2564.51},{"text":"effects","start":2564.51,"end":2564.91},{"text":"is","start":2564.91,"end":2565.07},{"text":"brought","start":2565.07,"end":2565.31},{"text":"about","start":2565.31,"end":2565.67},{"text":"through","start":2565.67,"end":2565.83},{"text":"a","start":2565.83,"end":2565.87},{"text":"combination","start":2565.87,"end":2566.47},{"text":"of","start":2566.47,"end":2566.55},{"text":"prohibitions","start":2566.55,"end":2567.19},{"text":"and","start":2567.19,"end":2567.31},{"text":"restrictions","start":2567.31,"end":2568.03},{"text":"that","start":2568.03,"end":2568.27},{"text":"we","start":2568.27,"end":2568.39},{"text":"will","start":2568.39,"end":2568.51},{"text":"consider","start":2568.51,"end":2568.95},{"text":"in","start":2568.95,"end":2569.07},{"text":"box","start":2569.07,"end":2569.39},{"text":"three,","start":2569.39,"end":2569.71},{"text":"particularly","start":2569.99,"end":2570.67},{"text":"paragraph","start":2570.67,"end":2571.15},{"text":"six.","start":2571.15,"end":2571.55}]},{"text":"Namely, prohibiting certain systems such as those with effects that cannot be controlled and restricting the operating environment of others to limit the number of possibilities to a reasonable level to allow a user to anticipate and control effects.","start":2572.19,"end":2584.75,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Namely,","start":2572.19,"end":2572.67},{"text":"prohibiting","start":2572.67,"end":2573.23},{"text":"certain","start":2573.23,"end":2573.55},{"text":"systems","start":2573.55,"end":2574.03},{"text":"such","start":2574.03,"end":2574.23},{"text":"as","start":2574.23,"end":2574.35},{"text":"those","start":2574.35,"end":2574.59},{"text":"with","start":2574.59,"end":2574.71},{"text":"effects","start":2574.71,"end":2575.07},{"text":"that","start":2575.07,"end":2575.23},{"text":"cannot","start":2575.23,"end":2575.55},{"text":"be","start":2575.55,"end":2575.71},{"text":"controlled","start":2575.71,"end":2576.35},{"text":"and","start":2576.35,"end":2576.59},{"text":"restricting","start":2576.59,"end":2577.31},{"text":"the","start":2577.31,"end":2577.43},{"text":"operating","start":2577.43,"end":2577.95},{"text":"environment","start":2577.95,"end":2578.55},{"text":"of","start":2578.55,"end":2578.75},{"text":"others","start":2578.75,"end":2579.07},{"text":"to","start":2579.07,"end":2579.27},{"text":"limit","start":2579.27,"end":2579.51},{"text":"the","start":2579.51,"end":2579.59},{"text":"number","start":2579.59,"end":2579.87},{"text":"of","start":2579.87,"end":2579.95},{"text":"possibilities","start":2579.95,"end":2580.83},{"text":"to","start":2581.31,"end":2581.43},{"text":"a","start":2581.43,"end":2581.47},{"text":"reasonable","start":2581.47,"end":2581.99},{"text":"level","start":2581.99,"end":2582.35},{"text":"to","start":2582.35,"end":2582.47},{"text":"allow","start":2582.47,"end":2582.75},{"text":"a","start":2582.75,"end":2582.83},{"text":"user","start":2582.83,"end":2583.15},{"text":"to","start":2583.15,"end":2583.23},{"text":"anticipate","start":2583.23,"end":2583.75},{"text":"and","start":2583.75,"end":2583.87},{"text":"control","start":2583.87,"end":2584.19},{"text":"effects.","start":2584.19,"end":2584.75}]},{"text":"For these reasons, we think that having context-appropriate human judgment and control with the prohibitions and restrictions in box three, illustrating what it entails, underscores the central point that it is humans who are responsible for ensuring compliance with IHL.","start":2585.95,"end":2599.63,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2585.95,"end":2586.11},{"text":"these","start":2586.11,"end":2586.35},{"text":"reasons,","start":2586.35,"end":2586.91},{"text":"we","start":2586.91,"end":2587.11},{"text":"think","start":2587.11,"end":2587.31},{"text":"that","start":2587.31,"end":2587.47},{"text":"having","start":2587.47,"end":2587.79},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":2587.79,"end":2588.59},{"text":"human","start":2588.59,"end":2588.83},{"text":"judgment","start":2588.83,"end":2589.23},{"text":"and","start":2589.23,"end":2589.35},{"text":"control","start":2589.35,"end":2589.95},{"text":"with","start":2589.95,"end":2590.19},{"text":"the","start":2590.19,"end":2590.27},{"text":"prohibitions","start":2590.27,"end":2590.83},{"text":"and","start":2590.83,"end":2590.95},{"text":"restrictions","start":2590.95,"end":2591.47},{"text":"in","start":2591.47,"end":2591.59},{"text":"box","start":2591.59,"end":2591.87},{"text":"three,","start":2591.87,"end":2592.35},{"text":"illustrating","start":2592.51,"end":2593.15},{"text":"what","start":2593.15,"end":2593.31},{"text":"it","start":2593.31,"end":2593.43},{"text":"entails,","start":2593.43,"end":2594.03},{"text":"underscores","start":2594.35,"end":2595.07},{"text":"the","start":2595.07,"end":2595.19},{"text":"central","start":2595.19,"end":2595.55},{"text":"point","start":2595.55,"end":2596.11},{"text":"that","start":2596.11,"end":2596.27},{"text":"it","start":2596.27,"end":2596.39},{"text":"is","start":2596.39,"end":2596.59},{"text":"humans","start":2596.59,"end":2596.99},{"text":"who","start":2596.99,"end":2597.07},{"text":"are","start":2597.07,"end":2597.27},{"text":"responsible","start":2597.27,"end":2597.91},{"text":"for","start":2597.91,"end":2598.07},{"text":"ensuring","start":2598.07,"end":2598.39},{"text":"compliance","start":2598.39,"end":2598.87},{"text":"with","start":2598.87,"end":2598.99},{"text":"IHL.","start":2598.99,"end":2599.63}]},{"text":"It is humans who must determine the lawfulness of the attacks they plan, decide upon, and execute, and they remain accountable for those determinations.","start":2600.27,"end":2607.63,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2600.27,"end":2600.43},{"text":"is","start":2600.43,"end":2600.55},{"text":"humans","start":2600.55,"end":2600.91},{"text":"who","start":2600.91,"end":2600.99},{"text":"must","start":2600.99,"end":2601.23},{"text":"determine","start":2601.23,"end":2601.55},{"text":"the","start":2601.55,"end":2601.63},{"text":"lawfulness","start":2601.63,"end":2602.11},{"text":"of","start":2602.11,"end":2602.19},{"text":"the","start":2602.19,"end":2602.31},{"text":"attacks","start":2602.31,"end":2602.67},{"text":"they","start":2602.67,"end":2602.83},{"text":"plan,","start":2602.83,"end":2603.31},{"text":"decide","start":2603.39,"end":2603.83},{"text":"upon,","start":2603.83,"end":2604.35},{"text":"and","start":2604.35,"end":2604.47},{"text":"execute,","start":2604.47,"end":2605.07},{"text":"and","start":2605.31,"end":2605.47},{"text":"they","start":2605.47,"end":2605.55},{"text":"remain","start":2605.55,"end":2605.83},{"text":"accountable","start":2605.83,"end":2606.35},{"text":"for","start":2606.35,"end":2606.51},{"text":"those","start":2606.51,"end":2606.67},{"text":"determinations.","start":2606.67,"end":2607.63}]},{"text":"That said, we take note of points raised yesterday by the distinguished representatives of the United States and Australia that repeated references to the term may introduce confusion.","start":2608.47,"end":2619.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":2608.47,"end":2608.79},{"text":"said,","start":2608.79,"end":2609.27},{"text":"we","start":2609.43,"end":2609.67},{"text":"take","start":2609.67,"end":2609.91},{"text":"note","start":2609.91,"end":2611.03},{"text":"of","start":2611.03,"end":2611.11},{"text":"points","start":2611.11,"end":2611.43},{"text":"raised","start":2611.43,"end":2611.75},{"text":"yesterday","start":2611.75,"end":2612.23},{"text":"by","start":2612.23,"end":2612.39},{"text":"the","start":2612.39,"end":2612.47},{"text":"distinguished","start":2612.47,"end":2612.95},{"text":"representatives","start":2612.95,"end":2613.59},{"text":"of","start":2613.59,"end":2613.67},{"text":"the","start":2613.67,"end":2613.75},{"text":"United","start":2613.75,"end":2614.19},{"text":"States","start":2614.19,"end":2614.71},{"text":"and","start":2614.71,"end":2614.95},{"text":"Australia","start":2614.95,"end":2615.67},{"text":"that","start":2615.91,"end":2616.15},{"text":"repeated","start":2616.15,"end":2616.55},{"text":"references","start":2616.55,"end":2617.03},{"text":"to","start":2617.03,"end":2617.15},{"text":"the","start":2617.15,"end":2617.23},{"text":"term","start":2617.23,"end":2617.63},{"text":"may","start":2617.63,"end":2617.75},{"text":"introduce","start":2617.75,"end":2618.27},{"text":"confusion.","start":2618.27,"end":2619.11}]},{"text":"We also echo your comment, Chair, that this issue is relevant and requires discussion irrespective of where the term will be addressed.","start":2619.51,"end":2625.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2619.51,"end":2619.75},{"text":"also","start":2619.75,"end":2620.07},{"text":"echo","start":2620.07,"end":2620.27},{"text":"your","start":2620.27,"end":2620.47},{"text":"comment,","start":2620.47,"end":2620.83},{"text":"Chair,","start":2620.83,"end":2621.19},{"text":"that","start":2621.19,"end":2621.35},{"text":"this","start":2621.35,"end":2621.59},{"text":"issue","start":2621.59,"end":2621.91},{"text":"is","start":2621.91,"end":2622.07},{"text":"relevant","start":2622.07,"end":2622.51},{"text":"and","start":2622.51,"end":2622.63},{"text":"requires","start":2622.63,"end":2623.03},{"text":"discussion","start":2623.03,"end":2623.67},{"text":"irrespective","start":2623.67,"end":2624.31},{"text":"of","start":2624.31,"end":2624.39},{"text":"where","start":2624.39,"end":2624.63},{"text":"the","start":2624.63,"end":2624.71},{"text":"term","start":2624.71,"end":2624.99},{"text":"will","start":2624.99,"end":2625.11},{"text":"be","start":2625.11,"end":2625.23},{"text":"addressed.","start":2625.23,"end":2625.83}]},{"text":"One possible compromise that we would like to suggest could be to retain a single reference, the context appropriate human judgment and control in box three, together with the measures that give practical meaning to it.","start":2626.95,"end":2638.19,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"One","start":2626.95,"end":2627.27},{"text":"possible","start":2627.27,"end":2627.67},{"text":"compromise","start":2627.67,"end":2628.19},{"text":"that","start":2628.19,"end":2628.31},{"text":"we","start":2628.31,"end":2628.39},{"text":"would","start":2628.39,"end":2628.51},{"text":"like","start":2628.51,"end":2628.79},{"text":"to","start":2628.79,"end":2628.87},{"text":"suggest","start":2628.87,"end":2629.35},{"text":"could","start":2629.35,"end":2629.51},{"text":"be","start":2629.51,"end":2629.67},{"text":"to","start":2629.67,"end":2629.79},{"text":"retain","start":2629.79,"end":2630.23},{"text":"a","start":2630.23,"end":2630.27},{"text":"single","start":2630.27,"end":2630.63},{"text":"reference,","start":2630.63,"end":2631.35},{"text":"the","start":2631.35,"end":2631.47},{"text":"context","start":2631.47,"end":2631.95},{"text":"appropriate","start":2631.95,"end":2632.51},{"text":"human","start":2632.51,"end":2632.79},{"text":"judgment","start":2632.79,"end":2633.19},{"text":"and","start":2633.19,"end":2633.31},{"text":"control","start":2633.31,"end":2633.75},{"text":"in","start":2633.75,"end":2633.91},{"text":"box","start":2633.91,"end":2634.31},{"text":"three,","start":2634.31,"end":2634.79},{"text":"together","start":2635.39,"end":2635.79},{"text":"with","start":2635.79,"end":2635.91},{"text":"the","start":2635.91,"end":2636.03},{"text":"measures","start":2636.03,"end":2636.43},{"text":"that","start":2636.43,"end":2636.59},{"text":"give","start":2636.59,"end":2636.87},{"text":"practical","start":2636.87,"end":2637.39},{"text":"meaning","start":2637.39,"end":2637.71},{"text":"to","start":2637.71,"end":2637.83},{"text":"it.","start":2637.83,"end":2638.19}]},{"text":"In our view, this placement would allow us to emphasize the measures that flow from this requirement, namely the restrictions that affect such human control, and avoid going into debates on what that control would entail.","start":2638.91,"end":2650.59,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2638.91,"end":2639.15},{"text":"our","start":2639.15,"end":2639.39},{"text":"view,","start":2639.39,"end":2639.87},{"text":"this","start":2639.87,"end":2640.11},{"text":"placement","start":2640.11,"end":2640.55},{"text":"would","start":2640.55,"end":2640.67},{"text":"allow","start":2640.67,"end":2640.99},{"text":"us","start":2640.99,"end":2641.15},{"text":"to","start":2641.15,"end":2641.27},{"text":"emphasize","start":2641.27,"end":2642.03},{"text":"the","start":2642.03,"end":2642.15},{"text":"measures","start":2642.15,"end":2642.51},{"text":"that","start":2642.51,"end":2642.63},{"text":"flow","start":2642.63,"end":2642.91},{"text":"from","start":2642.91,"end":2643.15},{"text":"this","start":2643.15,"end":2643.31},{"text":"requirement,","start":2643.31,"end":2644.11},{"text":"namely","start":2644.11,"end":2644.51},{"text":"the","start":2644.51,"end":2644.59},{"text":"restrictions","start":2644.59,"end":2645.23},{"text":"that","start":2645.23,"end":2645.43},{"text":"affect","start":2645.43,"end":2645.83},{"text":"such","start":2645.83,"end":2646.07},{"text":"human","start":2646.07,"end":2646.31},{"text":"control,","start":2646.31,"end":2646.83},{"text":"and","start":2647.07,"end":2647.27},{"text":"avoid","start":2647.27,"end":2647.55},{"text":"going","start":2647.55,"end":2647.87},{"text":"into","start":2647.87,"end":2648.11},{"text":"debates","start":2648.11,"end":2648.75},{"text":"on","start":2648.83,"end":2648.99},{"text":"what","start":2648.99,"end":2649.23},{"text":"that","start":2649.31,"end":2649.55},{"text":"control","start":2649.55,"end":2649.95},{"text":"would","start":2649.95,"end":2650.07},{"text":"entail.","start":2650.07,"end":2650.59}]},{"text":"Now, in response to comments raised by the distinguished representative of Singapore, we thank you very much for raising those important points and providing further clarity.","start":2652.27,"end":2659.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":2652.27,"end":2652.51},{"text":"in","start":2652.51,"end":2652.67},{"text":"response","start":2652.67,"end":2653.07},{"text":"to","start":2653.07,"end":2653.23},{"text":"comments","start":2653.23,"end":2653.55},{"text":"raised","start":2653.55,"end":2653.71},{"text":"by","start":2653.71,"end":2653.79},{"text":"the","start":2653.79,"end":2653.87},{"text":"distinguished","start":2653.87,"end":2654.35},{"text":"representative","start":2654.35,"end":2654.87},{"text":"of","start":2654.87,"end":2654.95},{"text":"Singapore,","start":2654.95,"end":2655.55},{"text":"we","start":2655.55,"end":2655.71},{"text":"thank","start":2655.71,"end":2655.87},{"text":"you","start":2655.87,"end":2655.95},{"text":"very","start":2655.95,"end":2656.15},{"text":"much","start":2656.15,"end":2656.35},{"text":"for","start":2656.35,"end":2656.47},{"text":"raising","start":2656.47,"end":2656.83},{"text":"those","start":2656.83,"end":2657.03},{"text":"important","start":2657.03,"end":2657.47},{"text":"points","start":2657.47,"end":2657.95},{"text":"and","start":2657.95,"end":2658.07},{"text":"providing","start":2658.07,"end":2658.51},{"text":"further","start":2658.51,"end":2658.79},{"text":"clarity.","start":2658.79,"end":2659.31}]},{"text":"To clarify on our part, we do not necessarily consider fire and forget on its own to amount to an autonomous weapon system or not.","start":2660.03,"end":2665.87,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":2660.03,"end":2660.11},{"text":"clarify","start":2660.11,"end":2660.55},{"text":"on","start":2660.55,"end":2660.75},{"text":"our","start":2660.75,"end":2660.99},{"text":"part,","start":2660.99,"end":2661.35},{"text":"we","start":2661.35,"end":2661.47},{"text":"do","start":2661.47,"end":2661.59},{"text":"not","start":2661.59,"end":2661.75},{"text":"necessarily","start":2661.75,"end":2662.31},{"text":"consider","start":2662.31,"end":2662.67},{"text":"fire","start":2662.67,"end":2662.91},{"text":"and","start":2662.91,"end":2663.03},{"text":"forget","start":2663.03,"end":2663.39},{"text":"on","start":2663.39,"end":2663.55},{"text":"its","start":2663.55,"end":2663.71},{"text":"own","start":2663.71,"end":2663.95},{"text":"to","start":2663.95,"end":2664.03},{"text":"amount","start":2664.03,"end":2664.31},{"text":"to","start":2664.31,"end":2664.39},{"text":"an","start":2664.39,"end":2664.47},{"text":"autonomous","start":2664.47,"end":2664.91},{"text":"weapon","start":2664.91,"end":2665.11},{"text":"system","start":2665.11,"end":2665.43},{"text":"or","start":2665.43,"end":2665.55},{"text":"not.","start":2665.55,"end":2665.87}]},{"text":"We are only using the example provided by other delegations to elaborate on what we mean by select and identify functions.","start":2666.19,"end":2672.91,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2666.19,"end":2666.39},{"text":"are","start":2666.39,"end":2666.47},{"text":"only","start":2666.47,"end":2666.71},{"text":"using","start":2666.71,"end":2667.15},{"text":"the","start":2667.15,"end":2667.27},{"text":"example","start":2667.27,"end":2667.71},{"text":"provided","start":2667.71,"end":2668.11},{"text":"by","start":2668.11,"end":2668.27},{"text":"other","start":2668.27,"end":2668.43},{"text":"delegations","start":2668.43,"end":2669.07},{"text":"to","start":2669.07,"end":2669.19},{"text":"elaborate","start":2669.19,"end":2669.79},{"text":"on","start":2669.79,"end":2669.91},{"text":"what","start":2669.91,"end":2670.11},{"text":"we","start":2670.11,"end":2670.19},{"text":"mean","start":2670.19,"end":2670.43},{"text":"by","start":2670.43,"end":2670.59},{"text":"select","start":2671.07,"end":2671.51},{"text":"and","start":2671.51,"end":2671.63},{"text":"identify","start":2671.63,"end":2672.19},{"text":"functions.","start":2672.19,"end":2672.91}]},{"text":"Fire and forget is a technical feature rather than a legal or policy category, as you put it.","start":2674.83,"end":2679.15,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Fire","start":2674.83,"end":2675.07},{"text":"and","start":2675.07,"end":2675.19},{"text":"forget","start":2675.19,"end":2675.51},{"text":"is","start":2675.51,"end":2675.63},{"text":"a","start":2675.63,"end":2675.67},{"text":"technical","start":2675.67,"end":2676.07},{"text":"feature","start":2676.07,"end":2676.47},{"text":"rather","start":2676.47,"end":2676.71},{"text":"than","start":2676.71,"end":2676.87},{"text":"a","start":2676.87,"end":2676.91},{"text":"legal","start":2676.91,"end":2677.19},{"text":"or","start":2677.19,"end":2677.31},{"text":"policy","start":2677.31,"end":2677.63},{"text":"category,","start":2677.63,"end":2678.35},{"text":"as","start":2678.51,"end":2678.75},{"text":"you","start":2678.75,"end":2678.83},{"text":"put","start":2678.83,"end":2678.99},{"text":"it.","start":2678.99,"end":2679.15}]},{"text":"As one source puts it, fire and forget technology is an important innovation in modern weapon systems.","start":2679.71,"end":2684.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":2679.71,"end":2679.95},{"text":"one","start":2679.95,"end":2680.11},{"text":"source","start":2680.11,"end":2680.35},{"text":"puts","start":2680.35,"end":2680.59},{"text":"it,","start":2680.59,"end":2680.71},{"text":"fire","start":2680.71,"end":2680.91},{"text":"and","start":2680.91,"end":2681.03},{"text":"forget","start":2681.03,"end":2681.31},{"text":"technology","start":2681.31,"end":2681.75},{"text":"is","start":2681.75,"end":2681.87},{"text":"an","start":2681.87,"end":2681.95},{"text":"important","start":2681.95,"end":2682.43},{"text":"innovation","start":2682.43,"end":2682.99},{"text":"in","start":2682.99,"end":2683.11},{"text":"modern","start":2683.11,"end":2683.43},{"text":"weapon","start":2683.43,"end":2683.71},{"text":"systems.","start":2683.71,"end":2684.19}]},{"text":"allowing missile launchers to lock on targets and release missiles without the need for further guidance from the operator.","start":2684.75,"end":2690.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"allowing","start":2684.75,"end":2685.27},{"text":"missile","start":2685.27,"end":2685.71},{"text":"launchers","start":2685.71,"end":2686.11},{"text":"to","start":2686.11,"end":2686.19},{"text":"lock","start":2686.19,"end":2686.43},{"text":"on","start":2686.43,"end":2686.55},{"text":"targets","start":2686.55,"end":2686.99},{"text":"and","start":2686.99,"end":2687.11},{"text":"release","start":2687.11,"end":2687.39},{"text":"missiles","start":2687.39,"end":2687.79},{"text":"without","start":2687.79,"end":2688.07},{"text":"the","start":2688.07,"end":2688.15},{"text":"need","start":2688.15,"end":2688.31},{"text":"for","start":2688.31,"end":2688.43},{"text":"further","start":2688.43,"end":2688.91},{"text":"guidance","start":2688.99,"end":2689.43},{"text":"from","start":2689.43,"end":2689.59},{"text":"the","start":2689.59,"end":2689.67},{"text":"operator.","start":2689.67,"end":2690.27}]},{"text":"Now, depending on the system, this feature may or may not amount to a critical function of selecting a target on its own.","start":2691.07,"end":2696.51,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":2691.07,"end":2691.31},{"text":"depending","start":2691.31,"end":2691.67},{"text":"on","start":2691.67,"end":2691.79},{"text":"the","start":2691.79,"end":2691.87},{"text":"system,","start":2691.87,"end":2692.23},{"text":"this","start":2692.23,"end":2692.51},{"text":"feature","start":2692.51,"end":2692.83},{"text":"may","start":2692.83,"end":2693.15},{"text":"or","start":2693.15,"end":2693.31},{"text":"may","start":2693.31,"end":2693.47},{"text":"not","start":2693.47,"end":2693.71},{"text":"amount","start":2693.71,"end":2693.99},{"text":"to","start":2693.99,"end":2694.07},{"text":"a","start":2694.07,"end":2694.11},{"text":"critical","start":2694.11,"end":2694.51},{"text":"function","start":2694.51,"end":2694.91},{"text":"of","start":2694.91,"end":2694.99},{"text":"selecting","start":2694.99,"end":2695.47},{"text":"a","start":2695.47,"end":2695.51},{"text":"target","start":2695.51,"end":2695.87},{"text":"on","start":2695.87,"end":2696.03},{"text":"its","start":2696.03,"end":2696.19},{"text":"own.","start":2696.19,"end":2696.51}]},{"text":"In some cases, the human operator selects the target before launch, and the system merely guides itself to the preselected object.","start":2697.15,"end":2703.71,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2697.15,"end":2697.31},{"text":"some","start":2697.31,"end":2697.47},{"text":"cases,","start":2697.47,"end":2697.95},{"text":"the","start":2697.95,"end":2698.03},{"text":"human","start":2698.03,"end":2698.35},{"text":"operator","start":2698.35,"end":2698.99},{"text":"selects","start":2698.99,"end":2699.47},{"text":"the","start":2699.47,"end":2699.55},{"text":"target","start":2699.55,"end":2699.83},{"text":"before","start":2699.83,"end":2700.11},{"text":"launch,","start":2700.11,"end":2700.67},{"text":"and","start":2700.71,"end":2700.87},{"text":"the","start":2700.87,"end":2700.95},{"text":"system","start":2700.95,"end":2701.27},{"text":"merely","start":2701.27,"end":2701.63},{"text":"guides","start":2701.63,"end":2701.95},{"text":"itself","start":2701.95,"end":2702.35},{"text":"to","start":2702.35,"end":2702.43},{"text":"the","start":2702.43,"end":2702.59},{"text":"preselected","start":2702.59,"end":2703.23},{"text":"object.","start":2703.23,"end":2703.71}]},{"text":"In such situations, it would not constitute an autonomous weapon system.","start":2704.19,"end":2707.47,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2704.19,"end":2704.35},{"text":"such","start":2704.35,"end":2704.59},{"text":"situations,","start":2704.59,"end":2705.39},{"text":"it","start":2705.39,"end":2705.55},{"text":"would","start":2705.55,"end":2705.67},{"text":"not","start":2705.67,"end":2705.83},{"text":"constitute","start":2705.83,"end":2706.39},{"text":"an","start":2706.39,"end":2706.51},{"text":"autonomous","start":2706.51,"end":2706.91},{"text":"weapon","start":2706.91,"end":2707.11},{"text":"system.","start":2707.11,"end":2707.47}]},{"text":"In others, the system is given a generalized target profile or a broader search function, and then it autonomously selects which target to strike within parameters.","start":2708.03,"end":2716.19,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2708.03,"end":2708.19},{"text":"others,","start":2708.19,"end":2708.67},{"text":"the","start":2708.67,"end":2708.83},{"text":"system","start":2708.83,"end":2709.19},{"text":"is","start":2709.19,"end":2709.31},{"text":"given","start":2709.31,"end":2709.59},{"text":"a","start":2709.59,"end":2709.63},{"text":"generalized","start":2709.63,"end":2710.19},{"text":"target","start":2710.19,"end":2710.43},{"text":"profile","start":2710.43,"end":2711.07},{"text":"or","start":2711.07,"end":2711.23},{"text":"a","start":2711.23,"end":2711.27},{"text":"broader","start":2711.27,"end":2711.63},{"text":"search","start":2711.63,"end":2711.95},{"text":"function,","start":2711.95,"end":2712.43},{"text":"and","start":2712.43,"end":2712.59},{"text":"then","start":2712.59,"end":2712.75},{"text":"it","start":2712.75,"end":2712.99},{"text":"autonomously","start":2712.99,"end":2713.55},{"text":"selects","start":2713.55,"end":2714.11},{"text":"which","start":2714.11,"end":2714.43},{"text":"target","start":2714.43,"end":2714.79},{"text":"to","start":2714.79,"end":2714.87},{"text":"strike","start":2714.87,"end":2715.19},{"text":"within","start":2715.19,"end":2715.47},{"text":"parameters.","start":2715.47,"end":2716.19}]},{"text":"In that case, it would be characterized as an autonomous weapon system.","start":2716.67,"end":2719.39,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2716.67,"end":2716.83},{"text":"that","start":2716.83,"end":2716.99},{"text":"case,","start":2716.99,"end":2717.27},{"text":"it","start":2717.27,"end":2717.39},{"text":"would","start":2717.39,"end":2717.51},{"text":"be","start":2717.51,"end":2717.63},{"text":"characterized","start":2717.63,"end":2718.11},{"text":"as","start":2718.11,"end":2718.27},{"text":"an","start":2718.27,"end":2718.35},{"text":"autonomous","start":2718.35,"end":2718.75},{"text":"weapon","start":2718.75,"end":2718.99},{"text":"system.","start":2718.99,"end":2719.39}]},{"text":"To clarify, for the ICRC, an autonomous weapon system means a weapon system that is designed to select and engage one or more targets without the need for human intervention after activation.","start":2720.23,"end":2731.55,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":2720.23,"end":2720.31},{"text":"clarify,","start":2720.35,"end":2720.99},{"text":"for","start":2721.39,"end":2721.55},{"text":"the","start":2721.55,"end":2721.63},{"text":"ICRC,","start":2721.63,"end":2722.43},{"text":"an","start":2722.59,"end":2722.79},{"text":"autonomous","start":2722.79,"end":2723.23},{"text":"weapon","start":2723.23,"end":2723.47},{"text":"system","start":2723.47,"end":2723.91},{"text":"means","start":2723.91,"end":2724.43},{"text":"a","start":2724.43,"end":2724.51},{"text":"weapon","start":2724.51,"end":2724.79},{"text":"system","start":2724.79,"end":2725.07},{"text":"that","start":2725.07,"end":2725.23},{"text":"is","start":2725.23,"end":2725.39},{"text":"designed","start":2725.39,"end":2725.87},{"text":"to","start":2725.87,"end":2725.95},{"text":"select","start":2725.95,"end":2726.51},{"text":"and","start":2726.51,"end":2726.67},{"text":"engage","start":2726.67,"end":2727.39},{"text":"one","start":2727.71,"end":2727.99},{"text":"or","start":2727.99,"end":2728.11},{"text":"more","start":2728.11,"end":2728.35},{"text":"targets","start":2728.35,"end":2728.83},{"text":"without","start":2728.83,"end":2729.15},{"text":"the","start":2729.15,"end":2729.27},{"text":"need","start":2729.27,"end":2729.51},{"text":"for","start":2729.51,"end":2729.67},{"text":"human","start":2729.67,"end":2729.91},{"text":"intervention","start":2729.91,"end":2730.51},{"text":"after","start":2730.51,"end":2730.83},{"text":"activation.","start":2730.83,"end":2731.55}]},{"text":"This means that the application of force is triggered in response to information received from the environment through sensors measuring phenomena such as heat, light, movement, shape, velocity, amongst others, and on the basis of a generalised target profile, such as the shape, infrared or radar signature of a military vehicle, for example.","start":2732.19,"end":2751.87,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2732.19,"end":2732.43},{"text":"means","start":2732.43,"end":2732.91},{"text":"that","start":2732.91,"end":2733.03},{"text":"the","start":2733.03,"end":2733.11},{"text":"application","start":2733.11,"end":2733.75},{"text":"of","start":2733.75,"end":2733.83},{"text":"force","start":2733.83,"end":2734.27},{"text":"is","start":2734.27,"end":2734.43},{"text":"triggered","start":2734.43,"end":2734.83},{"text":"in","start":2734.83,"end":2734.99},{"text":"response","start":2734.99,"end":2735.63},{"text":"to","start":2735.63,"end":2735.75},{"text":"information","start":2735.75,"end":2736.59},{"text":"received","start":2736.83,"end":2737.31},{"text":"from","start":2737.31,"end":2737.55},{"text":"the","start":2737.55,"end":2737.67},{"text":"environment","start":2737.67,"end":2738.31},{"text":"through","start":2738.31,"end":2738.43},{"text":"sensors","start":2738.43,"end":2739.15},{"text":"measuring","start":2739.55,"end":2739.95},{"text":"phenomena","start":2739.95,"end":2740.43},{"text":"such","start":2740.43,"end":2740.75},{"text":"as","start":2740.75,"end":2740.91},{"text":"heat,","start":2740.91,"end":2741.39},{"text":"light,","start":2741.47,"end":2742.03},{"text":"movement,","start":2742.11,"end":2742.67},{"text":"shape,","start":2742.75,"end":2743.23},{"text":"velocity,","start":2743.63,"end":2744.19},{"text":"amongst","start":2744.19,"end":2744.59},{"text":"others,","start":2744.59,"end":2745.19},{"text":"and","start":2745.19,"end":2745.35},{"text":"on","start":2745.35,"end":2745.47},{"text":"the","start":2745.47,"end":2745.55},{"text":"basis","start":2745.55,"end":2745.91},{"text":"of","start":2745.91,"end":2745.99},{"text":"a","start":2745.99,"end":2746.03},{"text":"generalised","start":2746.03,"end":2746.59},{"text":"target","start":2746.59,"end":2746.91},{"text":"profile,","start":2746.91,"end":2747.47},{"text":"such","start":2747.47,"end":2747.71},{"text":"as","start":2747.71,"end":2747.79},{"text":"the","start":2747.79,"end":2747.87},{"text":"shape,","start":2747.87,"end":2748.27},{"text":"infrared","start":2748.27,"end":2748.91},{"text":"or","start":2748.91,"end":2749.11},{"text":"radar","start":2749.11,"end":2749.39},{"text":"signature","start":2749.39,"end":2750.03},{"text":"of","start":2750.27,"end":2750.47},{"text":"a","start":2750.47,"end":2750.51},{"text":"military","start":2750.51,"end":2750.91},{"text":"vehicle,","start":2750.91,"end":2751.23},{"text":"for","start":2751.23,"end":2751.35},{"text":"example.","start":2751.35,"end":2751.87}]},{"text":"I thank you, Chair.","start":2752.27,"end":2752.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2752.27,"end":2752.43},{"text":"thank","start":2752.43,"end":2752.59},{"text":"you,","start":2752.59,"end":2752.67},{"text":"Chair.","start":2752.67,"end":2752.91}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"ICRC","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"ICRC"}},{"statement_number":31,"start":2752.91,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=45:53","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of the ICSC.","start":2752.91,"end":2758.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":2752.91,"end":2753.03},{"text":"me","start":2755.43,"end":2755.63},{"text":"thank","start":2755.67,"end":2755.87},{"text":"the","start":2755.87,"end":2755.95},{"text":"distinguished","start":2755.95,"end":2756.47},{"text":"representative","start":2756.47,"end":2757.07},{"text":"of","start":2757.11,"end":2757.31},{"text":"the","start":2757.51,"end":2757.59},{"text":"ICSC.","start":2757.63,"end":2758.59}]},{"text":"for her contribution to the discussion.","start":2759.07,"end":2761.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"for","start":2759.07,"end":2759.39},{"text":"her","start":2759.55,"end":2759.71},{"text":"contribution","start":2759.71,"end":2760.43},{"text":"to","start":2760.43,"end":2760.51},{"text":"the","start":2760.51,"end":2760.63},{"text":"discussion.","start":2760.63,"end":2761.35}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Samoa, to be followed by South Africa and Uruguay.","start":2761.35,"end":2764.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":2761.35,"end":2761.63},{"text":"on","start":2761.63,"end":2761.71},{"text":"my","start":2761.71,"end":2761.87},{"text":"list","start":2761.87,"end":2762.19},{"text":"is","start":2762.19,"end":2762.31},{"text":"Samoa,","start":2762.31,"end":2762.91},{"text":"to","start":2762.91,"end":2763.07},{"text":"be","start":2763.07,"end":2763.23},{"text":"followed","start":2763.23,"end":2763.47},{"text":"by","start":2763.47,"end":2763.59},{"text":"South","start":2763.59,"end":2763.87},{"text":"Africa","start":2763.87,"end":2764.23},{"text":"and","start":2764.23,"end":2764.43},{"text":"Uruguay.","start":2764.43,"end":2764.99}]},{"text":"But first, the distinguished representative of Samoa.","start":2765.39,"end":2768.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":2765.39,"end":2765.71},{"text":"first,","start":2765.71,"end":2766.11},{"text":"the","start":2766.11,"end":2766.19},{"text":"distinguished","start":2766.19,"end":2766.67},{"text":"representative","start":2766.67,"end":2767.31},{"text":"of","start":2767.43,"end":2767.55},{"text":"Samoa.","start":2767.55,"end":2768.03}]},{"text":"Madam, you have the floor.","start":2768.03,"end":2768.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam,","start":2768.03,"end":2768.35},{"text":"you","start":2768.35,"end":2768.43},{"text":"have","start":2768.43,"end":2768.59},{"text":"the","start":2768.59,"end":2768.67},{"text":"floor.","start":2768.67,"end":2768.91}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":32,"start":2771.79,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=46:12","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair, and good morning.","start":2771.79,"end":2773.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2771.79,"end":2772.03},{"text":"you,","start":2772.03,"end":2772.11},{"text":"Chair,","start":2772.11,"end":2772.35},{"text":"and","start":2772.35,"end":2772.47},{"text":"good","start":2772.47,"end":2772.59},{"text":"morning.","start":2772.59,"end":2773.07}]},{"text":"Notably, this is the first time for Samoa to engage in the GGE on laws, and we wish to commend your Excellency on your stewardship and the work of the GGE thus far.","start":2773.31,"end":2783.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Notably,","start":2773.31,"end":2773.95},{"text":"this","start":2773.95,"end":2774.19},{"text":"is","start":2774.19,"end":2774.35},{"text":"the","start":2774.35,"end":2774.43},{"text":"first","start":2774.43,"end":2774.75},{"text":"time","start":2774.75,"end":2774.99},{"text":"for","start":2774.99,"end":2775.15},{"text":"Samoa","start":2775.15,"end":2775.71},{"text":"to","start":2775.71,"end":2775.83},{"text":"engage","start":2775.83,"end":2776.43},{"text":"in","start":2776.91,"end":2777.07},{"text":"the","start":2777.07,"end":2777.15},{"text":"GGE","start":2777.15,"end":2777.71},{"text":"on","start":2777.71,"end":2777.95},{"text":"laws,","start":2777.95,"end":2778.35},{"text":"and","start":2778.35,"end":2778.47},{"text":"we","start":2778.47,"end":2778.59},{"text":"wish","start":2778.59,"end":2778.83},{"text":"to","start":2778.83,"end":2778.99},{"text":"commend","start":2778.99,"end":2779.31},{"text":"your","start":2779.31,"end":2779.47},{"text":"Excellency","start":2779.47,"end":2780.11},{"text":"on","start":2780.11,"end":2780.27},{"text":"your","start":2780.27,"end":2780.43},{"text":"stewardship","start":2780.43,"end":2781.15},{"text":"and","start":2781.63,"end":2781.75},{"text":"the","start":2781.75,"end":2781.83},{"text":"work","start":2781.83,"end":2782.03},{"text":"of","start":2782.03,"end":2782.11},{"text":"the","start":2782.11,"end":2782.23},{"text":"GGE","start":2782.27,"end":2782.75},{"text":"thus","start":2782.91,"end":2783.15},{"text":"far.","start":2783.15,"end":2783.47}]},{"text":"We endeavored to build on the submissions made by Fiji and Kiribati to the SG's report, as well as the informal consultation on autonomous weapons systems by sharing our views as a small island developing state and as a state without a military.","start":2784.27,"end":2798.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2784.27,"end":2784.39},{"text":"endeavored","start":2784.39,"end":2784.79},{"text":"to","start":2784.79,"end":2784.99},{"text":"build","start":2784.99,"end":2785.47},{"text":"on","start":2785.47,"end":2785.59},{"text":"the","start":2785.59,"end":2785.67},{"text":"submissions","start":2785.67,"end":2786.19},{"text":"made","start":2786.19,"end":2786.43},{"text":"by","start":2786.43,"end":2786.59},{"text":"Fiji","start":2786.59,"end":2786.99},{"text":"and","start":2786.99,"end":2787.15},{"text":"Kiribati","start":2787.15,"end":2787.63},{"text":"to","start":2787.71,"end":2787.87},{"text":"the","start":2787.87,"end":2787.99},{"text":"SG's","start":2787.99,"end":2788.51},{"text":"report,","start":2788.51,"end":2788.99},{"text":"as","start":2789.63,"end":2789.79},{"text":"well","start":2789.79,"end":2789.91},{"text":"as","start":2789.91,"end":2790.07},{"text":"the","start":2790.07,"end":2790.15},{"text":"informal","start":2790.15,"end":2790.59},{"text":"consultation","start":2790.59,"end":2791.47},{"text":"on","start":2791.47,"end":2791.95},{"text":"autonomous","start":2791.95,"end":2792.35},{"text":"weapons","start":2792.35,"end":2792.71},{"text":"systems","start":2792.71,"end":2793.23},{"text":"by","start":2793.23,"end":2793.39},{"text":"sharing","start":2793.39,"end":2793.71},{"text":"our","start":2793.71,"end":2793.79},{"text":"views","start":2793.79,"end":2794.27},{"text":"as","start":2794.27,"end":2794.43},{"text":"a","start":2794.43,"end":2794.47},{"text":"small","start":2794.47,"end":2794.75},{"text":"island","start":2794.75,"end":2795.03},{"text":"developing","start":2795.03,"end":2795.43},{"text":"state","start":2795.43,"end":2795.79},{"text":"and","start":2796.27,"end":2796.51},{"text":"as","start":2796.51,"end":2796.71},{"text":"a","start":2796.71,"end":2796.75},{"text":"state","start":2796.75,"end":2797.15},{"text":"without","start":2797.15,"end":2797.47},{"text":"a","start":2797.47,"end":2797.51},{"text":"military.","start":2797.51,"end":2798.11}]},{"text":"On box 2, we are supportive of para 4 with its reference to the Marshall Islands cause and inclusion of effects of laws in paragraph 5, reason being Samoa is from a region that was inundated by nuclear tests.","start":2798.59,"end":2811.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":2798.59,"end":2798.83},{"text":"box","start":2798.83,"end":2799.23},{"text":"2,","start":2799.23,"end":2799.71},{"text":"we","start":2799.71,"end":2799.87},{"text":"are","start":2799.87,"end":2799.95},{"text":"supportive","start":2799.95,"end":2800.39},{"text":"of","start":2800.39,"end":2800.51},{"text":"para","start":2800.51,"end":2800.83},{"text":"4","start":2800.83,"end":2801.23},{"text":"with","start":2801.23,"end":2801.39},{"text":"its","start":2801.39,"end":2801.55},{"text":"reference","start":2801.55,"end":2802.11},{"text":"to","start":2802.11,"end":2802.23},{"text":"the","start":2802.23,"end":2802.35},{"text":"Marshall","start":2802.35,"end":2802.71},{"text":"Islands","start":2802.79,"end":2803.19},{"text":"cause","start":2803.19,"end":2803.31},{"text":"and","start":2804.19,"end":2804.43},{"text":"inclusion","start":2804.43,"end":2804.99},{"text":"of","start":2804.99,"end":2805.23},{"text":"effects","start":2805.23,"end":2805.63},{"text":"of","start":2805.63,"end":2805.79},{"text":"laws","start":2805.79,"end":2806.11},{"text":"in","start":2806.11,"end":2806.27},{"text":"paragraph","start":2806.27,"end":2806.87},{"text":"5,","start":2806.87,"end":2807.23},{"text":"reason","start":2807.71,"end":2808.19},{"text":"being","start":2808.19,"end":2808.59},{"text":"Samoa","start":2808.75,"end":2809.19},{"text":"is","start":2809.19,"end":2809.31},{"text":"from","start":2809.31,"end":2809.47},{"text":"a","start":2809.47,"end":2809.51},{"text":"region","start":2809.51,"end":2809.95},{"text":"that","start":2809.95,"end":2810.11},{"text":"was","start":2810.11,"end":2810.27},{"text":"inundated","start":2810.27,"end":2810.91},{"text":"by","start":2810.91,"end":2811.07},{"text":"nuclear","start":2811.07,"end":2811.47},{"text":"tests.","start":2811.47,"end":2811.87}]},{"text":"where there is still prolonged effects from the use of nuclear weapons, especially in the Republic of Marshall Islands, Kiribati, and Tahiti.","start":2812.39,"end":2819.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"where","start":2812.39,"end":2812.67},{"text":"there","start":2812.67,"end":2812.83},{"text":"is","start":2812.83,"end":2812.91},{"text":"still","start":2812.91,"end":2813.35},{"text":"prolonged","start":2813.75,"end":2814.23},{"text":"effects","start":2814.23,"end":2814.87},{"text":"from","start":2814.87,"end":2815.07},{"text":"the","start":2815.07,"end":2815.15},{"text":"use","start":2815.15,"end":2815.35},{"text":"of","start":2815.35,"end":2815.43},{"text":"nuclear","start":2815.43,"end":2815.75},{"text":"weapons,","start":2815.75,"end":2816.31},{"text":"especially","start":2816.31,"end":2816.79},{"text":"in","start":2816.79,"end":2816.87},{"text":"the","start":2816.87,"end":2816.95},{"text":"Republic","start":2816.95,"end":2817.35},{"text":"of","start":2817.35,"end":2817.43},{"text":"Marshall","start":2817.43,"end":2817.75},{"text":"Islands,","start":2817.75,"end":2818.23},{"text":"Kiribati,","start":2818.23,"end":2818.83},{"text":"and","start":2818.83,"end":2818.99},{"text":"Tahiti.","start":2818.99,"end":2819.51}]},{"text":"We are of the view that the risks, threats, and use of lethal autonomous weapons mirror nuclear weapons, especially with its absence of humanity.","start":2820.07,"end":2827.43,"topics":[{"key":"martens-clause-ethics","label":"Martens Clause and Ethical Considerations","description":"Multiple delegations emphasized the importance of the Martens Clause and broader ethical concerns in addressing autonomous weapons. They linked the issue to humanity, public conscience, and the need to preserve human moral judgment in the use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2820.07,"end":2820.23},{"text":"are","start":2820.23,"end":2820.31},{"text":"of","start":2820.31,"end":2820.39},{"text":"the","start":2820.39,"end":2820.51},{"text":"view","start":2820.51,"end":2820.79},{"text":"that","start":2820.79,"end":2820.91},{"text":"the","start":2820.91,"end":2820.99},{"text":"risks,","start":2820.99,"end":2821.51},{"text":"threats,","start":2821.51,"end":2821.99},{"text":"and","start":2821.99,"end":2822.15},{"text":"use","start":2822.15,"end":2822.39},{"text":"of","start":2822.39,"end":2822.47},{"text":"lethal","start":2822.47,"end":2822.75},{"text":"autonomous","start":2822.75,"end":2823.19},{"text":"weapons","start":2823.19,"end":2823.67},{"text":"mirror","start":2823.75,"end":2824.31},{"text":"nuclear","start":2824.31,"end":2824.71},{"text":"weapons,","start":2824.71,"end":2825.27},{"text":"especially","start":2825.27,"end":2825.79},{"text":"with","start":2825.79,"end":2825.99},{"text":"its","start":2826.07,"end":2826.31},{"text":"absence","start":2826.31,"end":2826.79},{"text":"of","start":2826.79,"end":2826.87},{"text":"humanity.","start":2826.87,"end":2827.43}]},{"text":"While context-appropriate human judgment and control is not ideal, it does provide room to refine and elaborate on this through the negotiations of a legally binding instrument.","start":2828.35,"end":2838.07,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":2828.35,"end":2828.55},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":2828.55,"end":2829.47},{"text":"human","start":2829.47,"end":2829.75},{"text":"judgment","start":2829.75,"end":2830.55},{"text":"and","start":2830.55,"end":2830.75},{"text":"control","start":2830.75,"end":2831.19},{"text":"is","start":2831.19,"end":2831.35},{"text":"not","start":2831.35,"end":2831.55},{"text":"ideal,","start":2831.55,"end":2832.07},{"text":"it","start":2832.47,"end":2832.59},{"text":"does","start":2832.59,"end":2832.87},{"text":"provide","start":2832.87,"end":2833.27},{"text":"room","start":2833.27,"end":2833.51},{"text":"to","start":2833.51,"end":2833.67},{"text":"refine","start":2833.67,"end":2834.11},{"text":"and","start":2834.11,"end":2834.35},{"text":"elaborate","start":2834.35,"end":2834.95},{"text":"on","start":2834.95,"end":2835.11},{"text":"this","start":2835.11,"end":2835.43},{"text":"through","start":2835.43,"end":2835.67},{"text":"the","start":2835.67,"end":2835.75},{"text":"negotiations","start":2835.75,"end":2836.63},{"text":"of","start":2836.63,"end":2836.79},{"text":"a","start":2836.79,"end":2836.83},{"text":"legally","start":2836.83,"end":2837.19},{"text":"binding","start":2837.19,"end":2837.43},{"text":"instrument.","start":2837.43,"end":2838.07}]},{"text":"that would take into consideration the context of small island developing states, and in particular, the environment, which our cultural heritage and identity is intrinsically linked to our land and ocean.","start":2838.55,"end":2849.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"that","start":2838.55,"end":2838.71},{"text":"would","start":2838.71,"end":2838.87},{"text":"take","start":2838.87,"end":2839.03},{"text":"into","start":2839.03,"end":2839.35},{"text":"consideration","start":2839.35,"end":2840.23},{"text":"the","start":2840.39,"end":2840.55},{"text":"context","start":2840.55,"end":2841.03},{"text":"of","start":2841.03,"end":2841.11},{"text":"small","start":2841.11,"end":2841.43},{"text":"island","start":2841.43,"end":2841.71},{"text":"developing","start":2841.71,"end":2842.15},{"text":"states,","start":2842.15,"end":2842.63},{"text":"and","start":2842.79,"end":2842.95},{"text":"in","start":2842.95,"end":2843.03},{"text":"particular,","start":2843.03,"end":2843.67},{"text":"the","start":2843.75,"end":2843.87},{"text":"environment,","start":2843.87,"end":2844.39},{"text":"which","start":2844.55,"end":2844.79},{"text":"our","start":2844.79,"end":2844.95},{"text":"cultural","start":2844.95,"end":2845.35},{"text":"heritage","start":2845.35,"end":2845.91},{"text":"and","start":2845.91,"end":2846.11},{"text":"identity","start":2846.11,"end":2846.79},{"text":"is","start":2847.11,"end":2847.43},{"text":"intrinsically","start":2847.59,"end":2848.39},{"text":"linked","start":2848.39,"end":2848.67},{"text":"to","start":2848.67,"end":2848.75},{"text":"our","start":2848.75,"end":2848.87},{"text":"land","start":2848.87,"end":2849.19},{"text":"and","start":2849.23,"end":2849.35},{"text":"ocean.","start":2849.35,"end":2849.75}]},{"text":"As with others, we also urge caution in over-engineering the text where it creates limitations in future negotiations, and welcome the Chair's rolling text as a solid foundation for negotiations of our LBI.","start":2850.55,"end":2861.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":2850.55,"end":2850.79},{"text":"with","start":2850.79,"end":2850.95},{"text":"others,","start":2851.07,"end":2851.43},{"text":"we","start":2851.43,"end":2851.55},{"text":"also","start":2851.55,"end":2851.83},{"text":"urge","start":2851.83,"end":2852.07},{"text":"caution","start":2852.07,"end":2852.51},{"text":"in","start":2852.51,"end":2852.63},{"text":"over-engineering","start":2852.63,"end":2853.59},{"text":"the","start":2853.59,"end":2853.71},{"text":"text","start":2853.71,"end":2854.23},{"text":"where","start":2854.43,"end":2854.67},{"text":"it","start":2854.67,"end":2854.75},{"text":"creates","start":2854.75,"end":2855.27},{"text":"limitations","start":2855.27,"end":2855.91},{"text":"in","start":2855.91,"end":2856.07},{"text":"future","start":2856.07,"end":2856.47},{"text":"negotiations,","start":2856.47,"end":2857.35},{"text":"and","start":2857.43,"end":2857.59},{"text":"welcome","start":2857.59,"end":2857.91},{"text":"the","start":2857.91,"end":2858.07},{"text":"Chair's","start":2858.07,"end":2858.39},{"text":"rolling","start":2858.39,"end":2858.71},{"text":"text","start":2858.71,"end":2859.15},{"text":"as","start":2859.15,"end":2859.23},{"text":"a","start":2859.23,"end":2859.27},{"text":"solid","start":2859.27,"end":2859.59},{"text":"foundation","start":2859.59,"end":2860.19},{"text":"for","start":2860.19,"end":2860.31},{"text":"negotiations","start":2860.31,"end":2861.03},{"text":"of","start":2861.03,"end":2861.19},{"text":"our","start":2861.19,"end":2861.27},{"text":"LBI.","start":2861.27,"end":2861.83}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":2862.07,"end":2862.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2862.07,"end":2862.15},{"text":"thank","start":2862.15,"end":2862.39},{"text":"you.","start":2862.39,"end":2862.51}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"WSM","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Samoa"}},{"statement_number":33,"start":2865.19,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=47:46","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Samoa.","start":2865.19,"end":2867.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2865.19,"end":2865.23},{"text":"thank","start":2865.23,"end":2865.43},{"text":"the","start":2865.43,"end":2865.51},{"text":"distinguished","start":2865.51,"end":2866.03},{"text":"representative","start":2866.03,"end":2866.71},{"text":"of","start":2866.75,"end":2866.87},{"text":"Samoa.","start":2866.87,"end":2867.47}]},{"text":"Next on my list is South Africa, to be followed by Uruguay and Japan.","start":2868.75,"end":2874.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":2868.75,"end":2869.27},{"text":"on","start":2869.27,"end":2869.35},{"text":"my","start":2869.35,"end":2869.47},{"text":"list","start":2869.47,"end":2869.79},{"text":"is","start":2869.79,"end":2869.91},{"text":"South","start":2869.91,"end":2870.19},{"text":"Africa,","start":2870.19,"end":2870.67},{"text":"to","start":2870.67,"end":2870.87},{"text":"be","start":2870.87,"end":2870.99},{"text":"followed","start":2870.99,"end":2871.27},{"text":"by","start":2871.27,"end":2871.39},{"text":"Uruguay","start":2871.39,"end":2872.03},{"text":"and","start":2872.11,"end":2872.51},{"text":"Japan.","start":2873.63,"end":2874.19}]},{"text":"Yes, Japan on my list.","start":2874.99,"end":2876.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yes,","start":2874.99,"end":2875.31},{"text":"Japan","start":2875.31,"end":2875.71},{"text":"on","start":2875.71,"end":2875.79},{"text":"my","start":2875.83,"end":2875.95},{"text":"list.","start":2875.95,"end":2876.19}]},{"text":"Let me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of South Africa.","start":2877.03,"end":2879.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":2877.03,"end":2877.15},{"text":"me","start":2877.15,"end":2877.31},{"text":"now","start":2877.31,"end":2877.43},{"text":"pass","start":2877.43,"end":2877.71},{"text":"the","start":2877.71,"end":2877.79},{"text":"floor","start":2877.79,"end":2878.03},{"text":"to","start":2878.03,"end":2878.11},{"text":"the","start":2878.11,"end":2878.19},{"text":"distinguished","start":2878.19,"end":2878.67},{"text":"representative","start":2878.67,"end":2879.31},{"text":"of","start":2879.31,"end":2879.39},{"text":"South","start":2879.39,"end":2879.55},{"text":"Africa.","start":2879.63,"end":2879.95}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":2879.95,"end":2880.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":2879.95,"end":2880.03},{"text":"have","start":2880.03,"end":2880.15},{"text":"the","start":2880.19,"end":2880.27},{"text":"floor.","start":2880.27,"end":2880.51}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":34,"start":2881.71,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=48:02","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Mr. Chair.","start":2881.71,"end":2883.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2881.71,"end":2881.99},{"text":"you","start":2881.99,"end":2882.07},{"text":"very","start":2882.07,"end":2882.39},{"text":"much,","start":2882.39,"end":2882.83},{"text":"Mr.","start":2882.91,"end":2883.31},{"text":"Chair.","start":2883.31,"end":2883.79}]},{"text":"Since this is the first time my delegation takes the floor, we want to commend you for the excellent work that you have done thus far in bringing us closer to forming a set of elements that can influence our work.","start":2884.51,"end":2896.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Since","start":2884.51,"end":2885.07},{"text":"this","start":2885.07,"end":2885.23},{"text":"is","start":2885.23,"end":2885.43},{"text":"the","start":2885.43,"end":2885.55},{"text":"first","start":2885.55,"end":2885.87},{"text":"time","start":2885.87,"end":2886.07},{"text":"my","start":2886.07,"end":2886.19},{"text":"delegation","start":2886.19,"end":2886.91},{"text":"takes","start":2886.91,"end":2887.19},{"text":"the","start":2887.19,"end":2887.31},{"text":"floor,","start":2887.31,"end":2887.71},{"text":"we","start":2888.27,"end":2888.43},{"text":"want","start":2888.43,"end":2888.63},{"text":"to","start":2888.63,"end":2888.75},{"text":"commend","start":2888.75,"end":2889.19},{"text":"you","start":2889.19,"end":2889.27},{"text":"for","start":2889.27,"end":2889.39},{"text":"the","start":2889.39,"end":2889.51},{"text":"excellent","start":2889.51,"end":2890.11},{"text":"work","start":2890.11,"end":2890.27},{"text":"that","start":2890.27,"end":2890.51},{"text":"you","start":2890.51,"end":2890.59},{"text":"have","start":2890.59,"end":2890.75},{"text":"done","start":2890.75,"end":2890.99},{"text":"thus","start":2890.99,"end":2891.23},{"text":"far","start":2891.23,"end":2891.55},{"text":"in","start":2891.55,"end":2891.71},{"text":"bringing","start":2891.71,"end":2892.19},{"text":"us","start":2892.19,"end":2892.35},{"text":"closer","start":2892.35,"end":2892.91},{"text":"to","start":2893.23,"end":2893.39},{"text":"forming","start":2893.39,"end":2893.79},{"text":"a","start":2893.79,"end":2893.83},{"text":"set","start":2893.83,"end":2894.07},{"text":"of","start":2894.07,"end":2894.27},{"text":"elements","start":2894.27,"end":2894.83},{"text":"that","start":2894.91,"end":2895.15},{"text":"can","start":2895.15,"end":2895.39},{"text":"influence","start":2895.39,"end":2895.95},{"text":"our","start":2895.95,"end":2896.03},{"text":"work.","start":2896.03,"end":2896.51}]},{"text":"In this regard, we join other states in affirming that the rolling text represents solid groundwork for states to move towards negotiations on a legally binding instrument on laws.","start":2897.23,"end":2908.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2897.23,"end":2897.47},{"text":"this","start":2897.47,"end":2897.71},{"text":"regard,","start":2897.71,"end":2898.35},{"text":"we","start":2898.35,"end":2898.51},{"text":"join","start":2898.51,"end":2898.83},{"text":"other","start":2898.83,"end":2899.11},{"text":"states","start":2899.11,"end":2899.47},{"text":"in","start":2899.47,"end":2899.75},{"text":"affirming","start":2899.75,"end":2900.15},{"text":"that","start":2900.15,"end":2900.31},{"text":"the","start":2900.31,"end":2900.43},{"text":"rolling","start":2900.43,"end":2900.75},{"text":"text","start":2900.83,"end":2901.35},{"text":"represents","start":2901.79,"end":2902.51},{"text":"solid","start":2902.51,"end":2902.83},{"text":"groundwork","start":2902.83,"end":2903.27},{"text":"for","start":2903.27,"end":2903.39},{"text":"states","start":2903.39,"end":2904.03},{"text":"to","start":2904.03,"end":2904.23},{"text":"move","start":2904.23,"end":2904.59},{"text":"towards","start":2904.83,"end":2905.23},{"text":"negotiations","start":2905.23,"end":2906.27},{"text":"on","start":2906.59,"end":2906.79},{"text":"a","start":2906.79,"end":2906.83},{"text":"legally","start":2906.83,"end":2907.23},{"text":"binding","start":2907.23,"end":2907.67},{"text":"instrument","start":2907.67,"end":2908.27},{"text":"on","start":2908.27,"end":2908.43},{"text":"laws.","start":2908.43,"end":2908.83}]},{"text":"With regards to box 2, paragraph 5, my delegation views human control as a critical element that should be considered to ensure compliance with international law, particularly international humanitarian law.","start":2909.47,"end":2923.27,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":2909.47,"end":2909.79},{"text":"regards","start":2909.79,"end":2910.27},{"text":"to","start":2910.27,"end":2910.47},{"text":"box","start":2910.47,"end":2910.83},{"text":"2,","start":2910.83,"end":2911.07},{"text":"paragraph","start":2911.07,"end":2911.75},{"text":"5,","start":2911.75,"end":2912.03},{"text":"my","start":2912.59,"end":2912.75},{"text":"delegation","start":2912.75,"end":2913.47},{"text":"views","start":2913.47,"end":2913.75},{"text":"human","start":2913.75,"end":2914.03},{"text":"control","start":2914.03,"end":2914.83},{"text":"as","start":2914.83,"end":2915.07},{"text":"a","start":2915.07,"end":2915.11},{"text":"critical","start":2915.11,"end":2915.71},{"text":"element","start":2915.71,"end":2916.27},{"text":"that","start":2916.59,"end":2916.71},{"text":"should","start":2916.71,"end":2916.99},{"text":"be","start":2916.99,"end":2917.15},{"text":"considered","start":2917.15,"end":2917.75},{"text":"to","start":2917.75,"end":2918.07},{"text":"ensure","start":2918.07,"end":2918.43},{"text":"compliance","start":2918.43,"end":2919.23},{"text":"with","start":2919.23,"end":2919.39},{"text":"international","start":2919.39,"end":2920.15},{"text":"law,","start":2920.15,"end":2920.27},{"text":"particularly","start":2920.83,"end":2921.55},{"text":"international","start":2921.55,"end":2922.27},{"text":"humanitarian","start":2922.27,"end":2922.99},{"text":"law.","start":2922.99,"end":2923.27}]},{"text":"However, we believe it is necessary to make a clear distinction between human control and human judgment, as these concepts imply different levels of responsibility and decision-making.","start":2923.87,"end":2935.95,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":2923.87,"end":2924.59},{"text":"we","start":2924.67,"end":2924.87},{"text":"believe","start":2924.87,"end":2925.23},{"text":"it","start":2925.23,"end":2925.39},{"text":"is","start":2925.39,"end":2925.55},{"text":"necessary","start":2925.55,"end":2926.03},{"text":"to","start":2926.03,"end":2926.15},{"text":"make","start":2926.15,"end":2926.43},{"text":"a","start":2926.51,"end":2926.55},{"text":"clear","start":2926.55,"end":2926.79},{"text":"distinction","start":2926.79,"end":2927.63},{"text":"between","start":2927.95,"end":2928.35},{"text":"human","start":2928.35,"end":2928.67},{"text":"control","start":2928.67,"end":2929.31},{"text":"and","start":2929.31,"end":2929.51},{"text":"human","start":2929.51,"end":2929.87},{"text":"judgment,","start":2929.87,"end":2930.43},{"text":"as","start":2930.91,"end":2931.23},{"text":"these","start":2931.23,"end":2931.39},{"text":"concepts","start":2931.39,"end":2932.11},{"text":"imply","start":2932.11,"end":2932.43},{"text":"different","start":2932.43,"end":2932.91},{"text":"levels","start":2932.91,"end":2933.31},{"text":"of","start":2933.31,"end":2933.47},{"text":"responsibility","start":2933.47,"end":2934.51},{"text":"and","start":2934.83,"end":2935.03},{"text":"decision-making.","start":2935.03,"end":2935.95}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, we are of the view that human control, particularly context-appropriate human control, seems to relate to the direct operation and engagement with the system, ensuring that human oversight is maintained throughout the targeting process.","start":2936.59,"end":2952.99,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":2936.59,"end":2936.95},{"text":"Chair,","start":2936.95,"end":2937.47},{"text":"we","start":2937.79,"end":2938.11},{"text":"are","start":2938.11,"end":2938.23},{"text":"of","start":2938.23,"end":2938.35},{"text":"the","start":2938.35,"end":2938.47},{"text":"view","start":2938.47,"end":2938.67},{"text":"that","start":2938.67,"end":2938.83},{"text":"human","start":2938.83,"end":2939.15},{"text":"control,","start":2939.15,"end":2939.71},{"text":"particularly","start":2940.03,"end":2940.67},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":2940.67,"end":2941.99},{"text":"human","start":2941.99,"end":2942.27},{"text":"control,","start":2942.27,"end":2942.99},{"text":"seems","start":2943.39,"end":2943.79},{"text":"to","start":2943.79,"end":2943.95},{"text":"relate","start":2943.95,"end":2944.31},{"text":"to","start":2944.31,"end":2944.39},{"text":"the","start":2944.39,"end":2944.51},{"text":"direct","start":2944.51,"end":2944.99},{"text":"operation","start":2944.99,"end":2945.87},{"text":"and","start":2946.23,"end":2946.35},{"text":"engagement","start":2946.35,"end":2947.19},{"text":"with","start":2947.19,"end":2947.35},{"text":"the","start":2947.35,"end":2947.43},{"text":"system,","start":2947.43,"end":2948.03},{"text":"ensuring","start":2948.43,"end":2948.91},{"text":"that","start":2948.91,"end":2949.23},{"text":"human","start":2949.23,"end":2949.63},{"text":"oversight","start":2949.63,"end":2950.23},{"text":"is","start":2950.23,"end":2950.35},{"text":"maintained","start":2950.35,"end":2951.07},{"text":"throughout","start":2951.15,"end":2951.79},{"text":"the","start":2951.79,"end":2951.91},{"text":"targeting","start":2951.91,"end":2952.35},{"text":"process.","start":2952.35,"end":2952.99}]},{"text":"Human judgment, on the other hand, involves a higher level of decision-making, determining when, how, and what conditions laws may be employed.","start":2953.67,"end":2964.87,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Human","start":2953.67,"end":2953.99},{"text":"judgment,","start":2953.99,"end":2954.63},{"text":"on","start":2954.63,"end":2954.79},{"text":"the","start":2954.79,"end":2954.99},{"text":"other","start":2954.99,"end":2955.15},{"text":"hand,","start":2955.15,"end":2955.59},{"text":"involves","start":2955.91,"end":2956.79},{"text":"a","start":2956.95,"end":2956.99},{"text":"higher","start":2956.99,"end":2957.59},{"text":"level","start":2957.83,"end":2958.31},{"text":"of","start":2958.31,"end":2958.39},{"text":"decision-making,","start":2958.39,"end":2959.43},{"text":"determining","start":2959.91,"end":2960.47},{"text":"when,","start":2960.47,"end":2960.95},{"text":"how,","start":2961.43,"end":2961.99},{"text":"and","start":2962.07,"end":2962.31},{"text":"what","start":2962.31,"end":2962.55},{"text":"conditions","start":2962.55,"end":2963.43},{"text":"laws","start":2963.51,"end":2963.91},{"text":"may","start":2963.91,"end":2964.07},{"text":"be","start":2964.07,"end":2964.27},{"text":"employed.","start":2964.27,"end":2964.87}]},{"text":"The responsibility for engaging a target and the responsibility for commanding its use are distinct and must be explicitly articulated to ensure accountability.","start":2965.43,"end":2975.91,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2965.43,"end":2965.59},{"text":"responsibility","start":2965.59,"end":2966.55},{"text":"for","start":2966.55,"end":2966.67},{"text":"engaging","start":2966.67,"end":2967.27},{"text":"a","start":2967.27,"end":2967.31},{"text":"target","start":2967.31,"end":2967.91},{"text":"and","start":2968.07,"end":2968.27},{"text":"the","start":2968.27,"end":2968.35},{"text":"responsibility","start":2968.35,"end":2969.11},{"text":"for","start":2969.11,"end":2969.27},{"text":"commanding","start":2969.27,"end":2969.75},{"text":"its","start":2969.75,"end":2969.99},{"text":"use","start":2969.99,"end":2970.31},{"text":"are","start":2970.63,"end":2970.71},{"text":"distinct","start":2970.71,"end":2971.51},{"text":"and","start":2971.51,"end":2971.75},{"text":"must","start":2971.75,"end":2971.99},{"text":"be","start":2971.99,"end":2972.15},{"text":"explicitly","start":2972.15,"end":2973.11},{"text":"articulated","start":2973.11,"end":2973.99},{"text":"to","start":2974.31,"end":2974.51},{"text":"ensure","start":2974.51,"end":2974.95},{"text":"accountability.","start":2974.95,"end":2975.91}]},{"text":"Clarifying this distinction is essential, particularly in ensuring compliance with IHL principles of distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack.","start":2976.47,"end":2986.87,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"Clarifying","start":2976.47,"end":2977.07},{"text":"this","start":2977.11,"end":2977.31},{"text":"distinction","start":2977.31,"end":2978.07},{"text":"is","start":2978.07,"end":2978.23},{"text":"essential,","start":2978.23,"end":2978.95},{"text":"particularly","start":2979.27,"end":2979.91},{"text":"in","start":2979.91,"end":2980.07},{"text":"ensuring","start":2980.07,"end":2980.51},{"text":"compliance","start":2980.51,"end":2981.35},{"text":"with","start":2981.35,"end":2981.51},{"text":"IHL","start":2981.59,"end":2982.15},{"text":"principles","start":2982.15,"end":2982.83},{"text":"of","start":2982.83,"end":2982.95},{"text":"distinction,","start":2982.95,"end":2983.67},{"text":"proportionality,","start":2984.07,"end":2985.19},{"text":"and","start":2985.35,"end":2985.51},{"text":"precautions","start":2985.51,"end":2986.23},{"text":"in","start":2986.23,"end":2986.39},{"text":"attack.","start":2986.39,"end":2986.87}]},{"text":"We therefore encourage discussions that explicitly recognize both these roles to prevent ambiguity in the interpretation of humane responsibility and support them as currently formulated.","start":2987.35,"end":3001.11,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2987.35,"end":2987.67},{"text":"therefore","start":2987.67,"end":2988.15},{"text":"encourage","start":2988.15,"end":2988.71},{"text":"discussions","start":2989.19,"end":2990.07},{"text":"that","start":2990.15,"end":2990.39},{"text":"explicitly","start":2990.39,"end":2991.27},{"text":"recognize","start":2991.27,"end":2991.83},{"text":"both","start":2991.83,"end":2992.11},{"text":"these","start":2992.11,"end":2992.39},{"text":"roles","start":2992.39,"end":2992.87},{"text":"to","start":2993.19,"end":2993.31},{"text":"prevent","start":2993.31,"end":2993.99},{"text":"ambiguity","start":2994.15,"end":2995.11},{"text":"in","start":2995.51,"end":2995.67},{"text":"the","start":2995.67,"end":2995.79},{"text":"interpretation","start":2995.79,"end":2996.63},{"text":"of","start":2996.63,"end":2996.75},{"text":"humane","start":2996.75,"end":2997.03},{"text":"responsibility","start":2997.03,"end":2998.15},{"text":"and","start":2998.63,"end":2998.87},{"text":"support","start":2998.87,"end":2999.27},{"text":"them","start":2999.27,"end":2999.59},{"text":"as","start":2999.59,"end":2999.83},{"text":"currently","start":2999.83,"end":3000.27},{"text":"formulated.","start":3000.27,"end":3001.11}]},{"text":"South Africa looks forward to further discussions on refining these elements to ensure a balanced and comprehensive approach.","start":3001.51,"end":3008.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"South","start":3001.51,"end":3001.79},{"text":"Africa","start":3001.83,"end":3002.15},{"text":"looks","start":3002.15,"end":3002.39},{"text":"forward","start":3002.39,"end":3002.83},{"text":"to","start":3002.83,"end":3003.15},{"text":"further","start":3003.15,"end":3003.43},{"text":"discussions","start":3003.43,"end":3004.23},{"text":"on","start":3004.23,"end":3004.39},{"text":"refining","start":3004.39,"end":3004.95},{"text":"these","start":3004.95,"end":3005.19},{"text":"elements","start":3005.19,"end":3005.75},{"text":"to","start":3006.11,"end":3006.23},{"text":"ensure","start":3006.23,"end":3006.67},{"text":"a","start":3006.67,"end":3006.71},{"text":"balanced","start":3006.71,"end":3007.39},{"text":"and","start":3007.39,"end":3007.55},{"text":"comprehensive","start":3007.55,"end":3008.31},{"text":"approach.","start":3008.31,"end":3008.91}]},{"text":"We thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":3009.31,"end":3010.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3009.31,"end":3009.55},{"text":"thank","start":3009.55,"end":3009.79},{"text":"you,","start":3009.79,"end":3009.87},{"text":"Mr.","start":3009.87,"end":3010.11},{"text":"Chair.","start":3010.11,"end":3010.43}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"ZAF","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"South Africa"}},{"statement_number":35,"start":3012.91,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=50:13","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of South Africa and would like to pass the floor now to distinguished representative of Uruguay.","start":3012.91,"end":3020.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3012.91,"end":3013.23},{"text":"thank","start":3013.23,"end":3013.59},{"text":"the","start":3013.59,"end":3013.67},{"text":"distinguished","start":3013.67,"end":3014.27},{"text":"representative","start":3014.27,"end":3014.99},{"text":"of","start":3014.99,"end":3015.07},{"text":"South","start":3015.07,"end":3015.47},{"text":"Africa","start":3015.47,"end":3016.11},{"text":"and","start":3016.35,"end":3016.79},{"text":"would","start":3016.79,"end":3016.99},{"text":"like","start":3016.99,"end":3017.31},{"text":"to","start":3017.31,"end":3017.47},{"text":"pass","start":3017.47,"end":3017.79},{"text":"the","start":3017.79,"end":3017.87},{"text":"floor","start":3017.87,"end":3018.19},{"text":"now","start":3018.19,"end":3018.51},{"text":"to","start":3018.51,"end":3018.71},{"text":"distinguished","start":3018.71,"end":3019.27},{"text":"representative","start":3019.27,"end":3019.83},{"text":"of","start":3019.83,"end":3020.03},{"text":"Uruguay.","start":3020.03,"end":3020.51}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":3020.95,"end":3021.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":3020.95,"end":3021.03},{"text":"have","start":3021.03,"end":3021.15},{"text":"the","start":3021.15,"end":3021.23},{"text":"floor.","start":3021.27,"end":3021.43}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":36,"start":3024.91,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=50:25","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chairperson.","start":3024.91,"end":3026.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3024.91,"end":3025.23},{"text":"you","start":3025.23,"end":3025.31},{"text":"very","start":3025.31,"end":3025.47},{"text":"much,","start":3025.47,"end":3025.75},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":3025.75,"end":3026.43}]},{"text":"Given this is the first time I'm taking the floor, I'd like to convey our thanks to the Presidency for the rigorous work carried out and for the presentation of the consolidated text, which constitutes a robust departure point for the conclusion of our mandate and to allow us to progress towards the next phase of negotiations.","start":3027.43,"end":3045.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Given","start":3027.43,"end":3027.63},{"text":"this","start":3027.63,"end":3027.83},{"text":"is","start":3027.83,"end":3027.99},{"text":"the","start":3027.99,"end":3028.15},{"text":"first","start":3028.15,"end":3028.55},{"text":"time","start":3028.55,"end":3028.67},{"text":"I'm","start":3028.67,"end":3028.87},{"text":"taking","start":3028.87,"end":3029.35},{"text":"the","start":3029.35,"end":3029.43},{"text":"floor,","start":3029.43,"end":3029.91},{"text":"I'd","start":3029.91,"end":3030.11},{"text":"like","start":3030.11,"end":3030.23},{"text":"to","start":3030.23,"end":3030.43},{"text":"convey","start":3030.43,"end":3031.11},{"text":"our","start":3031.51,"end":3031.59},{"text":"thanks","start":3031.59,"end":3032.15},{"text":"to","start":3032.15,"end":3032.55},{"text":"the","start":3032.55,"end":3032.87},{"text":"Presidency","start":3033.11,"end":3033.83},{"text":"for","start":3033.83,"end":3034.07},{"text":"the","start":3034.07,"end":3034.23},{"text":"rigorous","start":3034.23,"end":3034.55},{"text":"work","start":3034.55,"end":3034.83},{"text":"carried","start":3034.83,"end":3035.11},{"text":"out","start":3035.11,"end":3035.27},{"text":"and","start":3035.27,"end":3035.39},{"text":"for","start":3035.39,"end":3035.51},{"text":"the","start":3035.51,"end":3035.59},{"text":"presentation","start":3035.59,"end":3036.27},{"text":"of","start":3036.27,"end":3036.39},{"text":"the","start":3036.39,"end":3036.47},{"text":"consolidated","start":3036.47,"end":3037.39},{"text":"text,","start":3037.39,"end":3037.83},{"text":"which","start":3037.83,"end":3037.99},{"text":"constitutes","start":3037.99,"end":3038.79},{"text":"a","start":3038.79,"end":3038.87},{"text":"robust","start":3038.95,"end":3039.59},{"text":"departure","start":3039.99,"end":3040.39},{"text":"point","start":3040.39,"end":3040.63},{"text":"for","start":3040.63,"end":3040.75},{"text":"the","start":3040.75,"end":3040.87},{"text":"conclusion","start":3040.87,"end":3041.31},{"text":"of","start":3041.31,"end":3041.43},{"text":"our","start":3041.43,"end":3041.51},{"text":"mandate","start":3041.51,"end":3042.23},{"text":"and","start":3042.31,"end":3042.71},{"text":"to","start":3043.19,"end":3043.35},{"text":"allow","start":3043.35,"end":3043.51},{"text":"us","start":3043.51,"end":3043.59},{"text":"to","start":3043.59,"end":3043.71},{"text":"progress","start":3043.71,"end":3043.99},{"text":"towards","start":3043.99,"end":3044.31},{"text":"the","start":3044.31,"end":3044.39},{"text":"next","start":3044.39,"end":3044.71},{"text":"phase","start":3044.71,"end":3045.03},{"text":"of","start":3045.03,"end":3045.11},{"text":"negotiations.","start":3045.11,"end":3045.91}]},{"text":"We believe that this document conserves the substance and progress reached to date.","start":3045.91,"end":3050.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3045.91,"end":3046.07},{"text":"believe","start":3046.07,"end":3046.39},{"text":"that","start":3046.39,"end":3046.55},{"text":"this","start":3046.55,"end":3046.79},{"text":"document","start":3046.79,"end":3047.27},{"text":"conserves","start":3047.27,"end":3047.91},{"text":"the","start":3047.91,"end":3048.03},{"text":"substance","start":3048.07,"end":3048.59},{"text":"and","start":3048.59,"end":3048.71},{"text":"progress","start":3048.71,"end":3049.35},{"text":"reached","start":3049.43,"end":3049.91},{"text":"to","start":3049.99,"end":3050.11},{"text":"date.","start":3050.11,"end":3050.63}]},{"text":"and the current structure of the CCW, it reflects a very high level ambition and therefore is supported by us.","start":3051.59,"end":3060.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"and","start":3051.59,"end":3051.95},{"text":"the","start":3051.95,"end":3052.19},{"text":"current","start":3052.55,"end":3053.03},{"text":"structure","start":3053.03,"end":3053.67},{"text":"of","start":3053.87,"end":3054.07},{"text":"the","start":3054.07,"end":3054.23},{"text":"CCW,","start":3054.23,"end":3054.95},{"text":"it","start":3055.43,"end":3055.67},{"text":"reflects","start":3055.67,"end":3056.07},{"text":"a","start":3056.07,"end":3056.15},{"text":"very","start":3056.15,"end":3056.31},{"text":"high","start":3056.31,"end":3056.55},{"text":"level","start":3056.55,"end":3056.79},{"text":"ambition","start":3056.79,"end":3057.35},{"text":"and","start":3057.35,"end":3057.51},{"text":"therefore","start":3057.51,"end":3058.07},{"text":"is","start":3059.35,"end":3059.51},{"text":"supported","start":3059.51,"end":3059.87},{"text":"by","start":3059.87,"end":3060.07},{"text":"us.","start":3060.11,"end":3060.47}]},{"text":"We generally support box 2 as well as presented.","start":3060.47,"end":3064.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3060.47,"end":3060.63},{"text":"generally","start":3060.63,"end":3061.27},{"text":"support","start":3061.83,"end":3062.31},{"text":"box","start":3062.47,"end":3062.79},{"text":"2","start":3062.79,"end":3063.23},{"text":"as","start":3063.23,"end":3063.35},{"text":"well","start":3063.35,"end":3063.59},{"text":"as","start":3063.59,"end":3063.75},{"text":"presented.","start":3063.75,"end":3064.63}]},{"text":"I wanted to refer to paragraph 5 now.","start":3065.91,"end":3068.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3065.91,"end":3065.95},{"text":"wanted","start":3065.95,"end":3066.31},{"text":"to","start":3066.31,"end":3066.43},{"text":"refer","start":3066.43,"end":3066.79},{"text":"to","start":3066.95,"end":3067.15},{"text":"paragraph","start":3067.19,"end":3067.79},{"text":"5","start":3067.79,"end":3068.39},{"text":"now.","start":3068.39,"end":3068.79}]},{"text":"Alongside other delegations, we would prefer using the term significant human control in line with what was planned in the 2022 Protocol 6 Nonetheless, we would be open to accepting alternatives, but it is important to agree on a common view of what human judgment and control, which is context appropriate, actually means, clearly defining its scope and limits.","start":3068.95,"end":3093.99,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"Alongside","start":3068.95,"end":3069.55},{"text":"other","start":3069.55,"end":3069.75},{"text":"delegations,","start":3069.75,"end":3070.47},{"text":"we","start":3070.47,"end":3070.55},{"text":"would","start":3070.55,"end":3070.71},{"text":"prefer","start":3070.71,"end":3071.35},{"text":"using","start":3071.75,"end":3072.47},{"text":"the","start":3072.47,"end":3072.67},{"text":"term","start":3072.67,"end":3073.03},{"text":"significant","start":3073.03,"end":3073.75},{"text":"human","start":3073.75,"end":3074.15},{"text":"control","start":3074.15,"end":3074.71},{"text":"in","start":3074.71,"end":3074.87},{"text":"line","start":3074.87,"end":3075.27},{"text":"with","start":3075.27,"end":3075.63},{"text":"what","start":3075.63,"end":3075.99},{"text":"was","start":3075.99,"end":3076.47},{"text":"planned","start":3076.55,"end":3077.11},{"text":"in","start":3077.19,"end":3077.59},{"text":"the","start":3078.07,"end":3078.19},{"text":"2022","start":3078.19,"end":3079.35},{"text":"Protocol","start":3079.51,"end":3079.91},{"text":"6","start":3079.91,"end":3080.71},{"text":"Nonetheless,","start":3081.19,"end":3081.67},{"text":"we","start":3081.67,"end":3081.83},{"text":"would","start":3081.83,"end":3081.99},{"text":"be","start":3081.99,"end":3082.15},{"text":"open","start":3082.35,"end":3082.71},{"text":"to","start":3082.71,"end":3082.91},{"text":"accepting","start":3082.91,"end":3083.55},{"text":"alternatives,","start":3083.55,"end":3084.31},{"text":"but","start":3084.31,"end":3084.47},{"text":"it","start":3084.47,"end":3084.55},{"text":"is","start":3084.55,"end":3084.71},{"text":"important","start":3084.71,"end":3085.47},{"text":"to","start":3085.47,"end":3085.63},{"text":"agree","start":3085.63,"end":3086.15},{"text":"on","start":3086.27,"end":3086.43},{"text":"a","start":3086.43,"end":3086.47},{"text":"common","start":3086.47,"end":3086.95},{"text":"view","start":3086.95,"end":3087.43},{"text":"of","start":3087.59,"end":3087.83},{"text":"what","start":3087.83,"end":3088.15},{"text":"human","start":3088.23,"end":3088.55},{"text":"judgment","start":3088.55,"end":3089.03},{"text":"and","start":3089.07,"end":3089.27},{"text":"control,","start":3089.27,"end":3089.83},{"text":"which","start":3089.83,"end":3089.99},{"text":"is","start":3089.99,"end":3090.15},{"text":"context","start":3090.15,"end":3090.59},{"text":"appropriate,","start":3090.59,"end":3091.03},{"text":"actually","start":3091.03,"end":3091.35},{"text":"means,","start":3091.35,"end":3091.99},{"text":"clearly","start":3092.15,"end":3092.51},{"text":"defining","start":3092.51,"end":3092.87},{"text":"its","start":3092.87,"end":3093.07},{"text":"scope","start":3093.07,"end":3093.35},{"text":"and","start":3093.35,"end":3093.59},{"text":"limits.","start":3093.59,"end":3093.99}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":3093.99,"end":3094.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3093.99,"end":3094.31},{"text":"you.","start":3094.31,"end":3094.43}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"URY","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Uruguay"}},{"statement_number":37,"start":3094.43,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=51:35","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Uruguay.","start":3094.43,"end":3102.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3094.43,"end":3094.47},{"text":"thank","start":3100.55,"end":3100.79},{"text":"the","start":3100.79,"end":3100.87},{"text":"distinguished","start":3100.87,"end":3101.35},{"text":"representative","start":3101.35,"end":3101.91},{"text":"of","start":3101.91,"end":3101.99},{"text":"Uruguay.","start":3102.07,"end":3102.71}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Japan, to be followed by Canada and Ukraine.","start":3103.19,"end":3107.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":3103.19,"end":3103.59},{"text":"on","start":3103.59,"end":3103.67},{"text":"my","start":3103.67,"end":3103.99},{"text":"list","start":3104.31,"end":3104.71},{"text":"is","start":3104.71,"end":3104.95},{"text":"Japan,","start":3105.03,"end":3105.67},{"text":"to","start":3105.67,"end":3105.75},{"text":"be","start":3105.75,"end":3105.91},{"text":"followed","start":3105.91,"end":3106.27},{"text":"by","start":3106.27,"end":3106.47},{"text":"Canada","start":3106.47,"end":3106.83},{"text":"and","start":3106.83,"end":3107.11},{"text":"Ukraine.","start":3107.11,"end":3107.75}]},{"text":"I will now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Japan.","start":3108.87,"end":3111.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3108.87,"end":3108.91},{"text":"will","start":3108.91,"end":3109.03},{"text":"now","start":3109.03,"end":3109.11},{"text":"pass","start":3109.11,"end":3109.35},{"text":"the","start":3109.35,"end":3109.43},{"text":"floor","start":3109.43,"end":3109.67},{"text":"to","start":3109.67,"end":3109.75},{"text":"the","start":3109.75,"end":3109.83},{"text":"distinguished","start":3109.83,"end":3110.39},{"text":"representative","start":3110.39,"end":3111.11},{"text":"of","start":3111.11,"end":3111.19},{"text":"Japan.","start":3111.19,"end":3111.67}]},{"text":"So you have the floor.","start":3111.67,"end":3112.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3111.67,"end":3111.79},{"text":"you","start":3111.79,"end":3111.87},{"text":"have","start":3111.87,"end":3111.99},{"text":"the","start":3111.99,"end":3112.11},{"text":"floor.","start":3112.11,"end":3112.31}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":38,"start":3115.19,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=51:56","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":3115.19,"end":3115.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3115.19,"end":3115.35},{"text":"you,","start":3115.35,"end":3115.43},{"text":"Mr.","start":3115.43,"end":3115.79},{"text":"Chair.","start":3115.79,"end":3115.99}]},{"text":"In the spirit of interactive-- I do apologize.","start":3116.79,"end":3119.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3116.79,"end":3116.95},{"text":"the","start":3116.95,"end":3117.07},{"text":"spirit","start":3117.07,"end":3117.43},{"text":"of","start":3117.43,"end":3117.51},{"text":"interactive--","start":3117.51,"end":3118.15},{"text":"I","start":3118.95,"end":3119.11},{"text":"do","start":3119.15,"end":3119.27},{"text":"apologize.","start":3119.27,"end":3119.99}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"JPN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Japan"}},{"statement_number":39,"start":3120.23,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=52:01","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Madam, you have the floor.","start":3120.23,"end":3121.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam,","start":3120.23,"end":3120.55},{"text":"you","start":3120.55,"end":3120.67},{"text":"have","start":3120.67,"end":3120.79},{"text":"the","start":3120.79,"end":3120.87},{"text":"floor.","start":3120.87,"end":3121.11}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":40,"start":3121.27,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=52:02","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Ah, merci.","start":3121.27,"end":3121.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Ah,","start":3121.27,"end":3121.31},{"text":"merci.","start":3121.31,"end":3121.67}]},{"text":"In the spirit of interactive discussion, I would like to respond to a question posed by the distinguished delegation of Austria on what we understand by integrated combination in box 1, then comment on box 2.","start":3123.11,"end":3135.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3123.11,"end":3123.23},{"text":"the","start":3123.23,"end":3123.35},{"text":"spirit","start":3123.35,"end":3123.67},{"text":"of","start":3123.67,"end":3123.75},{"text":"interactive","start":3123.75,"end":3124.23},{"text":"discussion,","start":3124.23,"end":3124.95},{"text":"I","start":3125.19,"end":3125.35},{"text":"would","start":3125.35,"end":3125.47},{"text":"like","start":3125.47,"end":3125.67},{"text":"to","start":3125.67,"end":3125.75},{"text":"respond","start":3125.75,"end":3126.15},{"text":"to","start":3126.15,"end":3126.23},{"text":"a","start":3126.23,"end":3126.27},{"text":"question","start":3126.27,"end":3126.71},{"text":"posed","start":3126.71,"end":3127.15},{"text":"by","start":3127.15,"end":3127.43},{"text":"the","start":3127.43,"end":3127.51},{"text":"distinguished","start":3127.51,"end":3128.15},{"text":"delegation","start":3128.15,"end":3128.83},{"text":"of","start":3128.83,"end":3129.03},{"text":"Austria","start":3129.03,"end":3129.59},{"text":"on","start":3129.91,"end":3130.03},{"text":"what","start":3130.03,"end":3130.23},{"text":"we","start":3130.23,"end":3130.35},{"text":"understand","start":3130.35,"end":3130.95},{"text":"by","start":3130.95,"end":3131.11},{"text":"integrated","start":3131.11,"end":3131.75},{"text":"combination","start":3131.75,"end":3132.39},{"text":"in","start":3132.39,"end":3132.47},{"text":"box","start":3132.47,"end":3132.79},{"text":"1,","start":3132.79,"end":3133.19},{"text":"then","start":3133.59,"end":3133.99},{"text":"comment","start":3133.99,"end":3134.31},{"text":"on","start":3134.31,"end":3134.39},{"text":"box","start":3134.39,"end":3134.71},{"text":"2.","start":3134.71,"end":3135.03}]},{"text":"In our view, integrated combination does not require weapons and technological components to be physically located together as one, and includes systems which components are physically dispersed, but are mutually connected and function as a whole.","start":3136.63,"end":3152.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3136.63,"end":3136.79},{"text":"our","start":3136.79,"end":3136.95},{"text":"view,","start":3136.95,"end":3137.43},{"text":"integrated","start":3137.59,"end":3138.15},{"text":"combination","start":3138.15,"end":3139.11},{"text":"does","start":3139.15,"end":3139.35},{"text":"not","start":3139.35,"end":3139.59},{"text":"require","start":3139.59,"end":3140.07},{"text":"weapons","start":3140.07,"end":3140.67},{"text":"and","start":3140.67,"end":3140.83},{"text":"technological","start":3140.83,"end":3141.51},{"text":"components","start":3141.51,"end":3142.15},{"text":"to","start":3142.15,"end":3142.31},{"text":"be","start":3142.31,"end":3142.47},{"text":"physically","start":3142.47,"end":3143.03},{"text":"located","start":3143.03,"end":3143.59},{"text":"together","start":3143.59,"end":3144.15},{"text":"as","start":3144.15,"end":3144.31},{"text":"one,","start":3144.31,"end":3144.79},{"text":"and","start":3145.59,"end":3145.71},{"text":"includes","start":3145.71,"end":3146.11},{"text":"systems","start":3146.11,"end":3146.59},{"text":"which","start":3146.99,"end":3147.27},{"text":"components","start":3147.27,"end":3147.91},{"text":"are","start":3147.91,"end":3147.99},{"text":"physically","start":3147.99,"end":3148.47},{"text":"dispersed,","start":3148.47,"end":3149.19},{"text":"but","start":3149.51,"end":3149.83},{"text":"are","start":3149.83,"end":3149.99},{"text":"mutually","start":3149.99,"end":3150.47},{"text":"connected","start":3150.47,"end":3151.03},{"text":"and","start":3151.11,"end":3151.35},{"text":"function","start":3151.35,"end":3151.95},{"text":"as","start":3151.95,"end":3152.15},{"text":"a","start":3152.31,"end":3152.35},{"text":"whole.","start":3152.35,"end":3152.71}]},{"text":"On box 2, like many delegations, we do not have comments on paragraphs 1 through 4.","start":3154.39,"end":3159.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3154.39,"end":3154.51},{"text":"box","start":3154.55,"end":3154.87},{"text":"2,","start":3154.87,"end":3155.35},{"text":"like","start":3155.59,"end":3155.83},{"text":"many","start":3155.83,"end":3156.07},{"text":"delegations,","start":3156.07,"end":3156.87},{"text":"we","start":3156.95,"end":3157.11},{"text":"do","start":3157.11,"end":3157.19},{"text":"not","start":3157.19,"end":3157.43},{"text":"have","start":3157.43,"end":3157.59},{"text":"comments","start":3157.59,"end":3158.23},{"text":"on","start":3158.23,"end":3158.39},{"text":"paragraphs","start":3158.39,"end":3158.79},{"text":"1","start":3158.79,"end":3159.11},{"text":"through","start":3159.11,"end":3159.35},{"text":"4.","start":3159.35,"end":3159.91}]},{"text":"On paragraph 5, regarding the phrase context-appropriate human judgment and control, while we fully appreciate the Chair's effort to find convergence and agree with the necessity to consider factors such as weapons systems characteristics, performance, and operational environment, we echo the point made by the Republic of Korea, the United States, and Australia yesterday that this term appears multiple times in the rolling text and remains ambiguous.","start":3161.19,"end":3191.03,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3161.19,"end":3161.43},{"text":"paragraph","start":3161.43,"end":3161.95},{"text":"5,","start":3161.95,"end":3162.31},{"text":"regarding","start":3162.31,"end":3162.83},{"text":"the","start":3162.83,"end":3162.95},{"text":"phrase","start":3162.95,"end":3163.43},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":3163.43,"end":3164.55},{"text":"human","start":3164.55,"end":3164.95},{"text":"judgment","start":3164.95,"end":3165.59},{"text":"and","start":3165.59,"end":3165.79},{"text":"control,","start":3165.79,"end":3166.39},{"text":"while","start":3167.11,"end":3167.39},{"text":"we","start":3167.39,"end":3167.51},{"text":"fully","start":3167.51,"end":3167.91},{"text":"appreciate","start":3167.91,"end":3168.55},{"text":"the","start":3168.55,"end":3168.63},{"text":"Chair's","start":3168.63,"end":3168.95},{"text":"effort","start":3168.95,"end":3169.27},{"text":"to","start":3169.27,"end":3169.35},{"text":"find","start":3169.35,"end":3169.63},{"text":"convergence","start":3169.63,"end":3170.39},{"text":"and","start":3171.43,"end":3171.83},{"text":"agree","start":3171.91,"end":3172.31},{"text":"with","start":3172.31,"end":3172.51},{"text":"the","start":3172.51,"end":3172.59},{"text":"necessity","start":3172.59,"end":3173.35},{"text":"to","start":3173.43,"end":3173.59},{"text":"consider","start":3173.59,"end":3174.15},{"text":"factors","start":3174.39,"end":3175.03},{"text":"such","start":3175.03,"end":3175.35},{"text":"as","start":3175.35,"end":3175.51},{"text":"weapons","start":3175.51,"end":3175.91},{"text":"systems","start":3175.91,"end":3176.31},{"text":"characteristics,","start":3176.31,"end":3177.27},{"text":"performance,","start":3177.51,"end":3178.23},{"text":"and","start":3178.39,"end":3178.59},{"text":"operational","start":3178.59,"end":3179.07},{"text":"environment,","start":3179.07,"end":3179.75},{"text":"we","start":3180.79,"end":3180.95},{"text":"echo","start":3180.95,"end":3181.19},{"text":"the","start":3181.19,"end":3181.31},{"text":"point","start":3181.31,"end":3181.67},{"text":"made","start":3181.67,"end":3182.03},{"text":"by","start":3182.03,"end":3182.19},{"text":"the","start":3182.19,"end":3182.31},{"text":"Republic","start":3182.31,"end":3182.71},{"text":"of","start":3182.71,"end":3182.79},{"text":"Korea,","start":3182.79,"end":3183.35},{"text":"the","start":3183.67,"end":3183.75},{"text":"United","start":3183.75,"end":3184.03},{"text":"States,","start":3184.03,"end":3184.43},{"text":"and","start":3184.43,"end":3184.59},{"text":"Australia","start":3184.59,"end":3185.03},{"text":"yesterday","start":3185.03,"end":3185.75},{"text":"that","start":3186.23,"end":3186.43},{"text":"this","start":3186.43,"end":3186.55},{"text":"term","start":3186.55,"end":3186.79},{"text":"appears","start":3186.79,"end":3187.27},{"text":"multiple","start":3187.27,"end":3187.67},{"text":"times","start":3187.67,"end":3188.15},{"text":"in","start":3188.71,"end":3188.87},{"text":"the","start":3188.87,"end":3188.95},{"text":"rolling","start":3188.95,"end":3189.19},{"text":"text","start":3189.19,"end":3189.67},{"text":"and","start":3189.75,"end":3189.99},{"text":"remains","start":3189.99,"end":3190.35},{"text":"ambiguous.","start":3190.35,"end":3191.03}]},{"text":"Therefore, we consider it necessary to clarify what this term means in each boxes through discussions on specific measures necessary to ensure compliance with IHL, which in our view would help foster common understanding within the GGE.","start":3192.07,"end":3208.07,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":3192.07,"end":3192.55},{"text":"we","start":3192.95,"end":3193.11},{"text":"consider","start":3193.11,"end":3193.59},{"text":"it","start":3193.59,"end":3193.71},{"text":"necessary","start":3193.71,"end":3194.55},{"text":"to","start":3194.79,"end":3194.87},{"text":"clarify","start":3194.87,"end":3195.43},{"text":"what","start":3195.43,"end":3195.63},{"text":"this","start":3195.63,"end":3195.83},{"text":"term","start":3195.83,"end":3196.19},{"text":"means","start":3196.19,"end":3196.63},{"text":"in","start":3196.63,"end":3196.79},{"text":"each","start":3196.79,"end":3197.03},{"text":"boxes","start":3197.03,"end":3197.67},{"text":"through","start":3198.07,"end":3198.23},{"text":"discussions","start":3198.23,"end":3199.03},{"text":"on","start":3199.11,"end":3199.31},{"text":"specific","start":3199.31,"end":3199.83},{"text":"measures","start":3199.83,"end":3200.47},{"text":"necessary","start":3200.47,"end":3201.27},{"text":"to","start":3201.63,"end":3201.75},{"text":"ensure","start":3201.75,"end":3202.15},{"text":"compliance","start":3202.15,"end":3202.71},{"text":"with","start":3202.71,"end":3202.87},{"text":"IHL,","start":3202.95,"end":3203.51},{"text":"which","start":3204.19,"end":3204.59},{"text":"in","start":3204.59,"end":3204.75},{"text":"our","start":3204.75,"end":3204.87},{"text":"view","start":3204.87,"end":3205.19},{"text":"would","start":3205.27,"end":3205.43},{"text":"help","start":3205.43,"end":3205.67},{"text":"foster","start":3205.67,"end":3206.03},{"text":"common","start":3206.03,"end":3206.31},{"text":"understanding","start":3206.31,"end":3207.11},{"text":"within","start":3207.11,"end":3207.39},{"text":"the","start":3207.39,"end":3207.47},{"text":"GGE.","start":3207.51,"end":3208.07}]},{"text":"I look very much forward to continuing substantive discussions in this regard.","start":3208.79,"end":3212.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3208.79,"end":3208.83},{"text":"look","start":3208.83,"end":3208.95},{"text":"very","start":3208.95,"end":3209.19},{"text":"much","start":3209.19,"end":3209.39},{"text":"forward","start":3209.39,"end":3209.75},{"text":"to","start":3209.83,"end":3210.03},{"text":"continuing","start":3210.03,"end":3210.55},{"text":"substantive","start":3210.55,"end":3211.03},{"text":"discussions","start":3211.03,"end":3211.63},{"text":"in","start":3211.63,"end":3211.75},{"text":"this","start":3211.75,"end":3211.95},{"text":"regard.","start":3211.95,"end":3212.31}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":3212.39,"end":3212.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3212.39,"end":3212.63},{"text":"you.","start":3212.63,"end":3212.75}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"JPN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Japan"}},{"statement_number":41,"start":3214.99,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=53:35","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Japan for stating the position of our delegation and also for, uh, reacting to statements made earlier, uh, more in general, I think if we have consensus on something that is, that we need to, to get a common understanding on, uh, context appropriate human judgment and control, and I very much, encourage also others to take part of this discussion, and we might also look for different ways of continuing this discussion beyond, um, um, the, this box now.","start":3214.99,"end":3246.83,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":3214.99,"end":3215.11},{"text":"me","start":3215.11,"end":3215.27},{"text":"thank","start":3215.43,"end":3215.83},{"text":"the","start":3215.83,"end":3215.91},{"text":"distinguished","start":3215.91,"end":3216.43},{"text":"representative","start":3216.43,"end":3217.11},{"text":"of","start":3217.11,"end":3217.35},{"text":"Japan","start":3217.35,"end":3218.07},{"text":"for","start":3218.07,"end":3218.39},{"text":"stating","start":3218.63,"end":3218.99},{"text":"the","start":3218.99,"end":3219.07},{"text":"position","start":3219.07,"end":3219.47},{"text":"of","start":3219.47,"end":3219.59},{"text":"our","start":3219.59,"end":3219.75},{"text":"delegation","start":3219.75,"end":3220.47},{"text":"and","start":3220.47,"end":3220.71},{"text":"also","start":3220.71,"end":3221.11},{"text":"for,","start":3221.11,"end":3221.43},{"text":"uh,","start":3222.23,"end":3222.27},{"text":"reacting","start":3222.31,"end":3222.79},{"text":"to","start":3222.79,"end":3222.95},{"text":"statements","start":3223.03,"end":3223.59},{"text":"made","start":3223.59,"end":3223.83},{"text":"earlier,","start":3223.83,"end":3224.27},{"text":"uh,","start":3224.71,"end":3224.75},{"text":"more","start":3224.75,"end":3224.95},{"text":"in","start":3224.95,"end":3225.03},{"text":"general,","start":3225.03,"end":3225.47},{"text":"I","start":3225.51,"end":3225.67},{"text":"think","start":3225.67,"end":3225.99},{"text":"if","start":3225.99,"end":3226.15},{"text":"we","start":3226.15,"end":3226.35},{"text":"have","start":3226.35,"end":3226.71},{"text":"consensus","start":3226.71,"end":3227.31},{"text":"on","start":3227.31,"end":3227.51},{"text":"something","start":3227.51,"end":3227.91},{"text":"that","start":3227.91,"end":3228.15},{"text":"is,","start":3228.15,"end":3228.39},{"text":"that","start":3228.39,"end":3228.63},{"text":"we","start":3228.63,"end":3228.75},{"text":"need","start":3228.75,"end":3228.95},{"text":"to,","start":3228.95,"end":3229.03},{"text":"to","start":3229.19,"end":3229.27},{"text":"get","start":3229.27,"end":3229.51},{"text":"a","start":3229.51,"end":3229.55},{"text":"common","start":3229.55,"end":3229.83},{"text":"understanding","start":3229.83,"end":3230.55},{"text":"on,","start":3230.67,"end":3230.87},{"text":"uh,","start":3231.99,"end":3232.03},{"text":"context","start":3232.03,"end":3232.39},{"text":"appropriate","start":3232.39,"end":3232.87},{"text":"human","start":3232.87,"end":3233.19},{"text":"judgment","start":3233.19,"end":3233.59},{"text":"and","start":3233.59,"end":3233.75},{"text":"control,","start":3233.75,"end":3234.31},{"text":"and","start":3234.39,"end":3234.51},{"text":"I","start":3234.51,"end":3234.55},{"text":"very","start":3234.87,"end":3235.07},{"text":"much,","start":3235.07,"end":3235.35},{"text":"encourage","start":3235.95,"end":3236.35},{"text":"also","start":3236.35,"end":3236.63},{"text":"others","start":3236.63,"end":3236.99},{"text":"to","start":3236.99,"end":3237.15},{"text":"take","start":3237.15,"end":3237.55},{"text":"part","start":3237.55,"end":3237.87},{"text":"of","start":3237.87,"end":3237.95},{"text":"this","start":3237.95,"end":3238.19},{"text":"discussion,","start":3238.19,"end":3238.99},{"text":"and","start":3238.99,"end":3239.27},{"text":"we","start":3239.27,"end":3239.47},{"text":"might","start":3239.47,"end":3239.83},{"text":"also","start":3239.83,"end":3240.27},{"text":"look","start":3240.43,"end":3240.67},{"text":"for","start":3240.67,"end":3240.83},{"text":"different","start":3240.83,"end":3241.15},{"text":"ways","start":3241.15,"end":3241.43},{"text":"of","start":3241.43,"end":3241.55},{"text":"continuing","start":3241.55,"end":3242.07},{"text":"this","start":3242.07,"end":3242.31},{"text":"discussion","start":3242.31,"end":3242.99},{"text":"beyond,","start":3243.23,"end":3243.71},{"text":"um,","start":3243.99,"end":3244.19},{"text":"um,","start":3244.95,"end":3245.03},{"text":"the,","start":3245.31,"end":3245.43},{"text":"this","start":3245.63,"end":3245.87},{"text":"box","start":3246.11,"end":3246.51},{"text":"now.","start":3246.51,"end":3246.83}]},{"text":"Um, next on my list is Canada, to be followed by Ukraine and Sweden, and I'll pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Canada.","start":3247.99,"end":3255.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Um,","start":3247.99,"end":3248.11},{"text":"next","start":3248.67,"end":3249.07},{"text":"on","start":3249.07,"end":3249.19},{"text":"my","start":3249.19,"end":3249.47},{"text":"list","start":3249.47,"end":3249.95},{"text":"is","start":3249.95,"end":3250.11},{"text":"Canada,","start":3250.11,"end":3250.67},{"text":"to","start":3250.67,"end":3250.79},{"text":"be","start":3250.79,"end":3250.91},{"text":"followed","start":3250.91,"end":3251.19},{"text":"by","start":3251.19,"end":3251.27},{"text":"Ukraine","start":3251.27,"end":3251.67},{"text":"and","start":3251.67,"end":3251.91},{"text":"Sweden,","start":3251.91,"end":3252.51},{"text":"and","start":3252.51,"end":3252.63},{"text":"I'll","start":3252.63,"end":3252.91},{"text":"pass","start":3252.91,"end":3253.15},{"text":"the","start":3253.15,"end":3253.23},{"text":"floor","start":3253.23,"end":3253.51},{"text":"to","start":3253.51,"end":3253.59},{"text":"the","start":3253.59,"end":3253.67},{"text":"distinguished","start":3253.67,"end":3254.27},{"text":"representative","start":3254.27,"end":3254.99},{"text":"of","start":3254.99,"end":3255.07},{"text":"Canada.","start":3255.07,"end":3255.39}]},{"text":"So you have the floor.","start":3255.39,"end":3256.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3255.39,"end":3255.55},{"text":"you","start":3255.55,"end":3255.63},{"text":"have","start":3255.63,"end":3255.79},{"text":"the","start":3255.79,"end":3255.87},{"text":"floor.","start":3255.87,"end":3256.03}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":42,"start":3258.59,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=54:19","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair, and good morning, colleagues.","start":3258.59,"end":3260.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3258.59,"end":3258.83},{"text":"you,","start":3258.83,"end":3258.91},{"text":"Mr.","start":3258.91,"end":3259.15},{"text":"Chair,","start":3259.15,"end":3259.27},{"text":"and","start":3259.27,"end":3259.39},{"text":"good","start":3259.39,"end":3259.51},{"text":"morning,","start":3259.51,"end":3259.75},{"text":"colleagues.","start":3259.75,"end":3260.27}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"My delegation wishes to engage on this interesting debate regarding box 2.","start":3261.31,"end":3266.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":3261.31,"end":3261.47},{"text":"delegation","start":3261.47,"end":3262.11},{"text":"wishes","start":3262.11,"end":3262.59},{"text":"to","start":3262.59,"end":3262.91},{"text":"engage","start":3262.91,"end":3263.35},{"text":"on","start":3263.35,"end":3263.47},{"text":"this","start":3263.47,"end":3263.87},{"text":"interesting","start":3264.11,"end":3264.67},{"text":"debate","start":3264.67,"end":3264.99},{"text":"regarding","start":3264.99,"end":3265.35},{"text":"box","start":3265.35,"end":3265.71},{"text":"2.","start":3265.71,"end":3266.03}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Paragraph 1 through 4 are acceptable as presented in the rolling text.","start":3266.99,"end":3271.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":3266.99,"end":3267.55},{"text":"1","start":3267.55,"end":3267.95},{"text":"through","start":3267.95,"end":3268.27},{"text":"4","start":3268.27,"end":3268.67},{"text":"are","start":3268.67,"end":3268.75},{"text":"acceptable","start":3268.75,"end":3269.47},{"text":"as","start":3269.47,"end":3269.63},{"text":"presented","start":3269.63,"end":3270.27},{"text":"in","start":3270.27,"end":3270.39},{"text":"the","start":3270.39,"end":3270.51},{"text":"rolling","start":3270.51,"end":3270.83},{"text":"text.","start":3270.83,"end":3271.31}]},{"text":"On para 5, my delegation agrees that context-appropriate human judgment and control are not specifically mentioned in IHL.","start":3271.95,"end":3280.19,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3271.95,"end":3272.19},{"text":"para","start":3272.19,"end":3272.51},{"text":"5,","start":3272.51,"end":3273.23},{"text":"my","start":3273.23,"end":3273.47},{"text":"delegation","start":3273.47,"end":3274.03},{"text":"agrees","start":3274.03,"end":3274.47},{"text":"that","start":3274.47,"end":3274.75},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":3274.75,"end":3275.95},{"text":"human","start":3275.95,"end":3276.35},{"text":"judgment","start":3276.35,"end":3276.75},{"text":"and","start":3276.75,"end":3276.87},{"text":"control","start":3276.87,"end":3277.47},{"text":"are","start":3277.67,"end":3277.79},{"text":"not","start":3277.79,"end":3278.11},{"text":"specifically","start":3278.11,"end":3278.79},{"text":"mentioned","start":3278.79,"end":3279.31},{"text":"in","start":3279.31,"end":3279.47},{"text":"IHL.","start":3279.47,"end":3280.19}]},{"text":"Similar to our colleagues from Australia, UK, and others, my delegation can support moving the term context appropriate human context appropriate judgment and control in para 5 to box 4.","start":3281.07,"end":3293.35,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Similar","start":3281.07,"end":3281.55},{"text":"to","start":3281.55,"end":3281.67},{"text":"our","start":3281.67,"end":3281.79},{"text":"colleagues","start":3281.79,"end":3282.23},{"text":"from","start":3282.23,"end":3282.39},{"text":"Australia,","start":3282.39,"end":3282.99},{"text":"UK,","start":3282.99,"end":3283.47},{"text":"and","start":3283.51,"end":3283.67},{"text":"others,","start":3283.67,"end":3284.11},{"text":"my","start":3284.43,"end":3284.59},{"text":"delegation","start":3284.59,"end":3285.15},{"text":"can","start":3285.15,"end":3285.31},{"text":"support","start":3285.31,"end":3285.79},{"text":"moving","start":3285.79,"end":3286.27},{"text":"the","start":3286.27,"end":3286.39},{"text":"term","start":3286.39,"end":3286.91},{"text":"context","start":3287.43,"end":3287.87},{"text":"appropriate","start":3287.87,"end":3288.31},{"text":"human","start":3288.31,"end":3288.87},{"text":"context","start":3289.27,"end":3289.71},{"text":"appropriate","start":3289.71,"end":3290.15},{"text":"judgment","start":3290.15,"end":3290.47},{"text":"and","start":3290.47,"end":3290.59},{"text":"control","start":3290.59,"end":3291.11},{"text":"in","start":3291.11,"end":3291.27},{"text":"para","start":3291.27,"end":3291.67},{"text":"5","start":3291.67,"end":3292.23},{"text":"to","start":3292.23,"end":3292.47},{"text":"box","start":3292.47,"end":3292.87},{"text":"4.","start":3292.87,"end":3293.35}]},{"text":"We agree that the use and effects of laws in an armed conflict must be compliant with IHL, including the principles and requirements of distinction, proportionality, and precaution in the attacks.","start":3293.99,"end":3306.79,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3293.99,"end":3294.27},{"text":"agree","start":3294.27,"end":3294.79},{"text":"that","start":3294.79,"end":3294.99},{"text":"the","start":3294.99,"end":3295.11},{"text":"use","start":3295.11,"end":3295.59},{"text":"and","start":3295.59,"end":3295.71},{"text":"effects","start":3295.71,"end":3296.15},{"text":"of","start":3296.15,"end":3296.31},{"text":"laws","start":3296.31,"end":3296.79},{"text":"in","start":3296.79,"end":3297.11},{"text":"an","start":3297.11,"end":3297.19},{"text":"armed","start":3297.19,"end":3297.39},{"text":"conflict","start":3297.39,"end":3298.07},{"text":"must","start":3298.07,"end":3298.51},{"text":"be","start":3298.51,"end":3298.63},{"text":"compliant","start":3298.63,"end":3299.15},{"text":"with","start":3299.15,"end":3299.31},{"text":"IHL,","start":3299.35,"end":3299.91},{"text":"including","start":3299.91,"end":3300.39},{"text":"the","start":3300.39,"end":3300.55},{"text":"principles","start":3300.55,"end":3301.27},{"text":"and","start":3301.27,"end":3301.39},{"text":"requirements","start":3301.39,"end":3302.19},{"text":"of","start":3302.19,"end":3302.31},{"text":"distinction,","start":3302.31,"end":3302.95},{"text":"proportionality,","start":3302.95,"end":3303.99},{"text":"and","start":3304.39,"end":3304.63},{"text":"precaution","start":3304.63,"end":3305.43},{"text":"in","start":3305.83,"end":3306.07},{"text":"the","start":3306.07,"end":3306.15},{"text":"attacks.","start":3306.15,"end":3306.79}]},{"text":"and can be retained in para 5.","start":3307.63,"end":3309.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"and","start":3307.63,"end":3307.95},{"text":"can","start":3307.95,"end":3308.19},{"text":"be","start":3308.19,"end":3308.27},{"text":"retained","start":3308.27,"end":3308.83},{"text":"in","start":3308.83,"end":3308.99},{"text":"para","start":3308.99,"end":3309.31},{"text":"5.","start":3309.31,"end":3309.79}]},{"text":"My delegation accepts the formulation of context-appropriate human judgment and control and believes this could be used as a measure to assist states in ensuring compliance with its obligation under IHL.","start":3310.03,"end":3323.07,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":3310.03,"end":3310.27},{"text":"delegation","start":3310.27,"end":3311.15},{"text":"accepts","start":3311.23,"end":3311.79},{"text":"the","start":3311.79,"end":3311.87},{"text":"formulation","start":3311.87,"end":3312.67},{"text":"of","start":3312.71,"end":3312.83},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":3312.83,"end":3314.19},{"text":"human","start":3314.19,"end":3314.59},{"text":"judgment","start":3314.59,"end":3314.99},{"text":"and","start":3314.99,"end":3315.15},{"text":"control","start":3315.15,"end":3315.79},{"text":"and","start":3315.79,"end":3315.91},{"text":"believes","start":3315.91,"end":3316.35},{"text":"this","start":3316.35,"end":3316.67},{"text":"could","start":3316.67,"end":3316.83},{"text":"be","start":3316.83,"end":3316.99},{"text":"used","start":3316.99,"end":3317.31},{"text":"as","start":3317.31,"end":3317.55},{"text":"a","start":3317.55,"end":3317.59},{"text":"measure","start":3317.59,"end":3318.03},{"text":"to","start":3318.03,"end":3318.15},{"text":"assist","start":3318.15,"end":3318.63},{"text":"states","start":3318.63,"end":3319.07},{"text":"in","start":3319.47,"end":3319.59},{"text":"ensuring","start":3319.59,"end":3320.19},{"text":"compliance","start":3320.19,"end":3320.91},{"text":"with","start":3320.91,"end":3321.15},{"text":"its","start":3321.15,"end":3321.31},{"text":"obligation","start":3321.31,"end":3322.03},{"text":"under","start":3322.03,"end":3322.35},{"text":"IHL.","start":3322.35,"end":3323.07}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Control and judgment will","start":3323.47,"end":3325.15,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Control","start":3323.47,"end":3324.11},{"text":"and","start":3324.19,"end":3324.47},{"text":"judgment","start":3324.47,"end":3324.99},{"text":"will","start":3324.99,"end":3325.15}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"always be present in the form of commanders assessing the threats on the ground in the wider environment and choosing the most appropriate weapon to accomplish the mission.","start":3325.15,"end":3335.15,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"always","start":3325.15,"end":3325.55},{"text":"be","start":3325.55,"end":3325.71},{"text":"present","start":3325.71,"end":3326.11},{"text":"in","start":3326.11,"end":3326.31},{"text":"the","start":3326.31,"end":3326.39},{"text":"form","start":3326.39,"end":3326.79},{"text":"of","start":3326.79,"end":3326.91},{"text":"commanders","start":3326.91,"end":3327.51},{"text":"assessing","start":3327.51,"end":3328.11},{"text":"the","start":3328.59,"end":3328.79},{"text":"threats","start":3328.79,"end":3329.31},{"text":"on","start":3329.31,"end":3329.47},{"text":"the","start":3329.47,"end":3329.59},{"text":"ground","start":3329.59,"end":3330.11},{"text":"in","start":3330.19,"end":3330.43},{"text":"the","start":3330.43,"end":3330.51},{"text":"wider","start":3330.51,"end":3330.95},{"text":"environment","start":3330.95,"end":3331.71},{"text":"and","start":3331.71,"end":3331.91},{"text":"choosing","start":3331.91,"end":3332.43},{"text":"the","start":3332.43,"end":3332.67},{"text":"most","start":3332.67,"end":3332.95},{"text":"appropriate","start":3332.95,"end":3333.55},{"text":"weapon","start":3333.55,"end":3333.95},{"text":"to","start":3333.95,"end":3334.07},{"text":"accomplish","start":3334.07,"end":3334.59},{"text":"the","start":3334.59,"end":3334.67},{"text":"mission.","start":3334.67,"end":3335.15}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":3335.31,"end":3335.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3335.31,"end":3335.59},{"text":"you.","start":3335.59,"end":3335.71}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CAN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Canada"}},{"statement_number":43,"start":3346.43,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=55:47","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Canada.","start":3346.43,"end":3349.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3346.43,"end":3346.51},{"text":"thank","start":3346.51,"end":3346.79},{"text":"the","start":3346.79,"end":3346.87},{"text":"distinguished","start":3346.87,"end":3347.39},{"text":"representative","start":3347.39,"end":3348.11},{"text":"of","start":3348.11,"end":3348.19},{"text":"Canada.","start":3348.27,"end":3349.07}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Ukraine, to be followed by Sweden and New Zealand.","start":3349.47,"end":3353.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":3349.47,"end":3349.87},{"text":"on","start":3349.87,"end":3349.95},{"text":"my","start":3349.95,"end":3350.11},{"text":"list","start":3350.11,"end":3350.51},{"text":"is","start":3350.59,"end":3350.83},{"text":"Ukraine,","start":3350.91,"end":3351.47},{"text":"to","start":3351.47,"end":3351.59},{"text":"be","start":3351.59,"end":3351.71},{"text":"followed","start":3351.71,"end":3351.95},{"text":"by","start":3351.95,"end":3352.07},{"text":"Sweden","start":3352.07,"end":3352.51},{"text":"and","start":3352.51,"end":3352.63},{"text":"New","start":3352.63,"end":3352.75},{"text":"Zealand.","start":3352.75,"end":3353.31}]},{"text":"And I'll pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Ukraine.","start":3353.39,"end":3356.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3353.39,"end":3353.59},{"text":"I'll","start":3353.59,"end":3353.79},{"text":"pass","start":3353.79,"end":3353.95},{"text":"the","start":3353.95,"end":3354.03},{"text":"floor","start":3354.03,"end":3354.19},{"text":"to","start":3354.19,"end":3354.27},{"text":"the","start":3354.27,"end":3354.39},{"text":"distinguished","start":3354.39,"end":3354.91},{"text":"representative","start":3354.91,"end":3355.63},{"text":"of","start":3355.83,"end":3355.95},{"text":"Ukraine.","start":3355.95,"end":3356.59}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":3356.91,"end":3357.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":3356.91,"end":3357.03},{"text":"have","start":3357.03,"end":3357.23},{"text":"the","start":3357.27,"end":3357.35},{"text":"floor.","start":3357.35,"end":3357.63}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":44,"start":3359.55,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=56:00","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair, and good morning.","start":3359.55,"end":3361.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3359.55,"end":3359.79},{"text":"you,","start":3359.79,"end":3359.87},{"text":"Chair,","start":3359.87,"end":3360.35},{"text":"and","start":3360.43,"end":3360.59},{"text":"good","start":3360.59,"end":3360.71},{"text":"morning.","start":3360.71,"end":3361.15}]},{"text":"Our delegation would like to jump straight to the point and note that the box under review contains five paragraphs.","start":3362.51,"end":3369.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":3362.51,"end":3362.67},{"text":"delegation","start":3362.67,"end":3363.23},{"text":"would","start":3363.23,"end":3363.35},{"text":"like","start":3363.39,"end":3363.63},{"text":"to","start":3363.63,"end":3363.75},{"text":"jump","start":3363.75,"end":3364.07},{"text":"straight","start":3364.07,"end":3364.39},{"text":"to","start":3364.39,"end":3364.47},{"text":"the","start":3364.47,"end":3364.55},{"text":"point","start":3364.55,"end":3364.99},{"text":"and","start":3365.91,"end":3366.15},{"text":"note","start":3366.15,"end":3366.51},{"text":"that","start":3366.59,"end":3366.75},{"text":"the","start":3366.75,"end":3366.87},{"text":"box","start":3366.87,"end":3367.15},{"text":"under","start":3367.15,"end":3367.39},{"text":"review","start":3367.39,"end":3367.95},{"text":"contains","start":3368.35,"end":3368.83},{"text":"five","start":3368.83,"end":3369.07},{"text":"paragraphs.","start":3369.07,"end":3369.79}]},{"text":"And the delegation of Ukraine fully agrees with four out of those paragraphs.","start":3370.59,"end":3374.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3370.59,"end":3370.71},{"text":"the","start":3370.71,"end":3370.79},{"text":"delegation","start":3370.79,"end":3371.31},{"text":"of","start":3371.31,"end":3371.39},{"text":"Ukraine","start":3371.39,"end":3371.79},{"text":"fully","start":3371.79,"end":3372.03},{"text":"agrees","start":3372.03,"end":3372.67},{"text":"with","start":3372.75,"end":3373.07},{"text":"four","start":3373.15,"end":3373.55},{"text":"out","start":3373.55,"end":3373.79},{"text":"of","start":3373.79,"end":3373.87},{"text":"those","start":3373.87,"end":3374.03},{"text":"paragraphs.","start":3374.03,"end":3374.75}]},{"text":"as they represent well-established rules of international humanitarian law, to the best of our knowledge, not disputed by anyone.","start":3375.23,"end":3382.99,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"as","start":3375.23,"end":3375.47},{"text":"they","start":3375.47,"end":3375.59},{"text":"represent","start":3375.59,"end":3376.27},{"text":"well-established","start":3376.27,"end":3377.07},{"text":"rules","start":3377.07,"end":3377.63},{"text":"of","start":3377.63,"end":3377.87},{"text":"international","start":3377.87,"end":3378.39},{"text":"humanitarian","start":3378.39,"end":3379.07},{"text":"law,","start":3379.07,"end":3379.59},{"text":"to","start":3380.35,"end":3380.43},{"text":"the","start":3380.43,"end":3380.55},{"text":"best","start":3380.55,"end":3380.83},{"text":"of","start":3380.83,"end":3380.91},{"text":"our","start":3380.91,"end":3381.15},{"text":"knowledge,","start":3381.15,"end":3381.55},{"text":"not","start":3381.55,"end":3381.75},{"text":"disputed","start":3381.75,"end":3382.43},{"text":"by","start":3382.43,"end":3382.59},{"text":"anyone.","start":3382.59,"end":3382.99}]},{"text":"Should these rules find their way into the final text of the instrument, they will serve as a useful reminder about the basic premises.","start":3383.87,"end":3392.27,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Should","start":3383.87,"end":3384.15},{"text":"these","start":3384.15,"end":3384.27},{"text":"rules","start":3384.27,"end":3384.59},{"text":"find","start":3384.59,"end":3384.83},{"text":"their","start":3384.83,"end":3384.99},{"text":"way","start":3384.99,"end":3385.39},{"text":"into","start":3385.87,"end":3386.19},{"text":"the","start":3386.19,"end":3386.31},{"text":"final","start":3386.31,"end":3386.67},{"text":"text","start":3386.67,"end":3386.95},{"text":"of","start":3386.95,"end":3387.07},{"text":"the","start":3387.07,"end":3387.15},{"text":"instrument,","start":3387.15,"end":3387.79},{"text":"they","start":3388.35,"end":3388.51},{"text":"will","start":3388.51,"end":3388.67},{"text":"serve","start":3388.67,"end":3389.15},{"text":"as","start":3389.23,"end":3389.47},{"text":"a","start":3389.47,"end":3389.51},{"text":"useful","start":3389.51,"end":3389.95},{"text":"reminder","start":3389.95,"end":3390.59},{"text":"about","start":3390.59,"end":3390.91},{"text":"the","start":3390.91,"end":3391.03},{"text":"basic","start":3391.03,"end":3391.55},{"text":"premises.","start":3391.55,"end":3392.27}]},{"text":"At the same time, we would like to elaborate on paragraph 5 in greater depth.","start":3393.19,"end":3396.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":3393.19,"end":3393.27},{"text":"the","start":3393.27,"end":3393.39},{"text":"same","start":3393.39,"end":3393.63},{"text":"time,","start":3393.63,"end":3393.99},{"text":"we","start":3393.99,"end":3394.07},{"text":"would","start":3394.07,"end":3394.19},{"text":"like","start":3394.19,"end":3394.39},{"text":"to","start":3394.39,"end":3394.51},{"text":"elaborate","start":3394.51,"end":3394.99},{"text":"on","start":3394.99,"end":3395.07},{"text":"paragraph","start":3395.07,"end":3395.67},{"text":"5","start":3395.67,"end":3396.03},{"text":"in","start":3396.03,"end":3396.11},{"text":"greater","start":3396.11,"end":3396.47},{"text":"depth.","start":3396.47,"end":3396.83}]},{"text":"We fully understand the concern of the Chair that the discussion must not turn into an academic debate.","start":3398.11,"end":3403.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3398.11,"end":3398.23},{"text":"fully","start":3398.27,"end":3398.47},{"text":"understand","start":3398.47,"end":3399.19},{"text":"the","start":3399.47,"end":3399.59},{"text":"concern","start":3399.59,"end":3399.99},{"text":"of","start":3399.99,"end":3400.07},{"text":"the","start":3400.07,"end":3400.15},{"text":"Chair","start":3400.15,"end":3400.43},{"text":"that","start":3400.43,"end":3400.55},{"text":"the","start":3400.55,"end":3400.71},{"text":"discussion","start":3400.71,"end":3401.23},{"text":"must","start":3401.23,"end":3401.43},{"text":"not","start":3401.43,"end":3401.67},{"text":"turn","start":3401.67,"end":3402.03},{"text":"into","start":3402.03,"end":3402.31},{"text":"an","start":3402.31,"end":3402.39},{"text":"academic","start":3402.39,"end":3402.79},{"text":"debate.","start":3402.79,"end":3403.31}]},{"text":"However, to our opinion, we see a need in clarifying the terms, both in legal and ethical dimensions, as was previously stated by the distinguished experts present in this room.","start":3404.07,"end":3418.55,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"martens-clause-ethics","label":"Martens Clause and Ethical Considerations","description":"Multiple delegations emphasized the importance of the Martens Clause and broader ethical concerns in addressing autonomous weapons. They linked the issue to humanity, public conscience, and the need to preserve human moral judgment in the use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":3404.07,"end":3404.51},{"text":"to","start":3404.51,"end":3404.75},{"text":"our","start":3404.75,"end":3404.91},{"text":"opinion,","start":3404.91,"end":3405.59},{"text":"we","start":3406.23,"end":3406.47},{"text":"see","start":3406.47,"end":3406.67},{"text":"a","start":3406.67,"end":3406.71},{"text":"need","start":3406.71,"end":3406.95},{"text":"in","start":3406.95,"end":3407.11},{"text":"clarifying","start":3407.11,"end":3407.75},{"text":"the","start":3407.75,"end":3407.83},{"text":"terms,","start":3407.83,"end":3408.55},{"text":"both","start":3408.95,"end":3409.43},{"text":"in","start":3409.43,"end":3409.67},{"text":"legal","start":3409.91,"end":3410.31},{"text":"and","start":3410.31,"end":3410.47},{"text":"ethical","start":3410.47,"end":3410.87},{"text":"dimensions,","start":3410.87,"end":3411.59},{"text":"as","start":3413.11,"end":3413.35},{"text":"was","start":3413.35,"end":3413.51},{"text":"previously","start":3413.51,"end":3414.07},{"text":"stated","start":3414.07,"end":3414.79},{"text":"by","start":3414.87,"end":3415.35},{"text":"the","start":3415.43,"end":3415.63},{"text":"distinguished","start":3416.63,"end":3417.27},{"text":"experts","start":3417.27,"end":3417.67},{"text":"present","start":3417.67,"end":3418.03},{"text":"in","start":3418.03,"end":3418.11},{"text":"this","start":3418.11,"end":3418.31},{"text":"room.","start":3418.31,"end":3418.55}]},{"text":"The delegation of Ukraine is cautious of the risks for the end users.","start":3420.47,"end":3424.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3420.47,"end":3420.59},{"text":"delegation","start":3420.59,"end":3421.15},{"text":"of","start":3421.15,"end":3421.27},{"text":"Ukraine","start":3421.27,"end":3421.91},{"text":"is","start":3421.91,"end":3422.15},{"text":"cautious","start":3422.15,"end":3422.67},{"text":"of","start":3422.67,"end":3422.79},{"text":"the","start":3422.79,"end":3422.91},{"text":"risks","start":3422.91,"end":3423.51},{"text":"for","start":3423.59,"end":3423.75},{"text":"the","start":3423.75,"end":3423.87},{"text":"end","start":3423.87,"end":3424.11},{"text":"users.","start":3424.11,"end":3424.79}]},{"text":"There can be no doubt that this group of highly qualified experts is entirely capable of producing a text perfect from a legal point of view.","start":3425.83,"end":3433.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"There","start":3425.83,"end":3425.99},{"text":"can","start":3425.99,"end":3426.15},{"text":"be","start":3426.15,"end":3426.23},{"text":"no","start":3426.23,"end":3426.47},{"text":"doubt","start":3426.47,"end":3427.03},{"text":"that","start":3427.19,"end":3427.39},{"text":"this","start":3427.39,"end":3427.67},{"text":"group","start":3427.67,"end":3427.99},{"text":"of","start":3427.99,"end":3428.11},{"text":"highly","start":3428.11,"end":3428.39},{"text":"qualified","start":3428.39,"end":3428.87},{"text":"experts","start":3428.87,"end":3429.35},{"text":"is","start":3429.35,"end":3429.59},{"text":"entirely","start":3429.59,"end":3430.19},{"text":"capable","start":3430.19,"end":3430.71},{"text":"of","start":3430.71,"end":3430.79},{"text":"producing","start":3430.79,"end":3431.31},{"text":"a","start":3431.31,"end":3431.35},{"text":"text","start":3431.35,"end":3431.91},{"text":"perfect","start":3432.35,"end":3432.75},{"text":"from","start":3432.75,"end":3432.91},{"text":"a","start":3432.91,"end":3432.95},{"text":"legal","start":3432.95,"end":3433.15},{"text":"point","start":3433.15,"end":3433.43},{"text":"of","start":3433.43,"end":3433.51},{"text":"view.","start":3433.51,"end":3433.87}]},{"text":"Nevertheless, it is not enough to pronounce the truth.","start":3434.83,"end":3437.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Nevertheless,","start":3434.83,"end":3435.71},{"text":"it","start":3435.95,"end":3436.07},{"text":"is","start":3436.07,"end":3436.19},{"text":"not","start":3436.19,"end":3436.31},{"text":"enough","start":3436.31,"end":3436.55},{"text":"to","start":3436.55,"end":3436.67},{"text":"pronounce","start":3436.67,"end":3437.07},{"text":"the","start":3437.07,"end":3437.19},{"text":"truth.","start":3437.19,"end":3437.55}]},{"text":"It is important to ensure that the truth is heard.","start":3439.23,"end":3441.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3439.23,"end":3439.39},{"text":"is","start":3439.39,"end":3439.51},{"text":"important","start":3439.51,"end":3439.95},{"text":"to","start":3439.95,"end":3440.03},{"text":"ensure","start":3440.03,"end":3440.35},{"text":"that","start":3440.35,"end":3440.51},{"text":"the","start":3440.51,"end":3440.59},{"text":"truth","start":3440.59,"end":3440.83},{"text":"is","start":3440.83,"end":3440.95},{"text":"heard.","start":3440.95,"end":3441.31}]},{"text":"Therefore, it is of utmost importance to ensure the practical applicability of the rules that we develop.","start":3442.19,"end":3447.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":3442.19,"end":3442.75},{"text":"it","start":3442.75,"end":3442.83},{"text":"is","start":3442.83,"end":3442.99},{"text":"of","start":3442.99,"end":3443.07},{"text":"utmost","start":3443.07,"end":3443.39},{"text":"importance","start":3443.39,"end":3443.95},{"text":"to","start":3443.95,"end":3444.07},{"text":"ensure","start":3444.07,"end":3444.43},{"text":"the","start":3444.43,"end":3444.59},{"text":"practical","start":3444.59,"end":3445.07},{"text":"applicability","start":3445.07,"end":3445.75},{"text":"of","start":3445.75,"end":3445.87},{"text":"the","start":3445.87,"end":3445.99},{"text":"rules","start":3445.99,"end":3446.27},{"text":"that","start":3446.27,"end":3446.51},{"text":"we","start":3446.51,"end":3446.59},{"text":"develop.","start":3446.59,"end":3447.07}]},{"text":"It's better to have something similar to an academic discussion here in the tranquility of this building in Geneva than to delegate the duty to lawyers and commanders who will be bound to understand the terms that we're using in the heat of battle.","start":3448.23,"end":3462.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":3448.23,"end":3448.47},{"text":"better","start":3448.47,"end":3448.71},{"text":"to","start":3448.71,"end":3448.79},{"text":"have","start":3448.79,"end":3448.99},{"text":"something","start":3448.99,"end":3449.31},{"text":"similar","start":3449.31,"end":3449.71},{"text":"to","start":3449.71,"end":3449.83},{"text":"an","start":3449.83,"end":3449.95},{"text":"academic","start":3449.95,"end":3450.31},{"text":"discussion","start":3450.31,"end":3450.75},{"text":"here","start":3450.75,"end":3451.31},{"text":"in","start":3451.39,"end":3451.55},{"text":"the","start":3451.55,"end":3451.63},{"text":"tranquility","start":3451.63,"end":3452.23},{"text":"of","start":3452.23,"end":3452.35},{"text":"this","start":3452.35,"end":3452.59},{"text":"building","start":3452.59,"end":3452.99},{"text":"in","start":3452.99,"end":3453.11},{"text":"Geneva","start":3453.11,"end":3453.55},{"text":"than","start":3454.51,"end":3454.75},{"text":"to","start":3454.75,"end":3454.95},{"text":"delegate","start":3455.15,"end":3455.79},{"text":"the","start":3455.79,"end":3455.91},{"text":"duty","start":3455.91,"end":3456.35},{"text":"to","start":3456.35,"end":3456.47},{"text":"lawyers","start":3456.47,"end":3456.91},{"text":"and","start":3456.91,"end":3457.03},{"text":"commanders","start":3457.03,"end":3457.71},{"text":"who","start":3457.87,"end":3457.99},{"text":"will","start":3457.99,"end":3458.19},{"text":"be","start":3458.19,"end":3458.35},{"text":"bound","start":3458.35,"end":3458.95},{"text":"to","start":3458.95,"end":3459.31},{"text":"understand","start":3459.31,"end":3460.07},{"text":"the","start":3460.07,"end":3460.15},{"text":"terms","start":3460.15,"end":3460.47},{"text":"that","start":3460.47,"end":3460.67},{"text":"we're","start":3460.67,"end":3460.83},{"text":"using","start":3460.83,"end":3461.23},{"text":"in","start":3461.79,"end":3461.95},{"text":"the","start":3461.95,"end":3462.03},{"text":"heat","start":3462.03,"end":3462.19},{"text":"of","start":3462.19,"end":3462.27},{"text":"battle.","start":3462.27,"end":3462.75}]},{"text":"To begin with, our assessment of paragraph 5 is based on a firm belief that this paragraph, alongside with some other paragraph from the subsequent boxes, represents the essence of the problem of autonomous weapon systems.","start":3464.51,"end":3479.31,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":3464.51,"end":3464.63},{"text":"begin","start":3464.63,"end":3464.91},{"text":"with,","start":3464.91,"end":3465.15},{"text":"our","start":3465.71,"end":3466.07},{"text":"assessment","start":3466.07,"end":3466.51},{"text":"of","start":3466.51,"end":3466.59},{"text":"paragraph","start":3466.59,"end":3467.19},{"text":"5","start":3467.19,"end":3467.63},{"text":"is","start":3469.15,"end":3469.39},{"text":"based","start":3469.39,"end":3469.79},{"text":"on","start":3469.79,"end":3469.91},{"text":"a","start":3469.91,"end":3469.95},{"text":"firm","start":3469.95,"end":3470.19},{"text":"belief","start":3470.19,"end":3470.67},{"text":"that","start":3470.67,"end":3470.87},{"text":"this","start":3470.87,"end":3471.07},{"text":"paragraph,","start":3471.07,"end":3471.63},{"text":"alongside","start":3471.63,"end":3472.19},{"text":"with","start":3472.19,"end":3472.35},{"text":"some","start":3472.35,"end":3472.59},{"text":"other","start":3472.59,"end":3472.87},{"text":"paragraph","start":3472.87,"end":3473.35},{"text":"from","start":3473.35,"end":3473.55},{"text":"the","start":3473.55,"end":3473.71},{"text":"subsequent","start":3473.71,"end":3474.23},{"text":"boxes,","start":3474.23,"end":3474.83},{"text":"represents","start":3475.31,"end":3475.95},{"text":"the","start":3475.95,"end":3476.11},{"text":"essence","start":3476.11,"end":3476.83},{"text":"of","start":3476.91,"end":3477.07},{"text":"the","start":3477.07,"end":3477.19},{"text":"problem","start":3477.19,"end":3477.71},{"text":"of","start":3477.71,"end":3477.83},{"text":"autonomous","start":3477.83,"end":3478.35},{"text":"weapon","start":3478.35,"end":3478.67},{"text":"systems.","start":3478.67,"end":3479.31}]},{"text":"This is a problem of decision-making.","start":3480.03,"end":3482.43,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3480.03,"end":3480.23},{"text":"is","start":3480.23,"end":3480.35},{"text":"a","start":3480.35,"end":3480.43},{"text":"problem","start":3480.43,"end":3480.91},{"text":"of","start":3481.15,"end":3481.39},{"text":"decision-making.","start":3481.39,"end":3482.43}]},{"text":"Traditional weapons require one human decision, to use them or not.","start":3483.55,"end":3489.23,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Traditional","start":3483.55,"end":3484.03},{"text":"weapons","start":3484.03,"end":3484.67},{"text":"require","start":3484.91,"end":3485.55},{"text":"one","start":3485.55,"end":3485.87},{"text":"human","start":3485.87,"end":3486.19},{"text":"decision,","start":3486.19,"end":3486.75},{"text":"to","start":3487.31,"end":3487.51},{"text":"use","start":3487.51,"end":3487.79},{"text":"them","start":3487.79,"end":3488.11},{"text":"or","start":3488.59,"end":3488.75},{"text":"not.","start":3488.75,"end":3489.23}]},{"text":"With the lethal autonomous weapon systems, we have two decisions, a human decision to use the weapon and the decision of an artificial intelligence to engage a particular target.","start":3490.27,"end":3502.51,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":3490.27,"end":3490.55},{"text":"the","start":3490.55,"end":3490.63},{"text":"lethal","start":3490.63,"end":3491.03},{"text":"autonomous","start":3491.03,"end":3491.63},{"text":"weapon","start":3491.63,"end":3491.95},{"text":"systems,","start":3491.95,"end":3492.59},{"text":"we","start":3492.59,"end":3492.79},{"text":"have","start":3492.79,"end":3493.07},{"text":"two","start":3493.39,"end":3493.59},{"text":"decisions,","start":3493.59,"end":3494.27},{"text":"a","start":3494.75,"end":3494.79},{"text":"human","start":3494.79,"end":3495.19},{"text":"decision","start":3495.19,"end":3495.71},{"text":"to","start":3495.71,"end":3495.87},{"text":"use","start":3495.87,"end":3496.19},{"text":"the","start":3496.19,"end":3496.27},{"text":"weapon","start":3496.27,"end":3496.75},{"text":"and","start":3497.23,"end":3497.55},{"text":"the","start":3497.71,"end":3498.03},{"text":"decision","start":3498.19,"end":3498.91},{"text":"of","start":3499.47,"end":3499.67},{"text":"an","start":3499.67,"end":3499.79},{"text":"artificial","start":3499.79,"end":3500.31},{"text":"intelligence","start":3500.31,"end":3500.95},{"text":"to","start":3500.95,"end":3501.11},{"text":"engage","start":3501.11,"end":3501.43},{"text":"a","start":3501.43,"end":3501.47},{"text":"particular","start":3501.47,"end":3502.03},{"text":"target.","start":3502.03,"end":3502.51}]},{"text":"However, a robot cannot be held responsible for that decision.","start":3503.55,"end":3506.51,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":3503.55,"end":3504.35},{"text":"a","start":3504.35,"end":3504.39},{"text":"robot","start":3504.39,"end":3504.59},{"text":"cannot","start":3504.59,"end":3504.87},{"text":"be","start":3504.87,"end":3504.95},{"text":"held","start":3504.95,"end":3505.15},{"text":"responsible","start":3505.15,"end":3505.67},{"text":"for","start":3505.67,"end":3505.79},{"text":"that","start":3505.79,"end":3505.95},{"text":"decision.","start":3505.95,"end":3506.51}]},{"text":"And therefore, it is a duty of the operator to make sure that the decision remains with the human.","start":3507.31,"end":3515.23,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3507.31,"end":3507.51},{"text":"therefore,","start":3507.51,"end":3508.19},{"text":"it","start":3508.19,"end":3508.35},{"text":"is","start":3508.35,"end":3508.51},{"text":"a","start":3508.51,"end":3508.59},{"text":"duty","start":3508.67,"end":3510.03},{"text":"of","start":3510.03,"end":3510.19},{"text":"the","start":3510.19,"end":3510.47},{"text":"operator","start":3510.67,"end":3511.27},{"text":"to","start":3511.27,"end":3511.39},{"text":"make","start":3511.39,"end":3511.67},{"text":"sure","start":3511.67,"end":3511.95},{"text":"that","start":3511.95,"end":3512.67},{"text":"the","start":3512.67,"end":3512.99},{"text":"decision","start":3512.99,"end":3513.63},{"text":"remains","start":3514.11,"end":3514.51},{"text":"with","start":3514.51,"end":3514.63},{"text":"the","start":3514.63,"end":3514.71},{"text":"human.","start":3514.71,"end":3515.23}]},{"text":"And it is the human decision to use the lethal autonomous weapon that must be evaluated.","start":3515.71,"end":3520.59,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3515.71,"end":3515.91},{"text":"it","start":3515.91,"end":3515.99},{"text":"is","start":3515.99,"end":3516.11},{"text":"the","start":3516.11,"end":3516.23},{"text":"human","start":3516.23,"end":3516.55},{"text":"decision","start":3516.55,"end":3517.07},{"text":"to","start":3517.07,"end":3517.19},{"text":"use","start":3517.19,"end":3517.51},{"text":"the","start":3517.51,"end":3517.63},{"text":"lethal","start":3517.63,"end":3517.99},{"text":"autonomous","start":3517.99,"end":3518.43},{"text":"weapon","start":3518.43,"end":3518.91},{"text":"that","start":3519.23,"end":3519.39},{"text":"must","start":3519.39,"end":3519.63},{"text":"be","start":3519.63,"end":3519.71},{"text":"evaluated.","start":3519.71,"end":3520.59}]},{"text":"And for this decision, we write our rules.","start":3521.63,"end":3524.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3521.63,"end":3521.75},{"text":"for","start":3521.75,"end":3521.87},{"text":"this","start":3521.87,"end":3522.07},{"text":"decision,","start":3522.07,"end":3522.67},{"text":"we","start":3522.91,"end":3523.11},{"text":"write","start":3523.11,"end":3523.43},{"text":"our","start":3523.43,"end":3523.67},{"text":"rules.","start":3523.67,"end":3524.11}]},{"text":"The delegation of Ukraine finds rationality in the concern voiced yesterday by the distinguished representative of Australia and later upheld by certain other delegations in this or that manner, that paragraph five possibly does not fully belong to box two.","start":3525.55,"end":3541.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3525.55,"end":3525.67},{"text":"delegation","start":3525.67,"end":3526.15},{"text":"of","start":3526.15,"end":3526.23},{"text":"Ukraine","start":3526.23,"end":3526.59},{"text":"finds","start":3526.59,"end":3527.07},{"text":"rationality","start":3527.07,"end":3527.87},{"text":"in","start":3527.87,"end":3528.03},{"text":"the","start":3528.03,"end":3528.11},{"text":"concern","start":3528.11,"end":3528.75},{"text":"voiced","start":3528.95,"end":3529.27},{"text":"yesterday","start":3529.27,"end":3529.75},{"text":"by","start":3529.75,"end":3529.91},{"text":"the","start":3529.91,"end":3530.03},{"text":"distinguished","start":3530.03,"end":3530.55},{"text":"representative","start":3530.55,"end":3531.39},{"text":"of","start":3531.39,"end":3531.55},{"text":"Australia","start":3531.55,"end":3532.43},{"text":"and","start":3532.91,"end":3533.11},{"text":"later","start":3533.11,"end":3533.63},{"text":"upheld","start":3533.63,"end":3534.07},{"text":"by","start":3534.07,"end":3534.19},{"text":"certain","start":3534.19,"end":3534.51},{"text":"other","start":3534.51,"end":3534.83},{"text":"delegations","start":3534.83,"end":3535.55},{"text":"in","start":3535.55,"end":3535.75},{"text":"this","start":3535.75,"end":3535.95},{"text":"or","start":3535.95,"end":3536.03},{"text":"that","start":3536.03,"end":3536.27},{"text":"manner,","start":3536.27,"end":3536.67},{"text":"that","start":3537.23,"end":3537.39},{"text":"paragraph","start":3537.39,"end":3537.99},{"text":"five","start":3537.99,"end":3538.43},{"text":"possibly","start":3539.07,"end":3539.63},{"text":"does","start":3539.63,"end":3539.95},{"text":"not","start":3539.95,"end":3540.35},{"text":"fully","start":3540.35,"end":3540.59},{"text":"belong","start":3540.59,"end":3541.07},{"text":"to","start":3541.15,"end":3541.31},{"text":"box","start":3541.31,"end":3541.63},{"text":"two.","start":3541.63,"end":3541.95}]},{"text":"In our opinion, This paragraph must, at the very least, be expanded or probably reside in its own separate box that would clearly outline the IHL requirements for the decision to use an autonomous weapon system.","start":3542.99,"end":3557.19,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3542.99,"end":3543.23},{"text":"our","start":3543.23,"end":3543.43},{"text":"opinion,","start":3543.43,"end":3544.03},{"text":"This","start":3544.55,"end":3544.79},{"text":"paragraph","start":3544.79,"end":3545.35},{"text":"must,","start":3545.35,"end":3545.75},{"text":"at","start":3545.83,"end":3545.91},{"text":"the","start":3545.91,"end":3546.03},{"text":"very","start":3546.03,"end":3546.23},{"text":"least,","start":3546.23,"end":3546.71},{"text":"be","start":3546.87,"end":3547.07},{"text":"expanded","start":3547.07,"end":3547.83},{"text":"or","start":3548.15,"end":3548.31},{"text":"probably","start":3548.31,"end":3549.03},{"text":"reside","start":3549.03,"end":3549.43},{"text":"in","start":3549.43,"end":3549.51},{"text":"its","start":3549.51,"end":3549.75},{"text":"own","start":3549.75,"end":3549.91},{"text":"separate","start":3549.91,"end":3550.31},{"text":"box","start":3550.31,"end":3550.79},{"text":"that","start":3551.35,"end":3551.51},{"text":"would","start":3551.51,"end":3551.67},{"text":"clearly","start":3551.67,"end":3552.15},{"text":"outline","start":3552.15,"end":3552.71},{"text":"the","start":3552.71,"end":3552.83},{"text":"IHL","start":3552.83,"end":3553.35},{"text":"requirements","start":3553.35,"end":3554.15},{"text":"for","start":3554.15,"end":3554.31},{"text":"the","start":3554.31,"end":3554.39},{"text":"decision","start":3554.39,"end":3554.95},{"text":"to","start":3554.95,"end":3555.07},{"text":"use","start":3555.07,"end":3555.51},{"text":"an","start":3555.71,"end":3555.83},{"text":"autonomous","start":3555.83,"end":3556.39},{"text":"weapon","start":3556.39,"end":3556.79},{"text":"system.","start":3556.79,"end":3557.19}]},{"text":"We again underscore that this is the essence, and this essence must be well articulated.","start":3558.15,"end":3563.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3558.15,"end":3558.35},{"text":"again","start":3558.35,"end":3558.59},{"text":"underscore","start":3558.59,"end":3559.35},{"text":"that","start":3559.83,"end":3559.99},{"text":"this","start":3559.99,"end":3560.23},{"text":"is","start":3560.23,"end":3560.35},{"text":"the","start":3560.35,"end":3560.51},{"text":"essence,","start":3560.51,"end":3561.11},{"text":"and","start":3561.35,"end":3561.55},{"text":"this","start":3561.55,"end":3561.75},{"text":"essence","start":3561.75,"end":3562.15},{"text":"must","start":3562.15,"end":3562.39},{"text":"be","start":3562.39,"end":3562.63},{"text":"well","start":3562.63,"end":3562.95},{"text":"articulated.","start":3562.95,"end":3563.83}]},{"text":"The delegation of Ukraine welcomes the proposal of the Chair and the team to use the term \"context-appropriate human judgment and control.\"","start":3565.03,"end":3572.23,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3565.03,"end":3565.15},{"text":"delegation","start":3565.15,"end":3565.67},{"text":"of","start":3565.67,"end":3565.75},{"text":"Ukraine","start":3565.75,"end":3566.11},{"text":"welcomes","start":3566.11,"end":3566.55},{"text":"the","start":3566.55,"end":3566.67},{"text":"proposal","start":3566.67,"end":3567.23},{"text":"of","start":3567.23,"end":3567.31},{"text":"the","start":3567.31,"end":3567.43},{"text":"Chair","start":3567.43,"end":3567.99},{"text":"and","start":3567.99,"end":3568.15},{"text":"the","start":3568.15,"end":3568.23},{"text":"team","start":3568.23,"end":3568.71},{"text":"to","start":3568.71,"end":3568.83},{"text":"use","start":3568.83,"end":3569.11},{"text":"the","start":3569.11,"end":3569.23},{"text":"term","start":3569.23,"end":3569.51},{"text":"\"context-appropriate","start":3569.51,"end":3570.59},{"text":"human","start":3570.59,"end":3570.95},{"text":"judgment","start":3570.95,"end":3571.47},{"text":"and","start":3571.47,"end":3571.59},{"text":"control.\"","start":3571.59,"end":3572.23}]},{"text":"Out of many terms like meaningful human control, human agency, or others that I'm sure you are familiar with, the one that refers to the context appears to be the most appropriate.","start":3573.07,"end":3586.47,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Out","start":3573.07,"end":3573.19},{"text":"of","start":3573.19,"end":3573.27},{"text":"many","start":3573.27,"end":3573.51},{"text":"terms","start":3573.51,"end":3574.07},{"text":"like","start":3574.07,"end":3574.39},{"text":"meaningful","start":3574.39,"end":3574.83},{"text":"human","start":3574.83,"end":3575.11},{"text":"control,","start":3575.11,"end":3575.59},{"text":"human","start":3575.59,"end":3575.91},{"text":"agency,","start":3575.91,"end":3576.39},{"text":"or","start":3576.39,"end":3576.63},{"text":"others","start":3576.63,"end":3577.03},{"text":"that","start":3577.11,"end":3577.31},{"text":"I'm","start":3577.31,"end":3577.51},{"text":"sure","start":3577.51,"end":3577.91},{"text":"you","start":3577.91,"end":3577.99},{"text":"are","start":3577.99,"end":3578.15},{"text":"familiar","start":3578.15,"end":3578.63},{"text":"with,","start":3578.63,"end":3578.95},{"text":"the","start":3580.71,"end":3580.87},{"text":"one","start":3580.87,"end":3581.03},{"text":"that","start":3581.03,"end":3581.19},{"text":"refers","start":3581.19,"end":3582.31},{"text":"to","start":3582.79,"end":3582.95},{"text":"the","start":3583.27,"end":3583.43},{"text":"context","start":3583.43,"end":3583.99},{"text":"appears","start":3584.07,"end":3584.71},{"text":"to","start":3584.71,"end":3584.87},{"text":"be","start":3584.87,"end":3585.35},{"text":"the","start":3585.35,"end":3585.47},{"text":"most","start":3585.51,"end":3585.75},{"text":"appropriate.","start":3585.75,"end":3586.47}]},{"text":"Why so?","start":3587.67,"end":3588.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Why","start":3587.67,"end":3587.91},{"text":"so?","start":3587.91,"end":3588.15}]},{"text":"Because the term context is extensive enough to cover three dimensions of application of the lethal autonomous weapon system, space, time, and target.","start":3588.47,"end":3597.75,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"Because","start":3588.47,"end":3588.71},{"text":"the","start":3588.71,"end":3588.79},{"text":"term","start":3588.79,"end":3589.03},{"text":"context","start":3589.03,"end":3589.75},{"text":"is","start":3590.15,"end":3590.31},{"text":"extensive","start":3590.31,"end":3590.91},{"text":"enough","start":3590.91,"end":3591.19},{"text":"to","start":3591.19,"end":3591.27},{"text":"cover","start":3591.27,"end":3591.59},{"text":"three","start":3591.59,"end":3591.91},{"text":"dimensions","start":3591.91,"end":3592.43},{"text":"of","start":3592.43,"end":3592.55},{"text":"application","start":3592.55,"end":3593.35},{"text":"of","start":3593.43,"end":3593.59},{"text":"the","start":3593.59,"end":3593.67},{"text":"lethal","start":3593.67,"end":3594.03},{"text":"autonomous","start":3594.03,"end":3594.47},{"text":"weapon","start":3594.47,"end":3594.75},{"text":"system,","start":3594.75,"end":3595.19},{"text":"space,","start":3595.83,"end":3596.47},{"text":"time,","start":3596.71,"end":3597.11},{"text":"and","start":3597.11,"end":3597.27},{"text":"target.","start":3597.27,"end":3597.75}]},{"text":"In other words, the decision to use the lethal autonomous weapon must contain limitations as to the time, space, and conditions for its activation.","start":3598.55,"end":3607.03,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3598.55,"end":3598.75},{"text":"other","start":3598.75,"end":3598.91},{"text":"words,","start":3598.91,"end":3599.15},{"text":"the","start":3599.15,"end":3599.23},{"text":"decision","start":3599.23,"end":3599.67},{"text":"to","start":3599.67,"end":3599.79},{"text":"use","start":3599.79,"end":3600.03},{"text":"the","start":3600.03,"end":3600.11},{"text":"lethal","start":3600.11,"end":3600.43},{"text":"autonomous","start":3600.43,"end":3600.87},{"text":"weapon","start":3600.87,"end":3601.35},{"text":"must","start":3601.99,"end":3602.11},{"text":"contain","start":3602.11,"end":3602.55},{"text":"limitations","start":3602.55,"end":3603.51},{"text":"as","start":3603.67,"end":3603.79},{"text":"to","start":3603.79,"end":3603.91},{"text":"the","start":3603.91,"end":3604.07},{"text":"time,","start":3604.07,"end":3604.47},{"text":"space,","start":3604.87,"end":3605.27},{"text":"and","start":3605.31,"end":3605.43},{"text":"conditions","start":3605.43,"end":3606.07},{"text":"for","start":3606.07,"end":3606.23},{"text":"its","start":3606.23,"end":3606.35},{"text":"activation.","start":3606.35,"end":3607.03}]},{"text":"For example, this can be in order to attack targets that are enemy drones for, say, a period for two hours within, say, 10 kilometers from a certain point.","start":3607.99,"end":3619.75,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3607.99,"end":3608.19},{"text":"example,","start":3608.19,"end":3608.79},{"text":"this","start":3609.67,"end":3609.95},{"text":"can","start":3609.95,"end":3610.15},{"text":"be","start":3610.15,"end":3610.27},{"text":"in","start":3610.27,"end":3610.39},{"text":"order","start":3610.47,"end":3610.71},{"text":"to","start":3610.71,"end":3610.87},{"text":"attack","start":3610.87,"end":3611.27},{"text":"targets","start":3611.27,"end":3611.83},{"text":"that","start":3611.83,"end":3612.23},{"text":"are","start":3612.23,"end":3612.47},{"text":"enemy","start":3612.47,"end":3612.79},{"text":"drones","start":3612.79,"end":3613.43},{"text":"for,","start":3613.43,"end":3614.07},{"text":"say,","start":3614.71,"end":3615.11},{"text":"a","start":3615.27,"end":3615.31},{"text":"period","start":3615.31,"end":3615.67},{"text":"for","start":3615.67,"end":3615.87},{"text":"two","start":3615.87,"end":3616.07},{"text":"hours","start":3616.07,"end":3616.63},{"text":"within,","start":3617.03,"end":3617.59},{"text":"say,","start":3617.59,"end":3617.99},{"text":"10","start":3617.99,"end":3618.31},{"text":"kilometers","start":3618.31,"end":3618.87},{"text":"from","start":3618.87,"end":3619.03},{"text":"a","start":3619.03,"end":3619.07},{"text":"certain","start":3619.07,"end":3619.35},{"text":"point.","start":3619.35,"end":3619.75}]},{"text":"That's an absolutely reasonable task from the point of view of the military commander and totally technically achievable.","start":3620.87,"end":3627.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That's","start":3620.87,"end":3621.15},{"text":"an","start":3621.15,"end":3621.23},{"text":"absolutely","start":3621.23,"end":3621.67},{"text":"reasonable","start":3621.67,"end":3622.23},{"text":"task","start":3622.23,"end":3622.43},{"text":"from","start":3622.43,"end":3622.59},{"text":"the","start":3622.59,"end":3622.67},{"text":"point","start":3622.67,"end":3622.99},{"text":"of","start":3622.99,"end":3623.15},{"text":"view","start":3623.15,"end":3623.59},{"text":"of","start":3623.63,"end":3623.75},{"text":"the","start":3623.75,"end":3623.87},{"text":"military","start":3623.87,"end":3624.23},{"text":"commander","start":3624.23,"end":3624.87},{"text":"and","start":3625.51,"end":3625.71},{"text":"totally","start":3625.71,"end":3626.03},{"text":"technically","start":3626.03,"end":3626.43},{"text":"achievable.","start":3626.43,"end":3627.03}]},{"text":"It will be easy to evaluate the targeting decision based on this three-dimensional context.","start":3627.83,"end":3633.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3627.83,"end":3627.99},{"text":"will","start":3627.99,"end":3628.15},{"text":"be","start":3628.15,"end":3628.35},{"text":"easy","start":3628.35,"end":3628.47},{"text":"to","start":3628.47,"end":3628.67},{"text":"evaluate","start":3628.67,"end":3629.23},{"text":"the","start":3629.23,"end":3629.31},{"text":"targeting","start":3629.31,"end":3629.71},{"text":"decision","start":3629.71,"end":3630.39},{"text":"based","start":3630.63,"end":3631.03},{"text":"on","start":3631.03,"end":3631.19},{"text":"this","start":3631.19,"end":3631.59},{"text":"three-dimensional","start":3631.67,"end":3632.71},{"text":"context.","start":3633.11,"end":3633.75}]},{"text":"Furthermore, we're also fully supportive of the term appropriate, as we believe that it reflects the need for a military decision maker to act in the fog of war.","start":3634.63,"end":3642.39,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":3634.63,"end":3635.23},{"text":"we're","start":3635.23,"end":3635.43},{"text":"also","start":3635.43,"end":3635.59},{"text":"fully","start":3635.59,"end":3635.87},{"text":"supportive","start":3635.87,"end":3636.27},{"text":"of","start":3636.27,"end":3636.35},{"text":"the","start":3636.35,"end":3636.43},{"text":"term","start":3636.43,"end":3636.71},{"text":"appropriate,","start":3636.71,"end":3637.43},{"text":"as","start":3637.59,"end":3637.75},{"text":"we","start":3637.75,"end":3637.83},{"text":"believe","start":3637.83,"end":3638.19},{"text":"that","start":3638.19,"end":3638.39},{"text":"it","start":3638.39,"end":3638.47},{"text":"reflects","start":3638.55,"end":3638.95},{"text":"the","start":3638.95,"end":3639.07},{"text":"need","start":3639.07,"end":3639.31},{"text":"for","start":3639.31,"end":3639.47},{"text":"a","start":3639.47,"end":3639.51},{"text":"military","start":3639.51,"end":3639.87},{"text":"decision","start":3639.87,"end":3640.31},{"text":"maker","start":3640.31,"end":3640.87},{"text":"to","start":3641.11,"end":3641.23},{"text":"act","start":3641.23,"end":3641.43},{"text":"in","start":3641.43,"end":3641.51},{"text":"the","start":3641.51,"end":3641.59},{"text":"fog","start":3641.59,"end":3641.79},{"text":"of","start":3641.79,"end":3641.91},{"text":"war.","start":3641.91,"end":3642.39}]},{"text":"Here we refer to the reasonable military commander standard.","start":3643.19,"end":3646.27,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Here","start":3643.19,"end":3643.47},{"text":"we","start":3643.47,"end":3643.55},{"text":"refer","start":3643.55,"end":3643.83},{"text":"to","start":3643.83,"end":3643.99},{"text":"the","start":3643.99,"end":3644.23},{"text":"reasonable","start":3644.39,"end":3644.95},{"text":"military","start":3644.95,"end":3645.35},{"text":"commander","start":3645.35,"end":3645.75},{"text":"standard.","start":3645.75,"end":3646.27}]},{"text":"And let me recite that in determining whether an attack was proportionate, it is necessary to examine whether a reasonably well-informed person in the actual circumstances, making reasonable use of the information available to him or her, could have expected excessive civilian casualties to result from an attack.","start":3646.87,"end":3665.87,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3646.87,"end":3646.99},{"text":"let","start":3646.99,"end":3647.15},{"text":"me","start":3647.19,"end":3647.31},{"text":"recite","start":3647.31,"end":3647.91},{"text":"that","start":3647.91,"end":3648.31},{"text":"in","start":3648.39,"end":3648.55},{"text":"determining","start":3648.55,"end":3649.15},{"text":"whether","start":3649.15,"end":3649.51},{"text":"an","start":3649.51,"end":3649.59},{"text":"attack","start":3649.59,"end":3649.91},{"text":"was","start":3649.91,"end":3650.23},{"text":"proportionate,","start":3650.23,"end":3651.19},{"text":"it","start":3651.27,"end":3651.47},{"text":"is","start":3651.47,"end":3651.59},{"text":"necessary","start":3651.59,"end":3652.07},{"text":"to","start":3652.07,"end":3652.19},{"text":"examine","start":3652.19,"end":3652.79},{"text":"whether","start":3653.23,"end":3653.75},{"text":"a","start":3653.75,"end":3653.79},{"text":"reasonably","start":3653.79,"end":3654.35},{"text":"well-informed","start":3654.35,"end":3654.95},{"text":"person","start":3655.83,"end":3656.31},{"text":"in","start":3656.67,"end":3656.83},{"text":"the","start":3656.83,"end":3656.95},{"text":"actual","start":3656.95,"end":3657.23},{"text":"circumstances,","start":3657.23,"end":3658.19},{"text":"making","start":3658.51,"end":3658.87},{"text":"reasonable","start":3658.87,"end":3659.39},{"text":"use","start":3659.39,"end":3659.63},{"text":"of","start":3659.63,"end":3659.71},{"text":"the","start":3659.71,"end":3659.83},{"text":"information","start":3659.83,"end":3660.43},{"text":"available","start":3660.43,"end":3660.91},{"text":"to","start":3660.91,"end":3660.99},{"text":"him","start":3660.99,"end":3661.23},{"text":"or","start":3661.23,"end":3661.43},{"text":"her,","start":3661.43,"end":3661.87},{"text":"could","start":3662.35,"end":3662.55},{"text":"have","start":3662.55,"end":3662.71},{"text":"expected","start":3662.71,"end":3663.39},{"text":"excessive","start":3663.39,"end":3663.83},{"text":"civilian","start":3663.83,"end":3664.31},{"text":"casualties","start":3664.31,"end":3664.83},{"text":"to","start":3664.83,"end":3664.95},{"text":"result","start":3664.95,"end":3665.31},{"text":"from","start":3665.31,"end":3665.47},{"text":"an","start":3665.47,"end":3665.55},{"text":"attack.","start":3665.55,"end":3665.87}]},{"text":"This famous standard refers, in our opinion, exactly to the context in which a decision to use a certain weapon is made.","start":3666.91,"end":3673.79,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3666.91,"end":3667.19},{"text":"famous","start":3667.19,"end":3667.51},{"text":"standard","start":3667.51,"end":3667.95},{"text":"refers,","start":3667.95,"end":3668.67},{"text":"in","start":3669.31,"end":3669.47},{"text":"our","start":3669.47,"end":3669.59},{"text":"opinion,","start":3669.63,"end":3670.19},{"text":"exactly","start":3670.19,"end":3670.71},{"text":"to","start":3670.71,"end":3670.83},{"text":"the","start":3670.83,"end":3670.91},{"text":"context","start":3670.91,"end":3671.47},{"text":"in","start":3671.47,"end":3671.59},{"text":"which","start":3671.59,"end":3671.83},{"text":"a","start":3671.83,"end":3671.87},{"text":"decision","start":3671.87,"end":3672.35},{"text":"to","start":3672.35,"end":3672.47},{"text":"use","start":3672.47,"end":3672.63},{"text":"a","start":3672.63,"end":3672.67},{"text":"certain","start":3672.67,"end":3672.91},{"text":"weapon","start":3672.91,"end":3673.23},{"text":"is","start":3673.23,"end":3673.39},{"text":"made.","start":3673.39,"end":3673.79}]},{"text":"Going further along the definition, the delegation of Ukraine would like to rebut the assumption, which we heard yesterday, that the notions of human judgment and human control practically interchangeable and one of them can be removed without the detriment to the essence of the text.","start":3674.99,"end":3690.71,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Going","start":3674.99,"end":3675.23},{"text":"further","start":3675.23,"end":3675.63},{"text":"along","start":3675.63,"end":3675.87},{"text":"the","start":3675.87,"end":3675.99},{"text":"definition,","start":3675.99,"end":3676.67},{"text":"the","start":3677.15,"end":3677.31},{"text":"delegation","start":3677.31,"end":3677.79},{"text":"of","start":3677.83,"end":3677.91},{"text":"Ukraine","start":3677.91,"end":3678.31},{"text":"would","start":3678.31,"end":3678.43},{"text":"like","start":3678.43,"end":3678.67},{"text":"to","start":3678.67,"end":3678.79},{"text":"rebut","start":3678.79,"end":3679.23},{"text":"the","start":3679.23,"end":3679.35},{"text":"assumption,","start":3679.35,"end":3680.27},{"text":"which","start":3680.63,"end":3680.83},{"text":"we","start":3680.83,"end":3680.95},{"text":"heard","start":3680.95,"end":3681.19},{"text":"yesterday,","start":3681.19,"end":3681.71},{"text":"that","start":3681.71,"end":3681.87},{"text":"the","start":3681.87,"end":3681.99},{"text":"notions","start":3681.99,"end":3682.47},{"text":"of","start":3682.47,"end":3682.59},{"text":"human","start":3682.59,"end":3682.91},{"text":"judgment","start":3682.91,"end":3683.31},{"text":"and","start":3683.31,"end":3683.43},{"text":"human","start":3683.43,"end":3683.71},{"text":"control","start":3683.71,"end":3684.35},{"text":"practically","start":3684.91,"end":3685.71},{"text":"interchangeable","start":3685.71,"end":3686.71},{"text":"and","start":3686.95,"end":3687.15},{"text":"one","start":3687.15,"end":3687.39},{"text":"of","start":3687.39,"end":3687.47},{"text":"them","start":3687.47,"end":3687.67},{"text":"can","start":3687.67,"end":3687.91},{"text":"be","start":3687.91,"end":3688.03},{"text":"removed","start":3688.03,"end":3688.55},{"text":"without","start":3688.55,"end":3688.95},{"text":"the","start":3688.95,"end":3689.07},{"text":"detriment","start":3689.07,"end":3689.63},{"text":"to","start":3689.63,"end":3689.71},{"text":"the","start":3689.71,"end":3689.87},{"text":"essence","start":3689.87,"end":3690.11},{"text":"of","start":3690.11,"end":3690.19},{"text":"the","start":3690.19,"end":3690.27},{"text":"text.","start":3690.27,"end":3690.71}]},{"text":"To the contrary, we argue that the notions of judgment and control are cardially different.","start":3691.51,"end":3696.31,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":3691.51,"end":3691.63},{"text":"the","start":3691.63,"end":3691.75},{"text":"contrary,","start":3691.75,"end":3692.23},{"text":"we","start":3692.23,"end":3692.35},{"text":"argue","start":3692.35,"end":3692.79},{"text":"that","start":3692.79,"end":3692.91},{"text":"the","start":3692.91,"end":3692.99},{"text":"notions","start":3692.99,"end":3693.43},{"text":"of","start":3693.43,"end":3693.51},{"text":"judgment","start":3693.51,"end":3693.99},{"text":"and","start":3693.99,"end":3694.15},{"text":"control","start":3694.15,"end":3694.79},{"text":"are","start":3695.03,"end":3695.19},{"text":"cardially","start":3695.19,"end":3695.71},{"text":"different.","start":3695.71,"end":3696.31}]},{"text":"We would like to underscore that the term judgment applies to the process of making the decision, whereas the term control refers to the execution of that decision.","start":3697.19,"end":3707.27,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3697.19,"end":3697.31},{"text":"would","start":3697.31,"end":3697.43},{"text":"like","start":3697.43,"end":3697.59},{"text":"to","start":3697.59,"end":3697.67},{"text":"underscore","start":3697.67,"end":3698.15},{"text":"that","start":3698.15,"end":3698.31},{"text":"the","start":3698.31,"end":3698.39},{"text":"term","start":3698.39,"end":3698.63},{"text":"judgment","start":3698.63,"end":3699.31},{"text":"applies","start":3699.31,"end":3699.75},{"text":"to","start":3699.75,"end":3699.91},{"text":"the","start":3699.91,"end":3700.03},{"text":"process","start":3700.03,"end":3700.75},{"text":"of","start":3700.75,"end":3700.87},{"text":"making","start":3700.87,"end":3701.27},{"text":"the","start":3701.27,"end":3701.39},{"text":"decision,","start":3701.39,"end":3702.07},{"text":"whereas","start":3702.55,"end":3702.87},{"text":"the","start":3702.87,"end":3702.99},{"text":"term","start":3702.99,"end":3703.27},{"text":"control","start":3703.27,"end":3704.15},{"text":"refers","start":3704.39,"end":3705.11},{"text":"to","start":3705.19,"end":3705.27},{"text":"the","start":3705.27,"end":3705.39},{"text":"execution","start":3705.39,"end":3706.43},{"text":"of","start":3706.43,"end":3706.51},{"text":"that","start":3706.51,"end":3706.67},{"text":"decision.","start":3706.67,"end":3707.27}]},{"text":"Let me please remind the distinguished delegates of the conclusions of this group of governmental experts made in 2023, according to which control means the ability to interrupt, disable, or otherwise control the functions of the system.","start":3708.03,"end":3720.59,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":3708.03,"end":3708.23},{"text":"me","start":3708.23,"end":3708.35},{"text":"please","start":3708.35,"end":3708.67},{"text":"remind","start":3708.67,"end":3709.15},{"text":"the","start":3709.15,"end":3709.27},{"text":"distinguished","start":3709.27,"end":3709.83},{"text":"delegates","start":3709.83,"end":3710.51},{"text":"of","start":3710.51,"end":3710.67},{"text":"the","start":3710.67,"end":3710.75},{"text":"conclusions","start":3710.75,"end":3711.43},{"text":"of","start":3711.43,"end":3711.59},{"text":"this","start":3711.59,"end":3712.03},{"text":"group","start":3712.03,"end":3712.31},{"text":"of","start":3712.31,"end":3712.43},{"text":"governmental","start":3712.43,"end":3712.95},{"text":"experts","start":3712.95,"end":3713.47},{"text":"made","start":3713.47,"end":3713.79},{"text":"in","start":3713.79,"end":3713.95},{"text":"2023,","start":3713.95,"end":3714.99},{"text":"according","start":3715.55,"end":3715.95},{"text":"to","start":3715.95,"end":3716.03},{"text":"which","start":3716.03,"end":3716.19},{"text":"control","start":3716.19,"end":3716.67},{"text":"means","start":3716.67,"end":3716.83},{"text":"the","start":3716.83,"end":3716.95},{"text":"ability","start":3716.95,"end":3717.39},{"text":"to","start":3717.39,"end":3717.55},{"text":"interrupt,","start":3717.55,"end":3717.99},{"text":"disable,","start":3717.99,"end":3718.55},{"text":"or","start":3718.55,"end":3718.79},{"text":"otherwise","start":3718.79,"end":3719.19},{"text":"control","start":3719.19,"end":3719.55},{"text":"the","start":3719.55,"end":3719.63},{"text":"functions","start":3719.63,"end":3720.03},{"text":"of","start":3720.03,"end":3720.11},{"text":"the","start":3720.11,"end":3720.19},{"text":"system.","start":3720.19,"end":3720.59}]},{"text":"To our opinion, this clearly hints to the control over the actions of the system, not over its decisions.","start":3721.39,"end":3727.07,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":3721.39,"end":3721.59},{"text":"our","start":3721.59,"end":3721.75},{"text":"opinion,","start":3721.75,"end":3722.19},{"text":"this","start":3722.19,"end":3722.35},{"text":"clearly","start":3722.35,"end":3722.71},{"text":"hints","start":3722.71,"end":3723.07},{"text":"to","start":3723.07,"end":3723.15},{"text":"the","start":3723.15,"end":3723.27},{"text":"control","start":3723.27,"end":3723.95},{"text":"over","start":3724.35,"end":3724.59},{"text":"the","start":3724.59,"end":3724.71},{"text":"actions","start":3724.71,"end":3725.15},{"text":"of","start":3725.15,"end":3725.23},{"text":"the","start":3725.23,"end":3725.35},{"text":"system,","start":3725.35,"end":3725.79},{"text":"not","start":3725.79,"end":3726.03},{"text":"over","start":3726.03,"end":3726.27},{"text":"its","start":3726.27,"end":3726.39},{"text":"decisions.","start":3726.39,"end":3727.07}]},{"text":"For our delegation, exercising judgment means that a human operator takes an informed and qualified decision while exercising control means that a human operator is capable of ensuring that the decision is properly executed.","start":3728.11,"end":3742.55,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3728.11,"end":3728.43},{"text":"our","start":3728.43,"end":3728.51},{"text":"delegation,","start":3728.51,"end":3729.15},{"text":"exercising","start":3729.19,"end":3729.79},{"text":"judgment","start":3729.79,"end":3730.51},{"text":"means","start":3730.59,"end":3730.99},{"text":"that","start":3730.99,"end":3731.11},{"text":"a","start":3731.11,"end":3731.15},{"text":"human","start":3731.15,"end":3731.55},{"text":"operator","start":3731.55,"end":3732.19},{"text":"takes","start":3732.19,"end":3732.67},{"text":"an","start":3732.71,"end":3732.91},{"text":"informed","start":3732.91,"end":3733.39},{"text":"and","start":3733.39,"end":3733.51},{"text":"qualified","start":3733.51,"end":3733.99},{"text":"decision","start":3733.99,"end":3734.59},{"text":"while","start":3735.15,"end":3735.43},{"text":"exercising","start":3735.43,"end":3736.03},{"text":"control","start":3736.03,"end":3736.71},{"text":"means","start":3736.95,"end":3737.23},{"text":"that","start":3737.23,"end":3737.35},{"text":"a","start":3737.35,"end":3737.39},{"text":"human","start":3737.39,"end":3737.75},{"text":"operator","start":3737.75,"end":3738.31},{"text":"is","start":3738.31,"end":3738.47},{"text":"capable","start":3738.47,"end":3739.07},{"text":"of","start":3739.07,"end":3739.23},{"text":"ensuring","start":3739.23,"end":3739.83},{"text":"that","start":3739.83,"end":3740.03},{"text":"the","start":3740.03,"end":3740.23},{"text":"decision","start":3740.23,"end":3740.95},{"text":"is","start":3741.11,"end":3741.27},{"text":"properly","start":3741.27,"end":3741.83},{"text":"executed.","start":3741.83,"end":3742.55}]},{"text":"And this is here that we need context.","start":3743.19,"end":3745.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3743.19,"end":3743.31},{"text":"this","start":3743.31,"end":3743.47},{"text":"is","start":3743.47,"end":3743.55},{"text":"here","start":3743.55,"end":3743.99},{"text":"that","start":3744.15,"end":3744.31},{"text":"we","start":3744.31,"end":3744.43},{"text":"need","start":3744.43,"end":3744.55},{"text":"context.","start":3744.55,"end":3745.11}]},{"text":"Based on the above stated, the delegation of Ukraine proposes to expand paragraph five with two definitions.","start":3747.83,"end":3754.15,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Based","start":3747.83,"end":3748.15},{"text":"on","start":3748.15,"end":3748.23},{"text":"the","start":3748.23,"end":3748.35},{"text":"above","start":3748.35,"end":3748.55},{"text":"stated,","start":3748.55,"end":3749.11},{"text":"the","start":3749.75,"end":3749.91},{"text":"delegation","start":3749.91,"end":3750.47},{"text":"of","start":3750.47,"end":3750.55},{"text":"Ukraine","start":3750.55,"end":3750.87},{"text":"proposes","start":3750.87,"end":3751.43},{"text":"to","start":3751.43,"end":3751.55},{"text":"expand","start":3751.55,"end":3751.99},{"text":"paragraph","start":3751.99,"end":3752.59},{"text":"five","start":3752.59,"end":3752.87},{"text":"with","start":3752.87,"end":3753.07},{"text":"two","start":3753.07,"end":3753.27},{"text":"definitions.","start":3753.27,"end":3754.15}]},{"text":"These definitions can possibly be explained in the first article of the future instrument, where we can potentially have the definition of terms.","start":3754.71,"end":3762.39,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":3754.71,"end":3754.95},{"text":"definitions","start":3754.95,"end":3755.59},{"text":"can","start":3755.59,"end":3755.83},{"text":"possibly","start":3755.83,"end":3756.27},{"text":"be","start":3756.31,"end":3756.43},{"text":"explained","start":3756.43,"end":3757.11},{"text":"in","start":3757.11,"end":3757.27},{"text":"the","start":3757.27,"end":3757.35},{"text":"first","start":3757.35,"end":3757.75},{"text":"article","start":3757.75,"end":3758.15},{"text":"of","start":3758.15,"end":3758.23},{"text":"the","start":3758.23,"end":3758.31},{"text":"future","start":3758.31,"end":3758.63},{"text":"instrument,","start":3758.63,"end":3759.27},{"text":"where","start":3759.39,"end":3759.75},{"text":"we","start":3759.75,"end":3759.99},{"text":"can","start":3760.31,"end":3760.47},{"text":"potentially","start":3760.47,"end":3761.07},{"text":"have","start":3761.07,"end":3761.19},{"text":"the","start":3761.19,"end":3761.27},{"text":"definition","start":3761.27,"end":3761.75},{"text":"of","start":3761.75,"end":3761.83},{"text":"terms.","start":3761.83,"end":3762.39}]},{"text":"or become a part of the article that may emerge from paragraph 5 of Box 2.","start":3762.95,"end":3766.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"or","start":3762.95,"end":3763.19},{"text":"become","start":3763.19,"end":3763.51},{"text":"a","start":3763.51,"end":3763.59},{"text":"part","start":3763.59,"end":3763.87},{"text":"of","start":3763.87,"end":3763.99},{"text":"the","start":3763.99,"end":3764.11},{"text":"article","start":3764.11,"end":3764.55},{"text":"that","start":3764.55,"end":3764.71},{"text":"may","start":3764.71,"end":3764.83},{"text":"emerge","start":3764.83,"end":3765.19},{"text":"from","start":3765.19,"end":3765.43},{"text":"paragraph","start":3765.43,"end":3765.95},{"text":"5","start":3765.95,"end":3766.15},{"text":"of","start":3766.15,"end":3766.23},{"text":"Box","start":3766.23,"end":3766.55},{"text":"2.","start":3766.55,"end":3766.87}]},{"text":"First, we must define that human judgment means the capacity of the operator to take an informed decision about three dimensions, place, time and target.","start":3767.83,"end":3776.31,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":3767.83,"end":3768.23},{"text":"we","start":3768.23,"end":3768.31},{"text":"must","start":3768.31,"end":3768.55},{"text":"define","start":3768.55,"end":3769.19},{"text":"that","start":3769.27,"end":3769.51},{"text":"human","start":3769.51,"end":3769.83},{"text":"judgment","start":3769.83,"end":3770.55},{"text":"means","start":3770.55,"end":3770.79},{"text":"the","start":3770.79,"end":3770.91},{"text":"capacity","start":3770.91,"end":3771.55},{"text":"of","start":3771.55,"end":3771.67},{"text":"the","start":3771.67,"end":3771.79},{"text":"operator","start":3771.79,"end":3772.31},{"text":"to","start":3772.31,"end":3772.39},{"text":"take","start":3772.39,"end":3772.63},{"text":"an","start":3772.63,"end":3772.79},{"text":"informed","start":3772.79,"end":3773.15},{"text":"decision","start":3773.15,"end":3773.59},{"text":"about","start":3773.59,"end":3773.87},{"text":"three","start":3773.87,"end":3774.07},{"text":"dimensions,","start":3774.07,"end":3774.71},{"text":"place,","start":3774.87,"end":3775.35},{"text":"time","start":3775.35,"end":3775.63},{"text":"and","start":3775.63,"end":3775.75},{"text":"target.","start":3775.75,"end":3776.31}]},{"text":"It is the ability of the operator to set those parameters that must be evaluated as a human judgment.","start":3777.35,"end":3782.87,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3777.35,"end":3777.51},{"text":"is","start":3777.51,"end":3777.67},{"text":"the","start":3777.67,"end":3777.79},{"text":"ability","start":3777.79,"end":3778.27},{"text":"of","start":3778.27,"end":3778.35},{"text":"the","start":3778.35,"end":3778.43},{"text":"operator","start":3778.43,"end":3778.95},{"text":"to","start":3778.95,"end":3779.07},{"text":"set","start":3779.07,"end":3779.27},{"text":"those","start":3779.27,"end":3779.51},{"text":"parameters","start":3779.51,"end":3780.31},{"text":"that","start":3780.31,"end":3780.47},{"text":"must","start":3780.47,"end":3780.71},{"text":"be","start":3780.71,"end":3780.83},{"text":"evaluated","start":3780.83,"end":3781.59},{"text":"as","start":3781.59,"end":3781.83},{"text":"a","start":3781.83,"end":3781.87},{"text":"human","start":3781.87,"end":3782.15},{"text":"judgment.","start":3782.15,"end":3782.87}]},{"text":"As for control, we argue that a human should not and cannot exercise manual control over every action of the autonomous weapon system.","start":3784.23,"end":3792.95,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3784.23,"end":3784.31},{"text":"for","start":3784.31,"end":3784.43},{"text":"control,","start":3784.43,"end":3785.03},{"text":"we","start":3785.11,"end":3785.35},{"text":"argue","start":3785.35,"end":3785.67},{"text":"that","start":3785.67,"end":3785.83},{"text":"a","start":3785.83,"end":3785.87},{"text":"human","start":3785.87,"end":3786.47},{"text":"should","start":3786.63,"end":3786.95},{"text":"not","start":3787.11,"end":3787.59},{"text":"and","start":3787.59,"end":3787.79},{"text":"cannot","start":3787.79,"end":3788.39},{"text":"exercise","start":3788.39,"end":3789.19},{"text":"manual","start":3789.19,"end":3789.75},{"text":"control","start":3789.75,"end":3790.35},{"text":"over","start":3790.35,"end":3790.63},{"text":"every","start":3790.63,"end":3791.03},{"text":"action","start":3791.03,"end":3791.43},{"text":"of","start":3791.43,"end":3791.59},{"text":"the","start":3791.59,"end":3791.71},{"text":"autonomous","start":3791.71,"end":3792.15},{"text":"weapon","start":3792.15,"end":3792.47},{"text":"system.","start":3792.47,"end":3792.95}]},{"text":"This destroys the nature of autonomy itself.","start":3793.91,"end":3796.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3793.91,"end":3794.11},{"text":"destroys","start":3794.11,"end":3794.63},{"text":"the","start":3794.63,"end":3794.75},{"text":"nature","start":3794.75,"end":3795.15},{"text":"of","start":3795.15,"end":3795.23},{"text":"autonomy","start":3795.23,"end":3795.63},{"text":"itself.","start":3795.63,"end":3796.15}]},{"text":"Having a truly autonomous capability enables achievement of military objectives that could not have been achieved using traditional weapons and in the context where constant control is impossible.","start":3796.95,"end":3808.63,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Having","start":3796.95,"end":3797.23},{"text":"a","start":3797.27,"end":3797.31},{"text":"truly","start":3797.31,"end":3797.71},{"text":"autonomous","start":3797.71,"end":3798.15},{"text":"capability","start":3798.15,"end":3799.03},{"text":"enables","start":3799.35,"end":3799.83},{"text":"achievement","start":3799.83,"end":3800.39},{"text":"of","start":3800.39,"end":3800.47},{"text":"military","start":3800.47,"end":3800.95},{"text":"objectives","start":3800.95,"end":3801.59},{"text":"that","start":3801.59,"end":3801.83},{"text":"could","start":3801.83,"end":3802.11},{"text":"not","start":3802.11,"end":3802.39},{"text":"have","start":3802.39,"end":3802.55},{"text":"been","start":3802.55,"end":3802.75},{"text":"achieved","start":3802.75,"end":3803.19},{"text":"using","start":3803.19,"end":3803.51},{"text":"traditional","start":3803.51,"end":3803.99},{"text":"weapons","start":3803.99,"end":3804.55},{"text":"and","start":3805.03,"end":3805.27},{"text":"in","start":3805.27,"end":3805.35},{"text":"the","start":3805.35,"end":3805.43},{"text":"context","start":3805.43,"end":3805.99},{"text":"where","start":3806.35,"end":3806.63},{"text":"constant","start":3806.63,"end":3807.07},{"text":"control","start":3807.07,"end":3807.59},{"text":"is","start":3807.67,"end":3807.91},{"text":"impossible.","start":3807.91,"end":3808.63}]},{"text":"For example, this may include overcoming the means of radio electronic warfare like crossing the last mile to the target in the conditions where control is impossible.","start":3809.43,"end":3818.99,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3809.43,"end":3809.59},{"text":"example,","start":3809.59,"end":3810.15},{"text":"this","start":3810.63,"end":3810.83},{"text":"may","start":3810.83,"end":3810.91},{"text":"include","start":3810.91,"end":3811.27},{"text":"overcoming","start":3811.27,"end":3811.79},{"text":"the","start":3811.79,"end":3811.87},{"text":"means","start":3811.91,"end":3812.15},{"text":"of","start":3812.15,"end":3812.23},{"text":"radio","start":3812.23,"end":3812.51},{"text":"electronic","start":3812.51,"end":3812.99},{"text":"warfare","start":3812.99,"end":3813.67},{"text":"like","start":3814.11,"end":3814.27},{"text":"crossing","start":3814.27,"end":3814.67},{"text":"the","start":3814.67,"end":3814.75},{"text":"last","start":3814.75,"end":3815.07},{"text":"mile","start":3815.07,"end":3815.39},{"text":"to","start":3815.39,"end":3815.47},{"text":"the","start":3815.47,"end":3815.59},{"text":"target","start":3815.59,"end":3816.19},{"text":"in","start":3816.51,"end":3816.71},{"text":"the","start":3816.71,"end":3816.79},{"text":"conditions","start":3816.79,"end":3817.31},{"text":"where","start":3817.31,"end":3817.47},{"text":"control","start":3817.47,"end":3818.19},{"text":"is","start":3818.19,"end":3818.31},{"text":"impossible.","start":3818.31,"end":3818.99}]},{"text":"Another example is the use of automatic defense system capable of neutralizing an incoming threat like missiles or drones at a speed unachievable for a human.","start":3819.59,"end":3828.35,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Another","start":3819.59,"end":3820.03},{"text":"example","start":3820.03,"end":3820.47},{"text":"is","start":3820.47,"end":3820.59},{"text":"the","start":3820.59,"end":3820.71},{"text":"use","start":3820.71,"end":3820.87},{"text":"of","start":3820.87,"end":3820.99},{"text":"automatic","start":3820.99,"end":3821.43},{"text":"defense","start":3821.43,"end":3821.83},{"text":"system","start":3821.83,"end":3822.27},{"text":"capable","start":3822.75,"end":3823.31},{"text":"of","start":3823.31,"end":3823.39},{"text":"neutralizing","start":3823.47,"end":3824.23},{"text":"an","start":3824.23,"end":3824.35},{"text":"incoming","start":3824.35,"end":3824.75},{"text":"threat","start":3824.75,"end":3825.23},{"text":"like","start":3825.31,"end":3825.55},{"text":"missiles","start":3825.55,"end":3826.03},{"text":"or","start":3826.03,"end":3826.11},{"text":"drones","start":3826.11,"end":3826.67},{"text":"at","start":3826.75,"end":3826.87},{"text":"a","start":3826.87,"end":3826.91},{"text":"speed","start":3826.91,"end":3827.23},{"text":"unachievable","start":3827.23,"end":3827.79},{"text":"for","start":3827.79,"end":3827.99},{"text":"a","start":3827.99,"end":3828.03},{"text":"human.","start":3828.03,"end":3828.35}]},{"text":"Here, the operator cannot and must not control the weapon.","start":3829.39,"end":3832.27,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Here,","start":3829.39,"end":3829.63},{"text":"the","start":3829.63,"end":3829.79},{"text":"operator","start":3829.83,"end":3830.35},{"text":"cannot","start":3830.35,"end":3830.83},{"text":"and","start":3830.83,"end":3830.99},{"text":"must","start":3830.99,"end":3831.27},{"text":"not","start":3831.27,"end":3831.43},{"text":"control","start":3831.43,"end":3831.79},{"text":"the","start":3831.79,"end":3831.87},{"text":"weapon.","start":3831.87,"end":3832.27}]},{"text":"What the operator can control and must control is whether the weapon remains within the limits previously set at the judgment stage.","start":3832.91,"end":3840.27,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"What","start":3832.91,"end":3833.15},{"text":"the","start":3833.15,"end":3833.27},{"text":"operator","start":3833.27,"end":3833.75},{"text":"can","start":3833.75,"end":3834.03},{"text":"control","start":3834.03,"end":3834.43},{"text":"and","start":3834.43,"end":3834.55},{"text":"must","start":3834.55,"end":3834.79},{"text":"control","start":3834.79,"end":3835.31},{"text":"is","start":3835.31,"end":3835.43},{"text":"whether","start":3835.43,"end":3835.67},{"text":"the","start":3835.67,"end":3835.79},{"text":"weapon","start":3835.79,"end":3836.11},{"text":"remains","start":3836.11,"end":3836.63},{"text":"within","start":3836.63,"end":3836.87},{"text":"the","start":3836.87,"end":3836.95},{"text":"limits","start":3836.95,"end":3837.55},{"text":"previously","start":3837.63,"end":3838.19},{"text":"set","start":3838.19,"end":3838.59},{"text":"at","start":3839.07,"end":3839.23},{"text":"the","start":3839.23,"end":3839.31},{"text":"judgment","start":3839.31,"end":3839.83},{"text":"stage.","start":3839.83,"end":3840.27}]},{"text":"Maintaining control means ensuring that the lethal autonomous weapons systems act strictly within the predetermined boundaries of the judgment.","start":3841.07,"end":3849.47,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Maintaining","start":3841.07,"end":3841.67},{"text":"control","start":3841.67,"end":3842.35},{"text":"means","start":3842.35,"end":3842.63},{"text":"ensuring","start":3842.63,"end":3843.07},{"text":"that","start":3843.07,"end":3843.23},{"text":"the","start":3843.23,"end":3843.31},{"text":"lethal","start":3843.31,"end":3843.67},{"text":"autonomous","start":3843.67,"end":3844.07},{"text":"weapons","start":3844.07,"end":3844.39},{"text":"systems","start":3844.39,"end":3844.99},{"text":"act","start":3845.39,"end":3845.87},{"text":"strictly","start":3845.87,"end":3846.75},{"text":"within","start":3846.75,"end":3847.19},{"text":"the","start":3847.19,"end":3847.31},{"text":"predetermined","start":3847.31,"end":3848.19},{"text":"boundaries","start":3848.19,"end":3848.67},{"text":"of","start":3848.67,"end":3848.75},{"text":"the","start":3848.75,"end":3848.83},{"text":"judgment.","start":3848.83,"end":3849.47}]},{"text":"Both terms are absolutely important and necessary for the definition.","start":3850.35,"end":3854.03,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Both","start":3850.35,"end":3850.67},{"text":"terms","start":3850.67,"end":3851.03},{"text":"are","start":3851.03,"end":3851.23},{"text":"absolutely","start":3851.23,"end":3851.75},{"text":"important","start":3851.75,"end":3852.27},{"text":"and","start":3852.27,"end":3852.39},{"text":"necessary","start":3852.39,"end":3853.07},{"text":"for","start":3853.15,"end":3853.31},{"text":"the","start":3853.31,"end":3853.39},{"text":"definition.","start":3853.39,"end":3854.03}]},{"text":"Yesterday, one of the distinguished delegates asked, what is our understanding of the term human control?","start":3855.23,"end":3860.59,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Yesterday,","start":3855.23,"end":3855.71},{"text":"one","start":3855.71,"end":3855.99},{"text":"of","start":3855.99,"end":3856.07},{"text":"the","start":3856.07,"end":3856.15},{"text":"distinguished","start":3856.15,"end":3856.63},{"text":"delegates","start":3856.63,"end":3857.15},{"text":"asked,","start":3857.15,"end":3857.63},{"text":"what","start":3858.07,"end":3858.27},{"text":"is","start":3858.27,"end":3858.43},{"text":"our","start":3858.43,"end":3858.59},{"text":"understanding","start":3858.59,"end":3859.15},{"text":"of","start":3859.15,"end":3859.23},{"text":"the","start":3859.23,"end":3859.35},{"text":"term","start":3859.35,"end":3859.71},{"text":"human","start":3859.71,"end":3859.95},{"text":"control?","start":3859.95,"end":3860.59}]},{"text":"We believe that today, and possibly in the next days of our discussion, we must concentrate on developing a working definition of each word in the term context appropriate human judgment and control.","start":3861.15,"end":3871.95,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3861.15,"end":3861.27},{"text":"believe","start":3861.27,"end":3861.51},{"text":"that","start":3861.51,"end":3861.71},{"text":"today,","start":3861.71,"end":3862.23},{"text":"and","start":3862.23,"end":3862.35},{"text":"possibly","start":3862.35,"end":3862.79},{"text":"in","start":3862.79,"end":3862.87},{"text":"the","start":3862.87,"end":3862.95},{"text":"next","start":3862.95,"end":3863.27},{"text":"days","start":3863.27,"end":3863.47},{"text":"of","start":3863.51,"end":3863.63},{"text":"our","start":3863.63,"end":3863.83},{"text":"discussion,","start":3863.83,"end":3864.43},{"text":"we","start":3864.67,"end":3864.79},{"text":"must","start":3864.83,"end":3864.99},{"text":"concentrate","start":3864.99,"end":3865.55},{"text":"on","start":3865.55,"end":3865.63},{"text":"developing","start":3865.63,"end":3866.19},{"text":"a","start":3866.19,"end":3866.23},{"text":"working","start":3866.23,"end":3866.59},{"text":"definition","start":3866.59,"end":3867.07},{"text":"of","start":3867.07,"end":3867.23},{"text":"each","start":3867.23,"end":3867.39},{"text":"word","start":3867.39,"end":3867.79},{"text":"in","start":3868.03,"end":3868.19},{"text":"the","start":3868.19,"end":3868.35},{"text":"term","start":3868.35,"end":3868.75},{"text":"context","start":3868.91,"end":3869.39},{"text":"appropriate","start":3869.39,"end":3870.11},{"text":"human","start":3870.11,"end":3870.51},{"text":"judgment","start":3870.59,"end":3871.15},{"text":"and","start":3871.15,"end":3871.39},{"text":"control.","start":3871.39,"end":3871.95}]},{"text":"All other words in the rolling text are secondary to these six words.","start":3873.23,"end":3877.95,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"All","start":3873.23,"end":3873.47},{"text":"other","start":3873.47,"end":3873.71},{"text":"words","start":3873.71,"end":3874.11},{"text":"in","start":3874.11,"end":3874.19},{"text":"the","start":3874.19,"end":3874.27},{"text":"rolling","start":3874.27,"end":3874.59},{"text":"text","start":3874.59,"end":3875.07},{"text":"are","start":3875.11,"end":3875.31},{"text":"secondary","start":3875.31,"end":3876.03},{"text":"to","start":3876.11,"end":3876.27},{"text":"these","start":3876.27,"end":3876.83},{"text":"six","start":3876.83,"end":3877.31},{"text":"words.","start":3877.31,"end":3877.95}]},{"text":"If we understand these six words, the rest will appear as nothing but an instrumental command.","start":3878.51,"end":3884.39,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":3878.51,"end":3878.67},{"text":"we","start":3878.67,"end":3878.75},{"text":"understand","start":3878.75,"end":3879.35},{"text":"these","start":3879.35,"end":3879.55},{"text":"six","start":3879.55,"end":3880.03},{"text":"words,","start":3880.03,"end":3880.51},{"text":"the","start":3880.51,"end":3880.71},{"text":"rest","start":3880.71,"end":3881.07},{"text":"will","start":3881.07,"end":3881.39},{"text":"appear","start":3881.39,"end":3882.03},{"text":"as","start":3882.19,"end":3882.43},{"text":"nothing","start":3882.43,"end":3882.83},{"text":"but","start":3882.83,"end":3883.03},{"text":"an","start":3883.03,"end":3883.15},{"text":"instrumental","start":3883.15,"end":3883.87},{"text":"command.","start":3883.87,"end":3884.39}]},{"text":"If we do not understand these six words, There will be no need for the rest of our words for the end users.","start":3884.91,"end":3891.51,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":3884.91,"end":3885.15},{"text":"we","start":3885.15,"end":3885.23},{"text":"do","start":3885.23,"end":3885.47},{"text":"not","start":3885.47,"end":3885.67},{"text":"understand","start":3885.67,"end":3886.15},{"text":"these","start":3886.15,"end":3886.35},{"text":"six","start":3886.35,"end":3886.67},{"text":"words,","start":3886.67,"end":3887.07},{"text":"There","start":3887.67,"end":3887.83},{"text":"will","start":3887.83,"end":3887.99},{"text":"be","start":3887.99,"end":3888.15},{"text":"no","start":3888.15,"end":3888.47},{"text":"need","start":3888.47,"end":3888.87},{"text":"for","start":3889.19,"end":3889.35},{"text":"the","start":3889.35,"end":3889.43},{"text":"rest","start":3889.43,"end":3889.71},{"text":"of","start":3889.71,"end":3889.83},{"text":"our","start":3889.83,"end":3889.95},{"text":"words","start":3889.95,"end":3890.55},{"text":"for","start":3890.63,"end":3890.79},{"text":"the","start":3890.79,"end":3890.91},{"text":"end","start":3890.91,"end":3891.03},{"text":"users.","start":3891.03,"end":3891.51}]},{"text":"We look forward to continuation of the discussion in this regard.","start":3892.15,"end":3895.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3892.15,"end":3892.27},{"text":"look","start":3892.27,"end":3892.47},{"text":"forward","start":3892.47,"end":3892.87},{"text":"to","start":3893.03,"end":3893.27},{"text":"continuation","start":3893.27,"end":3893.95},{"text":"of","start":3893.95,"end":3894.07},{"text":"the","start":3894.31,"end":3894.43},{"text":"discussion","start":3894.43,"end":3894.91},{"text":"in","start":3894.91,"end":3894.99},{"text":"this","start":3894.99,"end":3895.19},{"text":"regard.","start":3895.19,"end":3895.47}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":3895.67,"end":3896.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3895.67,"end":3895.87},{"text":"you,","start":3895.87,"end":3895.95},{"text":"Mr.","start":3895.95,"end":3896.19},{"text":"Chair.","start":3896.19,"end":3896.39}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"UKR","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Ukraine"}},{"statement_number":45,"start":3898.19,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:04:59","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Ukraine for extensively going through this para and for also sharing with us the views also indeed from the perspective of the end user, as you call it, because indeed this is not a theoretical exercise.","start":3898.19,"end":3917.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":3898.19,"end":3898.43},{"text":"me","start":3898.43,"end":3898.67},{"text":"thank","start":3898.67,"end":3898.99},{"text":"the","start":3898.99,"end":3899.07},{"text":"distinguished","start":3899.07,"end":3899.63},{"text":"representative","start":3899.63,"end":3900.43},{"text":"of","start":3900.51,"end":3900.67},{"text":"Ukraine","start":3900.67,"end":3901.31},{"text":"for","start":3901.31,"end":3901.59},{"text":"extensively","start":3901.59,"end":3902.51},{"text":"going","start":3902.51,"end":3902.99},{"text":"through","start":3903.11,"end":3903.39},{"text":"this","start":3903.67,"end":3904.11},{"text":"para","start":3904.19,"end":3904.67},{"text":"and","start":3904.83,"end":3905.15},{"text":"for","start":3905.15,"end":3905.55},{"text":"also","start":3906.15,"end":3906.43},{"text":"sharing","start":3906.43,"end":3906.99},{"text":"with","start":3906.99,"end":3907.23},{"text":"us","start":3907.23,"end":3907.63},{"text":"the","start":3908.11,"end":3908.23},{"text":"views","start":3908.23,"end":3908.91},{"text":"also","start":3908.91,"end":3909.47},{"text":"indeed","start":3909.95,"end":3910.43},{"text":"from","start":3910.43,"end":3910.63},{"text":"the","start":3910.63,"end":3910.71},{"text":"perspective","start":3910.71,"end":3911.39},{"text":"of","start":3911.43,"end":3911.71},{"text":"the","start":3911.71,"end":3911.91},{"text":"end","start":3911.91,"end":3912.27},{"text":"user,","start":3912.27,"end":3912.63},{"text":"as","start":3912.63,"end":3912.75},{"text":"you","start":3912.75,"end":3912.83},{"text":"call","start":3912.83,"end":3913.15},{"text":"it,","start":3913.15,"end":3913.39},{"text":"because","start":3914.11,"end":3914.47},{"text":"indeed","start":3914.47,"end":3914.83},{"text":"this","start":3914.83,"end":3915.07},{"text":"is","start":3915.07,"end":3915.23},{"text":"not","start":3915.23,"end":3915.55},{"text":"a","start":3915.55,"end":3915.59},{"text":"theoretical","start":3915.59,"end":3916.43},{"text":"exercise.","start":3916.43,"end":3917.39}]},{"text":"This is something that needs to be understandable also to the military in the field.","start":3917.55,"end":3922.99,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3917.55,"end":3917.79},{"text":"is","start":3917.79,"end":3918.19},{"text":"something","start":3918.19,"end":3918.75},{"text":"that","start":3919.47,"end":3919.71},{"text":"needs","start":3919.71,"end":3919.95},{"text":"to","start":3919.95,"end":3920.19},{"text":"be","start":3920.19,"end":3920.35},{"text":"understandable","start":3920.35,"end":3921.23},{"text":"also","start":3921.23,"end":3921.71},{"text":"to","start":3921.71,"end":3921.91},{"text":"the","start":3921.91,"end":3921.99},{"text":"military","start":3921.99,"end":3922.39},{"text":"in","start":3922.39,"end":3922.47},{"text":"the","start":3922.47,"end":3922.55},{"text":"field.","start":3922.55,"end":3922.99}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Sweden, to be followed by New Zealand and Germany.","start":3924.71,"end":3928.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":3924.71,"end":3925.15},{"text":"on","start":3925.15,"end":3925.23},{"text":"my","start":3925.23,"end":3925.35},{"text":"list","start":3925.35,"end":3925.71},{"text":"is","start":3925.71,"end":3925.99},{"text":"Sweden,","start":3925.99,"end":3926.55},{"text":"to","start":3926.55,"end":3926.67},{"text":"be","start":3926.67,"end":3926.79},{"text":"followed","start":3926.79,"end":3927.11},{"text":"by","start":3927.11,"end":3927.19},{"text":"New","start":3927.19,"end":3927.35},{"text":"Zealand","start":3927.35,"end":3927.71},{"text":"and","start":3927.71,"end":3927.91},{"text":"Germany.","start":3927.91,"end":3928.43}]},{"text":"Let me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Sweden.","start":3928.43,"end":3931.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":3928.43,"end":3928.55},{"text":"me","start":3928.55,"end":3928.67},{"text":"now","start":3928.67,"end":3928.75},{"text":"pass","start":3928.75,"end":3929.07},{"text":"the","start":3929.07,"end":3929.15},{"text":"floor","start":3929.15,"end":3929.39},{"text":"to","start":3929.39,"end":3929.47},{"text":"the","start":3929.47,"end":3929.55},{"text":"distinguished","start":3929.55,"end":3930.11},{"text":"representative","start":3930.11,"end":3930.67},{"text":"of","start":3930.67,"end":3930.79},{"text":"Sweden.","start":3930.79,"end":3931.35}]},{"text":"Sir, you have the floor.","start":3931.35,"end":3932.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sir,","start":3931.35,"end":3931.75},{"text":"you","start":3931.75,"end":3931.83},{"text":"have","start":3931.83,"end":3931.99},{"text":"the","start":3931.99,"end":3932.07},{"text":"floor.","start":3932.07,"end":3932.31}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":46,"start":3936.71,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:05:37","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair, and good morning, everyone.","start":3936.71,"end":3938.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3936.71,"end":3936.91},{"text":"you,","start":3936.91,"end":3937.03},{"text":"Chair,","start":3937.03,"end":3937.27},{"text":"and","start":3937.51,"end":3937.91},{"text":"good","start":3937.99,"end":3938.15},{"text":"morning,","start":3938.15,"end":3938.47},{"text":"everyone.","start":3938.47,"end":3938.95}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"On box 2, we wish to express support for para 1 to 4 as they stand.","start":3940.07,"end":3945.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3940.07,"end":3940.31},{"text":"box","start":3940.31,"end":3940.87},{"text":"2,","start":3941.43,"end":3941.91},{"text":"we","start":3941.99,"end":3942.23},{"text":"wish","start":3942.23,"end":3942.39},{"text":"to","start":3942.39,"end":3942.51},{"text":"express","start":3942.51,"end":3942.87},{"text":"support","start":3942.87,"end":3943.23},{"text":"for","start":3943.23,"end":3943.35},{"text":"para","start":3943.35,"end":3943.67},{"text":"1","start":3943.67,"end":3943.91},{"text":"to","start":3943.91,"end":3944.03},{"text":"4","start":3944.07,"end":3944.39},{"text":"as","start":3944.47,"end":3944.71},{"text":"they","start":3944.71,"end":3944.87},{"text":"stand.","start":3944.87,"end":3945.35}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"As regard para 5, we also support it, but would suggest to remove \"and effects\".","start":3946.39,"end":3952.55,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3946.39,"end":3946.59},{"text":"regard","start":3946.59,"end":3946.87},{"text":"para","start":3946.87,"end":3947.11},{"text":"5,","start":3947.11,"end":3947.67},{"text":"we","start":3947.83,"end":3947.99},{"text":"also","start":3947.99,"end":3948.23},{"text":"support","start":3948.23,"end":3948.63},{"text":"it,","start":3948.63,"end":3948.79},{"text":"but","start":3949.11,"end":3949.23},{"text":"would","start":3949.23,"end":3949.43},{"text":"suggest","start":3949.43,"end":3950.15},{"text":"to","start":3950.23,"end":3950.35},{"text":"remove","start":3950.35,"end":3951.03},{"text":"\"and","start":3951.51,"end":3951.83},{"text":"effects\".","start":3951.83,"end":3952.55}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"In our understanding, IHL regulates use to limit effects, but it does not normally regulate effects as such.","start":3953.63,"end":3961.31,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3953.63,"end":3953.75},{"text":"our","start":3953.75,"end":3953.95},{"text":"understanding,","start":3953.95,"end":3954.67},{"text":"IHL","start":3954.99,"end":3955.55},{"text":"regulates","start":3955.55,"end":3956.19},{"text":"use","start":3956.43,"end":3956.99},{"text":"to","start":3956.99,"end":3957.23},{"text":"limit","start":3957.23,"end":3957.55},{"text":"effects,","start":3957.55,"end":3958.19},{"text":"but","start":3958.43,"end":3958.63},{"text":"it","start":3958.63,"end":3958.71},{"text":"does","start":3958.71,"end":3958.99},{"text":"not","start":3958.99,"end":3959.23},{"text":"normally","start":3959.23,"end":3959.55},{"text":"regulate","start":3959.55,"end":3960.03},{"text":"effects","start":3960.03,"end":3960.59},{"text":"as","start":3960.59,"end":3960.79},{"text":"such.","start":3960.79,"end":3961.31}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"We heard yesterday and today suggestions to remove para 5, so we want to emphasize that we want to keep it.","start":3963.31,"end":3970.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3963.31,"end":3963.47},{"text":"heard","start":3963.47,"end":3963.83},{"text":"yesterday","start":3963.83,"end":3964.35},{"text":"and","start":3964.43,"end":3964.63},{"text":"today","start":3964.63,"end":3965.15},{"text":"suggestions","start":3965.39,"end":3966.11},{"text":"to","start":3966.11,"end":3966.19},{"text":"remove","start":3966.19,"end":3966.67},{"text":"para","start":3966.67,"end":3966.91},{"text":"5,","start":3966.91,"end":3967.35},{"text":"so","start":3967.95,"end":3968.07},{"text":"we","start":3968.07,"end":3968.27},{"text":"want","start":3968.27,"end":3968.55},{"text":"to","start":3968.55,"end":3968.67},{"text":"emphasize","start":3968.67,"end":3969.23},{"text":"that","start":3969.23,"end":3969.43},{"text":"we","start":3969.43,"end":3969.55},{"text":"want","start":3969.55,"end":3969.75},{"text":"to","start":3969.75,"end":3969.83},{"text":"keep","start":3969.83,"end":3970.11},{"text":"it.","start":3970.11,"end":3970.35}]},{"text":"The notion of context-appropriate human judgment and control is central to the rolling text, and para 5 in box 2 sets out the link between this notion and IHL.","start":3971.47,"end":3982.83,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3971.47,"end":3971.63},{"text":"notion","start":3971.63,"end":3972.11},{"text":"of","start":3972.11,"end":3972.27},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":3972.27,"end":3973.27},{"text":"human","start":3973.27,"end":3973.63},{"text":"judgment","start":3973.63,"end":3974.03},{"text":"and","start":3974.03,"end":3974.15},{"text":"control","start":3974.15,"end":3974.67},{"text":"is","start":3974.83,"end":3975.03},{"text":"central","start":3975.03,"end":3975.55},{"text":"to","start":3975.55,"end":3975.75},{"text":"the","start":3975.75,"end":3975.87},{"text":"rolling","start":3975.87,"end":3976.27},{"text":"text,","start":3976.27,"end":3976.75},{"text":"and","start":3977.15,"end":3977.27},{"text":"para","start":3977.27,"end":3977.55},{"text":"5","start":3977.55,"end":3978.03},{"text":"in","start":3978.11,"end":3978.27},{"text":"box","start":3978.27,"end":3978.59},{"text":"2","start":3978.59,"end":3978.99},{"text":"sets","start":3979.23,"end":3979.63},{"text":"out","start":3979.63,"end":3979.87},{"text":"the","start":3979.87,"end":3979.95},{"text":"link","start":3979.95,"end":3980.51},{"text":"between","start":3980.67,"end":3981.15},{"text":"this","start":3981.15,"end":3981.39},{"text":"notion","start":3981.39,"end":3981.87},{"text":"and","start":3981.95,"end":3982.15},{"text":"IHL.","start":3982.15,"end":3982.83}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"We consider","start":3983.79,"end":3984.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3983.79,"end":3983.95},{"text":"consider","start":3983.95,"end":3984.35}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"that this formulation essentially derives from existing IHL and serves to highlight the role of humans to ensure compliance.","start":3984.35,"end":3992.43,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"that","start":3984.35,"end":3984.55},{"text":"this","start":3984.55,"end":3984.75},{"text":"formulation","start":3984.75,"end":3985.39},{"text":"essentially","start":3985.39,"end":3986.03},{"text":"derives","start":3986.03,"end":3986.67},{"text":"from","start":3986.67,"end":3986.91},{"text":"existing","start":3986.91,"end":3987.39},{"text":"IHL","start":3987.39,"end":3987.95},{"text":"and","start":3988.31,"end":3988.43},{"text":"serves","start":3988.43,"end":3988.91},{"text":"to","start":3988.91,"end":3989.07},{"text":"highlight","start":3989.07,"end":3989.63},{"text":"the","start":3989.63,"end":3989.71},{"text":"role","start":3989.71,"end":3990.15},{"text":"of","start":3990.15,"end":3990.27},{"text":"humans","start":3990.27,"end":3990.83},{"text":"to","start":3990.83,"end":3991.07},{"text":"ensure","start":3991.07,"end":3991.47},{"text":"compliance.","start":3991.47,"end":3992.43}]},{"text":"Thus, para 5 in box 2 can be seen as anchoring this notion in IHL, and it sets the stage for the measures that are later presented in, for example, box 3.","start":3993.39,"end":4004.83,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Thus,","start":3993.39,"end":3993.87},{"text":"para","start":3994.19,"end":3994.47},{"text":"5","start":3994.47,"end":3994.83},{"text":"in","start":3994.83,"end":3995.07},{"text":"box","start":3995.07,"end":3995.43},{"text":"2","start":3995.43,"end":3995.79},{"text":"can","start":3996.03,"end":3996.23},{"text":"be","start":3996.23,"end":3996.35},{"text":"seen","start":3996.35,"end":3996.75},{"text":"as","start":3996.75,"end":3996.91},{"text":"anchoring","start":3996.91,"end":3997.71},{"text":"this","start":3997.71,"end":3998.03},{"text":"notion","start":3998.03,"end":3998.43},{"text":"in","start":3998.43,"end":3998.67},{"text":"IHL,","start":3998.67,"end":3999.31},{"text":"and","start":3999.71,"end":3999.91},{"text":"it","start":3999.91,"end":3999.99},{"text":"sets","start":3999.99,"end":4000.35},{"text":"the","start":4000.35,"end":4000.51},{"text":"stage","start":4000.51,"end":4001.15},{"text":"for","start":4001.31,"end":4001.47},{"text":"the","start":4001.47,"end":4001.59},{"text":"measures","start":4001.59,"end":4002.03},{"text":"that","start":4002.03,"end":4002.27},{"text":"are","start":4002.27,"end":4002.35},{"text":"later","start":4002.35,"end":4002.67},{"text":"presented","start":4002.67,"end":4003.11},{"text":"in,","start":4003.11,"end":4003.27},{"text":"for","start":4003.27,"end":4003.39},{"text":"example,","start":4003.39,"end":4003.87},{"text":"box","start":4003.87,"end":4004.35},{"text":"3.","start":4004.35,"end":4004.83}]},{"text":"Let me also point out that this notion is already a compromise as we see it.","start":4006.19,"end":4010.59,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":4006.19,"end":4006.31},{"text":"me","start":4006.31,"end":4006.43},{"text":"also","start":4006.43,"end":4006.59},{"text":"point","start":4006.59,"end":4006.91},{"text":"out","start":4006.91,"end":4006.99},{"text":"that","start":4006.99,"end":4007.15},{"text":"this","start":4007.15,"end":4007.31},{"text":"notion","start":4007.31,"end":4007.87},{"text":"is","start":4007.87,"end":4008.51},{"text":"already","start":4008.67,"end":4009.07},{"text":"a","start":4009.07,"end":4009.11},{"text":"compromise","start":4009.11,"end":4009.79},{"text":"as","start":4009.79,"end":4009.95},{"text":"we","start":4009.95,"end":4010.11},{"text":"see","start":4010.11,"end":4010.39},{"text":"it.","start":4010.39,"end":4010.59}]},{"text":"For Sweden, it is key that the laws can be used in line with IHL and to preserve human control over the use of force.","start":4011.95,"end":4019.71,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":4011.95,"end":4012.11},{"text":"Sweden,","start":4012.11,"end":4012.59},{"text":"it","start":4012.75,"end":4012.95},{"text":"is","start":4012.95,"end":4013.15},{"text":"key","start":4013.15,"end":4013.63},{"text":"that","start":4013.87,"end":4014.07},{"text":"the","start":4014.07,"end":4014.15},{"text":"laws","start":4014.15,"end":4014.59},{"text":"can","start":4014.59,"end":4014.75},{"text":"be","start":4014.75,"end":4014.91},{"text":"used","start":4014.91,"end":4015.27},{"text":"in","start":4015.27,"end":4015.39},{"text":"line","start":4015.39,"end":4015.63},{"text":"with","start":4015.63,"end":4015.79},{"text":"IHL","start":4015.79,"end":4016.51},{"text":"and","start":4016.91,"end":4017.15},{"text":"to","start":4017.15,"end":4017.23},{"text":"preserve","start":4017.23,"end":4017.67},{"text":"human","start":4017.67,"end":4017.95},{"text":"control","start":4017.95,"end":4018.43},{"text":"over","start":4018.43,"end":4018.75},{"text":"the","start":4018.75,"end":4018.83},{"text":"use","start":4018.83,"end":4019.07},{"text":"of","start":4019.07,"end":4019.15},{"text":"force.","start":4019.15,"end":4019.71}]},{"text":"Specific measures must, however, be context-dependent and assessed on a case-by-case basis.","start":4020.75,"end":4027.07,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"Specific","start":4020.75,"end":4021.31},{"text":"measures","start":4021.31,"end":4021.79},{"text":"must,","start":4021.79,"end":4022.27},{"text":"however,","start":4022.27,"end":4022.75},{"text":"be","start":4022.91,"end":4023.07},{"text":"context-dependent","start":4023.07,"end":4024.43},{"text":"and","start":4024.67,"end":4024.87},{"text":"assessed","start":4024.87,"end":4025.31},{"text":"on","start":4025.31,"end":4025.39},{"text":"a","start":4025.39,"end":4025.47},{"text":"case-by-case","start":4025.47,"end":4026.35},{"text":"basis.","start":4026.43,"end":4027.07}]},{"text":"Humans are required to ensure IHL compliance, not machines, and while IHL does not explicitly require control, indirectly it does.","start":4028.03,"end":4037.55,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Humans","start":4028.03,"end":4028.43},{"text":"are","start":4028.43,"end":4028.55},{"text":"required","start":4028.55,"end":4029.11},{"text":"to","start":4029.11,"end":4029.19},{"text":"ensure","start":4029.19,"end":4029.63},{"text":"IHL","start":4029.63,"end":4030.19},{"text":"compliance,","start":4030.19,"end":4030.91},{"text":"not","start":4031.07,"end":4031.31},{"text":"machines,","start":4031.31,"end":4031.95},{"text":"and","start":4032.43,"end":4032.59},{"text":"while","start":4032.59,"end":4032.83},{"text":"IHL","start":4032.83,"end":4033.31},{"text":"does","start":4033.31,"end":4033.55},{"text":"not","start":4033.55,"end":4033.71},{"text":"explicitly","start":4033.71,"end":4034.67},{"text":"require","start":4034.67,"end":4035.15},{"text":"control,","start":4035.15,"end":4035.71},{"text":"indirectly","start":4036.11,"end":4036.91},{"text":"it","start":4036.91,"end":4037.03},{"text":"does.","start":4037.03,"end":4037.55}]},{"text":"In light of this, we believe that context appropriate human judgment and control is an acceptable notion that can take us all forward.","start":4038.83,"end":4047.15,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4038.83,"end":4038.91},{"text":"light","start":4038.91,"end":4039.15},{"text":"of","start":4039.15,"end":4039.27},{"text":"this,","start":4039.27,"end":4039.63},{"text":"we","start":4039.71,"end":4039.95},{"text":"believe","start":4039.95,"end":4040.35},{"text":"that","start":4040.35,"end":4040.59},{"text":"context","start":4040.59,"end":4041.15},{"text":"appropriate","start":4041.15,"end":4041.79},{"text":"human","start":4041.79,"end":4042.19},{"text":"judgment","start":4042.19,"end":4042.75},{"text":"and","start":4042.75,"end":4042.87},{"text":"control","start":4042.87,"end":4043.39},{"text":"is","start":4043.63,"end":4043.83},{"text":"an","start":4043.83,"end":4043.95},{"text":"acceptable","start":4043.95,"end":4044.59},{"text":"notion","start":4044.59,"end":4045.15},{"text":"that","start":4045.39,"end":4045.87},{"text":"can","start":4045.87,"end":4046.03},{"text":"take","start":4046.03,"end":4046.27},{"text":"us","start":4046.27,"end":4046.43},{"text":"all","start":4046.43,"end":4046.67},{"text":"forward.","start":4046.67,"end":4047.15}]},{"text":"This notion captures both the need for meaningful human control and the need for adaptability to the context and arena of operations in line with IHL in a formulation that could be suitable for this type of elements.","start":4048.59,"end":4062.19,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4048.59,"end":4048.83},{"text":"notion","start":4048.83,"end":4049.23},{"text":"captures","start":4049.23,"end":4049.71},{"text":"both","start":4049.71,"end":4050.03},{"text":"the","start":4050.03,"end":4050.15},{"text":"need","start":4050.15,"end":4050.51},{"text":"for","start":4050.51,"end":4050.67},{"text":"meaningful","start":4050.67,"end":4051.35},{"text":"human","start":4051.35,"end":4051.63},{"text":"control","start":4051.63,"end":4052.27},{"text":"and","start":4052.67,"end":4052.87},{"text":"the","start":4052.87,"end":4052.95},{"text":"need","start":4052.95,"end":4053.19},{"text":"for","start":4053.19,"end":4053.31},{"text":"adaptability","start":4053.31,"end":4054.27},{"text":"to","start":4054.27,"end":4054.43},{"text":"the","start":4054.43,"end":4054.51},{"text":"context","start":4054.51,"end":4055.15},{"text":"and","start":4055.15,"end":4055.39},{"text":"arena","start":4055.39,"end":4055.99},{"text":"of","start":4055.99,"end":4056.07},{"text":"operations","start":4056.07,"end":4056.83},{"text":"in","start":4057.07,"end":4057.23},{"text":"line","start":4057.23,"end":4057.55},{"text":"with","start":4057.55,"end":4057.79},{"text":"IHL","start":4057.79,"end":4058.43},{"text":"in","start":4058.83,"end":4059.03},{"text":"a","start":4059.03,"end":4059.07},{"text":"formulation","start":4059.07,"end":4059.79},{"text":"that","start":4059.79,"end":4059.99},{"text":"could","start":4059.99,"end":4060.27},{"text":"be","start":4060.27,"end":4060.39},{"text":"suitable","start":4060.39,"end":4060.91},{"text":"for","start":4060.91,"end":4061.03},{"text":"this","start":4061.03,"end":4061.23},{"text":"type","start":4061.23,"end":4061.51},{"text":"of","start":4061.51,"end":4061.63},{"text":"elements.","start":4061.63,"end":4062.19}]},{"text":"As France did yesterday, we wish to refer delegations to our working paper that sets out in more detail on how we understand the different components of this notion and we support it.","start":4063.55,"end":4073.55,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4063.55,"end":4063.75},{"text":"France","start":4063.75,"end":4064.03},{"text":"did","start":4064.03,"end":4064.27},{"text":"yesterday,","start":4064.27,"end":4064.91},{"text":"we","start":4065.07,"end":4065.23},{"text":"wish","start":4065.23,"end":4065.35},{"text":"to","start":4065.35,"end":4065.59},{"text":"refer","start":4065.59,"end":4065.95},{"text":"delegations","start":4065.95,"end":4066.67},{"text":"to","start":4066.67,"end":4066.79},{"text":"our","start":4066.79,"end":4066.91},{"text":"working","start":4066.91,"end":4067.23},{"text":"paper","start":4067.23,"end":4067.71},{"text":"that","start":4067.95,"end":4068.15},{"text":"sets","start":4068.15,"end":4068.39},{"text":"out","start":4068.39,"end":4068.59},{"text":"in","start":4068.59,"end":4068.67},{"text":"more","start":4068.67,"end":4068.91},{"text":"detail","start":4068.91,"end":4069.47},{"text":"on","start":4069.63,"end":4069.71},{"text":"how","start":4069.71,"end":4069.95},{"text":"we","start":4069.95,"end":4070.03},{"text":"understand","start":4070.03,"end":4070.47},{"text":"the","start":4070.47,"end":4070.55},{"text":"different","start":4070.55,"end":4070.91},{"text":"components","start":4070.91,"end":4071.47},{"text":"of","start":4071.47,"end":4071.55},{"text":"this","start":4071.55,"end":4071.71},{"text":"notion","start":4071.71,"end":4072.19},{"text":"and","start":4072.59,"end":4072.71},{"text":"we","start":4072.71,"end":4072.91},{"text":"support","start":4072.91,"end":4073.31},{"text":"it.","start":4073.31,"end":4073.55}]},{"text":"I thank you, Chair.","start":4074.43,"end":4075.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4074.43,"end":4074.59},{"text":"thank","start":4074.59,"end":4074.79},{"text":"you,","start":4074.79,"end":4074.87},{"text":"Chair.","start":4074.87,"end":4075.15}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"SWE","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Sweden"}},{"statement_number":47,"start":4076.83,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:07:57","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Sweden.","start":4076.83,"end":4079.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4076.83,"end":4076.99},{"text":"thank","start":4077.07,"end":4077.27},{"text":"the","start":4077.27,"end":4077.39},{"text":"distinguished","start":4077.39,"end":4077.87},{"text":"representative","start":4077.87,"end":4078.59},{"text":"of","start":4078.63,"end":4078.75},{"text":"Sweden.","start":4078.75,"end":4079.51}]},{"text":"Next on my list is New Zealand, to be followed by Germany and Belgium.","start":4079.51,"end":4083.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4079.51,"end":4079.79},{"text":"on","start":4079.79,"end":4079.87},{"text":"my","start":4079.87,"end":4080.03},{"text":"list","start":4080.03,"end":4080.43},{"text":"is","start":4080.43,"end":4080.67},{"text":"New","start":4080.75,"end":4080.91},{"text":"Zealand,","start":4080.91,"end":4081.39},{"text":"to","start":4081.39,"end":4081.51},{"text":"be","start":4081.51,"end":4081.71},{"text":"followed","start":4081.71,"end":4081.99},{"text":"by","start":4081.99,"end":4082.11},{"text":"Germany","start":4082.11,"end":4082.47},{"text":"and","start":4082.47,"end":4082.63},{"text":"Belgium.","start":4082.63,"end":4083.07}]},{"text":"I pass the floor to the distinguished representative of New Zealand.","start":4083.63,"end":4086.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4083.63,"end":4083.79},{"text":"pass","start":4083.79,"end":4084.03},{"text":"the","start":4084.03,"end":4084.11},{"text":"floor","start":4084.11,"end":4084.43},{"text":"to","start":4084.43,"end":4084.55},{"text":"the","start":4084.59,"end":4084.67},{"text":"distinguished","start":4085.15,"end":4085.63},{"text":"representative","start":4085.63,"end":4086.19},{"text":"of","start":4086.19,"end":4086.27},{"text":"New","start":4086.27,"end":4086.43},{"text":"Zealand.","start":4086.43,"end":4086.75}]},{"text":"Sir, you have the floor.","start":4086.75,"end":4087.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sir,","start":4086.75,"end":4086.95},{"text":"you","start":4086.95,"end":4087.03},{"text":"have","start":4087.03,"end":4087.15},{"text":"the","start":4087.15,"end":4087.23},{"text":"floor.","start":4087.23,"end":4087.47}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":48,"start":4089.11,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:08:10","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":4089.11,"end":4090.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4089.11,"end":4089.27},{"text":"you,","start":4089.27,"end":4089.35},{"text":"Mr.","start":4089.35,"end":4089.63},{"text":"Chair.","start":4089.63,"end":4090.03}]},{"text":"As with box 1, my delegation thinks that the text as presented in the first four paragraphs of box 2 strikes a decent balance between the views that we have heard expressed on these topics over the course of the GGE's work under its latest mandate.","start":4090.67,"end":4105.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4090.67,"end":4090.91},{"text":"with","start":4090.91,"end":4091.23},{"text":"box","start":4091.39,"end":4091.71},{"text":"1,","start":4091.71,"end":4092.19},{"text":"my","start":4092.19,"end":4092.43},{"text":"delegation","start":4092.43,"end":4093.07},{"text":"thinks","start":4093.07,"end":4093.39},{"text":"that","start":4093.39,"end":4093.55},{"text":"the","start":4093.55,"end":4093.67},{"text":"text","start":4093.67,"end":4094.11},{"text":"as","start":4094.11,"end":4094.27},{"text":"presented","start":4094.27,"end":4094.87},{"text":"in","start":4094.87,"end":4094.99},{"text":"the","start":4094.99,"end":4095.07},{"text":"first","start":4095.07,"end":4095.55},{"text":"four","start":4095.55,"end":4095.79},{"text":"paragraphs","start":4095.79,"end":4096.47},{"text":"of","start":4096.47,"end":4096.59},{"text":"box","start":4096.59,"end":4096.91},{"text":"2","start":4096.91,"end":4097.31},{"text":"strikes","start":4097.31,"end":4097.79},{"text":"a","start":4097.79,"end":4097.83},{"text":"decent","start":4097.83,"end":4098.19},{"text":"balance","start":4098.19,"end":4098.75},{"text":"between","start":4098.75,"end":4099.11},{"text":"the","start":4099.11,"end":4099.19},{"text":"views","start":4099.19,"end":4099.55},{"text":"that","start":4099.55,"end":4099.71},{"text":"we","start":4099.71,"end":4099.83},{"text":"have","start":4099.83,"end":4099.95},{"text":"heard","start":4099.95,"end":4100.19},{"text":"expressed","start":4100.19,"end":4100.71},{"text":"on","start":4100.71,"end":4100.83},{"text":"these","start":4100.83,"end":4100.99},{"text":"topics","start":4100.99,"end":4101.71},{"text":"over","start":4102.11,"end":4102.39},{"text":"the","start":4102.39,"end":4102.47},{"text":"course","start":4102.47,"end":4102.83},{"text":"of","start":4102.83,"end":4102.91},{"text":"the","start":4102.91,"end":4102.99},{"text":"GGE's","start":4102.99,"end":4103.63},{"text":"work","start":4103.63,"end":4104.03},{"text":"under","start":4104.03,"end":4104.27},{"text":"its","start":4104.27,"end":4104.39},{"text":"latest","start":4104.39,"end":4104.75},{"text":"mandate.","start":4104.75,"end":4105.23}]},{"text":"We know that the concepts as presented in box 2 have emerged from substantial work by you and your team and your friends of the Chair, and while we acknowledge the exact placement of these concepts and sub-paragraphs might be improved, or be reorganized later when the boxes fall away, we're happy to work with it as you've presented it here.","start":4106.35,"end":4126.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4106.35,"end":4106.51},{"text":"know","start":4106.51,"end":4106.67},{"text":"that","start":4106.75,"end":4106.91},{"text":"the","start":4106.91,"end":4106.99},{"text":"concepts","start":4106.99,"end":4107.67},{"text":"as","start":4107.67,"end":4107.87},{"text":"presented","start":4107.87,"end":4108.35},{"text":"in","start":4108.35,"end":4108.43},{"text":"box","start":4108.43,"end":4108.75},{"text":"2","start":4108.75,"end":4108.99},{"text":"have","start":4108.99,"end":4109.11},{"text":"emerged","start":4109.11,"end":4109.55},{"text":"from","start":4109.55,"end":4109.87},{"text":"substantial","start":4109.87,"end":4110.59},{"text":"work","start":4110.59,"end":4110.83},{"text":"by","start":4110.83,"end":4111.07},{"text":"you","start":4111.15,"end":4111.43},{"text":"and","start":4111.43,"end":4111.55},{"text":"your","start":4111.55,"end":4111.67},{"text":"team","start":4111.67,"end":4112.19},{"text":"and","start":4112.27,"end":4112.51},{"text":"your","start":4112.51,"end":4112.67},{"text":"friends","start":4112.67,"end":4112.99},{"text":"of","start":4112.99,"end":4113.07},{"text":"the","start":4113.07,"end":4113.15},{"text":"Chair,","start":4113.15,"end":4113.59},{"text":"and","start":4113.59,"end":4113.71},{"text":"while","start":4114.47,"end":4114.75},{"text":"we","start":4114.75,"end":4114.87},{"text":"acknowledge","start":4114.87,"end":4115.31},{"text":"the","start":4115.39,"end":4115.51},{"text":"exact","start":4115.51,"end":4115.87},{"text":"placement","start":4115.87,"end":4116.35},{"text":"of","start":4116.35,"end":4116.43},{"text":"these","start":4116.43,"end":4116.67},{"text":"concepts","start":4116.67,"end":4117.31},{"text":"and","start":4117.31,"end":4117.43},{"text":"sub-paragraphs","start":4117.43,"end":4118.43},{"text":"might","start":4118.43,"end":4118.67},{"text":"be","start":4118.67,"end":4118.79},{"text":"improved,","start":4118.79,"end":4119.51},{"text":"or","start":4119.99,"end":4120.15},{"text":"be","start":4120.15,"end":4120.39},{"text":"reorganized","start":4120.39,"end":4121.15},{"text":"later","start":4121.15,"end":4121.47},{"text":"when","start":4121.47,"end":4121.63},{"text":"the","start":4121.63,"end":4121.71},{"text":"boxes","start":4121.71,"end":4122.15},{"text":"fall","start":4122.15,"end":4122.39},{"text":"away,","start":4122.39,"end":4122.87},{"text":"we're","start":4123.19,"end":4123.39},{"text":"happy","start":4123.39,"end":4123.67},{"text":"to","start":4123.67,"end":4123.75},{"text":"work","start":4123.75,"end":4124.07},{"text":"with","start":4124.07,"end":4124.27},{"text":"it","start":4124.27,"end":4124.39},{"text":"as","start":4124.43,"end":4124.55},{"text":"you've","start":4124.55,"end":4124.71},{"text":"presented","start":4124.71,"end":4125.43},{"text":"it","start":4125.51,"end":4125.67},{"text":"here.","start":4125.75,"end":4126.11}]},{"text":"And on para 5, we support your mentioning of the cardinal principles of IHL as they relate to laws, including the principles and requirements of distinction, proportionality, and precaution in attack.","start":4126.11,"end":4138.47,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4126.11,"end":4126.23},{"text":"on","start":4127.23,"end":4127.43},{"text":"para","start":4127.43,"end":4127.79},{"text":"5,","start":4127.79,"end":4128.31},{"text":"we","start":4128.31,"end":4128.47},{"text":"support","start":4128.47,"end":4128.95},{"text":"your","start":4128.95,"end":4129.11},{"text":"mentioning","start":4129.11,"end":4129.59},{"text":"of","start":4129.59,"end":4129.67},{"text":"the","start":4129.67,"end":4129.75},{"text":"cardinal","start":4129.75,"end":4130.23},{"text":"principles","start":4130.23,"end":4130.83},{"text":"of","start":4130.83,"end":4130.95},{"text":"IHL","start":4131.03,"end":4131.83},{"text":"as","start":4131.83,"end":4131.99},{"text":"they","start":4131.99,"end":4132.11},{"text":"relate","start":4132.11,"end":4132.51},{"text":"to","start":4132.51,"end":4132.59},{"text":"laws,","start":4132.59,"end":4133.11},{"text":"including","start":4133.43,"end":4133.91},{"text":"the","start":4133.91,"end":4133.99},{"text":"principles","start":4133.99,"end":4134.51},{"text":"and","start":4134.51,"end":4134.63},{"text":"requirements","start":4134.63,"end":4135.23},{"text":"of","start":4135.23,"end":4135.31},{"text":"distinction,","start":4135.31,"end":4135.99},{"text":"proportionality,","start":4135.99,"end":4137.03},{"text":"and","start":4137.03,"end":4137.15},{"text":"precaution","start":4137.15,"end":4137.75},{"text":"in","start":4137.75,"end":4137.83},{"text":"attack.","start":4137.83,"end":4138.47}]},{"text":"And we're open to further development of this para, provided it doesn't exclude relevant principles of IHL.","start":4139.11,"end":4145.51,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4139.11,"end":4139.27},{"text":"we're","start":4139.27,"end":4139.55},{"text":"open","start":4139.55,"end":4139.83},{"text":"to","start":4139.83,"end":4139.95},{"text":"further","start":4139.95,"end":4140.31},{"text":"development","start":4140.31,"end":4140.87},{"text":"of","start":4140.87,"end":4140.95},{"text":"this","start":4140.95,"end":4141.19},{"text":"para,","start":4141.19,"end":4141.67},{"text":"provided","start":4142.07,"end":4142.71},{"text":"it","start":4142.71,"end":4142.83},{"text":"doesn't","start":4142.83,"end":4143.23},{"text":"exclude","start":4143.23,"end":4143.67},{"text":"relevant","start":4143.67,"end":4144.15},{"text":"principles","start":4144.15,"end":4144.67},{"text":"of","start":4144.67,"end":4144.79},{"text":"IHL.","start":4144.79,"end":4145.51}]},{"text":"And in general, we would align ourselves with the very helpful remarks by our Swiss colleague just now.","start":4146.07,"end":4151.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4146.07,"end":4146.15},{"text":"in","start":4146.15,"end":4146.27},{"text":"general,","start":4146.27,"end":4146.79},{"text":"we","start":4146.79,"end":4146.99},{"text":"would","start":4146.99,"end":4147.15},{"text":"align","start":4147.15,"end":4147.55},{"text":"ourselves","start":4147.55,"end":4147.95},{"text":"with","start":4147.95,"end":4148.15},{"text":"the","start":4148.15,"end":4148.23},{"text":"very","start":4148.23,"end":4148.51},{"text":"helpful","start":4148.51,"end":4148.91},{"text":"remarks","start":4148.91,"end":4149.39},{"text":"by","start":4149.39,"end":4149.63},{"text":"our","start":4149.63,"end":4149.71},{"text":"Swiss","start":4149.71,"end":4150.03},{"text":"colleague","start":4150.03,"end":4150.43},{"text":"just","start":4150.43,"end":4150.67},{"text":"now.","start":4150.67,"end":4151.07}]},{"text":"Issues around human judgement and control are central as far as my delegation is concerned.","start":4152.57,"end":4157.25,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Issues","start":4152.57,"end":4152.69},{"text":"around","start":4152.69,"end":4152.93},{"text":"human","start":4152.93,"end":4153.17},{"text":"judgement","start":4153.17,"end":4153.69},{"text":"and","start":4153.69,"end":4153.85},{"text":"control","start":4153.85,"end":4154.37},{"text":"are","start":4154.37,"end":4154.45},{"text":"central","start":4154.45,"end":4155.05},{"text":"as","start":4155.05,"end":4155.25},{"text":"far","start":4155.25,"end":4155.45},{"text":"as","start":4155.45,"end":4155.57},{"text":"my","start":4155.57,"end":4155.81},{"text":"delegation","start":4155.81,"end":4156.41},{"text":"is","start":4156.41,"end":4156.53},{"text":"concerned.","start":4156.53,"end":4157.25}]},{"text":"Moreover, your Chair's working papers have helped a lot to situate the concept of context-appropriate human judgement and control, as well as the great deal of substantive background work over years now, including inputs into this GGE by various experts.","start":4157.85,"end":4173.57,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Moreover,","start":4157.85,"end":4158.29},{"text":"your","start":4158.29,"end":4158.49},{"text":"Chair's","start":4158.49,"end":4158.85},{"text":"working","start":4158.85,"end":4159.17},{"text":"papers","start":4159.17,"end":4159.57},{"text":"have","start":4159.57,"end":4159.73},{"text":"helped","start":4159.73,"end":4160.09},{"text":"a","start":4160.09,"end":4160.13},{"text":"lot","start":4160.13,"end":4160.57},{"text":"to","start":4160.57,"end":4160.65},{"text":"situate","start":4160.65,"end":4161.21},{"text":"the","start":4161.21,"end":4161.29},{"text":"concept","start":4161.29,"end":4162.05},{"text":"of","start":4162.41,"end":4162.53},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":4162.53,"end":4163.65},{"text":"human","start":4163.65,"end":4163.97},{"text":"judgement","start":4163.97,"end":4164.37},{"text":"and","start":4164.37,"end":4164.49},{"text":"control,","start":4164.49,"end":4165.17},{"text":"as","start":4165.57,"end":4165.81},{"text":"well","start":4165.81,"end":4166.05},{"text":"as","start":4166.05,"end":4166.13},{"text":"the","start":4166.13,"end":4166.25},{"text":"great","start":4166.25,"end":4166.57},{"text":"deal","start":4166.57,"end":4166.73},{"text":"of","start":4166.73,"end":4166.81},{"text":"substantive","start":4166.81,"end":4167.49},{"text":"background","start":4167.49,"end":4167.97},{"text":"work","start":4167.97,"end":4168.37},{"text":"over","start":4168.37,"end":4168.61},{"text":"years","start":4168.61,"end":4169.25},{"text":"now,","start":4169.25,"end":4169.65},{"text":"including","start":4170.01,"end":4170.53},{"text":"inputs","start":4170.53,"end":4170.97},{"text":"into","start":4170.97,"end":4171.21},{"text":"this","start":4171.21,"end":4171.41},{"text":"GGE","start":4171.41,"end":4172.05},{"text":"by","start":4172.05,"end":4172.29},{"text":"various","start":4172.29,"end":4172.77},{"text":"experts.","start":4172.77,"end":4173.57}]},{"text":"We took close note of what several other delegations have been proposing with regards to paragraph 5, including detailed US proposals made yesterday, which we look forward to seeing in writing and to considering further.","start":4174.37,"end":4187.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4174.37,"end":4174.53},{"text":"took","start":4174.53,"end":4174.89},{"text":"close","start":4174.89,"end":4175.25},{"text":"note","start":4175.25,"end":4175.97},{"text":"of","start":4176.05,"end":4176.21},{"text":"what","start":4176.21,"end":4176.49},{"text":"several","start":4176.49,"end":4176.85},{"text":"other","start":4176.85,"end":4177.01},{"text":"delegations","start":4177.01,"end":4177.61},{"text":"have","start":4177.61,"end":4177.73},{"text":"been","start":4177.73,"end":4177.85},{"text":"proposing","start":4177.85,"end":4178.45},{"text":"with","start":4178.45,"end":4178.61},{"text":"regards","start":4178.61,"end":4179.05},{"text":"to","start":4179.05,"end":4179.21},{"text":"paragraph","start":4179.21,"end":4179.85},{"text":"5,","start":4179.85,"end":4180.37},{"text":"including","start":4180.77,"end":4181.33},{"text":"detailed","start":4181.33,"end":4181.93},{"text":"US","start":4181.93,"end":4182.13},{"text":"proposals","start":4182.13,"end":4182.93},{"text":"made","start":4182.93,"end":4183.25},{"text":"yesterday,","start":4183.25,"end":4184.05},{"text":"which","start":4184.33,"end":4184.61},{"text":"we","start":4184.61,"end":4184.77},{"text":"look","start":4184.77,"end":4184.93},{"text":"forward","start":4184.93,"end":4185.21},{"text":"to","start":4185.21,"end":4185.29},{"text":"seeing","start":4185.29,"end":4185.65},{"text":"in","start":4185.65,"end":4185.73},{"text":"writing","start":4185.73,"end":4186.25},{"text":"and","start":4186.25,"end":4186.41},{"text":"to","start":4186.41,"end":4186.49},{"text":"considering","start":4186.49,"end":4187.09},{"text":"further.","start":4187.09,"end":4187.53}]},{"text":"We echo our Swiss colleagues' remarks that ultimately we want to ensure that final placement and formulation needs to ensure the link is maintained between prohibitions and measures.","start":4188.21,"end":4198.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4188.21,"end":4188.49},{"text":"echo","start":4188.49,"end":4188.93},{"text":"our","start":4189.09,"end":4189.17},{"text":"Swiss","start":4189.17,"end":4189.49},{"text":"colleagues'","start":4189.49,"end":4189.89},{"text":"remarks","start":4189.89,"end":4190.45},{"text":"that","start":4190.45,"end":4190.69},{"text":"ultimately","start":4190.69,"end":4191.49},{"text":"we","start":4191.73,"end":4191.93},{"text":"want","start":4191.93,"end":4192.17},{"text":"to","start":4192.17,"end":4192.25},{"text":"ensure","start":4192.25,"end":4192.53},{"text":"that","start":4192.53,"end":4192.69},{"text":"final","start":4192.69,"end":4193.01},{"text":"placement","start":4193.01,"end":4193.57},{"text":"and","start":4193.57,"end":4193.73},{"text":"formulation","start":4193.73,"end":4194.61},{"text":"needs","start":4195.01,"end":4195.25},{"text":"to","start":4195.25,"end":4195.37},{"text":"ensure","start":4195.37,"end":4195.73},{"text":"the","start":4195.73,"end":4195.81},{"text":"link","start":4195.81,"end":4196.05},{"text":"is","start":4196.05,"end":4196.21},{"text":"maintained","start":4196.21,"end":4196.69},{"text":"between","start":4196.69,"end":4197.01},{"text":"prohibitions","start":4197.01,"end":4197.61},{"text":"and","start":4197.61,"end":4197.73},{"text":"measures.","start":4197.73,"end":4198.45}]},{"text":"Having said that, While we think the concept of context appropriate human judgment and control as you've presented it in box 2 para 5 is not necessarily the last word, in general we can support the way in which you've put it forward here.","start":4199.25,"end":4213.13,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Having","start":4199.25,"end":4199.57},{"text":"said","start":4199.57,"end":4199.81},{"text":"that,","start":4199.81,"end":4200.13},{"text":"While","start":4200.57,"end":4200.85},{"text":"we","start":4200.85,"end":4200.93},{"text":"think","start":4200.93,"end":4201.25},{"text":"the","start":4201.25,"end":4201.33},{"text":"concept","start":4201.33,"end":4201.93},{"text":"of","start":4201.93,"end":4202.05},{"text":"context","start":4202.05,"end":4202.53},{"text":"appropriate","start":4202.53,"end":4203.09},{"text":"human","start":4203.09,"end":4203.41},{"text":"judgment","start":4203.41,"end":4203.89},{"text":"and","start":4203.89,"end":4204.01},{"text":"control","start":4204.01,"end":4204.53},{"text":"as","start":4204.85,"end":4205.09},{"text":"you've","start":4205.09,"end":4205.25},{"text":"presented","start":4205.25,"end":4205.81},{"text":"it","start":4205.81,"end":4205.89},{"text":"in","start":4205.89,"end":4206.05},{"text":"box","start":4206.05,"end":4206.37},{"text":"2","start":4206.37,"end":4206.61},{"text":"para","start":4206.61,"end":4206.93},{"text":"5","start":4206.93,"end":4207.49},{"text":"is","start":4207.81,"end":4207.97},{"text":"not","start":4207.97,"end":4208.21},{"text":"necessarily","start":4208.21,"end":4209.09},{"text":"the","start":4209.09,"end":4209.17},{"text":"last","start":4209.17,"end":4209.53},{"text":"word,","start":4209.53,"end":4209.97},{"text":"in","start":4210.29,"end":4210.53},{"text":"general","start":4210.53,"end":4210.89},{"text":"we","start":4210.89,"end":4211.01},{"text":"can","start":4211.01,"end":4211.17},{"text":"support","start":4211.17,"end":4211.53},{"text":"the","start":4211.53,"end":4211.61},{"text":"way","start":4211.61,"end":4211.69},{"text":"in","start":4211.69,"end":4211.81},{"text":"which","start":4211.81,"end":4212.05},{"text":"you've","start":4212.05,"end":4212.21},{"text":"put","start":4212.21,"end":4212.45},{"text":"it","start":4212.45,"end":4212.53},{"text":"forward","start":4212.53,"end":4212.89},{"text":"here.","start":4212.89,"end":4213.13}]},{"text":"And we favour the formulation's retention in para 5, at least for now, until we see how our discussions go through the various boxes.","start":4213.13,"end":4222.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4213.13,"end":4213.29},{"text":"we","start":4213.89,"end":4214.05},{"text":"favour","start":4214.05,"end":4214.45},{"text":"the","start":4214.45,"end":4214.53},{"text":"formulation's","start":4214.53,"end":4215.41},{"text":"retention","start":4215.41,"end":4216.13},{"text":"in","start":4216.13,"end":4216.37},{"text":"para","start":4216.37,"end":4216.65},{"text":"5,","start":4216.65,"end":4217.09},{"text":"at","start":4217.09,"end":4217.33},{"text":"least","start":4217.33,"end":4217.57},{"text":"for","start":4217.57,"end":4217.73},{"text":"now,","start":4217.73,"end":4218.21},{"text":"until","start":4218.77,"end":4219.09},{"text":"we","start":4219.09,"end":4219.25},{"text":"see","start":4219.25,"end":4219.57},{"text":"how","start":4219.57,"end":4219.81},{"text":"our","start":4219.81,"end":4219.89},{"text":"discussions","start":4219.89,"end":4220.53},{"text":"go","start":4220.53,"end":4221.01},{"text":"through","start":4221.25,"end":4221.45},{"text":"the","start":4221.45,"end":4221.53},{"text":"various","start":4221.53,"end":4221.97},{"text":"boxes.","start":4221.97,"end":4222.69}]},{"text":"As our Japanese colleague pointed out just now, there are delegations in this room that want to carefully consider how context appropriate human judgment and control relates to IHL in each place where it appears in your rolling text.","start":4223.29,"end":4236.97,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4223.29,"end":4223.53},{"text":"our","start":4223.53,"end":4223.61},{"text":"Japanese","start":4223.61,"end":4224.17},{"text":"colleague","start":4224.17,"end":4224.57},{"text":"pointed","start":4224.57,"end":4224.97},{"text":"out","start":4224.97,"end":4225.21},{"text":"just","start":4225.21,"end":4225.45},{"text":"now,","start":4225.45,"end":4225.77},{"text":"there","start":4226.09,"end":4226.25},{"text":"are","start":4226.25,"end":4226.33},{"text":"delegations","start":4226.33,"end":4226.97},{"text":"in","start":4226.97,"end":4227.09},{"text":"this","start":4227.09,"end":4227.29},{"text":"room","start":4227.29,"end":4227.53},{"text":"that","start":4227.53,"end":4227.69},{"text":"want","start":4227.69,"end":4227.89},{"text":"to","start":4227.89,"end":4227.97},{"text":"carefully","start":4227.97,"end":4228.41},{"text":"consider","start":4228.41,"end":4229.05},{"text":"how","start":4229.05,"end":4229.45},{"text":"context","start":4229.45,"end":4230.05},{"text":"appropriate","start":4230.05,"end":4230.65},{"text":"human","start":4230.65,"end":4230.97},{"text":"judgment","start":4230.97,"end":4231.53},{"text":"and","start":4231.53,"end":4231.69},{"text":"control","start":4231.69,"end":4232.25},{"text":"relates","start":4232.57,"end":4232.97},{"text":"to","start":4232.97,"end":4233.13},{"text":"IHL","start":4233.13,"end":4233.93},{"text":"in","start":4234.09,"end":4234.25},{"text":"each","start":4234.25,"end":4234.57},{"text":"place","start":4234.57,"end":4235.09},{"text":"where","start":4235.09,"end":4235.33},{"text":"it","start":4235.33,"end":4235.41},{"text":"appears","start":4235.41,"end":4235.85},{"text":"in","start":4235.85,"end":4236.01},{"text":"your","start":4236.01,"end":4236.13},{"text":"rolling","start":4236.13,"end":4236.49},{"text":"text.","start":4236.49,"end":4236.97}]},{"text":"And that's something we acknowledge is reasonable.","start":4237.37,"end":4239.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4237.37,"end":4237.53},{"text":"that's","start":4237.53,"end":4237.81},{"text":"something","start":4237.81,"end":4238.09},{"text":"we","start":4238.09,"end":4238.21},{"text":"acknowledge","start":4238.21,"end":4238.61},{"text":"is","start":4238.61,"end":4238.73},{"text":"reasonable.","start":4238.73,"end":4239.37}]},{"text":"And there might also be other avenues to explore that too, which we would welcome.","start":4240.01,"end":4244.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4240.01,"end":4240.13},{"text":"there","start":4240.13,"end":4240.25},{"text":"might","start":4240.25,"end":4240.57},{"text":"also","start":4240.57,"end":4240.97},{"text":"be","start":4240.97,"end":4241.29},{"text":"other","start":4241.29,"end":4241.49},{"text":"avenues","start":4241.49,"end":4242.01},{"text":"to","start":4242.01,"end":4242.13},{"text":"explore","start":4242.13,"end":4242.57},{"text":"that","start":4242.57,"end":4242.81},{"text":"too,","start":4242.81,"end":4243.05},{"text":"which","start":4243.05,"end":4243.29},{"text":"we","start":4243.29,"end":4243.45},{"text":"would","start":4243.45,"end":4243.61},{"text":"welcome.","start":4243.61,"end":4244.17}]},{"text":"Overall, as the ICRC has explained over the years, there are very good reasons for why humans must remain in control of autonomous weapons systems, and not just to ensure the applicability of IHL, but also to guarantee the achievement of human rights and to avoid significant risks to international security and stability.","start":4245.17,"end":4265.65,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Overall,","start":4245.17,"end":4245.89},{"text":"as","start":4245.89,"end":4246.05},{"text":"the","start":4246.05,"end":4246.17},{"text":"ICRC","start":4246.17,"end":4246.89},{"text":"has","start":4246.89,"end":4247.01},{"text":"explained","start":4247.01,"end":4247.49},{"text":"over","start":4247.49,"end":4247.69},{"text":"the","start":4247.69,"end":4247.77},{"text":"years,","start":4247.77,"end":4248.29},{"text":"there","start":4248.53,"end":4248.77},{"text":"are","start":4248.77,"end":4248.85},{"text":"very","start":4248.85,"end":4249.25},{"text":"good","start":4249.25,"end":4249.49},{"text":"reasons","start":4249.49,"end":4250.05},{"text":"for","start":4250.05,"end":4250.21},{"text":"why","start":4250.21,"end":4250.45},{"text":"humans","start":4250.45,"end":4251.01},{"text":"must","start":4251.01,"end":4251.65},{"text":"remain","start":4251.73,"end":4252.33},{"text":"in","start":4252.33,"end":4252.45},{"text":"control","start":4252.45,"end":4253.09},{"text":"of","start":4253.33,"end":4253.57},{"text":"autonomous","start":4253.57,"end":4254.05},{"text":"weapons","start":4254.05,"end":4254.45},{"text":"systems,","start":4254.45,"end":4255.09},{"text":"and","start":4255.29,"end":4255.41},{"text":"not","start":4255.41,"end":4255.65},{"text":"just","start":4255.65,"end":4256.01},{"text":"to","start":4256.01,"end":4256.09},{"text":"ensure","start":4256.09,"end":4256.41},{"text":"the","start":4256.41,"end":4256.49},{"text":"applicability","start":4256.49,"end":4257.21},{"text":"of","start":4257.21,"end":4257.33},{"text":"IHL,","start":4257.33,"end":4257.97},{"text":"but","start":4258.29,"end":4258.45},{"text":"also","start":4258.45,"end":4258.85},{"text":"to","start":4258.85,"end":4259.01},{"text":"guarantee","start":4259.01,"end":4259.49},{"text":"the","start":4259.49,"end":4259.61},{"text":"achievement","start":4259.61,"end":4260.01},{"text":"of","start":4260.01,"end":4260.09},{"text":"human","start":4260.09,"end":4260.37},{"text":"rights","start":4260.37,"end":4260.93},{"text":"and","start":4261.17,"end":4261.49},{"text":"to","start":4261.49,"end":4261.81},{"text":"avoid","start":4261.89,"end":4262.29},{"text":"significant","start":4262.29,"end":4262.97},{"text":"risks","start":4262.97,"end":4263.41},{"text":"to","start":4263.41,"end":4263.57},{"text":"international","start":4263.57,"end":4264.29},{"text":"security","start":4264.29,"end":4264.81},{"text":"and","start":4264.81,"end":4264.93},{"text":"stability.","start":4264.93,"end":4265.65}]},{"text":"For New Zealand, We view human control as less of a legal standard and more of an organising principle for our work to address emerging technologies in the field of laws.","start":4266.77,"end":4276.85,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":4266.77,"end":4266.93},{"text":"New","start":4266.93,"end":4267.05},{"text":"Zealand,","start":4267.05,"end":4267.69},{"text":"We","start":4268.13,"end":4268.45},{"text":"view","start":4268.45,"end":4268.69},{"text":"human","start":4268.69,"end":4268.93},{"text":"control","start":4268.93,"end":4269.45},{"text":"as","start":4269.45,"end":4269.57},{"text":"less","start":4269.57,"end":4269.97},{"text":"of","start":4269.97,"end":4270.13},{"text":"a","start":4270.13,"end":4270.17},{"text":"legal","start":4270.17,"end":4270.53},{"text":"standard","start":4270.53,"end":4271.01},{"text":"and","start":4271.01,"end":4271.21},{"text":"more","start":4271.21,"end":4271.41},{"text":"of","start":4271.41,"end":4271.49},{"text":"an","start":4271.49,"end":4271.57},{"text":"organising","start":4271.57,"end":4272.13},{"text":"principle","start":4272.13,"end":4272.69},{"text":"for","start":4272.69,"end":4272.85},{"text":"our","start":4272.85,"end":4272.93},{"text":"work","start":4272.93,"end":4273.33},{"text":"to","start":4273.33,"end":4273.53},{"text":"address","start":4273.53,"end":4273.97},{"text":"emerging","start":4273.97,"end":4274.45},{"text":"technologies","start":4274.45,"end":4275.33},{"text":"in","start":4275.57,"end":4275.77},{"text":"the","start":4275.77,"end":4275.85},{"text":"field","start":4275.85,"end":4276.09},{"text":"of","start":4276.09,"end":4276.21},{"text":"laws.","start":4276.21,"end":4276.85}]},{"text":"Human control, in our view, would be achieved through separate legal rules and supporting regulations, measures, if you like.","start":4277.41,"end":4284.45,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Human","start":4277.41,"end":4277.73},{"text":"control,","start":4277.73,"end":4278.17},{"text":"in","start":4278.17,"end":4278.41},{"text":"our","start":4278.41,"end":4278.49},{"text":"view,","start":4278.49,"end":4279.01},{"text":"would","start":4279.25,"end":4279.45},{"text":"be","start":4279.45,"end":4279.57},{"text":"achieved","start":4279.57,"end":4279.97},{"text":"through","start":4279.97,"end":4280.13},{"text":"separate","start":4280.13,"end":4280.61},{"text":"legal","start":4280.61,"end":4280.85},{"text":"rules","start":4280.85,"end":4281.17},{"text":"and","start":4281.17,"end":4281.33},{"text":"supporting","start":4281.33,"end":4281.77},{"text":"regulations,","start":4281.77,"end":4282.77},{"text":"measures,","start":4283.01,"end":4283.73},{"text":"if","start":4283.73,"end":4283.89},{"text":"you","start":4283.89,"end":4284.01},{"text":"like.","start":4284.01,"end":4284.45}]},{"text":"For example, positive obligations that require an operator, a human operator, to understand and specify temporal or geographic limits over the use of a system would be a way of achieving context appropriate human control in at least some circumstances.","start":4285.01,"end":4300.45,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":4285.01,"end":4285.21},{"text":"example,","start":4285.21,"end":4285.65},{"text":"positive","start":4285.65,"end":4286.09},{"text":"obligations","start":4286.09,"end":4286.77},{"text":"that","start":4286.77,"end":4286.93},{"text":"require","start":4286.93,"end":4287.29},{"text":"an","start":4287.29,"end":4287.41},{"text":"operator,","start":4287.41,"end":4288.21},{"text":"a","start":4288.45,"end":4288.49},{"text":"human","start":4288.49,"end":4288.85},{"text":"operator,","start":4288.85,"end":4289.45},{"text":"to","start":4289.65,"end":4289.89},{"text":"understand","start":4289.89,"end":4290.61},{"text":"and","start":4290.61,"end":4290.77},{"text":"specify","start":4290.77,"end":4291.49},{"text":"temporal","start":4291.49,"end":4292.13},{"text":"or","start":4292.13,"end":4292.29},{"text":"geographic","start":4292.29,"end":4292.93},{"text":"limits","start":4292.93,"end":4293.41},{"text":"over","start":4293.41,"end":4293.65},{"text":"the","start":4293.65,"end":4293.73},{"text":"use","start":4293.73,"end":4293.97},{"text":"of","start":4293.97,"end":4294.05},{"text":"a","start":4294.05,"end":4294.13},{"text":"system","start":4294.13,"end":4294.61},{"text":"would","start":4295.01,"end":4295.17},{"text":"be","start":4295.17,"end":4295.41},{"text":"a","start":4295.41,"end":4295.45},{"text":"way","start":4295.45,"end":4295.73},{"text":"of","start":4295.73,"end":4295.81},{"text":"achieving","start":4295.81,"end":4296.37},{"text":"context","start":4296.37,"end":4296.89},{"text":"appropriate","start":4296.89,"end":4297.49},{"text":"human","start":4297.49,"end":4297.77},{"text":"control","start":4297.77,"end":4298.37},{"text":"in","start":4298.53,"end":4298.77},{"text":"at","start":4298.77,"end":4298.85},{"text":"least","start":4298.85,"end":4299.09},{"text":"some","start":4299.09,"end":4299.25},{"text":"circumstances.","start":4299.25,"end":4300.45}]},{"text":"My delegation has some further minor comments and we'd be happy to provide those to you in writing.","start":4301.25,"end":4307.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":4301.25,"end":4301.41},{"text":"delegation","start":4301.41,"end":4302.13},{"text":"has","start":4302.13,"end":4302.29},{"text":"some","start":4302.45,"end":4302.85},{"text":"further","start":4302.85,"end":4303.17},{"text":"minor","start":4303.17,"end":4303.41},{"text":"comments","start":4303.41,"end":4304.05},{"text":"and","start":4304.13,"end":4304.37},{"text":"we'd","start":4304.37,"end":4304.65},{"text":"be","start":4304.65,"end":4304.73},{"text":"happy","start":4304.73,"end":4305.17},{"text":"to","start":4305.17,"end":4305.33},{"text":"provide","start":4305.33,"end":4305.81},{"text":"those","start":4306.05,"end":4306.45},{"text":"to","start":4306.45,"end":4306.57},{"text":"you","start":4306.57,"end":4306.77},{"text":"in","start":4306.85,"end":4307.09},{"text":"writing.","start":4307.09,"end":4307.49}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":4307.89,"end":4308.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4307.89,"end":4307.97},{"text":"thank","start":4307.97,"end":4308.21},{"text":"you.","start":4308.21,"end":4308.33}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"NZL","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"New Zealand"}},{"statement_number":49,"start":4309.93,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:11:50","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of New Zealand and indeed also for sending proposals to the Chair.","start":4309.93,"end":4316.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4309.93,"end":4309.94},{"text":"thank","start":4309.93,"end":4310.17},{"text":"the","start":4310.17,"end":4310.25},{"text":"distinguished","start":4310.25,"end":4310.73},{"text":"representative","start":4310.73,"end":4311.53},{"text":"of","start":4311.53,"end":4311.61},{"text":"New","start":4311.61,"end":4311.77},{"text":"Zealand","start":4311.77,"end":4312.41},{"text":"and","start":4312.65,"end":4313.05},{"text":"indeed","start":4313.05,"end":4313.33},{"text":"also","start":4313.33,"end":4313.77},{"text":"for","start":4313.77,"end":4314.17},{"text":"sending","start":4314.33,"end":4314.81},{"text":"proposals","start":4314.81,"end":4315.45},{"text":"to","start":4315.45,"end":4315.61},{"text":"the","start":4315.61,"end":4315.73},{"text":"Chair.","start":4315.77,"end":4316.25}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Germany, to be followed by Belgium, Austria and Norway.","start":4317.05,"end":4322.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4317.05,"end":4317.53},{"text":"on","start":4317.53,"end":4317.61},{"text":"my","start":4317.61,"end":4317.77},{"text":"list","start":4317.77,"end":4318.17},{"text":"is","start":4318.25,"end":4318.57},{"text":"Germany,","start":4318.57,"end":4319.13},{"text":"to","start":4319.13,"end":4319.29},{"text":"be","start":4319.29,"end":4319.53},{"text":"followed","start":4319.53,"end":4319.89},{"text":"by","start":4319.89,"end":4320.09},{"text":"Belgium,","start":4320.13,"end":4320.73},{"text":"Austria","start":4320.73,"end":4321.45},{"text":"and","start":4321.53,"end":4322.05},{"text":"Norway.","start":4322.05,"end":4322.57}]},{"text":"That's what I have on my list at this moment, but I think there are some further requests coming in.","start":4322.57,"end":4327.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That's","start":4322.57,"end":4322.97},{"text":"what","start":4322.97,"end":4323.13},{"text":"I","start":4323.13,"end":4323.21},{"text":"have","start":4323.21,"end":4323.37},{"text":"on","start":4323.37,"end":4323.45},{"text":"my","start":4323.45,"end":4323.53},{"text":"list","start":4323.57,"end":4323.85},{"text":"at","start":4323.85,"end":4323.93},{"text":"this","start":4323.93,"end":4324.17},{"text":"moment,","start":4324.17,"end":4324.53},{"text":"but","start":4324.53,"end":4324.85},{"text":"I","start":4324.85,"end":4324.89},{"text":"think","start":4325.29,"end":4325.45},{"text":"there","start":4325.45,"end":4325.65},{"text":"are","start":4325.65,"end":4325.77},{"text":"some","start":4325.77,"end":4326.01},{"text":"further","start":4326.01,"end":4326.37},{"text":"requests","start":4326.73,"end":4327.13},{"text":"coming","start":4327.13,"end":4327.37},{"text":"in.","start":4327.37,"end":4327.61}]},{"text":"Yes, we see Portugal.","start":4328.33,"end":4329.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yes,","start":4328.33,"end":4328.65},{"text":"we","start":4328.65,"end":4328.77},{"text":"see","start":4328.77,"end":4328.89},{"text":"Portugal.","start":4328.89,"end":4329.45}]},{"text":"But let me now first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Germany.","start":4329.85,"end":4333.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":4329.85,"end":4330.09},{"text":"let","start":4330.09,"end":4330.21},{"text":"me","start":4330.21,"end":4330.37},{"text":"now","start":4330.37,"end":4330.57},{"text":"first","start":4330.57,"end":4330.89},{"text":"pass","start":4330.89,"end":4331.25},{"text":"the","start":4331.25,"end":4331.33},{"text":"floor","start":4331.33,"end":4331.61},{"text":"to","start":4331.61,"end":4331.73},{"text":"the","start":4331.73,"end":4331.81},{"text":"distinguished","start":4331.81,"end":4332.41},{"text":"representative","start":4332.41,"end":4333.13},{"text":"of","start":4333.13,"end":4333.21},{"text":"Germany.","start":4333.21,"end":4333.61}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":4333.61,"end":4334.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":4333.61,"end":4333.77},{"text":"have","start":4333.77,"end":4334.01},{"text":"the","start":4334.01,"end":4334.09},{"text":"floor.","start":4334.09,"end":4334.33}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":50,"start":4336.81,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:12:17","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair, for giving me the floor.","start":4336.81,"end":4338.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4336.81,"end":4336.97},{"text":"you,","start":4336.97,"end":4337.05},{"text":"Mr.","start":4337.05,"end":4337.33},{"text":"Chair,","start":4337.33,"end":4337.45},{"text":"for","start":4337.45,"end":4337.61},{"text":"giving","start":4337.61,"end":4337.81},{"text":"me","start":4337.81,"end":4337.93},{"text":"the","start":4337.93,"end":4338.05},{"text":"floor.","start":4338.05,"end":4338.57}]},{"text":"As we are now in the mode of interactive discussion, we wish to make a few remarks on box 2 and on what colleagues have said.","start":4340.17,"end":4346.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4340.17,"end":4340.29},{"text":"we","start":4340.29,"end":4340.37},{"text":"are","start":4340.37,"end":4340.45},{"text":"now","start":4340.45,"end":4340.61},{"text":"in","start":4340.61,"end":4340.69},{"text":"the","start":4340.69,"end":4340.77},{"text":"mode","start":4340.77,"end":4341.01},{"text":"of","start":4341.01,"end":4341.17},{"text":"interactive","start":4341.17,"end":4341.81},{"text":"discussion,","start":4341.89,"end":4342.41},{"text":"we","start":4342.41,"end":4342.53},{"text":"wish","start":4342.53,"end":4342.69},{"text":"to","start":4342.69,"end":4342.81},{"text":"make","start":4342.81,"end":4342.97},{"text":"a","start":4342.97,"end":4343.01},{"text":"few","start":4343.01,"end":4343.25},{"text":"remarks","start":4343.25,"end":4343.73},{"text":"on","start":4343.73,"end":4343.81},{"text":"box","start":4343.81,"end":4344.21},{"text":"2","start":4344.21,"end":4344.61},{"text":"and","start":4345.25,"end":4345.41},{"text":"on","start":4345.41,"end":4345.49},{"text":"what","start":4345.49,"end":4345.69},{"text":"colleagues","start":4345.69,"end":4346.09},{"text":"have","start":4346.09,"end":4346.29},{"text":"said.","start":4346.29,"end":4346.69}]},{"text":"My delegation sees box 2 in a good place, and we have explained our understanding of the key paragraphs 5 yesterday and in our joint working paper.","start":4347.25,"end":4356.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":4347.25,"end":4347.49},{"text":"delegation","start":4347.49,"end":4348.05},{"text":"sees","start":4348.05,"end":4348.37},{"text":"box","start":4348.37,"end":4348.61},{"text":"2","start":4348.61,"end":4348.77},{"text":"in","start":4348.77,"end":4348.93},{"text":"a","start":4348.93,"end":4348.97},{"text":"good","start":4348.97,"end":4349.17},{"text":"place,","start":4349.17,"end":4349.81},{"text":"and","start":4350.45,"end":4350.65},{"text":"we","start":4350.65,"end":4350.77},{"text":"have","start":4350.77,"end":4351.09},{"text":"explained","start":4351.09,"end":4351.73},{"text":"our","start":4351.81,"end":4352.05},{"text":"understanding","start":4352.25,"end":4352.93},{"text":"of","start":4352.93,"end":4353.09},{"text":"the","start":4353.09,"end":4353.17},{"text":"key","start":4353.17,"end":4353.33},{"text":"paragraphs","start":4353.33,"end":4353.89},{"text":"5","start":4353.89,"end":4354.13},{"text":"yesterday","start":4354.13,"end":4354.85},{"text":"and","start":4355.45,"end":4355.57},{"text":"in","start":4355.57,"end":4355.73},{"text":"our","start":4355.73,"end":4355.89},{"text":"joint","start":4355.89,"end":4356.17},{"text":"working","start":4356.17,"end":4356.53},{"text":"paper.","start":4356.53,"end":4356.85}]},{"text":"Our Australian colleague has suggested yesterday to put para 5 at the beginning of box 3, which would be acceptable for us.","start":4357.45,"end":4365.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":4357.45,"end":4357.53},{"text":"Australian","start":4357.53,"end":4358.13},{"text":"colleague","start":4358.13,"end":4358.49},{"text":"has","start":4358.49,"end":4358.73},{"text":"suggested","start":4358.73,"end":4359.41},{"text":"yesterday","start":4360.21,"end":4360.69},{"text":"to","start":4360.69,"end":4360.85},{"text":"put","start":4360.85,"end":4361.01},{"text":"para","start":4361.01,"end":4361.29},{"text":"5","start":4361.29,"end":4361.81},{"text":"at","start":4361.81,"end":4361.93},{"text":"the","start":4361.93,"end":4362.01},{"text":"beginning","start":4362.01,"end":4362.45},{"text":"of","start":4362.45,"end":4362.61},{"text":"box","start":4362.61,"end":4363.01},{"text":"3,","start":4363.01,"end":4363.49},{"text":"which","start":4363.97,"end":4364.21},{"text":"would","start":4364.21,"end":4364.37},{"text":"be","start":4364.37,"end":4364.49},{"text":"acceptable","start":4364.49,"end":4365.01},{"text":"for","start":4365.01,"end":4365.33},{"text":"us.","start":4365.33,"end":4365.73}]},{"text":"even though we think it builds the bridge between the IHL box and the regulations quite well where it is.","start":4366.09,"end":4372.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"even","start":4366.09,"end":4366.37},{"text":"though","start":4366.37,"end":4366.57},{"text":"we","start":4366.57,"end":4366.73},{"text":"think","start":4366.73,"end":4366.97},{"text":"it","start":4366.97,"end":4367.05},{"text":"builds","start":4367.05,"end":4367.37},{"text":"the","start":4367.37,"end":4367.53},{"text":"bridge","start":4367.53,"end":4367.85},{"text":"between","start":4367.85,"end":4368.25},{"text":"the","start":4368.29,"end":4368.37},{"text":"IHL","start":4368.37,"end":4368.81},{"text":"box","start":4368.81,"end":4369.37},{"text":"and","start":4370.01,"end":4370.13},{"text":"the","start":4370.13,"end":4370.21},{"text":"regulations","start":4370.21,"end":4370.81},{"text":"quite","start":4370.81,"end":4371.13},{"text":"well","start":4371.13,"end":4371.33},{"text":"where","start":4371.33,"end":4371.57},{"text":"it","start":4371.57,"end":4371.69},{"text":"is.","start":4371.69,"end":4372.17}]},{"text":"Even though some delegations are still concerned about the term human control or context appropriate human judgment and control, there were many good arguments made yesterday and today by colleagues for these concepts.","start":4373.37,"end":4387.93,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Even","start":4373.37,"end":4373.77},{"text":"though","start":4373.77,"end":4374.09},{"text":"some","start":4374.09,"end":4374.33},{"text":"delegations","start":4374.33,"end":4374.97},{"text":"are","start":4374.97,"end":4375.05},{"text":"still","start":4375.05,"end":4375.29},{"text":"concerned","start":4375.29,"end":4375.81},{"text":"about","start":4375.81,"end":4376.01},{"text":"the","start":4376.01,"end":4376.13},{"text":"term","start":4376.13,"end":4376.49},{"text":"human","start":4376.49,"end":4376.81},{"text":"control","start":4376.81,"end":4377.37},{"text":"or","start":4377.37,"end":4377.53},{"text":"context","start":4377.53,"end":4378.17},{"text":"appropriate","start":4378.17,"end":4378.97},{"text":"human","start":4379.45,"end":4379.81},{"text":"judgment","start":4379.81,"end":4380.09},{"text":"and","start":4380.13,"end":4380.25},{"text":"control,","start":4380.25,"end":4380.89},{"text":"there","start":4381.29,"end":4381.45},{"text":"were","start":4381.45,"end":4381.61},{"text":"many","start":4381.61,"end":4381.85},{"text":"good","start":4381.85,"end":4382.09},{"text":"arguments","start":4382.09,"end":4382.81},{"text":"made","start":4383.93,"end":4384.25},{"text":"yesterday","start":4384.25,"end":4384.73},{"text":"and","start":4384.73,"end":4384.89},{"text":"today","start":4384.89,"end":4385.53},{"text":"by","start":4386.09,"end":4386.25},{"text":"colleagues","start":4386.25,"end":4386.81},{"text":"for","start":4386.81,"end":4386.97},{"text":"these","start":4386.97,"end":4387.17},{"text":"concepts.","start":4387.17,"end":4387.93}]},{"text":"We would like to recall, like others have done, that this language has a history within our common work and already seeks to compromise.","start":4388.73,"end":4397.65,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4388.73,"end":4388.85},{"text":"would","start":4388.85,"end":4389.05},{"text":"like","start":4389.05,"end":4389.29},{"text":"to","start":4389.29,"end":4389.41},{"text":"recall,","start":4389.41,"end":4390.05},{"text":"like","start":4390.05,"end":4390.33},{"text":"others","start":4390.33,"end":4390.57},{"text":"have","start":4390.57,"end":4390.73},{"text":"done,","start":4390.73,"end":4391.21},{"text":"that","start":4391.61,"end":4391.77},{"text":"this","start":4391.77,"end":4391.93},{"text":"language","start":4391.93,"end":4392.41},{"text":"has","start":4392.41,"end":4392.61},{"text":"a","start":4392.61,"end":4392.65},{"text":"history","start":4392.65,"end":4393.33},{"text":"within","start":4393.33,"end":4393.69},{"text":"our","start":4393.69,"end":4393.93},{"text":"common","start":4393.93,"end":4394.49},{"text":"work","start":4394.73,"end":4395.13},{"text":"and","start":4395.81,"end":4395.97},{"text":"already","start":4395.97,"end":4396.29},{"text":"seeks","start":4396.29,"end":4396.61},{"text":"to","start":4396.61,"end":4396.77},{"text":"compromise.","start":4396.77,"end":4397.65}]},{"text":"In general, the logic for us is we would think that this is the case for almost all delegations.","start":4398.29,"end":4408.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4398.29,"end":4398.45},{"text":"general,","start":4398.45,"end":4399.01},{"text":"the","start":4399.49,"end":4399.65},{"text":"logic","start":4399.65,"end":4400.05},{"text":"for","start":4400.05,"end":4400.29},{"text":"us","start":4400.29,"end":4400.53},{"text":"is","start":4400.53,"end":4400.93},{"text":"we","start":4403.41,"end":4403.65},{"text":"would","start":4403.65,"end":4403.89},{"text":"think","start":4403.89,"end":4404.25},{"text":"that","start":4404.25,"end":4404.45},{"text":"this","start":4404.45,"end":4404.85},{"text":"is","start":4404.85,"end":4405.97},{"text":"the","start":4405.97,"end":4406.05},{"text":"case","start":4406.05,"end":4406.45},{"text":"for","start":4406.45,"end":4406.77},{"text":"almost","start":4407.09,"end":4407.49},{"text":"all","start":4407.49,"end":4407.65},{"text":"delegations.","start":4407.65,"end":4408.53}]},{"text":"First...","start":4410.13,"end":4410.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"First...","start":4410.13,"end":4410.77}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":4421.77,"end":4422.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4421.77,"end":4421.97},{"text":"you.","start":4421.97,"end":4422.09}]},{"text":"Sorry for that.","start":4422.93,"end":4423.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sorry","start":4422.93,"end":4423.41},{"text":"for","start":4423.41,"end":4423.65},{"text":"that.","start":4423.65,"end":4423.89}]},{"text":"First, IHL applies fully in the use of laws.","start":4423.89,"end":4428.57,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":4423.89,"end":4424.37},{"text":"IHL","start":4424.37,"end":4424.85},{"text":"applies","start":4424.85,"end":4425.49},{"text":"fully","start":4425.49,"end":4426.05},{"text":"in","start":4426.69,"end":4426.93},{"text":"the","start":4427.49,"end":4427.61},{"text":"use","start":4427.65,"end":4428.05},{"text":"of","start":4428.05,"end":4428.21},{"text":"laws.","start":4428.21,"end":4428.57}]},{"text":"Second, therefore distinction, proportionality, and precaution in attack are given requirements.","start":4428.57,"end":4436.97,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":4428.57,"end":4429.49},{"text":"therefore","start":4429.81,"end":4430.33},{"text":"distinction,","start":4430.33,"end":4431.09},{"text":"proportionality,","start":4431.09,"end":4432.21},{"text":"and","start":4432.45,"end":4432.65},{"text":"precaution","start":4432.65,"end":4433.41},{"text":"in","start":4433.41,"end":4433.61},{"text":"attack","start":4434.13,"end":4434.53},{"text":"are","start":4435.37,"end":4435.49},{"text":"given","start":4435.49,"end":4435.81},{"text":"requirements.","start":4435.81,"end":4436.97}]},{"text":"Third, these requirements demand human judgment at some point in the operation and also human accountability.","start":4436.97,"end":4443.81,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":4436.97,"end":4437.33},{"text":"these","start":4437.33,"end":4437.65},{"text":"requirements","start":4437.65,"end":4438.29},{"text":"demand","start":4438.29,"end":4438.77},{"text":"human","start":4438.77,"end":4439.05},{"text":"judgment","start":4439.05,"end":4439.65},{"text":"at","start":4439.65,"end":4439.73},{"text":"some","start":4439.73,"end":4439.97},{"text":"point","start":4439.97,"end":4440.53},{"text":"in","start":4440.85,"end":4441.09},{"text":"the","start":4441.13,"end":4441.21},{"text":"operation","start":4441.21,"end":4441.97},{"text":"and","start":4442.05,"end":4442.21},{"text":"also","start":4442.21,"end":4442.53},{"text":"human","start":4442.53,"end":4442.85},{"text":"accountability.","start":4442.85,"end":4443.81}]},{"text":"Therefore, some level of human control is absolutely required.","start":4444.61,"end":4448.05,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":4444.61,"end":4445.25},{"text":"some","start":4445.25,"end":4445.49},{"text":"level","start":4445.49,"end":4445.81},{"text":"of","start":4445.81,"end":4445.89},{"text":"human","start":4445.89,"end":4446.21},{"text":"control","start":4446.21,"end":4446.61},{"text":"is","start":4446.61,"end":4446.77},{"text":"absolutely","start":4446.77,"end":4447.33},{"text":"required.","start":4447.33,"end":4448.05}]},{"text":"The difference between human judgment and control has been very well articulated by my colleague from Pakistan yesterday, and we view it in a similar way.","start":4449.21,"end":4457.61,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4449.21,"end":4449.25},{"text":"difference","start":4449.25,"end":4449.69},{"text":"between","start":4449.69,"end":4450.01},{"text":"human","start":4450.01,"end":4450.33},{"text":"judgment","start":4450.33,"end":4450.77},{"text":"and","start":4450.77,"end":4450.89},{"text":"control","start":4450.89,"end":4451.29},{"text":"has","start":4451.29,"end":4451.45},{"text":"been","start":4451.45,"end":4451.61},{"text":"very","start":4451.61,"end":4451.93},{"text":"well","start":4451.93,"end":4452.13},{"text":"articulated","start":4452.17,"end":4452.81},{"text":"by","start":4452.81,"end":4453.05},{"text":"my","start":4453.05,"end":4453.37},{"text":"colleague","start":4453.37,"end":4453.65},{"text":"from","start":4453.65,"end":4453.85},{"text":"Pakistan","start":4453.85,"end":4454.41},{"text":"yesterday,","start":4454.41,"end":4455.21},{"text":"and","start":4455.53,"end":4455.69},{"text":"we","start":4455.69,"end":4455.93},{"text":"view","start":4455.93,"end":4456.25},{"text":"it","start":4456.25,"end":4456.57},{"text":"in","start":4456.57,"end":4456.77},{"text":"a","start":4456.77,"end":4456.81},{"text":"similar","start":4456.81,"end":4457.21},{"text":"way.","start":4457.21,"end":4457.61}]},{"text":"That's why we don't think there is a redundancy.","start":4458.01,"end":4460.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That's","start":4458.01,"end":4458.33},{"text":"why","start":4458.33,"end":4458.49},{"text":"we","start":4458.49,"end":4458.65},{"text":"don't","start":4458.65,"end":4458.93},{"text":"think","start":4458.93,"end":4459.29},{"text":"there","start":4459.45,"end":4459.73},{"text":"is","start":4459.73,"end":4459.85},{"text":"a","start":4459.85,"end":4459.93},{"text":"redundancy.","start":4459.93,"end":4460.73}]},{"text":"On the notion of replacing human control or human judgment and control with measures of control or judgment, we would be skeptical.","start":4462.29,"end":4472.41,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":4462.29,"end":4462.41},{"text":"the","start":4462.41,"end":4462.49},{"text":"notion","start":4462.49,"end":4462.89},{"text":"of","start":4462.89,"end":4462.97},{"text":"replacing","start":4462.97,"end":4463.57},{"text":"human","start":4463.57,"end":4463.85},{"text":"control","start":4463.85,"end":4464.49},{"text":"or","start":4464.49,"end":4464.97},{"text":"human","start":4465.37,"end":4465.85},{"text":"judgment","start":4466.01,"end":4466.53},{"text":"and","start":4466.53,"end":4466.65},{"text":"control","start":4466.65,"end":4467.13},{"text":"with","start":4467.13,"end":4467.33},{"text":"measures","start":4467.45,"end":4468.65},{"text":"of","start":4468.65,"end":4468.81},{"text":"control","start":4468.81,"end":4469.61},{"text":"or","start":4469.61,"end":4469.73},{"text":"judgment,","start":4469.73,"end":4470.41},{"text":"we","start":4471.05,"end":4471.29},{"text":"would","start":4471.29,"end":4471.45},{"text":"be","start":4471.45,"end":4471.61},{"text":"skeptical.","start":4471.61,"end":4472.41}]},{"text":"A measure of human control, in our view, would be exercising human control, and then why not call it human control?","start":4473.13,"end":4481.65,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":4473.13,"end":4473.17},{"text":"measure","start":4473.17,"end":4473.61},{"text":"of","start":4473.61,"end":4473.85},{"text":"human","start":4473.85,"end":4474.17},{"text":"control,","start":4474.17,"end":4474.89},{"text":"in","start":4474.89,"end":4475.05},{"text":"our","start":4475.05,"end":4475.21},{"text":"view,","start":4475.21,"end":4475.61},{"text":"would","start":4475.61,"end":4475.85},{"text":"be","start":4475.85,"end":4476.17},{"text":"exercising","start":4476.17,"end":4476.97},{"text":"human","start":4476.97,"end":4477.21},{"text":"control,","start":4477.21,"end":4477.85},{"text":"and","start":4477.85,"end":4477.97},{"text":"then","start":4477.97,"end":4478.33},{"text":"why","start":4479.01,"end":4479.33},{"text":"not","start":4479.49,"end":4480.29},{"text":"call","start":4480.29,"end":4480.53},{"text":"it","start":4480.53,"end":4480.69},{"text":"human","start":4480.69,"end":4481.01},{"text":"control?","start":4481.01,"end":4481.65}]},{"text":"Again, in our view, human control doesn't mean that direct control is always necessary, but at some point, a human needs to apply judgment and control to the system's operations by programming, ordering operational parameters, or in other meaningful ways.","start":4482.61,"end":4502.61,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Again,","start":4482.61,"end":4483.09},{"text":"in","start":4483.09,"end":4483.17},{"text":"our","start":4483.17,"end":4483.33},{"text":"view,","start":4483.33,"end":4483.73},{"text":"human","start":4483.73,"end":4484.05},{"text":"control","start":4484.05,"end":4484.61},{"text":"doesn't","start":4484.61,"end":4485.13},{"text":"mean","start":4485.13,"end":4485.25},{"text":"that","start":4485.25,"end":4485.73},{"text":"direct","start":4485.97,"end":4486.29},{"text":"control","start":4486.29,"end":4486.85},{"text":"is","start":4486.85,"end":4487.01},{"text":"always","start":4487.01,"end":4487.41},{"text":"necessary,","start":4487.41,"end":4488.21},{"text":"but","start":4488.85,"end":4489.01},{"text":"at","start":4489.01,"end":4489.09},{"text":"some","start":4489.09,"end":4489.41},{"text":"point,","start":4489.41,"end":4489.97},{"text":"a","start":4490.61,"end":4490.65},{"text":"human","start":4490.65,"end":4491.09},{"text":"needs","start":4491.09,"end":4491.25},{"text":"to","start":4491.25,"end":4491.41},{"text":"apply","start":4491.41,"end":4491.81},{"text":"judgment","start":4491.81,"end":4492.45},{"text":"and","start":4492.45,"end":4492.69},{"text":"control","start":4492.69,"end":4493.41},{"text":"to","start":4494.21,"end":4494.37},{"text":"the","start":4494.37,"end":4494.49},{"text":"system's","start":4494.49,"end":4495.41},{"text":"operations","start":4495.81,"end":4497.41},{"text":"by","start":4497.81,"end":4497.97},{"text":"programming,","start":4497.97,"end":4498.77},{"text":"ordering","start":4498.93,"end":4499.49},{"text":"operational","start":4499.49,"end":4500.09},{"text":"parameters,","start":4500.09,"end":4500.93},{"text":"or","start":4500.93,"end":4501.21},{"text":"in","start":4501.21,"end":4501.33},{"text":"other","start":4501.33,"end":4501.57},{"text":"meaningful","start":4501.57,"end":4502.05},{"text":"ways.","start":4502.05,"end":4502.61}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":4503.25,"end":4504.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4503.25,"end":4503.49},{"text":"you,","start":4503.49,"end":4503.61},{"text":"Mr.","start":4503.61,"end":4503.89},{"text":"Chair.","start":4503.89,"end":4504.29}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"DEU","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Germany"}},{"statement_number":51,"start":4506.77,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:15:07","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Germany.","start":4506.77,"end":4509.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":4506.77,"end":4507.01},{"text":"me","start":4507.01,"end":4507.25},{"text":"thank","start":4507.25,"end":4507.61},{"text":"the","start":4507.61,"end":4507.69},{"text":"distinguished","start":4507.69,"end":4508.29},{"text":"representative","start":4508.29,"end":4509.09},{"text":"of","start":4509.09,"end":4509.17},{"text":"Germany.","start":4509.17,"end":4509.89}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Belgium, to be followed by Austria and Norway.","start":4509.89,"end":4513.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4509.89,"end":4510.69},{"text":"on","start":4510.69,"end":4510.77},{"text":"my","start":4510.77,"end":4511.09},{"text":"list","start":4511.09,"end":4511.45},{"text":"is","start":4511.45,"end":4511.73},{"text":"Belgium,","start":4511.73,"end":4512.29},{"text":"to","start":4512.29,"end":4512.37},{"text":"be","start":4512.37,"end":4512.53},{"text":"followed","start":4512.53,"end":4512.81},{"text":"by","start":4512.81,"end":4512.89},{"text":"Austria","start":4512.89,"end":4513.21},{"text":"and","start":4513.21,"end":4513.37},{"text":"Norway.","start":4513.37,"end":4513.81}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Belgium.","start":4513.97,"end":4517.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":4513.97,"end":4514.09},{"text":"let","start":4514.09,"end":4514.21},{"text":"me","start":4514.21,"end":4514.37},{"text":"first","start":4514.37,"end":4514.61},{"text":"pass","start":4514.61,"end":4514.93},{"text":"the","start":4514.93,"end":4515.01},{"text":"floor","start":4515.01,"end":4515.33},{"text":"to","start":4515.33,"end":4515.45},{"text":"the","start":4515.45,"end":4515.53},{"text":"distinguished","start":4515.53,"end":4516.09},{"text":"representative","start":4516.09,"end":4516.69},{"text":"of","start":4516.73,"end":4516.85},{"text":"Belgium.","start":4516.85,"end":4517.33}]},{"text":"Sir, you have the floor.","start":4517.33,"end":4518.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sir,","start":4517.33,"end":4517.49},{"text":"you","start":4517.49,"end":4517.57},{"text":"have","start":4517.57,"end":4517.69},{"text":"the","start":4517.73,"end":4517.81},{"text":"floor.","start":4517.81,"end":4518.13}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":52,"start":4520.77,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:15:21","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr. Chairperson, in Belgium's view, box 2 is in very good shape.","start":4520.77,"end":4525.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":4520.77,"end":4521.09},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":4521.09,"end":4521.81},{"text":"in","start":4522.53,"end":4522.69},{"text":"Belgium's","start":4522.69,"end":4523.25},{"text":"view,","start":4523.25,"end":4523.57},{"text":"box","start":4523.97,"end":4524.29},{"text":"2","start":4524.29,"end":4524.53},{"text":"is","start":4524.53,"end":4524.73},{"text":"in","start":4524.73,"end":4524.85},{"text":"very","start":4524.85,"end":4525.05},{"text":"good","start":4525.05,"end":4525.25},{"text":"shape.","start":4525.25,"end":4525.57}]},{"text":"In our view, the provisions in this section are mature and contain the elements we are looking for.","start":4526.61,"end":4532.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4526.61,"end":4526.77},{"text":"our","start":4526.77,"end":4526.93},{"text":"view,","start":4526.93,"end":4527.25},{"text":"the","start":4527.41,"end":4527.57},{"text":"provisions","start":4527.57,"end":4528.13},{"text":"in","start":4528.13,"end":4528.33},{"text":"this","start":4528.33,"end":4528.57},{"text":"section","start":4528.57,"end":4529.09},{"text":"are","start":4529.09,"end":4529.17},{"text":"mature","start":4529.17,"end":4529.81},{"text":"and","start":4530.33,"end":4530.45},{"text":"contain","start":4530.45,"end":4530.85},{"text":"the","start":4530.85,"end":4530.97},{"text":"elements","start":4530.97,"end":4531.49},{"text":"we","start":4531.49,"end":4531.65},{"text":"are","start":4531.65,"end":4531.81},{"text":"looking","start":4531.81,"end":4532.13},{"text":"for.","start":4532.13,"end":4532.45}]},{"text":"Belgium believes that meaningful human control must be maintained over critical functions of any weapon system, including autonomous weapon systems.","start":4534.01,"end":4543.45,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Belgium","start":4534.01,"end":4534.41},{"text":"believes","start":4534.41,"end":4534.81},{"text":"that","start":4534.81,"end":4534.97},{"text":"meaningful","start":4534.97,"end":4535.53},{"text":"human","start":4535.53,"end":4535.93},{"text":"control","start":4535.93,"end":4536.57},{"text":"must","start":4537.05,"end":4537.29},{"text":"be","start":4537.29,"end":4537.45},{"text":"maintained","start":4537.45,"end":4538.01},{"text":"over","start":4538.01,"end":4538.25},{"text":"critical","start":4538.25,"end":4538.65},{"text":"functions","start":4538.65,"end":4539.29},{"text":"of","start":4539.45,"end":4539.61},{"text":"any","start":4539.61,"end":4539.85},{"text":"weapon","start":4539.85,"end":4540.25},{"text":"system,","start":4540.25,"end":4540.73},{"text":"including","start":4541.53,"end":4542.09},{"text":"autonomous","start":4542.09,"end":4542.57},{"text":"weapon","start":4542.57,"end":4542.89},{"text":"systems.","start":4542.89,"end":4543.45}]},{"text":"Belgium considers this notion of what some have called the human element as crucial for ensuring compliance with IHL, and therefore, in this stage, as merit to stay in box 2, as voiced by our Swiss and New Zealand colleagues.","start":4544.33,"end":4559.37,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Belgium","start":4544.33,"end":4544.73},{"text":"considers","start":4544.73,"end":4545.29},{"text":"this","start":4545.29,"end":4545.53},{"text":"notion","start":4545.53,"end":4546.09},{"text":"of","start":4546.33,"end":4546.49},{"text":"what","start":4546.49,"end":4546.73},{"text":"some","start":4546.73,"end":4546.89},{"text":"have","start":4546.89,"end":4547.05},{"text":"called","start":4547.05,"end":4547.45},{"text":"the","start":4547.53,"end":4547.65},{"text":"human","start":4547.65,"end":4548.01},{"text":"element","start":4548.01,"end":4548.57},{"text":"as","start":4548.97,"end":4549.21},{"text":"crucial","start":4549.21,"end":4549.69},{"text":"for","start":4549.69,"end":4549.93},{"text":"ensuring","start":4549.93,"end":4550.33},{"text":"compliance","start":4550.33,"end":4550.81},{"text":"with","start":4550.81,"end":4550.97},{"text":"IHL,","start":4550.97,"end":4551.69},{"text":"and","start":4552.25,"end":4552.65},{"text":"therefore,","start":4552.73,"end":4553.37},{"text":"in","start":4553.53,"end":4553.69},{"text":"this","start":4553.69,"end":4553.89},{"text":"stage,","start":4553.89,"end":4554.33},{"text":"as","start":4554.49,"end":4554.65},{"text":"merit","start":4554.65,"end":4555.13},{"text":"to","start":4555.13,"end":4555.21},{"text":"stay","start":4555.21,"end":4555.61},{"text":"in","start":4555.61,"end":4555.77},{"text":"box","start":4555.77,"end":4556.09},{"text":"2,","start":4556.09,"end":4556.33},{"text":"as","start":4556.97,"end":4557.21},{"text":"voiced","start":4557.21,"end":4557.53},{"text":"by","start":4557.53,"end":4557.69},{"text":"our","start":4557.69,"end":4557.85},{"text":"Swiss","start":4557.85,"end":4558.25},{"text":"and","start":4558.25,"end":4558.37},{"text":"New","start":4558.37,"end":4558.49},{"text":"Zealand","start":4558.49,"end":4558.81},{"text":"colleagues.","start":4558.81,"end":4559.37}]},{"text":"This notion is closely linked to the legal, ethical and moral considerations at play.","start":4561.13,"end":4566.45,"topics":[{"key":"martens-clause-ethics","label":"Martens Clause and Ethical Considerations","description":"Multiple delegations emphasized the importance of the Martens Clause and broader ethical concerns in addressing autonomous weapons. They linked the issue to humanity, public conscience, and the need to preserve human moral judgment in the use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4561.13,"end":4561.25},{"text":"notion","start":4561.25,"end":4561.81},{"text":"is","start":4562.05,"end":4562.21},{"text":"closely","start":4562.21,"end":4562.61},{"text":"linked","start":4562.61,"end":4563.05},{"text":"to","start":4563.05,"end":4563.13},{"text":"the","start":4563.13,"end":4563.25},{"text":"legal,","start":4563.25,"end":4563.73},{"text":"ethical","start":4563.81,"end":4564.45},{"text":"and","start":4564.45,"end":4564.61},{"text":"moral","start":4564.61,"end":4565.01},{"text":"considerations","start":4565.01,"end":4565.89},{"text":"at","start":4565.89,"end":4566.05},{"text":"play.","start":4566.05,"end":4566.45}]},{"text":"The obligations, requirements and checks implied by this notion must apply throughout the entire life cycle of a weapon system, as further reflected and elaborated under box 3 and 4.","start":4567.17,"end":4579.81,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4567.17,"end":4567.33},{"text":"obligations,","start":4567.33,"end":4568.21},{"text":"requirements","start":4568.37,"end":4569.17},{"text":"and","start":4569.49,"end":4569.65},{"text":"checks","start":4569.65,"end":4570.05},{"text":"implied","start":4570.13,"end":4570.57},{"text":"by","start":4570.57,"end":4570.69},{"text":"this","start":4570.69,"end":4570.93},{"text":"notion","start":4570.93,"end":4571.49},{"text":"must","start":4571.77,"end":4572.05},{"text":"apply","start":4572.05,"end":4572.37},{"text":"throughout","start":4572.37,"end":4572.85},{"text":"the","start":4573.01,"end":4573.13},{"text":"entire","start":4573.13,"end":4573.57},{"text":"life","start":4573.57,"end":4573.73},{"text":"cycle","start":4573.73,"end":4574.21},{"text":"of","start":4574.21,"end":4574.37},{"text":"a","start":4574.37,"end":4574.41},{"text":"weapon","start":4574.41,"end":4574.73},{"text":"system,","start":4574.73,"end":4575.25},{"text":"as","start":4575.89,"end":4576.05},{"text":"further","start":4576.05,"end":4576.61},{"text":"reflected","start":4576.61,"end":4577.17},{"text":"and","start":4577.25,"end":4577.45},{"text":"elaborated","start":4577.45,"end":4578.21},{"text":"under","start":4578.25,"end":4578.45},{"text":"box","start":4578.45,"end":4578.85},{"text":"3","start":4578.93,"end":4579.25},{"text":"and","start":4579.25,"end":4579.49},{"text":"4.","start":4579.49,"end":4579.81}]},{"text":"In order to be meaningful, the level and degree of human control to be applied to the laws is indeed context-dependent.","start":4581.57,"end":4589.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4581.57,"end":4581.81},{"text":"order","start":4581.81,"end":4582.13},{"text":"to","start":4582.13,"end":4582.33},{"text":"be","start":4582.33,"end":4582.45},{"text":"meaningful,","start":4582.45,"end":4583.17},{"text":"the","start":4583.73,"end":4583.89},{"text":"level","start":4583.89,"end":4584.29},{"text":"and","start":4584.29,"end":4584.49},{"text":"degree","start":4584.49,"end":4584.89},{"text":"of","start":4584.89,"end":4584.97},{"text":"human","start":4584.97,"end":4585.33},{"text":"control","start":4585.33,"end":4585.81},{"text":"to","start":4585.81,"end":4585.89},{"text":"be","start":4585.89,"end":4586.05},{"text":"applied","start":4586.05,"end":4586.53},{"text":"to","start":4586.77,"end":4586.93},{"text":"the","start":4586.93,"end":4587.01},{"text":"laws","start":4587.01,"end":4587.57},{"text":"is","start":4587.73,"end":4587.97},{"text":"indeed","start":4588.05,"end":4588.53},{"text":"context-dependent.","start":4588.69,"end":4589.97}]},{"text":"mainly in function of the weapon's characteristics, the mission parameters and the operational environment.","start":4590.69,"end":4596.29,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"mainly","start":4590.69,"end":4591.09},{"text":"in","start":4591.09,"end":4591.17},{"text":"function","start":4591.17,"end":4591.73},{"text":"of","start":4591.77,"end":4591.89},{"text":"the","start":4591.89,"end":4591.97},{"text":"weapon's","start":4591.97,"end":4592.41},{"text":"characteristics,","start":4592.41,"end":4593.33},{"text":"the","start":4593.49,"end":4593.61},{"text":"mission","start":4593.61,"end":4593.93},{"text":"parameters","start":4593.93,"end":4594.69},{"text":"and","start":4594.69,"end":4594.97},{"text":"the","start":4594.97,"end":4595.05},{"text":"operational","start":4595.05,"end":4595.65},{"text":"environment.","start":4595.65,"end":4596.29}]},{"text":"In this sense, the adding of the notion of context appropriate before the element of control provides added value in our view.","start":4597.41,"end":4605.89,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4597.41,"end":4597.57},{"text":"this","start":4597.57,"end":4597.81},{"text":"sense,","start":4597.81,"end":4598.21},{"text":"the","start":4599.01,"end":4599.13},{"text":"adding","start":4599.17,"end":4599.57},{"text":"of","start":4599.69,"end":4599.81},{"text":"the","start":4599.81,"end":4599.89},{"text":"notion","start":4599.89,"end":4600.33},{"text":"of","start":4600.33,"end":4600.45},{"text":"context","start":4600.45,"end":4600.97},{"text":"appropriate","start":4600.97,"end":4601.73},{"text":"before","start":4601.81,"end":4602.13},{"text":"the","start":4602.13,"end":4602.25},{"text":"element","start":4602.25,"end":4602.65},{"text":"of","start":4602.65,"end":4602.81},{"text":"control","start":4602.81,"end":4603.41},{"text":"provides","start":4603.73,"end":4604.37},{"text":"added","start":4604.37,"end":4604.73},{"text":"value","start":4604.73,"end":4605.17},{"text":"in","start":4605.17,"end":4605.41},{"text":"our","start":4605.41,"end":4605.57},{"text":"view.","start":4605.57,"end":4605.89}]},{"text":"Having said that, and recognizing that some delegations have expressed concern regarding the term meaningful, we believe that the wording you have put forward in the rolling text context-appropriate human judgment and control, is a good landing zone for compromise.","start":4607.89,"end":4624.13,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Having","start":4607.89,"end":4608.21},{"text":"said","start":4608.21,"end":4608.41},{"text":"that,","start":4608.41,"end":4608.77},{"text":"and","start":4609.01,"end":4609.21},{"text":"recognizing","start":4609.21,"end":4609.81},{"text":"that","start":4609.81,"end":4609.97},{"text":"some","start":4609.97,"end":4610.13},{"text":"delegations","start":4610.13,"end":4611.17},{"text":"have","start":4611.25,"end":4611.45},{"text":"expressed","start":4611.45,"end":4612.13},{"text":"concern","start":4612.17,"end":4612.69},{"text":"regarding","start":4612.69,"end":4613.25},{"text":"the","start":4613.25,"end":4613.33},{"text":"term","start":4613.33,"end":4613.61},{"text":"meaningful,","start":4613.61,"end":4614.29},{"text":"we","start":4614.77,"end":4614.85},{"text":"believe","start":4614.85,"end":4615.25},{"text":"that","start":4615.25,"end":4615.45},{"text":"the","start":4615.45,"end":4615.53},{"text":"wording","start":4615.53,"end":4615.89},{"text":"you","start":4615.89,"end":4615.97},{"text":"have","start":4615.97,"end":4616.13},{"text":"put","start":4616.13,"end":4616.37},{"text":"forward","start":4616.37,"end":4616.77},{"text":"in","start":4616.77,"end":4616.93},{"text":"the","start":4616.93,"end":4617.01},{"text":"rolling","start":4617.01,"end":4617.37},{"text":"text","start":4617.37,"end":4617.81},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":4618.29,"end":4619.33},{"text":"human","start":4619.53,"end":4619.85},{"text":"judgment","start":4619.85,"end":4620.21},{"text":"and","start":4620.21,"end":4620.33},{"text":"control,","start":4620.33,"end":4620.85},{"text":"is","start":4621.65,"end":4621.97},{"text":"a","start":4622.05,"end":4622.09},{"text":"good","start":4622.09,"end":4622.25},{"text":"landing","start":4622.25,"end":4622.69},{"text":"zone","start":4622.69,"end":4623.01},{"text":"for","start":4623.09,"end":4623.41},{"text":"compromise.","start":4623.41,"end":4624.13}]},{"text":"We also commend the authors of Working Paper 4 for their efforts to build further convergence in this regard.","start":4625.33,"end":4631.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4625.33,"end":4625.49},{"text":"also","start":4625.49,"end":4625.73},{"text":"commend","start":4625.73,"end":4626.13},{"text":"the","start":4626.13,"end":4626.33},{"text":"authors","start":4626.33,"end":4626.81},{"text":"of","start":4626.81,"end":4626.93},{"text":"Working","start":4626.93,"end":4627.33},{"text":"Paper","start":4627.33,"end":4627.65},{"text":"4","start":4627.65,"end":4628.05},{"text":"for","start":4628.05,"end":4628.21},{"text":"their","start":4628.21,"end":4628.37},{"text":"efforts","start":4628.37,"end":4628.85},{"text":"to","start":4628.85,"end":4628.97},{"text":"build","start":4628.97,"end":4629.25},{"text":"further","start":4629.25,"end":4629.65},{"text":"convergence","start":4629.65,"end":4630.37},{"text":"in","start":4630.37,"end":4630.53},{"text":"this","start":4630.53,"end":4630.77},{"text":"regard.","start":4630.77,"end":4631.25}]},{"text":"Belgium supports the present reference to international law at large in paragraph 5, including international humanitarian law, but also international human rights law and international criminal law.","start":4632.85,"end":4645.85,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Belgium","start":4632.85,"end":4633.33},{"text":"supports","start":4633.33,"end":4633.89},{"text":"the","start":4633.89,"end":4633.97},{"text":"present","start":4633.97,"end":4634.37},{"text":"reference","start":4634.37,"end":4634.93},{"text":"to","start":4634.93,"end":4635.01},{"text":"international","start":4635.01,"end":4635.69},{"text":"law","start":4635.69,"end":4635.89},{"text":"at","start":4635.89,"end":4636.05},{"text":"large","start":4636.05,"end":4636.53},{"text":"in","start":4636.53,"end":4636.69},{"text":"paragraph","start":4636.69,"end":4637.41},{"text":"5,","start":4637.49,"end":4638.21},{"text":"including","start":4639.09,"end":4639.73},{"text":"international","start":4639.89,"end":4640.57},{"text":"humanitarian","start":4640.57,"end":4641.25},{"text":"law,","start":4641.25,"end":4641.49},{"text":"but","start":4641.81,"end":4642.01},{"text":"also","start":4642.01,"end":4642.45},{"text":"international","start":4642.69,"end":4643.33},{"text":"human","start":4643.33,"end":4643.57},{"text":"rights","start":4643.57,"end":4643.89},{"text":"law","start":4643.89,"end":4644.21},{"text":"and","start":4644.21,"end":4644.57},{"text":"international","start":4644.57,"end":4645.17},{"text":"criminal","start":4645.17,"end":4645.77},{"text":"law.","start":4645.77,"end":4645.85}]},{"text":"In order to better capture the idea that context-appropriate human judgement and control applies throughout the entire life cycle of laws, including their development, it could be considered to remove the words \"the use and effects of\" in paragraph 5.","start":4647.89,"end":4664.77,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4647.89,"end":4648.05},{"text":"order","start":4648.05,"end":4648.37},{"text":"to","start":4648.37,"end":4648.49},{"text":"better","start":4648.49,"end":4648.85},{"text":"capture","start":4648.85,"end":4649.41},{"text":"the","start":4649.41,"end":4649.53},{"text":"idea","start":4649.57,"end":4649.97},{"text":"that","start":4649.97,"end":4650.13},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":4650.13,"end":4651.21},{"text":"human","start":4651.21,"end":4651.49},{"text":"judgement","start":4651.49,"end":4651.97},{"text":"and","start":4651.97,"end":4652.09},{"text":"control","start":4652.09,"end":4652.61},{"text":"applies","start":4652.85,"end":4653.33},{"text":"throughout","start":4653.33,"end":4653.73},{"text":"the","start":4653.73,"end":4653.85},{"text":"entire","start":4653.85,"end":4654.29},{"text":"life","start":4654.29,"end":4654.53},{"text":"cycle","start":4654.53,"end":4655.01},{"text":"of","start":4655.01,"end":4655.17},{"text":"laws,","start":4655.17,"end":4655.73},{"text":"including","start":4655.89,"end":4656.45},{"text":"their","start":4656.45,"end":4656.69},{"text":"development,","start":4656.69,"end":4657.33},{"text":"it","start":4657.97,"end":4658.13},{"text":"could","start":4658.13,"end":4658.33},{"text":"be","start":4658.33,"end":4658.53},{"text":"considered","start":4658.53,"end":4659.13},{"text":"to","start":4659.13,"end":4659.33},{"text":"remove","start":4659.33,"end":4659.81},{"text":"the","start":4659.81,"end":4659.97},{"text":"words","start":4659.97,"end":4660.45},{"text":"\"the","start":4660.69,"end":4660.85},{"text":"use","start":4660.85,"end":4661.33},{"text":"and","start":4661.33,"end":4661.57},{"text":"effects","start":4661.57,"end":4662.13},{"text":"of\"","start":4662.13,"end":4662.53},{"text":"in","start":4662.53,"end":4662.77},{"text":"paragraph","start":4662.77,"end":4664.13},{"text":"5.","start":4664.21,"end":4664.77}]},{"text":"This way, the development phase is not implicitly excluded.","start":4665.65,"end":4670.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4665.65,"end":4665.89},{"text":"way,","start":4665.89,"end":4666.21},{"text":"the","start":4666.29,"end":4666.45},{"text":"development","start":4666.45,"end":4667.09},{"text":"phase","start":4667.09,"end":4667.65},{"text":"is","start":4667.65,"end":4667.89},{"text":"not","start":4667.89,"end":4668.13},{"text":"implicitly","start":4668.45,"end":4669.25},{"text":"excluded.","start":4669.33,"end":4670.05}]},{"text":"I thank you, Chair.","start":4670.69,"end":4671.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4670.69,"end":4670.77},{"text":"thank","start":4670.77,"end":4670.97},{"text":"you,","start":4670.97,"end":4671.05},{"text":"Chair.","start":4671.05,"end":4671.33}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"BEL","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Belgium"}},{"statement_number":53,"start":4680.73,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:18:01","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Belgium.","start":4680.73,"end":4683.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4680.73,"end":4680.97},{"text":"thank","start":4680.97,"end":4681.33},{"text":"the","start":4681.33,"end":4681.41},{"text":"distinguished","start":4681.41,"end":4681.97},{"text":"representative","start":4681.97,"end":4682.57},{"text":"of","start":4682.57,"end":4682.73},{"text":"Belgium.","start":4682.73,"end":4683.37}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Austria, to be followed by Norway, Portugal and Luxembourg.","start":4683.37,"end":4688.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4683.37,"end":4683.77},{"text":"on","start":4683.77,"end":4683.85},{"text":"my","start":4683.85,"end":4684.01},{"text":"list","start":4684.01,"end":4684.41},{"text":"is","start":4684.41,"end":4684.81},{"text":"Austria,","start":4684.81,"end":4685.37},{"text":"to","start":4685.37,"end":4685.53},{"text":"be","start":4685.53,"end":4685.69},{"text":"followed","start":4685.69,"end":4685.93},{"text":"by","start":4685.93,"end":4686.09},{"text":"Norway,","start":4686.09,"end":4686.73},{"text":"Portugal","start":4686.89,"end":4687.53},{"text":"and","start":4687.77,"end":4687.97},{"text":"Luxembourg.","start":4687.97,"end":4688.65}]},{"text":"Let me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Austria.","start":4689.25,"end":4692.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":4689.25,"end":4689.37},{"text":"me","start":4689.37,"end":4689.49},{"text":"now","start":4689.49,"end":4689.61},{"text":"pass","start":4689.61,"end":4689.93},{"text":"the","start":4689.93,"end":4690.01},{"text":"floor","start":4690.01,"end":4690.25},{"text":"to","start":4690.25,"end":4690.33},{"text":"the","start":4690.33,"end":4690.41},{"text":"distinguished","start":4690.41,"end":4690.97},{"text":"representative","start":4691.17,"end":4691.93},{"text":"of","start":4691.93,"end":4692.01},{"text":"Austria.","start":4692.01,"end":4692.45}]},{"text":"So you have the floor.","start":4692.45,"end":4693.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4692.45,"end":4692.65},{"text":"you","start":4692.65,"end":4692.73},{"text":"have","start":4692.73,"end":4692.85},{"text":"the","start":4692.85,"end":4692.93},{"text":"floor.","start":4692.97,"end":4693.17}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":54,"start":4695.21,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:18:16","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, and we are happy to come back, and with your indulgence, we make another statement on box 2 to participate in the interactive discussion and react, but also support several arguments that have been made this morning on this topic.","start":4695.21,"end":4709.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4695.21,"end":4695.33},{"text":"you","start":4695.33,"end":4695.41},{"text":"very","start":4695.41,"end":4695.57},{"text":"much,","start":4695.57,"end":4695.85},{"text":"and","start":4695.85,"end":4696.25},{"text":"we","start":4696.25,"end":4696.33},{"text":"are","start":4696.33,"end":4696.45},{"text":"happy","start":4696.45,"end":4696.65},{"text":"to","start":4696.65,"end":4696.77},{"text":"come","start":4696.77,"end":4697.01},{"text":"back,","start":4697.01,"end":4697.33},{"text":"and","start":4697.33,"end":4697.57},{"text":"with","start":4697.57,"end":4697.69},{"text":"your","start":4697.69,"end":4697.81},{"text":"indulgence,","start":4697.81,"end":4698.37},{"text":"we","start":4698.37,"end":4698.45},{"text":"make","start":4698.45,"end":4698.69},{"text":"another","start":4698.69,"end":4699.01},{"text":"statement","start":4699.01,"end":4699.57},{"text":"on","start":4699.57,"end":4699.97},{"text":"box","start":4699.97,"end":4700.37},{"text":"2","start":4700.37,"end":4701.01},{"text":"to","start":4701.09,"end":4701.17},{"text":"participate","start":4701.25,"end":4702.01},{"text":"in","start":4702.01,"end":4702.13},{"text":"the","start":4702.13,"end":4702.21},{"text":"interactive","start":4702.21,"end":4702.81},{"text":"discussion","start":4702.81,"end":4703.37},{"text":"and","start":4703.37,"end":4703.73},{"text":"react,","start":4704.45,"end":4705.01},{"text":"but","start":4705.01,"end":4705.13},{"text":"also","start":4705.13,"end":4705.33},{"text":"support","start":4705.33,"end":4706.05},{"text":"several","start":4706.21,"end":4706.61},{"text":"arguments","start":4706.61,"end":4707.09},{"text":"that","start":4707.09,"end":4707.25},{"text":"have","start":4707.25,"end":4707.41},{"text":"been","start":4707.41,"end":4707.61},{"text":"made","start":4707.61,"end":4708.13},{"text":"this","start":4708.37,"end":4708.61},{"text":"morning","start":4708.61,"end":4709.01},{"text":"on","start":4709.01,"end":4709.17},{"text":"this","start":4709.17,"end":4709.33},{"text":"topic.","start":4709.33,"end":4709.65}]},{"text":"Maybe just first, because before coming to para 5, which is the main focus of the discussion, I think we would also support para 2 as it is currently phrased, because there have been some arguments against the formulation as it stands.","start":4711.01,"end":4726.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Maybe","start":4711.01,"end":4711.41},{"text":"just","start":4711.73,"end":4712.05},{"text":"first,","start":4712.37,"end":4712.77},{"text":"because","start":4712.77,"end":4713.17},{"text":"before","start":4713.33,"end":4713.57},{"text":"coming","start":4713.57,"end":4713.81},{"text":"to","start":4713.81,"end":4713.93},{"text":"para","start":4713.93,"end":4714.21},{"text":"5,","start":4714.21,"end":4714.57},{"text":"which","start":4714.57,"end":4714.85},{"text":"is","start":4714.85,"end":4715.01},{"text":"the","start":4715.01,"end":4715.25},{"text":"main","start":4715.81,"end":4716.29},{"text":"focus","start":4716.61,"end":4717.17},{"text":"of","start":4717.17,"end":4717.33},{"text":"the","start":4717.33,"end":4717.41},{"text":"discussion,","start":4717.41,"end":4718.13},{"text":"I","start":4718.13,"end":4718.21},{"text":"think","start":4718.21,"end":4718.37},{"text":"we","start":4718.37,"end":4718.49},{"text":"would","start":4718.49,"end":4718.61},{"text":"also","start":4718.61,"end":4718.85},{"text":"support","start":4718.85,"end":4719.33},{"text":"para","start":4719.33,"end":4719.65},{"text":"2","start":4719.65,"end":4720.21},{"text":"as","start":4720.21,"end":4720.37},{"text":"it","start":4720.37,"end":4720.45},{"text":"is","start":4720.45,"end":4720.61},{"text":"currently","start":4720.61,"end":4721.09},{"text":"phrased,","start":4721.09,"end":4721.53},{"text":"because","start":4721.53,"end":4721.81},{"text":"there","start":4721.81,"end":4721.97},{"text":"have","start":4721.97,"end":4722.13},{"text":"been","start":4722.13,"end":4722.29},{"text":"some","start":4722.29,"end":4722.61},{"text":"arguments","start":4723.69,"end":4724.25},{"text":"against","start":4724.25,"end":4724.73},{"text":"the","start":4725.05,"end":4725.13},{"text":"formulation","start":4725.13,"end":4725.73},{"text":"as","start":4725.73,"end":4725.85},{"text":"it","start":4725.85,"end":4725.97},{"text":"stands.","start":4725.97,"end":4726.33}]},{"text":"I think especially that para 2 has improved significantly since our last version and is currently fit to be agreed as it stands.","start":4726.97,"end":4736.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4726.97,"end":4727.13},{"text":"think","start":4727.13,"end":4727.29},{"text":"especially","start":4727.29,"end":4727.93},{"text":"that","start":4728.41,"end":4728.81},{"text":"para","start":4728.89,"end":4729.17},{"text":"2","start":4729.17,"end":4729.37},{"text":"has","start":4729.37,"end":4729.53},{"text":"improved","start":4729.53,"end":4729.97},{"text":"significantly","start":4729.97,"end":4730.65},{"text":"since","start":4730.65,"end":4730.89},{"text":"our","start":4730.89,"end":4731.05},{"text":"last","start":4731.05,"end":4731.41},{"text":"version","start":4731.41,"end":4731.77},{"text":"and","start":4731.77,"end":4731.89},{"text":"is","start":4731.89,"end":4732.01},{"text":"currently","start":4732.01,"end":4732.73},{"text":"fit","start":4733.53,"end":4734.01},{"text":"to","start":4734.97,"end":4735.13},{"text":"be","start":4735.13,"end":4735.37},{"text":"agreed","start":4735.37,"end":4735.77},{"text":"as","start":4735.77,"end":4735.93},{"text":"it","start":4735.93,"end":4736.01},{"text":"stands.","start":4736.01,"end":4736.49}]},{"text":"On para 5, first the question of the placement of this para, and to some extent we understand the discussion because delegations don't want to link it with some key principles and very high level acknowledgements that we are taking in the previous paras.","start":4738.17,"end":4754.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":4738.17,"end":4738.33},{"text":"para","start":4738.33,"end":4738.65},{"text":"5,","start":4738.65,"end":4739.21},{"text":"first","start":4739.61,"end":4739.93},{"text":"the","start":4739.93,"end":4740.01},{"text":"question","start":4740.01,"end":4740.41},{"text":"of","start":4740.41,"end":4740.57},{"text":"the","start":4740.57,"end":4740.73},{"text":"placement","start":4741.45,"end":4741.93},{"text":"of","start":4741.93,"end":4742.01},{"text":"this","start":4742.01,"end":4742.25},{"text":"para,","start":4742.25,"end":4742.77},{"text":"and","start":4742.77,"end":4742.89},{"text":"to","start":4742.89,"end":4743.01},{"text":"some","start":4743.01,"end":4743.17},{"text":"extent","start":4743.17,"end":4743.49},{"text":"we","start":4743.49,"end":4743.61},{"text":"understand","start":4743.61,"end":4744.13},{"text":"the","start":4744.13,"end":4744.21},{"text":"discussion","start":4744.21,"end":4744.73},{"text":"because","start":4744.73,"end":4745.21},{"text":"delegations","start":4745.37,"end":4745.93},{"text":"don't","start":4745.93,"end":4746.21},{"text":"want","start":4746.21,"end":4746.45},{"text":"to","start":4746.45,"end":4746.53},{"text":"link","start":4746.53,"end":4746.81},{"text":"it","start":4746.81,"end":4747.17},{"text":"with","start":4747.21,"end":4747.41},{"text":"some","start":4747.41,"end":4747.77},{"text":"key","start":4747.77,"end":4748.01},{"text":"principles","start":4748.01,"end":4748.81},{"text":"and","start":4748.81,"end":4749.61},{"text":"very","start":4749.61,"end":4750.01},{"text":"high","start":4750.65,"end":4750.81},{"text":"level","start":4750.81,"end":4751.41},{"text":"acknowledgements","start":4751.41,"end":4752.25},{"text":"that","start":4752.25,"end":4752.37},{"text":"we","start":4752.37,"end":4752.45},{"text":"are","start":4752.45,"end":4752.57},{"text":"taking","start":4752.57,"end":4752.97},{"text":"in","start":4752.97,"end":4753.09},{"text":"the","start":4753.09,"end":4753.21},{"text":"previous","start":4753.21,"end":4753.61},{"text":"paras.","start":4753.61,"end":4754.09}]},{"text":"At the same time, we and other delegations have expressed our view that this is rather a bridge between this and following texts.","start":4754.57,"end":4760.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":4754.57,"end":4754.73},{"text":"the","start":4754.73,"end":4754.81},{"text":"same","start":4754.81,"end":4755.13},{"text":"time,","start":4755.13,"end":4755.53},{"text":"we","start":4755.53,"end":4755.73},{"text":"and","start":4755.73,"end":4755.85},{"text":"other","start":4755.85,"end":4756.01},{"text":"delegations","start":4756.01,"end":4756.57},{"text":"have","start":4756.57,"end":4756.69},{"text":"expressed","start":4756.69,"end":4757.13},{"text":"our","start":4757.13,"end":4757.21},{"text":"view","start":4757.21,"end":4757.45},{"text":"that","start":4757.45,"end":4757.65},{"text":"this","start":4757.65,"end":4757.81},{"text":"is","start":4757.81,"end":4758.01},{"text":"rather","start":4758.01,"end":4758.33},{"text":"a","start":4758.33,"end":4758.65},{"text":"bridge","start":4758.65,"end":4759.13},{"text":"between","start":4759.13,"end":4759.61},{"text":"this","start":4759.61,"end":4759.85},{"text":"and","start":4759.85,"end":4760.01},{"text":"following","start":4760.01,"end":4760.41},{"text":"texts.","start":4760.41,"end":4760.89}]},{"text":"This will be easily resolved once we get rid of the boxes when we talk about a final text or report or some other outcome document of our work, so we will not have this problem anymore.","start":4761.69,"end":4772.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4761.69,"end":4761.93},{"text":"will","start":4761.93,"end":4762.17},{"text":"be","start":4762.17,"end":4762.37},{"text":"easily","start":4762.37,"end":4762.89},{"text":"resolved","start":4762.89,"end":4763.53},{"text":"once","start":4763.53,"end":4763.77},{"text":"we","start":4763.77,"end":4763.89},{"text":"get","start":4763.89,"end":4764.09},{"text":"rid","start":4764.09,"end":4764.21},{"text":"of","start":4764.21,"end":4764.33},{"text":"the","start":4764.33,"end":4764.49},{"text":"boxes","start":4764.49,"end":4764.89},{"text":"when","start":4764.89,"end":4765.13},{"text":"we","start":4765.13,"end":4765.21},{"text":"talk","start":4765.21,"end":4765.49},{"text":"about","start":4765.49,"end":4765.93},{"text":"a","start":4766.25,"end":4766.33},{"text":"final","start":4766.33,"end":4766.73},{"text":"text","start":4766.73,"end":4767.09},{"text":"or","start":4767.09,"end":4767.25},{"text":"report","start":4767.25,"end":4767.77},{"text":"or","start":4767.77,"end":4768.17},{"text":"some","start":4768.17,"end":4768.73},{"text":"other","start":4768.73,"end":4768.97},{"text":"outcome","start":4768.97,"end":4769.29},{"text":"document","start":4769.29,"end":4769.85},{"text":"of","start":4769.85,"end":4770.01},{"text":"our","start":4770.01,"end":4770.13},{"text":"work,","start":4770.13,"end":4770.65},{"text":"so","start":4770.65,"end":4770.97},{"text":"we","start":4770.97,"end":4771.13},{"text":"will","start":4771.13,"end":4771.25},{"text":"not","start":4771.25,"end":4771.37},{"text":"have","start":4771.37,"end":4771.53},{"text":"this","start":4771.53,"end":4771.69},{"text":"problem","start":4771.69,"end":4772.09},{"text":"anymore.","start":4772.09,"end":4772.49}]},{"text":"So to some extent, it is an artificial problem that we are facing currently.","start":4772.49,"end":4776.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4772.49,"end":4772.65},{"text":"to","start":4772.65,"end":4772.85},{"text":"some","start":4772.85,"end":4773.05},{"text":"extent,","start":4773.05,"end":4773.57},{"text":"it","start":4773.57,"end":4773.69},{"text":"is","start":4773.69,"end":4773.81},{"text":"an","start":4773.81,"end":4773.93},{"text":"artificial","start":4773.93,"end":4774.41},{"text":"problem","start":4774.41,"end":4774.81},{"text":"that","start":4774.81,"end":4774.97},{"text":"we","start":4774.97,"end":4775.05},{"text":"are","start":4775.05,"end":4775.13},{"text":"facing","start":4775.13,"end":4775.53},{"text":"currently.","start":4775.53,"end":4776.01}]},{"text":"to fix it and to not make it a point of discussion anymore.","start":4777.17,"end":4780.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"to","start":4777.17,"end":4777.33},{"text":"fix","start":4777.33,"end":4777.73},{"text":"it","start":4777.73,"end":4777.85},{"text":"and","start":4777.85,"end":4778.09},{"text":"to","start":4778.09,"end":4778.21},{"text":"not","start":4778.37,"end":4778.53},{"text":"make","start":4778.53,"end":4778.77},{"text":"it","start":4778.77,"end":4778.93},{"text":"a","start":4778.93,"end":4778.97},{"text":"point","start":4778.97,"end":4779.21},{"text":"of","start":4779.21,"end":4779.33},{"text":"discussion","start":4779.33,"end":4779.89},{"text":"anymore.","start":4779.89,"end":4780.29}]},{"text":"I think we would also be in favor of, as Ukraine has suggested, give this specific para its own box and just take it out of the discussions under para box 2, under box 2, and also not link it too closely with the discussions under box 3, because I think this also has a different purpose.","start":4780.29,"end":4798.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4780.29,"end":4780.37},{"text":"think","start":4780.37,"end":4780.61},{"text":"we","start":4780.61,"end":4780.69},{"text":"would","start":4780.69,"end":4780.85},{"text":"also","start":4780.85,"end":4781.13},{"text":"be","start":4781.17,"end":4781.41},{"text":"in","start":4781.41,"end":4781.57},{"text":"favor","start":4781.57,"end":4781.89},{"text":"of,","start":4781.93,"end":4782.21},{"text":"as","start":4782.85,"end":4783.01},{"text":"Ukraine","start":4783.01,"end":4783.45},{"text":"has","start":4783.45,"end":4783.57},{"text":"suggested,","start":4783.57,"end":4784.13},{"text":"give","start":4784.13,"end":4784.45},{"text":"this","start":4784.85,"end":4785.13},{"text":"specific","start":4785.13,"end":4785.57},{"text":"para","start":4785.57,"end":4785.85},{"text":"its","start":4785.85,"end":4786.05},{"text":"own","start":4786.05,"end":4786.21},{"text":"box","start":4786.21,"end":4786.57},{"text":"and","start":4786.57,"end":4786.73},{"text":"just","start":4786.73,"end":4786.97},{"text":"take","start":4786.97,"end":4787.17},{"text":"it","start":4787.17,"end":4787.33},{"text":"out","start":4787.33,"end":4787.57},{"text":"of","start":4787.57,"end":4787.73},{"text":"the","start":4787.73,"end":4787.81},{"text":"discussions","start":4787.81,"end":4788.45},{"text":"under","start":4788.45,"end":4788.69},{"text":"para","start":4788.69,"end":4789.17},{"text":"box","start":4789.33,"end":4789.65},{"text":"2,","start":4789.65,"end":4789.97},{"text":"under","start":4790.49,"end":4790.69},{"text":"box","start":4790.69,"end":4790.93},{"text":"2,","start":4790.93,"end":4791.25},{"text":"and","start":4791.25,"end":4791.65},{"text":"also","start":4791.65,"end":4792.05},{"text":"not","start":4792.05,"end":4792.29},{"text":"link","start":4792.29,"end":4792.61},{"text":"it","start":4792.61,"end":4792.89},{"text":"too","start":4792.89,"end":4793.01},{"text":"closely","start":4793.01,"end":4793.53},{"text":"with","start":4793.53,"end":4793.69},{"text":"the","start":4793.73,"end":4793.97},{"text":"discussions","start":4794.85,"end":4795.57},{"text":"under","start":4795.65,"end":4795.89},{"text":"box","start":4795.89,"end":4796.17},{"text":"3,","start":4796.17,"end":4796.37},{"text":"because","start":4796.37,"end":4796.69},{"text":"I","start":4796.69,"end":4796.77},{"text":"think","start":4796.77,"end":4797.01},{"text":"this","start":4797.01,"end":4797.17},{"text":"also","start":4797.17,"end":4797.41},{"text":"has","start":4797.41,"end":4797.61},{"text":"a","start":4797.61,"end":4797.65},{"text":"different","start":4797.65,"end":4798.09},{"text":"purpose.","start":4798.13,"end":4798.53}]},{"text":"It also has a different purpose than box 4. I know this is also a complicated solution, but I would see it rather as a temporary solution until we, uh, come to the next phase of our, uh, discussions next year.","start":4798.53,"end":4810.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4798.53,"end":4798.61},{"text":"also","start":4798.61,"end":4798.81},{"text":"has","start":4798.81,"end":4798.93},{"text":"a","start":4798.93,"end":4799.01},{"text":"different","start":4799.01,"end":4799.33},{"text":"purpose","start":4799.33,"end":4799.73},{"text":"than","start":4799.73,"end":4799.97},{"text":"box","start":4800.53,"end":4800.85},{"text":"4.","start":4800.85,"end":4801.09},{"text":"I","start":4802.01,"end":4802.09},{"text":"know","start":4802.09,"end":4802.25},{"text":"this","start":4802.25,"end":4802.45},{"text":"is","start":4802.45,"end":4802.57},{"text":"also","start":4802.57,"end":4802.77},{"text":"a","start":4802.77,"end":4802.81},{"text":"complicated","start":4802.81,"end":4803.37},{"text":"solution,","start":4803.37,"end":4803.85},{"text":"but","start":4803.85,"end":4804.01},{"text":"I","start":4804.01,"end":4804.09},{"text":"would","start":4804.09,"end":4804.33},{"text":"see","start":4804.33,"end":4804.61},{"text":"it","start":4804.61,"end":4804.73},{"text":"rather","start":4804.73,"end":4805.05},{"text":"as","start":4805.05,"end":4805.17},{"text":"a","start":4805.17,"end":4805.21},{"text":"temporary","start":4805.21,"end":4805.77},{"text":"solution","start":4805.77,"end":4806.25},{"text":"until","start":4806.25,"end":4806.57},{"text":"we,","start":4806.57,"end":4806.81},{"text":"uh,","start":4807.29,"end":4807.33},{"text":"come","start":4807.33,"end":4807.61},{"text":"to","start":4807.61,"end":4807.77},{"text":"the","start":4807.77,"end":4807.85},{"text":"next","start":4807.85,"end":4808.17},{"text":"phase","start":4808.17,"end":4808.45},{"text":"of","start":4808.45,"end":4808.57},{"text":"our,","start":4808.57,"end":4808.97},{"text":"uh,","start":4809.21,"end":4809.25},{"text":"discussions","start":4809.25,"end":4809.93},{"text":"next","start":4809.93,"end":4810.25},{"text":"year.","start":4810.25,"end":4810.49}]},{"text":"Um, then some reflections on, uh, human control, and here we also want to, to add our voice to, um, those who have said, and this has also been a result of the open discussion on this topic that we had last year, and a formal part of our discussion that human control does not mean always direct control.","start":4811.65,"end":4831.57,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Um,","start":4811.65,"end":4811.77},{"text":"then","start":4811.77,"end":4812.09},{"text":"some","start":4812.09,"end":4812.41},{"text":"reflections","start":4812.41,"end":4813.01},{"text":"on,","start":4813.01,"end":4813.37},{"text":"uh,","start":4814.57,"end":4814.61},{"text":"human","start":4814.61,"end":4814.93},{"text":"control,","start":4814.93,"end":4815.45},{"text":"and","start":4815.45,"end":4815.57},{"text":"here","start":4815.57,"end":4815.77},{"text":"we","start":4815.77,"end":4815.85},{"text":"also","start":4815.85,"end":4816.09},{"text":"want","start":4816.09,"end":4816.37},{"text":"to,","start":4816.37,"end":4816.49},{"text":"to","start":4816.57,"end":4816.77},{"text":"add","start":4817.05,"end":4817.25},{"text":"our","start":4817.25,"end":4817.49},{"text":"voice","start":4817.49,"end":4817.85},{"text":"to,","start":4817.85,"end":4818.09},{"text":"um,","start":4818.45,"end":4818.57},{"text":"those","start":4818.57,"end":4818.81},{"text":"who","start":4818.81,"end":4818.89},{"text":"have","start":4818.89,"end":4819.05},{"text":"said,","start":4819.97,"end":4820.45},{"text":"and","start":4820.45,"end":4820.57},{"text":"this","start":4820.57,"end":4820.77},{"text":"has","start":4820.77,"end":4820.93},{"text":"also","start":4820.93,"end":4821.17},{"text":"been","start":4821.17,"end":4821.37},{"text":"a","start":4821.37,"end":4821.41},{"text":"result","start":4821.41,"end":4822.05},{"text":"of","start":4822.61,"end":4822.77},{"text":"the","start":4822.77,"end":4822.89},{"text":"open","start":4822.89,"end":4823.17},{"text":"discussion","start":4823.17,"end":4823.73},{"text":"on","start":4823.73,"end":4823.81},{"text":"this","start":4823.81,"end":4823.97},{"text":"topic","start":4823.97,"end":4824.37},{"text":"that","start":4824.37,"end":4824.61},{"text":"we","start":4824.61,"end":4824.73},{"text":"had","start":4824.73,"end":4825.09},{"text":"last","start":4825.25,"end":4825.65},{"text":"year,","start":4825.65,"end":4825.89},{"text":"and","start":4825.89,"end":4826.13},{"text":"a","start":4826.21,"end":4826.29},{"text":"formal","start":4826.37,"end":4826.69},{"text":"part","start":4826.69,"end":4827.01},{"text":"of","start":4827.01,"end":4827.09},{"text":"our","start":4827.09,"end":4827.17},{"text":"discussion","start":4827.17,"end":4827.73},{"text":"that","start":4827.73,"end":4828.05},{"text":"human","start":4828.25,"end":4828.53},{"text":"control","start":4828.53,"end":4828.89},{"text":"does","start":4828.89,"end":4829.09},{"text":"not","start":4829.09,"end":4829.25},{"text":"mean","start":4829.25,"end":4829.57},{"text":"always","start":4830.05,"end":4830.61},{"text":"direct","start":4830.65,"end":4830.93},{"text":"control.","start":4830.93,"end":4831.57}]},{"text":"And as some have argued, this would defy the issue, the purpose of autonomy.","start":4831.57,"end":4835.65,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4831.57,"end":4831.73},{"text":"as","start":4831.73,"end":4831.85},{"text":"some","start":4831.85,"end":4832.13},{"text":"have","start":4832.13,"end":4832.29},{"text":"argued,","start":4832.29,"end":4832.81},{"text":"this","start":4832.81,"end":4832.93},{"text":"would","start":4832.93,"end":4833.13},{"text":"defy","start":4833.13,"end":4833.49},{"text":"the","start":4833.53,"end":4833.65},{"text":"issue,","start":4834.13,"end":4834.57},{"text":"the","start":4834.57,"end":4834.65},{"text":"purpose","start":4834.69,"end":4834.97},{"text":"of","start":4834.97,"end":4835.09},{"text":"autonomy.","start":4835.09,"end":4835.65}]},{"text":"And so this, to some extent, is also kind of a logical working assumption that should underpin our work here.","start":4836.37,"end":4843.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4836.37,"end":4836.57},{"text":"so","start":4836.57,"end":4836.93},{"text":"this,","start":4837.09,"end":4837.37},{"text":"to","start":4837.37,"end":4837.45},{"text":"some","start":4837.45,"end":4837.65},{"text":"extent,","start":4837.65,"end":4838.05},{"text":"is","start":4838.05,"end":4838.17},{"text":"also","start":4838.17,"end":4838.41},{"text":"kind","start":4838.77,"end":4838.93},{"text":"of","start":4838.93,"end":4839.01},{"text":"a","start":4839.01,"end":4839.05},{"text":"logical","start":4839.05,"end":4839.65},{"text":"working","start":4839.73,"end":4840.13},{"text":"assumption","start":4840.13,"end":4840.69},{"text":"that","start":4840.69,"end":4841.25},{"text":"should","start":4841.25,"end":4841.41},{"text":"underpin","start":4841.41,"end":4841.97},{"text":"our","start":4842.69,"end":4842.97},{"text":"work","start":4842.97,"end":4843.25},{"text":"here.","start":4843.25,"end":4843.57}]},{"text":"In Kind of a follow up of our discussion last year on what does control mean, how is it used in different contexts, I think we could also have an additional similar discussion, uh, on the contextual factors, uh, and what does context appropriate actually mean, we have already started this now, but maybe also there we could have an in-depth discussion and go deeper to reach, or come to a common understanding, uh, what the, the new concept of context appropriate human judgment and control.","start":4846.21,"end":4873.77,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4846.21,"end":4846.61},{"text":"Kind","start":4847.77,"end":4847.93},{"text":"of","start":4847.93,"end":4848.01},{"text":"a","start":4848.01,"end":4848.09},{"text":"follow","start":4848.09,"end":4848.49},{"text":"up","start":4848.49,"end":4848.81},{"text":"of","start":4848.97,"end":4849.13},{"text":"our","start":4849.13,"end":4849.29},{"text":"discussion","start":4849.29,"end":4849.93},{"text":"last","start":4849.93,"end":4850.41},{"text":"year","start":4850.41,"end":4850.65},{"text":"on","start":4850.65,"end":4850.81},{"text":"what","start":4850.81,"end":4851.09},{"text":"does","start":4851.09,"end":4851.29},{"text":"control","start":4851.29,"end":4851.77},{"text":"mean,","start":4851.77,"end":4852.09},{"text":"how","start":4852.09,"end":4852.25},{"text":"is","start":4852.25,"end":4852.41},{"text":"it","start":4852.41,"end":4852.57},{"text":"used","start":4852.57,"end":4852.81},{"text":"in","start":4852.81,"end":4852.89},{"text":"different","start":4852.89,"end":4853.21},{"text":"contexts,","start":4853.21,"end":4853.93},{"text":"I","start":4853.93,"end":4854.01},{"text":"think","start":4854.01,"end":4854.21},{"text":"we","start":4854.21,"end":4854.33},{"text":"could","start":4854.33,"end":4854.65},{"text":"also","start":4854.65,"end":4854.81},{"text":"have","start":4854.81,"end":4855.01},{"text":"an","start":4855.01,"end":4855.13},{"text":"additional","start":4855.13,"end":4855.65},{"text":"similar","start":4855.65,"end":4856.01},{"text":"discussion,","start":4856.01,"end":4856.57},{"text":"uh,","start":4857.29,"end":4857.33},{"text":"on","start":4857.33,"end":4857.45},{"text":"the","start":4857.45,"end":4857.53},{"text":"contextual","start":4857.53,"end":4858.41},{"text":"factors,","start":4858.41,"end":4859.29},{"text":"uh,","start":4859.29,"end":4859.37},{"text":"and","start":4859.53,"end":4859.69},{"text":"what","start":4859.69,"end":4860.05},{"text":"does","start":4860.05,"end":4860.25},{"text":"context","start":4860.25,"end":4860.69},{"text":"appropriate","start":4860.69,"end":4861.21},{"text":"actually","start":4861.21,"end":4861.57},{"text":"mean,","start":4861.57,"end":4861.77},{"text":"we","start":4861.77,"end":4861.89},{"text":"have","start":4861.89,"end":4862.09},{"text":"already","start":4862.09,"end":4862.45},{"text":"started","start":4862.45,"end":4862.85},{"text":"this","start":4862.85,"end":4863.05},{"text":"now,","start":4863.05,"end":4863.21},{"text":"but","start":4863.21,"end":4863.37},{"text":"maybe","start":4863.37,"end":4863.61},{"text":"also","start":4863.61,"end":4863.81},{"text":"there","start":4863.81,"end":4864.09},{"text":"we","start":4864.41,"end":4864.53},{"text":"could","start":4864.57,"end":4864.69},{"text":"have","start":4864.69,"end":4864.89},{"text":"an","start":4864.89,"end":4864.97},{"text":"in-depth","start":4864.97,"end":4865.45},{"text":"discussion","start":4865.45,"end":4866.01},{"text":"and","start":4866.01,"end":4866.13},{"text":"go","start":4866.13,"end":4866.33},{"text":"deeper","start":4866.33,"end":4866.89},{"text":"to","start":4866.97,"end":4867.13},{"text":"reach,","start":4867.21,"end":4867.53},{"text":"or","start":4867.61,"end":4867.77},{"text":"come","start":4867.77,"end":4868.01},{"text":"to","start":4868.01,"end":4868.13},{"text":"a","start":4868.13,"end":4868.17},{"text":"common","start":4868.17,"end":4868.49},{"text":"understanding,","start":4868.49,"end":4869.13},{"text":"uh,","start":4869.69,"end":4869.77},{"text":"what","start":4869.81,"end":4870.33},{"text":"the,","start":4870.37,"end":4870.49},{"text":"the","start":4870.49,"end":4870.57},{"text":"new","start":4870.81,"end":4871.05},{"text":"concept","start":4871.05,"end":4871.49},{"text":"of","start":4871.49,"end":4871.61},{"text":"context","start":4871.61,"end":4872.13},{"text":"appropriate","start":4872.13,"end":4872.61},{"text":"human","start":4872.61,"end":4872.85},{"text":"judgment","start":4872.85,"end":4873.17},{"text":"and","start":4873.17,"end":4873.29},{"text":"control.","start":4873.29,"end":4873.77}]},{"text":"actually means and entails.","start":4874.21,"end":4875.81,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"actually","start":4874.21,"end":4874.61},{"text":"means","start":4874.61,"end":4875.01},{"text":"and","start":4875.01,"end":4875.13},{"text":"entails.","start":4875.13,"end":4875.81}]},{"text":"I think this is also a useful discussion because there are many contextual factors that currently a few delegations are thinking of, but others are not aware yet.","start":4876.05,"end":4884.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4876.05,"end":4876.13},{"text":"think","start":4876.13,"end":4876.33},{"text":"this","start":4876.33,"end":4876.49},{"text":"is","start":4876.49,"end":4876.61},{"text":"also","start":4876.61,"end":4876.85},{"text":"a","start":4876.85,"end":4876.89},{"text":"useful","start":4876.89,"end":4877.25},{"text":"discussion","start":4877.25,"end":4877.81},{"text":"because","start":4877.81,"end":4878.21},{"text":"there","start":4878.21,"end":4878.45},{"text":"are","start":4878.45,"end":4878.69},{"text":"many","start":4878.69,"end":4879.25},{"text":"contextual","start":4879.25,"end":4879.85},{"text":"factors","start":4879.85,"end":4880.33},{"text":"that","start":4880.33,"end":4880.61},{"text":"currently","start":4880.77,"end":4881.33},{"text":"a","start":4881.57,"end":4881.61},{"text":"few","start":4881.61,"end":4881.81},{"text":"delegations","start":4881.81,"end":4882.37},{"text":"are","start":4882.37,"end":4882.49},{"text":"thinking","start":4882.49,"end":4882.93},{"text":"of,","start":4882.93,"end":4883.09},{"text":"but","start":4883.09,"end":4883.37},{"text":"others","start":4883.37,"end":4883.65},{"text":"are","start":4883.65,"end":4883.73},{"text":"not","start":4883.73,"end":4883.97},{"text":"aware","start":4883.97,"end":4884.33},{"text":"yet.","start":4884.33,"end":4884.53}]},{"text":"So this is also a kind of a collection of ideas that we at least believe we still should undertake when moving forward.","start":4884.53,"end":4892.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4884.53,"end":4884.69},{"text":"this","start":4884.69,"end":4884.89},{"text":"is","start":4884.89,"end":4885.09},{"text":"also","start":4885.09,"end":4885.29},{"text":"a","start":4885.29,"end":4885.41},{"text":"kind","start":4885.41,"end":4885.65},{"text":"of","start":4885.65,"end":4885.73},{"text":"a","start":4885.73,"end":4885.81},{"text":"collection","start":4885.81,"end":4886.45},{"text":"of","start":4886.45,"end":4886.69},{"text":"ideas","start":4886.69,"end":4887.33},{"text":"that","start":4887.81,"end":4888.21},{"text":"we","start":4889.01,"end":4889.21},{"text":"at","start":4889.21,"end":4889.29},{"text":"least","start":4889.29,"end":4889.53},{"text":"believe","start":4889.53,"end":4889.89},{"text":"we","start":4890.37,"end":4890.69},{"text":"still","start":4890.69,"end":4890.93},{"text":"should","start":4890.93,"end":4891.33},{"text":"undertake","start":4891.57,"end":4892.09},{"text":"when","start":4892.09,"end":4892.29},{"text":"moving","start":4892.29,"end":4892.61},{"text":"forward.","start":4892.61,"end":4892.93}]},{"text":"Also in line with what Ukraine has said, Uh, we have always made the point that it is important to specify how human control can be achieved through limitations, this is an, uh, some, an argument that we have made in, in our working papers that human control cannot just be an empty word, but that we have to say, you have to, uh, undertake these and these measures to achieve human control and to some extent, this is reflected in the next box and will be part of our, our next discussions.","start":4896.61,"end":4922.37,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"Also","start":4896.61,"end":4896.85},{"text":"in","start":4896.85,"end":4897.01},{"text":"line","start":4897.01,"end":4897.25},{"text":"with","start":4897.25,"end":4897.37},{"text":"what","start":4897.37,"end":4897.53},{"text":"Ukraine","start":4897.53,"end":4897.85},{"text":"has","start":4897.85,"end":4898.05},{"text":"said,","start":4898.05,"end":4898.45},{"text":"Uh,","start":4898.85,"end":4898.89},{"text":"we","start":4899.09,"end":4899.33},{"text":"have","start":4899.33,"end":4899.57},{"text":"always","start":4899.57,"end":4899.89},{"text":"made","start":4899.89,"end":4900.13},{"text":"the","start":4900.13,"end":4900.21},{"text":"point","start":4900.21,"end":4900.57},{"text":"that","start":4900.57,"end":4900.69},{"text":"it","start":4900.69,"end":4900.77},{"text":"is","start":4900.81,"end":4900.93},{"text":"important","start":4900.93,"end":4901.41},{"text":"to","start":4901.41,"end":4901.49},{"text":"specify","start":4901.49,"end":4902.21},{"text":"how","start":4902.37,"end":4902.61},{"text":"human","start":4902.61,"end":4902.97},{"text":"control","start":4902.97,"end":4903.41},{"text":"can","start":4903.41,"end":4903.65},{"text":"be","start":4903.65,"end":4903.77},{"text":"achieved","start":4903.77,"end":4904.17},{"text":"through","start":4904.17,"end":4904.29},{"text":"limitations,","start":4904.29,"end":4904.97},{"text":"this","start":4904.97,"end":4905.17},{"text":"is","start":4905.17,"end":4905.33},{"text":"an,","start":4905.33,"end":4905.41},{"text":"uh,","start":4905.81,"end":4905.85},{"text":"some,","start":4905.85,"end":4906.05},{"text":"an","start":4906.13,"end":4906.29},{"text":"argument","start":4906.29,"end":4906.69},{"text":"that","start":4906.69,"end":4906.81},{"text":"we","start":4906.81,"end":4906.89},{"text":"have","start":4906.89,"end":4907.01},{"text":"made","start":4907.01,"end":4907.33},{"text":"in,","start":4907.33,"end":4907.57},{"text":"in","start":4907.57,"end":4907.73},{"text":"our","start":4907.73,"end":4907.93},{"text":"working","start":4907.93,"end":4908.29},{"text":"papers","start":4908.29,"end":4908.85},{"text":"that","start":4909.17,"end":4909.29},{"text":"human","start":4909.29,"end":4909.57},{"text":"control","start":4909.57,"end":4909.97},{"text":"cannot","start":4909.97,"end":4910.33},{"text":"just","start":4910.33,"end":4910.53},{"text":"be","start":4910.53,"end":4910.65},{"text":"an","start":4910.65,"end":4910.81},{"text":"empty","start":4910.81,"end":4911.17},{"text":"word,","start":4911.17,"end":4911.57},{"text":"but","start":4911.57,"end":4911.77},{"text":"that","start":4911.77,"end":4911.97},{"text":"we","start":4911.97,"end":4912.05},{"text":"have","start":4912.05,"end":4912.29},{"text":"to","start":4912.29,"end":4912.41},{"text":"say,","start":4912.41,"end":4912.85},{"text":"you","start":4912.85,"end":4913.05},{"text":"have","start":4913.25,"end":4913.49},{"text":"to,","start":4913.49,"end":4913.81},{"text":"uh,","start":4913.97,"end":4914.01},{"text":"undertake","start":4914.01,"end":4914.53},{"text":"these","start":4914.53,"end":4914.73},{"text":"and","start":4914.73,"end":4914.89},{"text":"these","start":4914.89,"end":4915.01},{"text":"measures","start":4915.01,"end":4915.49},{"text":"to","start":4915.89,"end":4915.97},{"text":"achieve","start":4915.97,"end":4916.37},{"text":"human","start":4916.37,"end":4916.69},{"text":"control","start":4916.69,"end":4917.25},{"text":"and","start":4917.25,"end":4917.37},{"text":"to","start":4917.37,"end":4917.45},{"text":"some","start":4917.49,"end":4917.73},{"text":"extent,","start":4917.73,"end":4918.21},{"text":"this","start":4918.37,"end":4918.61},{"text":"is","start":4918.61,"end":4918.77},{"text":"reflected","start":4918.77,"end":4919.25},{"text":"in","start":4919.25,"end":4919.37},{"text":"the","start":4919.37,"end":4919.45},{"text":"next","start":4919.45,"end":4919.81},{"text":"box","start":4919.81,"end":4920.13},{"text":"and","start":4920.13,"end":4920.25},{"text":"will","start":4920.25,"end":4920.37},{"text":"be","start":4920.37,"end":4920.53},{"text":"part","start":4920.53,"end":4920.81},{"text":"of","start":4920.81,"end":4920.93},{"text":"our,","start":4920.93,"end":4921.17},{"text":"our","start":4921.17,"end":4921.41},{"text":"next","start":4921.41,"end":4921.73},{"text":"discussions.","start":4921.73,"end":4922.37}]},{"text":"But definitely, this is something where we can look into a stronger language that it is more clear that the whole purpose of box 3 is to make clear what states have to do as positive obligations so that they can achieve human control.","start":4922.81,"end":4936.89,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":4922.81,"end":4922.93},{"text":"definitely,","start":4922.93,"end":4923.45},{"text":"this","start":4923.45,"end":4923.61},{"text":"is","start":4923.61,"end":4923.73},{"text":"something","start":4923.73,"end":4923.97},{"text":"where","start":4923.97,"end":4924.13},{"text":"we","start":4924.13,"end":4924.21},{"text":"can","start":4924.21,"end":4924.41},{"text":"look","start":4924.41,"end":4924.57},{"text":"into","start":4924.57,"end":4924.85},{"text":"a","start":4924.85,"end":4924.89},{"text":"stronger","start":4924.89,"end":4925.29},{"text":"language","start":4925.29,"end":4925.61},{"text":"that","start":4925.61,"end":4925.77},{"text":"it","start":4925.77,"end":4925.85},{"text":"is","start":4925.85,"end":4926.01},{"text":"more","start":4926.01,"end":4926.21},{"text":"clear","start":4926.21,"end":4926.57},{"text":"that","start":4926.89,"end":4927.33},{"text":"the","start":4927.33,"end":4927.41},{"text":"whole","start":4927.41,"end":4927.61},{"text":"purpose","start":4927.69,"end":4928.17},{"text":"of","start":4928.17,"end":4928.65},{"text":"box","start":4928.81,"end":4929.17},{"text":"3","start":4929.17,"end":4929.61},{"text":"is","start":4929.85,"end":4930.09},{"text":"to","start":4930.09,"end":4930.25},{"text":"make","start":4930.25,"end":4930.61},{"text":"clear","start":4930.61,"end":4930.97},{"text":"what","start":4931.09,"end":4931.61},{"text":"states","start":4931.69,"end":4932.17},{"text":"have","start":4932.17,"end":4932.49},{"text":"to","start":4932.49,"end":4932.61},{"text":"do","start":4932.65,"end":4933.05},{"text":"as","start":4933.25,"end":4933.69},{"text":"positive","start":4933.69,"end":4934.09},{"text":"obligations","start":4934.09,"end":4934.69},{"text":"so","start":4934.69,"end":4934.81},{"text":"that","start":4934.81,"end":4935.01},{"text":"they","start":4935.01,"end":4935.13},{"text":"can","start":4935.13,"end":4935.45},{"text":"achieve","start":4935.61,"end":4936.01},{"text":"human","start":4936.01,"end":4936.33},{"text":"control.","start":4936.33,"end":4936.89}]},{"text":"And this would give this word also more of a meaning and would help delegations who are having some question marks what control means, what human control means, also what context appropriate human and judgment and control means.","start":4937.17,"end":4950.25,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4937.17,"end":4937.33},{"text":"this","start":4937.33,"end":4937.53},{"text":"would","start":4937.53,"end":4937.69},{"text":"give","start":4937.73,"end":4937.97},{"text":"this","start":4937.97,"end":4938.17},{"text":"word","start":4938.17,"end":4938.49},{"text":"also","start":4938.49,"end":4938.81},{"text":"more","start":4938.97,"end":4939.25},{"text":"of","start":4939.25,"end":4939.41},{"text":"a","start":4939.41,"end":4939.45},{"text":"meaning","start":4939.45,"end":4939.93},{"text":"and","start":4940.17,"end":4940.33},{"text":"would","start":4940.33,"end":4940.49},{"text":"help","start":4940.49,"end":4940.89},{"text":"delegations","start":4941.33,"end":4941.97},{"text":"who","start":4942.01,"end":4942.09},{"text":"are","start":4942.09,"end":4942.33},{"text":"having","start":4942.41,"end":4942.73},{"text":"some","start":4942.97,"end":4943.13},{"text":"question","start":4943.13,"end":4943.53},{"text":"marks","start":4943.53,"end":4944.01},{"text":"what","start":4944.21,"end":4944.65},{"text":"control","start":4944.65,"end":4945.13},{"text":"means,","start":4945.13,"end":4945.61},{"text":"what","start":4945.61,"end":4945.85},{"text":"human","start":4945.85,"end":4946.09},{"text":"control","start":4946.09,"end":4946.49},{"text":"means,","start":4946.49,"end":4946.97},{"text":"also","start":4947.61,"end":4947.85},{"text":"what","start":4947.85,"end":4948.01},{"text":"context","start":4948.01,"end":4948.41},{"text":"appropriate","start":4948.41,"end":4948.81},{"text":"human","start":4948.81,"end":4949.05},{"text":"and","start":4949.05,"end":4949.17},{"text":"judgment","start":4949.17,"end":4949.49},{"text":"and","start":4949.49,"end":4949.61},{"text":"control","start":4949.61,"end":4949.93},{"text":"means.","start":4949.93,"end":4950.25}]},{"text":"And as New Zealand has pointed out, for us, it is not a new key principle of IHL.","start":4950.81,"end":4956.53,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4950.81,"end":4951.13},{"text":"as","start":4951.13,"end":4951.41},{"text":"New","start":4951.57,"end":4951.73},{"text":"Zealand","start":4951.73,"end":4952.05},{"text":"has","start":4952.05,"end":4952.21},{"text":"pointed","start":4952.21,"end":4952.53},{"text":"out,","start":4952.53,"end":4952.77},{"text":"for","start":4952.77,"end":4953.01},{"text":"us,","start":4953.01,"end":4953.41},{"text":"it","start":4953.41,"end":4953.57},{"text":"is","start":4953.57,"end":4953.65},{"text":"not","start":4953.65,"end":4953.97},{"text":"a","start":4954.45,"end":4954.53},{"text":"new","start":4954.53,"end":4954.93},{"text":"key","start":4954.93,"end":4955.17},{"text":"principle","start":4955.17,"end":4955.69},{"text":"of","start":4955.69,"end":4955.81},{"text":"IHL.","start":4955.81,"end":4956.53}]},{"text":"It is an organizing principle that helps us to move forward and to translate principles of IHL into the new realities of war, the new means and methods of war that we are currently facing.","start":4956.61,"end":4969.33,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4956.61,"end":4956.81},{"text":"is","start":4956.81,"end":4956.93},{"text":"an","start":4956.93,"end":4957.01},{"text":"organizing","start":4957.01,"end":4957.57},{"text":"principle","start":4957.57,"end":4958.13},{"text":"that","start":4958.13,"end":4958.33},{"text":"helps","start":4958.33,"end":4958.61},{"text":"us","start":4958.61,"end":4958.77},{"text":"to","start":4958.77,"end":4959.09},{"text":"move","start":4959.65,"end":4959.89},{"text":"forward","start":4959.89,"end":4960.45},{"text":"and","start":4960.53,"end":4960.85},{"text":"to","start":4961.33,"end":4961.61},{"text":"translate","start":4961.81,"end":4962.45},{"text":"principles","start":4962.45,"end":4963.01},{"text":"of","start":4963.01,"end":4963.17},{"text":"IHL","start":4963.17,"end":4963.73},{"text":"into","start":4963.73,"end":4964.13},{"text":"the","start":4964.93,"end":4965.05},{"text":"new","start":4965.05,"end":4965.41},{"text":"realities","start":4965.41,"end":4966.33},{"text":"of","start":4966.33,"end":4966.49},{"text":"war,","start":4966.49,"end":4966.77},{"text":"the","start":4966.77,"end":4966.85},{"text":"new","start":4966.85,"end":4967.05},{"text":"means","start":4967.05,"end":4967.29},{"text":"and","start":4967.29,"end":4967.41},{"text":"methods","start":4967.41,"end":4967.77},{"text":"of","start":4967.77,"end":4967.93},{"text":"war","start":4967.93,"end":4968.13},{"text":"that","start":4968.13,"end":4968.29},{"text":"we","start":4968.29,"end":4968.37},{"text":"are","start":4968.37,"end":4968.53},{"text":"currently","start":4968.53,"end":4968.93},{"text":"facing.","start":4968.93,"end":4969.33}]},{"text":"Just also one more argument because it has been brought up about the link or how control or human control relates to existing IHL.","start":4970.85,"end":4979.73,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Just","start":4970.85,"end":4971.05},{"text":"also","start":4971.05,"end":4971.25},{"text":"one","start":4971.25,"end":4971.89},{"text":"more","start":4971.89,"end":4972.37},{"text":"argument","start":4972.37,"end":4972.81},{"text":"because","start":4972.81,"end":4973.05},{"text":"it","start":4973.05,"end":4973.17},{"text":"has","start":4973.17,"end":4973.33},{"text":"been","start":4973.33,"end":4973.49},{"text":"brought","start":4973.49,"end":4973.89},{"text":"up","start":4973.89,"end":4974.13},{"text":"about","start":4974.13,"end":4974.45},{"text":"the","start":4974.45,"end":4974.69},{"text":"link","start":4974.85,"end":4975.41},{"text":"or","start":4976.25,"end":4976.49},{"text":"how","start":4976.49,"end":4976.73},{"text":"control","start":4976.73,"end":4977.33},{"text":"or","start":4977.33,"end":4977.45},{"text":"human","start":4977.45,"end":4977.69},{"text":"control","start":4977.69,"end":4978.09},{"text":"relates","start":4978.09,"end":4978.49},{"text":"to","start":4978.49,"end":4978.61},{"text":"existing","start":4978.61,"end":4979.13},{"text":"IHL.","start":4979.13,"end":4979.73}]},{"text":"There have been also some arguments that it does not, IHL does not relate to the effects of weapon systems.","start":4979.73,"end":4988.65,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"There","start":4979.73,"end":4979.93},{"text":"have","start":4980.29,"end":4980.57},{"text":"been","start":4980.57,"end":4980.81},{"text":"also","start":4980.81,"end":4981.05},{"text":"some","start":4981.05,"end":4981.21},{"text":"arguments","start":4981.21,"end":4982.13},{"text":"that","start":4983.05,"end":4983.17},{"text":"it","start":4983.17,"end":4983.41},{"text":"does","start":4983.41,"end":4983.61},{"text":"not,","start":4983.61,"end":4984.09},{"text":"IHL","start":4984.33,"end":4984.77},{"text":"does","start":4984.77,"end":4984.97},{"text":"not","start":4984.97,"end":4985.09},{"text":"relate","start":4985.09,"end":4985.57},{"text":"to","start":4985.57,"end":4985.65},{"text":"the","start":4985.69,"end":4985.77},{"text":"effects","start":4985.77,"end":4986.49},{"text":"of","start":4987.33,"end":4987.53},{"text":"weapon","start":4987.77,"end":4988.17},{"text":"systems.","start":4988.17,"end":4988.65}]},{"text":"I think we would disagree.","start":4988.65,"end":4989.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4988.65,"end":4988.73},{"text":"think","start":4988.73,"end":4988.97},{"text":"we","start":4988.97,"end":4989.05},{"text":"would","start":4989.05,"end":4989.25},{"text":"disagree.","start":4989.25,"end":4989.85}]},{"text":"There are many parts of IHL that specifically point towards the effects.","start":4989.85,"end":4994.73,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"There","start":4989.85,"end":4990.05},{"text":"are","start":4990.05,"end":4990.17},{"text":"many","start":4990.17,"end":4990.57},{"text":"parts","start":4991.53,"end":4991.89},{"text":"of","start":4991.89,"end":4992.01},{"text":"IHL","start":4992.01,"end":4992.41},{"text":"that","start":4992.41,"end":4992.65},{"text":"specifically","start":4992.65,"end":4993.37},{"text":"point","start":4993.37,"end":4993.73},{"text":"towards","start":4993.73,"end":4994.09},{"text":"the","start":4994.09,"end":4994.17},{"text":"effects.","start":4994.17,"end":4994.73}]},{"text":"One example, and I just put it out because it's relevant to the rest of our discussion, is, for example, Article 51.","start":4995.13,"end":5001.85,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"One","start":4995.13,"end":4995.37},{"text":"example,","start":4995.37,"end":4995.89},{"text":"and","start":4995.89,"end":4996.25},{"text":"I","start":4996.25,"end":4996.41},{"text":"just","start":4996.41,"end":4996.65},{"text":"put","start":4996.89,"end":4997.09},{"text":"it","start":4997.09,"end":4997.21},{"text":"out","start":4997.21,"end":4997.37},{"text":"because","start":4997.37,"end":4997.65},{"text":"it's","start":4997.65,"end":4998.17},{"text":"relevant","start":4998.25,"end":4998.73},{"text":"to","start":4998.73,"end":4998.81},{"text":"the","start":4998.81,"end":4998.89},{"text":"rest","start":4998.97,"end":4999.37},{"text":"of","start":4999.37,"end":4999.45},{"text":"our","start":4999.45,"end":4999.57},{"text":"discussion,","start":4999.57,"end":5000.09},{"text":"is,","start":5000.09,"end":5000.17},{"text":"for","start":5000.17,"end":5000.33},{"text":"example,","start":5000.33,"end":5000.81},{"text":"Article","start":5000.81,"end":5001.13},{"text":"51.","start":5001.13,"end":5001.85}]},{"text":"I have here a quotation from Article 51 4C of Additional Protocol 1 of the Geneva Conventions, which says, those which employ a method or means of combat, the effects of which cannot be limited as required by this protocol, are actually indiscriminate attacks and are prohibited.","start":5002.81,"end":5019.13,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5002.81,"end":5002.97},{"text":"have","start":5002.97,"end":5003.29},{"text":"here","start":5003.37,"end":5003.49},{"text":"a","start":5003.49,"end":5003.53},{"text":"quotation","start":5003.53,"end":5004.09},{"text":"from","start":5004.09,"end":5004.33},{"text":"Article","start":5004.33,"end":5004.81},{"text":"51","start":5004.81,"end":5005.29},{"text":"4C","start":5005.29,"end":5005.93},{"text":"of","start":5005.93,"end":5006.09},{"text":"Additional","start":5006.09,"end":5006.49},{"text":"Protocol","start":5006.49,"end":5006.97},{"text":"1","start":5006.97,"end":5007.17},{"text":"of","start":5007.17,"end":5007.29},{"text":"the","start":5007.29,"end":5007.37},{"text":"Geneva","start":5007.37,"end":5007.77},{"text":"Conventions,","start":5007.77,"end":5008.41},{"text":"which","start":5008.41,"end":5008.57},{"text":"says,","start":5008.57,"end":5009.13},{"text":"those","start":5009.13,"end":5009.33},{"text":"which","start":5009.33,"end":5009.53},{"text":"employ","start":5009.53,"end":5009.85},{"text":"a","start":5009.93,"end":5009.97},{"text":"method","start":5009.97,"end":5010.33},{"text":"or","start":5010.33,"end":5010.49},{"text":"means","start":5010.49,"end":5010.73},{"text":"of","start":5010.73,"end":5010.81},{"text":"combat,","start":5010.81,"end":5011.37},{"text":"the","start":5011.77,"end":5011.89},{"text":"effects","start":5011.89,"end":5012.29},{"text":"of","start":5012.29,"end":5012.45},{"text":"which","start":5012.45,"end":5012.73},{"text":"cannot","start":5012.73,"end":5013.13},{"text":"be","start":5013.13,"end":5013.29},{"text":"limited","start":5013.29,"end":5013.77},{"text":"as","start":5013.77,"end":5013.93},{"text":"required","start":5013.93,"end":5014.33},{"text":"by","start":5014.33,"end":5014.45},{"text":"this","start":5014.45,"end":5014.65},{"text":"protocol,","start":5014.65,"end":5015.13},{"text":"are","start":5015.85,"end":5016.17},{"text":"actually","start":5016.17,"end":5016.65},{"text":"indiscriminate","start":5016.65,"end":5017.45},{"text":"attacks","start":5017.45,"end":5017.77},{"text":"and","start":5017.77,"end":5017.93},{"text":"are","start":5017.93,"end":5018.09},{"text":"prohibited.","start":5018.41,"end":5019.13}]},{"text":"And this is also one of the... not the only one, but one of the parts of especially Additional Protocol I, which imply, and we had a heated discussion about what is implied and what not, but just to point out that there is a clear idea behind IHL that you have to control your weapon systems, that you have to have, that you cannot have indiscriminate weapons in the field.","start":5019.53,"end":5045.85,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5019.53,"end":5019.65},{"text":"this","start":5019.65,"end":5019.81},{"text":"is","start":5019.81,"end":5020.01},{"text":"also","start":5020.01,"end":5020.17},{"text":"one","start":5020.97,"end":5021.29},{"text":"of","start":5021.29,"end":5021.53},{"text":"the...","start":5021.53,"end":5021.69},{"text":"not","start":5022.77,"end":5023.05},{"text":"the","start":5023.05,"end":5023.13},{"text":"only","start":5023.13,"end":5023.57},{"text":"one,","start":5023.57,"end":5023.81},{"text":"but","start":5023.81,"end":5023.97},{"text":"one","start":5023.97,"end":5024.25},{"text":"of","start":5024.25,"end":5024.37},{"text":"the","start":5024.37,"end":5024.45},{"text":"parts","start":5024.45,"end":5024.93},{"text":"of","start":5024.97,"end":5025.17},{"text":"especially","start":5025.33,"end":5025.85},{"text":"Additional","start":5025.85,"end":5026.29},{"text":"Protocol","start":5026.29,"end":5026.97},{"text":"I,","start":5026.97,"end":5027.01},{"text":"which","start":5027.45,"end":5027.73},{"text":"imply,","start":5028.05,"end":5028.77},{"text":"and","start":5028.77,"end":5029.09},{"text":"we","start":5029.25,"end":5029.45},{"text":"had","start":5029.45,"end":5029.69},{"text":"a","start":5029.69,"end":5029.73},{"text":"heated","start":5029.73,"end":5030.01},{"text":"discussion","start":5030.01,"end":5030.53},{"text":"about","start":5030.53,"end":5030.85},{"text":"what","start":5030.85,"end":5031.17},{"text":"is","start":5031.17,"end":5031.25},{"text":"implied","start":5031.25,"end":5031.69},{"text":"and","start":5031.69,"end":5031.81},{"text":"what","start":5031.81,"end":5032.05},{"text":"not,","start":5032.05,"end":5032.37},{"text":"but","start":5033.25,"end":5033.53},{"text":"just","start":5033.53,"end":5033.69},{"text":"to","start":5033.69,"end":5033.81},{"text":"point","start":5033.81,"end":5034.13},{"text":"out","start":5034.13,"end":5034.29},{"text":"that","start":5034.29,"end":5034.49},{"text":"there","start":5034.49,"end":5034.69},{"text":"is","start":5034.93,"end":5035.25},{"text":"a","start":5035.41,"end":5035.45},{"text":"clear","start":5035.45,"end":5035.89},{"text":"idea","start":5036.13,"end":5036.69},{"text":"behind","start":5036.69,"end":5037.17},{"text":"IHL","start":5037.17,"end":5037.73},{"text":"that","start":5037.73,"end":5037.89},{"text":"you","start":5037.89,"end":5038.01},{"text":"have","start":5038.01,"end":5038.29},{"text":"to","start":5038.29,"end":5038.41},{"text":"control","start":5038.41,"end":5038.93},{"text":"your","start":5038.93,"end":5039.05},{"text":"weapon","start":5039.05,"end":5039.41},{"text":"systems,","start":5039.41,"end":5039.89},{"text":"that","start":5039.89,"end":5040.05},{"text":"you","start":5040.05,"end":5040.13},{"text":"have","start":5040.13,"end":5040.45},{"text":"to","start":5040.45,"end":5040.77},{"text":"have,","start":5041.57,"end":5041.89},{"text":"that","start":5043.17,"end":5043.29},{"text":"you","start":5043.29,"end":5043.41},{"text":"cannot","start":5043.41,"end":5043.81},{"text":"have","start":5043.97,"end":5044.29},{"text":"indiscriminate","start":5044.29,"end":5045.01},{"text":"weapons","start":5045.01,"end":5045.29},{"text":"in","start":5045.29,"end":5045.41},{"text":"the","start":5045.41,"end":5045.49},{"text":"field.","start":5045.49,"end":5045.85}]},{"text":"This mostly points to fully autonomous weapon systems, as some delegations have pointed out, but I think it has the general notion that indiscriminate attacks are prohibited and that you have to be aware what your weapon systems does and what would be the effects, because otherwise all the other key principles of IHL are not possible to uphold.","start":5046.33,"end":5066.45,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5046.33,"end":5046.57},{"text":"mostly","start":5046.57,"end":5046.97},{"text":"points","start":5046.97,"end":5047.29},{"text":"to","start":5047.29,"end":5047.37},{"text":"fully","start":5047.37,"end":5047.69},{"text":"autonomous","start":5047.73,"end":5048.13},{"text":"weapon","start":5048.13,"end":5048.41},{"text":"systems,","start":5048.41,"end":5048.89},{"text":"as","start":5048.97,"end":5049.09},{"text":"some","start":5049.13,"end":5049.33},{"text":"delegations","start":5049.33,"end":5049.85},{"text":"have","start":5049.85,"end":5050.01},{"text":"pointed","start":5050.01,"end":5050.49},{"text":"out,","start":5050.49,"end":5050.69},{"text":"but","start":5050.69,"end":5050.97},{"text":"I","start":5050.97,"end":5051.05},{"text":"think","start":5051.05,"end":5051.21},{"text":"it","start":5051.21,"end":5051.37},{"text":"has","start":5051.37,"end":5051.69},{"text":"the","start":5051.69,"end":5051.77},{"text":"general","start":5051.77,"end":5052.29},{"text":"notion","start":5052.29,"end":5052.81},{"text":"that","start":5053.05,"end":5053.45},{"text":"indiscriminate","start":5053.77,"end":5054.49},{"text":"attacks","start":5054.49,"end":5054.89},{"text":"are","start":5054.97,"end":5055.21},{"text":"prohibited","start":5055.21,"end":5055.93},{"text":"and","start":5056.21,"end":5056.37},{"text":"that","start":5056.37,"end":5056.57},{"text":"you","start":5056.57,"end":5056.65},{"text":"have","start":5056.65,"end":5056.89},{"text":"to","start":5056.89,"end":5057.01},{"text":"be","start":5057.01,"end":5057.21},{"text":"aware","start":5057.21,"end":5057.61},{"text":"what","start":5057.65,"end":5057.81},{"text":"your","start":5057.81,"end":5057.97},{"text":"weapon","start":5057.97,"end":5058.33},{"text":"systems","start":5058.33,"end":5058.77},{"text":"does","start":5058.77,"end":5059.09},{"text":"and","start":5059.09,"end":5059.21},{"text":"what","start":5059.21,"end":5059.41},{"text":"would","start":5059.41,"end":5059.61},{"text":"be","start":5059.61,"end":5059.69},{"text":"the","start":5059.69,"end":5059.81},{"text":"effects,","start":5059.81,"end":5060.25},{"text":"because","start":5060.25,"end":5060.65},{"text":"otherwise","start":5060.65,"end":5061.17},{"text":"all","start":5061.17,"end":5061.29},{"text":"the","start":5061.29,"end":5061.49},{"text":"other","start":5061.49,"end":5061.69},{"text":"key","start":5061.69,"end":5061.93},{"text":"principles","start":5061.93,"end":5062.41},{"text":"of","start":5062.41,"end":5062.57},{"text":"IHL","start":5062.57,"end":5063.05},{"text":"are","start":5064.49,"end":5064.65},{"text":"not","start":5064.65,"end":5064.89},{"text":"possible","start":5064.89,"end":5065.45},{"text":"to","start":5065.69,"end":5065.97},{"text":"uphold.","start":5066.01,"end":5066.45}]},{"text":"And I think this is, I think something at least we can all agree on.","start":5066.53,"end":5070.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5066.53,"end":5066.73},{"text":"I","start":5066.73,"end":5066.81},{"text":"think","start":5066.81,"end":5067.01},{"text":"this","start":5067.01,"end":5067.21},{"text":"is,","start":5067.21,"end":5067.61},{"text":"I","start":5067.85,"end":5068.01},{"text":"think","start":5068.01,"end":5068.21},{"text":"something","start":5068.21,"end":5068.65},{"text":"at","start":5068.65,"end":5068.73},{"text":"least","start":5068.73,"end":5069.05},{"text":"we","start":5069.61,"end":5069.77},{"text":"can","start":5069.77,"end":5070.01},{"text":"all","start":5070.01,"end":5070.25},{"text":"agree","start":5070.25,"end":5070.57},{"text":"on.","start":5070.57,"end":5070.81}]},{"text":"That's most of it from our side and happy to hear from other delegation.","start":5073.85,"end":5080.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That's","start":5073.85,"end":5074.25},{"text":"most","start":5074.25,"end":5074.69},{"text":"of","start":5074.73,"end":5074.81},{"text":"it","start":5074.81,"end":5075.05},{"text":"from","start":5075.05,"end":5075.45},{"text":"our","start":5076.93,"end":5077.17},{"text":"side","start":5077.17,"end":5077.81},{"text":"and","start":5077.97,"end":5078.45},{"text":"happy","start":5078.45,"end":5078.69},{"text":"to","start":5078.69,"end":5078.81},{"text":"hear","start":5078.81,"end":5078.97},{"text":"from","start":5078.97,"end":5079.17},{"text":"other","start":5079.17,"end":5079.41},{"text":"delegation.","start":5079.41,"end":5080.37}]},{"text":"Just one point that I also wanted to make and it's also something that we had included as an important element of our working papers in the past and I think it's kind of a more general way how to formulate the link between the effects of our weapon systems and the humans and we always formulated it in a way that it said, it must be possible to trace back the outcome of the use of force to human agency.","start":5081.93,"end":5107.53,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"Just","start":5081.93,"end":5082.21},{"text":"one","start":5082.29,"end":5082.53},{"text":"point","start":5082.53,"end":5082.85},{"text":"that","start":5082.85,"end":5082.97},{"text":"I","start":5082.97,"end":5083.01},{"text":"also","start":5083.01,"end":5083.25},{"text":"wanted","start":5083.25,"end":5083.49},{"text":"to","start":5083.49,"end":5083.57},{"text":"make","start":5083.57,"end":5083.85},{"text":"and","start":5083.85,"end":5083.97},{"text":"it's","start":5083.97,"end":5084.21},{"text":"also","start":5084.21,"end":5084.37},{"text":"something","start":5084.37,"end":5084.77},{"text":"that","start":5084.77,"end":5084.89},{"text":"we","start":5084.89,"end":5085.01},{"text":"had","start":5085.01,"end":5085.33},{"text":"included","start":5085.73,"end":5086.53},{"text":"as","start":5086.53,"end":5087.41},{"text":"an","start":5088.01,"end":5088.13},{"text":"important","start":5088.13,"end":5088.61},{"text":"element","start":5088.61,"end":5089.17},{"text":"of","start":5089.81,"end":5090.05},{"text":"our","start":5090.05,"end":5090.17},{"text":"working","start":5090.17,"end":5090.61},{"text":"papers","start":5090.61,"end":5091.09},{"text":"in","start":5091.09,"end":5091.17},{"text":"the","start":5091.17,"end":5091.25},{"text":"past","start":5091.25,"end":5091.77},{"text":"and","start":5091.77,"end":5091.97},{"text":"I","start":5091.97,"end":5092.05},{"text":"think","start":5092.05,"end":5092.29},{"text":"it's","start":5092.29,"end":5092.61},{"text":"kind","start":5092.61,"end":5092.81},{"text":"of","start":5092.81,"end":5092.89},{"text":"a","start":5092.89,"end":5092.93},{"text":"more","start":5092.93,"end":5093.17},{"text":"general","start":5093.17,"end":5093.81},{"text":"way","start":5094.69,"end":5095.01},{"text":"how","start":5095.01,"end":5095.41},{"text":"to","start":5095.41,"end":5095.57},{"text":"formulate","start":5095.57,"end":5096.29},{"text":"the","start":5096.29,"end":5096.37},{"text":"link","start":5096.37,"end":5096.69},{"text":"between","start":5096.69,"end":5097.33},{"text":"the","start":5097.73,"end":5097.81},{"text":"effects","start":5097.81,"end":5098.25},{"text":"of","start":5098.25,"end":5098.37},{"text":"our","start":5098.37,"end":5098.45},{"text":"weapon","start":5098.45,"end":5098.77},{"text":"systems","start":5098.77,"end":5099.41},{"text":"and","start":5099.41,"end":5099.61},{"text":"the","start":5099.61,"end":5099.73},{"text":"humans","start":5099.73,"end":5100.21},{"text":"and","start":5100.21,"end":5100.37},{"text":"we","start":5100.37,"end":5100.53},{"text":"always","start":5100.53,"end":5101.01},{"text":"formulated","start":5101.17,"end":5101.65},{"text":"it","start":5101.65,"end":5101.73},{"text":"in","start":5101.73,"end":5101.81},{"text":"a","start":5101.81,"end":5101.89},{"text":"way","start":5101.89,"end":5102.13},{"text":"that","start":5102.85,"end":5102.97},{"text":"it","start":5102.97,"end":5103.21},{"text":"said,","start":5103.21,"end":5103.45},{"text":"it","start":5103.45,"end":5103.53},{"text":"must","start":5103.53,"end":5103.73},{"text":"be","start":5103.73,"end":5103.85},{"text":"possible","start":5103.85,"end":5104.41},{"text":"to","start":5104.41,"end":5104.49},{"text":"trace","start":5104.49,"end":5104.81},{"text":"back","start":5104.81,"end":5105.13},{"text":"the","start":5105.13,"end":5105.25},{"text":"outcome","start":5105.25,"end":5105.69},{"text":"of","start":5105.69,"end":5105.85},{"text":"the","start":5105.85,"end":5105.93},{"text":"use","start":5105.93,"end":5106.09},{"text":"of","start":5106.09,"end":5106.17},{"text":"force","start":5106.17,"end":5106.49},{"text":"to","start":5106.49,"end":5106.65},{"text":"human","start":5106.65,"end":5106.97},{"text":"agency.","start":5106.97,"end":5107.53}]},{"text":"While this is a rather broad argumentation, I think this is the main goal that we are pursuing here, that we are knowing whatever has been the outcome of a use of force, there has been a human agency somewhere in the background.","start":5108.53,"end":5120.25,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":5108.53,"end":5108.73},{"text":"this","start":5108.73,"end":5108.89},{"text":"is","start":5108.89,"end":5109.05},{"text":"a","start":5109.05,"end":5109.09},{"text":"rather","start":5109.09,"end":5109.33},{"text":"broad","start":5109.33,"end":5109.77},{"text":"argumentation,","start":5109.77,"end":5110.49},{"text":"I","start":5110.49,"end":5110.57},{"text":"think","start":5110.57,"end":5110.77},{"text":"this","start":5110.77,"end":5110.97},{"text":"is","start":5110.97,"end":5111.13},{"text":"the","start":5111.13,"end":5111.29},{"text":"main","start":5111.29,"end":5111.61},{"text":"goal","start":5111.85,"end":5112.25},{"text":"that","start":5112.25,"end":5112.41},{"text":"we","start":5112.41,"end":5112.57},{"text":"are","start":5112.57,"end":5112.81},{"text":"pursuing","start":5112.81,"end":5113.37},{"text":"here,","start":5113.37,"end":5113.69},{"text":"that","start":5113.97,"end":5114.49},{"text":"we","start":5114.49,"end":5114.65},{"text":"are","start":5114.65,"end":5114.73},{"text":"knowing","start":5114.73,"end":5115.13},{"text":"whatever","start":5115.13,"end":5115.69},{"text":"has","start":5115.69,"end":5115.93},{"text":"been","start":5115.93,"end":5116.09},{"text":"the","start":5116.09,"end":5116.21},{"text":"outcome","start":5116.21,"end":5116.81},{"text":"of","start":5117.21,"end":5117.45},{"text":"a","start":5117.45,"end":5117.49},{"text":"use","start":5117.49,"end":5117.65},{"text":"of","start":5117.65,"end":5117.77},{"text":"force,","start":5117.77,"end":5118.05},{"text":"there","start":5118.05,"end":5118.17},{"text":"has","start":5118.17,"end":5118.37},{"text":"been","start":5118.37,"end":5118.53},{"text":"a","start":5118.53,"end":5118.57},{"text":"human","start":5118.57,"end":5118.89},{"text":"agency","start":5118.89,"end":5119.29},{"text":"somewhere","start":5119.29,"end":5119.61},{"text":"in","start":5119.61,"end":5119.69},{"text":"the","start":5119.69,"end":5119.77},{"text":"background.","start":5119.77,"end":5120.25}]},{"text":"And I think this is at least one smallest common denominator where we can all agree upon.","start":5120.25,"end":5124.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5120.25,"end":5120.37},{"text":"I","start":5120.37,"end":5120.41},{"text":"think","start":5120.41,"end":5120.57},{"text":"this","start":5120.57,"end":5120.73},{"text":"is","start":5120.73,"end":5120.89},{"text":"at","start":5120.89,"end":5121.01},{"text":"least","start":5121.01,"end":5121.29},{"text":"one","start":5121.29,"end":5121.53},{"text":"smallest","start":5121.93,"end":5122.45},{"text":"common","start":5122.45,"end":5122.69},{"text":"denominator","start":5122.69,"end":5123.33},{"text":"where","start":5123.33,"end":5123.49},{"text":"we","start":5123.49,"end":5123.57},{"text":"can","start":5123.57,"end":5123.77},{"text":"all","start":5123.77,"end":5123.93},{"text":"agree","start":5123.93,"end":5124.17},{"text":"upon.","start":5124.17,"end":5124.41}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":5124.89,"end":5125.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5124.89,"end":5125.13},{"text":"you.","start":5125.13,"end":5125.25}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"AUT","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Austria"}},{"statement_number":55,"start":5126.97,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:25:27","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Austria for reacting to previous statements and for further developing this position.","start":5126.97,"end":5134.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5126.97,"end":5127.13},{"text":"thank","start":5127.13,"end":5127.37},{"text":"the","start":5127.37,"end":5127.45},{"text":"distinguished","start":5127.45,"end":5128.09},{"text":"representative","start":5128.09,"end":5128.81},{"text":"of","start":5128.81,"end":5128.89},{"text":"Austria","start":5128.89,"end":5129.33},{"text":"for","start":5129.77,"end":5130.13},{"text":"reacting","start":5130.13,"end":5130.65},{"text":"to","start":5130.65,"end":5130.97},{"text":"previous","start":5131.13,"end":5131.49},{"text":"statements","start":5131.49,"end":5132.05},{"text":"and","start":5132.05,"end":5132.17},{"text":"for","start":5132.17,"end":5132.29},{"text":"further","start":5132.33,"end":5132.61},{"text":"developing","start":5132.61,"end":5133.29},{"text":"this","start":5133.61,"end":5133.77},{"text":"position.","start":5133.77,"end":5134.49}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Norway, to be followed by Portugal, Luxembourg, Spain.","start":5135.53,"end":5139.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":5135.53,"end":5135.85},{"text":"on","start":5135.85,"end":5135.93},{"text":"my","start":5135.93,"end":5136.01},{"text":"list","start":5136.01,"end":5136.25},{"text":"is","start":5136.25,"end":5136.41},{"text":"Norway,","start":5136.41,"end":5136.89},{"text":"to","start":5136.89,"end":5137.05},{"text":"be","start":5137.05,"end":5137.13},{"text":"followed","start":5137.13,"end":5137.45},{"text":"by","start":5137.45,"end":5137.61},{"text":"Portugal,","start":5137.61,"end":5138.29},{"text":"Luxembourg,","start":5138.29,"end":5138.81},{"text":"Spain.","start":5138.81,"end":5139.45}]},{"text":"Let me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Norway.","start":5139.45,"end":5142.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":5139.45,"end":5139.57},{"text":"me","start":5139.57,"end":5139.69},{"text":"now","start":5139.69,"end":5139.85},{"text":"pass","start":5139.85,"end":5140.25},{"text":"the","start":5140.25,"end":5140.41},{"text":"floor","start":5140.41,"end":5140.65},{"text":"to","start":5140.65,"end":5140.77},{"text":"the","start":5140.77,"end":5140.85},{"text":"distinguished","start":5140.85,"end":5141.29},{"text":"representative","start":5141.29,"end":5141.93},{"text":"of","start":5141.93,"end":5142.09},{"text":"Norway.","start":5142.09,"end":5142.49}]},{"text":"We have the floor.","start":5142.49,"end":5143.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5142.49,"end":5142.65},{"text":"have","start":5142.65,"end":5142.77},{"text":"the","start":5142.85,"end":5142.93},{"text":"floor.","start":5142.97,"end":5143.21}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":56,"start":5147.61,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:25:48","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5147.61,"end":5148.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5147.61,"end":5147.77},{"text":"you,","start":5147.77,"end":5147.85},{"text":"Chair.","start":5147.85,"end":5148.17}]},{"text":"Paragraph 5 of box 2 on context-appropriate human judgment and control is, in our opinion.","start":5149.29,"end":5155.13,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":5149.29,"end":5149.85},{"text":"5","start":5149.85,"end":5150.25},{"text":"of","start":5150.25,"end":5150.33},{"text":"box","start":5150.33,"end":5150.89},{"text":"2","start":5150.89,"end":5151.29},{"text":"on","start":5151.49,"end":5151.69},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":5151.69,"end":5152.65},{"text":"human","start":5152.65,"end":5152.89},{"text":"judgment","start":5152.89,"end":5153.25},{"text":"and","start":5153.25,"end":5153.37},{"text":"control","start":5153.37,"end":5153.77},{"text":"is,","start":5153.77,"end":5154.17},{"text":"in","start":5154.17,"end":5154.41},{"text":"our","start":5154.41,"end":5154.65},{"text":"opinion.","start":5154.65,"end":5155.13}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"One of the most important elements of this text.","start":5155.89,"end":5158.45,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"One","start":5155.89,"end":5156.13},{"text":"of","start":5156.13,"end":5156.21},{"text":"the","start":5156.21,"end":5156.29},{"text":"most","start":5156.29,"end":5156.45},{"text":"important","start":5156.45,"end":5157.01},{"text":"elements","start":5157.01,"end":5157.41},{"text":"of","start":5157.41,"end":5157.57},{"text":"this","start":5157.57,"end":5157.81},{"text":"text.","start":5157.81,"end":5158.45}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"The concerns relating to the potential degradation of meaningful human control and involvement in the application of force as autonomy increases in scope and sophistication and practical application, is, in our view, at the very heart of the law's problem complex.","start":5159.17,"end":5174.61,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5159.17,"end":5159.25},{"text":"concerns","start":5159.25,"end":5159.65},{"text":"relating","start":5159.65,"end":5159.97},{"text":"to","start":5159.97,"end":5160.05},{"text":"the","start":5160.05,"end":5160.13},{"text":"potential","start":5160.13,"end":5160.61},{"text":"degradation","start":5160.61,"end":5161.29},{"text":"of","start":5161.29,"end":5161.45},{"text":"meaningful","start":5161.45,"end":5161.85},{"text":"human","start":5161.85,"end":5162.13},{"text":"control","start":5162.13,"end":5162.69},{"text":"and","start":5162.69,"end":5163.01},{"text":"involvement","start":5163.01,"end":5163.89},{"text":"in","start":5164.17,"end":5164.29},{"text":"the","start":5164.29,"end":5164.41},{"text":"application","start":5164.41,"end":5164.93},{"text":"of","start":5164.93,"end":5165.01},{"text":"force","start":5165.01,"end":5165.41},{"text":"as","start":5165.73,"end":5166.13},{"text":"autonomy","start":5166.21,"end":5166.65},{"text":"increases","start":5166.65,"end":5167.37},{"text":"in","start":5167.37,"end":5167.49},{"text":"scope","start":5167.49,"end":5167.81},{"text":"and","start":5167.81,"end":5167.93},{"text":"sophistication","start":5167.93,"end":5168.57},{"text":"and","start":5168.57,"end":5168.69},{"text":"practical","start":5168.69,"end":5169.17},{"text":"application,","start":5169.17,"end":5169.81},{"text":"is,","start":5170.29,"end":5170.53},{"text":"in","start":5170.93,"end":5171.25},{"text":"our","start":5171.25,"end":5171.41},{"text":"view,","start":5171.41,"end":5171.89},{"text":"at","start":5172.21,"end":5172.33},{"text":"the","start":5172.33,"end":5172.45},{"text":"very","start":5172.45,"end":5172.69},{"text":"heart","start":5172.69,"end":5172.97},{"text":"of","start":5172.97,"end":5173.05},{"text":"the","start":5173.05,"end":5173.13},{"text":"law's","start":5173.13,"end":5173.65},{"text":"problem","start":5173.65,"end":5174.05},{"text":"complex.","start":5174.05,"end":5174.61}]},{"text":"For us, human judgment is a central feature of any meaningful human control, which we argued at length in March.","start":5175.89,"end":5182.69,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":5175.89,"end":5176.09},{"text":"us,","start":5176.09,"end":5176.53},{"text":"human","start":5176.53,"end":5176.81},{"text":"judgment","start":5176.81,"end":5177.25},{"text":"is","start":5177.25,"end":5177.45},{"text":"a","start":5177.45,"end":5177.49},{"text":"central","start":5177.49,"end":5177.97},{"text":"feature","start":5177.97,"end":5178.45},{"text":"of","start":5178.49,"end":5178.69},{"text":"any","start":5179.01,"end":5179.25},{"text":"meaningful","start":5179.25,"end":5179.81},{"text":"human","start":5179.81,"end":5180.09},{"text":"control,","start":5180.09,"end":5180.57},{"text":"which","start":5180.57,"end":5180.85},{"text":"we","start":5180.85,"end":5181.09},{"text":"argued","start":5181.09,"end":5181.49},{"text":"at","start":5181.49,"end":5181.61},{"text":"length","start":5181.61,"end":5181.97},{"text":"in","start":5181.97,"end":5182.13},{"text":"March.","start":5182.13,"end":5182.69}]},{"text":"So we would agree in principle with those who suggest to only retain the concept of control.","start":5183.73,"end":5189.33,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5183.73,"end":5184.21},{"text":"we","start":5184.53,"end":5184.77},{"text":"would","start":5184.77,"end":5184.89},{"text":"agree","start":5184.89,"end":5185.17},{"text":"in","start":5185.17,"end":5185.33},{"text":"principle","start":5185.33,"end":5185.73},{"text":"with","start":5185.73,"end":5185.89},{"text":"those","start":5185.89,"end":5186.29},{"text":"who","start":5186.37,"end":5186.69},{"text":"suggest","start":5186.69,"end":5187.13},{"text":"to","start":5187.13,"end":5187.21},{"text":"only","start":5187.21,"end":5187.41},{"text":"retain","start":5187.41,"end":5188.05},{"text":"the","start":5188.05,"end":5188.13},{"text":"concept","start":5188.13,"end":5188.57},{"text":"of","start":5188.57,"end":5188.69},{"text":"control.","start":5188.69,"end":5189.33}]},{"text":"Yet we understand that there might be different takes on the concept of control among the delegations here and think that the case has been well made for mentioning both concepts in order to highlight the interrelation between proper control and human judgment and the importance of human judgment in that regard.","start":5189.97,"end":5207.17,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Yet","start":5189.97,"end":5190.45},{"text":"we","start":5191.17,"end":5191.73},{"text":"understand","start":5191.73,"end":5192.25},{"text":"that","start":5192.25,"end":5192.37},{"text":"there","start":5192.37,"end":5192.49},{"text":"might","start":5192.49,"end":5192.77},{"text":"be","start":5192.77,"end":5192.85},{"text":"different","start":5192.85,"end":5193.29},{"text":"takes","start":5193.29,"end":5193.81},{"text":"on","start":5193.97,"end":5194.13},{"text":"the","start":5194.13,"end":5194.21},{"text":"concept","start":5194.21,"end":5194.53},{"text":"of","start":5194.53,"end":5194.61},{"text":"control","start":5194.61,"end":5195.09},{"text":"among","start":5195.09,"end":5195.41},{"text":"the","start":5195.41,"end":5195.53},{"text":"delegations","start":5195.53,"end":5196.05},{"text":"here","start":5196.05,"end":5196.37},{"text":"and","start":5196.37,"end":5196.61},{"text":"think","start":5196.61,"end":5196.85},{"text":"that","start":5196.85,"end":5197.01},{"text":"the","start":5197.01,"end":5197.09},{"text":"case","start":5197.09,"end":5197.29},{"text":"has","start":5197.29,"end":5197.41},{"text":"been","start":5197.41,"end":5197.57},{"text":"well","start":5197.57,"end":5197.81},{"text":"made","start":5197.81,"end":5198.01},{"text":"for","start":5198.01,"end":5198.13},{"text":"mentioning","start":5198.13,"end":5198.49},{"text":"both","start":5198.49,"end":5198.77},{"text":"concepts","start":5198.77,"end":5199.29},{"text":"in","start":5199.29,"end":5199.41},{"text":"order","start":5199.41,"end":5199.65},{"text":"to","start":5199.65,"end":5199.85},{"text":"highlight","start":5199.85,"end":5200.25},{"text":"the","start":5200.25,"end":5200.33},{"text":"interrelation","start":5200.33,"end":5201.01},{"text":"between","start":5201.01,"end":5201.49},{"text":"proper","start":5201.81,"end":5202.21},{"text":"control","start":5202.21,"end":5202.69},{"text":"and","start":5202.97,"end":5203.25},{"text":"human","start":5203.33,"end":5203.73},{"text":"judgment","start":5204.05,"end":5204.69},{"text":"and","start":5204.81,"end":5204.93},{"text":"the","start":5204.93,"end":5205.01},{"text":"importance","start":5205.01,"end":5205.69},{"text":"of","start":5205.69,"end":5205.77},{"text":"human","start":5205.77,"end":5206.05},{"text":"judgment","start":5206.05,"end":5206.53},{"text":"in","start":5206.53,"end":5206.65},{"text":"that","start":5206.65,"end":5206.77},{"text":"regard.","start":5206.77,"end":5207.17}]},{"text":"We prefer the previous formulation where control came first, but can support this reordered version of the concept as well.","start":5209.01,"end":5215.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5209.01,"end":5209.33},{"text":"prefer","start":5209.33,"end":5209.73},{"text":"the","start":5209.73,"end":5209.81},{"text":"previous","start":5209.81,"end":5210.25},{"text":"formulation","start":5210.25,"end":5210.73},{"text":"where","start":5210.73,"end":5211.01},{"text":"control","start":5211.01,"end":5211.41},{"text":"came","start":5211.41,"end":5211.65},{"text":"first,","start":5211.65,"end":5212.05},{"text":"but","start":5212.05,"end":5212.29},{"text":"can","start":5212.29,"end":5212.41},{"text":"support","start":5212.41,"end":5212.93},{"text":"this","start":5212.93,"end":5213.17},{"text":"reordered","start":5213.17,"end":5213.65},{"text":"version","start":5213.65,"end":5214.01},{"text":"of","start":5214.01,"end":5214.09},{"text":"the","start":5214.09,"end":5214.17},{"text":"concept","start":5214.17,"end":5214.85},{"text":"as","start":5214.97,"end":5215.09},{"text":"well.","start":5215.09,"end":5215.33}]},{"text":"We've taken note of the concerns raised by some that the concept of context-appropriate human judgment and control is somewhat vague and would require clarification.","start":5216.69,"end":5226.85,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We've","start":5216.69,"end":5216.93},{"text":"taken","start":5216.93,"end":5217.29},{"text":"note","start":5217.29,"end":5217.57},{"text":"of","start":5217.57,"end":5217.65},{"text":"the","start":5217.65,"end":5217.73},{"text":"concerns","start":5217.73,"end":5218.21},{"text":"raised","start":5218.21,"end":5218.41},{"text":"by","start":5218.41,"end":5218.53},{"text":"some","start":5218.53,"end":5218.85},{"text":"that","start":5218.85,"end":5219.01},{"text":"the","start":5219.01,"end":5219.17},{"text":"concept","start":5219.17,"end":5219.89},{"text":"of","start":5219.89,"end":5220.13},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":5221.97,"end":5222.73},{"text":"human","start":5222.73,"end":5223.01},{"text":"judgment","start":5223.01,"end":5223.41},{"text":"and","start":5223.41,"end":5223.53},{"text":"control","start":5223.53,"end":5223.97},{"text":"is","start":5223.97,"end":5224.21},{"text":"somewhat","start":5224.21,"end":5224.53},{"text":"vague","start":5224.53,"end":5225.09},{"text":"and","start":5225.09,"end":5225.45},{"text":"would","start":5225.45,"end":5225.57},{"text":"require","start":5225.57,"end":5226.01},{"text":"clarification.","start":5226.01,"end":5226.85}]},{"text":"And like others, we believe that some of this clarification is provided in the subparagraphs of paragraph 6 in box 3.","start":5227.93,"end":5233.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5227.93,"end":5228.09},{"text":"like","start":5228.09,"end":5228.29},{"text":"others,","start":5228.29,"end":5228.53},{"text":"we","start":5228.53,"end":5228.69},{"text":"believe","start":5228.69,"end":5229.01},{"text":"that","start":5229.01,"end":5229.13},{"text":"some","start":5229.13,"end":5229.25},{"text":"of","start":5229.25,"end":5229.33},{"text":"this","start":5229.33,"end":5229.49},{"text":"clarification","start":5229.49,"end":5230.13},{"text":"is","start":5230.13,"end":5230.21},{"text":"provided","start":5230.21,"end":5230.69},{"text":"in","start":5230.69,"end":5230.81},{"text":"the","start":5230.81,"end":5230.93},{"text":"subparagraphs","start":5230.93,"end":5231.85},{"text":"of","start":5231.85,"end":5232.13},{"text":"paragraph","start":5232.77,"end":5233.13},{"text":"6","start":5233.13,"end":5233.37},{"text":"in","start":5233.37,"end":5233.45},{"text":"box","start":5233.45,"end":5233.65},{"text":"3.","start":5233.65,"end":5233.97}]},{"text":"And also that when a concept appears multiple times in one and the same text, it must be assumed to have the same meaning.","start":5234.53,"end":5240.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5234.53,"end":5234.73},{"text":"also","start":5234.73,"end":5234.97},{"text":"that","start":5234.97,"end":5235.13},{"text":"when","start":5235.13,"end":5235.29},{"text":"a","start":5235.29,"end":5235.33},{"text":"concept","start":5235.33,"end":5235.77},{"text":"appears","start":5235.77,"end":5236.21},{"text":"multiple","start":5236.21,"end":5236.61},{"text":"times","start":5236.61,"end":5236.97},{"text":"in","start":5236.97,"end":5237.09},{"text":"one","start":5237.09,"end":5237.29},{"text":"and","start":5237.29,"end":5237.41},{"text":"the","start":5237.41,"end":5237.49},{"text":"same","start":5237.49,"end":5237.73},{"text":"text,","start":5237.73,"end":5238.21},{"text":"it","start":5238.29,"end":5238.45},{"text":"must","start":5238.45,"end":5238.61},{"text":"be","start":5238.61,"end":5238.73},{"text":"assumed","start":5238.73,"end":5239.17},{"text":"to","start":5239.17,"end":5239.29},{"text":"have","start":5239.29,"end":5239.41},{"text":"the","start":5239.41,"end":5239.53},{"text":"same","start":5239.53,"end":5239.77},{"text":"meaning.","start":5239.77,"end":5240.37}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"So that the details provided in box three also impact on the interpretation of the concept in box two.","start":5240.37,"end":5245.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5240.37,"end":5240.61},{"text":"that","start":5240.61,"end":5240.93},{"text":"the","start":5240.93,"end":5241.01},{"text":"details","start":5241.01,"end":5241.49},{"text":"provided","start":5241.49,"end":5241.85},{"text":"in","start":5241.85,"end":5241.97},{"text":"box","start":5241.97,"end":5242.29},{"text":"three","start":5242.29,"end":5242.53},{"text":"also","start":5242.53,"end":5242.77},{"text":"impact","start":5242.77,"end":5243.09},{"text":"on","start":5243.09,"end":5243.17},{"text":"the","start":5243.17,"end":5243.25},{"text":"interpretation","start":5243.25,"end":5243.85},{"text":"of","start":5243.85,"end":5243.93},{"text":"the","start":5243.93,"end":5244.01},{"text":"concept","start":5244.01,"end":5244.41},{"text":"in","start":5244.41,"end":5244.53},{"text":"box","start":5244.53,"end":5244.77},{"text":"two.","start":5244.77,"end":5245.01}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"But we could potentially do more to flesh this out, and we think that Pakistan's proposal to consider a technical annex merits, uh, consideration.","start":5245.49,"end":5252.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":5245.49,"end":5245.65},{"text":"we","start":5245.65,"end":5245.97},{"text":"could","start":5245.97,"end":5246.13},{"text":"potentially","start":5246.13,"end":5246.49},{"text":"do","start":5246.49,"end":5246.69},{"text":"more","start":5246.69,"end":5246.85},{"text":"to","start":5246.85,"end":5246.93},{"text":"flesh","start":5246.93,"end":5247.17},{"text":"this","start":5247.17,"end":5247.41},{"text":"out,","start":5247.41,"end":5247.53},{"text":"and","start":5247.53,"end":5247.65},{"text":"we","start":5247.65,"end":5247.85},{"text":"think","start":5247.85,"end":5248.09},{"text":"that","start":5248.09,"end":5248.29},{"text":"Pakistan's","start":5248.29,"end":5248.85},{"text":"proposal","start":5248.85,"end":5249.25},{"text":"to","start":5249.25,"end":5249.33},{"text":"consider","start":5249.33,"end":5249.77},{"text":"a","start":5249.77,"end":5249.81},{"text":"technical","start":5249.81,"end":5250.37},{"text":"annex","start":5250.37,"end":5250.93},{"text":"merits,","start":5250.93,"end":5251.49},{"text":"uh,","start":5251.57,"end":5251.61},{"text":"consideration.","start":5251.61,"end":5252.37}]},{"text":"Chair, we also took good note of the concerns raised by some delegations regarding the placement of paragraph 5 in our text, that the notion of context-appropriate human judgment and control, which is not currently a rule or a principle of IGL in and of itself, but this is grouped together with paragraphs that indeed do reflect rules and principles of IGL.","start":5254.29,"end":5273.49,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":5254.29,"end":5254.49},{"text":"we","start":5254.49,"end":5254.61},{"text":"also","start":5254.61,"end":5254.81},{"text":"took","start":5254.81,"end":5254.97},{"text":"good","start":5254.97,"end":5255.09},{"text":"note","start":5255.09,"end":5255.29},{"text":"of","start":5255.29,"end":5255.37},{"text":"the","start":5255.37,"end":5255.45},{"text":"concerns","start":5255.45,"end":5255.89},{"text":"raised","start":5255.89,"end":5256.25},{"text":"by","start":5256.25,"end":5256.37},{"text":"some","start":5256.37,"end":5256.49},{"text":"delegations","start":5256.49,"end":5257.09},{"text":"regarding","start":5257.09,"end":5257.45},{"text":"the","start":5257.45,"end":5257.57},{"text":"placement","start":5257.57,"end":5258.21},{"text":"of","start":5258.21,"end":5258.29},{"text":"paragraph","start":5258.29,"end":5258.73},{"text":"5","start":5258.73,"end":5259.09},{"text":"in","start":5259.09,"end":5259.41},{"text":"our","start":5259.41,"end":5259.49},{"text":"text,","start":5259.49,"end":5260.05},{"text":"that","start":5260.13,"end":5260.41},{"text":"the","start":5260.41,"end":5260.61},{"text":"notion","start":5261.01,"end":5261.53},{"text":"of","start":5261.53,"end":5261.73},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":5261.73,"end":5262.73},{"text":"human","start":5262.73,"end":5262.97},{"text":"judgment","start":5262.97,"end":5263.33},{"text":"and","start":5263.33,"end":5263.45},{"text":"control,","start":5263.45,"end":5264.01},{"text":"which","start":5264.01,"end":5264.21},{"text":"is","start":5264.21,"end":5264.37},{"text":"not","start":5264.37,"end":5264.61},{"text":"currently","start":5264.61,"end":5265.09},{"text":"a","start":5265.09,"end":5265.13},{"text":"rule","start":5265.13,"end":5265.65},{"text":"or","start":5265.65,"end":5265.81},{"text":"a","start":5265.81,"end":5265.85},{"text":"principle","start":5265.85,"end":5266.41},{"text":"of","start":5266.41,"end":5266.53},{"text":"IGL","start":5266.53,"end":5267.01},{"text":"in","start":5267.01,"end":5267.09},{"text":"and","start":5267.09,"end":5267.21},{"text":"of","start":5267.21,"end":5267.33},{"text":"itself,","start":5267.33,"end":5267.81},{"text":"but","start":5268.29,"end":5268.45},{"text":"this","start":5268.45,"end":5268.69},{"text":"is","start":5268.69,"end":5268.85},{"text":"grouped","start":5268.85,"end":5269.17},{"text":"together","start":5269.17,"end":5269.49},{"text":"with","start":5269.49,"end":5269.61},{"text":"paragraphs","start":5269.61,"end":5270.13},{"text":"that","start":5270.13,"end":5270.37},{"text":"indeed","start":5270.37,"end":5270.65},{"text":"do","start":5270.65,"end":5270.85},{"text":"reflect","start":5270.85,"end":5271.49},{"text":"rules","start":5271.49,"end":5271.77},{"text":"and","start":5271.77,"end":5271.89},{"text":"principles","start":5271.89,"end":5272.45},{"text":"of","start":5272.45,"end":5272.61},{"text":"IGL.","start":5272.97,"end":5273.49}]},{"text":"If we understand correctly, the concern is that this juxtaposition could suggest that paragraph 5 has the same normative legal status as the other paragraphs in that box.","start":5274.41,"end":5284.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":5274.41,"end":5274.57},{"text":"we","start":5274.57,"end":5274.73},{"text":"understand","start":5274.73,"end":5275.13},{"text":"correctly,","start":5275.13,"end":5275.53},{"text":"the","start":5275.53,"end":5275.61},{"text":"concern","start":5275.61,"end":5276.01},{"text":"is","start":5276.01,"end":5276.09},{"text":"that","start":5276.09,"end":5276.25},{"text":"this","start":5276.25,"end":5276.65},{"text":"juxtaposition","start":5276.97,"end":5278.01},{"text":"could","start":5278.29,"end":5278.45},{"text":"suggest","start":5278.45,"end":5278.89},{"text":"that","start":5278.89,"end":5279.05},{"text":"paragraph","start":5279.05,"end":5279.57},{"text":"5","start":5279.57,"end":5279.85},{"text":"has","start":5279.85,"end":5280.01},{"text":"the","start":5280.01,"end":5280.17},{"text":"same","start":5280.17,"end":5280.73},{"text":"normative","start":5280.81,"end":5281.37},{"text":"legal","start":5281.37,"end":5281.69},{"text":"status","start":5281.69,"end":5282.17},{"text":"as","start":5282.17,"end":5282.33},{"text":"the","start":5282.33,"end":5282.53},{"text":"other","start":5282.53,"end":5282.73},{"text":"paragraphs","start":5282.73,"end":5283.29},{"text":"in","start":5283.29,"end":5283.45},{"text":"that","start":5283.45,"end":5283.61},{"text":"box.","start":5283.61,"end":5284.17}]},{"text":"As Austria mentioned just now, this seems to be a bit of a temporary problem.","start":5285.97,"end":5289.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5285.97,"end":5286.25},{"text":"Austria","start":5286.25,"end":5286.65},{"text":"mentioned","start":5286.65,"end":5287.01},{"text":"just","start":5287.01,"end":5287.25},{"text":"now,","start":5287.25,"end":5287.45},{"text":"this","start":5287.53,"end":5287.81},{"text":"seems","start":5287.81,"end":5288.09},{"text":"to","start":5288.09,"end":5288.21},{"text":"be","start":5288.21,"end":5288.37},{"text":"a","start":5288.37,"end":5288.41},{"text":"bit","start":5288.41,"end":5288.53},{"text":"of","start":5288.53,"end":5288.61},{"text":"a","start":5288.61,"end":5288.65},{"text":"temporary","start":5288.65,"end":5289.13},{"text":"problem.","start":5289.13,"end":5289.61}]},{"text":"We will, after all, have to come back to the placement of this paragraph and the other elements of box 2 once we start working on our prospective future instrument.","start":5289.69,"end":5297.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5289.69,"end":5289.93},{"text":"will,","start":5289.93,"end":5290.17},{"text":"after","start":5290.17,"end":5290.41},{"text":"all,","start":5290.41,"end":5290.49},{"text":"have","start":5290.49,"end":5290.65},{"text":"to","start":5290.65,"end":5290.77},{"text":"come","start":5290.77,"end":5290.97},{"text":"back","start":5290.97,"end":5291.13},{"text":"to","start":5291.13,"end":5291.25},{"text":"the","start":5291.25,"end":5291.37},{"text":"placement","start":5291.37,"end":5291.81},{"text":"of","start":5291.81,"end":5291.89},{"text":"this","start":5291.89,"end":5292.09},{"text":"paragraph","start":5292.09,"end":5292.53},{"text":"and","start":5292.53,"end":5292.65},{"text":"the","start":5292.65,"end":5292.73},{"text":"other","start":5292.73,"end":5292.93},{"text":"elements","start":5292.93,"end":5293.29},{"text":"of","start":5293.29,"end":5293.37},{"text":"box","start":5293.37,"end":5293.69},{"text":"2","start":5293.69,"end":5294.01},{"text":"once","start":5294.01,"end":5294.25},{"text":"we","start":5294.25,"end":5294.65},{"text":"start","start":5294.89,"end":5295.21},{"text":"working","start":5295.21,"end":5295.57},{"text":"on","start":5295.57,"end":5295.69},{"text":"our","start":5295.69,"end":5295.77},{"text":"prospective","start":5295.77,"end":5296.33},{"text":"future","start":5296.33,"end":5296.65},{"text":"instrument.","start":5296.65,"end":5297.29}]},{"text":"But that said, for us, we think that paragraph 5 in its current location serves as a rather logical and useful preface to the various measures and regulations to ensure IGL compliance in box 3.","start":5298.13,"end":5308.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":5298.13,"end":5298.21},{"text":"that","start":5298.21,"end":5298.45},{"text":"said,","start":5298.45,"end":5298.61},{"text":"for","start":5298.61,"end":5298.77},{"text":"us,","start":5298.77,"end":5298.93},{"text":"we","start":5298.93,"end":5299.17},{"text":"think","start":5299.17,"end":5299.37},{"text":"that","start":5299.37,"end":5299.49},{"text":"paragraph","start":5299.49,"end":5299.93},{"text":"5","start":5299.93,"end":5300.29},{"text":"in","start":5300.45,"end":5300.57},{"text":"its","start":5300.57,"end":5300.69},{"text":"current","start":5300.69,"end":5300.93},{"text":"location","start":5300.93,"end":5301.41},{"text":"serves","start":5301.41,"end":5301.73},{"text":"as","start":5301.73,"end":5301.81},{"text":"a","start":5301.81,"end":5301.89},{"text":"rather","start":5301.89,"end":5302.29},{"text":"logical","start":5302.29,"end":5302.85},{"text":"and","start":5303.29,"end":5303.49},{"text":"useful","start":5303.49,"end":5303.89},{"text":"preface","start":5303.89,"end":5304.29},{"text":"to","start":5304.29,"end":5304.37},{"text":"the","start":5304.37,"end":5304.49},{"text":"various","start":5304.49,"end":5304.81},{"text":"measures","start":5304.81,"end":5305.29},{"text":"and","start":5305.29,"end":5305.45},{"text":"regulations","start":5305.45,"end":5306.21},{"text":"to","start":5306.21,"end":5306.33},{"text":"ensure","start":5306.33,"end":5306.73},{"text":"IGL","start":5306.73,"end":5307.17},{"text":"compliance","start":5307.17,"end":5307.53},{"text":"in","start":5307.53,"end":5307.61},{"text":"box","start":5307.61,"end":5307.89},{"text":"3.","start":5307.89,"end":5308.21}]},{"text":"Context-appropriate human judgment and control is our attempt at explaining at an overarching level what kinds of measures that would be needed to ensure IGL compliance in the very specific case of laws, which were with the very special and novel problems and concerns that.","start":5309.09,"end":5324.53,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Context-appropriate","start":5309.09,"end":5310.13},{"text":"human","start":5310.13,"end":5310.45},{"text":"judgment","start":5310.45,"end":5310.93},{"text":"and","start":5310.93,"end":5311.09},{"text":"control","start":5311.09,"end":5311.57},{"text":"is","start":5311.57,"end":5311.81},{"text":"our","start":5311.81,"end":5312.05},{"text":"attempt","start":5312.05,"end":5312.69},{"text":"at","start":5312.69,"end":5312.77},{"text":"explaining","start":5312.77,"end":5313.49},{"text":"at","start":5313.49,"end":5313.61},{"text":"an","start":5313.61,"end":5313.73},{"text":"overarching","start":5313.73,"end":5314.29},{"text":"level","start":5314.29,"end":5314.65},{"text":"what","start":5314.65,"end":5314.93},{"text":"kinds","start":5314.93,"end":5315.29},{"text":"of","start":5315.29,"end":5315.41},{"text":"measures","start":5315.41,"end":5315.89},{"text":"that","start":5315.89,"end":5316.05},{"text":"would","start":5316.05,"end":5316.21},{"text":"be","start":5316.21,"end":5316.29},{"text":"needed","start":5316.29,"end":5316.69},{"text":"to","start":5316.69,"end":5317.09},{"text":"ensure","start":5317.09,"end":5317.37},{"text":"IGL","start":5317.37,"end":5317.81},{"text":"compliance","start":5317.81,"end":5318.37},{"text":"in","start":5318.37,"end":5318.53},{"text":"the","start":5318.53,"end":5318.61},{"text":"very","start":5318.61,"end":5318.85},{"text":"specific","start":5318.85,"end":5319.45},{"text":"case","start":5319.45,"end":5319.73},{"text":"of","start":5319.73,"end":5319.89},{"text":"laws,","start":5319.89,"end":5320.25},{"text":"which","start":5320.25,"end":5320.61},{"text":"were","start":5320.93,"end":5321.29},{"text":"with","start":5321.29,"end":5321.45},{"text":"the","start":5321.45,"end":5321.53},{"text":"very","start":5321.53,"end":5321.81},{"text":"special","start":5321.81,"end":5322.29},{"text":"and","start":5322.29,"end":5322.49},{"text":"novel","start":5322.49,"end":5322.85},{"text":"problems","start":5322.85,"end":5323.29},{"text":"and","start":5323.29,"end":5323.41},{"text":"concerns","start":5323.41,"end":5324.05},{"text":"that.","start":5324.29,"end":5324.53}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Autonomy raises in this regard.","start":5324.53,"end":5326.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Autonomy","start":5324.53,"end":5324.85},{"text":"raises","start":5324.85,"end":5325.25},{"text":"in","start":5325.25,"end":5325.41},{"text":"this","start":5325.41,"end":5325.57},{"text":"regard.","start":5325.57,"end":5326.05}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"But like Ukraine and Austria, we believe that it could be a solution perhaps to move paragraph five into a separate.","start":5326.69,"end":5331.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":5326.69,"end":5326.81},{"text":"like","start":5326.81,"end":5327.09},{"text":"Ukraine","start":5327.17,"end":5327.81},{"text":"and","start":5327.85,"end":5328.13},{"text":"Austria,","start":5328.13,"end":5328.53},{"text":"we","start":5328.53,"end":5328.69},{"text":"believe","start":5328.69,"end":5328.97},{"text":"that","start":5328.97,"end":5329.09},{"text":"it","start":5329.09,"end":5329.21},{"text":"could","start":5329.21,"end":5329.33},{"text":"be","start":5329.33,"end":5329.49},{"text":"a","start":5329.49,"end":5329.53},{"text":"solution","start":5329.53,"end":5329.89},{"text":"perhaps","start":5329.89,"end":5330.37},{"text":"to","start":5330.37,"end":5330.49},{"text":"move","start":5330.49,"end":5330.69},{"text":"paragraph","start":5330.69,"end":5331.13},{"text":"five","start":5331.13,"end":5331.33},{"text":"into","start":5331.33,"end":5331.61},{"text":"a","start":5331.61,"end":5331.65},{"text":"separate.","start":5331.65,"end":5331.97}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Box of its own after box two, that way we would separate it from the other paragraphs whilst retaining the spotlight on what is indeed a very central part of our respective set of elements, thank you.","start":5331.97,"end":5341.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Box","start":5331.97,"end":5332.53},{"text":"of","start":5332.53,"end":5332.61},{"text":"its","start":5332.61,"end":5332.77},{"text":"own","start":5332.77,"end":5332.97},{"text":"after","start":5332.97,"end":5333.17},{"text":"box","start":5333.17,"end":5333.41},{"text":"two,","start":5333.41,"end":5333.81},{"text":"that","start":5333.89,"end":5334.05},{"text":"way","start":5334.05,"end":5334.29},{"text":"we","start":5334.29,"end":5334.45},{"text":"would","start":5334.45,"end":5334.61},{"text":"separate","start":5334.61,"end":5335.09},{"text":"it","start":5335.09,"end":5335.21},{"text":"from","start":5335.21,"end":5335.49},{"text":"the","start":5335.49,"end":5335.65},{"text":"other","start":5335.65,"end":5335.85},{"text":"paragraphs","start":5335.85,"end":5336.29},{"text":"whilst","start":5336.29,"end":5336.57},{"text":"retaining","start":5336.57,"end":5337.01},{"text":"the","start":5337.01,"end":5337.09},{"text":"spotlight","start":5337.09,"end":5337.65},{"text":"on","start":5337.65,"end":5337.73},{"text":"what","start":5337.73,"end":5337.97},{"text":"is","start":5337.97,"end":5338.13},{"text":"indeed","start":5338.13,"end":5338.49},{"text":"a","start":5338.49,"end":5338.53},{"text":"very","start":5338.53,"end":5338.77},{"text":"central","start":5338.77,"end":5339.09},{"text":"part","start":5339.09,"end":5339.29},{"text":"of","start":5339.29,"end":5339.49},{"text":"our","start":5339.49,"end":5339.65},{"text":"respective","start":5339.85,"end":5340.29},{"text":"set","start":5340.29,"end":5340.61},{"text":"of","start":5340.69,"end":5340.81},{"text":"elements,","start":5340.81,"end":5341.21},{"text":"thank","start":5341.21,"end":5341.41},{"text":"you.","start":5341.41,"end":5341.49}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"NOR","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Norway"}},{"statement_number":57,"start":5344.77,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:29:05","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Norway.","start":5344.77,"end":5347.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5344.77,"end":5344.93},{"text":"thank","start":5344.93,"end":5345.17},{"text":"the","start":5345.17,"end":5345.25},{"text":"distinguished","start":5345.25,"end":5345.81},{"text":"representative","start":5345.81,"end":5346.41},{"text":"of","start":5346.41,"end":5346.53},{"text":"Norway.","start":5347.01,"end":5347.73}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Portugal, to be followed by Luxembourg, Spain, Bulgaria, and Denmark.","start":5348.17,"end":5352.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":5348.17,"end":5348.49},{"text":"on","start":5348.49,"end":5348.57},{"text":"my","start":5348.57,"end":5348.69},{"text":"list","start":5348.69,"end":5349.01},{"text":"is","start":5349.01,"end":5349.17},{"text":"Portugal,","start":5349.21,"end":5349.73},{"text":"to","start":5349.73,"end":5349.81},{"text":"be","start":5349.81,"end":5349.97},{"text":"followed","start":5349.97,"end":5350.29},{"text":"by","start":5350.29,"end":5350.37},{"text":"Luxembourg,","start":5350.37,"end":5350.85},{"text":"Spain,","start":5350.85,"end":5351.25},{"text":"Bulgaria,","start":5351.25,"end":5351.97},{"text":"and","start":5351.97,"end":5352.25},{"text":"Denmark.","start":5352.25,"end":5352.93}]},{"text":"Let me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Portugal.","start":5353.37,"end":5356.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":5353.37,"end":5353.53},{"text":"me","start":5353.73,"end":5353.93},{"text":"now","start":5353.93,"end":5354.13},{"text":"pass","start":5354.13,"end":5354.45},{"text":"the","start":5354.45,"end":5354.57},{"text":"floor","start":5354.57,"end":5354.89},{"text":"to","start":5354.89,"end":5354.97},{"text":"the","start":5354.97,"end":5355.05},{"text":"distinguished","start":5355.05,"end":5355.57},{"text":"representative","start":5355.57,"end":5356.37},{"text":"of","start":5356.37,"end":5356.45},{"text":"Portugal.","start":5356.45,"end":5356.93}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":5356.93,"end":5357.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":5356.93,"end":5357.01},{"text":"have","start":5357.05,"end":5357.21},{"text":"the","start":5357.29,"end":5357.37},{"text":"floor.","start":5357.37,"end":5357.65}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":58,"start":5360.37,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:29:21","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5360.37,"end":5361.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5360.37,"end":5360.65},{"text":"you,","start":5360.65,"end":5360.77},{"text":"Chair.","start":5360.77,"end":5361.13}]},{"text":"And since this is the first time I am taking the floor, I'd like to, first of all, thank you for your leadership.","start":5361.13,"end":5368.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5361.13,"end":5361.33},{"text":"since","start":5361.65,"end":5361.93},{"text":"this","start":5361.93,"end":5362.09},{"text":"is","start":5362.09,"end":5362.21},{"text":"the","start":5362.21,"end":5362.29},{"text":"first","start":5362.29,"end":5362.57},{"text":"time","start":5362.57,"end":5362.77},{"text":"I","start":5362.77,"end":5362.81},{"text":"am","start":5362.81,"end":5363.01},{"text":"taking","start":5363.01,"end":5363.37},{"text":"the","start":5363.37,"end":5363.49},{"text":"floor,","start":5363.49,"end":5363.97},{"text":"I'd","start":5364.37,"end":5364.57},{"text":"like","start":5364.57,"end":5364.77},{"text":"to,","start":5364.77,"end":5364.93},{"text":"first","start":5364.93,"end":5365.25},{"text":"of","start":5365.25,"end":5365.37},{"text":"all,","start":5365.37,"end":5365.57},{"text":"thank","start":5365.57,"end":5366.17},{"text":"you","start":5367.01,"end":5367.25},{"text":"for","start":5367.25,"end":5367.41},{"text":"your","start":5367.41,"end":5367.81},{"text":"leadership.","start":5368.21,"end":5368.85}]},{"text":"Uh, we would like to say, uh, uh, very briefly that we do support, uh, uh, box two as it is, and particularly the inclusion of, uh, paragraph five in box, uh, two with, uh, a current, uh, draft.","start":5371.41,"end":5386.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Uh,","start":5371.41,"end":5371.45},{"text":"we","start":5371.45,"end":5371.53},{"text":"would","start":5371.53,"end":5371.69},{"text":"like","start":5371.69,"end":5371.97},{"text":"to","start":5371.97,"end":5372.09},{"text":"say,","start":5372.09,"end":5372.53},{"text":"uh,","start":5372.53,"end":5372.57},{"text":"uh,","start":5372.57,"end":5372.61},{"text":"very","start":5373.09,"end":5373.41},{"text":"briefly","start":5373.41,"end":5373.81},{"text":"that","start":5373.81,"end":5374.05},{"text":"we","start":5374.05,"end":5374.21},{"text":"do","start":5374.21,"end":5374.45},{"text":"support,","start":5374.45,"end":5375.25},{"text":"uh,","start":5375.49,"end":5375.53},{"text":"uh,","start":5375.53,"end":5375.57},{"text":"box","start":5376.05,"end":5376.53},{"text":"two","start":5376.53,"end":5376.85},{"text":"as","start":5376.85,"end":5377.09},{"text":"it","start":5377.09,"end":5377.33},{"text":"is,","start":5377.33,"end":5377.73},{"text":"and","start":5377.73,"end":5378.13},{"text":"particularly","start":5378.13,"end":5379.01},{"text":"the","start":5379.33,"end":5379.45},{"text":"inclusion","start":5379.45,"end":5380.13},{"text":"of,","start":5380.33,"end":5380.69},{"text":"uh,","start":5380.93,"end":5380.97},{"text":"paragraph","start":5380.97,"end":5381.53},{"text":"five","start":5381.53,"end":5381.97},{"text":"in","start":5381.97,"end":5382.21},{"text":"box,","start":5382.21,"end":5382.69},{"text":"uh,","start":5383.41,"end":5383.45},{"text":"two","start":5383.45,"end":5384.05},{"text":"with,","start":5384.05,"end":5384.45},{"text":"uh,","start":5384.45,"end":5384.57},{"text":"a","start":5384.57,"end":5384.61},{"text":"current,","start":5385.01,"end":5385.81},{"text":"uh,","start":5386.21,"end":5386.25},{"text":"draft.","start":5386.25,"end":5386.85}]},{"text":"We do think that the expression \"context-appropriate human judgment and control\" is appropriate here and is an honest attempt to reach consensus.","start":5387.97,"end":5399.17,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5387.97,"end":5388.21},{"text":"do","start":5388.21,"end":5388.45},{"text":"think","start":5388.45,"end":5388.77},{"text":"that","start":5388.77,"end":5388.97},{"text":"the","start":5388.97,"end":5389.05},{"text":"expression","start":5389.05,"end":5389.89},{"text":"\"context-appropriate","start":5390.21,"end":5391.41},{"text":"human","start":5391.41,"end":5391.81},{"text":"judgment","start":5391.81,"end":5392.41},{"text":"and","start":5392.41,"end":5392.57},{"text":"control\"","start":5392.57,"end":5393.17},{"text":"is","start":5393.65,"end":5393.89},{"text":"appropriate","start":5393.89,"end":5394.53},{"text":"here","start":5394.53,"end":5394.93},{"text":"and","start":5395.33,"end":5395.85},{"text":"is","start":5395.85,"end":5396.09},{"text":"an","start":5396.09,"end":5396.21},{"text":"honest","start":5396.21,"end":5396.65},{"text":"attempt","start":5396.65,"end":5397.21},{"text":"to","start":5397.21,"end":5397.29},{"text":"reach","start":5397.29,"end":5397.81},{"text":"consensus.","start":5398.37,"end":5399.17}]},{"text":"It has many advantages in our view.","start":5399.97,"end":5402.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5399.97,"end":5400.13},{"text":"has","start":5400.13,"end":5400.69},{"text":"many","start":5400.69,"end":5401.33},{"text":"advantages","start":5401.33,"end":5402.01},{"text":"in","start":5402.01,"end":5402.21},{"text":"our","start":5402.21,"end":5402.37},{"text":"view.","start":5402.37,"end":5402.85}]},{"text":"We would like to highlight one of them, which is the inclusion of the term \"judgment.\"","start":5403.81,"end":5409.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5403.81,"end":5403.93},{"text":"would","start":5403.93,"end":5404.05},{"text":"like","start":5404.05,"end":5404.33},{"text":"to","start":5404.33,"end":5404.61},{"text":"highlight","start":5404.93,"end":5405.73},{"text":"one","start":5405.73,"end":5405.93},{"text":"of","start":5405.93,"end":5406.05},{"text":"them,","start":5406.05,"end":5406.25},{"text":"which","start":5406.25,"end":5406.53},{"text":"is","start":5406.53,"end":5406.69},{"text":"the","start":5406.69,"end":5406.77},{"text":"inclusion","start":5406.77,"end":5407.49},{"text":"of","start":5407.57,"end":5407.97},{"text":"the","start":5408.45,"end":5408.61},{"text":"term","start":5408.61,"end":5409.09},{"text":"\"judgment.\"","start":5409.25,"end":5409.97}]},{"text":"And judgment directly points out to an ethical assessment, which is very important in our view in this discussion, and that in turn reinforces the accountability element, which is by itself important to uphold international humanitarian law when applied to lethal autonomous weapons systems.","start":5410.61,"end":5434.69,"topics":[{"key":"martens-clause-ethics","label":"Martens Clause and Ethical Considerations","description":"Multiple delegations emphasized the importance of the Martens Clause and broader ethical concerns in addressing autonomous weapons. They linked the issue to humanity, public conscience, and the need to preserve human moral judgment in the use of force."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5410.61,"end":5410.81},{"text":"judgment","start":5410.81,"end":5411.33},{"text":"directly","start":5411.33,"end":5411.77},{"text":"points","start":5411.77,"end":5412.21},{"text":"out","start":5412.21,"end":5412.65},{"text":"to","start":5412.65,"end":5412.81},{"text":"an","start":5412.81,"end":5412.93},{"text":"ethical","start":5412.93,"end":5413.41},{"text":"assessment,","start":5413.41,"end":5414.45},{"text":"which","start":5415.13,"end":5415.41},{"text":"is","start":5415.41,"end":5415.81},{"text":"very","start":5416.21,"end":5416.65},{"text":"important","start":5416.65,"end":5417.17},{"text":"in","start":5417.17,"end":5417.33},{"text":"our","start":5417.33,"end":5417.49},{"text":"view","start":5417.49,"end":5417.73},{"text":"in","start":5417.73,"end":5418.17},{"text":"this","start":5418.17,"end":5418.33},{"text":"discussion,","start":5418.33,"end":5419.01},{"text":"and","start":5419.89,"end":5420.45},{"text":"that","start":5420.53,"end":5421.01},{"text":"in","start":5421.01,"end":5421.17},{"text":"turn","start":5421.17,"end":5421.57},{"text":"reinforces","start":5421.57,"end":5422.37},{"text":"the","start":5422.37,"end":5422.49},{"text":"accountability","start":5422.49,"end":5423.57},{"text":"element,","start":5423.57,"end":5424.05},{"text":"which","start":5424.05,"end":5424.29},{"text":"is","start":5424.29,"end":5424.61},{"text":"by","start":5425.57,"end":5425.81},{"text":"itself","start":5425.81,"end":5426.13},{"text":"important","start":5426.13,"end":5426.73},{"text":"to","start":5426.73,"end":5426.81},{"text":"uphold","start":5426.81,"end":5427.17},{"text":"international","start":5427.17,"end":5427.93},{"text":"humanitarian","start":5427.93,"end":5428.45},{"text":"law","start":5428.45,"end":5428.53},{"text":"when","start":5428.81,"end":5429.33},{"text":"applied","start":5430.77,"end":5431.33},{"text":"to","start":5431.33,"end":5431.97},{"text":"lethal","start":5432.21,"end":5432.57},{"text":"autonomous","start":5432.57,"end":5433.01},{"text":"weapons","start":5433.01,"end":5433.57},{"text":"systems.","start":5433.89,"end":5434.69}]},{"text":"We, uh, take good notes, uh, of those allegations that, uh, refer to the term context appropriate as being a bit vague, uh, or not sufficiently, uh, based in international, uh, humanitarian law, uh, framework.","start":5435.81,"end":5453.57,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We,","start":5435.81,"end":5436.37},{"text":"uh,","start":5436.93,"end":5436.97},{"text":"take","start":5436.97,"end":5437.25},{"text":"good","start":5437.25,"end":5437.57},{"text":"notes,","start":5437.57,"end":5438.13},{"text":"uh,","start":5438.37,"end":5438.53},{"text":"of","start":5438.81,"end":5439.01},{"text":"those","start":5439.01,"end":5439.29},{"text":"allegations","start":5439.29,"end":5440.29},{"text":"that,","start":5440.37,"end":5440.77},{"text":"uh,","start":5441.01,"end":5441.09},{"text":"refer","start":5441.09,"end":5441.57},{"text":"to","start":5441.57,"end":5441.81},{"text":"the","start":5441.81,"end":5441.89},{"text":"term","start":5441.89,"end":5442.29},{"text":"context","start":5442.29,"end":5442.89},{"text":"appropriate","start":5442.89,"end":5443.81},{"text":"as","start":5444.05,"end":5444.37},{"text":"being","start":5444.37,"end":5444.69},{"text":"a","start":5444.69,"end":5444.77},{"text":"bit","start":5444.77,"end":5445.01},{"text":"vague,","start":5445.01,"end":5445.65},{"text":"uh,","start":5446.29,"end":5446.33},{"text":"or","start":5446.33,"end":5446.61},{"text":"not","start":5446.61,"end":5446.85},{"text":"sufficiently,","start":5446.85,"end":5447.73},{"text":"uh,","start":5448.37,"end":5448.41},{"text":"based","start":5448.41,"end":5448.89},{"text":"in","start":5448.89,"end":5449.01},{"text":"international,","start":5449.01,"end":5450.05},{"text":"uh,","start":5450.53,"end":5450.57},{"text":"humanitarian","start":5450.57,"end":5451.57},{"text":"law,","start":5451.57,"end":5452.13},{"text":"uh,","start":5452.61,"end":5452.65},{"text":"framework.","start":5452.65,"end":5453.57}]},{"text":"But as others, we would like to point out that every law, body of law, including international humanitarian law, is contextual, and its application is indeed context dependent.","start":5454.77,"end":5467.97,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":5454.77,"end":5455.01},{"text":"as","start":5455.01,"end":5455.25},{"text":"others,","start":5455.25,"end":5455.73},{"text":"we","start":5455.73,"end":5455.89},{"text":"would","start":5455.89,"end":5456.05},{"text":"like","start":5456.05,"end":5456.29},{"text":"to","start":5456.29,"end":5456.41},{"text":"point","start":5456.41,"end":5456.77},{"text":"out","start":5456.77,"end":5457.05},{"text":"that","start":5457.05,"end":5457.33},{"text":"every","start":5457.57,"end":5458.05},{"text":"law,","start":5459.25,"end":5459.73},{"text":"body","start":5459.73,"end":5460.17},{"text":"of","start":5460.17,"end":5460.29},{"text":"law,","start":5460.29,"end":5460.61},{"text":"including","start":5460.61,"end":5461.13},{"text":"international","start":5461.13,"end":5461.61},{"text":"humanitarian","start":5461.61,"end":5462.29},{"text":"law,","start":5462.29,"end":5462.61},{"text":"is","start":5463.25,"end":5463.81},{"text":"contextual,","start":5463.97,"end":5464.85},{"text":"and","start":5464.85,"end":5465.05},{"text":"its","start":5465.05,"end":5465.17},{"text":"application","start":5465.17,"end":5465.89},{"text":"is","start":5465.89,"end":5466.13},{"text":"indeed","start":5466.13,"end":5466.61},{"text":"context","start":5466.61,"end":5467.29},{"text":"dependent.","start":5467.29,"end":5467.97}]},{"text":"So this is not really a new element.","start":5468.29,"end":5471.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5468.29,"end":5468.61},{"text":"this","start":5469.05,"end":5469.33},{"text":"is","start":5469.33,"end":5469.49},{"text":"not","start":5469.49,"end":5469.81},{"text":"really","start":5469.81,"end":5470.21},{"text":"a","start":5470.21,"end":5470.53},{"text":"new","start":5470.53,"end":5471.01},{"text":"element.","start":5471.09,"end":5471.81}]},{"text":"It's really something that goes into the heart of the theory of law and of international humanitarian law.","start":5472.69,"end":5483.89,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":5472.69,"end":5473.57},{"text":"really","start":5473.57,"end":5473.89},{"text":"something","start":5473.89,"end":5474.29},{"text":"that","start":5474.29,"end":5474.53},{"text":"goes","start":5474.53,"end":5475.09},{"text":"into","start":5475.33,"end":5475.73},{"text":"the","start":5475.73,"end":5475.81},{"text":"heart","start":5475.81,"end":5476.45},{"text":"of","start":5476.61,"end":5476.93},{"text":"the","start":5478.45,"end":5478.53},{"text":"theory","start":5478.61,"end":5479.17},{"text":"of","start":5479.21,"end":5479.33},{"text":"law","start":5479.33,"end":5479.73},{"text":"and","start":5479.97,"end":5480.13},{"text":"of","start":5480.13,"end":5480.21},{"text":"international","start":5480.21,"end":5481.09},{"text":"humanitarian","start":5481.09,"end":5481.89},{"text":"law.","start":5483.49,"end":5483.89}]},{"text":"In our view, context-dependent or appropriate also in the context of lethal autonomous weapon systems clearly points out to, at the very least, the critical stages of the life cycle of a given weapons system.","start":5484.29,"end":5507.01,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5484.29,"end":5484.53},{"text":"our","start":5484.53,"end":5484.77},{"text":"view,","start":5484.77,"end":5485.33},{"text":"context-dependent","start":5486.77,"end":5488.29},{"text":"or","start":5488.69,"end":5488.89},{"text":"appropriate","start":5488.89,"end":5489.73},{"text":"also","start":5490.13,"end":5490.53},{"text":"in","start":5490.53,"end":5490.77},{"text":"the","start":5490.77,"end":5490.89},{"text":"context","start":5490.89,"end":5491.65},{"text":"of","start":5491.85,"end":5492.21},{"text":"lethal","start":5492.37,"end":5492.65},{"text":"autonomous","start":5492.65,"end":5493.09},{"text":"weapon","start":5493.09,"end":5493.41},{"text":"systems","start":5493.41,"end":5493.89},{"text":"clearly","start":5495.89,"end":5496.61},{"text":"points","start":5496.61,"end":5497.17},{"text":"out","start":5497.17,"end":5497.65},{"text":"to,","start":5497.73,"end":5498.37},{"text":"at","start":5498.61,"end":5498.85},{"text":"the","start":5498.85,"end":5498.93},{"text":"very","start":5498.93,"end":5499.21},{"text":"least,","start":5499.21,"end":5499.57},{"text":"the","start":5499.57,"end":5499.69},{"text":"critical","start":5499.69,"end":5500.45},{"text":"stages","start":5501.17,"end":5501.97},{"text":"of","start":5502.01,"end":5502.21},{"text":"the","start":5502.21,"end":5502.29},{"text":"life","start":5502.29,"end":5502.61},{"text":"cycle","start":5502.61,"end":5503.17},{"text":"of","start":5503.17,"end":5503.33},{"text":"a","start":5503.33,"end":5503.41},{"text":"given","start":5503.41,"end":5503.97},{"text":"weapons","start":5505.33,"end":5506.05},{"text":"system.","start":5506.53,"end":5507.01}]},{"text":"We are here, of course, going or trying to build, categorize, and build some terms that are not perhaps in use or are not for sure in use for decades now.","start":5507.73,"end":5523.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5507.73,"end":5508.13},{"text":"are","start":5508.13,"end":5508.37},{"text":"here,","start":5508.37,"end":5509.05},{"text":"of","start":5509.05,"end":5509.25},{"text":"course,","start":5509.25,"end":5509.73},{"text":"going","start":5509.81,"end":5510.37},{"text":"or","start":5510.77,"end":5510.93},{"text":"trying","start":5510.93,"end":5511.41},{"text":"to","start":5511.41,"end":5511.61},{"text":"build,","start":5511.61,"end":5512.05},{"text":"categorize,","start":5512.21,"end":5513.17},{"text":"and","start":5513.17,"end":5513.49},{"text":"build","start":5513.49,"end":5513.97},{"text":"some","start":5514.85,"end":5515.25},{"text":"terms","start":5515.25,"end":5515.89},{"text":"that","start":5515.89,"end":5516.21},{"text":"are","start":5516.21,"end":5516.37},{"text":"not","start":5516.37,"end":5517.01},{"text":"perhaps","start":5517.37,"end":5518.09},{"text":"in","start":5518.65,"end":5518.89},{"text":"use","start":5518.89,"end":5519.37},{"text":"or","start":5519.37,"end":5519.61},{"text":"are","start":5519.61,"end":5519.77},{"text":"not","start":5519.77,"end":5520.01},{"text":"for","start":5520.01,"end":5520.25},{"text":"sure","start":5520.25,"end":5520.49},{"text":"in","start":5520.49,"end":5520.61},{"text":"use","start":5520.61,"end":5521.05},{"text":"for","start":5521.21,"end":5521.77},{"text":"decades","start":5521.77,"end":5522.41},{"text":"now.","start":5522.89,"end":5523.37}]},{"text":"So it's something rather new.","start":5523.37,"end":5525.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5523.37,"end":5523.69},{"text":"it's","start":5523.69,"end":5524.25},{"text":"something","start":5524.25,"end":5524.73},{"text":"rather","start":5524.73,"end":5525.05},{"text":"new.","start":5525.05,"end":5525.53}]},{"text":"But nevertheless, the reality of artificial intelligence as applied to military affairs is also rather new.","start":5525.93,"end":5536.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":5525.93,"end":5526.09},{"text":"nevertheless,","start":5526.09,"end":5526.81},{"text":"the","start":5526.81,"end":5528.01},{"text":"reality","start":5528.01,"end":5528.81},{"text":"of","start":5530.29,"end":5530.65},{"text":"artificial","start":5530.93,"end":5531.61},{"text":"intelligence","start":5531.93,"end":5532.73},{"text":"as","start":5532.73,"end":5532.89},{"text":"applied","start":5532.89,"end":5533.37},{"text":"to","start":5533.37,"end":5533.69},{"text":"military","start":5533.69,"end":5534.25},{"text":"affairs","start":5534.25,"end":5534.81},{"text":"is","start":5535.21,"end":5535.45},{"text":"also","start":5535.45,"end":5535.77},{"text":"rather","start":5535.77,"end":5536.17},{"text":"new.","start":5536.17,"end":5536.45}]},{"text":"And the mere fact that we are discussing it within an umbrella of a convention that refers to conventional weapons.","start":5536.45,"end":5549.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5536.45,"end":5536.65},{"text":"the","start":5536.89,"end":5537.21},{"text":"mere","start":5537.21,"end":5537.45},{"text":"fact","start":5537.45,"end":5537.77},{"text":"that","start":5537.77,"end":5537.93},{"text":"we","start":5537.93,"end":5538.09},{"text":"are","start":5538.09,"end":5538.21},{"text":"discussing","start":5538.21,"end":5538.81},{"text":"it","start":5538.81,"end":5539.05},{"text":"within","start":5539.13,"end":5539.69},{"text":"an","start":5541.01,"end":5541.13},{"text":"umbrella","start":5541.13,"end":5541.77},{"text":"of","start":5542.41,"end":5542.69},{"text":"a","start":5543.65,"end":5543.69},{"text":"convention","start":5543.69,"end":5544.45},{"text":"that","start":5544.45,"end":5544.77},{"text":"refers","start":5545.33,"end":5546.37},{"text":"to","start":5546.37,"end":5546.53},{"text":"conventional","start":5546.53,"end":5547.81},{"text":"weapons.","start":5548.77,"end":5549.49}]},{"text":"Well, artificial intelligence has nothing of conventional, and we really need to be creative while trying to apply and to be sure that the international humanitarian law is applied in this context.","start":5549.73,"end":5566.37,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Well,","start":5549.73,"end":5550.17},{"text":"artificial","start":5550.17,"end":5550.65},{"text":"intelligence","start":5550.65,"end":5551.25},{"text":"has","start":5551.25,"end":5551.41},{"text":"nothing","start":5551.41,"end":5551.97},{"text":"of","start":5552.17,"end":5552.37},{"text":"conventional,","start":5552.37,"end":5553.09},{"text":"and","start":5553.65,"end":5553.97},{"text":"we","start":5554.77,"end":5554.97},{"text":"really","start":5554.97,"end":5555.25},{"text":"need","start":5555.41,"end":5555.61},{"text":"to","start":5555.61,"end":5555.69},{"text":"be","start":5555.69,"end":5555.85},{"text":"creative","start":5555.85,"end":5556.53},{"text":"while","start":5557.41,"end":5557.81},{"text":"trying","start":5557.81,"end":5558.29},{"text":"to","start":5558.29,"end":5558.77},{"text":"apply","start":5559.73,"end":5560.37},{"text":"and","start":5560.37,"end":5560.69},{"text":"to","start":5560.69,"end":5560.81},{"text":"be","start":5560.85,"end":5560.97},{"text":"sure","start":5560.97,"end":5561.41},{"text":"that","start":5561.41,"end":5561.53},{"text":"the","start":5561.53,"end":5561.61},{"text":"international","start":5561.61,"end":5562.13},{"text":"humanitarian","start":5562.13,"end":5562.77},{"text":"law","start":5562.77,"end":5563.09},{"text":"is","start":5563.81,"end":5564.37},{"text":"applied","start":5564.45,"end":5565.01},{"text":"in","start":5565.09,"end":5565.33},{"text":"this","start":5565.33,"end":5565.65},{"text":"context.","start":5565.65,"end":5566.37}]},{"text":"So going forward, we do see Already a very good explanation or, uh, in working paper four, which we commend, uh, I think we also, that we heard some, uh, interesting suggestions about technical annex that could, uh, serve as a repository of different elements of interpretation of different expressions, of the rolling texts, including this one, that could be an interesting option.","start":5566.61,"end":5597.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5566.61,"end":5566.85},{"text":"going","start":5566.85,"end":5567.17},{"text":"forward,","start":5567.17,"end":5567.73},{"text":"we","start":5568.21,"end":5569.01},{"text":"do","start":5569.01,"end":5569.33},{"text":"see","start":5569.33,"end":5569.81},{"text":"Already","start":5571.49,"end":5571.89},{"text":"a","start":5571.89,"end":5571.93},{"text":"very","start":5571.93,"end":5572.21},{"text":"good","start":5572.21,"end":5572.37},{"text":"explanation","start":5572.37,"end":5573.25},{"text":"or,","start":5573.25,"end":5573.57},{"text":"uh,","start":5573.81,"end":5573.85},{"text":"in","start":5573.85,"end":5574.05},{"text":"working","start":5574.05,"end":5574.53},{"text":"paper","start":5574.77,"end":5575.17},{"text":"four,","start":5575.17,"end":5575.69},{"text":"which","start":5575.69,"end":5576.05},{"text":"we","start":5576.05,"end":5576.37},{"text":"commend,","start":5576.37,"end":5576.93},{"text":"uh,","start":5577.81,"end":5577.85},{"text":"I","start":5577.85,"end":5577.97},{"text":"think","start":5578.05,"end":5578.37},{"text":"we","start":5578.37,"end":5578.49},{"text":"also,","start":5578.49,"end":5579.01},{"text":"that","start":5579.01,"end":5579.25},{"text":"we","start":5579.25,"end":5579.41},{"text":"heard","start":5579.41,"end":5579.81},{"text":"some,","start":5579.81,"end":5580.13},{"text":"uh,","start":5580.13,"end":5580.21},{"text":"interesting","start":5580.29,"end":5580.77},{"text":"suggestions","start":5580.77,"end":5581.57},{"text":"about","start":5581.57,"end":5582.17},{"text":"technical","start":5582.17,"end":5582.77},{"text":"annex","start":5582.77,"end":5583.41},{"text":"that","start":5583.49,"end":5583.73},{"text":"could,","start":5583.73,"end":5584.13},{"text":"uh,","start":5584.69,"end":5584.73},{"text":"serve","start":5584.73,"end":5585.33},{"text":"as","start":5585.85,"end":5585.93},{"text":"a","start":5585.93,"end":5585.97},{"text":"repository","start":5585.97,"end":5587.09},{"text":"of","start":5587.17,"end":5587.49},{"text":"different","start":5587.49,"end":5587.97},{"text":"elements","start":5588.05,"end":5588.85},{"text":"of","start":5588.89,"end":5589.01},{"text":"interpretation","start":5589.01,"end":5589.89},{"text":"of","start":5589.89,"end":5590.05},{"text":"different","start":5590.05,"end":5590.61},{"text":"expressions,","start":5590.61,"end":5591.57},{"text":"of","start":5592.05,"end":5592.29},{"text":"the","start":5592.29,"end":5592.61},{"text":"rolling","start":5592.61,"end":5592.93},{"text":"texts,","start":5592.93,"end":5593.49},{"text":"including","start":5593.65,"end":5594.29},{"text":"this","start":5594.29,"end":5594.61},{"text":"one,","start":5594.61,"end":5594.85},{"text":"that","start":5595.17,"end":5595.41},{"text":"could","start":5595.41,"end":5595.61},{"text":"be","start":5595.61,"end":5595.97},{"text":"an","start":5596.17,"end":5596.25},{"text":"interesting","start":5596.25,"end":5596.85},{"text":"option.","start":5596.85,"end":5597.49}]},{"text":"Expanding paragraph five, it could also be an interesting option.","start":5599.33,"end":5603.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Expanding","start":5599.33,"end":5599.89},{"text":"paragraph","start":5599.89,"end":5600.49},{"text":"five,","start":5600.49,"end":5600.77},{"text":"it","start":5600.77,"end":5600.93},{"text":"could","start":5600.93,"end":5601.17},{"text":"also","start":5601.17,"end":5601.41},{"text":"be","start":5601.41,"end":5601.61},{"text":"an","start":5601.61,"end":5601.73},{"text":"interesting","start":5601.73,"end":5602.29},{"text":"option.","start":5602.61,"end":5603.17}]},{"text":"But we, most of all, we would like to encourage everyone to continue focusing on really what is context appropriate, what is control here, and to see how can we better explain it so that the discussions, the very in-depth and substantive discussions that we are having here about this issue do not they stay in the memory of this meeting and can inform other meetings and hopefully also the negotiations of a future international legally binding instrument.","start":5604.13,"end":5648.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":5604.13,"end":5604.53},{"text":"we,","start":5604.53,"end":5604.93},{"text":"most","start":5605.33,"end":5605.61},{"text":"of","start":5605.61,"end":5605.73},{"text":"all,","start":5605.73,"end":5605.89},{"text":"we","start":5605.89,"end":5606.05},{"text":"would","start":5606.05,"end":5606.21},{"text":"like","start":5606.21,"end":5606.61},{"text":"to","start":5606.61,"end":5607.09},{"text":"encourage","start":5607.89,"end":5608.69},{"text":"everyone","start":5609.97,"end":5610.61},{"text":"to","start":5610.61,"end":5611.01},{"text":"continue","start":5611.49,"end":5612.13},{"text":"focusing","start":5612.13,"end":5612.93},{"text":"on","start":5613.09,"end":5613.49},{"text":"really","start":5614.25,"end":5614.61},{"text":"what","start":5614.61,"end":5614.89},{"text":"is","start":5614.89,"end":5615.37},{"text":"context","start":5615.61,"end":5616.33},{"text":"appropriate,","start":5616.49,"end":5617.37},{"text":"what","start":5617.61,"end":5617.85},{"text":"is","start":5617.85,"end":5618.33},{"text":"control","start":5618.49,"end":5619.13},{"text":"here,","start":5619.13,"end":5619.61},{"text":"and","start":5620.49,"end":5620.89},{"text":"to","start":5620.89,"end":5621.01},{"text":"see","start":5621.05,"end":5621.45},{"text":"how","start":5621.45,"end":5621.77},{"text":"can","start":5621.77,"end":5622.09},{"text":"we","start":5622.09,"end":5622.33},{"text":"better","start":5622.33,"end":5622.73},{"text":"explain","start":5622.73,"end":5623.53},{"text":"it","start":5623.69,"end":5623.93},{"text":"so","start":5623.93,"end":5624.33},{"text":"that","start":5624.33,"end":5624.65},{"text":"the","start":5624.65,"end":5624.73},{"text":"discussions,","start":5624.73,"end":5625.41},{"text":"the","start":5625.41,"end":5625.53},{"text":"very","start":5625.77,"end":5626.25},{"text":"in-depth","start":5626.57,"end":5627.21},{"text":"and","start":5627.37,"end":5628.09},{"text":"substantive","start":5628.09,"end":5628.65},{"text":"discussions","start":5628.65,"end":5629.17},{"text":"that","start":5629.17,"end":5629.29},{"text":"we","start":5629.29,"end":5629.41},{"text":"are","start":5629.41,"end":5629.53},{"text":"having","start":5629.53,"end":5629.85},{"text":"here","start":5629.85,"end":5630.25},{"text":"about","start":5630.25,"end":5630.81},{"text":"this","start":5631.61,"end":5631.93},{"text":"issue","start":5631.93,"end":5632.49},{"text":"do","start":5634.05,"end":5634.13},{"text":"not","start":5634.13,"end":5634.57},{"text":"they","start":5636.01,"end":5636.17},{"text":"stay","start":5636.17,"end":5636.65},{"text":"in","start":5636.65,"end":5636.85},{"text":"the","start":5636.85,"end":5636.97},{"text":"memory","start":5636.97,"end":5637.53},{"text":"of","start":5638.45,"end":5638.57},{"text":"this","start":5638.57,"end":5639.13},{"text":"meeting","start":5639.45,"end":5640.05},{"text":"and","start":5640.05,"end":5640.25},{"text":"can","start":5640.25,"end":5640.45},{"text":"inform","start":5640.45,"end":5641.05},{"text":"other","start":5642.17,"end":5642.41},{"text":"meetings","start":5642.41,"end":5642.97},{"text":"and","start":5642.97,"end":5643.25},{"text":"hopefully","start":5643.25,"end":5643.85},{"text":"also","start":5643.85,"end":5644.17},{"text":"the","start":5644.17,"end":5644.29},{"text":"negotiations","start":5644.29,"end":5645.13},{"text":"of","start":5645.13,"end":5645.33},{"text":"a","start":5645.33,"end":5645.37},{"text":"future","start":5645.37,"end":5645.85},{"text":"international","start":5646.09,"end":5646.85},{"text":"legally","start":5646.85,"end":5647.45},{"text":"binding","start":5647.77,"end":5648.25},{"text":"instrument.","start":5648.33,"end":5648.97}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":5649.05,"end":5649.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5649.05,"end":5649.37},{"text":"you.","start":5649.37,"end":5649.49}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"PRT","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Portugal"}},{"statement_number":59,"start":5651.13,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:34:12","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Luxembourg.","start":5651.13,"end":5653.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5651.13,"end":5651.29},{"text":"thank","start":5651.29,"end":5651.61},{"text":"the","start":5651.61,"end":5651.69},{"text":"distinguished","start":5651.69,"end":5652.17},{"text":"representative","start":5652.17,"end":5652.89},{"text":"of","start":5652.89,"end":5652.97},{"text":"Luxembourg.","start":5653.05,"end":5653.77}]},{"text":"Next on, sorry, of Portugal.","start":5654.25,"end":5657.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":5654.25,"end":5654.65},{"text":"on,","start":5654.65,"end":5654.73},{"text":"sorry,","start":5655.29,"end":5655.69},{"text":"of","start":5655.77,"end":5655.93},{"text":"Portugal.","start":5656.73,"end":5657.29}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Luxembourg.","start":5657.29,"end":5658.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":5657.29,"end":5657.53},{"text":"on","start":5657.53,"end":5657.61},{"text":"my","start":5657.61,"end":5657.77},{"text":"list","start":5657.77,"end":5658.01},{"text":"is","start":5658.01,"end":5658.17},{"text":"Luxembourg.","start":5658.17,"end":5658.81}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"So you have the floor.","start":5659.13,"end":5664.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5659.13,"end":5659.45},{"text":"you","start":5659.45,"end":5659.57},{"text":"have","start":5659.57,"end":5659.73},{"text":"the","start":5663.65,"end":5663.73},{"text":"floor.","start":5664.25,"end":5664.73}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":60,"start":5665.65,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:34:26","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5665.65,"end":5666.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5665.65,"end":5665.97},{"text":"you,","start":5665.97,"end":5666.13},{"text":"Chair.","start":5666.13,"end":5666.61}]},{"text":"We wish to add our voice to those delegations who have pleaded in favour of keeping the concept of context-appropriate human judgment and control as it figures in the current version of paragraph 5 of the second box.","start":5668.29,"end":5682.29,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5668.29,"end":5668.69},{"text":"wish","start":5668.69,"end":5668.93},{"text":"to","start":5668.93,"end":5669.13},{"text":"add","start":5669.13,"end":5669.33},{"text":"our","start":5669.33,"end":5669.41},{"text":"voice","start":5669.41,"end":5669.89},{"text":"to","start":5669.89,"end":5670.17},{"text":"those","start":5670.45,"end":5671.17},{"text":"delegations","start":5671.17,"end":5672.25},{"text":"who","start":5672.25,"end":5672.33},{"text":"have","start":5672.33,"end":5672.53},{"text":"pleaded","start":5672.53,"end":5672.85},{"text":"in","start":5672.85,"end":5673.01},{"text":"favour","start":5673.01,"end":5673.45},{"text":"of","start":5673.45,"end":5673.57},{"text":"keeping","start":5673.57,"end":5674.21},{"text":"the","start":5674.21,"end":5674.33},{"text":"concept","start":5674.33,"end":5674.89},{"text":"of","start":5674.89,"end":5675.01},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":5675.01,"end":5675.97},{"text":"human","start":5675.97,"end":5676.25},{"text":"judgment","start":5676.25,"end":5676.61},{"text":"and","start":5676.61,"end":5676.73},{"text":"control","start":5676.73,"end":5677.25},{"text":"as","start":5677.57,"end":5677.77},{"text":"it","start":5677.77,"end":5677.97},{"text":"figures","start":5677.97,"end":5678.37},{"text":"in","start":5678.37,"end":5678.57},{"text":"the","start":5678.57,"end":5678.65},{"text":"current","start":5678.65,"end":5679.09},{"text":"version","start":5679.09,"end":5679.49},{"text":"of","start":5679.49,"end":5679.57},{"text":"paragraph","start":5679.57,"end":5680.09},{"text":"5","start":5680.09,"end":5680.53},{"text":"of","start":5680.53,"end":5680.85},{"text":"the","start":5680.85,"end":5681.05},{"text":"second","start":5681.17,"end":5681.73},{"text":"box.","start":5681.73,"end":5682.29}]},{"text":"We would also draw attention to the working paper on the human element that you submitted that was submitted to us by Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and our delegation.","start":5683.97,"end":5699.49,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5683.97,"end":5684.13},{"text":"would","start":5684.13,"end":5684.37},{"text":"also","start":5684.37,"end":5684.77},{"text":"draw","start":5684.77,"end":5685.17},{"text":"attention","start":5685.17,"end":5685.73},{"text":"to","start":5685.73,"end":5686.05},{"text":"the","start":5686.29,"end":5686.49},{"text":"working","start":5686.49,"end":5686.93},{"text":"paper","start":5686.93,"end":5687.33},{"text":"on","start":5687.33,"end":5687.49},{"text":"the","start":5687.49,"end":5687.57},{"text":"human","start":5687.57,"end":5688.13},{"text":"element","start":5688.13,"end":5688.77},{"text":"that","start":5688.77,"end":5688.93},{"text":"you","start":5688.93,"end":5689.17},{"text":"submitted","start":5689.17,"end":5689.73},{"text":"that","start":5690.05,"end":5690.21},{"text":"was","start":5690.21,"end":5690.33},{"text":"submitted","start":5690.33,"end":5690.69},{"text":"to","start":5690.69,"end":5690.81},{"text":"us","start":5690.81,"end":5690.93},{"text":"by","start":5690.93,"end":5691.09},{"text":"Bulgaria,","start":5691.09,"end":5691.65},{"text":"Denmark,","start":5691.65,"end":5692.21},{"text":"Finland,","start":5692.21,"end":5692.53},{"text":"France,","start":5692.53,"end":5692.93},{"text":"Germany,","start":5692.93,"end":5693.49},{"text":"Italy,","start":5693.49,"end":5694.05},{"text":"the","start":5694.29,"end":5694.45},{"text":"Netherlands,","start":5694.45,"end":5695.17},{"text":"Norway,","start":5695.25,"end":5695.97},{"text":"Spain,","start":5696.61,"end":5697.17},{"text":"Sweden","start":5697.17,"end":5697.89},{"text":"and","start":5698.29,"end":5698.53},{"text":"our","start":5698.53,"end":5698.69},{"text":"delegation.","start":5698.69,"end":5699.49}]},{"text":"This document represents an effort to explain in a clear and concise manner our understanding of this crucial notion.","start":5700.53,"end":5709.41,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5700.53,"end":5700.93},{"text":"document","start":5700.93,"end":5701.73},{"text":"represents","start":5702.37,"end":5702.93},{"text":"an","start":5702.93,"end":5703.09},{"text":"effort","start":5703.09,"end":5703.65},{"text":"to","start":5703.65,"end":5703.73},{"text":"explain","start":5703.73,"end":5704.37},{"text":"in","start":5704.37,"end":5704.65},{"text":"a","start":5704.65,"end":5704.69},{"text":"clear","start":5705.09,"end":5705.49},{"text":"and","start":5705.49,"end":5705.69},{"text":"concise","start":5705.69,"end":5706.13},{"text":"manner","start":5706.13,"end":5706.61},{"text":"our","start":5706.61,"end":5706.85},{"text":"understanding","start":5706.85,"end":5707.65},{"text":"of","start":5707.65,"end":5707.89},{"text":"this","start":5707.89,"end":5708.13},{"text":"crucial","start":5708.13,"end":5708.77},{"text":"notion.","start":5708.77,"end":5709.41}]},{"text":"Without going into the details of this document, which has already been presented eloquently by colleagues before us, we wish to encourage delegants to consult that document.","start":5709.97,"end":5720.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Without","start":5709.97,"end":5710.45},{"text":"going","start":5710.45,"end":5710.65},{"text":"into","start":5710.65,"end":5710.93},{"text":"the","start":5710.93,"end":5711.01},{"text":"details","start":5711.01,"end":5711.41},{"text":"of","start":5711.41,"end":5711.49},{"text":"this","start":5711.49,"end":5711.73},{"text":"document,","start":5711.73,"end":5712.53},{"text":"which","start":5712.97,"end":5713.13},{"text":"has","start":5713.13,"end":5713.25},{"text":"already","start":5713.25,"end":5713.65},{"text":"been","start":5713.65,"end":5713.97},{"text":"presented","start":5713.97,"end":5714.93},{"text":"eloquently","start":5714.93,"end":5715.73},{"text":"by","start":5715.73,"end":5715.97},{"text":"colleagues","start":5715.97,"end":5716.37},{"text":"before","start":5716.37,"end":5716.81},{"text":"us,","start":5716.81,"end":5717.01},{"text":"we","start":5717.25,"end":5717.49},{"text":"wish","start":5717.49,"end":5717.73},{"text":"to","start":5717.73,"end":5717.97},{"text":"encourage","start":5717.97,"end":5718.53},{"text":"delegants","start":5718.53,"end":5719.09},{"text":"to","start":5719.09,"end":5719.33},{"text":"consult","start":5719.33,"end":5720.05},{"text":"that","start":5720.05,"end":5720.25},{"text":"document.","start":5720.25,"end":5720.77}]},{"text":"We would like to invite those who wish to do so to comment on it and react to its contents so that we can come to a common understanding of what is meant by context-appropriate human judgment and control and guarantee that this key principle be maintained in the text.","start":5720.77,"end":5738.21,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5720.77,"end":5720.85},{"text":"would","start":5720.85,"end":5720.97},{"text":"like","start":5720.97,"end":5721.13},{"text":"to","start":5721.13,"end":5721.25},{"text":"invite","start":5721.25,"end":5721.89},{"text":"those","start":5721.89,"end":5722.29},{"text":"who","start":5722.29,"end":5722.45},{"text":"wish","start":5722.45,"end":5722.61},{"text":"to","start":5722.61,"end":5722.73},{"text":"do","start":5722.73,"end":5722.93},{"text":"so","start":5722.93,"end":5723.17},{"text":"to","start":5723.25,"end":5723.41},{"text":"comment","start":5723.41,"end":5723.97},{"text":"on","start":5723.97,"end":5724.13},{"text":"it","start":5724.13,"end":5724.37},{"text":"and","start":5724.61,"end":5724.77},{"text":"react","start":5724.77,"end":5725.05},{"text":"to","start":5725.05,"end":5725.13},{"text":"its","start":5725.13,"end":5725.25},{"text":"contents","start":5725.25,"end":5725.97},{"text":"so","start":5726.45,"end":5726.61},{"text":"that","start":5726.61,"end":5726.85},{"text":"we","start":5726.85,"end":5727.01},{"text":"can","start":5727.01,"end":5727.25},{"text":"come","start":5727.25,"end":5727.57},{"text":"to","start":5727.57,"end":5727.69},{"text":"a","start":5727.69,"end":5727.73},{"text":"common","start":5727.73,"end":5728.21},{"text":"understanding","start":5728.21,"end":5729.09},{"text":"of","start":5729.25,"end":5729.45},{"text":"what","start":5729.45,"end":5729.73},{"text":"is","start":5730.05,"end":5730.25},{"text":"meant","start":5730.25,"end":5730.69},{"text":"by","start":5730.69,"end":5730.93},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":5730.93,"end":5731.97},{"text":"human","start":5731.97,"end":5732.25},{"text":"judgment","start":5732.25,"end":5732.65},{"text":"and","start":5732.65,"end":5732.77},{"text":"control","start":5732.77,"end":5733.41},{"text":"and","start":5733.89,"end":5734.13},{"text":"guarantee","start":5734.13,"end":5734.77},{"text":"that","start":5734.77,"end":5735.09},{"text":"this","start":5735.09,"end":5735.41},{"text":"key","start":5735.57,"end":5735.97},{"text":"principle","start":5735.97,"end":5736.53},{"text":"be","start":5736.53,"end":5736.77},{"text":"maintained","start":5736.77,"end":5737.33},{"text":"in","start":5737.33,"end":5737.53},{"text":"the","start":5737.53,"end":5737.61},{"text":"text.","start":5737.61,"end":5738.21}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5738.61,"end":5739.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5738.61,"end":5738.85},{"text":"you,","start":5738.85,"end":5738.93},{"text":"Chair.","start":5738.93,"end":5739.21}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"LUX","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Luxembourg"}},{"statement_number":61,"start":5741.57,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:35:42","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Luxembourg.","start":5741.57,"end":5749.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":5741.57,"end":5741.65},{"text":"me","start":5747.17,"end":5747.37},{"text":"thank","start":5747.37,"end":5747.61},{"text":"the","start":5747.61,"end":5747.69},{"text":"distinguished","start":5747.69,"end":5748.17},{"text":"representative","start":5748.17,"end":5748.69},{"text":"of","start":5748.69,"end":5748.81},{"text":"Luxembourg.","start":5748.81,"end":5749.69}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Spain, to be followed by Bulgaria, Denmark, Mexico and Armenia.","start":5749.69,"end":5755.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":5749.69,"end":5750.09},{"text":"on","start":5750.09,"end":5750.17},{"text":"my","start":5750.17,"end":5750.33},{"text":"list","start":5750.33,"end":5750.65},{"text":"is","start":5750.65,"end":5750.81},{"text":"Spain,","start":5750.81,"end":5751.61},{"text":"to","start":5751.61,"end":5751.73},{"text":"be","start":5751.73,"end":5751.93},{"text":"followed","start":5751.93,"end":5752.49},{"text":"by","start":5752.49,"end":5752.65},{"text":"Bulgaria,","start":5752.69,"end":5753.37},{"text":"Denmark,","start":5753.37,"end":5754.09},{"text":"Mexico","start":5754.09,"end":5754.81},{"text":"and","start":5754.81,"end":5755.05},{"text":"Armenia.","start":5755.05,"end":5755.77}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Spain.","start":5755.77,"end":5759.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":5755.77,"end":5756.29},{"text":"let","start":5756.29,"end":5756.45},{"text":"me","start":5756.45,"end":5756.57},{"text":"first","start":5756.57,"end":5756.81},{"text":"pass","start":5756.81,"end":5757.13},{"text":"the","start":5757.13,"end":5757.25},{"text":"floor","start":5757.25,"end":5757.61},{"text":"to","start":5757.61,"end":5757.77},{"text":"the","start":5757.77,"end":5757.85},{"text":"distinguished","start":5757.85,"end":5758.49},{"text":"representative","start":5758.49,"end":5759.21},{"text":"of","start":5759.21,"end":5759.29},{"text":"Spain.","start":5759.29,"end":5759.85}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":5759.85,"end":5760.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":5759.85,"end":5760.01},{"text":"have","start":5760.01,"end":5760.17},{"text":"the","start":5760.21,"end":5760.29},{"text":"floor.","start":5760.33,"end":5760.53}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":62,"start":5765.77,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:36:06","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Distinguished Chair, first and foremost, allow me to thank you for the fantastic work you have carried out and that your team has carried out in bringing to this forum the document presented to us, which conflates terms and concepts which have been widely accepted and strike a solid balance between the different positions.","start":5765.77,"end":5788.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":5765.77,"end":5766.73},{"text":"Chair,","start":5767.09,"end":5767.33},{"text":"first","start":5767.89,"end":5768.17},{"text":"and","start":5768.17,"end":5768.29},{"text":"foremost,","start":5768.29,"end":5768.69},{"text":"allow","start":5768.69,"end":5768.89},{"text":"me","start":5768.89,"end":5769.17},{"text":"to","start":5769.17,"end":5769.45},{"text":"thank","start":5770.09,"end":5770.37},{"text":"you","start":5770.37,"end":5770.81},{"text":"for","start":5770.81,"end":5771.09},{"text":"the","start":5771.09,"end":5771.29},{"text":"fantastic","start":5771.41,"end":5771.97},{"text":"work","start":5771.97,"end":5772.33},{"text":"you","start":5772.53,"end":5772.69},{"text":"have","start":5772.69,"end":5772.85},{"text":"carried","start":5772.85,"end":5773.25},{"text":"out","start":5773.25,"end":5773.61},{"text":"and","start":5773.61,"end":5773.81},{"text":"that","start":5773.81,"end":5773.93},{"text":"your","start":5773.93,"end":5774.05},{"text":"team","start":5774.05,"end":5774.53},{"text":"has","start":5774.53,"end":5774.85},{"text":"carried","start":5774.85,"end":5775.17},{"text":"out","start":5775.17,"end":5775.57},{"text":"in","start":5776.93,"end":5777.09},{"text":"bringing","start":5777.09,"end":5777.49},{"text":"to","start":5777.49,"end":5777.57},{"text":"this","start":5777.57,"end":5777.73},{"text":"forum","start":5777.73,"end":5778.13},{"text":"the","start":5778.13,"end":5778.25},{"text":"document","start":5778.25,"end":5778.69},{"text":"presented","start":5778.69,"end":5779.17},{"text":"to","start":5779.17,"end":5779.41},{"text":"us,","start":5779.41,"end":5779.89},{"text":"which","start":5780.41,"end":5781.01},{"text":"conflates","start":5781.17,"end":5781.89},{"text":"terms","start":5781.89,"end":5782.37},{"text":"and","start":5782.37,"end":5782.53},{"text":"concepts","start":5782.53,"end":5783.33},{"text":"which","start":5783.33,"end":5783.65},{"text":"have","start":5783.65,"end":5783.77},{"text":"been","start":5783.77,"end":5783.97},{"text":"widely","start":5783.97,"end":5784.33},{"text":"accepted","start":5784.33,"end":5785.13},{"text":"and","start":5785.13,"end":5785.33},{"text":"strike","start":5785.33,"end":5785.89},{"text":"a","start":5786.45,"end":5786.49},{"text":"solid","start":5786.49,"end":5786.93},{"text":"balance","start":5786.93,"end":5787.33},{"text":"between","start":5787.33,"end":5787.65},{"text":"the","start":5787.65,"end":5787.73},{"text":"different","start":5787.73,"end":5788.09},{"text":"positions.","start":5788.09,"end":5788.85}]},{"text":"As regards the second box, My delegation doesn't have any comments with regards to paragraphs 1 to 4.","start":5788.85,"end":5796.65,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5788.85,"end":5789.01},{"text":"regards","start":5789.01,"end":5789.73},{"text":"the","start":5789.81,"end":5789.93},{"text":"second","start":5790.13,"end":5790.69},{"text":"box,","start":5790.77,"end":5791.49},{"text":"My","start":5792.73,"end":5792.89},{"text":"delegation","start":5792.89,"end":5793.33},{"text":"doesn't","start":5793.33,"end":5793.65},{"text":"have","start":5793.65,"end":5793.77},{"text":"any","start":5793.77,"end":5793.89},{"text":"comments","start":5793.89,"end":5794.57},{"text":"with","start":5794.57,"end":5794.81},{"text":"regards","start":5794.81,"end":5795.09},{"text":"to","start":5795.09,"end":5795.17},{"text":"paragraphs","start":5795.17,"end":5795.61},{"text":"1","start":5795.61,"end":5795.93},{"text":"to","start":5795.93,"end":5796.17},{"text":"4.","start":5796.17,"end":5796.65}]},{"text":"We think they are appropriate and relevant, reflecting the application of IHL or international law, and in particular IHL, which is fundamental for my delegation.","start":5796.65,"end":5808.73,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5796.65,"end":5796.81},{"text":"think","start":5796.81,"end":5797.13},{"text":"they","start":5797.13,"end":5797.53},{"text":"are","start":5797.53,"end":5797.81},{"text":"appropriate","start":5797.81,"end":5798.37},{"text":"and","start":5798.37,"end":5798.49},{"text":"relevant,","start":5798.49,"end":5799.05},{"text":"reflecting","start":5799.85,"end":5800.65},{"text":"the","start":5800.65,"end":5800.73},{"text":"application","start":5800.73,"end":5801.69},{"text":"of","start":5801.81,"end":5802.01},{"text":"IHL","start":5802.09,"end":5802.89},{"text":"or","start":5804.41,"end":5804.49},{"text":"international","start":5804.49,"end":5805.01},{"text":"law,","start":5805.01,"end":5805.09},{"text":"and","start":5805.09,"end":5805.21},{"text":"in","start":5805.21,"end":5805.29},{"text":"particular","start":5805.29,"end":5805.93},{"text":"IHL,","start":5805.93,"end":5806.57},{"text":"which","start":5806.85,"end":5807.17},{"text":"is","start":5807.17,"end":5807.37},{"text":"fundamental","start":5807.37,"end":5807.81},{"text":"for","start":5807.81,"end":5807.93},{"text":"my","start":5807.93,"end":5808.01},{"text":"delegation.","start":5808.01,"end":5808.73}]},{"text":"As regards to the delegation's comments on paragraph 4, we think it is relevant to maintain the explicit reference to the Martens Clause in there.","start":5809.73,"end":5818.37,"topics":[{"key":"martens-clause-ethics","label":"Martens Clause and Ethical Considerations","description":"Multiple delegations emphasized the importance of the Martens Clause and broader ethical concerns in addressing autonomous weapons. They linked the issue to humanity, public conscience, and the need to preserve human moral judgment in the use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5809.73,"end":5809.85},{"text":"regards","start":5809.85,"end":5810.29},{"text":"to","start":5810.29,"end":5810.41},{"text":"the","start":5810.41,"end":5810.49},{"text":"delegation's","start":5810.49,"end":5811.09},{"text":"comments","start":5811.09,"end":5811.49},{"text":"on","start":5811.49,"end":5811.61},{"text":"paragraph","start":5811.61,"end":5812.13},{"text":"4,","start":5812.13,"end":5812.57},{"text":"we","start":5812.57,"end":5812.81},{"text":"think","start":5812.81,"end":5813.05},{"text":"it","start":5813.05,"end":5813.13},{"text":"is","start":5813.13,"end":5813.29},{"text":"relevant","start":5813.29,"end":5813.73},{"text":"to","start":5813.77,"end":5814.17},{"text":"maintain","start":5814.49,"end":5815.21},{"text":"the","start":5815.53,"end":5815.61},{"text":"explicit","start":5815.69,"end":5816.73},{"text":"reference","start":5816.73,"end":5817.13},{"text":"to","start":5817.13,"end":5817.25},{"text":"the","start":5817.25,"end":5817.33},{"text":"Martens","start":5817.33,"end":5817.73},{"text":"Clause","start":5817.73,"end":5818.01},{"text":"in","start":5818.01,"end":5818.21},{"text":"there.","start":5818.21,"end":5818.37}]},{"text":"As regards paragraph 5, allow me to recall the working paper presented by the German Ambassador yesterday on behalf of a group of countries, including Spain, focusing on the human element.","start":5819.49,"end":5832.17,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5819.49,"end":5819.61},{"text":"regards","start":5819.61,"end":5819.89},{"text":"paragraph","start":5819.89,"end":5820.45},{"text":"5,","start":5820.45,"end":5820.89},{"text":"allow","start":5820.89,"end":5821.09},{"text":"me","start":5821.09,"end":5821.33},{"text":"to","start":5821.33,"end":5821.77},{"text":"recall","start":5822.09,"end":5822.65},{"text":"the","start":5822.65,"end":5822.77},{"text":"working","start":5822.89,"end":5823.37},{"text":"paper","start":5823.37,"end":5823.77},{"text":"presented","start":5823.77,"end":5824.41},{"text":"by","start":5824.41,"end":5824.65},{"text":"the","start":5824.65,"end":5824.73},{"text":"German","start":5824.73,"end":5825.13},{"text":"Ambassador","start":5825.13,"end":5825.77},{"text":"yesterday","start":5825.85,"end":5826.73},{"text":"on","start":5827.17,"end":5827.29},{"text":"behalf","start":5827.29,"end":5827.77},{"text":"of","start":5827.77,"end":5827.85},{"text":"a","start":5827.85,"end":5827.93},{"text":"group","start":5827.93,"end":5828.17},{"text":"of","start":5828.17,"end":5828.33},{"text":"countries,","start":5828.33,"end":5828.81},{"text":"including","start":5828.81,"end":5829.29},{"text":"Spain,","start":5829.29,"end":5829.93},{"text":"focusing","start":5830.49,"end":5831.13},{"text":"on","start":5831.13,"end":5831.21},{"text":"the","start":5831.21,"end":5831.29},{"text":"human","start":5831.29,"end":5831.53},{"text":"element.","start":5831.53,"end":5832.17}]},{"text":"The states presenting that believe there is wide-ranging convergence between the states here represented concerning the importance of that human element.","start":5834.01,"end":5842.17,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5834.01,"end":5834.09},{"text":"states","start":5834.09,"end":5834.49},{"text":"presenting","start":5834.49,"end":5835.13},{"text":"that","start":5835.17,"end":5835.37},{"text":"believe","start":5835.37,"end":5835.77},{"text":"there","start":5835.77,"end":5835.97},{"text":"is","start":5836.01,"end":5836.33},{"text":"wide-ranging","start":5836.33,"end":5837.01},{"text":"convergence","start":5837.01,"end":5837.61},{"text":"between","start":5837.61,"end":5838.01},{"text":"the","start":5838.01,"end":5838.13},{"text":"states","start":5838.13,"end":5838.73},{"text":"here","start":5838.81,"end":5839.09},{"text":"represented","start":5839.13,"end":5839.85},{"text":"concerning","start":5839.85,"end":5840.49},{"text":"the","start":5840.49,"end":5840.61},{"text":"importance","start":5840.61,"end":5841.21},{"text":"of","start":5841.21,"end":5841.29},{"text":"that","start":5841.29,"end":5841.45},{"text":"human","start":5841.45,"end":5841.73},{"text":"element.","start":5841.73,"end":5842.17}]},{"text":"The term human control has been discussed as a core concept within discussions on laws.","start":5842.89,"end":5849.05,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5842.89,"end":5842.97},{"text":"term","start":5842.97,"end":5843.37},{"text":"human","start":5843.85,"end":5844.17},{"text":"control","start":5844.17,"end":5844.65},{"text":"has","start":5844.65,"end":5844.81},{"text":"been","start":5844.81,"end":5844.97},{"text":"discussed","start":5844.97,"end":5845.53},{"text":"as","start":5845.61,"end":5845.85},{"text":"a","start":5846.01,"end":5846.05},{"text":"core","start":5846.05,"end":5846.45},{"text":"concept","start":5846.45,"end":5847.37},{"text":"within","start":5847.37,"end":5847.69},{"text":"discussions","start":5847.69,"end":5848.41},{"text":"on","start":5848.41,"end":5848.57},{"text":"laws.","start":5848.57,"end":5849.05}]},{"text":"Subsequently, debates led to the concept of context-appropriate human judgment and control, which has been explained and laid out in numerous working papers and other texts on this subject.","start":5850.45,"end":5864.29,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Subsequently,","start":5850.45,"end":5851.17},{"text":"debates","start":5851.17,"end":5851.89},{"text":"led","start":5852.37,"end":5852.65},{"text":"to","start":5852.65,"end":5853.09},{"text":"the","start":5853.41,"end":5853.53},{"text":"concept","start":5853.57,"end":5854.37},{"text":"of","start":5854.61,"end":5855.01},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":5856.05,"end":5856.97},{"text":"human","start":5856.97,"end":5857.21},{"text":"judgment","start":5857.21,"end":5857.49},{"text":"and","start":5857.49,"end":5857.61},{"text":"control,","start":5857.61,"end":5858.21},{"text":"which","start":5858.81,"end":5859.01},{"text":"has","start":5859.01,"end":5859.13},{"text":"been","start":5859.13,"end":5859.25},{"text":"explained","start":5859.25,"end":5859.85},{"text":"and","start":5859.85,"end":5859.97},{"text":"laid","start":5859.97,"end":5860.21},{"text":"out","start":5860.21,"end":5860.45},{"text":"in","start":5860.45,"end":5860.73},{"text":"numerous","start":5860.73,"end":5861.09},{"text":"working","start":5861.09,"end":5861.41},{"text":"papers","start":5861.41,"end":5861.93},{"text":"and","start":5861.93,"end":5862.05},{"text":"other","start":5862.05,"end":5862.21},{"text":"texts","start":5862.21,"end":5862.81},{"text":"on","start":5862.81,"end":5862.93},{"text":"this","start":5862.93,"end":5863.61},{"text":"subject.","start":5863.61,"end":5864.29}]},{"text":"The evolution to the context-appropriate human judgement and control arose in the running text in order to conflate bringing together various points of view.","start":5865.01,"end":5877.13,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5865.01,"end":5865.13},{"text":"evolution","start":5865.41,"end":5866.37},{"text":"to","start":5866.37,"end":5866.65},{"text":"the","start":5867.97,"end":5868.25},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":5868.85,"end":5869.69},{"text":"human","start":5869.69,"end":5869.97},{"text":"judgement","start":5869.97,"end":5870.33},{"text":"and","start":5870.33,"end":5870.45},{"text":"control","start":5870.45,"end":5871.01},{"text":"arose","start":5871.25,"end":5871.97},{"text":"in","start":5872.21,"end":5872.45},{"text":"the","start":5872.45,"end":5872.53},{"text":"running","start":5872.53,"end":5872.85},{"text":"text","start":5872.85,"end":5873.33},{"text":"in","start":5873.33,"end":5873.49},{"text":"order","start":5873.49,"end":5873.77},{"text":"to","start":5873.77,"end":5874.21},{"text":"conflate","start":5874.37,"end":5875.17},{"text":"bringing","start":5875.33,"end":5875.81},{"text":"together","start":5875.81,"end":5876.25},{"text":"various","start":5876.25,"end":5876.61},{"text":"points","start":5876.61,"end":5876.89},{"text":"of","start":5876.89,"end":5876.97},{"text":"view.","start":5876.97,"end":5877.13}]},{"text":"Although my country does understand that the principal concept here is human control, we have, with a view to supporting consensus, agreed to support the broadening of that to the context-appropriate concept in terms of the capacities and abilities of laws.","start":5877.13,"end":5894.53,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Although","start":5877.13,"end":5877.33},{"text":"my","start":5877.33,"end":5877.49},{"text":"country","start":5877.49,"end":5877.89},{"text":"does","start":5877.89,"end":5878.17},{"text":"understand","start":5878.17,"end":5878.65},{"text":"that","start":5878.65,"end":5878.85},{"text":"the","start":5878.85,"end":5878.97},{"text":"principal","start":5879.01,"end":5879.57},{"text":"concept","start":5880.21,"end":5880.77},{"text":"here","start":5880.77,"end":5880.89},{"text":"is","start":5881.01,"end":5881.41},{"text":"human","start":5881.41,"end":5881.73},{"text":"control,","start":5881.73,"end":5882.29},{"text":"we","start":5882.61,"end":5882.81},{"text":"have,","start":5882.81,"end":5883.25},{"text":"with","start":5884.29,"end":5884.53},{"text":"a","start":5884.53,"end":5884.57},{"text":"view","start":5884.57,"end":5885.57},{"text":"to","start":5885.57,"end":5885.65},{"text":"supporting","start":5886.05,"end":5886.57},{"text":"consensus,","start":5886.57,"end":5887.25},{"text":"agreed","start":5887.25,"end":5887.69},{"text":"to","start":5887.69,"end":5887.97},{"text":"support","start":5887.97,"end":5888.57},{"text":"the","start":5888.57,"end":5888.65},{"text":"broadening","start":5888.65,"end":5889.09},{"text":"of","start":5889.09,"end":5889.17},{"text":"that","start":5889.17,"end":5889.53},{"text":"to","start":5889.53,"end":5889.61},{"text":"the","start":5889.65,"end":5889.81},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":5889.81,"end":5890.77},{"text":"concept","start":5890.77,"end":5891.41},{"text":"in","start":5891.77,"end":5891.89},{"text":"terms","start":5891.89,"end":5892.37},{"text":"of","start":5892.41,"end":5892.61},{"text":"the","start":5892.61,"end":5892.81},{"text":"capacities","start":5892.81,"end":5893.45},{"text":"and","start":5893.45,"end":5893.57},{"text":"abilities","start":5893.57,"end":5894.05},{"text":"of","start":5894.05,"end":5894.13},{"text":"laws.","start":5894.13,"end":5894.53}]},{"text":"This obviously can include non-direct human control and judgment.","start":5894.53,"end":5900.85,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5894.53,"end":5894.85},{"text":"obviously","start":5895.41,"end":5895.89},{"text":"can","start":5895.89,"end":5896.29},{"text":"include","start":5896.29,"end":5897.01},{"text":"non-direct","start":5897.09,"end":5897.97},{"text":"human","start":5898.77,"end":5899.17},{"text":"control","start":5899.17,"end":5899.73},{"text":"and","start":5900.13,"end":5900.33},{"text":"judgment.","start":5900.33,"end":5900.85}]},{"text":"As we understand it, in order to ensure principles of responsibility and accountability, there must be sufficient judgment and control always in the use of laws in order to assess the correct use of these weapons.","start":5901.01,"end":5913.09,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5901.01,"end":5901.21},{"text":"we","start":5901.21,"end":5901.29},{"text":"understand","start":5901.29,"end":5901.77},{"text":"it,","start":5901.77,"end":5901.89},{"text":"in","start":5901.89,"end":5901.97},{"text":"order","start":5901.97,"end":5902.21},{"text":"to","start":5902.21,"end":5902.37},{"text":"ensure","start":5902.49,"end":5903.17},{"text":"principles","start":5903.17,"end":5903.77},{"text":"of","start":5903.77,"end":5903.85},{"text":"responsibility","start":5903.85,"end":5904.49},{"text":"and","start":5904.49,"end":5904.61},{"text":"accountability,","start":5904.61,"end":5905.33},{"text":"there","start":5905.33,"end":5905.49},{"text":"must","start":5905.49,"end":5905.77},{"text":"be","start":5905.77,"end":5905.89},{"text":"sufficient","start":5905.89,"end":5906.69},{"text":"judgment","start":5907.09,"end":5907.57},{"text":"and","start":5907.57,"end":5907.81},{"text":"control","start":5907.81,"end":5908.61},{"text":"always","start":5908.93,"end":5909.33},{"text":"in","start":5909.33,"end":5909.41},{"text":"the","start":5909.41,"end":5909.49},{"text":"use","start":5909.49,"end":5909.73},{"text":"of","start":5909.73,"end":5909.81},{"text":"laws","start":5909.81,"end":5910.21},{"text":"in","start":5910.21,"end":5910.33},{"text":"order","start":5910.33,"end":5910.53},{"text":"to","start":5910.53,"end":5910.73},{"text":"assess","start":5910.73,"end":5911.17},{"text":"the","start":5911.17,"end":5911.25},{"text":"correct","start":5911.25,"end":5911.65},{"text":"use","start":5911.73,"end":5912.09},{"text":"of","start":5912.09,"end":5912.21},{"text":"these","start":5912.21,"end":5912.37},{"text":"weapons.","start":5912.37,"end":5913.09}]},{"text":"Furthermore, we must also take into account Guiding Principle C, which regulates the machine-human interaction, which depends on factors such as the operational context, or, indeed, the characteristics and capacities of the laws in question.","start":5913.93,"end":5928.73,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":5913.93,"end":5914.37},{"text":"we","start":5914.37,"end":5914.49},{"text":"must","start":5914.49,"end":5914.73},{"text":"also","start":5914.73,"end":5914.93},{"text":"take","start":5914.93,"end":5915.21},{"text":"into","start":5915.21,"end":5915.45},{"text":"account","start":5915.45,"end":5916.05},{"text":"Guiding","start":5916.45,"end":5916.77},{"text":"Principle","start":5916.77,"end":5917.17},{"text":"C,","start":5917.17,"end":5917.53},{"text":"which","start":5917.53,"end":5917.81},{"text":"regulates","start":5917.81,"end":5918.45},{"text":"the","start":5918.45,"end":5918.61},{"text":"machine-human","start":5918.69,"end":5919.89},{"text":"interaction,","start":5919.89,"end":5920.57},{"text":"which","start":5920.57,"end":5920.85},{"text":"depends","start":5921.17,"end":5921.57},{"text":"on","start":5921.61,"end":5921.73},{"text":"factors","start":5921.73,"end":5922.17},{"text":"such","start":5922.17,"end":5922.41},{"text":"as","start":5922.41,"end":5922.53},{"text":"the","start":5922.53,"end":5922.65},{"text":"operational","start":5922.65,"end":5923.17},{"text":"context,","start":5923.17,"end":5923.89},{"text":"or,","start":5924.41,"end":5924.57},{"text":"indeed,","start":5924.57,"end":5925.21},{"text":"the","start":5925.85,"end":5925.97},{"text":"characteristics","start":5926.17,"end":5926.97},{"text":"and","start":5926.97,"end":5927.09},{"text":"capacities","start":5927.09,"end":5927.65},{"text":"of","start":5927.65,"end":5927.77},{"text":"the","start":5927.77,"end":5927.85},{"text":"laws","start":5927.85,"end":5928.05},{"text":"in","start":5928.05,"end":5928.17},{"text":"question.","start":5928.17,"end":5928.73}]},{"text":"Distinguished Chair, as regards the proposals to move this paragraph to another box, allow me to say that my delegation does believe it has its correct place in the second box.","start":5929.21,"end":5942.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":5929.21,"end":5929.77},{"text":"Chair,","start":5929.77,"end":5930.17},{"text":"as","start":5930.33,"end":5930.53},{"text":"regards","start":5930.53,"end":5931.13},{"text":"the","start":5931.13,"end":5931.25},{"text":"proposals","start":5931.85,"end":5932.81},{"text":"to","start":5932.81,"end":5932.93},{"text":"move","start":5932.93,"end":5933.25},{"text":"this","start":5933.25,"end":5933.37},{"text":"paragraph","start":5933.37,"end":5933.77},{"text":"to","start":5933.77,"end":5933.89},{"text":"another","start":5933.89,"end":5934.13},{"text":"box,","start":5934.13,"end":5934.57},{"text":"allow","start":5934.57,"end":5934.77},{"text":"me","start":5934.77,"end":5934.97},{"text":"to","start":5934.97,"end":5935.09},{"text":"say","start":5935.09,"end":5935.53},{"text":"that","start":5935.53,"end":5935.77},{"text":"my","start":5935.77,"end":5936.25},{"text":"delegation","start":5937.33,"end":5938.33},{"text":"does","start":5938.49,"end":5938.89},{"text":"believe","start":5938.89,"end":5939.45},{"text":"it","start":5939.45,"end":5939.85},{"text":"has","start":5940.17,"end":5940.57},{"text":"its","start":5940.57,"end":5940.89},{"text":"correct","start":5940.89,"end":5941.29},{"text":"place","start":5941.29,"end":5941.69},{"text":"in","start":5941.69,"end":5941.93},{"text":"the","start":5941.93,"end":5942.05},{"text":"second","start":5942.05,"end":5942.41},{"text":"box.","start":5942.41,"end":5942.97}]},{"text":"Nonetheless, it is vital for us that the mention of human control is very clearly clarified and used in this text.","start":5943.21,"end":5952.57,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Nonetheless,","start":5943.21,"end":5943.53},{"text":"it","start":5943.53,"end":5943.61},{"text":"is","start":5943.61,"end":5943.77},{"text":"vital","start":5943.77,"end":5944.25},{"text":"for","start":5944.25,"end":5944.45},{"text":"us","start":5944.45,"end":5944.73},{"text":"that","start":5945.13,"end":5945.45},{"text":"the","start":5945.45,"end":5945.65},{"text":"mention","start":5945.77,"end":5946.41},{"text":"of","start":5946.41,"end":5946.81},{"text":"human","start":5947.69,"end":5948.01},{"text":"control","start":5948.01,"end":5948.57},{"text":"is","start":5948.57,"end":5948.89},{"text":"very","start":5948.89,"end":5949.13},{"text":"clearly","start":5949.13,"end":5949.85},{"text":"clarified","start":5950.25,"end":5951.05},{"text":"and","start":5951.05,"end":5951.45},{"text":"used","start":5951.45,"end":5951.85},{"text":"in","start":5951.85,"end":5952.01},{"text":"this","start":5952.01,"end":5952.17},{"text":"text.","start":5952.17,"end":5952.57}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":5952.65,"end":5953.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5952.65,"end":5952.97},{"text":"you.","start":5952.97,"end":5953.09}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"ESP","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Spain"}},{"statement_number":63,"start":5955.57,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:39:16","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Spain for her intervention and now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Bulgaria.","start":5955.57,"end":5963.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5955.57,"end":5955.73},{"text":"thank","start":5955.73,"end":5956.01},{"text":"the","start":5956.01,"end":5956.09},{"text":"distinguished","start":5956.09,"end":5956.65},{"text":"representative","start":5956.65,"end":5957.41},{"text":"of","start":5957.45,"end":5957.57},{"text":"Spain","start":5957.65,"end":5958.09},{"text":"for","start":5958.09,"end":5958.21},{"text":"her","start":5958.21,"end":5958.45},{"text":"intervention","start":5958.45,"end":5959.41},{"text":"and","start":5959.41,"end":5959.53},{"text":"now","start":5959.53,"end":5959.73},{"text":"pass","start":5959.73,"end":5960.01},{"text":"the","start":5960.01,"end":5960.09},{"text":"floor","start":5960.09,"end":5960.37},{"text":"to","start":5960.37,"end":5960.69},{"text":"the","start":5960.93,"end":5961.05},{"text":"distinguished","start":5961.09,"end":5961.81},{"text":"representative","start":5961.81,"end":5962.61},{"text":"of","start":5962.61,"end":5962.69},{"text":"Bulgaria.","start":5962.69,"end":5963.41}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":5963.49,"end":5964.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":5963.49,"end":5963.73},{"text":"have","start":5963.73,"end":5963.97},{"text":"the","start":5963.97,"end":5964.05},{"text":"floor.","start":5964.05,"end":5964.37}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":64,"start":5966.45,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:39:27","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5966.45,"end":5967.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5966.45,"end":5966.73},{"text":"you,","start":5966.73,"end":5966.81},{"text":"Chair.","start":5966.81,"end":5967.09}]},{"text":"With regard to box 2, we can support all five paragraphs, including the formulation context appropriate human judgment and control, which we see as a practical compromise.","start":5967.49,"end":5977.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":5967.49,"end":5967.73},{"text":"regard","start":5967.73,"end":5968.05},{"text":"to","start":5968.05,"end":5968.25},{"text":"box","start":5968.25,"end":5968.57},{"text":"2,","start":5968.57,"end":5968.85},{"text":"we","start":5969.41,"end":5969.57},{"text":"can","start":5969.57,"end":5969.73},{"text":"support","start":5969.73,"end":5970.21},{"text":"all","start":5970.29,"end":5970.53},{"text":"five","start":5970.53,"end":5970.77},{"text":"paragraphs,","start":5970.77,"end":5971.49},{"text":"including","start":5971.49,"end":5972.05},{"text":"the","start":5972.05,"end":5972.13},{"text":"formulation","start":5972.13,"end":5972.85},{"text":"context","start":5972.85,"end":5973.33},{"text":"appropriate","start":5973.33,"end":5973.77},{"text":"human","start":5973.77,"end":5974.05},{"text":"judgment","start":5974.05,"end":5974.41},{"text":"and","start":5974.41,"end":5974.53},{"text":"control,","start":5974.53,"end":5975.09},{"text":"which","start":5975.77,"end":5976.05},{"text":"we","start":5976.05,"end":5976.17},{"text":"see","start":5976.17,"end":5976.53},{"text":"as","start":5976.53,"end":5976.69},{"text":"a","start":5976.69,"end":5976.77},{"text":"practical","start":5976.77,"end":5977.25},{"text":"compromise.","start":5977.25,"end":5977.97}]},{"text":"Together with the two-tier approach group, we prepared a joint working paper entitled Joint Working Paper on the Human Element, which was presented yesterday by Germany.","start":5978.93,"end":5988.85,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Together","start":5978.93,"end":5979.29},{"text":"with","start":5979.29,"end":5979.45},{"text":"the","start":5979.45,"end":5979.53},{"text":"two-tier","start":5979.53,"end":5979.93},{"text":"approach","start":5979.93,"end":5980.25},{"text":"group,","start":5980.25,"end":5980.61},{"text":"we","start":5980.93,"end":5981.09},{"text":"prepared","start":5981.09,"end":5981.53},{"text":"a","start":5981.57,"end":5981.61},{"text":"joint","start":5981.61,"end":5981.97},{"text":"working","start":5981.97,"end":5982.29},{"text":"paper","start":5982.29,"end":5982.93},{"text":"entitled","start":5983.13,"end":5983.69},{"text":"Joint","start":5983.73,"end":5984.21},{"text":"Working","start":5984.21,"end":5984.53},{"text":"Paper","start":5984.53,"end":5984.97},{"text":"on","start":5984.97,"end":5985.09},{"text":"the","start":5985.09,"end":5985.21},{"text":"Human","start":5985.73,"end":5985.97},{"text":"Element,","start":5985.97,"end":5986.37},{"text":"which","start":5986.37,"end":5986.77},{"text":"was","start":5987.01,"end":5987.25},{"text":"presented","start":5987.25,"end":5987.69},{"text":"yesterday","start":5987.69,"end":5988.05},{"text":"by","start":5988.05,"end":5988.25},{"text":"Germany.","start":5988.25,"end":5988.85}]},{"text":"And we encourage the high contracting parties to consult it as it reflects our comprehension of the term context appropriate human judgment and control.","start":5989.41,"end":5999.73,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5989.41,"end":5989.73},{"text":"we","start":5989.73,"end":5989.85},{"text":"encourage","start":5989.85,"end":5990.37},{"text":"the","start":5990.37,"end":5990.53},{"text":"high","start":5990.53,"end":5990.69},{"text":"contracting","start":5990.69,"end":5991.17},{"text":"parties","start":5991.17,"end":5992.37},{"text":"to","start":5993.09,"end":5993.17},{"text":"consult","start":5993.33,"end":5994.05},{"text":"it","start":5994.05,"end":5994.45},{"text":"as","start":5995.17,"end":5995.41},{"text":"it","start":5995.41,"end":5995.49},{"text":"reflects","start":5995.49,"end":5996.21},{"text":"our","start":5996.21,"end":5996.37},{"text":"comprehension","start":5996.37,"end":5997.25},{"text":"of","start":5997.25,"end":5997.41},{"text":"the","start":5997.41,"end":5997.49},{"text":"term","start":5997.49,"end":5997.73},{"text":"context","start":5997.73,"end":5998.17},{"text":"appropriate","start":5998.17,"end":5998.57},{"text":"human","start":5998.57,"end":5998.85},{"text":"judgment","start":5998.85,"end":5999.17},{"text":"and","start":5999.17,"end":5999.29},{"text":"control.","start":5999.29,"end":5999.73}]},{"text":"Moreover, we wish to underline that human judgment and control may take different forms, whether direct or indirect.","start":6000.13,"end":6008.05,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Moreover,","start":6000.13,"end":6000.85},{"text":"we","start":6001.33,"end":6001.49},{"text":"wish","start":6001.49,"end":6001.65},{"text":"to","start":6001.65,"end":6001.85},{"text":"underline","start":6001.85,"end":6002.53},{"text":"that","start":6002.53,"end":6002.85},{"text":"human","start":6002.85,"end":6003.09},{"text":"judgment","start":6003.09,"end":6003.49},{"text":"and","start":6003.49,"end":6003.65},{"text":"control","start":6003.65,"end":6004.21},{"text":"may","start":6004.69,"end":6004.85},{"text":"take","start":6004.85,"end":6005.09},{"text":"different","start":6005.09,"end":6005.49},{"text":"forms,","start":6005.49,"end":6006.01},{"text":"whether","start":6006.01,"end":6006.45},{"text":"direct","start":6006.45,"end":6006.93},{"text":"or","start":6007.01,"end":6007.33},{"text":"indirect.","start":6007.33,"end":6008.05}]},{"text":"While IHL does not strictly require human control in all stages, the concept of human control can be classified as context-dependent.","start":6008.89,"end":6018.05,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":6008.89,"end":6009.41},{"text":"IHL","start":6009.41,"end":6010.45},{"text":"does","start":6010.45,"end":6010.73},{"text":"not","start":6010.73,"end":6011.09},{"text":"strictly","start":6011.17,"end":6011.61},{"text":"require","start":6011.61,"end":6012.09},{"text":"human","start":6012.09,"end":6012.33},{"text":"control","start":6012.33,"end":6012.77},{"text":"in","start":6012.77,"end":6012.93},{"text":"all","start":6012.93,"end":6013.05},{"text":"stages,","start":6013.05,"end":6013.65},{"text":"the","start":6014.77,"end":6014.89},{"text":"concept","start":6014.93,"end":6015.29},{"text":"of","start":6015.29,"end":6015.37},{"text":"human","start":6015.37,"end":6015.65},{"text":"control","start":6015.65,"end":6016.05},{"text":"can","start":6016.05,"end":6016.25},{"text":"be","start":6016.25,"end":6016.37},{"text":"classified","start":6016.37,"end":6016.93},{"text":"as","start":6016.93,"end":6017.09},{"text":"context-dependent.","start":6017.09,"end":6018.05}]},{"text":"The degree and nature of human judgment and control to be exercised over an autonomous weapon systems to guarantee compliance with IHL depends on several factors, such as the complexity of the operational environment, the specific characteristics, capabilities, and limitations of the weapon system itself, as well as its intended use and tasks it is designed to perform.","start":6018.29,"end":6042.69,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6018.29,"end":6018.45},{"text":"degree","start":6018.45,"end":6018.93},{"text":"and","start":6018.93,"end":6019.13},{"text":"nature","start":6019.13,"end":6019.53},{"text":"of","start":6019.53,"end":6019.65},{"text":"human","start":6019.65,"end":6019.89},{"text":"judgment","start":6019.89,"end":6020.33},{"text":"and","start":6020.33,"end":6020.45},{"text":"control","start":6020.45,"end":6021.01},{"text":"to","start":6021.01,"end":6021.09},{"text":"be","start":6021.09,"end":6021.25},{"text":"exercised","start":6021.25,"end":6022.05},{"text":"over","start":6022.61,"end":6023.05},{"text":"an","start":6023.05,"end":6023.25},{"text":"autonomous","start":6023.25,"end":6023.73},{"text":"weapon","start":6023.73,"end":6023.97},{"text":"systems","start":6023.97,"end":6024.61},{"text":"to","start":6024.85,"end":6024.93},{"text":"guarantee","start":6024.93,"end":6025.33},{"text":"compliance","start":6025.33,"end":6025.89},{"text":"with","start":6025.89,"end":6026.05},{"text":"IHL","start":6026.05,"end":6026.53},{"text":"depends","start":6026.93,"end":6027.37},{"text":"on","start":6027.37,"end":6027.49},{"text":"several","start":6027.49,"end":6027.97},{"text":"factors,","start":6027.97,"end":6028.41},{"text":"such","start":6028.41,"end":6028.77},{"text":"as","start":6028.77,"end":6029.01},{"text":"the","start":6029.01,"end":6029.13},{"text":"complexity","start":6029.13,"end":6030.33},{"text":"of","start":6030.33,"end":6030.41},{"text":"the","start":6030.41,"end":6030.61},{"text":"operational","start":6030.61,"end":6031.13},{"text":"environment,","start":6031.13,"end":6031.73},{"text":"the","start":6032.45,"end":6032.61},{"text":"specific","start":6032.61,"end":6033.13},{"text":"characteristics,","start":6033.13,"end":6033.89},{"text":"capabilities,","start":6033.89,"end":6034.61},{"text":"and","start":6034.61,"end":6034.81},{"text":"limitations","start":6034.81,"end":6035.53},{"text":"of","start":6036.73,"end":6036.85},{"text":"the","start":6036.85,"end":6037.05},{"text":"weapon","start":6037.09,"end":6037.37},{"text":"system","start":6037.37,"end":6037.69},{"text":"itself,","start":6037.69,"end":6038.21},{"text":"as","start":6038.45,"end":6038.69},{"text":"well","start":6038.69,"end":6038.89},{"text":"as","start":6038.89,"end":6039.09},{"text":"its","start":6039.09,"end":6039.25},{"text":"intended","start":6039.25,"end":6039.69},{"text":"use","start":6039.73,"end":6040.05},{"text":"and","start":6040.05,"end":6040.29},{"text":"tasks","start":6040.37,"end":6041.01},{"text":"it","start":6041.57,"end":6041.73},{"text":"is","start":6041.73,"end":6041.81},{"text":"designed","start":6041.81,"end":6042.17},{"text":"to","start":6042.17,"end":6042.25},{"text":"perform.","start":6042.25,"end":6042.69}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":6042.69,"end":6043.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6042.69,"end":6042.93},{"text":"you.","start":6042.93,"end":6043.05}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"BGR","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Bulgaria"}},{"statement_number":65,"start":6045.49,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:40:46","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Bulgaria.","start":6045.49,"end":6048.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6045.49,"end":6045.65},{"text":"thank","start":6045.65,"end":6046.01},{"text":"the","start":6046.01,"end":6046.09},{"text":"distinguished","start":6046.13,"end":6046.65},{"text":"representative","start":6046.65,"end":6047.25},{"text":"of","start":6047.25,"end":6047.33},{"text":"Bulgaria.","start":6047.41,"end":6048.37}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Denmark, to be followed by Mexico and Armenia.","start":6048.37,"end":6052.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":6048.37,"end":6049.01},{"text":"on","start":6049.01,"end":6049.09},{"text":"my","start":6049.09,"end":6049.25},{"text":"list","start":6049.25,"end":6049.73},{"text":"is","start":6049.73,"end":6050.05},{"text":"Denmark,","start":6050.05,"end":6050.77},{"text":"to","start":6050.77,"end":6050.89},{"text":"be","start":6050.89,"end":6051.01},{"text":"followed","start":6051.01,"end":6051.37},{"text":"by","start":6051.37,"end":6051.45},{"text":"Mexico","start":6051.49,"end":6052.05},{"text":"and","start":6052.05,"end":6052.29},{"text":"Armenia.","start":6052.29,"end":6052.69}]},{"text":"But first, the distinguished representative of Denmark, you have the floor.","start":6052.69,"end":6056.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":6052.69,"end":6053.09},{"text":"first,","start":6053.25,"end":6053.69},{"text":"the","start":6053.69,"end":6053.77},{"text":"distinguished","start":6053.77,"end":6054.29},{"text":"representative","start":6054.29,"end":6054.89},{"text":"of","start":6055.05,"end":6055.17},{"text":"Denmark,","start":6055.25,"end":6055.81},{"text":"you","start":6055.81,"end":6055.97},{"text":"have","start":6055.97,"end":6056.21},{"text":"the","start":6056.29,"end":6056.37},{"text":"floor.","start":6056.37,"end":6056.57}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":66,"start":6059.33,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:41:00","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":6059.33,"end":6059.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6059.33,"end":6059.49},{"text":"you,","start":6059.49,"end":6059.57},{"text":"Chair.","start":6059.57,"end":6059.97}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"As it is the first time our delegation is taking the.","start":6061.01,"end":6063.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6061.01,"end":6061.13},{"text":"it","start":6061.17,"end":6061.25},{"text":"is","start":6061.25,"end":6061.37},{"text":"the","start":6061.37,"end":6061.45},{"text":"first","start":6061.49,"end":6061.77},{"text":"time","start":6061.77,"end":6062.05},{"text":"our","start":6062.05,"end":6062.13},{"text":"delegation","start":6062.13,"end":6062.65},{"text":"is","start":6062.65,"end":6062.77},{"text":"taking","start":6062.77,"end":6063.01},{"text":"the.","start":6063.01,"end":6063.09}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Floor, initially we would like to thank you for your chairmanship and for your efforts in preparing this meeting.","start":6063.09,"end":6069.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Floor,","start":6063.09,"end":6063.49},{"text":"initially","start":6063.65,"end":6064.13},{"text":"we","start":6064.13,"end":6064.21},{"text":"would","start":6064.21,"end":6064.33},{"text":"like","start":6064.33,"end":6064.61},{"text":"to","start":6064.61,"end":6064.81},{"text":"thank","start":6064.85,"end":6065.17},{"text":"you","start":6065.17,"end":6065.33},{"text":"for","start":6065.57,"end":6065.89},{"text":"your","start":6066.29,"end":6066.61},{"text":"chairmanship","start":6066.61,"end":6067.25},{"text":"and","start":6067.25,"end":6067.37},{"text":"for","start":6067.37,"end":6067.49},{"text":"your","start":6067.49,"end":6067.73},{"text":"efforts","start":6067.73,"end":6068.09},{"text":"in","start":6068.09,"end":6068.21},{"text":"preparing","start":6068.21,"end":6068.61},{"text":"this","start":6068.61,"end":6068.77},{"text":"meeting.","start":6068.77,"end":6069.33}]},{"text":"We wish to make a brief contribution to the discussions on box 2 today.","start":6070.21,"end":6074.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6070.21,"end":6070.37},{"text":"wish","start":6070.37,"end":6070.53},{"text":"to","start":6070.53,"end":6070.65},{"text":"make","start":6070.65,"end":6070.97},{"text":"a","start":6070.97,"end":6071.01},{"text":"brief","start":6071.17,"end":6071.49},{"text":"contribution","start":6071.49,"end":6072.21},{"text":"to","start":6072.21,"end":6072.29},{"text":"the","start":6072.29,"end":6072.41},{"text":"discussions","start":6072.41,"end":6073.01},{"text":"on","start":6073.01,"end":6073.17},{"text":"box","start":6073.17,"end":6073.45},{"text":"2","start":6073.45,"end":6073.73},{"text":"today.","start":6073.73,"end":6074.05}]},{"text":"Going straight to the point, Denmark supports the inclusion of para 5 in this box.","start":6074.93,"end":6079.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Going","start":6074.93,"end":6075.13},{"text":"straight","start":6075.13,"end":6075.37},{"text":"to","start":6075.37,"end":6075.45},{"text":"the","start":6075.45,"end":6075.57},{"text":"point,","start":6075.57,"end":6076.05},{"text":"Denmark","start":6076.05,"end":6076.45},{"text":"supports","start":6076.45,"end":6076.93},{"text":"the","start":6076.93,"end":6077.01},{"text":"inclusion","start":6077.01,"end":6077.73},{"text":"of","start":6077.73,"end":6077.89},{"text":"para","start":6077.89,"end":6078.17},{"text":"5","start":6078.17,"end":6078.53},{"text":"in","start":6078.53,"end":6078.61},{"text":"this","start":6078.61,"end":6078.77},{"text":"box.","start":6078.77,"end":6079.41}]},{"text":"Although we recognize and agree with the points made by several colleagues that IHL.","start":6079.85,"end":6084.81,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Although","start":6079.85,"end":6080.17},{"text":"we","start":6080.17,"end":6080.33},{"text":"recognize","start":6080.33,"end":6081.29},{"text":"and","start":6081.29,"end":6081.49},{"text":"agree","start":6081.49,"end":6082.01},{"text":"with","start":6082.01,"end":6082.13},{"text":"the","start":6082.13,"end":6082.25},{"text":"points","start":6082.25,"end":6082.65},{"text":"made","start":6082.65,"end":6082.89},{"text":"by","start":6082.89,"end":6083.13},{"text":"several","start":6083.13,"end":6083.53},{"text":"colleagues","start":6083.53,"end":6084.01},{"text":"that","start":6084.01,"end":6084.25},{"text":"IHL.","start":6084.25,"end":6084.81}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Does not explicitly contain a rule to ensure human judgment and control, we believe, as outlined in our working.","start":6084.81,"end":6091.69,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Does","start":6084.81,"end":6084.97},{"text":"not","start":6084.97,"end":6085.21},{"text":"explicitly","start":6085.21,"end":6086.01},{"text":"contain","start":6086.01,"end":6086.57},{"text":"a","start":6086.57,"end":6086.61},{"text":"rule","start":6086.61,"end":6086.97},{"text":"to","start":6086.97,"end":6087.09},{"text":"ensure","start":6087.09,"end":6087.53},{"text":"human","start":6087.53,"end":6087.85},{"text":"judgment","start":6087.85,"end":6088.25},{"text":"and","start":6088.25,"end":6088.37},{"text":"control,","start":6088.37,"end":6088.97},{"text":"we","start":6089.37,"end":6089.61},{"text":"believe,","start":6089.61,"end":6090.05},{"text":"as","start":6090.25,"end":6090.49},{"text":"outlined","start":6090.49,"end":6091.05},{"text":"in","start":6091.05,"end":6091.21},{"text":"our","start":6091.21,"end":6091.29},{"text":"working.","start":6091.29,"end":6091.69}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Paper, that the use of weapon systems always require some form of human involvement in order to ensure compliance with the different rules of IHL.","start":6091.69,"end":6101.21,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Paper,","start":6091.69,"end":6092.17},{"text":"that","start":6092.17,"end":6092.33},{"text":"the","start":6092.33,"end":6092.45},{"text":"use","start":6092.45,"end":6092.73},{"text":"of","start":6092.77,"end":6092.89},{"text":"weapon","start":6092.89,"end":6093.21},{"text":"systems","start":6093.21,"end":6093.85},{"text":"always","start":6093.85,"end":6094.41},{"text":"require","start":6094.41,"end":6095.13},{"text":"some","start":6095.93,"end":6096.33},{"text":"form","start":6096.33,"end":6096.73},{"text":"of","start":6096.73,"end":6096.81},{"text":"human","start":6096.81,"end":6097.13},{"text":"involvement","start":6097.13,"end":6097.69},{"text":"in","start":6097.69,"end":6097.85},{"text":"order","start":6097.85,"end":6098.09},{"text":"to","start":6098.09,"end":6098.25},{"text":"ensure","start":6098.33,"end":6098.73},{"text":"compliance","start":6098.73,"end":6099.45},{"text":"with","start":6099.45,"end":6099.57},{"text":"the","start":6099.57,"end":6099.69},{"text":"different","start":6099.69,"end":6100.09},{"text":"rules","start":6100.09,"end":6100.49},{"text":"of","start":6100.49,"end":6100.65},{"text":"IHL.","start":6100.65,"end":6101.21}]},{"text":"That is the principles and rules of distinction, precaution, and proportionality.","start":6101.85,"end":6106.33,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":6101.85,"end":6102.09},{"text":"is","start":6102.09,"end":6102.33},{"text":"the","start":6102.33,"end":6102.45},{"text":"principles","start":6102.45,"end":6103.17},{"text":"and","start":6103.17,"end":6103.33},{"text":"rules","start":6103.33,"end":6103.69},{"text":"of","start":6103.69,"end":6103.77},{"text":"distinction,","start":6103.77,"end":6104.49},{"text":"precaution,","start":6104.49,"end":6105.29},{"text":"and","start":6105.37,"end":6105.53},{"text":"proportionality.","start":6105.53,"end":6106.33}]},{"text":"To make this link, we find it appropriate to include para 5 in this box.","start":6106.65,"end":6111.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":6106.65,"end":6106.77},{"text":"make","start":6106.77,"end":6107.01},{"text":"this","start":6107.01,"end":6107.21},{"text":"link,","start":6107.21,"end":6107.69},{"text":"we","start":6107.69,"end":6107.93},{"text":"find","start":6107.93,"end":6108.29},{"text":"it","start":6108.29,"end":6108.57},{"text":"appropriate","start":6108.65,"end":6109.33},{"text":"to","start":6109.33,"end":6109.45},{"text":"include","start":6109.45,"end":6109.81},{"text":"para","start":6109.81,"end":6110.09},{"text":"5","start":6110.09,"end":6110.41},{"text":"in","start":6110.41,"end":6110.57},{"text":"this","start":6110.57,"end":6110.73},{"text":"box.","start":6110.73,"end":6111.29}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":6111.37,"end":6111.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6111.37,"end":6111.65},{"text":"you.","start":6111.65,"end":6111.77}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"DNK","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Denmark"}},{"statement_number":67,"start":6117.37,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:41:58","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Denmark for her intervention.","start":6117.37,"end":6121.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":6117.37,"end":6117.53},{"text":"me","start":6117.53,"end":6117.85},{"text":"thank","start":6117.85,"end":6118.21},{"text":"the","start":6118.21,"end":6118.29},{"text":"distinguished","start":6118.29,"end":6118.97},{"text":"representative","start":6118.97,"end":6119.69},{"text":"of","start":6119.73,"end":6119.93},{"text":"Denmark","start":6119.93,"end":6120.41},{"text":"for","start":6120.41,"end":6120.61},{"text":"her","start":6120.61,"end":6120.73},{"text":"intervention.","start":6120.73,"end":6121.61}]},{"text":"Next is the distinguished representative of Mexico.","start":6121.69,"end":6126.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":6121.69,"end":6122.17},{"text":"is","start":6122.17,"end":6122.49},{"text":"the","start":6122.73,"end":6122.85},{"text":"distinguished","start":6123.89,"end":6124.49},{"text":"representative","start":6125.09,"end":6125.61},{"text":"of","start":6125.61,"end":6125.69},{"text":"Mexico.","start":6125.69,"end":6126.01}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":6126.01,"end":6126.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":6126.01,"end":6126.09},{"text":"have","start":6126.09,"end":6126.21},{"text":"the","start":6126.21,"end":6126.29},{"text":"floor.","start":6126.29,"end":6126.57}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":68,"start":6130.05,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:42:11","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chairperson.","start":6130.05,"end":6132.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6130.05,"end":6130.29},{"text":"you","start":6130.29,"end":6130.41},{"text":"very","start":6130.41,"end":6130.65},{"text":"much,","start":6130.65,"end":6131.25},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":6131.49,"end":6132.45}]},{"text":"Firstly, I wanted to say that my delegation has comments to make concerning box 2 that we're looking at here.","start":6136.05,"end":6149.54,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Firstly,","start":6136.05,"end":6136.53},{"text":"I","start":6136.53,"end":6136.61},{"text":"wanted","start":6136.61,"end":6137.05},{"text":"to","start":6137.05,"end":6137.21},{"text":"say","start":6137.25,"end":6137.73},{"text":"that","start":6137.73,"end":6138.05},{"text":"my","start":6138.05,"end":6138.21},{"text":"delegation","start":6138.21,"end":6138.93},{"text":"has","start":6144.66,"end":6145.38},{"text":"comments","start":6145.62,"end":6146.26},{"text":"to","start":6146.26,"end":6146.46},{"text":"make","start":6146.5,"end":6146.94},{"text":"concerning","start":6146.94,"end":6147.54},{"text":"box","start":6147.54,"end":6147.86},{"text":"2","start":6147.86,"end":6148.18},{"text":"that","start":6148.18,"end":6148.42},{"text":"we're","start":6148.42,"end":6148.62},{"text":"looking","start":6148.62,"end":6148.98},{"text":"at","start":6148.98,"end":6149.14},{"text":"here.","start":6149.14,"end":6149.54}]},{"text":"Nonetheless, the exercise that's happened so far, bringing together various different elements that have been debated in the group under this box, and which are essential for the understanding of the box and for the reiteration of the integrity of IHL, which is very important.","start":6151.86,"end":6175.89,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Nonetheless,","start":6151.86,"end":6152.42},{"text":"the","start":6152.42,"end":6152.62},{"text":"exercise","start":6153.86,"end":6154.5},{"text":"that's","start":6154.5,"end":6154.82},{"text":"happened","start":6154.82,"end":6155.26},{"text":"so","start":6155.26,"end":6155.46},{"text":"far,","start":6155.46,"end":6156.22},{"text":"bringing","start":6156.22,"end":6156.82},{"text":"together","start":6157.22,"end":6157.86},{"text":"various","start":6157.86,"end":6158.74},{"text":"different","start":6159.97,"end":6160.53},{"text":"elements","start":6160.53,"end":6161.01},{"text":"that","start":6161.13,"end":6161.33},{"text":"have","start":6161.33,"end":6161.73},{"text":"been","start":6161.73,"end":6161.89},{"text":"debated","start":6161.89,"end":6162.69},{"text":"in","start":6162.69,"end":6163.05},{"text":"the","start":6163.05,"end":6163.13},{"text":"group","start":6163.13,"end":6163.45},{"text":"under","start":6163.45,"end":6163.65},{"text":"this","start":6163.65,"end":6163.81},{"text":"box,","start":6163.81,"end":6164.77},{"text":"and","start":6164.77,"end":6164.97},{"text":"which","start":6164.97,"end":6165.25},{"text":"are","start":6165.25,"end":6165.37},{"text":"essential","start":6165.37,"end":6166.13},{"text":"for","start":6167.17,"end":6167.41},{"text":"the","start":6167.41,"end":6167.53},{"text":"understanding","start":6167.57,"end":6168.69},{"text":"of","start":6168.81,"end":6168.93},{"text":"the","start":6168.93,"end":6169.01},{"text":"box","start":6169.01,"end":6169.41},{"text":"and","start":6169.45,"end":6169.81},{"text":"for","start":6169.97,"end":6170.17},{"text":"the","start":6170.21,"end":6170.33},{"text":"reiteration","start":6171.17,"end":6172.01},{"text":"of","start":6172.01,"end":6172.21},{"text":"the","start":6172.21,"end":6172.33},{"text":"integrity","start":6173.25,"end":6173.97},{"text":"of","start":6173.97,"end":6174.13},{"text":"IHL,","start":6174.13,"end":6174.49},{"text":"which","start":6174.49,"end":6174.69},{"text":"is","start":6174.69,"end":6174.81},{"text":"very","start":6174.81,"end":6174.97},{"text":"important.","start":6174.97,"end":6175.89}]},{"text":"For my delegation, it means that we are happy to accept this section as it stands.","start":6176.37,"end":6181.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":6176.37,"end":6176.61},{"text":"my","start":6176.61,"end":6176.69},{"text":"delegation,","start":6176.69,"end":6177.33},{"text":"it","start":6177.33,"end":6177.41},{"text":"means","start":6177.41,"end":6177.73},{"text":"that","start":6177.73,"end":6178.05},{"text":"we","start":6178.05,"end":6178.21},{"text":"are","start":6178.21,"end":6178.29},{"text":"happy","start":6178.29,"end":6178.57},{"text":"to","start":6178.57,"end":6178.65},{"text":"accept","start":6178.65,"end":6179.05},{"text":"this","start":6179.05,"end":6179.29},{"text":"section","start":6179.29,"end":6179.73},{"text":"as","start":6179.73,"end":6180.05},{"text":"it","start":6180.05,"end":6180.13},{"text":"stands.","start":6180.13,"end":6181.33}]},{"text":"With regard to some of the comments made concerning the appropriateness of retaining paragraph 5 in this box, we do see advantages to that independently from the fact that we accept that some of these questions need to be discussed and refined.","start":6181.33,"end":6201.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":6181.33,"end":6181.49},{"text":"regard","start":6181.49,"end":6181.81},{"text":"to","start":6181.81,"end":6182.01},{"text":"some","start":6182.01,"end":6182.37},{"text":"of","start":6182.37,"end":6182.45},{"text":"the","start":6182.45,"end":6182.53},{"text":"comments","start":6182.53,"end":6183.01},{"text":"made","start":6183.01,"end":6183.41},{"text":"concerning","start":6184.37,"end":6185.01},{"text":"the","start":6185.01,"end":6185.21},{"text":"appropriateness","start":6185.21,"end":6185.93},{"text":"of","start":6185.93,"end":6186.05},{"text":"retaining","start":6186.05,"end":6186.77},{"text":"paragraph","start":6187.49,"end":6188.09},{"text":"5","start":6188.09,"end":6188.69},{"text":"in","start":6188.85,"end":6189.09},{"text":"this","start":6189.09,"end":6189.25},{"text":"box,","start":6189.25,"end":6189.53},{"text":"we","start":6189.53,"end":6189.65},{"text":"do","start":6189.65,"end":6189.89},{"text":"see","start":6189.89,"end":6190.29},{"text":"advantages","start":6190.29,"end":6191.41},{"text":"to","start":6191.73,"end":6191.97},{"text":"that","start":6191.97,"end":6192.29},{"text":"independently","start":6192.29,"end":6193.17},{"text":"from","start":6194.37,"end":6194.69},{"text":"the","start":6194.69,"end":6194.77},{"text":"fact","start":6194.77,"end":6195.09},{"text":"that","start":6195.09,"end":6195.49},{"text":"we","start":6195.57,"end":6195.97},{"text":"accept","start":6196.13,"end":6196.69},{"text":"that","start":6196.69,"end":6196.81},{"text":"some","start":6197.33,"end":6197.81},{"text":"of","start":6198.01,"end":6198.21},{"text":"these","start":6198.21,"end":6198.69},{"text":"questions","start":6198.69,"end":6199.25},{"text":"need","start":6199.25,"end":6199.45},{"text":"to","start":6199.45,"end":6199.61},{"text":"be","start":6199.61,"end":6199.73},{"text":"discussed","start":6199.73,"end":6200.29},{"text":"and","start":6200.29,"end":6200.41},{"text":"refined.","start":6200.41,"end":6201.01}]},{"text":"But we do think it is important to retain the explicit mention of the Martins clause, which we believe is very relevant in this instance, and we believe that provides a degree of guarantee that this remains in line with IHL independently of any future technological advance.","start":6201.01,"end":6223.73,"topics":[{"key":"martens-clause-ethics","label":"Martens Clause and Ethical Considerations","description":"Multiple delegations emphasized the importance of the Martens Clause and broader ethical concerns in addressing autonomous weapons. They linked the issue to humanity, public conscience, and the need to preserve human moral judgment in the use of force."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":6201.01,"end":6201.25},{"text":"we","start":6201.25,"end":6201.41},{"text":"do","start":6201.41,"end":6201.65},{"text":"think","start":6201.65,"end":6201.93},{"text":"it","start":6201.93,"end":6202.05},{"text":"is","start":6202.05,"end":6202.21},{"text":"important","start":6202.21,"end":6202.89},{"text":"to","start":6202.89,"end":6202.97},{"text":"retain","start":6202.97,"end":6203.45},{"text":"the","start":6203.45,"end":6203.53},{"text":"explicit","start":6203.53,"end":6204.05},{"text":"mention","start":6204.05,"end":6204.61},{"text":"of","start":6205.29,"end":6205.41},{"text":"the","start":6205.41,"end":6205.49},{"text":"Martins","start":6205.49,"end":6206.13},{"text":"clause,","start":6206.13,"end":6206.53},{"text":"which","start":6206.53,"end":6206.77},{"text":"we","start":6206.77,"end":6207.25},{"text":"believe","start":6207.29,"end":6207.65},{"text":"is","start":6207.65,"end":6207.81},{"text":"very","start":6207.81,"end":6208.05},{"text":"relevant","start":6208.05,"end":6208.69},{"text":"in","start":6209.73,"end":6210.05},{"text":"this","start":6210.09,"end":6210.37},{"text":"instance,","start":6210.37,"end":6211.01},{"text":"and","start":6211.01,"end":6211.17},{"text":"we","start":6211.17,"end":6211.25},{"text":"believe","start":6211.25,"end":6211.57},{"text":"that","start":6211.57,"end":6211.69},{"text":"provides","start":6211.69,"end":6212.37},{"text":"a","start":6213.89,"end":6213.93},{"text":"degree","start":6213.93,"end":6214.45},{"text":"of","start":6214.49,"end":6214.61},{"text":"guarantee","start":6214.61,"end":6215.65},{"text":"that","start":6215.65,"end":6216.29},{"text":"this","start":6217.17,"end":6217.81},{"text":"remains","start":6218.13,"end":6218.61},{"text":"in","start":6218.61,"end":6218.89},{"text":"line","start":6218.89,"end":6219.25},{"text":"with","start":6219.25,"end":6219.57},{"text":"IHL","start":6219.73,"end":6220.29},{"text":"independently","start":6220.37,"end":6221.61},{"text":"of","start":6221.61,"end":6221.73},{"text":"any","start":6221.73,"end":6221.89},{"text":"future","start":6221.89,"end":6222.21},{"text":"technological","start":6222.21,"end":6222.93},{"text":"advance.","start":6222.93,"end":6223.73}]},{"text":"With regards to paragraph 5, we believe that the wording that has arisen after so much discussion to try and progress us towards a potential consensus, which includes the elements of context, human judgments and human control, is important to now retain, in conjunction with the need to ensure that the effects of laws are indeed always in compliance with international law, and in particular with IHL.","start":6224.61,"end":6264.13,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":6224.61,"end":6224.85},{"text":"regards","start":6224.85,"end":6225.17},{"text":"to","start":6225.17,"end":6225.33},{"text":"paragraph","start":6225.33,"end":6226.01},{"text":"5,","start":6226.01,"end":6226.69},{"text":"we","start":6228.13,"end":6228.37},{"text":"believe","start":6228.37,"end":6228.85},{"text":"that","start":6228.85,"end":6229.17},{"text":"the","start":6229.17,"end":6229.37},{"text":"wording","start":6229.73,"end":6230.53},{"text":"that","start":6231.17,"end":6231.49},{"text":"has","start":6231.49,"end":6231.77},{"text":"arisen","start":6231.77,"end":6232.29},{"text":"after","start":6232.61,"end":6233.01},{"text":"so","start":6233.01,"end":6233.21},{"text":"much","start":6233.21,"end":6233.41},{"text":"discussion","start":6233.41,"end":6234.05},{"text":"to","start":6234.05,"end":6234.13},{"text":"try","start":6234.13,"end":6234.37},{"text":"and","start":6234.37,"end":6234.61},{"text":"progress","start":6234.61,"end":6234.97},{"text":"us","start":6234.97,"end":6235.17},{"text":"towards","start":6235.17,"end":6235.81},{"text":"a","start":6235.97,"end":6236.01},{"text":"potential","start":6236.01,"end":6236.57},{"text":"consensus,","start":6236.57,"end":6237.53},{"text":"which","start":6237.53,"end":6238.05},{"text":"includes","start":6238.69,"end":6239.89},{"text":"the","start":6241.17,"end":6241.45},{"text":"elements","start":6241.73,"end":6242.21},{"text":"of","start":6242.21,"end":6242.29},{"text":"context,","start":6242.29,"end":6243.81},{"text":"human","start":6244.01,"end":6244.29},{"text":"judgments","start":6244.29,"end":6244.69},{"text":"and","start":6244.69,"end":6245.01},{"text":"human","start":6245.01,"end":6245.33},{"text":"control,","start":6245.33,"end":6245.89},{"text":"is","start":6246.37,"end":6246.61},{"text":"important","start":6246.61,"end":6247.45},{"text":"to","start":6247.45,"end":6247.57},{"text":"now","start":6247.57,"end":6247.81},{"text":"retain,","start":6247.81,"end":6248.61},{"text":"in","start":6249.73,"end":6249.97},{"text":"conjunction","start":6249.97,"end":6250.45},{"text":"with","start":6250.45,"end":6250.65},{"text":"the","start":6250.65,"end":6250.73},{"text":"need","start":6250.73,"end":6250.93},{"text":"to","start":6250.93,"end":6251.17},{"text":"ensure","start":6251.17,"end":6251.89},{"text":"that","start":6251.89,"end":6252.45},{"text":"the","start":6252.45,"end":6252.57},{"text":"effects","start":6252.57,"end":6253.81},{"text":"of","start":6253.97,"end":6254.53},{"text":"laws","start":6254.77,"end":6255.57},{"text":"are","start":6257.57,"end":6257.65},{"text":"indeed","start":6257.65,"end":6258.37},{"text":"always","start":6258.37,"end":6258.93},{"text":"in","start":6258.93,"end":6259.09},{"text":"compliance","start":6259.09,"end":6259.97},{"text":"with","start":6259.97,"end":6260.37},{"text":"international","start":6260.37,"end":6261.69},{"text":"law,","start":6261.69,"end":6261.77},{"text":"and","start":6261.85,"end":6262.01},{"text":"in","start":6262.01,"end":6262.09},{"text":"particular","start":6262.09,"end":6262.89},{"text":"with","start":6263.01,"end":6263.33},{"text":"IHL.","start":6263.33,"end":6264.13}]},{"text":"Finally, I want to recall that my delegation has on a number of occasions said that in this section we should make it clear that all of this is without prejudice to the fact that there are other legal obligations under other IHL systems, in particular human rights law and criminal law.","start":6265.33,"end":6295.73,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":6265.33,"end":6265.81},{"text":"I","start":6265.81,"end":6265.85},{"text":"want","start":6265.85,"end":6266.25},{"text":"to","start":6266.25,"end":6266.37},{"text":"recall","start":6266.85,"end":6267.41},{"text":"that","start":6267.41,"end":6267.65},{"text":"my","start":6267.65,"end":6267.81},{"text":"delegation","start":6267.81,"end":6268.61},{"text":"has","start":6268.85,"end":6269.25},{"text":"on","start":6270.17,"end":6270.29},{"text":"a","start":6270.29,"end":6270.33},{"text":"number","start":6270.33,"end":6270.57},{"text":"of","start":6270.57,"end":6270.65},{"text":"occasions","start":6270.65,"end":6271.49},{"text":"said","start":6271.49,"end":6271.97},{"text":"that","start":6271.97,"end":6272.45},{"text":"in","start":6272.45,"end":6272.85},{"text":"this","start":6272.85,"end":6273.45},{"text":"section","start":6273.45,"end":6274.21},{"text":"we","start":6274.97,"end":6275.21},{"text":"should","start":6275.21,"end":6275.77},{"text":"make","start":6275.93,"end":6276.33},{"text":"it","start":6276.33,"end":6276.41},{"text":"clear","start":6276.41,"end":6276.81},{"text":"that","start":6276.81,"end":6277.05},{"text":"all","start":6277.05,"end":6277.25},{"text":"of","start":6277.25,"end":6277.33},{"text":"this","start":6277.33,"end":6277.93},{"text":"is","start":6279.61,"end":6280.01},{"text":"without","start":6280.89,"end":6281.45},{"text":"prejudice","start":6281.45,"end":6282.17},{"text":"to","start":6282.49,"end":6282.81},{"text":"the","start":6282.81,"end":6282.97},{"text":"fact","start":6282.97,"end":6283.29},{"text":"that","start":6283.29,"end":6283.45},{"text":"there","start":6283.45,"end":6283.77},{"text":"are","start":6283.85,"end":6284.25},{"text":"other","start":6284.25,"end":6284.73},{"text":"legal","start":6285.05,"end":6285.33},{"text":"obligations","start":6285.33,"end":6286.05},{"text":"under","start":6286.05,"end":6286.41},{"text":"other","start":6286.41,"end":6286.89},{"text":"IHL","start":6287.37,"end":6288.33},{"text":"systems,","start":6288.57,"end":6289.13},{"text":"in","start":6289.13,"end":6289.25},{"text":"particular","start":6289.25,"end":6290.01},{"text":"human","start":6290.89,"end":6291.37},{"text":"rights","start":6291.37,"end":6292.01},{"text":"law","start":6292.01,"end":6292.57},{"text":"and","start":6294.01,"end":6294.57},{"text":"criminal","start":6294.73,"end":6295.65},{"text":"law.","start":6295.65,"end":6295.73}]},{"text":"But we understand that in the scope of application of the CCW, the sentence here that's been used to retain international law in particular, IHL does indeed encapsulate all of that concept.","start":6297.53,"end":6314.37,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":6297.53,"end":6297.69},{"text":"we","start":6297.69,"end":6297.81},{"text":"understand","start":6297.81,"end":6298.29},{"text":"that","start":6298.29,"end":6298.49},{"text":"in","start":6298.49,"end":6298.85},{"text":"the","start":6298.85,"end":6298.93},{"text":"scope","start":6298.97,"end":6299.77},{"text":"of","start":6300.29,"end":6300.37},{"text":"application","start":6300.37,"end":6301.29},{"text":"of","start":6301.37,"end":6301.53},{"text":"the","start":6301.53,"end":6301.69},{"text":"CCW,","start":6301.69,"end":6302.49},{"text":"the","start":6302.49,"end":6302.69},{"text":"sentence","start":6303.89,"end":6304.65},{"text":"here","start":6304.65,"end":6304.77},{"text":"that's","start":6304.77,"end":6305.17},{"text":"been","start":6305.17,"end":6305.49},{"text":"used","start":6305.49,"end":6305.97},{"text":"to","start":6307.81,"end":6307.97},{"text":"retain","start":6307.97,"end":6308.69},{"text":"international","start":6308.93,"end":6309.65},{"text":"law","start":6309.65,"end":6309.73},{"text":"in","start":6309.73,"end":6309.85},{"text":"particular,","start":6309.85,"end":6310.69},{"text":"IHL","start":6310.77,"end":6311.41},{"text":"does","start":6311.41,"end":6311.65},{"text":"indeed","start":6311.65,"end":6311.89},{"text":"encapsulate","start":6311.89,"end":6312.93},{"text":"all","start":6313.05,"end":6313.33},{"text":"of","start":6313.33,"end":6313.41},{"text":"that","start":6313.41,"end":6313.57},{"text":"concept.","start":6313.57,"end":6314.37}]},{"text":"At the end of the day, I reiterate that for the Mexican delegation, the most important thing here is to retain the explicit force of international law and its integrity here.","start":6315.69,"end":6329.61,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":6315.69,"end":6315.77},{"text":"the","start":6315.77,"end":6315.85},{"text":"end","start":6315.85,"end":6315.97},{"text":"of","start":6315.97,"end":6316.05},{"text":"the","start":6316.05,"end":6316.13},{"text":"day,","start":6316.13,"end":6316.45},{"text":"I","start":6316.53,"end":6316.69},{"text":"reiterate","start":6316.69,"end":6317.21},{"text":"that","start":6317.21,"end":6317.33},{"text":"for","start":6317.33,"end":6317.45},{"text":"the","start":6317.45,"end":6317.53},{"text":"Mexican","start":6317.53,"end":6317.89},{"text":"delegation,","start":6317.89,"end":6318.33},{"text":"the","start":6318.33,"end":6318.41},{"text":"most","start":6318.41,"end":6318.61},{"text":"important","start":6318.61,"end":6319.29},{"text":"thing","start":6319.29,"end":6319.57},{"text":"here","start":6319.57,"end":6319.89},{"text":"is","start":6319.89,"end":6320.13},{"text":"to","start":6320.13,"end":6320.69},{"text":"retain","start":6321.33,"end":6322.05},{"text":"the","start":6322.05,"end":6322.17},{"text":"explicit","start":6325.09,"end":6325.73},{"text":"force","start":6326.29,"end":6326.93},{"text":"of","start":6327.21,"end":6327.41},{"text":"international","start":6327.49,"end":6328.33},{"text":"law","start":6328.33,"end":6328.57},{"text":"and","start":6328.57,"end":6328.77},{"text":"its","start":6328.77,"end":6328.89},{"text":"integrity","start":6328.89,"end":6329.41},{"text":"here.","start":6329.41,"end":6329.61}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":6329.81,"end":6330.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6329.81,"end":6330.13},{"text":"you.","start":6330.13,"end":6330.21}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"MEX","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Mexico"}},{"statement_number":69,"start":6332.73,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:45:33","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Mexico for her intervention.","start":6332.73,"end":6337.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6332.73,"end":6332.89},{"text":"thank","start":6333.05,"end":6333.53},{"text":"the","start":6333.53,"end":6333.65},{"text":"distinguished","start":6333.69,"end":6334.25},{"text":"representative","start":6334.25,"end":6334.97},{"text":"of","start":6334.97,"end":6335.05},{"text":"Mexico","start":6335.05,"end":6335.85},{"text":"for","start":6335.85,"end":6336.13},{"text":"her","start":6336.13,"end":6336.25},{"text":"intervention.","start":6336.25,"end":6337.29}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Armenia, to be followed by the Russian Federation.","start":6337.61,"end":6341.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":6337.61,"end":6337.93},{"text":"on","start":6337.93,"end":6338.01},{"text":"my","start":6338.01,"end":6338.17},{"text":"list","start":6338.17,"end":6338.57},{"text":"is","start":6338.57,"end":6338.81},{"text":"Armenia,","start":6338.81,"end":6339.53},{"text":"to","start":6339.53,"end":6339.65},{"text":"be","start":6339.69,"end":6339.85},{"text":"followed","start":6339.85,"end":6340.09},{"text":"by","start":6340.09,"end":6340.17},{"text":"the","start":6340.17,"end":6340.25},{"text":"Russian","start":6340.25,"end":6340.65},{"text":"Federation.","start":6340.65,"end":6341.57}]},{"text":"Let me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Armenia.","start":6341.57,"end":6344.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":6341.57,"end":6341.69},{"text":"me","start":6341.69,"end":6341.81},{"text":"now","start":6341.81,"end":6341.93},{"text":"pass","start":6341.93,"end":6342.17},{"text":"the","start":6342.17,"end":6342.25},{"text":"floor","start":6342.25,"end":6342.57},{"text":"to","start":6342.57,"end":6342.65},{"text":"the","start":6342.65,"end":6342.73},{"text":"distinguished","start":6342.73,"end":6343.37},{"text":"representative","start":6343.37,"end":6344.01},{"text":"of","start":6344.01,"end":6344.25},{"text":"Armenia.","start":6344.25,"end":6344.73}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":6344.73,"end":6345.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":6344.73,"end":6344.81},{"text":"have","start":6344.81,"end":6345.05},{"text":"the","start":6345.05,"end":6345.13},{"text":"floor.","start":6345.13,"end":6345.41}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":70,"start":6353.57,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:45:54","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":6353.57,"end":6354.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6353.57,"end":6353.85},{"text":"you,","start":6353.85,"end":6353.97},{"text":"Chair.","start":6353.97,"end":6354.45}]},{"text":"As this is the first time Armenia takes the floor, I would like to add my voice in thanking you and Friends of Chair for your continuous.","start":6354.85,"end":6361.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6354.85,"end":6355.05},{"text":"this","start":6355.05,"end":6355.21},{"text":"is","start":6355.21,"end":6355.33},{"text":"the","start":6355.33,"end":6355.49},{"text":"first","start":6355.49,"end":6355.85},{"text":"time","start":6355.85,"end":6356.09},{"text":"Armenia","start":6356.09,"end":6356.45},{"text":"takes","start":6356.45,"end":6356.81},{"text":"the","start":6356.81,"end":6356.93},{"text":"floor,","start":6356.93,"end":6357.41},{"text":"I","start":6357.41,"end":6357.45},{"text":"would","start":6357.45,"end":6357.57},{"text":"like","start":6357.57,"end":6357.85},{"text":"to","start":6357.85,"end":6358.05},{"text":"add","start":6358.05,"end":6358.21},{"text":"my","start":6358.21,"end":6358.45},{"text":"voice","start":6358.45,"end":6358.77},{"text":"in","start":6358.77,"end":6358.93},{"text":"thanking","start":6358.93,"end":6359.41},{"text":"you","start":6359.41,"end":6359.81},{"text":"and","start":6359.81,"end":6360.05},{"text":"Friends","start":6360.05,"end":6360.45},{"text":"of","start":6360.45,"end":6360.53},{"text":"Chair","start":6360.53,"end":6360.93},{"text":"for","start":6360.93,"end":6361.13},{"text":"your","start":6361.13,"end":6361.33},{"text":"continuous.","start":6361.33,"end":6361.93}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Efforts.","start":6361.97,"end":6362.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Efforts.","start":6361.97,"end":6362.53}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Armenia closely follows the developments of this GGE and welcomes the results achieved so far.","start":6363.05,"end":6369.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Armenia","start":6363.05,"end":6363.49},{"text":"closely","start":6363.49,"end":6364.21},{"text":"follows","start":6364.93,"end":6365.49},{"text":"the","start":6365.49,"end":6365.61},{"text":"developments","start":6365.61,"end":6366.29},{"text":"of","start":6366.29,"end":6366.37},{"text":"this","start":6366.37,"end":6366.57},{"text":"GGE","start":6366.57,"end":6367.33},{"text":"and","start":6367.33,"end":6367.57},{"text":"welcomes","start":6367.57,"end":6368.09},{"text":"the","start":6368.09,"end":6368.21},{"text":"results","start":6368.21,"end":6368.77},{"text":"achieved","start":6368.77,"end":6369.21},{"text":"so","start":6369.21,"end":6369.49},{"text":"far.","start":6369.49,"end":6369.97}]},{"text":"Now, straight to box 2 on para 4.","start":6370.45,"end":6373.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":6370.45,"end":6370.61},{"text":"straight","start":6370.61,"end":6371.13},{"text":"to","start":6371.13,"end":6371.21},{"text":"box","start":6371.21,"end":6371.73},{"text":"2","start":6371.73,"end":6372.13},{"text":"on","start":6372.21,"end":6372.45},{"text":"para","start":6372.45,"end":6372.85},{"text":"4.","start":6372.85,"end":6373.33}]},{"text":"Given the sophisticated nature of lethal autonomous weapons systems, distinct from traditional arms, Armenia believes that the reference to Martens Clause is of utmost relevance.","start":6373.73,"end":6385.17,"topics":[{"key":"martens-clause-ethics","label":"Martens Clause and Ethical Considerations","description":"Multiple delegations emphasized the importance of the Martens Clause and broader ethical concerns in addressing autonomous weapons. They linked the issue to humanity, public conscience, and the need to preserve human moral judgment in the use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"Given","start":6373.73,"end":6374.01},{"text":"the","start":6374.01,"end":6374.09},{"text":"sophisticated","start":6374.09,"end":6375.01},{"text":"nature","start":6375.01,"end":6375.37},{"text":"of","start":6375.37,"end":6375.49},{"text":"lethal","start":6375.49,"end":6375.89},{"text":"autonomous","start":6375.89,"end":6376.45},{"text":"weapons","start":6376.45,"end":6376.81},{"text":"systems,","start":6376.81,"end":6377.57},{"text":"distinct","start":6378.37,"end":6378.93},{"text":"from","start":6378.93,"end":6379.17},{"text":"traditional","start":6379.17,"end":6379.89},{"text":"arms,","start":6379.89,"end":6380.49},{"text":"Armenia","start":6380.49,"end":6381.01},{"text":"believes","start":6381.01,"end":6381.45},{"text":"that","start":6381.45,"end":6381.65},{"text":"the","start":6381.65,"end":6381.81},{"text":"reference","start":6381.81,"end":6382.45},{"text":"to","start":6382.45,"end":6382.57},{"text":"Martens","start":6382.57,"end":6383.09},{"text":"Clause","start":6383.09,"end":6383.49},{"text":"is","start":6383.49,"end":6383.65},{"text":"of","start":6383.65,"end":6383.81},{"text":"utmost","start":6383.81,"end":6384.45},{"text":"relevance.","start":6384.45,"end":6385.17}]},{"text":"On para 5, Armenia echoes the positions expressed by Belgium, Austria, New Zealand and others in a sense that though not being a fundamental principle of jus ad bellum, human control here is a necessary added value.","start":6385.57,"end":6401.17,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":6385.57,"end":6385.73},{"text":"para","start":6385.73,"end":6386.13},{"text":"5,","start":6386.13,"end":6386.61},{"text":"Armenia","start":6386.73,"end":6387.33},{"text":"echoes","start":6387.33,"end":6387.81},{"text":"the","start":6387.81,"end":6387.89},{"text":"positions","start":6387.89,"end":6388.53},{"text":"expressed","start":6388.53,"end":6389.09},{"text":"by","start":6389.09,"end":6389.25},{"text":"Belgium,","start":6389.25,"end":6389.89},{"text":"Austria,","start":6389.97,"end":6390.69},{"text":"New","start":6390.69,"end":6391.01},{"text":"Zealand","start":6391.01,"end":6391.49},{"text":"and","start":6391.49,"end":6391.73},{"text":"others","start":6391.73,"end":6392.29},{"text":"in","start":6392.61,"end":6392.81},{"text":"a","start":6392.81,"end":6392.85},{"text":"sense","start":6392.85,"end":6393.17},{"text":"that","start":6393.17,"end":6393.57},{"text":"though","start":6393.65,"end":6394.13},{"text":"not","start":6394.29,"end":6394.61},{"text":"being","start":6394.61,"end":6394.93},{"text":"a","start":6394.93,"end":6395.09},{"text":"fundamental","start":6395.09,"end":6395.73},{"text":"principle","start":6395.73,"end":6396.29},{"text":"of","start":6396.29,"end":6396.53},{"text":"jus","start":6396.53,"end":6396.85},{"text":"ad","start":6396.89,"end":6397.01},{"text":"bellum,","start":6397.01,"end":6397.57},{"text":"human","start":6397.73,"end":6398.13},{"text":"control","start":6398.13,"end":6398.61},{"text":"here","start":6398.61,"end":6399.49},{"text":"is","start":6399.49,"end":6399.65},{"text":"a","start":6399.65,"end":6399.73},{"text":"necessary","start":6399.73,"end":6400.45},{"text":"added","start":6400.45,"end":6400.73},{"text":"value.","start":6400.77,"end":6401.17}]},{"text":"From our perspective, the fundamental issue is not in wording, whether it be context appropriate human control or human judgment, but rather it is the fact that there is no common understanding among the delegations on the necessary scope and nature of human control required to ensure the applicability of IHL.","start":6401.73,"end":6423.17,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"From","start":6401.73,"end":6401.97},{"text":"our","start":6401.97,"end":6402.21},{"text":"perspective,","start":6402.21,"end":6403.01},{"text":"the","start":6403.01,"end":6403.25},{"text":"fundamental","start":6403.25,"end":6403.97},{"text":"issue","start":6403.97,"end":6404.37},{"text":"is","start":6404.37,"end":6404.61},{"text":"not","start":6404.61,"end":6404.85},{"text":"in","start":6404.85,"end":6405.01},{"text":"wording,","start":6405.01,"end":6405.57},{"text":"whether","start":6405.61,"end":6406.01},{"text":"it","start":6406.01,"end":6406.29},{"text":"be","start":6406.29,"end":6406.53},{"text":"context","start":6406.53,"end":6407.09},{"text":"appropriate","start":6407.09,"end":6407.73},{"text":"human","start":6407.73,"end":6408.05},{"text":"control","start":6408.25,"end":6408.69},{"text":"or","start":6408.93,"end":6409.09},{"text":"human","start":6409.09,"end":6409.57},{"text":"judgment,","start":6409.57,"end":6410.21},{"text":"but","start":6410.45,"end":6410.69},{"text":"rather","start":6410.69,"end":6411.09},{"text":"it","start":6411.09,"end":6411.25},{"text":"is","start":6411.25,"end":6411.41},{"text":"the","start":6411.41,"end":6411.49},{"text":"fact","start":6411.49,"end":6411.93},{"text":"that","start":6411.93,"end":6412.09},{"text":"there","start":6412.09,"end":6412.25},{"text":"is","start":6412.25,"end":6412.37},{"text":"no","start":6412.37,"end":6412.69},{"text":"common","start":6412.69,"end":6413.05},{"text":"understanding","start":6413.05,"end":6413.77},{"text":"among","start":6413.81,"end":6414.17},{"text":"the","start":6414.17,"end":6414.29},{"text":"delegations","start":6414.29,"end":6415.17},{"text":"on","start":6415.49,"end":6415.65},{"text":"the","start":6415.65,"end":6415.73},{"text":"necessary","start":6415.73,"end":6416.37},{"text":"scope","start":6416.37,"end":6416.93},{"text":"and","start":6417.05,"end":6417.29},{"text":"nature","start":6417.29,"end":6417.89},{"text":"of","start":6418.25,"end":6418.45},{"text":"human","start":6418.45,"end":6418.85},{"text":"control","start":6418.85,"end":6419.33},{"text":"required","start":6419.33,"end":6420.37},{"text":"to","start":6420.53,"end":6420.69},{"text":"ensure","start":6420.77,"end":6421.25},{"text":"the","start":6421.25,"end":6421.37},{"text":"applicability","start":6421.37,"end":6422.29},{"text":"of","start":6422.29,"end":6422.53},{"text":"IHL.","start":6422.53,"end":6423.17}]},{"text":"To this end, Armenia encourages other delegations in their further interventions to indicate the necessary level of control-- sorry.","start":6423.73,"end":6433.21,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":6423.73,"end":6423.85},{"text":"this","start":6423.85,"end":6424.13},{"text":"end,","start":6424.13,"end":6424.53},{"text":"Armenia","start":6424.69,"end":6425.17},{"text":"encourages","start":6425.17,"end":6425.89},{"text":"other","start":6425.89,"end":6426.09},{"text":"delegations","start":6426.09,"end":6426.93},{"text":"in","start":6426.93,"end":6427.17},{"text":"their","start":6427.17,"end":6427.33},{"text":"further","start":6427.33,"end":6427.81},{"text":"interventions","start":6427.81,"end":6428.77},{"text":"to","start":6428.77,"end":6429.01},{"text":"indicate","start":6429.01,"end":6429.85},{"text":"the","start":6429.85,"end":6429.93},{"text":"necessary","start":6429.93,"end":6430.61},{"text":"level","start":6430.61,"end":6431.13},{"text":"of","start":6431.13,"end":6431.33},{"text":"control--","start":6431.73,"end":6432.53},{"text":"sorry.","start":6432.69,"end":6433.21}]},{"text":"on level of nature and scope of human control required to ensure the applicability of IHL.","start":6433.77,"end":6440.01,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"on","start":6433.77,"end":6433.93},{"text":"level","start":6433.93,"end":6434.25},{"text":"of","start":6434.25,"end":6434.33},{"text":"nature","start":6434.33,"end":6434.97},{"text":"and","start":6434.97,"end":6435.17},{"text":"scope","start":6435.17,"end":6435.77},{"text":"of","start":6435.77,"end":6435.93},{"text":"human","start":6435.93,"end":6436.25},{"text":"control","start":6436.25,"end":6436.73},{"text":"required","start":6436.73,"end":6437.53},{"text":"to","start":6437.53,"end":6437.77},{"text":"ensure","start":6437.77,"end":6438.25},{"text":"the","start":6438.25,"end":6438.45},{"text":"applicability","start":6438.45,"end":6439.29},{"text":"of","start":6439.29,"end":6439.45},{"text":"IHL.","start":6439.45,"end":6440.01}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":6440.25,"end":6440.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6440.25,"end":6440.49},{"text":"you.","start":6440.49,"end":6440.57}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"ARM","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Armenia"}},{"statement_number":71,"start":6442.25,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:47:23","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Armenia and I'll pass the floor to the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation.","start":6442.25,"end":6449.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6442.25,"end":6442.41},{"text":"thank","start":6442.41,"end":6442.73},{"text":"the","start":6442.73,"end":6442.81},{"text":"distinguished","start":6442.85,"end":6443.37},{"text":"representative","start":6443.37,"end":6444.09},{"text":"of","start":6444.13,"end":6444.33},{"text":"Armenia","start":6444.33,"end":6444.89},{"text":"and","start":6444.89,"end":6445.13},{"text":"I'll","start":6445.13,"end":6445.33},{"text":"pass","start":6445.33,"end":6445.61},{"text":"the","start":6445.61,"end":6445.69},{"text":"floor","start":6445.69,"end":6446.01},{"text":"to","start":6446.01,"end":6446.17},{"text":"the","start":6446.17,"end":6446.25},{"text":"distinguished","start":6446.25,"end":6446.81},{"text":"representative","start":6447.61,"end":6448.37},{"text":"of","start":6448.37,"end":6448.49},{"text":"the","start":6448.49,"end":6448.57},{"text":"Russian","start":6448.57,"end":6448.85},{"text":"Federation.","start":6448.85,"end":6449.41}]},{"text":"So you have the floor.","start":6449.41,"end":6452.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6449.41,"end":6449.61},{"text":"you","start":6449.61,"end":6449.69},{"text":"have","start":6451.93,"end":6452.05},{"text":"the","start":6452.05,"end":6452.13},{"text":"floor.","start":6452.13,"end":6452.33}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":72,"start":6453.13,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:47:34","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, distinguished Chair.","start":6453.13,"end":6454.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6453.13,"end":6453.45},{"text":"you,","start":6453.45,"end":6453.53},{"text":"distinguished","start":6453.53,"end":6454.01},{"text":"Chair.","start":6454.01,"end":6454.33}]},{"text":"In the context of the interactive discussion, we wish to react to a series of comments which have been made by colleagues.","start":6456.09,"end":6464.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6456.09,"end":6456.25},{"text":"the","start":6456.25,"end":6456.33},{"text":"context","start":6456.33,"end":6456.89},{"text":"of","start":6456.89,"end":6456.97},{"text":"the","start":6456.97,"end":6457.05},{"text":"interactive","start":6457.05,"end":6457.77},{"text":"discussion,","start":6457.77,"end":6458.57},{"text":"we","start":6459.29,"end":6459.61},{"text":"wish","start":6459.61,"end":6459.85},{"text":"to","start":6459.85,"end":6460.05},{"text":"react","start":6460.05,"end":6460.73},{"text":"to","start":6460.89,"end":6461.25},{"text":"a","start":6461.25,"end":6461.29},{"text":"series","start":6461.37,"end":6461.89},{"text":"of","start":6461.89,"end":6462.01},{"text":"comments","start":6462.01,"end":6462.53},{"text":"which","start":6462.53,"end":6462.77},{"text":"have","start":6462.77,"end":6462.89},{"text":"been","start":6462.89,"end":6463.13},{"text":"made","start":6463.13,"end":6463.53},{"text":"by","start":6463.53,"end":6463.85},{"text":"colleagues.","start":6463.85,"end":6464.57}]},{"text":"Firstly, on the issue of in which box paragraph 5 should be contained in the understanding in this paragraph 5, we agree with the representative of Austria that in the context of the activities of this group, the issue of moving something from one box to another at this particular point in time, and in particular referring to this paragraph, is rather artificial, and we would prefer not to focus on this.","start":6467.29,"end":6502.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Firstly,","start":6467.29,"end":6468.09},{"text":"on","start":6469.97,"end":6470.17},{"text":"the","start":6471.45,"end":6471.61},{"text":"issue","start":6472.33,"end":6472.81},{"text":"of","start":6472.81,"end":6473.13},{"text":"in","start":6473.21,"end":6473.45},{"text":"which","start":6473.45,"end":6473.69},{"text":"box","start":6473.69,"end":6474.17},{"text":"paragraph","start":6474.41,"end":6475.09},{"text":"5","start":6475.09,"end":6475.77},{"text":"should","start":6476.33,"end":6476.97},{"text":"be","start":6477.29,"end":6477.49},{"text":"contained","start":6477.49,"end":6478.09},{"text":"in","start":6478.09,"end":6478.25},{"text":"the","start":6478.25,"end":6478.37},{"text":"understanding","start":6478.41,"end":6479.37},{"text":"in","start":6479.69,"end":6479.93},{"text":"this","start":6479.93,"end":6480.09},{"text":"paragraph","start":6480.09,"end":6480.45},{"text":"5,","start":6480.45,"end":6480.81},{"text":"we","start":6480.81,"end":6481.05},{"text":"agree","start":6481.05,"end":6481.45},{"text":"with","start":6481.45,"end":6481.61},{"text":"the","start":6481.61,"end":6481.69},{"text":"representative","start":6481.69,"end":6482.33},{"text":"of","start":6482.33,"end":6482.41},{"text":"Austria","start":6482.41,"end":6482.89},{"text":"that","start":6483.53,"end":6483.85},{"text":"in","start":6483.85,"end":6484.09},{"text":"the","start":6484.09,"end":6484.21},{"text":"context","start":6484.21,"end":6484.81},{"text":"of","start":6484.89,"end":6485.13},{"text":"the","start":6485.13,"end":6485.25},{"text":"activities","start":6485.25,"end":6485.93},{"text":"of","start":6485.93,"end":6486.17},{"text":"this","start":6486.17,"end":6486.49},{"text":"group,","start":6486.49,"end":6487.13},{"text":"the","start":6488.17,"end":6488.29},{"text":"issue","start":6488.57,"end":6489.21},{"text":"of","start":6489.37,"end":6489.85},{"text":"moving","start":6489.85,"end":6490.89},{"text":"something","start":6491.45,"end":6492.01},{"text":"from","start":6492.01,"end":6492.41},{"text":"one","start":6492.41,"end":6492.61},{"text":"box","start":6492.61,"end":6492.89},{"text":"to","start":6492.89,"end":6493.01},{"text":"another","start":6493.01,"end":6493.45},{"text":"at","start":6493.45,"end":6493.69},{"text":"this","start":6493.69,"end":6493.93},{"text":"particular","start":6493.93,"end":6494.41},{"text":"point","start":6494.41,"end":6494.73},{"text":"in","start":6494.73,"end":6494.97},{"text":"time,","start":6494.97,"end":6495.49},{"text":"and","start":6495.49,"end":6495.61},{"text":"in","start":6495.81,"end":6495.89},{"text":"particular","start":6495.89,"end":6496.33},{"text":"referring","start":6496.33,"end":6496.89},{"text":"to","start":6496.89,"end":6497.05},{"text":"this","start":6497.05,"end":6497.45},{"text":"paragraph,","start":6497.45,"end":6498.01},{"text":"is","start":6498.01,"end":6498.25},{"text":"rather","start":6498.25,"end":6498.49},{"text":"artificial,","start":6498.49,"end":6499.37},{"text":"and","start":6499.61,"end":6499.77},{"text":"we","start":6499.77,"end":6499.89},{"text":"would","start":6499.89,"end":6500.01},{"text":"prefer","start":6500.01,"end":6500.33},{"text":"not","start":6500.33,"end":6500.61},{"text":"to","start":6500.61,"end":6500.69},{"text":"focus","start":6500.69,"end":6501.29},{"text":"on","start":6501.29,"end":6501.61},{"text":"this.","start":6501.61,"end":6502.01}]},{"text":"It's our view that instead of this, we should rather focus on whether we need to have a logical link between this para and paragraph 6 of box 3, which to a great extent cover the concept of the notion of context appropriate.","start":6504.57,"end":6528.69,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":6504.57,"end":6504.97},{"text":"our","start":6504.97,"end":6505.05},{"text":"view","start":6505.05,"end":6505.45},{"text":"that","start":6505.45,"end":6505.61},{"text":"instead","start":6505.61,"end":6506.09},{"text":"of","start":6506.09,"end":6506.17},{"text":"this,","start":6506.17,"end":6506.57},{"text":"we","start":6506.57,"end":6507.05},{"text":"should","start":6507.05,"end":6507.37},{"text":"rather","start":6507.37,"end":6507.77},{"text":"focus","start":6507.77,"end":6508.65},{"text":"on","start":6508.81,"end":6509.29},{"text":"whether","start":6509.69,"end":6510.49},{"text":"we","start":6511.37,"end":6511.77},{"text":"need","start":6511.85,"end":6512.53},{"text":"to","start":6512.53,"end":6513.37},{"text":"have","start":6513.61,"end":6514.25},{"text":"a","start":6514.25,"end":6514.33},{"text":"logical","start":6514.33,"end":6514.81},{"text":"link","start":6514.81,"end":6515.13},{"text":"between","start":6515.13,"end":6515.85},{"text":"this","start":6515.85,"end":6516.57},{"text":"para","start":6516.73,"end":6517.01},{"text":"and","start":6517.01,"end":6517.77},{"text":"paragraph","start":6518.21,"end":6518.53},{"text":"6","start":6518.53,"end":6519.17},{"text":"of","start":6519.33,"end":6519.81},{"text":"box","start":6519.97,"end":6520.37},{"text":"3,","start":6520.37,"end":6521.01},{"text":"which","start":6521.21,"end":6521.65},{"text":"to","start":6521.65,"end":6521.97},{"text":"a","start":6522.37,"end":6522.45},{"text":"great","start":6522.45,"end":6522.69},{"text":"extent","start":6522.69,"end":6523.49},{"text":"cover","start":6523.81,"end":6524.37},{"text":"the","start":6525.89,"end":6526.09},{"text":"concept","start":6526.13,"end":6526.69},{"text":"of","start":6526.69,"end":6526.85},{"text":"the","start":6526.85,"end":6526.97},{"text":"notion","start":6526.97,"end":6527.33},{"text":"of","start":6527.33,"end":6527.49},{"text":"context","start":6527.49,"end":6527.97},{"text":"appropriate.","start":6527.97,"end":6528.69}]},{"text":"Given the discussion that we listened to yesterday and today, the delegations which have spoken in favour of this notion, this understanding, to a great extent stated in paragraph 6, what is stated in paragraph 6 of box 3 is covered by this concept.","start":6532.21,"end":6559.29,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Given","start":6532.21,"end":6532.77},{"text":"the","start":6532.77,"end":6532.89},{"text":"discussion","start":6532.89,"end":6533.97},{"text":"that","start":6533.97,"end":6534.21},{"text":"we","start":6534.21,"end":6534.37},{"text":"listened","start":6534.37,"end":6534.69},{"text":"to","start":6534.69,"end":6534.81},{"text":"yesterday","start":6534.81,"end":6535.21},{"text":"and","start":6535.21,"end":6535.37},{"text":"today,","start":6535.37,"end":6535.97},{"text":"the","start":6536.29,"end":6536.45},{"text":"delegations","start":6537.09,"end":6537.89},{"text":"which","start":6537.89,"end":6538.37},{"text":"have","start":6538.37,"end":6538.61},{"text":"spoken","start":6538.61,"end":6539.01},{"text":"in","start":6539.01,"end":6539.09},{"text":"favour","start":6539.09,"end":6539.61},{"text":"of","start":6539.61,"end":6539.73},{"text":"this","start":6539.73,"end":6539.93},{"text":"notion,","start":6539.93,"end":6540.37},{"text":"this","start":6540.37,"end":6540.53},{"text":"understanding,","start":6540.53,"end":6541.41},{"text":"to","start":6543.57,"end":6544.01},{"text":"a","start":6544.01,"end":6544.05},{"text":"great","start":6544.05,"end":6544.45},{"text":"extent","start":6544.45,"end":6545.57},{"text":"stated","start":6547.37,"end":6548.33},{"text":"in","start":6548.81,"end":6549.21},{"text":"paragraph","start":6550.01,"end":6550.41},{"text":"6,","start":6550.41,"end":6550.93},{"text":"what","start":6550.93,"end":6551.09},{"text":"is","start":6551.09,"end":6551.17},{"text":"stated","start":6551.17,"end":6551.45},{"text":"in","start":6551.45,"end":6551.53},{"text":"paragraph","start":6551.53,"end":6551.89},{"text":"6","start":6551.89,"end":6552.49},{"text":"of","start":6555.29,"end":6555.45},{"text":"box","start":6555.45,"end":6556.01},{"text":"3","start":6556.01,"end":6556.65},{"text":"is","start":6557.37,"end":6557.61},{"text":"covered","start":6557.61,"end":6558.01},{"text":"by","start":6558.01,"end":6558.33},{"text":"this","start":6558.41,"end":6558.73},{"text":"concept.","start":6558.73,"end":6559.29}]},{"text":"So these are limitations on the kind of target, the length of activities and the functioning scale and the scale of the operations.","start":6559.29,"end":6572.57,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6559.29,"end":6559.77},{"text":"these","start":6559.93,"end":6560.25},{"text":"are","start":6560.29,"end":6560.49},{"text":"limitations","start":6560.85,"end":6561.61},{"text":"on","start":6561.61,"end":6561.81},{"text":"the","start":6561.81,"end":6561.93},{"text":"kind","start":6561.93,"end":6562.17},{"text":"of","start":6562.17,"end":6562.25},{"text":"target,","start":6562.25,"end":6563.53},{"text":"the","start":6564.33,"end":6564.53},{"text":"length","start":6564.53,"end":6565.13},{"text":"of","start":6565.21,"end":6565.77},{"text":"activities","start":6565.93,"end":6567.05},{"text":"and","start":6567.21,"end":6567.41},{"text":"the","start":6567.41,"end":6567.49},{"text":"functioning","start":6567.49,"end":6568.17},{"text":"scale","start":6568.17,"end":6568.81},{"text":"and","start":6570.49,"end":6570.97},{"text":"the","start":6570.97,"end":6571.13},{"text":"scale","start":6571.13,"end":6571.45},{"text":"of","start":6571.45,"end":6571.53},{"text":"the","start":6571.53,"end":6571.65},{"text":"operations.","start":6571.65,"end":6572.57}]},{"text":"We agree with that interpretation of this notion, this understanding, however, perhaps we should not use the notion, the term context appropriate, but to explain it in detail as it's done, we believe, in box 3, para 6D.","start":6576.45,"end":6599.41,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6576.45,"end":6576.85},{"text":"agree","start":6576.85,"end":6577.49},{"text":"with","start":6577.49,"end":6577.93},{"text":"that","start":6577.93,"end":6578.37},{"text":"interpretation","start":6578.45,"end":6579.49},{"text":"of","start":6579.49,"end":6579.73},{"text":"this","start":6579.73,"end":6579.97},{"text":"notion,","start":6579.97,"end":6580.69},{"text":"this","start":6580.77,"end":6580.97},{"text":"understanding,","start":6580.97,"end":6581.73},{"text":"however,","start":6581.73,"end":6582.45},{"text":"perhaps","start":6585.81,"end":6586.21},{"text":"we","start":6586.21,"end":6586.61},{"text":"should","start":6586.61,"end":6586.85},{"text":"not","start":6586.85,"end":6587.17},{"text":"use","start":6587.17,"end":6587.57},{"text":"the","start":6587.81,"end":6588.01},{"text":"notion,","start":6588.29,"end":6588.93},{"text":"the","start":6589.33,"end":6589.53},{"text":"term","start":6589.53,"end":6589.89},{"text":"context","start":6589.89,"end":6590.29},{"text":"appropriate,","start":6590.29,"end":6590.93},{"text":"but","start":6590.93,"end":6591.49},{"text":"to","start":6591.97,"end":6592.61},{"text":"explain","start":6593.09,"end":6593.65},{"text":"it","start":6593.65,"end":6593.89},{"text":"in","start":6594.05,"end":6594.29},{"text":"detail","start":6594.29,"end":6594.69},{"text":"as","start":6594.69,"end":6595.01},{"text":"it's","start":6595.01,"end":6595.25},{"text":"done,","start":6595.25,"end":6595.49},{"text":"we","start":6595.49,"end":6595.73},{"text":"believe,","start":6595.73,"end":6596.37},{"text":"in","start":6596.37,"end":6596.85},{"text":"box","start":6596.85,"end":6597.41},{"text":"3,","start":6597.41,"end":6597.89},{"text":"para","start":6597.89,"end":6598.29},{"text":"6D.","start":6598.29,"end":6599.41}]},{"text":"So we would suggest that we don't consider whether we agree context appropriate in the text or not, but we focus rather on what has been said by many colleagues, which is what this understanding, this notion actually covers.","start":6600.05,"end":6623.09,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6600.05,"end":6600.17},{"text":"we","start":6600.17,"end":6600.25},{"text":"would","start":6600.25,"end":6600.37},{"text":"suggest","start":6600.37,"end":6600.85},{"text":"that","start":6600.85,"end":6601.25},{"text":"we","start":6601.57,"end":6601.97},{"text":"don't","start":6601.97,"end":6602.73},{"text":"consider","start":6606.13,"end":6606.45},{"text":"whether","start":6606.45,"end":6606.73},{"text":"we","start":6606.73,"end":6607.01},{"text":"agree","start":6607.01,"end":6607.41},{"text":"context","start":6607.41,"end":6607.81},{"text":"appropriate","start":6607.81,"end":6608.29},{"text":"in","start":6608.29,"end":6608.53},{"text":"the","start":6608.53,"end":6608.65},{"text":"text","start":6608.65,"end":6609.09},{"text":"or","start":6609.09,"end":6609.17},{"text":"not,","start":6609.17,"end":6609.73},{"text":"but","start":6610.69,"end":6610.89},{"text":"we","start":6610.89,"end":6611.01},{"text":"focus","start":6611.01,"end":6611.57},{"text":"rather","start":6611.65,"end":6612.37},{"text":"on","start":6612.61,"end":6613.17},{"text":"what","start":6614.61,"end":6615.01},{"text":"has","start":6615.01,"end":6615.17},{"text":"been","start":6615.17,"end":6615.41},{"text":"said","start":6615.41,"end":6615.73},{"text":"by","start":6615.73,"end":6615.89},{"text":"many","start":6615.89,"end":6616.21},{"text":"colleagues,","start":6616.21,"end":6616.93},{"text":"which","start":6617.89,"end":6618.37},{"text":"is","start":6618.37,"end":6618.77},{"text":"what","start":6618.85,"end":6619.65},{"text":"this","start":6619.73,"end":6620.13},{"text":"understanding,","start":6620.29,"end":6620.97},{"text":"this","start":6620.97,"end":6621.17},{"text":"notion","start":6621.17,"end":6621.81},{"text":"actually","start":6621.81,"end":6622.45},{"text":"covers.","start":6622.45,"end":6623.09}]},{"text":"what exactly we want to see in the context of this notion to make sure that the appropriate control is ensured in the appropriate manner to comply with the norms and principles of international humanitarian law.","start":6624.45,"end":6641.33,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"what","start":6624.45,"end":6624.85},{"text":"exactly","start":6624.85,"end":6625.41},{"text":"we","start":6625.41,"end":6625.65},{"text":"want","start":6625.65,"end":6626.09},{"text":"to","start":6626.09,"end":6626.17},{"text":"see","start":6626.17,"end":6626.69},{"text":"in","start":6626.93,"end":6627.09},{"text":"the","start":6627.09,"end":6627.17},{"text":"context","start":6627.17,"end":6627.89},{"text":"of","start":6627.89,"end":6628.21},{"text":"this","start":6628.21,"end":6628.77},{"text":"notion","start":6628.93,"end":6629.65},{"text":"to","start":6629.89,"end":6630.13},{"text":"make","start":6630.13,"end":6630.45},{"text":"sure","start":6630.45,"end":6630.85},{"text":"that","start":6630.85,"end":6631.33},{"text":"the","start":6631.33,"end":6631.45},{"text":"appropriate","start":6631.49,"end":6632.21},{"text":"control","start":6632.21,"end":6632.93},{"text":"is","start":6632.93,"end":6633.33},{"text":"ensured","start":6633.33,"end":6634.13},{"text":"in","start":6634.13,"end":6634.53},{"text":"the","start":6634.53,"end":6634.73},{"text":"appropriate","start":6635.09,"end":6635.73},{"text":"manner","start":6635.73,"end":6636.29},{"text":"to","start":6637.01,"end":6637.25},{"text":"comply","start":6637.25,"end":6637.81},{"text":"with","start":6637.81,"end":6638.41},{"text":"the","start":6638.41,"end":6638.49},{"text":"norms","start":6638.49,"end":6638.81},{"text":"and","start":6638.81,"end":6638.93},{"text":"principles","start":6638.93,"end":6639.49},{"text":"of","start":6639.49,"end":6639.57},{"text":"international","start":6639.57,"end":6640.13},{"text":"humanitarian","start":6640.13,"end":6640.93},{"text":"law.","start":6640.93,"end":6641.33}]},{"text":"I'd also like to react to the proposal made by a series of delegations on the technical annex.","start":6645.17,"end":6655.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'd","start":6645.17,"end":6645.41},{"text":"also","start":6645.41,"end":6645.89},{"text":"like","start":6645.89,"end":6646.21},{"text":"to","start":6646.21,"end":6646.41},{"text":"react","start":6646.41,"end":6647.13},{"text":"to","start":6647.13,"end":6647.21},{"text":"the","start":6647.41,"end":6647.61},{"text":"proposal","start":6647.65,"end":6648.37},{"text":"made","start":6648.37,"end":6648.61},{"text":"by","start":6648.61,"end":6648.81},{"text":"a","start":6648.81,"end":6648.85},{"text":"series","start":6648.85,"end":6649.25},{"text":"of","start":6649.25,"end":6649.33},{"text":"delegations","start":6649.33,"end":6650.37},{"text":"on","start":6652.41,"end":6652.53},{"text":"the","start":6652.53,"end":6652.85},{"text":"technical","start":6652.93,"end":6653.81},{"text":"annex.","start":6655.21,"end":6655.85}]},{"text":"We consider to great extent this proposal to be rather artificial whilst we're discussing this in the GGE, given the mandate of this group.","start":6662.56,"end":6674.24,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6662.56,"end":6662.84},{"text":"consider","start":6662.84,"end":6663.52},{"text":"to","start":6663.52,"end":6663.88},{"text":"great","start":6664.56,"end":6664.76},{"text":"extent","start":6664.76,"end":6665.44},{"text":"this","start":6665.68,"end":6665.88},{"text":"proposal","start":6665.88,"end":6666.48},{"text":"to","start":6666.48,"end":6666.56},{"text":"be","start":6666.56,"end":6666.72},{"text":"rather","start":6666.72,"end":6667.04},{"text":"artificial","start":6667.04,"end":6667.84},{"text":"whilst","start":6667.84,"end":6668.16},{"text":"we're","start":6668.16,"end":6668.48},{"text":"discussing","start":6668.48,"end":6669.28},{"text":"this","start":6669.28,"end":6669.76},{"text":"in","start":6669.76,"end":6671.32},{"text":"the","start":6671.32,"end":6671.4},{"text":"GGE,","start":6671.52,"end":6672.24},{"text":"given","start":6672.24,"end":6672.56},{"text":"the","start":6672.56,"end":6672.84},{"text":"mandate","start":6672.84,"end":6673.36},{"text":"of","start":6673.36,"end":6673.52},{"text":"this","start":6673.52,"end":6673.68},{"text":"group.","start":6673.68,"end":6674.24}]},{"text":"Once again, I'd like to repeat what other colleagues have said.","start":6674.88,"end":6679.2,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Once","start":6674.88,"end":6675.16},{"text":"again,","start":6675.16,"end":6675.56},{"text":"I'd","start":6675.56,"end":6675.76},{"text":"like","start":6675.76,"end":6676.08},{"text":"to","start":6676.08,"end":6676.28},{"text":"repeat","start":6676.28,"end":6677.04},{"text":"what","start":6677.6,"end":6677.84},{"text":"other","start":6677.84,"end":6678.08},{"text":"colleagues","start":6678.08,"end":6678.44},{"text":"have","start":6678.44,"end":6678.56},{"text":"said.","start":6678.56,"end":6679.2}]},{"text":"We are not at the stage of negotiations on any instrument of any kind.","start":6679.76,"end":6685.28,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6679.76,"end":6680.32},{"text":"are","start":6680.32,"end":6680.52},{"text":"not","start":6680.52,"end":6681.12},{"text":"at","start":6681.2,"end":6681.44},{"text":"the","start":6681.44,"end":6681.52},{"text":"stage","start":6681.52,"end":6682},{"text":"of","start":6682,"end":6682.08},{"text":"negotiations","start":6682.08,"end":6683.12},{"text":"on","start":6683.12,"end":6683.28},{"text":"any","start":6683.28,"end":6683.6},{"text":"instrument","start":6683.6,"end":6684.44},{"text":"of","start":6684.44,"end":6684.56},{"text":"any","start":6684.56,"end":6684.72},{"text":"kind.","start":6684.72,"end":6685.28}]},{"text":"And So, I don't think that we really need to talk about any kind of technical annex or any other kinds of annex.","start":6687.04,"end":6696.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6687.04,"end":6687.52},{"text":"So,","start":6688.77,"end":6689.33},{"text":"I","start":6689.41,"end":6689.45},{"text":"don't","start":6689.45,"end":6689.77},{"text":"think","start":6689.89,"end":6690.05},{"text":"that","start":6690.05,"end":6690.21},{"text":"we","start":6690.21,"end":6690.37},{"text":"really","start":6690.37,"end":6690.61},{"text":"need","start":6690.61,"end":6690.73},{"text":"to","start":6690.73,"end":6690.89},{"text":"talk","start":6690.89,"end":6691.01},{"text":"about","start":6691.01,"end":6691.25},{"text":"any","start":6691.25,"end":6691.45},{"text":"kind","start":6691.45,"end":6691.65},{"text":"of","start":6691.65,"end":6691.73},{"text":"technical","start":6691.73,"end":6692.37},{"text":"annex","start":6692.69,"end":6693.41},{"text":"or","start":6693.81,"end":6694.21},{"text":"any","start":6694.45,"end":6694.77},{"text":"other","start":6694.77,"end":6695.25},{"text":"kinds","start":6695.33,"end":6695.65},{"text":"of","start":6695.65,"end":6695.73},{"text":"annex.","start":6695.73,"end":6696.21}]},{"text":"Our premise is that any concerns of outcome recommendations, conclusions, should be considered in the context of preparing the draft report of the group.","start":6698.61,"end":6716.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":6698.61,"end":6698.81},{"text":"premise","start":6698.81,"end":6699.33},{"text":"is","start":6699.33,"end":6699.73},{"text":"that","start":6699.73,"end":6700.21},{"text":"any","start":6700.53,"end":6701.33},{"text":"concerns","start":6701.81,"end":6702.93},{"text":"of","start":6703.17,"end":6703.25},{"text":"outcome","start":6703.25,"end":6703.89},{"text":"recommendations,","start":6703.89,"end":6705.17},{"text":"conclusions,","start":6706.53,"end":6707.65},{"text":"should","start":6709.81,"end":6710.21},{"text":"be","start":6710.21,"end":6710.37},{"text":"considered","start":6710.37,"end":6711.33},{"text":"in","start":6712.05,"end":6712.37},{"text":"the","start":6712.37,"end":6712.45},{"text":"context","start":6712.45,"end":6713.09},{"text":"of","start":6713.17,"end":6713.49},{"text":"preparing","start":6713.49,"end":6714.13},{"text":"the","start":6714.13,"end":6714.33},{"text":"draft","start":6714.37,"end":6714.85},{"text":"report","start":6714.85,"end":6715.33},{"text":"of","start":6715.33,"end":6715.49},{"text":"the","start":6715.49,"end":6715.65},{"text":"group.","start":6715.65,"end":6716.21}]},{"text":"and all other substantive understandings, conclusions, recommendations could be included directly in the text of the report itself.","start":6717.01,"end":6728.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"and","start":6717.01,"end":6717.41},{"text":"all","start":6717.61,"end":6718.13},{"text":"other","start":6718.13,"end":6718.77},{"text":"substantive","start":6718.77,"end":6719.41},{"text":"understandings,","start":6719.41,"end":6720.77},{"text":"conclusions,","start":6721.33,"end":6721.93},{"text":"recommendations","start":6721.93,"end":6723.09},{"text":"could","start":6723.97,"end":6724.29},{"text":"be","start":6724.37,"end":6724.69},{"text":"included","start":6724.69,"end":6725.61},{"text":"directly","start":6725.61,"end":6726.37},{"text":"in","start":6726.37,"end":6726.61},{"text":"the","start":6726.61,"end":6726.69},{"text":"text","start":6726.69,"end":6727.33},{"text":"of","start":6727.33,"end":6727.41},{"text":"the","start":6727.41,"end":6727.53},{"text":"report","start":6727.53,"end":6727.97},{"text":"itself.","start":6727.97,"end":6728.61}]},{"text":"So we don't need to complicate our task here and to talk about any kinds of technical annexes as we don't really have a full understanding of exactly what is meant, what exactly could be contained in it, and whether such an annex would actually be required at this point in time.","start":6731.13,"end":6751.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6731.13,"end":6731.25},{"text":"we","start":6731.25,"end":6731.33},{"text":"don't","start":6731.33,"end":6731.93},{"text":"need","start":6731.93,"end":6732.21},{"text":"to","start":6732.21,"end":6732.53},{"text":"complicate","start":6732.53,"end":6733.17},{"text":"our","start":6733.17,"end":6733.29},{"text":"task","start":6733.29,"end":6733.73},{"text":"here","start":6733.73,"end":6734.13},{"text":"and","start":6734.53,"end":6734.73},{"text":"to","start":6734.73,"end":6734.89},{"text":"talk","start":6734.89,"end":6735.09},{"text":"about","start":6735.09,"end":6735.41},{"text":"any","start":6735.41,"end":6735.73},{"text":"kinds","start":6735.73,"end":6736.09},{"text":"of","start":6736.09,"end":6736.21},{"text":"technical","start":6736.21,"end":6736.69},{"text":"annexes","start":6736.69,"end":6737.41},{"text":"as","start":6738.69,"end":6739.17},{"text":"we","start":6740.77,"end":6741.01},{"text":"don't","start":6741.01,"end":6741.49},{"text":"really","start":6741.73,"end":6741.97},{"text":"have","start":6741.97,"end":6742.17},{"text":"a","start":6742.17,"end":6742.21},{"text":"full","start":6742.21,"end":6742.45},{"text":"understanding","start":6742.45,"end":6743.09},{"text":"of","start":6743.09,"end":6743.21},{"text":"exactly","start":6743.21,"end":6743.93},{"text":"what","start":6743.93,"end":6744.29},{"text":"is","start":6744.29,"end":6744.53},{"text":"meant,","start":6744.53,"end":6744.97},{"text":"what","start":6744.97,"end":6745.17},{"text":"exactly","start":6745.17,"end":6745.77},{"text":"could","start":6745.77,"end":6745.89},{"text":"be","start":6745.89,"end":6746.01},{"text":"contained","start":6746.01,"end":6746.53},{"text":"in","start":6746.53,"end":6746.69},{"text":"it,","start":6746.69,"end":6746.93},{"text":"and","start":6746.93,"end":6747.09},{"text":"whether","start":6747.09,"end":6747.49},{"text":"such","start":6747.73,"end":6748.05},{"text":"an","start":6748.05,"end":6748.21},{"text":"annex","start":6748.21,"end":6748.53},{"text":"would","start":6748.53,"end":6748.77},{"text":"actually","start":6748.77,"end":6749.33},{"text":"be","start":6749.33,"end":6749.65},{"text":"required","start":6749.65,"end":6750.17},{"text":"at","start":6750.17,"end":6750.29},{"text":"this","start":6750.37,"end":6750.61},{"text":"point","start":6750.61,"end":6750.85},{"text":"in","start":6750.85,"end":6751.01},{"text":"time.","start":6751.01,"end":6751.41}]},{"text":"Then on the understanding of context-appropriate human judgment and control.","start":6758.19,"end":6762.67,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Then","start":6758.19,"end":6758.59},{"text":"on","start":6758.59,"end":6758.83},{"text":"the","start":6758.95,"end":6759.03},{"text":"understanding","start":6759.03,"end":6759.71},{"text":"of","start":6759.71,"end":6759.95},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":6759.95,"end":6760.91},{"text":"human","start":6760.91,"end":6761.23},{"text":"judgment","start":6761.23,"end":6761.71},{"text":"and","start":6761.71,"end":6761.91},{"text":"control.","start":6761.91,"end":6762.67}]},{"text":"It is our view that there are three elements which are contained in this notion, in this understanding.","start":6765.63,"end":6772.11,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6765.63,"end":6765.75},{"text":"is","start":6765.79,"end":6765.95},{"text":"our","start":6765.95,"end":6766.11},{"text":"view","start":6766.11,"end":6766.51},{"text":"that","start":6766.51,"end":6766.71},{"text":"there","start":6766.71,"end":6766.83},{"text":"are","start":6766.83,"end":6766.99},{"text":"three","start":6766.99,"end":6767.71},{"text":"elements","start":6767.71,"end":6768.43},{"text":"which","start":6768.75,"end":6769.07},{"text":"are","start":6769.07,"end":6769.15},{"text":"contained","start":6769.15,"end":6769.71},{"text":"in","start":6769.71,"end":6770.11},{"text":"this","start":6770.11,"end":6770.51},{"text":"notion,","start":6770.67,"end":6771.15},{"text":"in","start":6771.15,"end":6771.23},{"text":"this","start":6771.23,"end":6771.39},{"text":"understanding.","start":6771.39,"end":6772.11}]},{"text":"Firstly, It's control or human control.","start":6773.23,"end":6776.53,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Firstly,","start":6773.23,"end":6773.95},{"text":"It's","start":6774.69,"end":6774.93},{"text":"control","start":6774.93,"end":6775.57},{"text":"or","start":6775.57,"end":6775.69},{"text":"human","start":6775.69,"end":6775.97},{"text":"control.","start":6775.97,"end":6776.53}]},{"text":"Secondly, human judgment.","start":6778.05,"end":6780.93,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Secondly,","start":6778.05,"end":6778.85},{"text":"human","start":6779.81,"end":6780.13},{"text":"judgment.","start":6780.13,"end":6780.93}]},{"text":"And thirdly, context appropriate.","start":6782.77,"end":6785.73,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6782.77,"end":6783.01},{"text":"thirdly,","start":6783.01,"end":6783.81},{"text":"context","start":6784.45,"end":6784.93},{"text":"appropriate.","start":6784.93,"end":6785.73}]},{"text":"So the corresponding context.","start":6787.49,"end":6790.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6787.49,"end":6787.65},{"text":"the","start":6787.65,"end":6787.85},{"text":"corresponding","start":6788.37,"end":6789.37},{"text":"context.","start":6789.65,"end":6790.37}]},{"text":"So on the first two notions.","start":6793.81,"end":6796.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6793.81,"end":6794.05},{"text":"on","start":6794.05,"end":6794.21},{"text":"the","start":6794.21,"end":6794.33},{"text":"first","start":6794.33,"end":6794.93},{"text":"two","start":6794.93,"end":6795.33},{"text":"notions.","start":6795.89,"end":6796.61}]},{"text":"Based on the discussion that we had yesterday and today.","start":6798.77,"end":6802.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Based","start":6798.77,"end":6799.13},{"text":"on","start":6799.13,"end":6799.25},{"text":"the","start":6799.25,"end":6799.33},{"text":"discussion","start":6799.33,"end":6799.93},{"text":"that","start":6799.93,"end":6800.13},{"text":"we","start":6800.13,"end":6800.29},{"text":"had","start":6800.29,"end":6800.69},{"text":"yesterday","start":6800.69,"end":6801.33},{"text":"and","start":6801.33,"end":6801.57},{"text":"today.","start":6801.57,"end":6802.05}]},{"text":"we can see that the understanding of human judgment is an integral part of the understanding of the notion of human control, as the control that we're talking about in the group is not possible without human judgment.","start":6804.85,"end":6825.57,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"we","start":6804.85,"end":6805.09},{"text":"can","start":6805.09,"end":6805.41},{"text":"see","start":6805.41,"end":6805.89},{"text":"that","start":6805.89,"end":6806.37},{"text":"the","start":6806.37,"end":6806.49},{"text":"understanding","start":6806.53,"end":6807.09},{"text":"of","start":6807.09,"end":6807.17},{"text":"human","start":6807.17,"end":6807.49},{"text":"judgment","start":6807.49,"end":6808.37},{"text":"is","start":6810.61,"end":6811.09},{"text":"an","start":6811.17,"end":6811.57},{"text":"integral","start":6811.73,"end":6812.29},{"text":"part","start":6812.29,"end":6812.85},{"text":"of","start":6812.85,"end":6813.09},{"text":"the","start":6813.09,"end":6813.21},{"text":"understanding","start":6813.25,"end":6813.89},{"text":"of","start":6813.89,"end":6813.97},{"text":"the","start":6813.97,"end":6814.05},{"text":"notion","start":6814.05,"end":6814.53},{"text":"of","start":6814.53,"end":6814.69},{"text":"human","start":6814.69,"end":6815.01},{"text":"control,","start":6815.01,"end":6815.65},{"text":"as","start":6817.81,"end":6818.29},{"text":"the","start":6818.29,"end":6818.49},{"text":"control","start":6818.53,"end":6819.33},{"text":"that","start":6819.33,"end":6819.57},{"text":"we're","start":6819.57,"end":6819.73},{"text":"talking","start":6819.73,"end":6820.09},{"text":"about","start":6820.09,"end":6820.45},{"text":"in","start":6820.45,"end":6820.77},{"text":"the","start":6820.77,"end":6820.89},{"text":"group","start":6820.89,"end":6821.49},{"text":"is","start":6822.93,"end":6823.09},{"text":"not","start":6823.09,"end":6823.33},{"text":"possible","start":6823.33,"end":6824.05},{"text":"without","start":6824.05,"end":6824.45},{"text":"human","start":6824.45,"end":6824.85},{"text":"judgment.","start":6824.85,"end":6825.57}]},{"text":"The basis of this control in any circumstances is human judgement.","start":6829.25,"end":6835.25,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6829.25,"end":6829.41},{"text":"basis","start":6829.41,"end":6829.89},{"text":"of","start":6829.89,"end":6829.97},{"text":"this","start":6829.97,"end":6830.21},{"text":"control","start":6830.21,"end":6830.85},{"text":"in","start":6830.85,"end":6831.09},{"text":"any","start":6831.09,"end":6831.41},{"text":"circumstances","start":6831.41,"end":6832.53},{"text":"is","start":6833.73,"end":6834.21},{"text":"human","start":6834.29,"end":6834.61},{"text":"judgement.","start":6834.61,"end":6835.25}]},{"text":"And therefore, we could talk about human control based on human judgement.","start":6838.01,"end":6844.05,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6838.01,"end":6838.25},{"text":"therefore,","start":6838.25,"end":6839.01},{"text":"we","start":6839.25,"end":6839.73},{"text":"could","start":6839.73,"end":6840.05},{"text":"talk","start":6840.05,"end":6840.25},{"text":"about","start":6840.25,"end":6840.93},{"text":"human","start":6841.13,"end":6841.53},{"text":"control","start":6841.53,"end":6842.21},{"text":"based","start":6842.21,"end":6842.69},{"text":"on","start":6842.69,"end":6842.85},{"text":"human","start":6842.85,"end":6843.25},{"text":"judgement.","start":6843.25,"end":6844.05}]},{"text":"Therefore, of course, keeping the question of control itself, whether it should be human or, as has been suggested by some other delegations, whether it could be just control itself without specifying exactly that this control should be human control.","start":6848.61,"end":6875.41,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":6848.61,"end":6849.73},{"text":"of","start":6850.41,"end":6850.53},{"text":"course,","start":6850.53,"end":6851.01},{"text":"keeping","start":6851.01,"end":6851.89},{"text":"the","start":6852.93,"end":6853.13},{"text":"question","start":6853.13,"end":6853.65},{"text":"of","start":6853.65,"end":6853.89},{"text":"control","start":6853.89,"end":6854.45},{"text":"itself,","start":6854.45,"end":6855.09},{"text":"whether","start":6858.37,"end":6858.73},{"text":"it","start":6858.73,"end":6858.93},{"text":"should","start":6858.93,"end":6859.13},{"text":"be","start":6859.13,"end":6859.41},{"text":"human","start":6859.41,"end":6859.97},{"text":"or,","start":6861.57,"end":6862.13},{"text":"as","start":6862.37,"end":6862.61},{"text":"has","start":6862.61,"end":6862.73},{"text":"been","start":6862.73,"end":6862.93},{"text":"suggested","start":6862.93,"end":6863.73},{"text":"by","start":6863.81,"end":6864.29},{"text":"some","start":6864.45,"end":6864.69},{"text":"other","start":6864.69,"end":6865.01},{"text":"delegations,","start":6865.01,"end":6865.81},{"text":"whether","start":6866.05,"end":6866.49},{"text":"it","start":6866.49,"end":6866.85},{"text":"could","start":6867.17,"end":6867.57},{"text":"be","start":6867.65,"end":6868.05},{"text":"just","start":6868.05,"end":6868.33},{"text":"control","start":6868.33,"end":6869.01},{"text":"itself","start":6869.01,"end":6869.65},{"text":"without","start":6869.65,"end":6870.45},{"text":"specifying","start":6870.45,"end":6871.01},{"text":"exactly","start":6871.01,"end":6871.81},{"text":"that","start":6872.93,"end":6873.25},{"text":"this","start":6873.25,"end":6873.49},{"text":"control","start":6873.49,"end":6873.89},{"text":"should","start":6873.89,"end":6874.05},{"text":"be","start":6874.05,"end":6874.37},{"text":"human","start":6874.37,"end":6874.77},{"text":"control.","start":6874.77,"end":6875.41}]},{"text":"Our delegation, as we said yesterday, is prepared to adopt a flexible approach to this, as Our premise is that in any case, such control will be based on human judgment.","start":6877.97,"end":6895.53,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":6877.97,"end":6878.25},{"text":"delegation,","start":6878.29,"end":6879.01},{"text":"as","start":6879.01,"end":6879.17},{"text":"we","start":6879.17,"end":6879.33},{"text":"said","start":6879.33,"end":6879.49},{"text":"yesterday,","start":6879.49,"end":6880.21},{"text":"is","start":6880.77,"end":6880.97},{"text":"prepared","start":6880.97,"end":6881.49},{"text":"to","start":6881.49,"end":6881.85},{"text":"adopt","start":6881.85,"end":6882.21},{"text":"a","start":6882.21,"end":6882.29},{"text":"flexible","start":6882.29,"end":6882.81},{"text":"approach","start":6882.81,"end":6883.33},{"text":"to","start":6883.33,"end":6883.45},{"text":"this,","start":6883.45,"end":6883.89},{"text":"as","start":6887.81,"end":6888.37},{"text":"Our","start":6889.69,"end":6889.85},{"text":"premise","start":6889.85,"end":6890.33},{"text":"is","start":6890.33,"end":6890.53},{"text":"that","start":6890.53,"end":6890.81},{"text":"in","start":6890.81,"end":6891.13},{"text":"any","start":6891.13,"end":6891.53},{"text":"case,","start":6891.53,"end":6892.01},{"text":"such","start":6892.17,"end":6892.49},{"text":"control","start":6892.49,"end":6893.21},{"text":"will","start":6893.29,"end":6893.61},{"text":"be","start":6893.61,"end":6893.81},{"text":"based","start":6893.81,"end":6894.25},{"text":"on","start":6894.25,"end":6894.41},{"text":"human","start":6894.41,"end":6894.81},{"text":"judgment.","start":6894.81,"end":6895.53}]},{"text":"And such control, in any case, directly or indirectly, will be carried out by a human.","start":6896.73,"end":6903.45,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6896.73,"end":6897.05},{"text":"such","start":6897.05,"end":6897.37},{"text":"control,","start":6897.37,"end":6898.17},{"text":"in","start":6898.73,"end":6898.89},{"text":"any","start":6898.89,"end":6899.21},{"text":"case,","start":6899.21,"end":6899.61},{"text":"directly","start":6899.61,"end":6900.25},{"text":"or","start":6900.25,"end":6900.41},{"text":"indirectly,","start":6900.41,"end":6901.29},{"text":"will","start":6901.29,"end":6901.77},{"text":"be","start":6901.77,"end":6901.93},{"text":"carried","start":6901.93,"end":6902.25},{"text":"out","start":6902.25,"end":6902.49},{"text":"by","start":6902.49,"end":6902.77},{"text":"a","start":6902.77,"end":6902.81},{"text":"human.","start":6902.81,"end":6903.45}]},{"text":"Therefore, we are prepared to agree to the use of any of the two terms, just control or human control.","start":6904.97,"end":6915.85,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":6904.97,"end":6905.61},{"text":"we","start":6905.61,"end":6905.93},{"text":"are","start":6905.93,"end":6906.05},{"text":"prepared","start":6906.05,"end":6906.81},{"text":"to","start":6907.53,"end":6907.85},{"text":"agree","start":6907.85,"end":6908.49},{"text":"to","start":6909.37,"end":6909.49},{"text":"the","start":6909.53,"end":6909.65},{"text":"use","start":6909.69,"end":6910.01},{"text":"of","start":6910.09,"end":6910.41},{"text":"any","start":6910.57,"end":6910.97},{"text":"of","start":6910.97,"end":6911.29},{"text":"the","start":6911.29,"end":6911.41},{"text":"two","start":6911.41,"end":6911.93},{"text":"terms,","start":6911.93,"end":6912.49},{"text":"just","start":6912.65,"end":6912.97},{"text":"control","start":6912.97,"end":6913.69},{"text":"or","start":6914.41,"end":6914.73},{"text":"human","start":6914.73,"end":6915.21},{"text":"control.","start":6915.21,"end":6915.85}]},{"text":"Once again, I'd repeat that using in parallel both of these terms, human judgment and human control, or judgment and control, so human judgment and control or human control, is superfluous, we believe, because as we said before, human judgment is an integral part of control.","start":6918.57,"end":6943.13,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Once","start":6918.57,"end":6918.77},{"text":"again,","start":6918.77,"end":6919.21},{"text":"I'd","start":6919.21,"end":6919.41},{"text":"repeat","start":6919.41,"end":6920.09},{"text":"that","start":6920.33,"end":6920.65},{"text":"using","start":6920.65,"end":6921.45},{"text":"in","start":6921.45,"end":6921.77},{"text":"parallel","start":6921.77,"end":6922.41},{"text":"both","start":6922.41,"end":6922.61},{"text":"of","start":6922.61,"end":6922.69},{"text":"these","start":6922.69,"end":6923.05},{"text":"terms,","start":6923.05,"end":6923.53},{"text":"human","start":6923.53,"end":6923.77},{"text":"judgment","start":6923.77,"end":6924.17},{"text":"and","start":6924.17,"end":6924.41},{"text":"human","start":6924.41,"end":6924.65},{"text":"control,","start":6924.65,"end":6925.29},{"text":"or","start":6926.17,"end":6926.37},{"text":"judgment","start":6926.37,"end":6926.69},{"text":"and","start":6926.69,"end":6926.81},{"text":"control,","start":6926.81,"end":6927.37},{"text":"so","start":6929.05,"end":6929.21},{"text":"human","start":6929.21,"end":6929.53},{"text":"judgment","start":6929.53,"end":6930.01},{"text":"and","start":6930.01,"end":6930.41},{"text":"control","start":6930.41,"end":6930.89},{"text":"or","start":6930.89,"end":6931.01},{"text":"human","start":6931.01,"end":6931.29},{"text":"control,","start":6931.29,"end":6931.85},{"text":"is","start":6935.37,"end":6935.61},{"text":"superfluous,","start":6935.61,"end":6936.57},{"text":"we","start":6936.65,"end":6936.85},{"text":"believe,","start":6936.85,"end":6937.25},{"text":"because","start":6937.25,"end":6937.57},{"text":"as","start":6937.57,"end":6937.69},{"text":"we","start":6937.69,"end":6937.85},{"text":"said","start":6937.85,"end":6938.09},{"text":"before,","start":6938.09,"end":6938.65},{"text":"human","start":6938.97,"end":6939.37},{"text":"judgment","start":6939.37,"end":6940.25},{"text":"is","start":6940.49,"end":6940.81},{"text":"an","start":6940.81,"end":6941.21},{"text":"integral","start":6941.29,"end":6941.69},{"text":"part","start":6941.69,"end":6942.17},{"text":"of","start":6942.17,"end":6942.49},{"text":"control.","start":6942.49,"end":6943.13}]},{"text":"So taking a decision, is one of the elements of controlling the weapons system.","start":6946.33,"end":6956.09,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6946.33,"end":6946.45},{"text":"taking","start":6946.45,"end":6946.81},{"text":"a","start":6946.81,"end":6946.85},{"text":"decision,","start":6946.85,"end":6947.53},{"text":"is","start":6949.37,"end":6949.61},{"text":"one","start":6949.61,"end":6949.81},{"text":"of","start":6949.81,"end":6949.93},{"text":"the","start":6949.93,"end":6950.05},{"text":"elements","start":6950.05,"end":6950.89},{"text":"of","start":6951.85,"end":6952.25},{"text":"controlling","start":6953.21,"end":6954.17},{"text":"the","start":6954.73,"end":6954.97},{"text":"weapons","start":6955.05,"end":6955.49},{"text":"system.","start":6955.49,"end":6956.09}]},{"text":"So either we should use just one of these two terms, or perhaps, as we said, we could consider how we could use control on the basis of human judgment or human control on the basis of human judgment.","start":6960.41,"end":6975.85,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6960.41,"end":6960.89},{"text":"either","start":6960.89,"end":6961.29},{"text":"we","start":6961.29,"end":6961.45},{"text":"should","start":6961.45,"end":6961.69},{"text":"use","start":6961.69,"end":6961.93},{"text":"just","start":6961.93,"end":6962.25},{"text":"one","start":6962.25,"end":6962.73},{"text":"of","start":6962.73,"end":6963.05},{"text":"these","start":6963.05,"end":6963.29},{"text":"two","start":6963.29,"end":6963.61},{"text":"terms,","start":6963.61,"end":6964.33},{"text":"or","start":6964.41,"end":6964.85},{"text":"perhaps,","start":6964.85,"end":6965.25},{"text":"as","start":6965.25,"end":6965.37},{"text":"we","start":6965.37,"end":6965.53},{"text":"said,","start":6965.53,"end":6965.85},{"text":"we","start":6965.85,"end":6966.09},{"text":"could","start":6966.09,"end":6966.29},{"text":"consider","start":6966.29,"end":6967.13},{"text":"how","start":6967.45,"end":6967.85},{"text":"we","start":6967.85,"end":6968.09},{"text":"could","start":6968.09,"end":6968.49},{"text":"use","start":6968.49,"end":6969.13},{"text":"control","start":6969.45,"end":6970.33},{"text":"on","start":6970.97,"end":6971.13},{"text":"the","start":6971.13,"end":6971.21},{"text":"basis","start":6971.21,"end":6971.53},{"text":"of","start":6971.53,"end":6971.69},{"text":"human","start":6971.69,"end":6972.05},{"text":"judgment","start":6972.05,"end":6972.73},{"text":"or","start":6972.97,"end":6973.25},{"text":"human","start":6973.25,"end":6973.61},{"text":"control","start":6973.61,"end":6974.17},{"text":"on","start":6974.17,"end":6974.29},{"text":"the","start":6974.29,"end":6974.37},{"text":"basis","start":6974.37,"end":6974.73},{"text":"of","start":6974.73,"end":6974.81},{"text":"human","start":6974.81,"end":6975.13},{"text":"judgment.","start":6975.13,"end":6975.85}]},{"text":"Turning to the term context appropriate, as we said earlier, we consider a promising avenue to explore our discussions on this.","start":6977.57,"end":6993.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Turning","start":6977.57,"end":6978.05},{"text":"to","start":6978.05,"end":6978.45},{"text":"the","start":6978.61,"end":6978.85},{"text":"term","start":6978.85,"end":6979.25},{"text":"context","start":6979.25,"end":6979.69},{"text":"appropriate,","start":6979.69,"end":6980.45},{"text":"as","start":6981.89,"end":6982.29},{"text":"we","start":6982.29,"end":6982.45},{"text":"said","start":6982.45,"end":6982.77},{"text":"earlier,","start":6982.77,"end":6983.25},{"text":"we","start":6986.69,"end":6987.09},{"text":"consider","start":6987.09,"end":6988.53},{"text":"a","start":6989.57,"end":6989.61},{"text":"promising","start":6989.61,"end":6990.37},{"text":"avenue","start":6990.37,"end":6991.17},{"text":"to","start":6991.17,"end":6991.37},{"text":"explore","start":6991.37,"end":6992.29},{"text":"our","start":6992.29,"end":6992.41},{"text":"discussions","start":6992.41,"end":6993.17},{"text":"on","start":6993.17,"end":6993.45},{"text":"this.","start":6993.45,"end":6993.97}]},{"text":"We believe we should discuss this so that we can fully unpack this understanding as is done in 6D of box 3. and to possibly limit ourselves to how this is presented in 6d of box 3 and also guiding principle c, where we also see the human-machine interaction and where such a term should be used, the operational context and the characteristics of the weapon system.","start":6995.65,"end":7034.21,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6995.65,"end":6995.77},{"text":"believe","start":6995.77,"end":6996.09},{"text":"we","start":6996.09,"end":6996.21},{"text":"should","start":6996.21,"end":6996.41},{"text":"discuss","start":6996.41,"end":6996.89},{"text":"this","start":6996.89,"end":6997.29},{"text":"so","start":6997.29,"end":6997.41},{"text":"that","start":6997.41,"end":6997.65},{"text":"we","start":6997.65,"end":6997.81},{"text":"can","start":6997.81,"end":6998.05},{"text":"fully","start":6998.05,"end":6998.37},{"text":"unpack","start":6998.37,"end":6999.09},{"text":"this","start":6999.09,"end":6999.49},{"text":"understanding","start":6999.73,"end":7000.53},{"text":"as","start":7000.53,"end":7000.77},{"text":"is","start":7000.77,"end":7000.93},{"text":"done","start":7000.93,"end":7001.25},{"text":"in","start":7001.25,"end":7001.49},{"text":"6D","start":7001.49,"end":7002.29},{"text":"of","start":7002.29,"end":7002.53},{"text":"box","start":7002.61,"end":7003.09},{"text":"3.","start":7003.09,"end":7003.57},{"text":"and","start":7007.49,"end":7007.97},{"text":"to","start":7008.45,"end":7008.69},{"text":"possibly","start":7008.69,"end":7009.57},{"text":"limit","start":7009.57,"end":7009.97},{"text":"ourselves","start":7009.97,"end":7010.53},{"text":"to","start":7010.53,"end":7011.17},{"text":"how","start":7012.21,"end":7012.69},{"text":"this","start":7012.69,"end":7013.01},{"text":"is","start":7013.01,"end":7013.25},{"text":"presented","start":7013.25,"end":7013.81},{"text":"in","start":7013.81,"end":7014.29},{"text":"6d","start":7014.29,"end":7015.17},{"text":"of","start":7015.17,"end":7015.33},{"text":"box","start":7015.33,"end":7015.65},{"text":"3","start":7015.65,"end":7016.13},{"text":"and","start":7016.45,"end":7016.77},{"text":"also","start":7016.77,"end":7017.33},{"text":"guiding","start":7017.33,"end":7017.73},{"text":"principle","start":7017.73,"end":7018.37},{"text":"c,","start":7018.37,"end":7018.93},{"text":"where","start":7019.93,"end":7020.45},{"text":"we","start":7020.85,"end":7021.17},{"text":"also","start":7021.17,"end":7021.81},{"text":"see","start":7021.81,"end":7022.21},{"text":"the","start":7022.21,"end":7022.33},{"text":"human-machine","start":7022.33,"end":7022.97},{"text":"interaction","start":7022.97,"end":7023.97},{"text":"and","start":7024.45,"end":7024.85},{"text":"where","start":7024.85,"end":7025.41},{"text":"such","start":7027.49,"end":7027.97},{"text":"a","start":7027.97,"end":7028.01},{"text":"term","start":7028.01,"end":7028.53},{"text":"should","start":7028.53,"end":7028.69},{"text":"be","start":7028.69,"end":7028.77},{"text":"used,","start":7028.77,"end":7029.13},{"text":"the","start":7029.13,"end":7029.21},{"text":"operational","start":7029.21,"end":7029.73},{"text":"context","start":7029.73,"end":7030.69},{"text":"and","start":7031.57,"end":7031.77},{"text":"the","start":7031.77,"end":7031.85},{"text":"characteristics","start":7031.85,"end":7032.77},{"text":"of","start":7032.77,"end":7033.01},{"text":"the","start":7033.01,"end":7033.13},{"text":"weapon","start":7033.13,"end":7033.49},{"text":"system.","start":7033.49,"end":7034.21}]},{"text":"So we considered that guiding principle C could and perhaps should as well be used here as a basis to define, to specify the operational context, the characteristics of the system, which we believe is absolutely vital, and also to understand the potential, the capabilities of such systems.","start":7036.77,"end":7067.21,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7036.77,"end":7036.89},{"text":"we","start":7036.89,"end":7037.01},{"text":"considered","start":7037.01,"end":7037.57},{"text":"that","start":7037.57,"end":7037.97},{"text":"guiding","start":7037.97,"end":7038.33},{"text":"principle","start":7038.37,"end":7038.85},{"text":"C","start":7038.85,"end":7039.41},{"text":"could","start":7040.37,"end":7041.01},{"text":"and","start":7041.17,"end":7041.33},{"text":"perhaps","start":7041.33,"end":7041.61},{"text":"should","start":7041.61,"end":7042.05},{"text":"as","start":7042.37,"end":7042.45},{"text":"well","start":7042.45,"end":7042.85},{"text":"be","start":7043.25,"end":7043.73},{"text":"used","start":7045.97,"end":7046.45},{"text":"here","start":7046.45,"end":7046.65},{"text":"as","start":7046.65,"end":7046.77},{"text":"a","start":7046.77,"end":7046.85},{"text":"basis","start":7046.85,"end":7047.33},{"text":"to","start":7047.33,"end":7047.89},{"text":"define,","start":7048.33,"end":7049.01},{"text":"to","start":7049.01,"end":7049.21},{"text":"specify","start":7049.21,"end":7050.21},{"text":"the","start":7050.29,"end":7050.49},{"text":"operational","start":7050.49,"end":7051.17},{"text":"context,","start":7051.17,"end":7051.81},{"text":"the","start":7051.81,"end":7051.89},{"text":"characteristics","start":7051.89,"end":7052.61},{"text":"of","start":7052.61,"end":7052.69},{"text":"the","start":7052.69,"end":7052.85},{"text":"system,","start":7052.85,"end":7053.57},{"text":"which","start":7057.05,"end":7057.33},{"text":"we","start":7057.33,"end":7057.57},{"text":"believe","start":7057.57,"end":7057.97},{"text":"is","start":7057.97,"end":7058.13},{"text":"absolutely","start":7058.13,"end":7058.77},{"text":"vital,","start":7058.77,"end":7059.65},{"text":"and","start":7059.89,"end":7060.13},{"text":"also","start":7060.13,"end":7060.37},{"text":"to","start":7060.37,"end":7060.45},{"text":"understand","start":7060.45,"end":7061.01},{"text":"the","start":7061.01,"end":7061.17},{"text":"potential,","start":7061.17,"end":7062.13},{"text":"the","start":7063.09,"end":7063.29},{"text":"capabilities","start":7063.29,"end":7064.37},{"text":"of","start":7064.61,"end":7064.93},{"text":"such","start":7066.17,"end":7066.49},{"text":"systems.","start":7066.49,"end":7067.21}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":7070.09,"end":7070.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7070.09,"end":7070.29},{"text":"you","start":7070.29,"end":7070.37},{"text":"very","start":7070.37,"end":7070.57},{"text":"much.","start":7070.57,"end":7070.97}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"RUS","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Russian Federation"}},{"statement_number":73,"start":7072.17,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:57:53","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation for also reacting to statements given by other delegations.","start":7072.17,"end":7080.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7072.17,"end":7072.25},{"text":"thank","start":7072.33,"end":7072.65},{"text":"the","start":7072.65,"end":7072.73},{"text":"distinguished","start":7072.73,"end":7073.29},{"text":"representative","start":7073.29,"end":7073.97},{"text":"of","start":7074.21,"end":7074.29},{"text":"the","start":7074.29,"end":7074.37},{"text":"Russian","start":7074.37,"end":7074.65},{"text":"Federation","start":7074.65,"end":7075.45},{"text":"for","start":7076.17,"end":7076.57},{"text":"also","start":7076.81,"end":7077.13},{"text":"reacting","start":7077.13,"end":7077.77},{"text":"to","start":7077.77,"end":7077.93},{"text":"statements","start":7077.93,"end":7078.65},{"text":"given","start":7078.81,"end":7079.13},{"text":"by","start":7079.13,"end":7079.37},{"text":"other","start":7079.45,"end":7079.73},{"text":"delegations.","start":7079.73,"end":7080.65}]},{"text":"I have two more requests for the floor in the meantime.","start":7080.65,"end":7083.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7080.65,"end":7080.81},{"text":"have","start":7080.81,"end":7081.13},{"text":"two","start":7081.13,"end":7081.29},{"text":"more","start":7081.29,"end":7081.65},{"text":"requests","start":7081.65,"end":7082.09},{"text":"for","start":7082.09,"end":7082.37},{"text":"the","start":7082.37,"end":7082.49},{"text":"floor","start":7082.49,"end":7082.77},{"text":"in","start":7082.77,"end":7082.85},{"text":"the","start":7082.85,"end":7082.93},{"text":"meantime.","start":7082.93,"end":7083.61}]},{"text":"I have the International Committee for Robot Arms Control, and I have Guatemala.","start":7084.81,"end":7089.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7084.81,"end":7084.89},{"text":"have","start":7084.89,"end":7085.21},{"text":"the","start":7085.33,"end":7085.41},{"text":"International","start":7085.41,"end":7086.13},{"text":"Committee","start":7086.13,"end":7086.65},{"text":"for","start":7086.65,"end":7087.21},{"text":"Robot","start":7087.29,"end":7087.77},{"text":"Arms","start":7087.77,"end":7088.01},{"text":"Control,","start":7088.01,"end":7088.57},{"text":"and","start":7088.57,"end":7088.77},{"text":"I","start":7088.77,"end":7088.81},{"text":"have","start":7088.81,"end":7089.05},{"text":"Guatemala.","start":7089.05,"end":7089.85}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to ICRC.","start":7090.17,"end":7092.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":7090.17,"end":7090.41},{"text":"let","start":7090.41,"end":7090.65},{"text":"me","start":7090.65,"end":7090.81},{"text":"first","start":7090.81,"end":7091.21},{"text":"pass","start":7091.37,"end":7091.61},{"text":"the","start":7091.61,"end":7091.69},{"text":"floor","start":7091.69,"end":7092.01},{"text":"to","start":7092.01,"end":7092.25},{"text":"ICRC.","start":7092.25,"end":7092.85}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":7092.85,"end":7093.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":7092.85,"end":7092.97},{"text":"have","start":7092.97,"end":7093.13},{"text":"the","start":7093.13,"end":7093.21},{"text":"floor.","start":7093.21,"end":7093.41}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":74,"start":7095.45,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:58:16","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":7095.45,"end":7096.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7095.45,"end":7095.65},{"text":"you,","start":7095.65,"end":7095.73},{"text":"Chair.","start":7095.73,"end":7096.21}]},{"text":"As this is the first time the International Committee for Robot Arms Control is taking the floor, we would like to thank you for your work in preparing the rolling text and organizing this meeting, which continues to advance the discussions of the GGE toward a consensus document.","start":7096.61,"end":7110.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":7096.61,"end":7096.73},{"text":"this","start":7096.73,"end":7096.85},{"text":"is","start":7096.85,"end":7096.93},{"text":"the","start":7096.93,"end":7097.05},{"text":"first","start":7097.05,"end":7097.37},{"text":"time","start":7097.37,"end":7097.65},{"text":"the","start":7097.65,"end":7097.73},{"text":"International","start":7097.73,"end":7098.29},{"text":"Committee","start":7098.29,"end":7098.61},{"text":"for","start":7098.61,"end":7098.81},{"text":"Robot","start":7098.81,"end":7099.17},{"text":"Arms","start":7099.17,"end":7099.41},{"text":"Control","start":7099.41,"end":7099.81},{"text":"is","start":7099.81,"end":7099.89},{"text":"taking","start":7099.89,"end":7100.21},{"text":"the","start":7100.21,"end":7100.29},{"text":"floor,","start":7100.29,"end":7100.77},{"text":"we","start":7101.17,"end":7101.29},{"text":"would","start":7101.29,"end":7101.41},{"text":"like","start":7101.41,"end":7101.57},{"text":"to","start":7101.57,"end":7101.65},{"text":"thank","start":7101.65,"end":7101.89},{"text":"you","start":7101.89,"end":7102.01},{"text":"for","start":7102.01,"end":7102.21},{"text":"your","start":7102.21,"end":7102.33},{"text":"work","start":7102.33,"end":7102.69},{"text":"in","start":7102.69,"end":7102.77},{"text":"preparing","start":7102.77,"end":7103.21},{"text":"the","start":7103.21,"end":7103.33},{"text":"rolling","start":7103.33,"end":7103.65},{"text":"text","start":7103.65,"end":7104.13},{"text":"and","start":7104.41,"end":7104.53},{"text":"organizing","start":7104.53,"end":7105.09},{"text":"this","start":7105.09,"end":7105.25},{"text":"meeting,","start":7105.25,"end":7105.73},{"text":"which","start":7105.97,"end":7106.21},{"text":"continues","start":7106.21,"end":7106.69},{"text":"to","start":7106.69,"end":7106.81},{"text":"advance","start":7106.81,"end":7107.29},{"text":"the","start":7107.29,"end":7107.37},{"text":"discussions","start":7107.37,"end":7108.05},{"text":"of","start":7108.05,"end":7108.13},{"text":"the","start":7108.13,"end":7108.21},{"text":"GGE","start":7108.21,"end":7108.93},{"text":"toward","start":7108.93,"end":7109.37},{"text":"a","start":7109.37,"end":7109.41},{"text":"consensus","start":7109.41,"end":7109.97},{"text":"document.","start":7109.97,"end":7110.53}]},{"text":"In the interest of preserving consensus in the face of the many suggestions from states to move or remove paragraph 5 from box 2, we would like to suggest some minor changes that might make the paragraph clearer, and in particular, clarify its relation to the underlying concerns expressed in box 2 regarding the applicability of IHL and potential threats to legal responsibility posed by autonomous weapons.","start":7112.05,"end":7139.25,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7112.05,"end":7112.25},{"text":"the","start":7112.25,"end":7112.33},{"text":"interest","start":7112.33,"end":7112.65},{"text":"of","start":7112.65,"end":7112.73},{"text":"preserving","start":7112.73,"end":7113.25},{"text":"consensus","start":7113.25,"end":7114.05},{"text":"in","start":7114.05,"end":7114.21},{"text":"the","start":7114.21,"end":7114.29},{"text":"face","start":7114.29,"end":7114.65},{"text":"of","start":7114.65,"end":7114.73},{"text":"the","start":7114.73,"end":7114.85},{"text":"many","start":7114.85,"end":7115.05},{"text":"suggestions","start":7115.05,"end":7115.73},{"text":"from","start":7115.73,"end":7115.97},{"text":"states","start":7115.97,"end":7116.45},{"text":"to","start":7116.77,"end":7116.93},{"text":"move","start":7116.93,"end":7117.49},{"text":"or","start":7117.73,"end":7118.09},{"text":"remove","start":7118.09,"end":7118.61},{"text":"paragraph","start":7118.85,"end":7119.53},{"text":"5","start":7119.53,"end":7119.81},{"text":"from","start":7119.81,"end":7120.05},{"text":"box","start":7120.05,"end":7120.37},{"text":"2,","start":7120.37,"end":7120.85},{"text":"we","start":7121.25,"end":7121.37},{"text":"would","start":7121.37,"end":7121.57},{"text":"like","start":7121.57,"end":7121.73},{"text":"to","start":7121.73,"end":7121.85},{"text":"suggest","start":7121.85,"end":7122.29},{"text":"some","start":7122.29,"end":7122.49},{"text":"minor","start":7122.49,"end":7122.85},{"text":"changes","start":7122.85,"end":7123.57},{"text":"that","start":7123.65,"end":7123.81},{"text":"might","start":7123.81,"end":7124.05},{"text":"make","start":7124.05,"end":7124.21},{"text":"the","start":7124.21,"end":7124.37},{"text":"paragraph","start":7124.37,"end":7124.93},{"text":"clearer,","start":7124.93,"end":7125.41},{"text":"and","start":7125.97,"end":7126.13},{"text":"in","start":7126.13,"end":7126.21},{"text":"particular,","start":7126.21,"end":7127.01},{"text":"clarify","start":7127.17,"end":7127.73},{"text":"its","start":7127.73,"end":7127.89},{"text":"relation","start":7127.89,"end":7128.61},{"text":"to","start":7128.85,"end":7128.93},{"text":"the","start":7128.93,"end":7129.13},{"text":"underlying","start":7129.13,"end":7129.61},{"text":"concerns","start":7129.61,"end":7130.21},{"text":"expressed","start":7130.21,"end":7130.77},{"text":"in","start":7130.77,"end":7130.85},{"text":"box","start":7130.85,"end":7131.25},{"text":"2","start":7131.25,"end":7131.65},{"text":"regarding","start":7132.05,"end":7132.61},{"text":"the","start":7132.61,"end":7132.73},{"text":"applicability","start":7132.73,"end":7133.45},{"text":"of","start":7133.45,"end":7133.57},{"text":"IHL","start":7133.57,"end":7134.29},{"text":"and","start":7134.61,"end":7134.77},{"text":"potential","start":7134.77,"end":7135.21},{"text":"threats","start":7135.21,"end":7135.65},{"text":"to","start":7135.65,"end":7135.85},{"text":"legal","start":7135.85,"end":7136.13},{"text":"responsibility","start":7136.13,"end":7137.25},{"text":"posed","start":7137.49,"end":7137.93},{"text":"by","start":7137.93,"end":7138.13},{"text":"autonomous","start":7138.13,"end":7138.69},{"text":"weapons.","start":7138.69,"end":7139.25}]},{"text":"Towards this end, we suggest the following wording.","start":7139.97,"end":7143.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Towards","start":7139.97,"end":7140.37},{"text":"this","start":7140.37,"end":7140.61},{"text":"end,","start":7140.61,"end":7141.01},{"text":"we","start":7141.33,"end":7141.57},{"text":"suggest","start":7141.57,"end":7142.01},{"text":"the","start":7142.01,"end":7142.13},{"text":"following","start":7142.13,"end":7142.65},{"text":"wording.","start":7142.65,"end":7143.17}]},{"text":"Context appropriate human judgment and control is needed to ensure legal responsibility for the use and effects of laws in compliance with international law, in particular IHL, including applying the principles and fulfilling the requirements of distinction, proportionality and precautions in attack.","start":7144.21,"end":7165.89,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Context","start":7144.21,"end":7144.85},{"text":"appropriate","start":7144.85,"end":7145.41},{"text":"human","start":7145.41,"end":7145.73},{"text":"judgment","start":7145.73,"end":7146.25},{"text":"and","start":7146.25,"end":7146.37},{"text":"control","start":7146.37,"end":7146.93},{"text":"is","start":7146.93,"end":7147.09},{"text":"needed","start":7147.09,"end":7147.65},{"text":"to","start":7148.13,"end":7148.29},{"text":"ensure","start":7148.29,"end":7149.09},{"text":"legal","start":7149.17,"end":7149.57},{"text":"responsibility","start":7149.57,"end":7150.61},{"text":"for","start":7150.93,"end":7151.09},{"text":"the","start":7151.09,"end":7151.21},{"text":"use","start":7151.21,"end":7151.49},{"text":"and","start":7151.49,"end":7151.61},{"text":"effects","start":7151.61,"end":7152.05},{"text":"of","start":7152.05,"end":7152.13},{"text":"laws","start":7152.13,"end":7152.69},{"text":"in","start":7153.01,"end":7153.17},{"text":"compliance","start":7153.17,"end":7153.81},{"text":"with","start":7153.81,"end":7153.97},{"text":"international","start":7153.97,"end":7154.69},{"text":"law,","start":7154.69,"end":7154.85},{"text":"in","start":7155.17,"end":7155.33},{"text":"particular","start":7155.33,"end":7156.05},{"text":"IHL,","start":7156.05,"end":7156.85},{"text":"including","start":7157.41,"end":7158.21},{"text":"applying","start":7158.29,"end":7159.09},{"text":"the","start":7159.25,"end":7159.33},{"text":"principles","start":7159.33,"end":7160.21},{"text":"and","start":7160.29,"end":7160.53},{"text":"fulfilling","start":7160.53,"end":7161.17},{"text":"the","start":7161.25,"end":7161.37},{"text":"requirements","start":7161.37,"end":7162.21},{"text":"of","start":7162.49,"end":7162.65},{"text":"distinction,","start":7162.65,"end":7163.33},{"text":"proportionality","start":7163.41,"end":7164.37},{"text":"and","start":7164.45,"end":7164.61},{"text":"precautions","start":7164.61,"end":7165.29},{"text":"in","start":7165.29,"end":7165.37},{"text":"attack.","start":7165.37,"end":7165.89}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":7166.61,"end":7166.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7166.61,"end":7166.85},{"text":"you.","start":7166.85,"end":7166.93}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"ICRAC","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"ICRAC"}},{"statement_number":75,"start":7169.49,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:59:30","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of ICWEC.","start":7169.49,"end":7172.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7169.49,"end":7169.73},{"text":"thank","start":7169.73,"end":7170.13},{"text":"the","start":7170.13,"end":7170.21},{"text":"distinguished","start":7170.21,"end":7170.73},{"text":"representative","start":7170.73,"end":7171.41},{"text":"of","start":7171.41,"end":7171.49},{"text":"ICWEC.","start":7171.49,"end":7172.29}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Guatemala.","start":7172.29,"end":7174.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":7172.29,"end":7172.49},{"text":"on","start":7172.49,"end":7172.57},{"text":"my","start":7172.57,"end":7172.77},{"text":"list","start":7172.77,"end":7173.09},{"text":"is","start":7173.09,"end":7173.33},{"text":"Guatemala.","start":7173.33,"end":7174.21}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":7174.85,"end":7175.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":7174.85,"end":7174.93},{"text":"have","start":7174.93,"end":7175.09},{"text":"the","start":7175.13,"end":7175.21},{"text":"floor.","start":7175.21,"end":7175.41}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":76,"start":7178.45,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=1:59:39","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chairperson.","start":7178.45,"end":7179.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7178.45,"end":7178.81},{"text":"you,","start":7178.81,"end":7178.93},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":7178.93,"end":7179.65}]},{"text":"In order to comply with your explicit instructions and repeated request to maintain our statements as brief, I would like to start by thanking you, because I do not want to pass over thanking the Chair and the secretariat for the preparation of this important document, which I am sure will stand us in good stead for this important debate.","start":7182.89,"end":7204.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7182.89,"end":7183.01},{"text":"order","start":7183.01,"end":7183.21},{"text":"to","start":7183.21,"end":7183.29},{"text":"comply","start":7183.29,"end":7183.65},{"text":"with","start":7183.65,"end":7183.97},{"text":"your","start":7183.97,"end":7184.25},{"text":"explicit","start":7184.25,"end":7184.93},{"text":"instructions","start":7184.93,"end":7185.69},{"text":"and","start":7185.69,"end":7185.89},{"text":"repeated","start":7185.89,"end":7186.45},{"text":"request","start":7186.45,"end":7187.09},{"text":"to","start":7187.13,"end":7187.25},{"text":"maintain","start":7187.73,"end":7188.53},{"text":"our","start":7188.69,"end":7188.77},{"text":"statements","start":7188.77,"end":7189.41},{"text":"as","start":7189.41,"end":7189.81},{"text":"brief,","start":7189.97,"end":7190.53},{"text":"I","start":7192.65,"end":7192.69},{"text":"would","start":7192.69,"end":7192.81},{"text":"like","start":7192.81,"end":7193.05},{"text":"to","start":7193.05,"end":7193.37},{"text":"start","start":7193.53,"end":7194.25},{"text":"by","start":7194.25,"end":7194.73},{"text":"thanking","start":7194.73,"end":7195.29},{"text":"you,","start":7195.29,"end":7195.45},{"text":"because","start":7195.45,"end":7195.85},{"text":"I","start":7195.85,"end":7195.89},{"text":"do","start":7195.89,"end":7195.97},{"text":"not","start":7195.97,"end":7196.09},{"text":"want","start":7196.09,"end":7196.29},{"text":"to","start":7196.29,"end":7196.37},{"text":"pass","start":7196.37,"end":7196.65},{"text":"over","start":7196.65,"end":7196.97},{"text":"thanking","start":7196.97,"end":7197.69},{"text":"the","start":7197.69,"end":7197.93},{"text":"Chair","start":7197.93,"end":7198.17},{"text":"and","start":7198.17,"end":7198.37},{"text":"the","start":7198.37,"end":7198.45},{"text":"secretariat","start":7198.45,"end":7199.21},{"text":"for","start":7199.21,"end":7199.37},{"text":"the","start":7199.37,"end":7199.45},{"text":"preparation","start":7199.45,"end":7200.01},{"text":"of","start":7200.01,"end":7200.09},{"text":"this","start":7200.09,"end":7200.25},{"text":"important","start":7200.25,"end":7200.85},{"text":"document,","start":7200.85,"end":7201.33},{"text":"which","start":7201.33,"end":7201.61},{"text":"I","start":7201.61,"end":7201.65},{"text":"am","start":7201.65,"end":7201.77},{"text":"sure","start":7201.77,"end":7202.01},{"text":"will","start":7202.01,"end":7202.41},{"text":"stand","start":7202.41,"end":7202.65},{"text":"us","start":7202.65,"end":7202.77},{"text":"in","start":7202.77,"end":7202.85},{"text":"good","start":7202.85,"end":7202.97},{"text":"stead","start":7202.97,"end":7203.21},{"text":"for","start":7203.21,"end":7203.33},{"text":"this","start":7203.33,"end":7203.45},{"text":"important","start":7203.45,"end":7203.89},{"text":"debate.","start":7203.89,"end":7204.25}]},{"text":"Sorry for arriving late to this important discussion, which is taking place today.","start":7204.25,"end":7209.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sorry","start":7204.25,"end":7204.61},{"text":"for","start":7204.61,"end":7204.89},{"text":"arriving","start":7204.89,"end":7205.21},{"text":"late","start":7205.21,"end":7205.69},{"text":"to","start":7206.25,"end":7206.41},{"text":"this","start":7206.41,"end":7206.65},{"text":"important","start":7206.65,"end":7207.13},{"text":"discussion,","start":7207.13,"end":7207.77},{"text":"which","start":7207.77,"end":7208.01},{"text":"is","start":7208.01,"end":7208.25},{"text":"taking","start":7208.25,"end":7208.57},{"text":"place","start":7208.57,"end":7208.81},{"text":"today.","start":7208.81,"end":7209.29}]},{"text":"As far as my limited understanding of this issue goes, I would like to make a request that under box 2, the Martins clause is retained and under paragraph 5, I would like to quote Dr. Kalenberg, former chair of the ICRC, who on IHL said that for the history, throughout the history of civilizations, we have developed standards aimed at minimizing violence, including the form of institutionalizing violence that we call war.","start":7213.57,"end":7247.49,"topics":[{"key":"martens-clause-ethics","label":"Martens Clause and Ethical Considerations","description":"Multiple delegations emphasized the importance of the Martens Clause and broader ethical concerns in addressing autonomous weapons. They linked the issue to humanity, public conscience, and the need to preserve human moral judgment in the use of force."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":7213.57,"end":7213.69},{"text":"far","start":7214.25,"end":7214.69},{"text":"as","start":7214.85,"end":7214.97},{"text":"my","start":7214.97,"end":7215.05},{"text":"limited","start":7215.05,"end":7215.33},{"text":"understanding","start":7215.33,"end":7215.81},{"text":"of","start":7215.81,"end":7215.89},{"text":"this","start":7215.89,"end":7216.01},{"text":"issue","start":7216.01,"end":7216.33},{"text":"goes,","start":7216.65,"end":7217.13},{"text":"I","start":7217.93,"end":7218.01},{"text":"would","start":7218.01,"end":7218.13},{"text":"like","start":7218.17,"end":7218.37},{"text":"to","start":7218.37,"end":7218.89},{"text":"make","start":7219.57,"end":7219.85},{"text":"a","start":7219.85,"end":7219.89},{"text":"request","start":7219.89,"end":7220.37},{"text":"that","start":7220.37,"end":7220.53},{"text":"under","start":7220.53,"end":7220.73},{"text":"box","start":7220.73,"end":7220.93},{"text":"2,","start":7220.93,"end":7221.17},{"text":"the","start":7221.17,"end":7221.29},{"text":"Martins","start":7221.29,"end":7221.69},{"text":"clause","start":7221.69,"end":7221.97},{"text":"is","start":7221.97,"end":7222.37},{"text":"retained","start":7222.37,"end":7223.01},{"text":"and","start":7223.09,"end":7223.29},{"text":"under","start":7223.29,"end":7223.49},{"text":"paragraph","start":7223.49,"end":7224.17},{"text":"5,","start":7224.17,"end":7224.69},{"text":"I","start":7225.25,"end":7225.29},{"text":"would","start":7225.29,"end":7225.41},{"text":"like","start":7225.41,"end":7225.61},{"text":"to","start":7225.61,"end":7225.89},{"text":"quote","start":7225.89,"end":7226.41},{"text":"Dr.","start":7226.41,"end":7226.69},{"text":"Kalenberg,","start":7226.69,"end":7227.33},{"text":"former","start":7227.89,"end":7228.41},{"text":"chair","start":7228.41,"end":7228.61},{"text":"of","start":7228.61,"end":7228.85},{"text":"the","start":7228.85,"end":7229.09},{"text":"ICRC,","start":7229.17,"end":7230.13},{"text":"who","start":7230.13,"end":7230.53},{"text":"on","start":7230.53,"end":7231.01},{"text":"IHL","start":7231.57,"end":7232.45},{"text":"said","start":7233.41,"end":7234.05},{"text":"that","start":7234.37,"end":7234.93},{"text":"for","start":7235.09,"end":7235.37},{"text":"the","start":7235.37,"end":7235.53},{"text":"history,","start":7235.57,"end":7236.37},{"text":"throughout","start":7236.37,"end":7236.69},{"text":"the","start":7236.69,"end":7236.77},{"text":"history","start":7236.77,"end":7237.01},{"text":"of","start":7237.01,"end":7237.09},{"text":"civilizations,","start":7237.09,"end":7237.85},{"text":"we","start":7237.85,"end":7237.93},{"text":"have","start":7237.93,"end":7238.05},{"text":"developed","start":7238.05,"end":7238.37},{"text":"standards","start":7238.37,"end":7239.01},{"text":"aimed","start":7239.09,"end":7239.57},{"text":"at","start":7239.57,"end":7239.81},{"text":"minimizing","start":7239.81,"end":7240.37},{"text":"violence,","start":7240.37,"end":7240.93},{"text":"including","start":7240.93,"end":7241.65},{"text":"the","start":7242.61,"end":7242.81},{"text":"form","start":7243.01,"end":7243.41},{"text":"of","start":7243.85,"end":7244.05},{"text":"institutionalizing","start":7244.13,"end":7245.25},{"text":"violence","start":7245.41,"end":7245.93},{"text":"that","start":7245.93,"end":7246.05},{"text":"we","start":7246.05,"end":7246.13},{"text":"call","start":7246.13,"end":7246.53},{"text":"war.","start":7246.85,"end":7247.49}]},{"text":"And he said that limiting that goes beyond the sense of the use of it itself.","start":7248.13,"end":7252.29,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7248.13,"end":7248.45},{"text":"he","start":7248.45,"end":7248.69},{"text":"said","start":7248.69,"end":7248.93},{"text":"that","start":7248.93,"end":7249.09},{"text":"limiting","start":7249.09,"end":7249.61},{"text":"that","start":7249.61,"end":7249.81},{"text":"goes","start":7249.97,"end":7250.29},{"text":"beyond","start":7250.29,"end":7250.61},{"text":"the","start":7250.61,"end":7250.73},{"text":"sense","start":7250.73,"end":7251.17},{"text":"of","start":7251.17,"end":7251.25},{"text":"the","start":7251.25,"end":7251.37},{"text":"use","start":7251.37,"end":7251.57},{"text":"of","start":7251.57,"end":7251.65},{"text":"it","start":7251.65,"end":7251.77},{"text":"itself.","start":7251.77,"end":7252.29}]},{"text":"The development of this limitation for us in international humanitarian law is done obviously ultimately to the betterment of humans, and therefore we need human judgment and control to be at the heart of that.","start":7252.29,"end":7268.17,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7252.29,"end":7252.37},{"text":"development","start":7252.37,"end":7253.09},{"text":"of","start":7253.17,"end":7253.49},{"text":"this","start":7253.57,"end":7253.89},{"text":"limitation","start":7253.89,"end":7254.69},{"text":"for","start":7254.69,"end":7254.93},{"text":"us","start":7254.93,"end":7255.17},{"text":"in","start":7255.17,"end":7255.57},{"text":"international","start":7255.65,"end":7256.25},{"text":"humanitarian","start":7256.25,"end":7256.93},{"text":"law","start":7256.93,"end":7257.49},{"text":"is","start":7258.85,"end":7259.25},{"text":"done","start":7259.25,"end":7259.57},{"text":"obviously","start":7259.65,"end":7260.29},{"text":"ultimately","start":7260.29,"end":7261.09},{"text":"to","start":7261.49,"end":7261.73},{"text":"the","start":7261.73,"end":7261.89},{"text":"betterment","start":7262.21,"end":7262.85},{"text":"of","start":7263.09,"end":7263.41},{"text":"humans,","start":7263.89,"end":7264.37},{"text":"and","start":7264.37,"end":7264.57},{"text":"therefore","start":7264.57,"end":7265.13},{"text":"we","start":7265.13,"end":7265.33},{"text":"need","start":7265.33,"end":7265.65},{"text":"human","start":7265.65,"end":7265.93},{"text":"judgment","start":7265.93,"end":7266.21},{"text":"and","start":7266.21,"end":7266.33},{"text":"control","start":7266.33,"end":7266.69},{"text":"to","start":7266.69,"end":7266.77},{"text":"be","start":7266.77,"end":7267.09},{"text":"at","start":7267.09,"end":7267.41},{"text":"the","start":7267.41,"end":7267.53},{"text":"heart","start":7267.57,"end":7267.93},{"text":"of","start":7267.93,"end":7268.05},{"text":"that.","start":7268.05,"end":7268.17}]},{"text":"And in saying that, I want to align myself with what other delegations have said who have requested the retention of those terms, and I reserve the right to comment further down the line.","start":7268.17,"end":7277.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7268.17,"end":7268.37},{"text":"in","start":7268.41,"end":7268.61},{"text":"saying","start":7268.61,"end":7268.93},{"text":"that,","start":7268.93,"end":7269.13},{"text":"I","start":7269.13,"end":7269.17},{"text":"want","start":7269.17,"end":7269.37},{"text":"to","start":7269.37,"end":7269.45},{"text":"align","start":7269.45,"end":7269.65},{"text":"myself","start":7269.65,"end":7270.13},{"text":"with","start":7270.13,"end":7270.37},{"text":"what","start":7270.37,"end":7270.57},{"text":"other","start":7270.57,"end":7270.77},{"text":"delegations","start":7270.77,"end":7271.49},{"text":"have","start":7271.61,"end":7271.77},{"text":"said","start":7271.77,"end":7272.13},{"text":"who","start":7272.13,"end":7272.33},{"text":"have","start":7272.33,"end":7272.45},{"text":"requested","start":7272.45,"end":7273.05},{"text":"the","start":7273.05,"end":7273.13},{"text":"retention","start":7273.13,"end":7273.65},{"text":"of","start":7273.65,"end":7273.73},{"text":"those","start":7273.73,"end":7273.97},{"text":"terms,","start":7273.97,"end":7274.45},{"text":"and","start":7274.89,"end":7275.05},{"text":"I","start":7275.05,"end":7275.09},{"text":"reserve","start":7275.09,"end":7275.49},{"text":"the","start":7275.49,"end":7275.61},{"text":"right","start":7275.61,"end":7275.85},{"text":"to","start":7275.85,"end":7275.93},{"text":"comment","start":7275.93,"end":7276.29},{"text":"further","start":7276.29,"end":7276.77},{"text":"down","start":7276.77,"end":7277.01},{"text":"the","start":7277.01,"end":7277.09},{"text":"line.","start":7277.09,"end":7277.33}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":7277.33,"end":7277.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7277.33,"end":7277.65},{"text":"you.","start":7277.65,"end":7277.73}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"GTM","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Guatemala"}},{"statement_number":77,"start":7280.29,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=2:01:21","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Guatemala for her statement, and she was the last on my list.","start":7280.29,"end":7289.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7280.29,"end":7280.45},{"text":"thank","start":7280.53,"end":7280.93},{"text":"the","start":7280.97,"end":7281.05},{"text":"distinguished","start":7281.05,"end":7281.57},{"text":"representative","start":7281.57,"end":7282.13},{"text":"of","start":7282.17,"end":7282.33},{"text":"Guatemala","start":7282.33,"end":7283.17},{"text":"for","start":7283.33,"end":7283.57},{"text":"her","start":7283.57,"end":7283.73},{"text":"statement,","start":7283.73,"end":7284.61},{"text":"and","start":7284.69,"end":7285.21},{"text":"she","start":7286.05,"end":7286.37},{"text":"was","start":7286.37,"end":7286.77},{"text":"the","start":7286.77,"end":7286.97},{"text":"last","start":7286.97,"end":7287.45},{"text":"on","start":7287.69,"end":7287.81},{"text":"my","start":7287.81,"end":7288.37},{"text":"list.","start":7288.37,"end":7289.09}]},{"text":"Oh, I see somebody waving a black, but we have some difficulty in recognizing.","start":7290.49,"end":7295.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Oh,","start":7290.49,"end":7290.81},{"text":"I","start":7290.97,"end":7291.13},{"text":"see","start":7291.13,"end":7291.45},{"text":"somebody","start":7291.45,"end":7291.85},{"text":"waving","start":7291.85,"end":7292.29},{"text":"a","start":7292.29,"end":7292.33},{"text":"black,","start":7292.33,"end":7292.69},{"text":"but","start":7292.69,"end":7293.05},{"text":"we","start":7293.13,"end":7293.21},{"text":"have","start":7293.21,"end":7293.37},{"text":"some","start":7293.37,"end":7293.53},{"text":"difficulty","start":7293.53,"end":7294.01},{"text":"in","start":7294.01,"end":7294.25},{"text":"recognizing.","start":7294.69,"end":7295.29}]},{"text":"Sorry.","start":7296.57,"end":7296.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sorry.","start":7296.57,"end":7296.77}]},{"text":"Oh, yes.","start":7297.05,"end":7297.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Oh,","start":7297.05,"end":7297.21},{"text":"yes.","start":7297.21,"end":7297.61}]},{"text":"University of Nottingham.","start":7299.05,"end":7300.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"University","start":7299.05,"end":7299.73},{"text":"of","start":7299.73,"end":7299.85},{"text":"Nottingham.","start":7299.85,"end":7300.33}]},{"text":"You have the floor, ma'am.","start":7300.33,"end":7301.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":7300.33,"end":7300.45},{"text":"have","start":7300.45,"end":7300.61},{"text":"the","start":7300.61,"end":7300.69},{"text":"floor,","start":7300.69,"end":7300.85},{"text":"ma'am.","start":7300.85,"end":7301.05}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":78,"start":7303.05,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=2:01:44","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":7303.05,"end":7303.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7303.05,"end":7303.29},{"text":"you,","start":7303.29,"end":7303.37},{"text":"Chair.","start":7303.37,"end":7303.65}]},{"text":"It's clear that human control has been identified throughout the GGE sessions of being of paramount importance to these discussions.","start":7305.69,"end":7316.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":7305.69,"end":7305.93},{"text":"clear","start":7305.93,"end":7306.57},{"text":"that","start":7306.57,"end":7306.81},{"text":"human","start":7306.81,"end":7307.13},{"text":"control","start":7307.13,"end":7307.77},{"text":"has","start":7307.77,"end":7308.09},{"text":"been","start":7308.09,"end":7308.33},{"text":"identified","start":7308.33,"end":7309.17},{"text":"throughout","start":7310.09,"end":7310.49},{"text":"the","start":7310.49,"end":7310.57},{"text":"GGE","start":7310.57,"end":7311.09},{"text":"sessions","start":7311.09,"end":7312.01},{"text":"of","start":7312.61,"end":7312.69},{"text":"being","start":7312.73,"end":7313.01},{"text":"of","start":7313.01,"end":7313.13},{"text":"paramount","start":7313.13,"end":7313.77},{"text":"importance","start":7313.77,"end":7314.81},{"text":"to","start":7314.89,"end":7315.05},{"text":"these","start":7315.05,"end":7315.53},{"text":"discussions.","start":7316.13,"end":7316.97}]},{"text":"It's precisely because of the autonomous potential of AI technologies in this area, including machine learning, deep learning and robotics, that it was established very early on in the discussions that states would not tolerate systems, machines operating on their own without any human oversight, supervision, control or responsibility.","start":7317.65,"end":7341.61,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":7317.65,"end":7317.85},{"text":"precisely","start":7317.85,"end":7318.41},{"text":"because","start":7318.41,"end":7318.85},{"text":"of","start":7318.85,"end":7318.97},{"text":"the","start":7318.97,"end":7319.13},{"text":"autonomous","start":7319.13,"end":7319.61},{"text":"potential","start":7319.61,"end":7320.25},{"text":"of","start":7320.25,"end":7320.49},{"text":"AI","start":7320.49,"end":7320.81},{"text":"technologies","start":7320.81,"end":7321.85},{"text":"in","start":7321.85,"end":7321.97},{"text":"this","start":7321.97,"end":7322.17},{"text":"area,","start":7322.17,"end":7322.57},{"text":"including","start":7323.21,"end":7323.69},{"text":"machine","start":7323.69,"end":7324.09},{"text":"learning,","start":7324.09,"end":7324.73},{"text":"deep","start":7324.97,"end":7325.25},{"text":"learning","start":7325.25,"end":7325.61},{"text":"and","start":7325.61,"end":7325.73},{"text":"robotics,","start":7325.73,"end":7326.57},{"text":"that","start":7327.17,"end":7327.29},{"text":"it","start":7327.29,"end":7327.37},{"text":"was","start":7327.37,"end":7327.53},{"text":"established","start":7327.53,"end":7328.17},{"text":"very","start":7328.17,"end":7328.57},{"text":"early","start":7328.61,"end":7328.89},{"text":"on","start":7328.89,"end":7329.29},{"text":"in","start":7329.61,"end":7329.85},{"text":"the","start":7329.85,"end":7329.93},{"text":"discussions","start":7329.93,"end":7330.89},{"text":"that","start":7330.89,"end":7331.05},{"text":"states","start":7331.05,"end":7331.69},{"text":"would","start":7331.77,"end":7331.97},{"text":"not","start":7331.97,"end":7332.21},{"text":"tolerate","start":7332.21,"end":7332.89},{"text":"systems,","start":7333.13,"end":7333.85},{"text":"machines","start":7333.85,"end":7334.57},{"text":"operating","start":7334.97,"end":7335.61},{"text":"on","start":7335.61,"end":7335.77},{"text":"their","start":7335.77,"end":7335.97},{"text":"own","start":7335.97,"end":7336.41},{"text":"without","start":7336.81,"end":7337.21},{"text":"any","start":7337.21,"end":7337.45},{"text":"human","start":7337.45,"end":7337.77},{"text":"oversight,","start":7337.77,"end":7338.65},{"text":"supervision,","start":7338.73,"end":7339.61},{"text":"control","start":7339.85,"end":7340.49},{"text":"or","start":7340.49,"end":7340.61},{"text":"responsibility.","start":7340.61,"end":7341.61}]},{"text":"but it is also equally clear that a number of delegations would like more specificity and detail in relation to paragraph 5 in box 2. I would like to try to assist in that process by referring to some of the work that has already been done in previous sessions.","start":7342.89,"end":7364.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"but","start":7342.89,"end":7343.01},{"text":"it","start":7343.01,"end":7343.13},{"text":"is","start":7343.13,"end":7343.21},{"text":"also","start":7343.21,"end":7343.61},{"text":"equally","start":7343.61,"end":7344.17},{"text":"clear","start":7344.17,"end":7344.69},{"text":"that","start":7344.77,"end":7345.21},{"text":"a","start":7345.45,"end":7345.49},{"text":"number","start":7345.49,"end":7345.85},{"text":"of","start":7345.85,"end":7345.93},{"text":"delegations","start":7345.93,"end":7346.97},{"text":"would","start":7346.97,"end":7347.17},{"text":"like","start":7347.17,"end":7347.61},{"text":"more","start":7347.61,"end":7347.85},{"text":"specificity","start":7347.85,"end":7348.97},{"text":"and","start":7349.05,"end":7349.33},{"text":"detail","start":7349.33,"end":7350.01},{"text":"in","start":7350.41,"end":7350.57},{"text":"relation","start":7350.57,"end":7351.13},{"text":"to","start":7351.13,"end":7351.45},{"text":"paragraph","start":7351.61,"end":7352.37},{"text":"5","start":7352.37,"end":7352.97},{"text":"in","start":7354.09,"end":7354.17},{"text":"box","start":7354.17,"end":7354.57},{"text":"2.","start":7354.57,"end":7354.97},{"text":"I","start":7356.65,"end":7356.69},{"text":"would","start":7356.69,"end":7356.81},{"text":"like","start":7356.81,"end":7356.97},{"text":"to","start":7356.97,"end":7357.17},{"text":"try","start":7357.17,"end":7357.29},{"text":"to","start":7357.29,"end":7357.37},{"text":"assist","start":7357.37,"end":7357.81},{"text":"in","start":7357.81,"end":7357.93},{"text":"that","start":7357.93,"end":7358.13},{"text":"process","start":7358.13,"end":7358.97},{"text":"by","start":7359.57,"end":7359.77},{"text":"referring","start":7360.05,"end":7360.57},{"text":"to","start":7360.57,"end":7360.89},{"text":"some","start":7361.13,"end":7361.33},{"text":"of","start":7361.33,"end":7361.41},{"text":"the","start":7361.41,"end":7361.49},{"text":"work","start":7361.49,"end":7361.69},{"text":"that","start":7361.69,"end":7361.93},{"text":"has","start":7362.01,"end":7362.13},{"text":"already","start":7362.13,"end":7362.41},{"text":"been","start":7362.41,"end":7362.65},{"text":"done","start":7362.65,"end":7362.97},{"text":"in","start":7362.97,"end":7363.13},{"text":"previous","start":7363.13,"end":7363.57},{"text":"sessions.","start":7363.57,"end":7364.41}]},{"text":"If we look back at the GGE chair's pie chart of 11 April 2018, There was reference to human machine touch points.","start":7365.45,"end":7375.45,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":7365.45,"end":7365.53},{"text":"we","start":7365.53,"end":7365.69},{"text":"look","start":7365.69,"end":7365.93},{"text":"back","start":7365.93,"end":7366.25},{"text":"at","start":7366.25,"end":7366.33},{"text":"the","start":7366.33,"end":7366.45},{"text":"GGE","start":7366.45,"end":7366.97},{"text":"chair's","start":7366.97,"end":7367.45},{"text":"pie","start":7367.45,"end":7367.77},{"text":"chart","start":7367.77,"end":7368.49},{"text":"of","start":7368.53,"end":7368.61},{"text":"11","start":7368.77,"end":7369.13},{"text":"April","start":7369.37,"end":7369.77},{"text":"2018,","start":7369.77,"end":7370.89},{"text":"There","start":7372.65,"end":7372.77},{"text":"was","start":7372.77,"end":7372.97},{"text":"reference","start":7372.97,"end":7373.33},{"text":"to","start":7373.33,"end":7373.57},{"text":"human","start":7373.57,"end":7374.01},{"text":"machine","start":7374.01,"end":7374.41},{"text":"touch","start":7374.41,"end":7374.73},{"text":"points.","start":7374.73,"end":7375.45}]},{"text":"And there was reference to different stages at which there may be humans involved or the system itself.","start":7376.57,"end":7384.01,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7376.57,"end":7376.73},{"text":"there","start":7376.73,"end":7376.85},{"text":"was","start":7376.85,"end":7376.97},{"text":"reference","start":7376.97,"end":7377.41},{"text":"to","start":7377.41,"end":7377.65},{"text":"different","start":7377.69,"end":7378.17},{"text":"stages","start":7378.17,"end":7378.77},{"text":"at","start":7378.77,"end":7378.89},{"text":"which","start":7378.89,"end":7379.53},{"text":"there","start":7379.53,"end":7379.69},{"text":"may","start":7379.69,"end":7380.01},{"text":"be","start":7380.01,"end":7380.41},{"text":"humans","start":7380.41,"end":7380.89},{"text":"involved","start":7380.89,"end":7381.53},{"text":"or","start":7382.57,"end":7382.73},{"text":"the","start":7382.73,"end":7382.81},{"text":"system","start":7382.81,"end":7383.45},{"text":"itself.","start":7383.45,"end":7384.01}]},{"text":"And therefore, this could help us elaborate upon what human control means, how it manifests, and how it could be detailed.","start":7384.21,"end":7392.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7384.21,"end":7384.37},{"text":"therefore,","start":7384.37,"end":7384.81},{"text":"this","start":7384.81,"end":7385.05},{"text":"could","start":7385.05,"end":7385.45},{"text":"help","start":7385.45,"end":7385.77},{"text":"us","start":7385.77,"end":7385.97},{"text":"elaborate","start":7385.97,"end":7386.65},{"text":"upon","start":7387.13,"end":7387.61},{"text":"what","start":7387.61,"end":7388.01},{"text":"human","start":7388.01,"end":7388.41},{"text":"control","start":7388.41,"end":7388.89},{"text":"means,","start":7388.89,"end":7389.53},{"text":"how","start":7389.61,"end":7389.85},{"text":"it","start":7389.85,"end":7389.93},{"text":"manifests,","start":7389.93,"end":7390.81},{"text":"and","start":7391.29,"end":7391.49},{"text":"how","start":7391.49,"end":7391.69},{"text":"it","start":7391.69,"end":7391.77},{"text":"could","start":7391.77,"end":7392.01},{"text":"be","start":7392.01,"end":7392.33},{"text":"detailed.","start":7392.33,"end":7392.97}]},{"text":"We've heard a number of delegates refer to the life cycle of a system, the distinguished delegate of Russia yesterday, today from India, and many other delegates.","start":7394.69,"end":7406.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We've","start":7394.69,"end":7394.89},{"text":"heard","start":7394.89,"end":7395.09},{"text":"a","start":7395.09,"end":7395.13},{"text":"number","start":7395.13,"end":7395.45},{"text":"of","start":7395.45,"end":7395.57},{"text":"delegates","start":7395.57,"end":7396.21},{"text":"refer","start":7396.21,"end":7396.53},{"text":"to","start":7396.53,"end":7396.77},{"text":"the","start":7396.77,"end":7396.89},{"text":"life","start":7396.89,"end":7397.13},{"text":"cycle","start":7397.13,"end":7397.81},{"text":"of","start":7398.21,"end":7398.37},{"text":"a","start":7398.37,"end":7398.45},{"text":"system,","start":7398.45,"end":7399.09},{"text":"the","start":7399.65,"end":7399.89},{"text":"distinguished","start":7399.89,"end":7400.41},{"text":"delegate","start":7400.41,"end":7401.01},{"text":"of","start":7401.45,"end":7401.57},{"text":"Russia","start":7401.57,"end":7401.89},{"text":"yesterday,","start":7401.89,"end":7402.61},{"text":"today","start":7402.85,"end":7403.25},{"text":"from","start":7403.25,"end":7403.49},{"text":"India,","start":7403.49,"end":7404.05},{"text":"and","start":7405.57,"end":7405.73},{"text":"many","start":7405.73,"end":7405.97},{"text":"other","start":7405.97,"end":7406.21},{"text":"delegates.","start":7406.21,"end":7406.77}]},{"text":"And I think this is helpful in trying to elaborate on what these terms mean, context appropriate, human control, or human judgment.","start":7406.77,"end":7414.77,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7406.77,"end":7406.89},{"text":"I","start":7406.89,"end":7406.93},{"text":"think","start":7406.93,"end":7407.13},{"text":"this","start":7407.13,"end":7407.37},{"text":"is","start":7407.37,"end":7407.49},{"text":"helpful","start":7407.49,"end":7408.13},{"text":"in","start":7408.13,"end":7408.37},{"text":"trying","start":7408.37,"end":7408.69},{"text":"to","start":7408.69,"end":7408.81},{"text":"elaborate","start":7408.81,"end":7409.41},{"text":"on","start":7409.41,"end":7409.57},{"text":"what","start":7409.57,"end":7409.85},{"text":"these","start":7409.85,"end":7410.05},{"text":"terms","start":7410.05,"end":7410.45},{"text":"mean,","start":7410.45,"end":7410.93},{"text":"context","start":7411.01,"end":7411.65},{"text":"appropriate,","start":7411.65,"end":7412.45},{"text":"human","start":7412.45,"end":7412.85},{"text":"control,","start":7412.85,"end":7413.41},{"text":"or","start":7413.73,"end":7413.85},{"text":"human","start":7413.85,"end":7414.17},{"text":"judgment.","start":7414.17,"end":7414.77}]},{"text":"I think the distinguished delegate from Ukraine's suggestion of moving this to a separate box is sensible because it will enable for the elaboration of these terms in more detail to satisfy clarity, but also enable practical implementation.","start":7416.93,"end":7436.45,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7416.93,"end":7417.09},{"text":"think","start":7417.09,"end":7417.37},{"text":"the","start":7417.41,"end":7417.61},{"text":"distinguished","start":7417.73,"end":7418.33},{"text":"delegate","start":7418.33,"end":7418.93},{"text":"from","start":7418.93,"end":7419.25},{"text":"Ukraine's","start":7419.25,"end":7419.77},{"text":"suggestion","start":7419.77,"end":7420.61},{"text":"of","start":7420.61,"end":7421.01},{"text":"moving","start":7421.01,"end":7421.65},{"text":"this","start":7421.65,"end":7421.97},{"text":"to","start":7421.97,"end":7422.17},{"text":"a","start":7422.37,"end":7422.41},{"text":"separate","start":7422.41,"end":7422.85},{"text":"box","start":7422.85,"end":7423.49},{"text":"is","start":7423.57,"end":7423.69},{"text":"sensible","start":7423.69,"end":7424.45},{"text":"because","start":7424.93,"end":7425.33},{"text":"it","start":7425.33,"end":7425.49},{"text":"will","start":7425.49,"end":7425.65},{"text":"enable","start":7425.65,"end":7426.29},{"text":"for","start":7426.29,"end":7426.69},{"text":"the","start":7426.69,"end":7426.81},{"text":"elaboration","start":7426.85,"end":7427.97},{"text":"of","start":7428.05,"end":7428.37},{"text":"these","start":7428.37,"end":7428.69},{"text":"terms","start":7428.69,"end":7429.49},{"text":"in","start":7429.73,"end":7429.97},{"text":"more","start":7429.97,"end":7430.17},{"text":"detail","start":7430.17,"end":7430.93},{"text":"to","start":7431.49,"end":7431.61},{"text":"satisfy","start":7431.65,"end":7432.53},{"text":"clarity,","start":7432.53,"end":7433.25},{"text":"but","start":7433.25,"end":7433.49},{"text":"also","start":7433.49,"end":7434.05},{"text":"enable","start":7434.05,"end":7434.61},{"text":"practical","start":7434.61,"end":7435.41},{"text":"implementation.","start":7435.41,"end":7436.45}]},{"text":"Some examples of context elements that have been given are space-time and target.","start":7437.49,"end":7444.77,"topics":[{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Some","start":7437.49,"end":7437.73},{"text":"examples","start":7437.73,"end":7438.49},{"text":"of","start":7438.49,"end":7438.69},{"text":"context","start":7438.69,"end":7439.49},{"text":"elements","start":7439.49,"end":7439.89},{"text":"that","start":7439.89,"end":7440.05},{"text":"have","start":7440.05,"end":7440.21},{"text":"been","start":7440.21,"end":7440.37},{"text":"given","start":7440.37,"end":7440.93},{"text":"are","start":7441.85,"end":7441.93},{"text":"space-time","start":7441.93,"end":7443.65},{"text":"and","start":7443.89,"end":7444.09},{"text":"target.","start":7444.09,"end":7444.77}]},{"text":"We could include system in there as well.","start":7445.17,"end":7447.73,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7445.17,"end":7445.29},{"text":"could","start":7445.29,"end":7445.53},{"text":"include","start":7445.53,"end":7446.05},{"text":"system","start":7446.05,"end":7446.61},{"text":"in","start":7446.61,"end":7446.85},{"text":"there","start":7446.85,"end":7446.97},{"text":"as","start":7446.97,"end":7447.25},{"text":"well.","start":7447.25,"end":7447.73}]},{"text":"I'd like to give some examples here of human control.","start":7449.17,"end":7453.01,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"I'd","start":7449.17,"end":7449.45},{"text":"like","start":7449.45,"end":7449.57},{"text":"to","start":7449.57,"end":7449.73},{"text":"give","start":7449.73,"end":7449.97},{"text":"some","start":7449.97,"end":7450.25},{"text":"examples","start":7450.25,"end":7450.93},{"text":"here","start":7450.93,"end":7451.33},{"text":"of","start":7451.73,"end":7451.97},{"text":"human","start":7451.97,"end":7452.37},{"text":"control.","start":7452.37,"end":7453.01}]},{"text":"Command responsibility is highly relevant to current discussions because it actually represents a clear example of human control and judgment.","start":7454.21,"end":7465.73,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Command","start":7454.21,"end":7454.61},{"text":"responsibility","start":7454.61,"end":7455.73},{"text":"is","start":7455.73,"end":7455.97},{"text":"highly","start":7455.97,"end":7456.45},{"text":"relevant","start":7456.45,"end":7457.09},{"text":"to","start":7457.17,"end":7457.57},{"text":"current","start":7457.65,"end":7458.09},{"text":"discussions","start":7458.09,"end":7459.01},{"text":"because","start":7460.13,"end":7460.61},{"text":"it","start":7460.61,"end":7460.77},{"text":"actually","start":7460.77,"end":7461.25},{"text":"represents","start":7461.25,"end":7461.81},{"text":"a","start":7461.81,"end":7461.89},{"text":"clear","start":7461.89,"end":7462.21},{"text":"example","start":7462.21,"end":7463.13},{"text":"of","start":7463.13,"end":7463.25},{"text":"human","start":7463.25,"end":7463.97},{"text":"control","start":7464.37,"end":7464.93},{"text":"and","start":7464.93,"end":7465.17},{"text":"judgment.","start":7465.17,"end":7465.73}]},{"text":"And there are specific ways in which this manifests in the law.","start":7467.09,"end":7471.01,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7467.09,"end":7467.29},{"text":"there","start":7467.29,"end":7467.49},{"text":"are","start":7467.49,"end":7467.57},{"text":"specific","start":7467.65,"end":7468.29},{"text":"ways","start":7468.29,"end":7468.69},{"text":"in","start":7468.69,"end":7468.85},{"text":"which","start":7468.85,"end":7469.17},{"text":"this","start":7469.17,"end":7469.41},{"text":"manifests","start":7469.41,"end":7470.37},{"text":"in","start":7470.37,"end":7470.53},{"text":"the","start":7470.53,"end":7470.61},{"text":"law.","start":7470.61,"end":7471.01}]},{"text":"The choice of weapon that's used, that's methods and means of attack, which the commander decides to employ, comes under command responsibility.","start":7472.05,"end":7482.09,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7472.05,"end":7472.09},{"text":"choice","start":7472.17,"end":7472.61},{"text":"of","start":7472.61,"end":7472.73},{"text":"weapon","start":7472.73,"end":7473.05},{"text":"that's","start":7473.05,"end":7473.33},{"text":"used,","start":7473.33,"end":7474.01},{"text":"that's","start":7474.25,"end":7474.57},{"text":"methods","start":7474.57,"end":7475.01},{"text":"and","start":7475.01,"end":7475.13},{"text":"means","start":7475.13,"end":7475.49},{"text":"of","start":7475.49,"end":7475.57},{"text":"attack,","start":7475.57,"end":7476.17},{"text":"which","start":7476.65,"end":7476.93},{"text":"the","start":7476.93,"end":7477.05},{"text":"commander","start":7477.05,"end":7477.57},{"text":"decides","start":7477.57,"end":7478.49},{"text":"to","start":7478.49,"end":7478.69},{"text":"employ,","start":7478.69,"end":7479.21},{"text":"comes","start":7479.77,"end":7480.13},{"text":"under","start":7480.13,"end":7480.57},{"text":"command","start":7480.57,"end":7481.05},{"text":"responsibility.","start":7481.05,"end":7482.09}]},{"text":"That's Article 57, paragraph 2, subparagraph a, subparagraph 2.","start":7482.41,"end":7488.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That's","start":7482.41,"end":7482.73},{"text":"Article","start":7482.73,"end":7483.21},{"text":"57,","start":7483.21,"end":7484.01},{"text":"paragraph","start":7484.25,"end":7484.73},{"text":"2,","start":7484.73,"end":7485.13},{"text":"subparagraph","start":7485.13,"end":7486.01},{"text":"a,","start":7486.81,"end":7486.85},{"text":"subparagraph","start":7486.85,"end":7487.61},{"text":"2.","start":7487.61,"end":7488.09}]},{"text":"If the commander orders employment of a weapon in the knowledge that it cannot predictably and reliably discriminate between combatants and civilians, or military objectives and civilian objects, this would be a failure to discharge the duty to prevent and suppress breaches of IHL under Article 87 of AP1.","start":7489.69,"end":7516.77,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":7489.69,"end":7489.85},{"text":"the","start":7489.85,"end":7489.93},{"text":"commander","start":7489.93,"end":7490.49},{"text":"orders","start":7490.49,"end":7491.25},{"text":"employment","start":7491.25,"end":7491.85},{"text":"of","start":7491.89,"end":7492.01},{"text":"a","start":7492.01,"end":7492.05},{"text":"weapon","start":7492.05,"end":7492.57},{"text":"in","start":7492.57,"end":7492.73},{"text":"the","start":7492.73,"end":7492.81},{"text":"knowledge","start":7492.81,"end":7493.77},{"text":"that","start":7494.17,"end":7494.33},{"text":"it","start":7494.33,"end":7494.45},{"text":"cannot","start":7494.45,"end":7494.97},{"text":"predictably","start":7494.97,"end":7496.09},{"text":"and","start":7496.25,"end":7496.57},{"text":"reliably","start":7496.57,"end":7497.53},{"text":"discriminate","start":7497.81,"end":7498.73},{"text":"between","start":7498.73,"end":7499.21},{"text":"combatants","start":7499.21,"end":7499.85},{"text":"and","start":7499.89,"end":7500.09},{"text":"civilians,","start":7500.09,"end":7500.89},{"text":"or","start":7501.49,"end":7501.57},{"text":"military","start":7501.57,"end":7502.13},{"text":"objectives","start":7502.13,"end":7502.93},{"text":"and","start":7503.17,"end":7503.45},{"text":"civilian","start":7503.45,"end":7503.97},{"text":"objects,","start":7503.97,"end":7504.77},{"text":"this","start":7505.61,"end":7505.89},{"text":"would","start":7505.89,"end":7506.05},{"text":"be","start":7506.05,"end":7506.29},{"text":"a","start":7506.29,"end":7506.37},{"text":"failure","start":7506.37,"end":7507.09},{"text":"to","start":7507.09,"end":7507.29},{"text":"discharge","start":7507.29,"end":7508.05},{"text":"the","start":7508.13,"end":7508.25},{"text":"duty","start":7508.25,"end":7508.93},{"text":"to","start":7509.17,"end":7509.33},{"text":"prevent","start":7509.33,"end":7509.89},{"text":"and","start":7509.89,"end":7510.13},{"text":"suppress","start":7510.13,"end":7510.85},{"text":"breaches","start":7511.05,"end":7511.73},{"text":"of","start":7511.77,"end":7511.97},{"text":"IHL","start":7511.97,"end":7512.77},{"text":"under","start":7513.05,"end":7513.33},{"text":"Article","start":7513.33,"end":7513.81},{"text":"87","start":7513.81,"end":7514.53},{"text":"of","start":7515.45,"end":7515.53},{"text":"AP1.","start":7515.53,"end":7516.77}]},{"text":"Second example under commander responsibility is the use of that weapon.","start":7518.21,"end":7522.61,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"Second","start":7518.21,"end":7518.69},{"text":"example","start":7518.69,"end":7519.25},{"text":"under","start":7519.25,"end":7519.53},{"text":"commander","start":7519.53,"end":7520.01},{"text":"responsibility","start":7520.01,"end":7520.93},{"text":"is","start":7521.17,"end":7521.41},{"text":"the","start":7521.41,"end":7521.53},{"text":"use","start":7521.57,"end":7521.85},{"text":"of","start":7521.85,"end":7521.97},{"text":"that","start":7521.97,"end":7522.13},{"text":"weapon.","start":7522.13,"end":7522.61}]},{"text":"How subordinates, the commander's subordinates, use that weapon also comes under command responsibility.","start":7523.09,"end":7529.89,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"How","start":7523.09,"end":7523.33},{"text":"subordinates,","start":7523.33,"end":7524.21},{"text":"the","start":7524.21,"end":7524.29},{"text":"commander's","start":7524.29,"end":7524.81},{"text":"subordinates,","start":7524.81,"end":7525.41},{"text":"use","start":7525.49,"end":7525.81},{"text":"that","start":7525.81,"end":7525.97},{"text":"weapon","start":7525.97,"end":7526.45},{"text":"also","start":7526.69,"end":7527.09},{"text":"comes","start":7527.09,"end":7527.81},{"text":"under","start":7527.81,"end":7528.09},{"text":"command","start":7528.09,"end":7528.61},{"text":"responsibility.","start":7528.93,"end":7529.89}]},{"text":"And finally, another example is the attack decision itself.","start":7530.97,"end":7534.81,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7530.97,"end":7531.13},{"text":"finally,","start":7531.13,"end":7531.45},{"text":"another","start":7531.45,"end":7531.85},{"text":"example","start":7531.85,"end":7532.49},{"text":"is","start":7532.81,"end":7532.97},{"text":"the","start":7532.97,"end":7533.09},{"text":"attack","start":7533.13,"end":7533.65},{"text":"decision","start":7533.65,"end":7534.25},{"text":"itself.","start":7534.25,"end":7534.81}]},{"text":"Prior to any attack, under Article 57 of AP1, there is an obligation to take feasible precautions.","start":7535.93,"end":7544.57,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"Prior","start":7535.93,"end":7536.33},{"text":"to","start":7536.33,"end":7536.45},{"text":"any","start":7536.65,"end":7536.89},{"text":"attack,","start":7536.89,"end":7537.53},{"text":"under","start":7538.09,"end":7538.33},{"text":"Article","start":7538.33,"end":7538.73},{"text":"57","start":7538.73,"end":7539.57},{"text":"of","start":7539.57,"end":7539.65},{"text":"AP1,","start":7539.65,"end":7540.65},{"text":"there","start":7541.29,"end":7541.49},{"text":"is","start":7541.49,"end":7541.57},{"text":"an","start":7541.57,"end":7541.69},{"text":"obligation","start":7541.69,"end":7542.49},{"text":"to","start":7542.49,"end":7542.69},{"text":"take","start":7542.69,"end":7542.97},{"text":"feasible","start":7543.05,"end":7543.61},{"text":"precautions.","start":7543.61,"end":7544.57}]},{"text":"These are clear examples of control and judgment that's being exercised that exists in the law.","start":7544.97,"end":7551.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":7544.97,"end":7545.13},{"text":"are","start":7545.13,"end":7545.21},{"text":"clear","start":7545.21,"end":7545.49},{"text":"examples","start":7545.49,"end":7546.41},{"text":"of","start":7546.49,"end":7546.97},{"text":"control","start":7547.13,"end":7547.77},{"text":"and","start":7548.17,"end":7548.37},{"text":"judgment","start":7548.37,"end":7548.85},{"text":"that's","start":7548.85,"end":7549.13},{"text":"being","start":7549.13,"end":7549.37},{"text":"exercised","start":7549.37,"end":7550.17},{"text":"that","start":7550.53,"end":7550.73},{"text":"exists","start":7550.73,"end":7551.37},{"text":"in","start":7551.37,"end":7551.53},{"text":"the","start":7551.53,"end":7551.61},{"text":"law.","start":7551.61,"end":7551.97}]},{"text":"And I hope this will be helpful for delegates to reflect upon and perhaps elaborate on what these terms mean.","start":7552.57,"end":7559.37,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7552.57,"end":7552.89},{"text":"I","start":7552.89,"end":7552.97},{"text":"hope","start":7552.97,"end":7553.25},{"text":"this","start":7553.45,"end":7553.69},{"text":"will","start":7553.69,"end":7553.85},{"text":"be","start":7553.85,"end":7554.01},{"text":"helpful","start":7554.01,"end":7554.57},{"text":"for","start":7554.57,"end":7554.73},{"text":"delegates","start":7554.73,"end":7555.21},{"text":"to","start":7555.21,"end":7555.33},{"text":"reflect","start":7555.33,"end":7555.73},{"text":"upon","start":7555.73,"end":7556.09},{"text":"and","start":7556.09,"end":7556.29},{"text":"perhaps","start":7556.29,"end":7556.89},{"text":"elaborate","start":7557.09,"end":7557.69},{"text":"on","start":7557.69,"end":7557.89},{"text":"what","start":7557.89,"end":7558.09},{"text":"these","start":7558.09,"end":7558.49},{"text":"terms","start":7558.73,"end":7559.05},{"text":"mean.","start":7559.05,"end":7559.37}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":7559.45,"end":7559.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7559.45,"end":7559.69},{"text":"you.","start":7559.69,"end":7559.77}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"University of Nottingham","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"University of Nottingham"}},{"statement_number":79,"start":7563.89,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=2:06:04","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the University of Nottingham and look around the room whether there are any, yes, there's one more.","start":7563.89,"end":7573.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7563.89,"end":7564.13},{"text":"thank","start":7564.13,"end":7564.45},{"text":"the","start":7564.45,"end":7564.57},{"text":"distinguished","start":7564.57,"end":7565.21},{"text":"representative","start":7565.21,"end":7565.89},{"text":"of","start":7565.89,"end":7566.05},{"text":"the","start":7566.05,"end":7566.13},{"text":"University","start":7566.13,"end":7566.93},{"text":"of","start":7566.93,"end":7567.17},{"text":"Nottingham","start":7567.25,"end":7568.05},{"text":"and","start":7568.77,"end":7569.21},{"text":"look","start":7569.21,"end":7569.49},{"text":"around","start":7569.57,"end":7570.21},{"text":"the","start":7570.29,"end":7570.41},{"text":"room","start":7570.41,"end":7570.85},{"text":"whether","start":7571.09,"end":7571.45},{"text":"there","start":7571.45,"end":7571.61},{"text":"are","start":7571.61,"end":7571.89},{"text":"any,","start":7571.97,"end":7572.37},{"text":"yes,","start":7572.37,"end":7572.69},{"text":"there's","start":7572.69,"end":7572.97},{"text":"one","start":7572.97,"end":7573.13},{"text":"more.","start":7573.13,"end":7573.57}]},{"text":"It's Utrecht University.","start":7578.05,"end":7579.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":7578.05,"end":7578.45},{"text":"Utrecht","start":7578.53,"end":7579.05},{"text":"University.","start":7579.05,"end":7579.81}]},{"text":"Yes, madam, you have the floor.","start":7580.21,"end":7581.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yes,","start":7580.21,"end":7580.61},{"text":"madam,","start":7580.77,"end":7581.05},{"text":"you","start":7581.05,"end":7581.13},{"text":"have","start":7581.13,"end":7581.25},{"text":"the","start":7581.25,"end":7581.33},{"text":"floor.","start":7581.33,"end":7581.57}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":80,"start":7584.53,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=2:06:25","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":7584.53,"end":7585.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7584.53,"end":7584.61},{"text":"thank","start":7584.61,"end":7584.85},{"text":"you,","start":7584.85,"end":7584.93},{"text":"Mr.","start":7584.93,"end":7585.17},{"text":"Chair.","start":7585.17,"end":7585.49}]},{"text":"I speak today as an international law scholar whose work focuses on the legitimacy of military operations in an age of increasing autonomy.","start":7586.61,"end":7594.05,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"martens-clause-ethics","label":"Martens Clause and Ethical Considerations","description":"Multiple delegations emphasized the importance of the Martens Clause and broader ethical concerns in addressing autonomous weapons. They linked the issue to humanity, public conscience, and the need to preserve human moral judgment in the use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7586.61,"end":7586.69},{"text":"speak","start":7586.69,"end":7587.01},{"text":"today","start":7587.01,"end":7587.29},{"text":"as","start":7587.29,"end":7587.41},{"text":"an","start":7587.41,"end":7587.49},{"text":"international","start":7587.49,"end":7588.09},{"text":"law","start":7588.09,"end":7588.29},{"text":"scholar","start":7588.29,"end":7588.85},{"text":"whose","start":7588.85,"end":7589.01},{"text":"work","start":7589.01,"end":7589.33},{"text":"focuses","start":7589.33,"end":7590.05},{"text":"on","start":7590.05,"end":7590.21},{"text":"the","start":7590.21,"end":7590.29},{"text":"legitimacy","start":7590.29,"end":7590.89},{"text":"of","start":7590.89,"end":7591.01},{"text":"military","start":7591.01,"end":7591.49},{"text":"operations","start":7591.49,"end":7592.37},{"text":"in","start":7592.37,"end":7592.61},{"text":"an","start":7592.61,"end":7592.69},{"text":"age","start":7592.69,"end":7592.89},{"text":"of","start":7592.89,"end":7592.97},{"text":"increasing","start":7592.97,"end":7593.45},{"text":"autonomy.","start":7593.45,"end":7594.05}]},{"text":"My comments now relate to box 2, paragraph 5 of the ruling text, specifically on context-appropriate human judgment and control.","start":7594.85,"end":7601.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":7594.85,"end":7595.01},{"text":"comments","start":7595.01,"end":7595.49},{"text":"now","start":7595.49,"end":7595.65},{"text":"relate","start":7595.65,"end":7595.93},{"text":"to","start":7595.93,"end":7596.01},{"text":"box","start":7596.01,"end":7596.29},{"text":"2,","start":7596.29,"end":7596.61},{"text":"paragraph","start":7596.61,"end":7597.13},{"text":"5","start":7597.13,"end":7597.33},{"text":"of","start":7597.33,"end":7597.41},{"text":"the","start":7597.41,"end":7597.53},{"text":"ruling","start":7597.53,"end":7597.81},{"text":"text,","start":7597.81,"end":7598.13},{"text":"specifically","start":7598.13,"end":7598.85},{"text":"on","start":7598.85,"end":7599.01},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":7599.01,"end":7600.01},{"text":"human","start":7600.01,"end":7600.37},{"text":"judgment","start":7600.37,"end":7600.85},{"text":"and","start":7601.25,"end":7601.41},{"text":"control.","start":7601.41,"end":7601.97}]},{"text":"I will also provide my full written commentary to you and your team for further consideration.","start":7602.61,"end":7606.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7602.61,"end":7602.69},{"text":"will","start":7602.69,"end":7602.81},{"text":"also","start":7602.81,"end":7603.05},{"text":"provide","start":7603.05,"end":7603.41},{"text":"my","start":7603.41,"end":7603.53},{"text":"full","start":7603.53,"end":7603.73},{"text":"written","start":7603.73,"end":7603.97},{"text":"commentary","start":7603.97,"end":7604.45},{"text":"to","start":7604.45,"end":7604.57},{"text":"you","start":7604.57,"end":7604.73},{"text":"and","start":7604.73,"end":7604.85},{"text":"your","start":7604.85,"end":7604.97},{"text":"team","start":7604.97,"end":7605.17},{"text":"for","start":7605.17,"end":7605.33},{"text":"further","start":7605.33,"end":7605.65},{"text":"consideration.","start":7605.65,"end":7606.61}]},{"text":"A useful reference for our discussion is the joint targeting cycle, as highlighted by the distinguished delegate from the ICRC yesterday and others throughout discussions.","start":7607.97,"end":7616.29,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":7607.97,"end":7608.01},{"text":"useful","start":7608.01,"end":7608.37},{"text":"reference","start":7608.37,"end":7608.81},{"text":"for","start":7608.81,"end":7608.93},{"text":"our","start":7608.93,"end":7609.01},{"text":"discussion","start":7609.01,"end":7609.65},{"text":"is","start":7609.65,"end":7609.81},{"text":"the","start":7609.81,"end":7609.89},{"text":"joint","start":7609.89,"end":7610.29},{"text":"targeting","start":7610.29,"end":7610.69},{"text":"cycle,","start":7610.69,"end":7611.17},{"text":"as","start":7611.41,"end":7611.53},{"text":"highlighted","start":7611.53,"end":7611.97},{"text":"by","start":7611.97,"end":7612.13},{"text":"the","start":7612.13,"end":7612.25},{"text":"distinguished","start":7612.25,"end":7612.77},{"text":"delegate","start":7612.77,"end":7613.17},{"text":"from","start":7613.17,"end":7613.33},{"text":"the","start":7613.33,"end":7613.41},{"text":"ICRC","start":7613.41,"end":7614.01},{"text":"yesterday","start":7614.01,"end":7614.61},{"text":"and","start":7614.61,"end":7614.77},{"text":"others","start":7614.77,"end":7615.17},{"text":"throughout","start":7615.17,"end":7615.49},{"text":"discussions.","start":7615.49,"end":7616.29}]},{"text":"the structured process militaries use to select and engage targets.","start":7616.69,"end":7621.49,"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."}],"words":[{"text":"the","start":7616.69,"end":7616.81},{"text":"structured","start":7616.81,"end":7617.41},{"text":"process","start":7617.41,"end":7617.97},{"text":"militaries","start":7617.97,"end":7618.53},{"text":"use","start":7618.53,"end":7618.93},{"text":"to","start":7619.25,"end":7619.37},{"text":"select","start":7619.37,"end":7619.85},{"text":"and","start":7619.85,"end":7619.97},{"text":"engage","start":7619.97,"end":7620.45},{"text":"targets.","start":7620.85,"end":7621.49}]},{"text":"This cycle ensures compliance with legal, ethical, and operational standards, and it highlights where and how decisions about civilian protection, proportionality, and precautions in attack are made.","start":7622.21,"end":7633.49,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7622.21,"end":7622.49},{"text":"cycle","start":7622.49,"end":7622.77},{"text":"ensures","start":7622.77,"end":7623.17},{"text":"compliance","start":7623.17,"end":7623.73},{"text":"with","start":7623.73,"end":7623.89},{"text":"legal,","start":7624.05,"end":7624.45},{"text":"ethical,","start":7624.45,"end":7624.81},{"text":"and","start":7624.81,"end":7624.93},{"text":"operational","start":7624.93,"end":7625.49},{"text":"standards,","start":7625.49,"end":7626.05},{"text":"and","start":7626.05,"end":7626.17},{"text":"it","start":7626.17,"end":7626.25},{"text":"highlights","start":7626.25,"end":7626.73},{"text":"where","start":7626.73,"end":7627.41},{"text":"and","start":7627.65,"end":7627.89},{"text":"how","start":7627.89,"end":7628.37},{"text":"decisions","start":7628.61,"end":7629.17},{"text":"about","start":7629.17,"end":7629.41},{"text":"civilian","start":7629.41,"end":7629.81},{"text":"protection,","start":7629.81,"end":7630.45},{"text":"proportionality,","start":7630.81,"end":7631.73},{"text":"and","start":7631.73,"end":7631.85},{"text":"precautions","start":7631.85,"end":7632.49},{"text":"in","start":7632.49,"end":7632.61},{"text":"attack","start":7632.61,"end":7632.93},{"text":"are","start":7632.93,"end":7633.09},{"text":"made.","start":7633.09,"end":7633.49}]},{"text":"At each stage of this process, commanders must make complex assessments, often under time pressure, balancing military necessity with humanitarian concerns.","start":7634.45,"end":7643.25,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":7634.45,"end":7634.61},{"text":"each","start":7634.61,"end":7634.77},{"text":"stage","start":7634.77,"end":7635.09},{"text":"of","start":7635.09,"end":7635.17},{"text":"this","start":7635.17,"end":7635.33},{"text":"process,","start":7635.33,"end":7635.89},{"text":"commanders","start":7635.89,"end":7636.45},{"text":"must","start":7636.45,"end":7636.77},{"text":"make","start":7636.77,"end":7636.97},{"text":"complex","start":7636.97,"end":7637.45},{"text":"assessments,","start":7637.45,"end":7638.13},{"text":"often","start":7638.13,"end":7638.49},{"text":"under","start":7638.49,"end":7638.77},{"text":"time","start":7638.77,"end":7639.09},{"text":"pressure,","start":7639.09,"end":7639.65},{"text":"balancing","start":7639.89,"end":7640.45},{"text":"military","start":7640.45,"end":7640.85},{"text":"necessity","start":7640.85,"end":7641.41},{"text":"with","start":7641.41,"end":7641.57},{"text":"humanitarian","start":7641.57,"end":7642.45},{"text":"concerns.","start":7642.45,"end":7643.25}]},{"text":"These judgments are not purely objective or mechanical.","start":7643.89,"end":7646.93,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":7643.89,"end":7644.13},{"text":"judgments","start":7644.13,"end":7644.61},{"text":"are","start":7644.61,"end":7644.69},{"text":"not","start":7644.69,"end":7644.85},{"text":"purely","start":7644.85,"end":7645.33},{"text":"objective","start":7645.33,"end":7645.97},{"text":"or","start":7645.97,"end":7646.13},{"text":"mechanical.","start":7646.13,"end":7646.93}]},{"text":"IHL acknowledges that proportionality is inherently context dependent and requires a commander's common sense, experience and good faith.","start":7647.57,"end":7656.65,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"IHL","start":7647.57,"end":7648.17},{"text":"acknowledges","start":7648.17,"end":7649.01},{"text":"that","start":7649.01,"end":7649.17},{"text":"proportionality","start":7649.17,"end":7650.05},{"text":"is","start":7650.05,"end":7650.21},{"text":"inherently","start":7650.21,"end":7650.93},{"text":"context","start":7651.09,"end":7651.69},{"text":"dependent","start":7651.69,"end":7652.25},{"text":"and","start":7652.29,"end":7652.49},{"text":"requires","start":7652.49,"end":7653.17},{"text":"a","start":7653.17,"end":7653.21},{"text":"commander's","start":7653.21,"end":7653.85},{"text":"common","start":7653.85,"end":7654.13},{"text":"sense,","start":7654.13,"end":7654.53},{"text":"experience","start":7655.01,"end":7655.81},{"text":"and","start":7655.89,"end":7656.09},{"text":"good","start":7656.09,"end":7656.29},{"text":"faith.","start":7656.29,"end":7656.65}]},{"text":"This is captured, of course, in the reasonable military commander standard as raised by the esteemed delegate from Ukraine earlier this morning.","start":7657.41,"end":7664.29,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7657.41,"end":7657.57},{"text":"is","start":7657.57,"end":7657.73},{"text":"captured,","start":7657.73,"end":7658.25},{"text":"of","start":7658.25,"end":7658.37},{"text":"course,","start":7658.37,"end":7658.65},{"text":"in","start":7658.65,"end":7658.77},{"text":"the","start":7658.77,"end":7658.85},{"text":"reasonable","start":7658.85,"end":7659.33},{"text":"military","start":7659.33,"end":7659.73},{"text":"commander","start":7659.73,"end":7660.13},{"text":"standard","start":7660.13,"end":7660.61},{"text":"as","start":7660.93,"end":7661.17},{"text":"raised","start":7661.17,"end":7661.57},{"text":"by","start":7661.57,"end":7661.69},{"text":"the","start":7661.77,"end":7661.85},{"text":"esteemed","start":7661.85,"end":7662.17},{"text":"delegate","start":7662.17,"end":7662.57},{"text":"from","start":7662.57,"end":7662.77},{"text":"Ukraine","start":7662.77,"end":7663.17},{"text":"earlier","start":7663.17,"end":7663.57},{"text":"this","start":7663.57,"end":7663.81},{"text":"morning.","start":7663.81,"end":7664.29}]},{"text":"The standard recognizes that decisions during armed conflict involve uncertainty and subjectivity, but it also sets clear legal and ethical boundaries.","start":7664.93,"end":7673.41,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7664.93,"end":7665.05},{"text":"standard","start":7665.09,"end":7665.49},{"text":"recognizes","start":7665.49,"end":7666.37},{"text":"that","start":7666.37,"end":7666.53},{"text":"decisions","start":7666.53,"end":7667.05},{"text":"during","start":7667.05,"end":7667.33},{"text":"armed","start":7667.33,"end":7667.49},{"text":"conflict","start":7667.49,"end":7667.97},{"text":"involve","start":7667.97,"end":7668.37},{"text":"uncertainty","start":7668.37,"end":7668.97},{"text":"and","start":7668.97,"end":7669.13},{"text":"subjectivity,","start":7669.13,"end":7669.97},{"text":"but","start":7670.53,"end":7670.69},{"text":"it","start":7670.69,"end":7670.85},{"text":"also","start":7670.85,"end":7671.17},{"text":"sets","start":7671.21,"end":7671.49},{"text":"clear","start":7671.49,"end":7671.89},{"text":"legal","start":7671.89,"end":7672.13},{"text":"and","start":7672.13,"end":7672.29},{"text":"ethical","start":7672.29,"end":7672.61},{"text":"boundaries.","start":7672.61,"end":7673.41}]},{"text":"Importantly, no algorithm, checklist, or technical tool can replace this kind of human judgment or control.","start":7673.89,"end":7681.01,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Importantly,","start":7673.89,"end":7674.85},{"text":"no","start":7675.17,"end":7675.49},{"text":"algorithm,","start":7675.49,"end":7676.21},{"text":"checklist,","start":7676.61,"end":7677.17},{"text":"or","start":7677.17,"end":7677.25},{"text":"technical","start":7677.25,"end":7677.73},{"text":"tool","start":7677.73,"end":7677.97},{"text":"can","start":7677.97,"end":7678.13},{"text":"replace","start":7678.13,"end":7678.69},{"text":"this","start":7678.69,"end":7679.01},{"text":"kind","start":7679.01,"end":7679.29},{"text":"of","start":7679.29,"end":7679.41},{"text":"human","start":7679.41,"end":7679.81},{"text":"judgment","start":7679.81,"end":7680.29},{"text":"or","start":7680.29,"end":7680.37},{"text":"control.","start":7680.37,"end":7681.01}]},{"text":"They can support decision-making, but ultimate responsibility and accountability, as outlined in later discussions, specifically referencing box 5 text, rests with humans.","start":7681.73,"end":7692.05,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":7681.73,"end":7681.81},{"text":"can","start":7681.81,"end":7682.05},{"text":"support","start":7682.05,"end":7682.49},{"text":"decision-making,","start":7682.49,"end":7683.41},{"text":"but","start":7683.73,"end":7683.89},{"text":"ultimate","start":7683.89,"end":7684.37},{"text":"responsibility","start":7684.37,"end":7685.17},{"text":"and","start":7685.17,"end":7685.29},{"text":"accountability,","start":7685.29,"end":7686.21},{"text":"as","start":7686.21,"end":7686.37},{"text":"outlined","start":7686.37,"end":7686.81},{"text":"in","start":7686.81,"end":7686.93},{"text":"later","start":7686.93,"end":7687.21},{"text":"discussions,","start":7687.21,"end":7687.77},{"text":"specifically","start":7687.77,"end":7688.45},{"text":"referencing","start":7688.45,"end":7689.01},{"text":"box","start":7689.01,"end":7689.37},{"text":"5","start":7689.37,"end":7689.69},{"text":"text,","start":7689.69,"end":7690.21},{"text":"rests","start":7690.53,"end":7691.09},{"text":"with","start":7691.17,"end":7691.41},{"text":"humans.","start":7691.41,"end":7692.05}]},{"text":"Why is this so crucial for work on lethal autonomous weapons systems?","start":7692.85,"end":7696.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Why","start":7692.85,"end":7693.17},{"text":"is","start":7693.17,"end":7693.33},{"text":"this","start":7693.33,"end":7693.53},{"text":"so","start":7693.53,"end":7693.65},{"text":"crucial","start":7693.65,"end":7694.05},{"text":"for","start":7694.05,"end":7694.21},{"text":"work","start":7694.21,"end":7694.53},{"text":"on","start":7694.53,"end":7694.85},{"text":"lethal","start":7694.93,"end":7695.29},{"text":"autonomous","start":7695.29,"end":7695.73},{"text":"weapons","start":7695.73,"end":7696.09},{"text":"systems?","start":7696.09,"end":7696.61}]},{"text":"Because proportionality is not just a matter of calculating civilian deaths or damage in a quantifiable way.","start":7697.33,"end":7703.33,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Because","start":7697.33,"end":7697.65},{"text":"proportionality","start":7697.65,"end":7698.45},{"text":"is","start":7698.45,"end":7698.53},{"text":"not","start":7698.53,"end":7698.77},{"text":"just","start":7698.77,"end":7699.05},{"text":"a","start":7699.05,"end":7699.09},{"text":"matter","start":7699.09,"end":7699.37},{"text":"of","start":7699.37,"end":7699.49},{"text":"calculating","start":7699.49,"end":7700.13},{"text":"civilian","start":7700.13,"end":7700.53},{"text":"deaths","start":7700.53,"end":7700.85},{"text":"or","start":7700.85,"end":7701.01},{"text":"damage","start":7701.01,"end":7701.41},{"text":"in","start":7701.41,"end":7701.65},{"text":"a","start":7702.09,"end":7702.13},{"text":"quantifiable","start":7702.13,"end":7702.93},{"text":"way.","start":7702.93,"end":7703.33}]},{"text":"It also includes injuries, displacement, destruction of infrastructure and livelihoods, even harm to culture and environmental assets.","start":7703.89,"end":7712.29,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":7703.89,"end":7704.01},{"text":"also","start":7704.01,"end":7704.25},{"text":"includes","start":7704.25,"end":7704.85},{"text":"injuries,","start":7705.17,"end":7705.73},{"text":"displacement,","start":7705.73,"end":7706.49},{"text":"destruction","start":7706.49,"end":7707.13},{"text":"of","start":7707.13,"end":7707.25},{"text":"infrastructure","start":7707.25,"end":7708.25},{"text":"and","start":7708.25,"end":7708.45},{"text":"livelihoods,","start":7708.45,"end":7709.17},{"text":"even","start":7709.57,"end":7709.81},{"text":"harm","start":7709.81,"end":7710.05},{"text":"to","start":7710.05,"end":7710.13},{"text":"culture","start":7710.13,"end":7710.57},{"text":"and","start":7710.57,"end":7710.69},{"text":"environmental","start":7710.69,"end":7711.57},{"text":"assets.","start":7711.65,"end":7712.29}]},{"text":"These are not reducible to data points.","start":7712.69,"end":7715.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":7712.69,"end":7712.85},{"text":"are","start":7712.85,"end":7712.93},{"text":"not","start":7712.93,"end":7713.41},{"text":"reducible","start":7713.41,"end":7713.97},{"text":"to","start":7713.97,"end":7714.13},{"text":"data","start":7714.13,"end":7714.45},{"text":"points.","start":7714.45,"end":7715.01}]},{"text":"They demand qualitative reasoning, analogies with past cases, and moral judgment.","start":7715.57,"end":7720.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"They","start":7715.57,"end":7715.73},{"text":"demand","start":7715.73,"end":7716.21},{"text":"qualitative","start":7716.21,"end":7716.93},{"text":"reasoning,","start":7716.93,"end":7717.57},{"text":"analogies","start":7717.97,"end":7718.57},{"text":"with","start":7718.57,"end":7718.69},{"text":"past","start":7718.69,"end":7719.01},{"text":"cases,","start":7719.01,"end":7719.53},{"text":"and","start":7719.53,"end":7719.69},{"text":"moral","start":7719.69,"end":7719.97},{"text":"judgment.","start":7719.97,"end":7720.69}]},{"text":"In practice, this means military training must prepare personnel not to apply rigid computational thresholds, but reason through difficult proportionality assessments, always with the aim of minimizing civilian harm while enabling legitimate military action.","start":7721.41,"end":7736.21,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7721.41,"end":7721.57},{"text":"practice,","start":7721.57,"end":7722.05},{"text":"this","start":7722.05,"end":7722.21},{"text":"means","start":7722.21,"end":7722.45},{"text":"military","start":7722.45,"end":7722.93},{"text":"training","start":7722.93,"end":7723.25},{"text":"must","start":7723.25,"end":7723.53},{"text":"prepare","start":7723.53,"end":7723.89},{"text":"personnel","start":7723.89,"end":7724.37},{"text":"not","start":7724.37,"end":7725.05},{"text":"to","start":7725.05,"end":7725.17},{"text":"apply","start":7725.17,"end":7725.41},{"text":"rigid","start":7725.41,"end":7725.73},{"text":"computational","start":7725.73,"end":7726.53},{"text":"thresholds,","start":7726.53,"end":7727.17},{"text":"but","start":7727.49,"end":7727.65},{"text":"reason","start":7727.65,"end":7728.13},{"text":"through","start":7728.13,"end":7728.37},{"text":"difficult","start":7728.37,"end":7728.81},{"text":"proportionality","start":7728.81,"end":7729.57},{"text":"assessments,","start":7729.57,"end":7730.21},{"text":"always","start":7730.61,"end":7731.09},{"text":"with","start":7731.09,"end":7731.21},{"text":"the","start":7731.21,"end":7731.29},{"text":"aim","start":7731.33,"end":7731.73},{"text":"of","start":7731.73,"end":7731.89},{"text":"minimizing","start":7731.89,"end":7732.45},{"text":"civilian","start":7732.45,"end":7732.85},{"text":"harm","start":7732.85,"end":7733.25},{"text":"while","start":7733.45,"end":7733.69},{"text":"enabling","start":7733.69,"end":7734.29},{"text":"legitimate","start":7734.29,"end":7734.85},{"text":"military","start":7734.85,"end":7735.57},{"text":"action.","start":7735.57,"end":7736.21}]},{"text":"As autonomy increases in target development, prioritization, and execution, the discussions here and in other fora reflect that human decision makers must retain cognitive autonomy over targeting decisions.","start":7737.01,"end":7750.93,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":7737.01,"end":7737.17},{"text":"autonomy","start":7737.17,"end":7737.65},{"text":"increases","start":7737.65,"end":7738.21},{"text":"in","start":7738.21,"end":7738.29},{"text":"target","start":7738.29,"end":7738.77},{"text":"development,","start":7738.77,"end":7739.25},{"text":"prioritization,","start":7739.25,"end":7740.37},{"text":"and","start":7740.53,"end":7740.65},{"text":"execution,","start":7740.69,"end":7741.57},{"text":"the","start":7742.05,"end":7742.49},{"text":"discussions","start":7742.77,"end":7743.41},{"text":"here","start":7743.41,"end":7743.77},{"text":"and","start":7743.77,"end":7743.97},{"text":"in","start":7744.05,"end":7744.29},{"text":"other","start":7744.29,"end":7744.53},{"text":"fora","start":7744.53,"end":7745.01},{"text":"reflect","start":7745.25,"end":7745.81},{"text":"that","start":7746.13,"end":7746.29},{"text":"human","start":7746.29,"end":7746.65},{"text":"decision","start":7746.65,"end":7747.05},{"text":"makers","start":7747.05,"end":7747.41},{"text":"must","start":7747.41,"end":7747.73},{"text":"retain","start":7747.73,"end":7748.13},{"text":"cognitive","start":7748.13,"end":7748.77},{"text":"autonomy","start":7748.77,"end":7749.41},{"text":"over","start":7749.41,"end":7749.73},{"text":"targeting","start":7749.73,"end":7750.21},{"text":"decisions.","start":7750.21,"end":7750.93}]},{"text":"Context appropriate human judgment and control as the formulation discussed today is not an optional extra.","start":7751.61,"end":7758.13,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Context","start":7751.61,"end":7752.13},{"text":"appropriate","start":7752.13,"end":7752.65},{"text":"human","start":7752.65,"end":7753.01},{"text":"judgment","start":7753.01,"end":7753.45},{"text":"and","start":7753.45,"end":7753.57},{"text":"control","start":7753.57,"end":7754.09},{"text":"as","start":7754.09,"end":7754.25},{"text":"the","start":7754.25,"end":7754.33},{"text":"formulation","start":7754.33,"end":7755.21},{"text":"discussed","start":7755.49,"end":7755.97},{"text":"today","start":7755.97,"end":7756.41},{"text":"is","start":7756.73,"end":7756.97},{"text":"not","start":7756.97,"end":7757.09},{"text":"an","start":7757.09,"end":7757.29},{"text":"optional","start":7757.29,"end":7757.73},{"text":"extra.","start":7757.73,"end":7758.13}]},{"text":"It is the legal, ethical and operational backbone of responsible conduct in war.","start":7758.13,"end":7763.13,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":7758.13,"end":7758.25},{"text":"is","start":7758.49,"end":7758.73},{"text":"the","start":7758.73,"end":7758.89},{"text":"legal,","start":7758.89,"end":7759.29},{"text":"ethical","start":7759.37,"end":7759.81},{"text":"and","start":7759.81,"end":7760.01},{"text":"operational","start":7760.01,"end":7760.69},{"text":"backbone","start":7760.69,"end":7761.37},{"text":"of","start":7761.37,"end":7761.45},{"text":"responsible","start":7761.45,"end":7762.09},{"text":"conduct","start":7762.09,"end":7762.57},{"text":"in","start":7762.57,"end":7762.73},{"text":"war.","start":7762.73,"end":7763.13}]},{"text":"In conclusion, Mr. Chair, I urge that work on Box 2 clearly affirms that context appropriate human judgment and control must remain central within the joint targeting cycle.","start":7764.01,"end":7773.21,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7764.01,"end":7764.17},{"text":"conclusion,","start":7764.17,"end":7764.73},{"text":"Mr.","start":7764.73,"end":7764.97},{"text":"Chair,","start":7764.97,"end":7765.37},{"text":"I","start":7765.37,"end":7765.45},{"text":"urge","start":7765.45,"end":7765.69},{"text":"that","start":7765.69,"end":7765.93},{"text":"work","start":7766.01,"end":7766.33},{"text":"on","start":7766.33,"end":7766.49},{"text":"Box","start":7766.49,"end":7766.85},{"text":"2","start":7766.85,"end":7767.05},{"text":"clearly","start":7767.05,"end":7767.45},{"text":"affirms","start":7767.45,"end":7767.81},{"text":"that","start":7767.81,"end":7768.01},{"text":"context","start":7768.01,"end":7768.49},{"text":"appropriate","start":7768.49,"end":7769.05},{"text":"human","start":7769.05,"end":7769.29},{"text":"judgment","start":7769.29,"end":7769.69},{"text":"and","start":7769.69,"end":7769.81},{"text":"control","start":7769.81,"end":7770.17},{"text":"must","start":7770.17,"end":7770.49},{"text":"remain","start":7770.49,"end":7770.73},{"text":"central","start":7770.73,"end":7771.29},{"text":"within","start":7771.61,"end":7771.93},{"text":"the","start":7771.93,"end":7772.01},{"text":"joint","start":7772.01,"end":7772.29},{"text":"targeting","start":7772.29,"end":7772.65},{"text":"cycle.","start":7772.65,"end":7773.21}]},{"text":"Technology can assist, but it must never displace the responsibility of the human commander.","start":7773.69,"end":7778.65,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}],"words":[{"text":"Technology","start":7773.69,"end":7774.33},{"text":"can","start":7774.33,"end":7774.49},{"text":"assist,","start":7774.49,"end":7774.97},{"text":"but","start":7774.97,"end":7775.37},{"text":"it","start":7775.53,"end":7775.69},{"text":"must","start":7775.69,"end":7775.93},{"text":"never","start":7775.93,"end":7776.17},{"text":"displace","start":7776.17,"end":7776.73},{"text":"the","start":7776.73,"end":7776.85},{"text":"responsibility","start":7776.85,"end":7777.57},{"text":"of","start":7777.57,"end":7777.65},{"text":"the","start":7777.65,"end":7777.73},{"text":"human","start":7777.73,"end":7778.01},{"text":"commander.","start":7778.01,"end":7778.65}]},{"text":"I thank you for your attention, and again, I will provide the full written intervention for the Chair and your teams for their consideration.","start":7779.25,"end":7785.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7779.25,"end":7779.29},{"text":"thank","start":7779.29,"end":7779.49},{"text":"you","start":7779.49,"end":7779.57},{"text":"for","start":7779.57,"end":7779.69},{"text":"your","start":7779.69,"end":7779.81},{"text":"attention,","start":7779.81,"end":7780.17},{"text":"and","start":7780.17,"end":7780.33},{"text":"again,","start":7780.33,"end":7780.61},{"text":"I","start":7780.61,"end":7780.65},{"text":"will","start":7780.65,"end":7780.77},{"text":"provide","start":7780.77,"end":7781.17},{"text":"the","start":7781.17,"end":7781.29},{"text":"full","start":7781.29,"end":7781.57},{"text":"written","start":7781.57,"end":7781.81},{"text":"intervention","start":7781.81,"end":7782.53},{"text":"for","start":7782.77,"end":7782.93},{"text":"the","start":7782.93,"end":7783.05},{"text":"Chair","start":7783.05,"end":7783.57},{"text":"and","start":7783.57,"end":7783.73},{"text":"your","start":7783.73,"end":7783.89},{"text":"teams","start":7783.89,"end":7784.53},{"text":"for","start":7784.53,"end":7784.77},{"text":"their","start":7784.77,"end":7784.93},{"text":"consideration.","start":7784.93,"end":7785.65}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":7785.73,"end":7786.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7785.73,"end":7785.97},{"text":"you.","start":7785.97,"end":7786.09}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"Utrecht University","group":null,"function":"International law scholar","affiliation_full":"Utrecht University"}},{"statement_number":81,"start":7787.45,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=2:09:48","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank you for that also.","start":7787.45,"end":7788.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":7787.45,"end":7787.57},{"text":"me","start":7787.57,"end":7787.73},{"text":"thank","start":7787.73,"end":7787.89},{"text":"you","start":7787.89,"end":7788.05},{"text":"for","start":7788.05,"end":7788.17},{"text":"that","start":7788.17,"end":7788.37},{"text":"also.","start":7788.37,"end":7788.77}]},{"text":"Next on my list is APILS.","start":7789.25,"end":7792.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":7789.25,"end":7789.81},{"text":"on","start":7789.81,"end":7789.97},{"text":"my","start":7789.97,"end":7790.37},{"text":"list","start":7790.37,"end":7790.77},{"text":"is","start":7790.77,"end":7791.09},{"text":"APILS.","start":7791.73,"end":7792.85}]},{"text":"You have the floor, sir.","start":7792.85,"end":7793.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":7792.85,"end":7793.01},{"text":"have","start":7793.01,"end":7793.17},{"text":"the","start":7793.21,"end":7793.33},{"text":"floor,","start":7793.33,"end":7793.57},{"text":"sir.","start":7793.57,"end":7793.73}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":82,"start":7796.45,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=2:09:57","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chair.","start":7796.45,"end":7797.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7796.45,"end":7796.61},{"text":"you","start":7796.61,"end":7796.69},{"text":"very","start":7796.69,"end":7796.89},{"text":"much,","start":7796.89,"end":7797.25},{"text":"Chair.","start":7797.25,"end":7797.53}]},{"text":"We think that in box 2, paragraphs 1 through 3 appropriately reflect principles derived from existing law and earlier consensus views of the group.","start":7798.33,"end":7808.81,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7798.33,"end":7798.57},{"text":"think","start":7798.57,"end":7798.81},{"text":"that","start":7798.81,"end":7798.97},{"text":"in","start":7798.97,"end":7799.13},{"text":"box","start":7799.13,"end":7799.45},{"text":"2,","start":7799.45,"end":7799.61},{"text":"paragraphs","start":7799.61,"end":7800.25},{"text":"1","start":7800.25,"end":7800.73},{"text":"through","start":7800.73,"end":7801.13},{"text":"3","start":7801.13,"end":7801.61},{"text":"appropriately","start":7801.61,"end":7802.41},{"text":"reflect","start":7802.41,"end":7802.93},{"text":"principles","start":7802.93,"end":7803.61},{"text":"derived","start":7803.61,"end":7804.17},{"text":"from","start":7804.17,"end":7804.49},{"text":"existing","start":7804.49,"end":7804.97},{"text":"law","start":7804.97,"end":7805.37},{"text":"and","start":7805.69,"end":7806.09},{"text":"earlier","start":7806.13,"end":7806.73},{"text":"consensus","start":7807.05,"end":7807.69},{"text":"views","start":7807.69,"end":7808.09},{"text":"of","start":7808.13,"end":7808.25},{"text":"the","start":7808.25,"end":7808.41},{"text":"group.","start":7808.41,"end":7808.81}]},{"text":"We also very much support the way in which the Martens clause has been retained in paragraph 4.","start":7809.37,"end":7814.57,"topics":[{"key":"martens-clause-ethics","label":"Martens Clause and Ethical Considerations","description":"Multiple delegations emphasized the importance of the Martens Clause and broader ethical concerns in addressing autonomous weapons. They linked the issue to humanity, public conscience, and the need to preserve human moral judgment in the use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7809.37,"end":7809.57},{"text":"also","start":7809.57,"end":7809.85},{"text":"very","start":7809.85,"end":7810.05},{"text":"much","start":7810.05,"end":7810.25},{"text":"support","start":7810.25,"end":7810.77},{"text":"the","start":7810.77,"end":7810.89},{"text":"way","start":7810.89,"end":7811.09},{"text":"in","start":7811.09,"end":7811.17},{"text":"which","start":7811.17,"end":7811.45},{"text":"the","start":7811.45,"end":7811.53},{"text":"Martens","start":7811.53,"end":7812.09},{"text":"clause","start":7812.09,"end":7812.41},{"text":"has","start":7812.41,"end":7812.57},{"text":"been","start":7812.57,"end":7812.81},{"text":"retained","start":7812.81,"end":7813.37},{"text":"in","start":7813.37,"end":7813.53},{"text":"paragraph","start":7813.53,"end":7814.21},{"text":"4.","start":7814.21,"end":7814.57}]},{"text":"Paragraph 5 reflects, of course, the critical point that legal compliance in the use of laws requires some kind of human-machine interaction.","start":7815.93,"end":7824.17,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":7815.93,"end":7816.37},{"text":"5","start":7816.37,"end":7816.61},{"text":"reflects,","start":7816.61,"end":7817.05},{"text":"of","start":7817.05,"end":7817.13},{"text":"course,","start":7817.13,"end":7817.45},{"text":"the","start":7817.45,"end":7817.53},{"text":"critical","start":7817.53,"end":7818.09},{"text":"point","start":7818.09,"end":7818.73},{"text":"that","start":7818.73,"end":7818.97},{"text":"legal","start":7818.97,"end":7819.29},{"text":"compliance","start":7819.29,"end":7820.01},{"text":"in","start":7820.01,"end":7820.17},{"text":"the","start":7820.17,"end":7820.29},{"text":"use","start":7820.29,"end":7820.65},{"text":"of","start":7820.65,"end":7820.73},{"text":"laws","start":7820.73,"end":7821.29},{"text":"requires","start":7821.29,"end":7821.93},{"text":"some","start":7821.93,"end":7822.25},{"text":"kind","start":7822.25,"end":7822.65},{"text":"of","start":7822.65,"end":7822.73},{"text":"human-machine","start":7822.73,"end":7823.41},{"text":"interaction.","start":7823.41,"end":7824.17}]},{"text":"And to capture that interaction, it introduces the concept of context-appropriate human judgment and control, which is later reflected in box 3, para 6, and box 4, para 2.","start":7824.85,"end":7836.81,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7824.85,"end":7825.01},{"text":"to","start":7825.01,"end":7825.09},{"text":"capture","start":7825.09,"end":7825.53},{"text":"that","start":7825.53,"end":7825.65},{"text":"interaction,","start":7825.65,"end":7826.25},{"text":"it","start":7826.25,"end":7826.41},{"text":"introduces","start":7826.41,"end":7827.21},{"text":"the","start":7827.21,"end":7827.37},{"text":"concept","start":7827.37,"end":7827.85},{"text":"of","start":7827.85,"end":7828.09},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":7828.33,"end":7829.37},{"text":"human","start":7829.37,"end":7829.69},{"text":"judgment","start":7829.69,"end":7830.17},{"text":"and","start":7830.17,"end":7830.33},{"text":"control,","start":7830.33,"end":7830.89},{"text":"which","start":7831.33,"end":7831.65},{"text":"is","start":7831.65,"end":7831.77},{"text":"later","start":7831.77,"end":7832.29},{"text":"reflected","start":7832.29,"end":7832.89},{"text":"in","start":7832.89,"end":7833.05},{"text":"box","start":7833.05,"end":7833.37},{"text":"3,","start":7833.37,"end":7833.69},{"text":"para","start":7833.69,"end":7834.09},{"text":"6,","start":7834.09,"end":7834.65},{"text":"and","start":7834.65,"end":7834.93},{"text":"box","start":7834.93,"end":7835.37},{"text":"4,","start":7835.37,"end":7835.85},{"text":"para","start":7835.85,"end":7836.25},{"text":"2.","start":7836.25,"end":7836.81}]},{"text":"We believe that it is helpful to think here, as a number of delegations have already done, about the relationship between these different parts of the rolling text.","start":7838.09,"end":7847.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7838.09,"end":7838.33},{"text":"believe","start":7838.33,"end":7838.69},{"text":"that","start":7838.69,"end":7838.81},{"text":"it","start":7838.81,"end":7838.89},{"text":"is","start":7838.89,"end":7839.05},{"text":"helpful","start":7839.05,"end":7839.53},{"text":"to","start":7839.53,"end":7839.69},{"text":"think","start":7839.69,"end":7840.01},{"text":"here,","start":7840.01,"end":7840.21},{"text":"as","start":7840.21,"end":7840.45},{"text":"a","start":7840.45,"end":7840.49},{"text":"number","start":7840.49,"end":7841.01},{"text":"of","start":7841.01,"end":7841.09},{"text":"delegations","start":7841.09,"end":7841.77},{"text":"have","start":7841.77,"end":7841.93},{"text":"already","start":7841.93,"end":7842.37},{"text":"done,","start":7842.37,"end":7842.73},{"text":"about","start":7842.89,"end":7843.29},{"text":"the","start":7843.29,"end":7843.37},{"text":"relationship","start":7843.37,"end":7844.21},{"text":"between","start":7844.21,"end":7844.73},{"text":"these","start":7844.81,"end":7845.21},{"text":"different","start":7845.21,"end":7845.61},{"text":"parts","start":7845.61,"end":7846.09},{"text":"of","start":7846.09,"end":7846.25},{"text":"the","start":7846.25,"end":7846.33},{"text":"rolling","start":7846.33,"end":7846.81},{"text":"text.","start":7846.81,"end":7847.29}]},{"text":"On our reading, paragraph 5 here reflects the objective of having context-appropriate human judgment and control, namely ensuring legal compliance.","start":7848.21,"end":7858.21,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":7848.21,"end":7848.45},{"text":"our","start":7848.45,"end":7848.81},{"text":"reading,","start":7848.81,"end":7849.09},{"text":"paragraph","start":7849.09,"end":7849.69},{"text":"5","start":7849.69,"end":7850.05},{"text":"here","start":7850.05,"end":7850.41},{"text":"reflects","start":7850.41,"end":7850.85},{"text":"the","start":7850.85,"end":7851.05},{"text":"objective","start":7851.05,"end":7851.81},{"text":"of","start":7851.89,"end":7852.05},{"text":"having","start":7852.05,"end":7852.53},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":7852.53,"end":7853.73},{"text":"human","start":7853.73,"end":7854.05},{"text":"judgment","start":7854.05,"end":7854.49},{"text":"and","start":7854.49,"end":7854.61},{"text":"control,","start":7854.61,"end":7855.25},{"text":"namely","start":7855.57,"end":7856.29},{"text":"ensuring","start":7856.45,"end":7857.09},{"text":"legal","start":7857.09,"end":7857.41},{"text":"compliance.","start":7857.41,"end":7858.21}]},{"text":"Box 3, paragraph 6, on the other hand, outlines the practical measures for ensuring such judgment and control.","start":7859.25,"end":7865.97,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."}],"words":[{"text":"Box","start":7859.25,"end":7859.65},{"text":"3,","start":7859.65,"end":7859.89},{"text":"paragraph","start":7859.89,"end":7860.37},{"text":"6,","start":7860.37,"end":7860.81},{"text":"on","start":7860.81,"end":7860.93},{"text":"the","start":7860.93,"end":7861.05},{"text":"other","start":7861.05,"end":7861.25},{"text":"hand,","start":7861.25,"end":7861.49},{"text":"outlines","start":7861.57,"end":7862.05},{"text":"the","start":7862.05,"end":7862.17},{"text":"practical","start":7862.17,"end":7862.77},{"text":"measures","start":7862.77,"end":7863.41},{"text":"for","start":7863.57,"end":7863.77},{"text":"ensuring","start":7863.77,"end":7864.45},{"text":"such","start":7864.45,"end":7864.77},{"text":"judgment","start":7864.77,"end":7865.25},{"text":"and","start":7865.25,"end":7865.41},{"text":"control.","start":7865.41,"end":7865.97}]},{"text":"Seen in this way, the concept of context-appropriate human judgment and control serves as a linkage between compliance with the law on the one hand and the various practical measures on the other hand.","start":7866.69,"end":7877.49,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."}],"words":[{"text":"Seen","start":7866.69,"end":7867.09},{"text":"in","start":7867.09,"end":7867.17},{"text":"this","start":7867.17,"end":7867.41},{"text":"way,","start":7867.41,"end":7867.65},{"text":"the","start":7867.65,"end":7867.73},{"text":"concept","start":7867.73,"end":7868.29},{"text":"of","start":7868.29,"end":7868.37},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":7868.37,"end":7869.45},{"text":"human","start":7869.45,"end":7869.73},{"text":"judgment","start":7869.73,"end":7870.13},{"text":"and","start":7870.13,"end":7870.25},{"text":"control","start":7870.25,"end":7870.93},{"text":"serves","start":7871.17,"end":7871.61},{"text":"as","start":7871.61,"end":7871.73},{"text":"a","start":7871.73,"end":7871.77},{"text":"linkage","start":7871.77,"end":7872.37},{"text":"between","start":7872.37,"end":7872.93},{"text":"compliance","start":7872.93,"end":7873.57},{"text":"with","start":7873.57,"end":7873.73},{"text":"the","start":7873.73,"end":7873.81},{"text":"law","start":7873.81,"end":7874.01},{"text":"on","start":7874.01,"end":7874.13},{"text":"the","start":7874.13,"end":7874.21},{"text":"one","start":7874.21,"end":7874.53},{"text":"hand","start":7874.53,"end":7874.93},{"text":"and","start":7875.17,"end":7875.37},{"text":"the","start":7875.37,"end":7875.45},{"text":"various","start":7875.45,"end":7875.81},{"text":"practical","start":7875.81,"end":7876.29},{"text":"measures","start":7876.29,"end":7876.65},{"text":"on","start":7876.65,"end":7876.77},{"text":"the","start":7876.77,"end":7876.89},{"text":"other","start":7876.89,"end":7877.09},{"text":"hand.","start":7877.09,"end":7877.49}]},{"text":"With that in mind, we also support retaining that language here or in a separate box as proposed by the Ukrainian delegation.","start":7878.09,"end":7885.93,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":7878.09,"end":7878.41},{"text":"that","start":7878.41,"end":7878.65},{"text":"in","start":7878.65,"end":7878.81},{"text":"mind,","start":7878.81,"end":7879.21},{"text":"we","start":7879.21,"end":7879.37},{"text":"also","start":7879.37,"end":7879.81},{"text":"support","start":7879.81,"end":7880.17},{"text":"retaining","start":7880.17,"end":7880.73},{"text":"that","start":7880.73,"end":7880.97},{"text":"language","start":7880.97,"end":7881.37},{"text":"here","start":7881.37,"end":7881.85},{"text":"or","start":7882.17,"end":7882.49},{"text":"in","start":7882.49,"end":7882.61},{"text":"a","start":7882.61,"end":7882.65},{"text":"separate","start":7882.65,"end":7883.17},{"text":"box","start":7883.17,"end":7883.53},{"text":"as","start":7883.53,"end":7883.77},{"text":"proposed","start":7883.77,"end":7884.41},{"text":"by","start":7884.41,"end":7884.65},{"text":"the","start":7884.65,"end":7884.77},{"text":"Ukrainian","start":7884.77,"end":7885.29},{"text":"delegation.","start":7885.29,"end":7885.93}]},{"text":"Concerns have been expressed about the redundancy of referring to both control and judgment and the relationship between these two concepts.","start":7887.05,"end":7896.17,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Concerns","start":7887.05,"end":7887.93},{"text":"have","start":7887.93,"end":7888.13},{"text":"been","start":7888.13,"end":7888.25},{"text":"expressed","start":7888.25,"end":7888.97},{"text":"about","start":7888.97,"end":7889.29},{"text":"the","start":7889.29,"end":7889.37},{"text":"redundancy","start":7889.37,"end":7890.21},{"text":"of","start":7890.21,"end":7890.33},{"text":"referring","start":7890.33,"end":7890.89},{"text":"to","start":7890.89,"end":7891.05},{"text":"both","start":7891.05,"end":7891.37},{"text":"control","start":7891.37,"end":7892.09},{"text":"and","start":7892.09,"end":7892.33},{"text":"judgment","start":7892.33,"end":7893.05},{"text":"and","start":7893.45,"end":7893.69},{"text":"the","start":7893.69,"end":7893.77},{"text":"relationship","start":7893.77,"end":7894.61},{"text":"between","start":7894.61,"end":7895.05},{"text":"these","start":7895.05,"end":7895.29},{"text":"two","start":7895.29,"end":7895.53},{"text":"concepts.","start":7895.53,"end":7896.17}]},{"text":"But that relationship could perhaps be addressed by slight tweaks in the language.","start":7897.05,"end":7901.61,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":7897.05,"end":7897.21},{"text":"that","start":7897.21,"end":7897.45},{"text":"relationship","start":7897.45,"end":7898.09},{"text":"could","start":7898.09,"end":7898.29},{"text":"perhaps","start":7898.29,"end":7898.81},{"text":"be","start":7898.81,"end":7898.97},{"text":"addressed","start":7898.97,"end":7899.53},{"text":"by","start":7899.53,"end":7899.69},{"text":"slight","start":7899.69,"end":7900.21},{"text":"tweaks","start":7900.21,"end":7900.73},{"text":"in","start":7900.73,"end":7900.85},{"text":"the","start":7900.85,"end":7900.97},{"text":"language.","start":7900.97,"end":7901.61}]},{"text":"For example, the phrase \"control based on context-appropriate human judgment\" or \"control informed by context-appropriate human judgment\" might be options in this regard.","start":7902.17,"end":7913.29,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":7902.17,"end":7902.37},{"text":"example,","start":7902.37,"end":7903.05},{"text":"the","start":7903.05,"end":7903.21},{"text":"phrase","start":7903.21,"end":7903.77},{"text":"\"control","start":7903.77,"end":7904.57},{"text":"based","start":7904.57,"end":7905.05},{"text":"on","start":7905.05,"end":7905.21},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":7905.21,"end":7906.25},{"text":"human","start":7906.25,"end":7906.57},{"text":"judgment\"","start":7906.57,"end":7907.05},{"text":"or","start":7907.45,"end":7907.65},{"text":"\"control","start":7907.65,"end":7908.17},{"text":"informed","start":7908.17,"end":7908.77},{"text":"by","start":7908.77,"end":7909.05},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":7909.05,"end":7910.25},{"text":"human","start":7910.25,"end":7910.57},{"text":"judgment\"","start":7910.57,"end":7911.05},{"text":"might","start":7911.29,"end":7911.61},{"text":"be","start":7911.61,"end":7911.85},{"text":"options","start":7911.85,"end":7912.33},{"text":"in","start":7912.33,"end":7912.57},{"text":"this","start":7912.57,"end":7912.81},{"text":"regard.","start":7912.81,"end":7913.29}]},{"text":"I thank you, Chair.","start":7913.61,"end":7914.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7913.61,"end":7913.77},{"text":"thank","start":7913.77,"end":7914.09},{"text":"you,","start":7914.09,"end":7914.17},{"text":"Chair.","start":7914.17,"end":7914.49}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"APILS","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"APILS"}},{"statement_number":83,"start":7920.49,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=2:12:01","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of API-LS.","start":7920.49,"end":7924.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7920.49,"end":7920.81},{"text":"thank","start":7920.81,"end":7921.05},{"text":"the","start":7921.05,"end":7921.13},{"text":"distinguished","start":7921.13,"end":7921.61},{"text":"representative","start":7921.61,"end":7922.49},{"text":"of","start":7922.73,"end":7922.97},{"text":"API-LS.","start":7923.13,"end":7924.73}]},{"text":"And Looking around, I think we have exhausted the speaker.","start":7924.81,"end":7932.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7924.81,"end":7925.41},{"text":"Looking","start":7928.45,"end":7928.77},{"text":"around,","start":7928.77,"end":7929.49},{"text":"I","start":7929.89,"end":7930.05},{"text":"think","start":7930.13,"end":7930.45},{"text":"we","start":7930.45,"end":7930.65},{"text":"have","start":7930.65,"end":7930.85},{"text":"exhausted","start":7930.85,"end":7931.89},{"text":"the","start":7932.05,"end":7932.17},{"text":"speaker.","start":7932.21,"end":7932.53}]},{"text":"No, we have not.","start":7932.53,"end":7933.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"No,","start":7932.53,"end":7932.77},{"text":"we","start":7932.77,"end":7932.93},{"text":"have","start":7932.93,"end":7933.09},{"text":"not.","start":7933.09,"end":7933.41}]},{"text":"I recognize the distinguished representative of Peru.","start":7934.45,"end":7937.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7934.45,"end":7934.53},{"text":"recognize","start":7934.61,"end":7935.25},{"text":"the","start":7935.29,"end":7935.37},{"text":"distinguished","start":7935.37,"end":7935.97},{"text":"representative","start":7935.97,"end":7936.49},{"text":"of","start":7936.49,"end":7936.61},{"text":"Peru.","start":7936.61,"end":7937.05}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":7937.05,"end":7937.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":7937.05,"end":7937.17},{"text":"have","start":7937.17,"end":7937.41},{"text":"the","start":7937.41,"end":7937.49},{"text":"floor.","start":7937.49,"end":7937.81}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}},{"statement_number":84,"start":7942.41,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=2:12:23","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chairperson.","start":7942.41,"end":7944.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7942.41,"end":7942.77},{"text":"you","start":7942.77,"end":7942.97},{"text":"very","start":7942.97,"end":7943.21},{"text":"much,","start":7943.21,"end":7943.53},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":7943.53,"end":7944.29}]},{"text":"We don't want to pass over the opportunity of expressing Peru's known position concerning this box number two.","start":7948.29,"end":7956.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7948.29,"end":7948.37},{"text":"don't","start":7948.37,"end":7948.65},{"text":"want","start":7948.65,"end":7948.81},{"text":"to","start":7948.81,"end":7948.89},{"text":"pass","start":7948.93,"end":7949.25},{"text":"over","start":7949.37,"end":7949.65},{"text":"the","start":7949.65,"end":7949.77},{"text":"opportunity","start":7949.77,"end":7950.69},{"text":"of","start":7951.61,"end":7951.73},{"text":"expressing","start":7951.73,"end":7952.53},{"text":"Peru's","start":7952.53,"end":7952.93},{"text":"known","start":7952.93,"end":7953.33},{"text":"position","start":7953.33,"end":7954.13},{"text":"concerning","start":7954.29,"end":7955.09},{"text":"this","start":7955.09,"end":7955.41},{"text":"box","start":7955.41,"end":7955.77},{"text":"number","start":7955.77,"end":7956.05},{"text":"two.","start":7956.05,"end":7956.69}]},{"text":"Generally speaking, my delegation is pleased to welcome the current state that the raft of future measures is in here.","start":7957.77,"end":7968.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Generally","start":7957.77,"end":7958.17},{"text":"speaking,","start":7958.17,"end":7958.97},{"text":"my","start":7959.13,"end":7959.37},{"text":"delegation","start":7959.37,"end":7960.25},{"text":"is","start":7960.33,"end":7960.49},{"text":"pleased","start":7960.49,"end":7960.77},{"text":"to","start":7960.77,"end":7960.93},{"text":"welcome","start":7960.93,"end":7961.29},{"text":"the","start":7961.29,"end":7961.37},{"text":"current","start":7961.37,"end":7961.93},{"text":"state","start":7961.93,"end":7962.41},{"text":"that","start":7962.41,"end":7962.73},{"text":"the","start":7962.73,"end":7962.85},{"text":"raft","start":7964.97,"end":7965.41},{"text":"of","start":7965.41,"end":7965.49},{"text":"future","start":7965.49,"end":7965.85},{"text":"measures","start":7965.85,"end":7966.49},{"text":"is","start":7966.49,"end":7967.13},{"text":"in","start":7967.21,"end":7967.61},{"text":"here.","start":7967.61,"end":7968.09}]},{"text":"We believe that a reference to the various general principles under IHL is fundamental and has been said by other delegations, Peru, alongside those countries that presented draft protocol six under this section of discussions believe that it's important that we take into account the ethical concepts and don't deal with it, bearing in mind that this is in another box.","start":7971.21,"end":8007.29,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"martens-clause-ethics","label":"Martens Clause and Ethical Considerations","description":"Multiple delegations emphasized the importance of the Martens Clause and broader ethical concerns in addressing autonomous weapons. They linked the issue to humanity, public conscience, and the need to preserve human moral judgment in the use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7971.21,"end":7971.53},{"text":"believe","start":7971.53,"end":7972.01},{"text":"that","start":7972.01,"end":7972.49},{"text":"a","start":7973.29,"end":7973.33},{"text":"reference","start":7973.33,"end":7973.93},{"text":"to","start":7973.93,"end":7974.17},{"text":"the","start":7974.17,"end":7974.45},{"text":"various","start":7974.49,"end":7975.13},{"text":"general","start":7975.13,"end":7975.61},{"text":"principles","start":7975.61,"end":7976.65},{"text":"under","start":7976.65,"end":7977.21},{"text":"IHL","start":7977.21,"end":7978.73},{"text":"is","start":7978.73,"end":7979.05},{"text":"fundamental","start":7979.05,"end":7979.93},{"text":"and","start":7981.21,"end":7981.53},{"text":"has","start":7981.53,"end":7981.77},{"text":"been","start":7981.77,"end":7982.01},{"text":"said","start":7982.01,"end":7982.41},{"text":"by","start":7982.49,"end":7982.73},{"text":"other","start":7982.81,"end":7982.97},{"text":"delegations,","start":7982.97,"end":7983.69},{"text":"Peru,","start":7983.69,"end":7984.25},{"text":"alongside","start":7984.33,"end":7985.21},{"text":"those","start":7985.21,"end":7985.61},{"text":"countries","start":7985.61,"end":7986.41},{"text":"that","start":7987.61,"end":7987.77},{"text":"presented","start":7987.77,"end":7988.61},{"text":"draft","start":7988.61,"end":7988.89},{"text":"protocol","start":7988.89,"end":7989.37},{"text":"six","start":7989.37,"end":7990.41},{"text":"under","start":7991.97,"end":7992.17},{"text":"this","start":7992.17,"end":7992.37},{"text":"section","start":7992.37,"end":7992.69},{"text":"of","start":7992.69,"end":7992.77},{"text":"discussions","start":7992.77,"end":7993.85},{"text":"believe","start":7993.93,"end":7994.81},{"text":"that","start":7995.05,"end":7995.25},{"text":"it's","start":7995.25,"end":7995.49},{"text":"important","start":7995.49,"end":7996.33},{"text":"that","start":7996.33,"end":7996.73},{"text":"we","start":7996.89,"end":7997.45},{"text":"take","start":7999.53,"end":7999.81},{"text":"into","start":7999.81,"end":7999.97},{"text":"account","start":7999.97,"end":8000.41},{"text":"the","start":8000.41,"end":8000.61},{"text":"ethical","start":8001.69,"end":8002.41},{"text":"concepts","start":8002.89,"end":8003.61},{"text":"and","start":8003.73,"end":8003.97},{"text":"don't","start":8003.97,"end":8004.33},{"text":"deal","start":8004.33,"end":8004.49},{"text":"with","start":8004.49,"end":8004.65},{"text":"it,","start":8004.65,"end":8004.97},{"text":"bearing","start":8004.97,"end":8005.29},{"text":"in","start":8005.29,"end":8005.37},{"text":"mind","start":8005.37,"end":8005.57},{"text":"that","start":8005.57,"end":8005.69},{"text":"this","start":8005.69,"end":8005.89},{"text":"is","start":8005.89,"end":8006.01},{"text":"in","start":8006.01,"end":8006.13},{"text":"another","start":8006.13,"end":8006.41},{"text":"box.","start":8006.41,"end":8007.29}]},{"text":"In any case, I'd like to come back to what was said by other delegations concerning the role of human beings in the use of force here with regards to laws and say that this is reflected in the concept of significant human control.","start":8008.97,"end":8033.13,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8008.97,"end":8009.37},{"text":"any","start":8010.09,"end":8010.33},{"text":"case,","start":8010.33,"end":8010.89},{"text":"I'd","start":8010.89,"end":8011.09},{"text":"like","start":8011.09,"end":8011.37},{"text":"to","start":8011.37,"end":8011.85},{"text":"come","start":8014.09,"end":8014.41},{"text":"back","start":8014.41,"end":8014.65},{"text":"to","start":8014.65,"end":8014.85},{"text":"what","start":8014.85,"end":8015.13},{"text":"was","start":8015.13,"end":8015.25},{"text":"said","start":8015.25,"end":8015.49},{"text":"by","start":8015.49,"end":8015.69},{"text":"other","start":8015.69,"end":8015.89},{"text":"delegations","start":8015.89,"end":8016.57},{"text":"concerning","start":8016.57,"end":8017.09},{"text":"the","start":8017.09,"end":8017.21},{"text":"role","start":8017.21,"end":8017.69},{"text":"of","start":8017.69,"end":8017.81},{"text":"human","start":8017.81,"end":8018.09},{"text":"beings","start":8018.09,"end":8018.49},{"text":"in","start":8018.49,"end":8018.65},{"text":"the","start":8018.65,"end":8018.77},{"text":"use","start":8018.77,"end":8019.01},{"text":"of","start":8019.01,"end":8019.09},{"text":"force","start":8019.09,"end":8019.61},{"text":"here","start":8019.61,"end":8020.01},{"text":"with","start":8020.01,"end":8020.25},{"text":"regards","start":8020.25,"end":8020.69},{"text":"to","start":8020.69,"end":8021.13},{"text":"laws","start":8021.13,"end":8021.93},{"text":"and","start":8025.93,"end":8026.21},{"text":"say","start":8026.21,"end":8026.57},{"text":"that","start":8026.57,"end":8026.85},{"text":"this","start":8026.97,"end":8027.37},{"text":"is","start":8027.37,"end":8027.85},{"text":"reflected","start":8027.93,"end":8028.97},{"text":"in","start":8028.97,"end":8029.29},{"text":"the","start":8029.37,"end":8029.53},{"text":"concept","start":8029.53,"end":8030.33},{"text":"of","start":8030.33,"end":8030.81},{"text":"significant","start":8031.37,"end":8032.09},{"text":"human","start":8032.09,"end":8032.33},{"text":"control.","start":8032.33,"end":8033.13}]},{"text":"which is the concept as well that we incorporated into our Protocol 6 and that we would like to see in one way or another retained because obviously the concept as it stands was initially raised by us and other delegations and that has been evolving and we are well aware of the process of that evolution in the current text.","start":8034.17,"end":8055.89,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"which","start":8034.17,"end":8034.53},{"text":"is","start":8034.53,"end":8034.69},{"text":"the","start":8034.69,"end":8034.85},{"text":"concept","start":8034.85,"end":8035.57},{"text":"as","start":8035.57,"end":8035.73},{"text":"well","start":8035.73,"end":8036.05},{"text":"that","start":8036.05,"end":8036.29},{"text":"we","start":8036.29,"end":8036.45},{"text":"incorporated","start":8036.45,"end":8037.41},{"text":"into","start":8037.41,"end":8038.21},{"text":"our","start":8038.21,"end":8038.29},{"text":"Protocol","start":8038.45,"end":8039.09},{"text":"6","start":8039.09,"end":8039.89},{"text":"and","start":8039.89,"end":8040.45},{"text":"that","start":8040.77,"end":8041.09},{"text":"we","start":8041.09,"end":8041.25},{"text":"would","start":8041.25,"end":8041.37},{"text":"like","start":8041.37,"end":8041.53},{"text":"to","start":8041.53,"end":8041.69},{"text":"see","start":8041.73,"end":8042.13},{"text":"in","start":8042.13,"end":8042.21},{"text":"one","start":8042.21,"end":8042.37},{"text":"way","start":8042.37,"end":8042.49},{"text":"or","start":8042.49,"end":8042.57},{"text":"another","start":8042.57,"end":8043.09},{"text":"retained","start":8043.41,"end":8044.13},{"text":"because","start":8044.13,"end":8044.53},{"text":"obviously","start":8044.53,"end":8045.09},{"text":"the","start":8045.09,"end":8045.17},{"text":"concept","start":8045.17,"end":8045.81},{"text":"as","start":8045.89,"end":8046.13},{"text":"it","start":8046.13,"end":8046.29},{"text":"stands","start":8046.29,"end":8046.85},{"text":"was","start":8046.85,"end":8047.01},{"text":"initially","start":8047.01,"end":8047.41},{"text":"raised","start":8047.41,"end":8047.81},{"text":"by","start":8047.81,"end":8048.13},{"text":"us","start":8048.13,"end":8048.29},{"text":"and","start":8048.29,"end":8048.41},{"text":"other","start":8048.41,"end":8048.57},{"text":"delegations","start":8048.57,"end":8049.21},{"text":"and","start":8049.21,"end":8049.33},{"text":"that","start":8049.33,"end":8049.45},{"text":"has","start":8049.45,"end":8049.57},{"text":"been","start":8049.57,"end":8049.89},{"text":"evolving","start":8050.29,"end":8051.09},{"text":"and","start":8051.09,"end":8051.25},{"text":"we","start":8051.25,"end":8051.33},{"text":"are","start":8051.33,"end":8051.41},{"text":"well","start":8051.41,"end":8051.65},{"text":"aware","start":8051.65,"end":8052.17},{"text":"of","start":8052.17,"end":8052.29},{"text":"the","start":8052.29,"end":8052.37},{"text":"process","start":8052.37,"end":8053.01},{"text":"of","start":8053.01,"end":8053.09},{"text":"that","start":8053.09,"end":8053.33},{"text":"evolution","start":8053.33,"end":8054.05},{"text":"in","start":8054.05,"end":8054.17},{"text":"the","start":8054.17,"end":8054.29},{"text":"current","start":8054.29,"end":8054.77},{"text":"text.","start":8055.25,"end":8055.89}]},{"text":"But we believe that judgment without control lacks meaning and It is therefore important to have some kind of reference to this concept, Chair.","start":8057.05,"end":8068.41,"topics":[{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":8057.05,"end":8057.25},{"text":"we","start":8057.25,"end":8057.41},{"text":"believe","start":8057.41,"end":8058.05},{"text":"that","start":8058.05,"end":8058.45},{"text":"judgment","start":8058.45,"end":8058.89},{"text":"without","start":8058.89,"end":8059.33},{"text":"control","start":8059.41,"end":8060.21},{"text":"lacks","start":8060.53,"end":8060.93},{"text":"meaning","start":8060.93,"end":8061.57},{"text":"and","start":8061.97,"end":8062.69},{"text":"It","start":8063.45,"end":8063.69},{"text":"is","start":8063.69,"end":8063.85},{"text":"therefore","start":8063.85,"end":8064.33},{"text":"important","start":8064.33,"end":8065.01},{"text":"to","start":8065.01,"end":8065.09},{"text":"have","start":8065.09,"end":8065.37},{"text":"some","start":8065.37,"end":8065.69},{"text":"kind","start":8065.77,"end":8066.17},{"text":"of","start":8066.17,"end":8066.33},{"text":"reference","start":8066.33,"end":8066.97},{"text":"to","start":8066.97,"end":8067.25},{"text":"this","start":8067.37,"end":8067.69},{"text":"concept,","start":8067.69,"end":8068.21},{"text":"Chair.","start":8068.21,"end":8068.41}]},{"text":"Thank you for your attention.","start":8068.73,"end":8069.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8068.73,"end":8068.97},{"text":"you","start":8068.97,"end":8069.05},{"text":"for","start":8069.05,"end":8069.17},{"text":"your","start":8069.17,"end":8069.29},{"text":"attention.","start":8069.29,"end":8069.85}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"PER","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Peru"}},{"statement_number":85,"start":8071.69,"pageUrl":"/en/asset/k1z/k1zbgtrqzo?t=2:14:32","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Peru.","start":8071.69,"end":8074.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8071.69,"end":8072.09},{"text":"thank","start":8072.09,"end":8072.45},{"text":"the","start":8072.45,"end":8072.53},{"text":"distinguished","start":8072.53,"end":8073.05},{"text":"representative","start":8073.05,"end":8073.77},{"text":"of","start":8073.77,"end":8073.85},{"text":"Peru.","start":8073.85,"end":8074.41}]},{"text":"Okay.","start":8079.29,"end":8079.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Okay.","start":8079.29,"end":8079.61}]},{"text":"I think this is it with regard to box 2.","start":8080.09,"end":8082.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8080.09,"end":8080.17},{"text":"think","start":8080.17,"end":8080.57},{"text":"this","start":8080.65,"end":8080.77},{"text":"is","start":8080.77,"end":8080.97},{"text":"it","start":8080.97,"end":8081.29},{"text":"with","start":8081.29,"end":8081.45},{"text":"regard","start":8081.45,"end":8081.77},{"text":"to","start":8081.77,"end":8081.89},{"text":"box","start":8081.89,"end":8082.41},{"text":"2.","start":8082.49,"end":8082.73}]},{"text":"Let me draw a few conclusions, perhaps.","start":8085.93,"end":8090.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":8085.93,"end":8086.13},{"text":"me","start":8086.13,"end":8086.57},{"text":"draw","start":8088.25,"end":8088.81},{"text":"a","start":8088.89,"end":8088.93},{"text":"few","start":8088.93,"end":8089.37},{"text":"conclusions,","start":8089.37,"end":8090.17},{"text":"perhaps.","start":8090.17,"end":8090.65}]},{"text":"I think I can say that we are pretty good with regard to paras 1 to 3.","start":8092.13,"end":8095.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8092.13,"end":8092.14},{"text":"think","start":8092.21,"end":8092.45},{"text":"I","start":8092.45,"end":8092.53},{"text":"can","start":8092.53,"end":8092.77},{"text":"say","start":8092.77,"end":8093.09},{"text":"that","start":8093.09,"end":8093.25},{"text":"we","start":8093.25,"end":8093.33},{"text":"are","start":8093.33,"end":8093.41},{"text":"pretty","start":8093.41,"end":8093.73},{"text":"good","start":8093.73,"end":8094.13},{"text":"with","start":8094.13,"end":8094.37},{"text":"regard","start":8094.37,"end":8094.69},{"text":"to","start":8094.69,"end":8094.77},{"text":"paras","start":8094.77,"end":8095.25},{"text":"1","start":8095.25,"end":8095.41},{"text":"to","start":8095.41,"end":8095.57},{"text":"3.","start":8095.57,"end":8095.97}]},{"text":"We have a few minor proposals for further improving, refining para 4.","start":8098.69,"end":8108.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8098.69,"end":8098.85},{"text":"have","start":8098.85,"end":8099.25},{"text":"a","start":8099.73,"end":8099.77},{"text":"few","start":8099.77,"end":8100.45},{"text":"minor","start":8100.93,"end":8101.57},{"text":"proposals","start":8101.65,"end":8102.77},{"text":"for","start":8102.93,"end":8103.49},{"text":"further","start":8104.45,"end":8104.81},{"text":"improving,","start":8104.81,"end":8105.49},{"text":"refining","start":8105.49,"end":8106.37},{"text":"para","start":8107.97,"end":8108.29},{"text":"4.","start":8108.29,"end":8108.85}]},{"text":"And we had, of course, a very extensive discussion on para 5, and that was foreseen.","start":8110.53,"end":8114.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8110.53,"end":8110.65},{"text":"we","start":8110.65,"end":8110.73},{"text":"had,","start":8110.73,"end":8110.85},{"text":"of","start":8110.85,"end":8111.01},{"text":"course,","start":8111.01,"end":8111.21},{"text":"a","start":8111.21,"end":8111.25},{"text":"very","start":8111.25,"end":8111.65},{"text":"extensive","start":8111.65,"end":8112.21},{"text":"discussion","start":8112.21,"end":8112.85},{"text":"on","start":8112.89,"end":8113.01},{"text":"para","start":8113.01,"end":8113.29},{"text":"5,","start":8113.29,"end":8113.73},{"text":"and","start":8113.81,"end":8114.01},{"text":"that","start":8114.01,"end":8114.17},{"text":"was","start":8114.17,"end":8114.37},{"text":"foreseen.","start":8114.37,"end":8114.77}]},{"text":"We had also a discussion with regard to moving around para 5.","start":8114.77,"end":8120.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8114.77,"end":8114.85},{"text":"had","start":8116.05,"end":8116.49},{"text":"also","start":8116.49,"end":8116.77},{"text":"a","start":8116.77,"end":8116.81},{"text":"discussion","start":8116.81,"end":8117.81},{"text":"with","start":8117.89,"end":8118.05},{"text":"regard","start":8118.05,"end":8118.37},{"text":"to","start":8118.37,"end":8118.61},{"text":"moving","start":8118.61,"end":8119.17},{"text":"around","start":8119.17,"end":8119.65},{"text":"para","start":8119.81,"end":8120.13},{"text":"5.","start":8120.13,"end":8120.77}]},{"text":"Uh, we had even a suggestion to make it a separate box, um, and we had a remark, I think, also very pertinent, that that doesn't really matter because we have this set of elements, it's a running text, and we will visit that later.","start":8121.53,"end":8140.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Uh,","start":8121.53,"end":8121.61},{"text":"we","start":8121.61,"end":8121.77},{"text":"had","start":8121.77,"end":8121.93},{"text":"even","start":8121.93,"end":8122.41},{"text":"a","start":8122.41,"end":8122.49},{"text":"suggestion","start":8122.49,"end":8123.21},{"text":"to","start":8123.21,"end":8123.37},{"text":"make","start":8123.37,"end":8123.69},{"text":"it","start":8123.69,"end":8123.81},{"text":"a","start":8123.81,"end":8123.85},{"text":"separate","start":8123.85,"end":8124.29},{"text":"box,","start":8124.29,"end":8124.89},{"text":"um,","start":8126.45,"end":8126.65},{"text":"and","start":8127.53,"end":8127.69},{"text":"we","start":8127.69,"end":8127.77},{"text":"had","start":8127.77,"end":8127.93},{"text":"a","start":8127.93,"end":8127.97},{"text":"remark,","start":8127.97,"end":8128.57},{"text":"I","start":8128.97,"end":8129.01},{"text":"think,","start":8129.01,"end":8129.37},{"text":"also","start":8129.69,"end":8130.09},{"text":"very","start":8130.09,"end":8130.33},{"text":"pertinent,","start":8130.33,"end":8130.97},{"text":"that","start":8131.29,"end":8131.69},{"text":"that","start":8132.41,"end":8132.65},{"text":"doesn't","start":8132.65,"end":8133.05},{"text":"really","start":8133.05,"end":8133.21},{"text":"matter","start":8133.21,"end":8133.61},{"text":"because","start":8133.61,"end":8134.01},{"text":"we","start":8134.01,"end":8134.17},{"text":"have","start":8134.17,"end":8134.49},{"text":"this","start":8134.49,"end":8134.77},{"text":"set","start":8134.77,"end":8134.93},{"text":"of","start":8134.93,"end":8135.05},{"text":"elements,","start":8135.05,"end":8135.45},{"text":"it's","start":8135.45,"end":8135.97},{"text":"a","start":8136.01,"end":8136.09},{"text":"running","start":8136.09,"end":8136.49},{"text":"text,","start":8136.49,"end":8136.97},{"text":"and","start":8137.37,"end":8137.77},{"text":"we","start":8137.77,"end":8137.93},{"text":"will","start":8137.93,"end":8138.25},{"text":"visit","start":8138.65,"end":8139.05},{"text":"that","start":8139.45,"end":8139.69},{"text":"later.","start":8139.69,"end":8140.25}]},{"text":"What I can say, I think, is that, of course, all elements are equal, but some are more equal than others, and this is one of those, I think.","start":8141.01,"end":8152.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"What","start":8141.01,"end":8141.29},{"text":"I","start":8141.29,"end":8141.53},{"text":"can","start":8142.89,"end":8143.21},{"text":"say,","start":8143.21,"end":8143.53},{"text":"I","start":8143.53,"end":8143.57},{"text":"think,","start":8143.57,"end":8144.01},{"text":"is","start":8144.01,"end":8144.33},{"text":"that,","start":8144.33,"end":8144.61},{"text":"of","start":8144.61,"end":8144.73},{"text":"course,","start":8144.73,"end":8145.29},{"text":"all","start":8146.77,"end":8147.21},{"text":"elements","start":8147.61,"end":8148.01},{"text":"are","start":8148.01,"end":8148.17},{"text":"equal,","start":8148.17,"end":8148.73},{"text":"but","start":8148.89,"end":8149.13},{"text":"some","start":8149.13,"end":8149.37},{"text":"are","start":8149.37,"end":8149.45},{"text":"more","start":8149.45,"end":8149.69},{"text":"equal","start":8149.69,"end":8150.05},{"text":"than","start":8150.05,"end":8150.25},{"text":"others,","start":8150.25,"end":8150.81},{"text":"and","start":8150.89,"end":8151.09},{"text":"this","start":8151.09,"end":8151.29},{"text":"is","start":8151.29,"end":8151.45},{"text":"one","start":8151.45,"end":8151.65},{"text":"of","start":8151.65,"end":8151.77},{"text":"those,","start":8151.77,"end":8152.01},{"text":"I","start":8152.09,"end":8152.13},{"text":"think.","start":8152.13,"end":8152.49}]},{"text":"And I think also that we agree that further work needs to be done.","start":8154.49,"end":8162.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8154.49,"end":8155.21},{"text":"I","start":8156.97,"end":8157.13},{"text":"think","start":8157.13,"end":8157.41},{"text":"also","start":8157.41,"end":8157.69},{"text":"that","start":8157.69,"end":8157.85},{"text":"we","start":8157.85,"end":8158.09},{"text":"agree","start":8158.09,"end":8158.81},{"text":"that","start":8160.17,"end":8160.49},{"text":"further","start":8160.49,"end":8160.77},{"text":"work","start":8160.77,"end":8161.13},{"text":"needs","start":8161.13,"end":8161.41},{"text":"to","start":8161.41,"end":8161.57},{"text":"be","start":8161.61,"end":8161.69},{"text":"done.","start":8161.69,"end":8162.01}]},{"text":"So I will try to organize that in the course of this week.","start":8162.65,"end":8166.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":8162.65,"end":8162.81},{"text":"I","start":8162.89,"end":8162.97},{"text":"will","start":8162.97,"end":8163.37},{"text":"try","start":8163.37,"end":8163.77},{"text":"to","start":8163.77,"end":8163.93},{"text":"organize","start":8163.93,"end":8164.57},{"text":"that","start":8164.57,"end":8164.81},{"text":"in","start":8164.81,"end":8164.93},{"text":"the","start":8164.93,"end":8165.01},{"text":"course","start":8165.01,"end":8165.25},{"text":"of","start":8165.25,"end":8165.37},{"text":"this","start":8165.37,"end":8165.61},{"text":"week.","start":8165.61,"end":8166.01}]},{"text":"And that was also something that was already more or less foreseen from the outset, because this is, I would say, the heart of the matter.","start":8166.81,"end":8174.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8166.81,"end":8167.01},{"text":"that","start":8167.01,"end":8167.13},{"text":"was","start":8167.13,"end":8167.29},{"text":"also","start":8167.29,"end":8167.53},{"text":"something","start":8167.53,"end":8167.85},{"text":"that","start":8167.85,"end":8168.09},{"text":"was","start":8168.41,"end":8168.73},{"text":"already","start":8168.73,"end":8168.97},{"text":"more","start":8168.97,"end":8169.17},{"text":"or","start":8169.17,"end":8169.25},{"text":"less","start":8169.25,"end":8169.45},{"text":"foreseen","start":8169.45,"end":8170.09},{"text":"from","start":8170.33,"end":8170.61},{"text":"the","start":8170.61,"end":8170.69},{"text":"outset,","start":8170.69,"end":8171.37},{"text":"because","start":8172.13,"end":8172.37},{"text":"this","start":8172.37,"end":8172.57},{"text":"is,","start":8172.61,"end":8172.89},{"text":"I","start":8173.29,"end":8173.45},{"text":"would","start":8173.45,"end":8173.61},{"text":"say,","start":8173.61,"end":8173.73},{"text":"the","start":8173.73,"end":8173.85},{"text":"heart","start":8173.85,"end":8174.05},{"text":"of","start":8174.05,"end":8174.13},{"text":"the","start":8174.13,"end":8174.21},{"text":"matter.","start":8174.21,"end":8174.53}]},{"text":"So having said that, and looking also at the clock, I think now starting our discussion on box three and then only having a handful of statements is perhaps not a good start.","start":8175.93,"end":8187.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":8175.93,"end":8176.33},{"text":"having","start":8176.73,"end":8176.97},{"text":"said","start":8176.97,"end":8177.25},{"text":"that,","start":8177.25,"end":8177.69},{"text":"and","start":8177.77,"end":8177.93},{"text":"looking","start":8177.93,"end":8178.17},{"text":"also","start":8178.17,"end":8178.57},{"text":"at","start":8178.57,"end":8178.65},{"text":"the","start":8178.65,"end":8178.73},{"text":"clock,","start":8178.73,"end":8179.21},{"text":"I","start":8179.37,"end":8179.53},{"text":"think","start":8179.53,"end":8179.93},{"text":"now","start":8179.93,"end":8180.57},{"text":"starting","start":8180.57,"end":8181.21},{"text":"our","start":8181.21,"end":8181.37},{"text":"discussion","start":8181.37,"end":8182.01},{"text":"on","start":8182.01,"end":8182.09},{"text":"box","start":8182.09,"end":8182.57},{"text":"three","start":8182.93,"end":8183.17},{"text":"and","start":8183.17,"end":8183.29},{"text":"then","start":8183.29,"end":8183.45},{"text":"only","start":8183.45,"end":8183.61},{"text":"having","start":8183.61,"end":8183.93},{"text":"a","start":8183.93,"end":8183.97},{"text":"handful","start":8183.97,"end":8184.37},{"text":"of","start":8184.37,"end":8184.65},{"text":"statements","start":8185.37,"end":8186.01},{"text":"is","start":8186.01,"end":8186.17},{"text":"perhaps","start":8186.17,"end":8186.49},{"text":"not","start":8186.49,"end":8186.89},{"text":"a","start":8186.89,"end":8186.97},{"text":"good","start":8186.97,"end":8187.13},{"text":"start.","start":8187.13,"end":8187.77}]},{"text":"I'll give you also a bit of reflection on what was this discussion and what it also means, especially with regard to power five for the discussion on box number three, and especially with regard to power six of box number three.","start":8188.49,"end":8204.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'll","start":8188.49,"end":8188.69},{"text":"give","start":8188.69,"end":8188.81},{"text":"you","start":8188.81,"end":8188.93},{"text":"also","start":8188.93,"end":8189.49},{"text":"a","start":8189.49,"end":8189.53},{"text":"bit","start":8189.53,"end":8189.73},{"text":"of","start":8189.73,"end":8189.85},{"text":"reflection","start":8189.85,"end":8190.57},{"text":"on","start":8190.57,"end":8190.65},{"text":"what","start":8190.81,"end":8191.29},{"text":"was","start":8191.29,"end":8191.53},{"text":"this","start":8191.53,"end":8191.73},{"text":"discussion","start":8191.73,"end":8192.33},{"text":"and","start":8192.33,"end":8192.45},{"text":"what","start":8192.45,"end":8192.61},{"text":"it","start":8192.61,"end":8192.69},{"text":"also","start":8192.69,"end":8192.89},{"text":"means,","start":8192.89,"end":8193.41},{"text":"especially","start":8193.41,"end":8193.85},{"text":"with","start":8193.85,"end":8194.01},{"text":"regard","start":8194.01,"end":8194.33},{"text":"to","start":8194.33,"end":8194.73},{"text":"power","start":8194.73,"end":8194.97},{"text":"five","start":8194.97,"end":8195.41},{"text":"for","start":8195.41,"end":8196.01},{"text":"the","start":8197.21,"end":8197.33},{"text":"discussion","start":8197.33,"end":8197.93},{"text":"on","start":8197.93,"end":8198.01},{"text":"box","start":8198.09,"end":8198.49},{"text":"number","start":8198.49,"end":8198.89},{"text":"three,","start":8198.89,"end":8199.21},{"text":"and","start":8199.21,"end":8199.33},{"text":"especially","start":8199.33,"end":8199.85},{"text":"with","start":8199.85,"end":8200.01},{"text":"regard","start":8200.01,"end":8200.45},{"text":"to","start":8200.45,"end":8200.81},{"text":"power","start":8202.97,"end":8203.21},{"text":"six","start":8203.21,"end":8203.61},{"text":"of","start":8203.65,"end":8203.73},{"text":"box","start":8203.73,"end":8204.05},{"text":"number","start":8204.05,"end":8204.37},{"text":"three.","start":8204.37,"end":8204.73}]},{"text":"I will give you something and take something back also.","start":8205.93,"end":8208.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8205.93,"end":8206.01},{"text":"will","start":8206.01,"end":8206.17},{"text":"give","start":8206.17,"end":8206.33},{"text":"you","start":8206.33,"end":8206.49},{"text":"something","start":8206.49,"end":8206.81},{"text":"and","start":8206.81,"end":8206.93},{"text":"take","start":8206.93,"end":8207.09},{"text":"something","start":8207.09,"end":8207.41},{"text":"back","start":8207.41,"end":8207.61},{"text":"also.","start":8207.61,"end":8208.01}]},{"text":"I will say this is it for the morning session, but let's then try to start really at 3:00, so that would then, then we would have a full three hours for the discussion on, on box number three.","start":8209.13,"end":8226.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8209.13,"end":8209.29},{"text":"will","start":8209.29,"end":8209.41},{"text":"say","start":8209.41,"end":8209.77},{"text":"this","start":8209.77,"end":8209.97},{"text":"is","start":8209.97,"end":8210.17},{"text":"it","start":8210.17,"end":8210.49},{"text":"for","start":8210.57,"end":8210.73},{"text":"the","start":8210.73,"end":8210.81},{"text":"morning","start":8210.81,"end":8211.13},{"text":"session,","start":8211.13,"end":8211.77},{"text":"but","start":8211.93,"end":8212.13},{"text":"let's","start":8212.13,"end":8212.49},{"text":"then","start":8212.49,"end":8212.89},{"text":"try","start":8213.13,"end":8213.53},{"text":"to","start":8213.53,"end":8213.65},{"text":"start","start":8213.65,"end":8214.09},{"text":"really","start":8214.09,"end":8214.41},{"text":"at","start":8214.41,"end":8215.29},{"text":"3:00,","start":8215.61,"end":8215.65},{"text":"so","start":8215.69,"end":8216.33},{"text":"that","start":8216.49,"end":8216.81},{"text":"would","start":8216.81,"end":8216.93},{"text":"then,","start":8216.93,"end":8217.37},{"text":"then","start":8217.85,"end":8218.05},{"text":"we","start":8218.05,"end":8218.17},{"text":"would","start":8218.17,"end":8218.41},{"text":"have","start":8218.41,"end":8218.65},{"text":"a","start":8218.65,"end":8218.73},{"text":"full","start":8218.73,"end":8219.21},{"text":"three","start":8219.21,"end":8219.53},{"text":"hours","start":8219.53,"end":8220.17},{"text":"for","start":8220.17,"end":8220.73},{"text":"the","start":8223.61,"end":8223.73},{"text":"discussion","start":8223.73,"end":8224.49},{"text":"on,","start":8224.49,"end":8224.81},{"text":"on","start":8225.09,"end":8225.17},{"text":"box","start":8225.21,"end":8225.41},{"text":"number","start":8225.41,"end":8225.73},{"text":"three.","start":8225.73,"end":8226.01}]},{"text":"And I just got a note also.","start":8226.81,"end":8229.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8226.81,"end":8227.29},{"text":"I","start":8227.45,"end":8227.61},{"text":"just","start":8227.61,"end":8227.93},{"text":"got","start":8227.93,"end":8228.09},{"text":"a","start":8228.09,"end":8228.13},{"text":"note","start":8228.13,"end":8228.57},{"text":"also.","start":8228.61,"end":8229.37}]},{"text":"to provide you with not only, to provide you also with some food for thought during the lunch.","start":8230.45,"end":8237.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"to","start":8230.45,"end":8230.85},{"text":"provide","start":8231.89,"end":8232.37},{"text":"you","start":8232.37,"end":8232.53},{"text":"with","start":8232.53,"end":8232.89},{"text":"not","start":8232.89,"end":8233.17},{"text":"only,","start":8233.17,"end":8233.65},{"text":"to","start":8234.13,"end":8234.37},{"text":"provide","start":8234.37,"end":8234.65},{"text":"you","start":8234.65,"end":8234.73},{"text":"also","start":8234.73,"end":8234.93},{"text":"with","start":8234.93,"end":8235.09},{"text":"some","start":8235.09,"end":8235.25},{"text":"food","start":8235.25,"end":8235.49},{"text":"for","start":8235.49,"end":8235.89},{"text":"thought","start":8236.25,"end":8236.53},{"text":"during","start":8236.61,"end":8237.05},{"text":"the","start":8237.05,"end":8237.13},{"text":"lunch.","start":8237.13,"end":8237.65}]},{"text":"And it's about a side event on the CCW implementation guide.","start":8238.69,"end":8244.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8238.69,"end":8239.01},{"text":"it's","start":8239.13,"end":8239.41},{"text":"about","start":8239.41,"end":8239.81},{"text":"a","start":8239.85,"end":8239.89},{"text":"side","start":8239.89,"end":8240.25},{"text":"event","start":8240.25,"end":8240.77},{"text":"on","start":8241.81,"end":8241.97},{"text":"the","start":8241.97,"end":8242.13},{"text":"CCW","start":8242.69,"end":8243.57},{"text":"implementation","start":8243.57,"end":8244.37},{"text":"guide.","start":8244.37,"end":8244.81}]},{"text":"It's organized by UNODA.","start":8244.81,"end":8246.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":8244.81,"end":8245.41},{"text":"organized","start":8245.49,"end":8245.97},{"text":"by","start":8245.97,"end":8246.17},{"text":"UNODA.","start":8246.17,"end":8246.89}]},{"text":"It's in room 25, and it is from 1:15 to 2:15.","start":8247.01,"end":8252.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":8247.01,"end":8247.33},{"text":"in","start":8247.33,"end":8247.57},{"text":"room","start":8247.57,"end":8248.05},{"text":"25,","start":8248.05,"end":8248.77},{"text":"and","start":8248.85,"end":8248.97},{"text":"it","start":8248.97,"end":8249.09},{"text":"is","start":8249.09,"end":8249.41},{"text":"from","start":8250.13,"end":8250.93},{"text":"1:15","start":8251.25,"end":8251.29},{"text":"to","start":8251.33,"end":8252.05},{"text":"2:15.","start":8252.05,"end":8252.09}]},{"text":"And so you even have some time to get a sandwich, not to go there on an empty stomach.","start":8252.09,"end":8258.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8252.09,"end":8252.89},{"text":"so","start":8252.93,"end":8253.25},{"text":"you","start":8253.25,"end":8253.33},{"text":"even","start":8253.33,"end":8253.65},{"text":"have","start":8253.65,"end":8253.89},{"text":"some","start":8253.97,"end":8254.29},{"text":"time","start":8254.29,"end":8254.61},{"text":"to","start":8254.61,"end":8254.77},{"text":"get","start":8254.77,"end":8254.97},{"text":"a","start":8254.97,"end":8255.01},{"text":"sandwich,","start":8255.01,"end":8255.65},{"text":"not","start":8256.77,"end":8256.97},{"text":"to","start":8256.97,"end":8257.05},{"text":"go","start":8257.05,"end":8257.25},{"text":"there","start":8257.25,"end":8257.49},{"text":"on","start":8257.49,"end":8257.65},{"text":"an","start":8257.65,"end":8257.73},{"text":"empty","start":8257.73,"end":8257.97},{"text":"stomach.","start":8257.97,"end":8258.45}]},{"text":"Looking forward to see you all back at 3:00 sharp, and let me thank you for this excellent discussion this morning.","start":8259.65,"end":8268.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Looking","start":8259.65,"end":8259.97},{"text":"forward","start":8259.97,"end":8260.41},{"text":"to","start":8260.41,"end":8260.81},{"text":"see","start":8260.85,"end":8261.05},{"text":"you","start":8261.05,"end":8261.13},{"text":"all","start":8261.13,"end":8261.57},{"text":"back","start":8261.57,"end":8261.97},{"text":"at","start":8262.61,"end":8263.69},{"text":"3:00","start":8263.69,"end":8263.73},{"text":"sharp,","start":8263.73,"end":8264.29},{"text":"and","start":8264.45,"end":8264.65},{"text":"let","start":8264.65,"end":8264.81},{"text":"me","start":8264.81,"end":8265.01},{"text":"thank","start":8265.01,"end":8265.37},{"text":"you","start":8265.37,"end":8265.65},{"text":"for","start":8265.73,"end":8266.05},{"text":"this","start":8266.05,"end":8266.29},{"text":"excellent","start":8266.29,"end":8266.85},{"text":"discussion","start":8266.85,"end":8267.49},{"text":"this","start":8267.49,"end":8267.73},{"text":"morning.","start":8267.73,"end":8268.01}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CCW GGE","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"CCW GGE"}}],"topics":[{"key":"laws-definition","label":"Definition and Characterization of LAWS","description":"Several statements focused on how to define lethal autonomous weapon systems, especially whether they are systems that can identify, select, and engage targets autonomously. The discussion also covered the role of lethality in the definition and examples such as fire-and-forget missile systems."},{"key":"ihl-applicability","label":"Applicability of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed how international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapon systems, including whether existing rules already govern new weapons. This included frequent reference to distinction, proportionality, precaution, and the regulation of means and methods of warfare."},{"key":"operational-limits","label":"Operational Limits and Use Restrictions","description":"A recurring issue was the need for concrete limits on autonomous weapon systems to ensure lawful use, such as restrictions on targets, geographic scope, time, and mission parameters. Speakers also mentioned features like the ability to abort, deactivate, or otherwise constrain a system’s operation."},{"key":"martens-clause-ethics","label":"Martens Clause and Ethical Considerations","description":"Multiple delegations emphasized the importance of the Martens Clause and broader ethical concerns in addressing autonomous weapons. They linked the issue to humanity, public conscience, and the need to preserve human moral judgment in the use of force."},{"key":"human-judgment-control","label":"Context-Appropriate Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was whether autonomous weapon systems must remain subject to meaningful or context-appropriate human judgment and control. Delegations debated the meaning of the concept, whether it requires direct real-time control, and how it should be reflected in the text."},{"key":"accountability-responsibility","label":"Accountability and Human Responsibility","description":"Many participants stressed that humans must remain legally and operationally responsible for the use and effects of autonomous weapon systems. This included discussion of command responsibility, explainability, traceability, and the attribution of accountability when violations occur."}]}}