General Assembly: 41st plenary meeting, 80th session

Good afternoon. The 41st plenary meeting of the General Assembly is called to order. The Assembly will continue its consideration of agenda item 73, entitled "Report of the International Court of Justice." I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Ecuador.

Mr. President. I'd like to thank the President of the International Court of Justice for the presentation of the report on the period between August 2024 and July 2025. Mr President, Ecuador reaffirms its recognition to the Court and its contribution to maintaining international peace and security, as well as to promoting the rule of law in interstate relations. The world is increasingly interdependent and complex, and the work of the Court stands as a crucial pillar for stability and trust at an international level. The very number, diversity and complexity of cases put to the Court shows the relevance and credibility that the international community places in the Court. This reflects not only the vitality of the international system, but also the trust of States in international justice as an effective tool for the peaceful settlement of disputes. The report underscores that this increasing burden needs more efficient working methods. We therefore think that, as the main agency of the United Nations, its work is not only technical but also a political issue to ensure that international justice can continue to be effective, credible, and achieve results. While the court's opinions are not binding, they represent a contribution to the progressive development of international law. In this sense, my country is proud to have presented a written statement. in the advisory opinion on states obligations on climate change. This represents a landmark in the pursuit of legal certainty with regard to state responsibilities in light of one of the great challenges of our time. Ecuador trusts that the opinion of the court will provide firm guidance to strengthen climate action based on international law. Ecuador faithful to our tradition of the peaceful settlement of disputes, maintains our confidence in the full integrity, independence, and impartiality of the court. In this context, we presented our counter memorial and memorial in the two cases to which we are a party. At the same time, Ecuador reiterates the importance of continuing to promote a greater gender, regional, and geographic diversity among members of the court's personnel, as well as to strengthen training programs, such as the Judicial Fellowship Program, which allows us to familiarize young jurists around the world with the work of the court. Finally, and as a specific demonstration of our commitment to the ICJ and the values that it represents, my country has decided to present a candidature of Ambassador Marcelo Vasquez Benun to join the court in 2027 to 2028. The noteworthy diplomatic and legal trajectory of the Ambassador shows the principles of integrity and professionalism that will allow him to serve the International Court of Justice. President, we express our thanks to the ICJ and to its staff for their constant service to the international community, their contribution to promoting the rule of law and the Court's fundamental role in preserving international peace and justice. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Ecuador. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Vietnam.

Mr. President, at the outset, Vietnam would like to express its appreciation to the President and member of the International Court of Justice for its comprehensive report on the Court's activity over the past year. We also pay tribute to all judges of the Court for their professionalism, integrity and tireless dedication to the advancement of international justice. This year marks a historic milestone, as both the United Nations and its principal judicial organ commemorate their 80th anniversary. Over the past eight decades, the ICJ has evolved far beyond a dispute settlement mechanism to become a symbol of multilateralism and the rule of law. Its jurisprudence reflects the shared aspiration of states to resolve disputes by peaceful means in accordance with the UN Charter in the pursuit of peace, security, stability, prosperity, and for the promotion of friendly relations among nations. The course work during the reporting period once again demonstrate both its vitality and credibility. Since establishment, the ICJ has considered more than 200 contentious case and requests for advisory opinions. These have covered issues of great legal and political complexity from the use of force, territorial and maritime delimitations, treaty interpretation and environmental protection to the questions of human rights and humanitarian law. The steady flow of new cases and the significant numbers of judgment and orders in recent years confirm the confidence that members that continue to place in the court authority and impartiality. Vietnam values this confidence as the clearest evidence of the ICJ's contribution to consolidating international law as the cornerstone of peaceful coexistence among nations. We note with appreciation that the court continues to handle an expanding docket, including cases concerning territorial disputes, compensations for environmental damage, and questions of jurisdictional immunities. The Court also delivered several procedural and substantive rulings that further clarify aspects of the law of the sea, the law of treaties, and the responsibility of states. These achievements underscore the ICJ's essential role in ensuring that international law remains dynamic and responsive to contemporary challenges. Vietnam reaffirms that all member states must fulfill in good faith their obligations under the United Nations charters and the international treaties, including compliance with the judgment and orders of the ICJ, as well as those of international tribunals. Respect for these decisions is fundamental to preserving the authority of the court and the integrity of the international legal system. Only through such commitment that the rule of law continue to serve as foundation for stable, equitable, and law-based international order. Mr. President, beyond its contentious jurisdiction, the court's advisory function continue to play a vital part in clarifying complex legal questions and advancing the progressive development of international law. Advisory opinions have proven instrumental in interpreting key legal principles on matters of global concern and in guiding the actions of states and the United Nations alike. In this context, Vietnam welcomes the ICJ's advisory opinion on states' response obligations in relation to climate change. This opinion marks a landmark step in clarifying the scope of states' responsibility under existing international law, including multilateral environmental agreements and customary international law. It reaffirmed that all states share a duty to protect the climate system and the environment for present and future generations in accordance with the principle of equity, good faith, and common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities. Vietnam share the view that the court's advisory pronouncements can further strengthen global corporations and reinforce the legal foundations for climate actions. We recognize that the opinion provides guidance for the international community in ensuring that collective efforts to address climate change are grounded in law and solidarity. As a developing coast of nations, particularly vulnerable to the adverse impact of climate change, Vietnam attach great importance to the international corporations through capacity building, finance, and technology transfer to implement these shared obligations. Vietnam also note with appreciation the court's engagement with the issues of the law of the sea in the context of sea level rise. We welcome the clarity it will provide in the interpretations of UNCLOS regarding baselines and maritime entitlements. Such legal certainty is of critical significance for all coastal nations and island states, including those in our regions, where livelihood and territorial integrity are directly affected by climate change. We are confident that the ICJ will continue to discharge its dual mandate of adjudications and legal clarification with the highest sense of responsibility. In doing so, the Court will help member states navigate emerging global challenges, from climate change to new domains such as cyberspace and the global commons, through the lens of international law. Mr. President, as a responsible and constructive member of the international community, Vietnam consistently upholds the fundamental principles of international law enshrined in the UN Charter, including the peaceful settlement of disputes, non-use of force, respect for sovereignty, and the sovereign equality of states. We remain a strong supporter of the ICJ and its indispensable role in advancing peace through law. Looking ahead, Vietnam encourages all states to continue engaging actively with the Court, whether by accepting its jurisdiction, participating in its proceedings, or implementing its rulings, and to ensure that the ICJ is provided with sufficient resources to meet its growing workload. An empowered and well-resourced Court will be better positioned to uphold justice and strengthen confidence in the multilateral system. as we reflect on the court achievement and chart the way forward. Vietnam strongly believe that the court will continue to serve as the foremost guardian of the international law, ensuring that justice, peace, and cooperation remain at the heart of our collective endeavors. I thank you, Mr. President.

I thank the distinguished representative of Vietnam. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Equatorial Guinea.

Mr. President, I'd like to begin by expressing our thanks to the President of the International Court of Justice. for his leadership in fulfilling the lofty responsibilities entrusted to him, and for the detailed presentation of the report on the activities carried out by the Court for the period between 1 August 2024 and 31 July 2025. Equatorial Guinea welcomes report contained in document A/AT/4. We congratulate the Court on the notable level of contentious and advisory activities undertaken during the reporting period. We particularly highlight the judgment handed down on 19th of May containing the land and maritime delimitation and sovereignty over the islands of Mbane, Cocoteros, and Conga in the case of Gabon versus Equatorial Guinea, as well as the order of 27th of February, 2025, through which the court extended the deadlines for the submission of the reply by Equatorial Guinea and the rejoinder by France in the case concerning the request for the restitution of assets confiscated in criminal proceedings in the case of Equatorial Guinea against France. The broad participation of states from all regions and legal systems that have turned to the court to resolve their disputes, as well as the diversity of issues addressed during the reporting period, reaffirms the international community's confidence in international justice as a legitimate and effective way of peacefully solving disputes. Mr. President, The Republic of Equatorial Guinea stands out due to our steadfast commitment to international peace and stability. Our country has consistently advocated for the peaceful resolution of disputes through preventive diplomacy, the use of means provided under Article 33 of the UN Charter, and the promotion of the principles of friendly relations and interstate cooperation. Since 2017, our country has recognized the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ. We place the highest value on its work. Indeed, the court, through its contentious and advisory functions, not only constitutes an essential pillar for the development of international law, but also contributes to ensuring a deeper understanding of this legal order through its interpretation and application. While its advisory opinions are not in and of themselves binding, they do enjoy notable moral and legal authority in guiding states and international organizations' conduct, fostering prevention and peaceful dispute resolution, and promoting respect for the rule of law at the international level. Nonetheless, it's necessary to recognize that there is still some room for improvement in strengthening the role of the court. In this regard, renewed commitment by the international community to the principles of justice, equity, and respect for international law is required. To that end, it's essential to promote greater adherence by states to the court's jurisdiction, encouraging effective compliance with its decisions and ensuring the necessary resources for the fulfillment of its functions. Furthermore, Initiatives should be promoted to strengthen cooperation between the ICJ and other international bodies, facilitating dialogue and mediation as complementary avenues for the peaceful resolution of disputes. In this way, the Court can consolidate its role as an essential pillar in the preservation of global peace and stability. In addition, Mr. President, as a Spanish-speaking country, my country wishes to express its firm belief that strengthening multilingualism in this honourable institution is necessary to ensure truly equitable and accessible justice. From a legal standpoint, respect for the principle of equality of parties and the right to due process means that all states and their representatives can fully participate in proceedings, understanding and expressing themselves in languages that reflect their legal and cultural identity. Therefore, Equatorial Guinea respectfully urges the Court to continue advancing towards a more inclusive language policy, consolidating transparency, reinforcing the legitimacy of its decisions, and reflecting in practice the spirit of universality and mutual respect that underpins international law. In the same vein, we call for the promotion of gender balance in the composition of the International Court of Justice as a reflection of the commitment to equality, representativeness and institutional legitimacy at the international level. President, in conclusion, Equatorial Guinea reaffirms its strong commitment to continue supporting the valuable work of the ICJ. At the same time, we encourage the Court to persevere in its commendable mission of promoting and safeguarding respect for international law through objective, independent and impartial action, as it has done to date. Likewise, We respectfully urge those states that have not yet done so to consider recognizing the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice in accordance with its statute in pursuit of a more universal, equitable, and effective system of international justice. Thank you very much.

I thank the distinguished representative of Equatorial Guinea. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Cameroon.

President, I thank you for this opportunity given to me to take part in this debate. My delegation would like to thank the President of the International Court of Justice, Mr. Yueyi, for presenting the report on the activities of the court. This report covers intense activities characterized by a large number of cases. These cases are wide-ranging. both from the point of view of international legal issues that they cover, as well as in terms of the areas of the world that are involved, which further demonstrates the general and universal competency of the Court. Cameroon reaffirms its unwavering support for the Court. The Court's role in terms of peaceful dispute settlement remains crucial for maintaining international peace and security, as well as for strengthening rule of law at the international level. In the same vein, my delegation agrees with the President of the Court. That is to say that the constant influx of new cases before the Court, the large number of decisions, advisory opinions and decrees that are issued, as well as the number of public hearings held by the ICJ over the period under review, all reflect the important role of this institution within the UN system. My delegation commends the actions taken to improve the Court's functioning through a reexamination of its procedures and methods of work, as well as the efforts made to implement its rulings. President, my delegation takes note of the actions of the Court to promote rule of law as laid out in the report, in accordance with the request of the General Assembly in resolution 79/126 of December 4, 2024. Indeed, by providing a venue in which to resolve disputes in a peaceful manner and through law, the Court bolsters trust in the international legal system and in the principle of the responsibility of states. President, the important matters addressed in the report include one that ought to be underscored, that is to say, the advisory jurisdiction of the court. My delegation would like to share a few thoughts in that regard. In the Pact for the Future adopted in 2024, member states recognized the positive role played by the Court in dispute settlement. It seems clear that this role also concerns the Court's advisory jurisdiction. In an international context characterized by serious and complex challenges. The advisory procedures of the court provide opportunities in terms of interpretation and application of international law and potentially for prevention of disputes. Although it does not have binding legal force, they do not have binding legal force, the advisory opinions of the court are of great utility. They shed light on the legal complexity of the issues at hand and may influence international practice. Thus, it comes as no surprise that states and international organizations have shown keen interest in participating in the court's advisory procedures. This interest is illustrated by the high number of written briefings and written observations that were submitted to the court during the recent advisory procedure on the obligations of states when it comes to climate change. as well as the consultations that culminated in the advisory opinion of the Court of July 23, 2025. Cameroon took part in these procedures actively. Seized by the General Assembly, of the issue of climate change, which is an urgent one in the current international context, and which is one of the most pivotal matters at hand, the court was able to explore the legal landscape here in depth and outlined the responsibilities of states with regard to protecting the climate. as well as the legal consequences of actions that harm the climate. We were pleased to see a convergence in opinions between the judges of the court. This convergence allowed them to issue a unanimous decision on the questions put to them. confirming beyond any doubt the importance of this topic. In addition, the court's advisory opinion on state responsibilities with respect to climate change is complementary to international collective action embodied in frameworks as wide-ranging as the Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC and the Pact for the Future, which have spoken in depth about the issue of climate change. This demonstrates the importance of the Court's advisory jurisdiction, which allows us to glimpse promising perspectives for harmonious application and interpretation of international law. Therefore, it is undeniable that the court's advisory functions could be a decisive tool for strengthening rule of law at the international level. As a result, Cameroon supports all initiatives within the UN that aim to promote the advisory competency of the court. Our country encourages the UN to make full use of the potential of this advisory jurisdiction to clarify complex legal issues. Cameroon remains ready to contribute to this effort. President, with regard to administrative and budgetary questions covered in the report and on which the President of the Court spoke, Cameroon is committed, as it always has been, together with other countries, to examine them conscientiously within the Fifth Committee and in light of the report of the ACABQ, as well as all other information that is provided by the Secretary-General and the court representatives. Mr. President, in closing, Cameroon reaffirms its commitment to the peaceful settlement of disputes as one of the guiding principles of its foreign policy. We urge all states to adhere to the Court's decisions, as well as to the guidance provided by its advisory opinions in order to ensure that rule of law and justice triumph. Thank you, President.

I thank the distinguished representative of Cameroon. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Pakistan.

Mr. President, I thank Judge Eva Sava Jugie, President of the International Court of Justice, for presenting the Court's annual report. I would also like to thank him for the insightful assessment on the role and functioning of the Court. The International Court of Justice is a major pillar of global governance architecture and one of the principal organs of the United Nations. It is the only international court of a universal character with general jurisdiction. Acting as a guardian of the UN Charter and the corpus of international law, which has flowed from the Charter's framework, including treaties and conventions, UNSC resolutions, and UN declarations, which have become customary international law, the court's role for the peaceful settlement of disputes and for the preservation of international law-based governance cannot be overemphasized. Security Council Resolution 2788, adopted in July this year during Pakistan's presidency, reaffirmed the ICJ's role under Chapter VI of the UN Charter to recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment for the peaceful settlement of disputes, including by taking into consideration that legal disputes should, as a general rule, be referred by the parties to the International Court of Justice in accordance with the provisions of the Statute of the Court. In the face of cataclysmic transformations taking place across the globe, ICJ's role for the pacific settlement of dispute has gained greater significance. In flagrant disregard of the UN Charter and international law, unilateral and indiscriminate use of force and violation of international obligations is becoming rampant. We are witnessing blatant violation of international law and usurpation of fundamental rights of people under occupation in Palestine and Jammu and Kashmir. Even in these testing times, the ICJ remains seized of pressing issues ranging from territorial and Maritime disputes to environment and human rights the trust reposed by the international community in the court is born by an increase in its caseload and its International Prestige building on its previous July 2024 advisory opinion on Israel Palestine issue Pakistan welcomes the court's recent advisory opinion concerning the obligations of Israel in relation to the presence and activities of the United Nations, other international organizations, and third states in and in relation to the occupied Palestinian territory. The ICJ's jurisprudence has unequivocally established that the occupying power is under a legal obligation to enable the occupied people to exercise their right of self-determination and end its unlawful presence in the occupied territory without delay. The ICJ's advisory opinions have clarified international law and norms, which must be applied universally in all similar situations of foreign occupation and denial of the right to self-determination, both with respect to the obligations of the occupying power and the obligations of the third states. Equally significant is the Court's opinion on the obligations of states in respect of climate change, issued earlier this year. The Court affirmed several key positions advocated by Pakistan, that, first, The principle of prevention of significant harm to the environment applies explicitly to anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions. This principle requires states to diligently prevent activities within their jurisdiction from causing significant transboundary harm. Second, specialized climate treaties such as UNFCCC and Paris Agreement do not display or limit the general obligation of prevention under customary international law. Pakistan had strongly argued against the notion that these treaties represent lex specialis capable of overriding the broader principle of prevention. Third, states have responsibilities when their actions or omissions lead to significant climate-related harm affecting individuals in other states. Mr. President, To strengthen complementarity between the ICJ and other organs of the UN, including the General Assembly and the Security Council, for upholding international law, maintaining international peace and security, and promoting peaceful settlement of disputes and authoritative interpretation of applicable law, Pakistan would like to suggest the following. First, a binding decision by the Security Council to provide mandatory jurisdiction to the ICJ for those items on the Council's agenda where its resolutions are being violated. Second, the UN organs should have a greater and more frequent recourse to the ICJ's advisory opinions on specific disputes. Third, ICJ should have a larger role in ensuring accountability of member states for the violations of international law and determining the damage and compensation due to the aggrieved parties. Fourth, the General Assembly and the Council should play their role to give effect to the decisions of the court in pursuance of their respective responsibility. Pakistan remains committed to a world order underpinned by rule of law. A just and inclusive global governance flows from the observance and enforcement of international law, including the UN Charter. Pakistan reaffirms its strong support for the ICJ's role as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations in the peaceful settlement of disputes and the development and clarification of international law. We will continue to contribute to the work of the Court in this regard. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Pakistan. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Dominican Republic.

Mr. President, the Dominican Republic fully aligns itself with the statement delivered by Palau on behalf of the Alliance of Small Island States, and would like to make the following comments in our national capacity. We'd like to begin by expressing our thanks to the President of the International Court of Justice for presenting the report. This document reflects the Court's intense and varied work in fulfilling its mandate as the main judicial organ of the United Nations. The report highlights the growing confidence of States in the Court as a peaceful means of resolving international disputes, as well as its central role in promoting the rule of law in international relations. The Dominican Republic commends the Court's dedication in the way it has managed an increasing number of cases, 25 pending matters at the close of the period. covering highly complex issues from maritime delimitation and territorial and sovereignty to the application of treaties concerning human rights, non-discrimination, genocide prevention, the prohibition of torture, and environmental protection. This sustained increase in the volume and diversity of cases has placed a considerable workload on the judges and secretariat staff who, despite limited human resources, have maintained admirable admirable efficiency and legal quality in fulfilling their mandate, reflecting the Court's commitment to international justice. The Dominican Republic recognizes the fundamental value of the ICJ's advisory opinions. They are an essential tool for the clarification and progressive development of international law. Through these opinions, the Court provides States and UN bodies with legal guidance within reasonable timeframes via a non-contentious, inclusive and effective mechanism that contributes to dispute prevention, promoting the rule of law and strengthening legal multilateralism. In this context, we particularly welcome the advisory opinion issued on the 23rd of July this year on states' obligations relating to climate change requested by the General Assembly. This historic opinion marks a turning point in international law. affirming that States have concrete legal obligations to act with due diligence to prevent and mitigate the effects of climate change.

In accordance with the principles of equity, international cooperation, and the protection of human rights for present and future generations.

For the Dominican Republic, a small island developing state that is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, this pronouncement is of existential significance.

The intensification of hurricanes, rising sea levels, and extreme weather events are directly threatening our territory, economy, and well-being.

We are deeply honored, therefore, to have participated for the first time in our history in an oral hearing at the ICJ, precisely in the context of this advisory proceeding. This participation was an historic milestone for our country. It reflects our steadfast commitment to actively contributing to the development of a stronger and fairer international jurisprudence on climate matters. President, the Dominican Republic believes that providing access for young jurists to the Judicial Fellowship Program is particularly welcome.

We celebrate this initiative, which promotes greater geographic and linguistic diversity in the study and practice of international law, and which strengthens the connection between academia, youth and global justice institutions. President, Dominican Republic reaffirms its support for the ICJ as a guarantor of international legality and a symbol.

Of the trust placed by people in law as an instrument of peace. In an international context marked by rising tensions, environmental challenges, and humanitarian crises, strengthening the court is essential to uphold the principles of the UN Charter and ensure compliance with international legal obligations by all states. We conclude by reiterating our thanks to the President, the judges, and the staff of the Court for their dedication and commitment to international justice. The Dominican Republic will continue to promote, both at multilateral and national levels, a culture of respect for international law, of cooperative solidarity, and defense of the rule of law as the foundation of a more just, sustainable, and humane international order. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of the Dominican Republic. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Jamaica.

Thank you, Mr. President. Jamaica aligns itself with the statement delivered by Palau on behalf of AOSIS and delivers the following general remarks in its national capacity. We thank the International Court of Justice for its report covering the period 1 August 2024 to 31 July 2025. The nature of the cases before the court further emphasizes its role in helping to address truly global and complex issues. Notwithstanding the complexity of the cases before the court, Jamaica commends the ICJ for maintaining this efficiency. During the period under review, the ICJ handed down three judgments and one advisory opinion. In addition, there were 16 orders issued, and there are currently 25 pending matters. The case load of the court highlights a diverse geographical spread of cases, as well as the wide variety of subject matters addressed, which underscores the importance and universality of its work. I must also make special mention of the advisory opinion on the obligations of states in respect of climate change, which recorded a historic level of participation for the court. This matter was not only of historic significance to the court, but also to my own country, Jamaica. While Jamaica has always been a firm supporter in the court, for the first time we appeared in a matter before the International Court of Justice by participating in the oral hearings in respect of the advisory opinion. Jamaica chose to participate because of a strong belief that international law plays a central role in addressing the urgent climate crisis that we face. Small island developing states like Jamaica are most affected by the effects of climate change, whilst contributing the least to greenhouse gas emissions. Climate model projections show increasing temperatures for the Caribbean region that will result in changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, greater climate variability, and rising sea levels. These changes continue to adversely affect Jamaica's critical sectors. such as agriculture and tourism, as well as a disruption from extreme weather events, hampers our efforts to realize sustained inclusive growth and development. Jamaica's vulnerability has been exacerbated by climate change, as we have not been spared from the impact of these increasingly intense weather events. Hurricane Melissa, in this respect, serves as an unfortunate example. Hurricane Melissa has registered as the strongest ever hurricane on record to hit Jamaica, having rapidly developed into a category 5 hurricane. The estimated damage suffered is significant and is equivalent to 28-32% of our GDP for the 2024 period. Mr. President, as explained by our foreign minister, the advisory opinion is well aligned with key aspects of Jamaica's oral submission and quite timely considering the ongoing COP30 currently being held in Brazil. During the COP meetings, Jamaica will call on the international community to accelerate climate action, including climate finance at the level and scale required for seeds, such as through the adequate resourcing of the loss and damage fund. Although not legally binding, the advisory opinion carries significant weight and influence in international law. In respect of chapter six of the report, Jamaica would like to congratulate the court on the wide range of outreach activities and initiatives carried out over the reporting period. Jamaica commends the court for the steps it has taken to publicize its work and to promote a greater understanding of its activities. As seen by the level of participation in the matters before the court over the reporting period, it is clear that there is an appetite by member states and international organizations to enlist the support of the court in helping to resolve some of these complex issues. In closing, Jamaica wishes to reiterate its support for the court and encourages the court to continue its work in promoting the respect for the rule of law. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Jamaica. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Maldives.

Bismillahir Rahmanir Raheem. Thank you, President. All protocols observed. The Maldives thanks the President of the ICJ for his report and the Secretary-General for his report on the Trust Fund. to assist states in settling disputes through the ICJ. 80 years after its establishment, the ICJ remains the anchor of cooperation among nations. Its independence ensures that sovereignty and collective action, peace and justice, intersect and strengthen one another. An independent court upholds the rule of law that protects both the equality among states and the stability of the international order. When its authority is weakened, that order begins to erode. For small states like the Maldives, the rule of law safeguards sovereignty and security. It is the foundation of cooperation and shared progress. The Maldives strongly supports the ICJ advisory opinion on obligations of states in respect to climate change. The court affirmed that international law extends to protecting the planet and that all states are obliged to combat and mitigate climate change. We call on all states to act urgently and holistically, including by creating fiscal and policy space to invest in resilience and strengthen state capacity so that the most affected can adapt. The Maldives also welcomes the ICJ advisory opinion on the obligation of Israel in relation to the occupied Palestinian territory. Upholding this ruling is a legal and moral duty for all states. Israel must be held accountable and justice for Palestine realized. The Maldives participated in the oral hearing to reaffirm its confidence in the Court and has filed a declaration of intervention in the South Africa versus Israel case. The Maldives places its full trust in the Court, for we are convinced that the ICJ must remain the guardian, ensuring that collective action strengthens sovereignty and that the pursuit of justice preserves peace. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of the Maldives. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Malaysia.

Thank you, Mr. President. At the outset, Malaysia wishes to thank the President of the International Court of Justice, Judge Iwasawa Yuji, for his report on the work of the Court. We align ourselves with the statement by Uganda on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and add the following remarks in our national capacity. Malaysia welcomes the Court's continued dedication to the cause of justice as reflected in the report. Malaysia notes that the Court delivered three judgments, one advisory opinion, rendered 16 orders, held public hearings in five cases, and was seized of four new contentious cases and one request for an advisory opinion. This is a clear demonstration of member states' continued confidence in the court. Mr. President, Malaysia remains dedicated to the purpose and principles of the United Nations in promoting and upholding the rule of law. We reaffirm our recognition of the court's important role in the development of international law, as well as its contribution to the peaceful settlement of international disputes and to the maintenance of international peace and security. In this context, Malaysia's participation in several proceedings before the court demonstrates our strong commitment to the peaceful settlement of disputes in accordance with international law and our confidence in the justice system upheld by the court. Malaysia values the court's advisory opinions issued under Article 96 of the United Nations Charter. These opinions carry significant legal weight and moral authority. In this regard, Malaysia has also contributed to the work of the Court through the submission of written statements in advisory opinion proceedings on issues of global importance, such as on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons, the legal consequences of the construction of a wall in the occupied Palestinian territory, legal questions arising from the policies and practices of Israel in the OPT, and more recently, Questions on Obligations of Israel in Relation to the Presence and Activities of the United Nations, Other International Organisations, and Third States in and in Relation to the OPT. Mr. President, Malaysia welcomes the landmark advisory opinion of the Court of 22nd October 2025 on Obligations of Israel in Relation to the Presence and Activities of the UN, Other International Organisations, and Third States in and in Relation to This latest court ruling, among others, reaffirmed the indispensable and pivotal role of the UN, in particular the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, UNRWA, in providing essential humanitarian relief in the OPT, including in the Gaza Strip. The findings of the court further reaffirm Lesia's legal arguments, which were submitted through a written statement on 28 February 2025 and during the oral submission to the court on 28 April 2025. Therefore, Malaysia calls for the swift implementation of the opinion, which will also facilitate immediate delivery of the much-needed humanitarian aid without any hindrance to the OPT, particularly to Gaza. Israel should be held accountable for its atrocities against Palestinians and persistent violations of international law. Malaysia also notes the list of pending proceedings of the court during the period under review, including the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip, also known as South Africa against Israel. Malaysia commands South Africa for filling an application instituting proceedings against Israel before the court as a timely and tangible step towards legal accountability for the atrocities in Gaza. Mr. President, in conclusion, Malaysia underscores that the rule of law must prevail without double standards. We acknowledge and appreciate the essential role of the Court as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations and the importance of upholding its independence and integrity. We reaffirm our recognition of the Court's important role in the development of international law, as well as its contribution to the peaceful settlement of international disputes and its ongoing role in promoting international peace and security. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Malaysia. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Georgia.

Mr. President, let me start by thanking the President of the International Court of Justice, His Excellency Judge Iwasawa Yuji, for the report, and commend him for his dedicated work. Mr. President, in a time when the international legal system is under pressure from many directions, ensuring the global courts, such as the ICJ, function effectively has become increasingly important. As the violations of international law multiply, the ICJ stands as a key institution for prompting peace and stability by resolving disputes through legal means and by strengthening respect for international law. Amid these challenging times, respect for and adherence to the ICJ's rulings not only upholds justice but also reinforces the foundations of the international legal system. Compliance by state with the court decisions is essential to ensure the credibility and to prevent the erosion of norm that have long governed international relations, therefore, I would like to… reiterate our call on Russia to comply with the provisional measures of the ICJ, which bind Russia, pending the final decision, to immediately suspend the military operations that it commenced on 24 February 2022 in the territory of Ukraine. Georgia places great emphasis on the role of international judicial bodies as pillars of its foreign policy and diplomacy. By actively engaging with institutions such as the ICJ, the European Court of Human Rights, and the International Criminal Court, Georgia demonstrates its firm commitment to upholding the rule of law and safeguarding its sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity through legal and peaceful means. In this regard, I would like to recall that on 14th of October of this year, in the case of Georgia versus Russia Force, commonly known as the continuous occupation case, the European Court of Human Rights unanimously ruled that Russia must pay Georgia over 253 million euros for breaches of human rights suffered by more than 29,000 victims. These violations stemmed from Russia's unlawful borderization policy, which involved harassment, arbitrary detention, assaults and killing of Georgian civilians for which the court had held Russia responsible in 2024. These findings build upon the legacy of the court's historic 2021 judgment in the interstate case Georgia versus Russia II. The Strasbourg Court unequivocally confirmed Russia's occupation and effective control over Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region of Georgia, as well as its responsibility for heinous human rights violations against civilians and military personnel committed during and after August 2008. Mr. President, the wide geographical representation of states with the cases before the court, along with a large number of states involved in its contentious and advisory proceedings during the reporting period, highlights the ICJ's truly global reach and legitimacy. The diversity of parties from all regional groups, reflect the trust that the states from different legal systems and political backgrounds place in the Court. This balanced participation reaffirms the ICJ's role as a universal guardian of international law, committed to delivering impartial justice and upholding the rule of law in international relations. As of today, 74 state parties to the Statute have made declarations recognizing as compulsory the jurisdiction of the Court. Georgia, being among the states that have made such a declaration under Article 36 of the Statute without any reservations, believes it is important that states that have not yet done so to consider accepting the jurisdiction of the ICJ in accordance with its Statute and in line with the call made in General Assembly Resolution A/RES/79/126 of 4 December 2024. Mr. President, in conclusion, Georgia reiterates its unwavering commitment to the ICJ as a cornerstone of international legal order. By serving as an impartial and respected venue for resolving diverse disputes, the Court plays a crucial role in preventing disputes, fostering dialogue, and encouraging cooperation among states. Through its judgment, the ICJ upholds the peaceful settlement of disputes and strengthens international peace, security, and the rule of law worldwide. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Georgia. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Egypt.

Thank you, Mr. Vice President. Mr. Vice President, at the outset, I would like to congratulate the judge, Mahmoud Mahmoud, that Egypt nominated a candidate I congratulate him on his election as judge to the ICJ Egypt also congratulates Professor Phoebe okoa on her election as judge to fill the seat that became vacant after the resignation of judge Abdul Kawi Yusef Egypt wishes Professor okoa all success in her tasks Mr. vice president Egypt aligns itself with the statements of the Arab group and the non-aligned movement. We would like to add the following remarks in our national capacity. As the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, the International Court of Justice is a fundamental pillar of the international legal system and a beacon of justice in international relations. Since its establishment, the Court has played a pivotal role in consolidating the rule of law at the international level, in the peaceful settlement of disputes between States, and in clarifying and developing the rules of international law that regulate the relations between States and guarantee their rights and obligations. We have witnessed a steady increase in the number of cases brought before the ICJ in recent years. as well as successive requests for advisory opinions by the General Assembly and other United Nations bodies. This reflects the growing international confidence in the Court as an essential forum for achieving justice and as a peaceful and effective means of settling disputes between states away from the use of force or political diktats. This positive trend confirms the vital role of the Court in promoting the recourse to the rule of law, the recourse to law instead of the logic of force. It reflects a growing realization among states that recourse to international justice is the most effective way to protect rights and maintain international peace and security. Mr. Vice President. Egypt attaches particular importance to the advisory role played by the International Court of Justice, which allows it to give its opinion on legal issues of great importance to the international community. It allows it to contribute to the promotion of justice when politics fails to achieve it. In this context, Egypt recalls the Court's advisory opinion issued in July 2024 on the legal consequences arising from the policies and practices of Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory. It confirmed that Israel's prolonged occupation and its settlement and annexation policies constitute a flagrant violation of international law, including the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination and the inadmissibility of the acquisition of land by force. The court has also made clear that all states, as well as the United Nations, have an obligation not to recognize this illegal situation and to work collectively to end it. Egypt also welcomes the advisory opinion issued by the Court on the 22nd of October 2025 on Israel's obligations in relation to the activity and presence of United Nations bodies, including UNRWA, in the occupied Palestinian territories. The opinion affirmed the essential role played by the agency. and it affirmed that Israel as the occupying power and as a member of the United Nations is obligated to respect the immunities and privileges accorded to the United Nations and its bodies. Israel must facilitate their work in the occupied Palestinian territory. The advisory opinion also affirmed that Israel is prohibited from displacing Palestinians from their land, starving them, or using food as a weapon of war against Palestinians in the occupied Palestinian territories. These opinions are milestones in the course of international justice. They confirm that the rule of law must apply to all states without exception, and that justice, not force, is the true basis for peace. Mr. Vice President, Egypt also welcomes the advisory opinion. issued by the court on the legal implications of climate change, which was requested by the General Assembly. This opinion is a historic step in the development of international law, as it clarifies the legal obligations of states to prevent, mitigate, and address the harmful effects of climate change, a global challenge that threatens humanity as a whole. Developing countries, especially in Africa, bearing the brunt. The catastrophic effects of climate change are impacting all aspects of life in our countries. As a developing country that had the honor of hosting and presiding over COP27, Egypt believes that this opinion reinforces the fact that addressing climate change is not merely a moral or environmental obligation, but a legal duty based on the principle of climate justice, international solidarity, and common but differentiated responsibilities, while safeguarding the rights of present and future generations. In conclusion, Mr. Vice President, there are increasing challenges to the rule of law at international level. They include armed conflicts, aggression, occupation, violations of human rights and international humanitarian law, and transboundary environmental threats. We therefore must strengthen the authority and independence of the court. We must ensure that its judgments and advisory opinions are enforced in good faith in order to maintain international peace and security and uphold the values of the rule of law and justice for the betterment of all humanity. I thank you, Mr. Vice President.

I thank the distinguished representative of Egypt. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Mr. President, it is an honor to address the General Assembly on the report of the International Court of Justice for the year 2025. At the outset, I extend my delegation's appreciation to the President of the Court, Judge Ebassawa, for his presentation, and congratulate him for his appointment as the President of the Court. Mr. President, on the auspicious occasion of the 80th anniversary of the United Nations, which is almost the 80th anniversary of the International Court of Justice, it is important to recall the inextricable nexus between the Court and the Charter of the United Nations. The UN Charter does not simply establish the International Court of Justice as its principal judicial organ, but confers upon it crucial mandates in pursuance of realizing the very purposes and principles of the same. The Court's competence and meticulous task in adjudication of disputes among states and rendering opinions and responses to legal questions in accordance with international law and within the ambit of its jurisdiction, as well as its vindication of the purposes and the principles of the UN Charter through its jurisprudence, are among the main avenues that contributes to the rule of law on the part of the court. The court administers justice, resolves interstate disputes, and plays a critical role in prevention of conflict, thereby making an indispensable contribution also to the international peace and security. Eventually, in undertaking this, the Court is safeguarding international law and order and upholding the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, including the fundamental principles of non-intervention, prohibition of threat or use of force, and sovereign equality enshrined therein. This has been evidenced, among others, through contentious cases brought before the court, such as the military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua, brought against the United States by Nicaragua, and the oil platforms brought before the United States by the Islamic Republic of Iran. Unfortunately, in particular over the past two years, the world has observed exponential rise in normalization and recurrence of gross violations of the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. We are also witnessing open and direct affront to the International Court of Justice and the UN Charter by few who question its role, relevance, and status. At such turbulent time that these cardinal principles are openly disregarded. unilateralism of few is overriding multilateralism and use of force and aggression against sovereign states are blatantly glorified the court's role remains unique and vital in preserving the purposes and principles of the UN Charter Mr. president currently among the contentious cases before the court five involved the Islamic Republic of Iran as a party in four cases as an applicant and in one case as the respondent. These include certain Iranian assets, alleged violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights, alleged violation of state immunities, and aerial incident of 8th January, 2020. An appeal relating to the jurisdiction of the ICAO Council under Article 84 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation. I will now briefly touch upon each pending case. The first case, certain Iranian assets brought by the Islamic Republic of Iran before the court against the United States of America, mainly concerns the adoption and implementation of a number of legislative, executive, and judicial acts by the United States in flagrant violation of international law. The Court delivered its judgment on 30 March 2023 and ruled that, I quote, "Iran is entitled to compensation for the injury caused by violations by the United States." End of quote. It is noteworthy that the two parties have thus far carried out a technical dialogue to that end. This case has practically proceeded to compensation phase. The second case. That is, alleged violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights brought by the Islamic Republic of Iran before the Court against the United States of America concerns the internationally wrongful acts of the United States resulting from the reimposition of a comprehensive set of sanctions targeting directly or indirectly Iran and Iranian companies and nationals, in violation of multiple provisions of the Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights of 1955. Following the unanimous order of the provisional measures by the Court on 3rd October 2018, requiring the United States to remove any impediments on the importation of items of humanitarian significance, on 3rd February 2021, the Court rejected all the preliminary objections raised by the United States. Currently, the parties have filed pleadings on the merits before the court. It is the legitimate expectation of Iran as the applicant that the court accelerate the proceedings on the merits and that hearings be held as soon as possible, taking into account that there is still urgency in light of the reimposed U.S. unilateral coercive measures. The third case concerning alleged violations of state immunities, brought by the Islamic Republic of Iran before the court against Canada involves Canada's legislative, executive, and judicial measures since 2012 against Iran and its property, which have violated the immunities Iran is entitled to under customary international law. The first set of pleadings of the parties on the merits have been filed. Thus, the case is still pending while the said violations persist against well-established principles of international law. The fourth case, Aerial Incident of 8th January, consists of allegations of the applicant states concerning the Ukraine International Airline flight PS752 accident on 8th January 2020. Iran believes that, among others, the applicant states have failed to properly exhaust the preconditions before the referral of the matter to the Court, namely negotiation and arbitration. The case is currently in jurisdictional phase. The last case concerns Iran's appeal relating to the jurisdiction of the ICAO Council under Article 84 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation. The Court has fixed time limits for the filing of written pleadings relating to a decision of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization on preliminary objections. Mr. President, The Islamic Republic of Iran participated in the advisory proceedings on the obligation of the Israeli regime in relation to the presence and activities of the United Nations, other international organizations, and third states in and relation to the occupied Palestinian territory. The Court, in its advisory opinion of 22nd October 2022, unanimously held that the Israeli regime, as an occupying power, is required to fulfill its obligations under international humanitarian law, including to ensure that the Palestinians enjoy the essential supplies of daily life, to respect and protect all relief and medical personnel and facilities, to respect the prohibition on forcible transfer and deportation of civilian populations, and further to respect the prohibition on the use of starvation of civilians as a method of warfare. The Islamic Republic of Iran believes that the findings of the court is another important step in defining the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination. besides its two previous advisory opinions of 9 July 2004 on legal consequences of the construction of a wall in the occupied Palestinian territory, and that of 19 July 2024 on the policies and practices of Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem. Regrettably, however, violations of the rights of Palestinians persist in the face of numerous calls to end the same, violations that have again escalated during the past few days. Mr. President, during the past year, on 23rd July 2025, the court also issued landmark advisory opinion on obligations of states in respect of climate change. The court, among others, delineated obligations of state parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, as well as the Paris Agreement. The Court also highlighted the necessity of respect for such obligations by states in accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Mr. President, while we have a full understanding of the Court's heavy workload, the demanding tasks entrusted with the honorable judges involved in dispensable delays, at times this is coupled with drastic changes in circumstances that surrounded the initial dispute and the respective rights and obligations of the parties. We hope that a solution can be sought based on the statute, rules, and precedent of the court in order to expedite the proceedings and ensure sound administration of justice. Finally, we are confident that the court's role, together with its continued independence and impartiality, not only promotes the advancement of peaceful dispute resolution, but upholds sovereign equality, a fundamental principle stipulated in the UN Charter. In this respect, I would like to recall the statement of the president of the International Court of Justice delivered in June on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the United Nations. That, I quote, "One of the most important principles of the Charter is the principle of sovereign equality of states. In the Great Hall of Justice, this principle is put to practice in the most tangible way, as all parties appearing before the Court are equal and disputes are resolved on the basis of international law." End of quote. I would like to thank you, Mr. President.

I thank the distinguished representative of Islamic Republic of Iran. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Jordan.

Thank you, Madam Vice Chair. Jordan aligns itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Arab Group, and wishes to make the following remarks in its national capacity. Jordan expresses its appreciation to His Excellency Judge Iwasawa, President of the International Court of Justice, for presenting the Court's annual report. Jordan also extends its congratulations to His Excellency Mahmoud Eifalla Al-Hmoud on his election as an Arab judge of the Court. and commends the members of the Court and its registry for their steadfast dedication to the enhancement of international justice and the rule of law. The International Court of Justice, as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, continues to embody the purposes of the Charter and remain a cornerstone of a peaceful settlement of dispute among states. Through its judicial and advisory function, the Court strengthens the foundation of a rule-based multilateral order grounded in law, equity, and respect of sovereignty. Madam Vice-Chair, Jordan attaches the highest importance to the work of the Court and welcomes its growing and diverse docket. which reflects the trust of member states placed in its impartiality and independence. We commend the court's ongoing efforts to ensure transparency, efficiency, and accessibility in carrying out its vital mandate. Jordan believes that compliance with the court's findings is not optional. It's a collective legal duty arising under the charter and the general principle of the international law. Selected adherence to the court's judgments, opinions, or measures undermines the universality of justice and weakens the credibility of multilateral system. Jordan welcomes the advisory opinion delivered by the International Court of Justice on the 22nd of October 2025, which reaffirmed that Israel, as the occupying power in Gaza Strip, is legally obliged to allow and facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance by the United Nations and its agencies, including UNRWA, and that the starvation of civilians as a method of warfare is absolutely prohibited. In this regard, Jordan underscores the crucial role of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East as an indispensable lifeline for millions of Palestinian refugees, providing essential humanitarian, educational and health services under the most difficult circumstances. Madam Vice-Chair, Jordan also stresses the need to provide the Court with adequate financial and administrative resources to meet the demands of its expanding workload. The ICJ's capacity to deliver timely and authoritative judgments depends on sustained support from Member States. Jordan believes that investment in the Court is an investment in peace, predictability, and the international rule of law. Jordan further reaffirms the importance of the different regions, cultures, and legal systems within the composition of the Court. Madam Vice-Chair, in conclusion, Jordan reaffirms its steadfast support for the International Court of Justice, its independence, and its essential role in upholding law over force. The Court's work continues to remind us that justice is the only viable path toward a peaceful and equitable international order. Thank you, Madame Vice-Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Jordan.

I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Timor-Leste.

Madam President, the International Court of Justice stands today as the conscience of our collective legal order, a forum where even the smallest of nations may find equality before the law. Timor-Leste aligns itself with the statements delivered by Palau on behalf of the Alliance of Small Island Developing States by Uganda on behalf of Non-Aligned Movement, and by Guinea-Bissau on behalf of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries. We are honoured to add the following remarks in our national capacity. Timor-Leste commends the members of the Court under the leadership of President Iwasawa Yuzi for the clarity, independence and authority with which they have discharged their functions. The work of the court remains the highest expression of our collective faith and that disputes among states must be settled by law rather than by force. Madam President, this year's advisory opinion on the obligations of states in respect to climate change marks a milestone in the progressive development of international law. Timor-Leste was proud to participate actively in those proceedings, joining many other states in presenting written and oral observations before the court. The court affirmed that states have a legal obligation to take all necessary measures to prevent, reduce, and remedy the adverse effects of climate change. in accordance with the best available science and the principle of equity. For small island developing states, this pronouncement is not an abstraction, but a matter of survival and justice. It is also a statement of hope that the law still recognizes our right to exist and our children's right to inherit a livable planet. It confirms that climate action is a legal duty owed to present and future generations. The opinion provides a framework grounded in solidarity, equity, and intergenerational responsibility, reinforcing the coherence between the Charter of the United Nations, the Paris Agreement, and the Law of the Sea. This advisory opinion draws upon and reinforces the work of International Law Commission on sea level rise, affirming that the legal stability of maritime zones and the continuity of a statehood are not affected by the physical effects of climate change. Timor-Leste hopes that this opinion will strengthen cooperation among all nations to implement meaningful mitigation and adaptation measures ensure adequate financing and preserve the rights of the maritime entitlements of a state whose very existence is threatened by sea level rise. Madam President, the Court's steadily growing docket reflects the continuing confidence of member states in judicial settlement as a pillar of Article 33 of the Charter a commitment that the Statute of the Court translates into practice through Article 36. In a world still marked by conflict and mistrust, the International Court of Justice offers a path of law, reason and equality. Timor-Leste reaffirms its conviction that acceptance of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction is both a sign of confidence in international legal order and a practical contribution to the maintenance of peace. We encourage all states to accept the Court's compulsory jurisdiction fully and without reservation that defeat its purpose. For small and developing nations, The court's impartiality provides the ultimate insurance that dispute may be resolved on the basis of law, not power. Access to justice must not depend on resources. The trust fund to assist the states in the settlement of disputes through the ICJ is therefore not charity, but matter of equality. Timor-Leste calls for continued and increased voluntary contributions to that fund and to the Judicial Fellowship Program, both of which promote equal access to the Court and nurture the next generation of international lawyers from all regions. Sustaining excellence also requires adequate resources. Timor-Leste supports ensuring that the Court has the means to discharge its growing responsibilities effectively and without compromising the quality and timeliness of its work. Madam President, Timor-Leste's own experience has shown that peace and sovereignty are sustained only when anchored in justice and the rule of law. We therefore reaffirm our unwavering support for the International Court of Justice as a cornerstone of a rule-based international order and as the most tangible expression of the United Nations' promise to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war. We will continue to champion universal respect for the Court's judgments, provisional measures, and advisory opinions, as well as equitable access to each procedure and the acceptance of each compulsory jurisdiction. In doing so, we renew our collective faith that law can prevail over power, justice over indifference, and that the voice of reason spoken from The Hague continues to light the path toward peace. I thank you, Madam President.

I thank the distinguished representative of Timor-Leste.

I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Barbados.

Madam President, Barbados aligns itself with the statements delivered by the distinguished representative of Palau on behalf of the Alliance of Small Island States and the distinguished representative of Uganda on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. We deliver the following remarks in our national capacity. At the outset, Barbados expresses its appreciation to the International Court of Justice for its comprehensive report. We also take this opportunity to highlight the indispensable historic value of the Court, even as it continues to face many institutional challenges, such as the increasing and complex workload of cases and the continued limited resources at its disposal. Despite these obstacles, the International Court of Justice has stood firm in the dedication to justice and the rule of law. Barbados also notes the impressive array of areas that the Court has covered, including human rights, sovereignty, and others. Its crucial role of issuing advisory opinions allows for the transparent and progressive codification of international legal norms and allows small states such as Barbados and others to participate and have adequate representation within the realm of international law. We will continue to support the court in its work in the years to come. Among the many important cases on its docket, Barbados takes special note of the court's advisory opinion on the obligation of states in respect of the opinion on climate change released on July 23rd this year. Barbados was among the 166 countries that co-sponsored the General Assembly resolution requesting the court to provide this opinion, and we will be working with others in this session of the General Assembly towards a resolution welcoming this important opinion. We were also amongst the almost 100 countries that provided extensive written submissions and participated in the oral hearings last year. For Barbados, as for many smaller countries participating in this process, it was the first time that we appeared before the court. The opinion could not be more timely, considering the fact that our Caribbean neighbors in Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, the Bahamas, and others have recently faced the wrath of Hurricane Melissa, a uniquely ferocious category five storm. is storm whose formation, intensity, and trajectory are in all likelihood, the result of the man-made climate crisis that was at the very center of the court's advisory opinion. Madam President, the court's opinion on climate change underlines key findings which especially resonate with Barbados. Firstly, that climate change treaties are not let specialis and do not displace other sources of international law. As such, These climate change treaties impose significant obligations on states, both of conduct and of result. Furthermore, customary international law also imposes an obligation on states to prevent significant harm to the climate system. Secondly, that sea level rise does not extinguish statehood or reduce maritime territory. This is especially important for small island developing states and coastal states, and we face this existential threat. And finally, that the right to a clean and healthy environment emerges from other human rights law, and that all aspects of the existing law of attribution and causation and state responsibility generally pertain to climate change law, including the obligation of compensation for harm. Therefore, these obligations in respect to climate change are erga omnes. These findings illustrate the existing obligations of states in international law, including in making a connection to the important advisory opinion of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on climate change. In these times when strict adherence to international law seems to be sometimes treated as an option rather than an obligation, Barbados draws strength from the court's crystalline clarity regarding the obligations of states in relation to the ongoing climate crisis. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Barbados.

I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Azerbaijan.

Madam President, at the outset, I would like to thank the President of the International Court of Justice for presenting the report, which covers the activities of the Court between 1 August 2024 and 31 July 2025. We also take note of the Secretary-General's report on the Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice. Madam President, last month, the United Nations commemorated the 80th anniversary of the entry into force of the Charter of the Organization. One of the purposes enshrined in the Charter is, I quote, "to bring about, by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace." All members thus undertake to settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered. The peaceful settlement of disputes remain one of the key principles of the United Nations. The commitment to resolve disputes through peaceful means and in accordance with international law is one of the cornerstones of the notion of the rule of law at the international level. It's linked to various other principles of international law, including, in particular, the equally core principle prohibiting the use of force in international relations, save for self-defense and Security Council-authorized activities. It is abundantly clear that the drafters of the Charter didn't develop its purposes and principles to be arbitrarily interpreted as permitting, encouraging, or justifying aggression and other prohibited actions. The conduct inconsistent with this basic understanding necessitates greater efforts to counter misinterpretation of the Charter and international law in general. reaffirmed the absence of conflict between the commonly agreed norms and principles, and recalled the duty of the States to implement their international obligations in good faith. As a principal judicial organ of the United Nations, The International Court of Justice plays an important role in adjudicating disputes as well as in interpreting and clarifying the meaning of the Charter, purposes and principles, and providing authoritative guidance for States and assisting the United Nations organs. The sustained increase in new cases submitted to the Court on a wide range of topics The involvement of many states in contentious and advisory proceedings before the court, the significant number of judgments and orders it delivered during the period under review, and the geographical scope and diversity of the cases before the court reflected dynamism and the growing recognition of the court's contribution to global peace and security and the development of international law. Madam President, Article 36 of the Statute of the Court requires that a matter brought before it should be a legal dispute. The value of judicial settlement is high, as it takes place within a legal framework and upon the basis of legal norms. Evidently, for the process of judicial settlement to operate successfully, it should be consistent with international law. particularly where peremptory norms are concerned, done in a manner that precludes the recrudescence of a dispute, and not to be misused to promote and advance political goals, including through attempts to shoehorn claims into a legal framework. The parties to disputes before judicial bodies must take greater care to ensure that their conduct and rhetoric are in accord with their broader obligations under international law and the ensuing objectives, principles, and prospects of negotiated settlement, reconciliation, and sustainable peace. There can be no justification for the neglect of underlying facts and misinterpretation of the court's proceedings and rulings for propaganda and disinformation purposes by the parties to a dispute as well as by other circles. It is therefore important to further strengthen global efforts to combat the plague of mis- and disinformation, evaluate claims with extreme caution and great reserve, and rely on evidence that is fully conclusive and obtained by skilled examination. Azerbaijan has been and remain fully committed to the universally recognized norms and principles of international law and will continue its efforts to build sustainable peace and promote conflict prevention, justice and accountability. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Azerbaijan.

I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Guyana.

Thank you, Madam President. I thank the President of the International Court of Justice, Judge Yuji Iwasawa, for his detailed report on the activities of the Court. It is Guyana's firm belief that there is no dispute between states that cannot be settled through peaceful means. The International Court of Justice, as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, continues to make a significant contribution in this regard. The growing number of cases and requests for advisory opinions submitted to the Court on wide-ranging issues demonstrates the confidence that Member States continue to have in the Court and their deliberate choice of a peaceful means of dispute settlement, consistent with the core principles and objectives of the UN Charter. At a turbulent time when conflicts are wreaking havoc in our world and causing immense suffering to millions of people, countries that choose legal and peaceful means of settling their disputes must be commended. It is worth highlighting that during the reporting period, 122 States were involved in contentious or advisory proceedings before the Court in various capacities. The benefits of choosing the legal and judicial paths, or any of the peaceful means of settling disputes identified in Article 33 of the UN Charter, are in stark contrast to the horrors we are witnessing in places like Sudan, Gaza, Haiti, DRC and Ukraine, where conflict, war and disregard for the rule of law have been the prominent characteristics. At a time when the Security Council is failing to deliver on its mandate to maintain international peace and security and to find lasting political solutions to conflict, the ICJ continues to serve the purpose for which it was created. Next year, the Court will celebrate the 80th anniversary of its inaugural sitting. Over the past 79 years, it has been a valuable source of reasoned decisions, building a vast and rich jurisprudence and providing peaceful resolutions to numerous difficult disputes and preventing escalations into conflict. The international community must continue to champion the Court, ensure its adequate resourcing, and respect its rulings as part of our commitment to the rule of law, the maintenance of international peace and security, and the United Nations Charter. While acknowledging that most States abide by the decisions of the Court and respect its opinions, we are concerned about the lack of compliance by some. This is a contravention of Article 94 of the Charter, which requires all Member States to implement the legally binding decisions of the Court. We are deeply concerned in particular about Israel's repeated non-compliance with the provisional orders issued by the Court in relation to Gaza and the disregard for its advisory opinion. Such blatant disregard and disrespect for the Court must not be tolerated. The Security Council and the ICJ have complementary roles in promoting the peaceful settlement of disputes under international law. The Council must be united and vocal in its support for the Court, and utilize every opportunity to urge compliance with the Court's decisions and condemn non-compliance wherever this occurs. Greater use can be made of the Council's enforcement function in relation to the Court's decisions as provided for in Articles 94 and 96 of the UN Charter. The Council should also routinely consider recommending that parties take their legal disputes to the Court as outlined in Article 36 of the Charter and request advisory opinions to clarify legal issues. Madam President, the ICJ remains the choice of small states who understand well the grave risks and consequences of war and conflict. This is why Guyana, faced with a spurious claim to our territory, submitted our border controversy with Venezuela to the ICJ, consistent with our firm commitment to settle this matter by legal and peaceful means. The ICJ has twice affirmed its jurisdiction in the matter and has also issued provisional measures ordering Venezuela to refrain from altering the status quo. After years of refusing to participate in the proceedings of the ICJ and stating that it does not recognize the jurisdiction of the Court, Venezuela's decision to participate in the Court's proceedings is welcome. We look forward to receiving a date for the hearing and hope that Venezuela will accept the decision of the Court, as Guyana has long pledged to do. Madam President, Guyana welcomes the increased requests by the General Assembly for the ICJ to issue advisory opinions on legal questions. We have taken positive note of the Court's detailed advisory opinions issued in July and October this year on the obligations of States in respect of climate change and on the obligations of Israel in relation to the presence and activities of the United Nations, other international organizations and third States in and in relation to the occupied Palestinian territory. Guyana also supports the court's call for greater budgetary allocations, recognizing its increased workload. We welcome the substantial increase shown in the annual the substantial interest shown in the annual judicial fellowship program and note that the trust fund is enabling the participation of more applicants from developing countries. In closing, Madam President, Guyana reaffirms its unwavering support to the International Court of Justice and our commitment to a peaceful resolution to the settlement of disputes. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Guyana. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Kenya.

Thank you, Mr. President. Kenya thanks the President of the International Court of Justice and the Secretary-General for their comprehensive reports on the activities of the Court and on the operation of the Trust Fund to assist States in the settlement of disputes through the Court. We reaffirm the central role of the International Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations and a cornerstone for the peaceful settlement of disputes in line with Article 1 of the Charter. The Court continues to serve as a vital mechanism for the rule of law and multilateralism, offering states a neutral and authoritative forum for the resolution of complex international disputes. It is now four months since the International Court of Justice rendered its historic advisory opinion on the states' obligation regarding climate change. Kenya strongly supports and welcomes this advisory opinion, which we believe requires a corrective action to ensure that all member states take serious measures to address the grave threat posed by climate change. We note the increasing workload of the Court, now handling 25 cases, 23 of them being contentious cases, and two advisory proceedings, with more than 122 States involved. in contentious or advisory proceedings before the Court during the period under review. The sustained increase in new cases submitted to the Court and the significant number of judgments and orders it delivered during the period under review reflect the institution's involvement within the United Nations system. This further underscores the continued confidence of Member States in the Court's impartiality, independence and professionalism. In this context, my delegation underscores the importance of adequate, predictable and sustainable financing to enable the Court to discharge its mandate effectively. We welcome the modest budget increase proposed for 2026 to strengthen judicial and administrative support functions, and call on all Member States to safeguard the Court's financial independence. Mr. President, turning to the composition of the Court, Kenya recognizes the professionalism and integrity of the current bench, which reflects the world's principal legal systems. However, We remain concerned that since the establishment of the Court in 1946, only seven out of 114 judges elected have been women representing less than 6% of the total membership in its 80 years of existence. This imbalance is inconsistent with the United Nations commitment to gender equality. It is therefore high time that member states give deliberate attention to ensuring women's participation in the court, ensuring that excellence and gender parity are pursued in equal measure, particularly when an opportunity arises during the election of judges to the court. As international community marks the 80th anniversary of the ICJ, Let's renew our collective commitment to uphold the rule of law, strengthen international justice, and ensure that the Court mirrors the diversity and inclusiveness that the United Nations stands for. Kenya reaffirms its unwavering support to the Court and to the promotion of gender equality within its ranks. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Kenya. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Senegal.

Mr. President, the delegation of Senegal fully aligns itself with the statements delivered by Cameroon and the Gambia and Uganda on behalf of the African.

Groups, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.

We'd like to make the following remarks in our national capacity.

At the outset, we'd like to take this opportunity to pay tribute to His Excellency.

Nawaf Salam, Prime Minister of Lebanon, and outgoing President of the International Court of Justice, for his outstanding service to the Court. I'd also like to extend.

My warmest congratulations to Mr. Yuji Iwasawa, elected on 3 March 2025 by his peers as President of the Court. We wish him every success in his new role.

My delegation would also like to thank Mr. Iwasawa for his comprehensive presentation of the Court's activities.

Through him, we.

Pay tribute to the unwavering commitment of all of those who contribute to the effective functioning of this institution.

I'm also pleased to express my deep gratitude to the Secretary General for his report A/80/338 on the trust fund aimed at financially assisting member states, particularly developing countries, that wish to bring their disputes to the court. President, report A/80/4 highlights a significant rise in judgments on the merits as well as incidental decisions and a broader range of cases in general. During the reporting period, contentious cases before the Court involved four states from the Asia-Pacific group, eight from the Latin American and Caribbean group, three states from the African group, eight from the Eastern European group and nine states from the Western European and others group. Beyond the traditional disputes concerning sovereignty or maritime boundaries, the ICJ is also being called upon to address a wide range of issues: state immunity, application of treaties on diplomatic relations, combating racial discrimination, genocide prevention, suppression of terrorism financing, prohibition of torture, air safety, and environmental protection. In this regard, we welcome the fact that over 300 bilateral or multilateral treaties now confer jurisdiction on the ICJ for various different types of disputes. This demonstrates how member states favor the UN's main legal organ in resolving disputes in accordance with international law. The geographic distribution of cases also reflects the court's universality and dynamism. In addition to these decisions, my delegation would like to welcome the ICJ's invaluable contribution through the three advisory opinions issued during the reporting period, be they concerning states obligations on climate change or Israel's obligations regarding the presence and activities of the United Nations, other international organizations and third states in the occupied Palestinian territory. These opinions carry certain legal weight and should guide the actions of international law actors. President, firmly committed to the rule of law at the national and international level, Senegal views the rising number and diversity of cases brought to the ICJ as a real safeguard of global legal security. In a global context marked by rising violations of international law, international humanitarian law, and human rights, disputes should not be left to the law of the strongest or resolved through violence. My delegation is convinced that multilateralism, despite its challenges, remains the surest path to preserving international peace and security. In this endeavor, the ICJ's role is indisputable. Through its central mission of peacefully resolving disputes between states, it stands as a pillar of the rule of law. That is why Senegal urges the international community to step up efforts to promote the rule of law at the international level and to uphold the primacy of international law. This is how we can build a fairer world order, ensuring peaceful relations among nations and strengthening the United Nations work across the three pillars of its Charter. President, it must, however, be recalled that the Court continues to face a major challenge that could undermine its effectiveness, the proper enforcement of its judgments. Senegal reaffirms its commitment to the implementation of ICJ judgments and orders as since their execution is a legal obligation binding on all parties to a dispute once they have accepted the court's jurisdiction. It bears repeating that this obligation is enshrined in Article 94 of the UN Charter as follows: "Each member of the United Nations undertakes to comply with the decision of the International Court of Justice in any case to which it is a party." In this regard, my delegation expresses its deep concern at the non-enforcement of the Court's binding decisions. We urge Member States concerned to honour their obligations. Refusal to do so undoubtedly poses a direct threat to global peace and security. Senegal maintains that the absence of a direct enforcement mechanism for the Court's binding decisions does not absolve Member States of their treaty commitments. President, Since the Court's effectiveness largely depends on States' willingness to recognize its jurisdiction and its authority, Senegal regrets that to date, less than half of the UN member States have made declarations recognizing the ICJ's binding jurisdiction. As noted in the report, only 74 States have submitted such declarations under paragraphs 2 and 5 of Article 36 of the Statute, with some including reservations. Therefore, we urge States that have not yet done so to accept the Court's compulsory jurisdiction. Senegal places great value in the Judicial Fellowship Programme. This provides young legal professionals, particularly from developing countries, with in-depth training in international law through scholarships. We call on Member States and international financial institutions to contribute to this trust fund to broaden the geographical and linguistic diversity of programme beneficiaries. By way of conclusion, my delegation reaffirms its full support for the International Court of Justice, whose noble mission and universal purpose require the consideration by all legal systems around the world. We finally call on the Security Council under Article 94 of the Charter to ensure respect for and enforcement of ICJ decisions so that the power of the rule of law can prevail over the law of power. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Senegal. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Tunisia.

Thank you, Mr. Vice President. At the outset, we would like to congratulate Judge Yuji Iwasawa for his election as President of the ICJ, and we wish him every success. in carrying out his noble functions, and thank him for the report on the work of the Court. We also, once again, congratulate Judge Mahmoud Falaq Hamoud on his election as member of the Court. Mr. Vice President, Tunisia reaffirms its support for the central role of the International Court of Justice as the main legal body of the United Nations and one of the fundamental pillars of international law. international system based on rule of law and equality of states. We appreciate the efforts of the court through its advisory opinions, which, although not legally binding, constitute a moral and legal reference, contribute to the development of international law. These opinions guide the practice of states and international organizations toward greater respect for international law. In this context, Taneesha welcomes the advisory opinion of the Court of July 23, 2025 on the obligations of states with regard to climate change. This opinion strengthens the principle of climate justice and solidarity between states in accordance with the principle of common differentiated responsibility. My country also welcomes the advisory opinion of the ICJ of October 22, 2025, on the obligations of Israel with regard to the presence and activities of the UN and other international organizations and other states in the occupied Palestinian territory. My country took part in the procedures of these advisory opinions and provided oral pleadings before the Court to defend the right of the Palestinian people to receive international aid, as well as its right to self-determination. Tunisia holds that the decision issued by the Court represents a historic turning point in the consolidation of the legal references for the rights of Palestinians, as well as the legality of the presence of the occupiers in Palestinian territory, demonstrating the lack of any sovereign right to presence of the occupying powers, as well as the clear systematic violations by Israel of international humanitarian law, international human rights law, and the UN Charter. My country believes that Today, it is the moral and political responsibility of all member states to exert pressure on the occupying power to ensure that it respects these advisory opinions when it comes to occupation of the Palestinian territories. States must also refrain from supporting the policies of the occupying powers that aim to eliminate an entire people. President, we reiterate our support for the role of the Court in resolving disputes between states. In order to help states resolve their disputes in a peaceful manner, we call for providing more resources and funding to the Court to allow it to fully carry out its mandates. Tunisia holds that upholding the Court's rulings and decisions is a collective responsibility for all member states and their implementation is the most effective guarantee of the consolidation of the principles of legality and international law. In closing, my country reiterates its unwavering support for the central role of the ICJ as an effective instrument for strengthening the principle of international justice and prevention of impunity. This is the only way of achieving lasting peace based on equity, peaceful dispute settlement between states, and respect for international legitimacy and law. Thank you, Mr. Vice President.

I thank the distinguished representative of Tunisia. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Nigeria.

Mr. President, Nigeria extends its profound gratitude to His Excellency Judge Iwasawa Yuji, President of the International Court of Justice, for presenting the comprehensive and instructive report on the ICJ contained in document A/80/4. We reaffirm our steadfast and unwavering support for the International Court of Justice as a principal judicial organ of the United Nations. The Court remains indispensable to the maintenance of international peace and security, and its role in upholding the rule of law at the global level is a cornerstone of multilateralism. This is a principle deeply embedded in Nigeria's foreign policy and our commitment to the peaceful resolution of international disputes. Nigeria aligns with the statement delivered by Uganda on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and seeks to make the following additional points in national capacity. Mr. President, we note with appreciation the ICJ's advisory opinion on obligations of states in respect of climate change. This opinion is of immense importance to the entire global community and particularly to developing nations and the African continent. Africa bears the disproportionate burden of climate change, despite contributing the least to its causes. Nigeria commends the Court for its timely and forward-looking jurisprudence on this existential challenge and calls upon all States to heed the Court's guidance in taking urgent and ambitious climate action. Furthermore, we express unequivocal support for the Judicial Fellowship Program of the International Court of Justice and the associated trust fund established to support this vital initiative. This program is an essential mechanism for capacity building in international law, offering young jurists from developing countries, including Africa, the opportunity to deepen their understanding of the court's work and the broader field of international dispute resolution. We encourage all Member States to contribute generously to this fund to ensure sustainability of this laudable program. Nigeria is proud that young Nigerian lawyers have benefited from this program, and we look forward to many more African jurists gaining this invaluable experience. Mr. President, Nigeria's engagement with International Court of Justice is not new. My country has a long and distinguished history of recourse to the court, having accepted its judgments with respect and dignity, even when they were unfavorable. This reflects Nigeria's deep-seated belief in the judiciary's role as the arbiter of disputes and our unwavering commitment to the rule of law, both domestically and internationally. Our experience has demonstrated that judicial settlement is not a sign of weakness, but rather a mark of strength, maturity, and commitment to civilized international relations. Building upon Nigeria's example and the encouraging engagement of African states during this reporting period, my delegation extends a proactive and earnest call to all member states to consider accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the court under article 32, paragraph two of its status. Broader acceptance of the court's jurisdiction will not only strengthen the rule of law, but will also enhance the court's universal character and its capacity to contribute meaningfully to global peace and security. Let us collectively embrace the court as our forum of first resort, rather than our mechanism of last resort. Mr. President, Nigeria wishes to underscore with utmost clarity that the legitimacy, credibility, and universal character of the International Court of Justice are intrinsically linked to the equitable and diverse geographical representation. The court must reflect the full spectrum of the world's legal systems, cultures, civilizations, and experiences if it is to command the confidence of all member states and effectively discharge its mandate as the world principal judicial organ. Nigeria continues to take pride in its rich common law heritage, its commitment to international law spanning decades, its significant contributions to international peace and security through peacekeeping and peacebuilding, and its active participation in multilateral institutions. Mr. President, despite the outcome, we express our profound thanks to member states for the support extended to the candidate of Nigeria, Dr. Tawheed Olufemi Elias, Judge ad hoc of the International Court of Justice. My delegation also extend warm congratulations to Professor Phoebe Okowa of Kenya on her election and wishes her every success as she assumes duty. In conclusion, Nigeria pledges its continued and unwavering support for the International Court of Justice and its mandate. We remain firmly committed to strengthening the Court's role as a guardian of international law and the peaceful arbiter of international disputes among nations. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Nigeria. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Cuba.

Mr. President, distinguished delegates, we align ourselves with the statement delivered by Uganda on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. On behalf of the Republic of Cuba, we would like to highlight the relevance of the International Court of Justice as an international legal body that peacefully and in good faith resolves the most important disputes of the international community in accordance with international law. At the same time, we would like to underscore the activity undertaken by the Court during the reporting period for the report A/84/4, and we are grateful for the presentation of this report. President, it's essential to support the work done by the Court through its judgements and advisory opinions to strengthen the rule of law at the international level. We are grateful for the publications and online resources that are made available to Member States, since they are valuable for the dissemination and study of international law and for the public, as particularly for developing countries. Some of these countries, including Cuba, are very often deprived of information related to progress in the sphere of law. And in Cuba's particular case, this situation has been worsened due to the antiquated criminal commercial financial blockade imposed by the United States of America, which, among other things, impedes us, prevents us from having access to a number of websites and prevents our general use of the internet. Mr. President, at these times marked by arbitrariness and delays in the granting of visas, as well as various restrictions on our rights, we would like to highlight the validity of the advisory opinion issued by the Court. on the 26th of April 1998 with regards to the applicability of arbitration established in section 21 of the United Nations Headquarters Agreement that was signed in 1947. In this advisory opinion, the court concludes that the United States as a party to that aforementioned agreement is obliged to be submitted to arbitration to resolve disputes between the countries and the United Nations and we underscores that international law prevails over domestic law President, Cuba also grants particular relevance to the earmarking of necessary budgetary resources so that the International Court of Justice can appropriately carry out its work to ensure the peaceful settlement of the disputes that it has under its jurisdiction. We appeal for further work to be done to ensure that these resources can reach the court in a timely and appropriate manner. Cuba welcomes the decision of the ICJ on the obligations of states with regard to climate change. We believe that this is a victory for the international community and a crucial step towards strengthening international law to address the challenges posed by this global climate change. It is not possible to address the challenges posed by climate change without the participation of all nations, bearing in mind their common but differentiated responsibilities and in accordance with their respective capacities and economic and social situation. We will continue to promote as the highest priority policies and approaches to ensure sustainability and respect for the environment. Mr. President, in December 2023, the Republic of Cuba joined the demand made by South Africa against Israel for the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide in the Gaza Strip that was presented to the ICJ. We reiterate that complying with the Convention on the Genocide of 1988 is an obligation on its members. Indeed, members are obliged to take all measures to avoid any attempt to destroy a national, ethnic, racial or religious group.

Cuba

spares no efforts to ensure a broad-based, fair, and lasting settlement to the Israeli-Palestinian issue on the basis of the creation of two states that will allow the Palestinian people to exercise their right to self-determination and to enjoy an independent sovereign state within the pre-1967 borders with East Jerusalem as their capital. This would guarantee would also guarantee the right of return for refugees. For this reason, we joined the proceedings brought by South Africa against Israel at the ICJ. The Government of Cuba took this important step in line with our steadfast commitment to support and contribute to the maximum level to the legitimate efforts to bring an end to the genocide that is being committed against the Palestinian people. Addressing the provisions in the Court's statute and in strict observance of its provisions, we have intervened as a third state with regard to our interpretation of the Convention that Israel has flagrantly violated through its activities in the Gaza Strip and the OPT. The claim brought before this main United Nations judicial body is mainly aimed at stopping the atrocities against the Palestinian people as a result of the disproportionate and indiscriminate use of force by Israel, which is acting with full impunity, protected by the complicity of the government of the United States, and overlooks its obligations as an occupying power pursuant to the Fourth Geneva Convention. Once again, the ICJ will be called to contribute with its decisions to justice and peace at the international level. To do so, Cuba legally sustains that both Israel and its accomplices should be declared responsible under valid international law for the genocide that has been suffered and continues to be suffered by the Palestinian people. Thank you very much.

I thank the distinguished representative of Cuba. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Bangladesh.

Mr. President, I thank the President of the International Court of Justice for his submission of the annual report. Bangladesh aligns itself with the statement made by Uganda on behalf of NAM and wishes to make a few additional comments in its national capacity. We extend our sincere appreciation to the ICJ for its invaluable contribution to the promotion of rule of law and the peaceful settlement of disputes, as reflected in its report. Especially, we note with deep appreciation how the Court has dealt with 22 contentious cases and two advisory proceedings last year. This underscores the growing confidence of the Member States on the Court as principal organ of the UN. Mr. President, now a few points about some of the cases dealt last year. First, Bangladesh welcomes the court's advisory opinions on the obligation of states in respect of climate change pursuant to Resolution 76/276. As a climate-vulnerable nation, Bangladesh sees this as a vital step forward establishing legal accountability for the climate-induced events. It will help ensure climate justice for the most affected, particularly countries like Bangladesh, who are facing sea level rise, salinity intrusion, and climate-related displacement. Bangladesh participated in the oral hearing as a part of our collective commitment to the process. We believe this opinion will strengthen the global cooperation on mitigation and adaptation, provide a clear framework for loss and damage, and guide future policy-making rooted in fairness and solidarity. Bangladesh stands ready to engage constructively in the follow-up to the process, both within the UN system and through regional mechanisms. Second, Bangladesh appreciates the Court's recent advisory opinion on 22 October 2025 on the authoritative affirmation of the legal consensus regarding the obligation of the State of Israel as the occupying power in the occupied Palestinian territory. We underscore the Court's unanimous findings that Israel must fulfill the fundamental duties under international humanitarian law, including the provisions of the essential supplies, the prohibition of forcible transfer, and the protection of all personnel engaged in relief works. Furthermore, Bangladesh stresses the critical importance of the Court's opinion that Israel must facilitate all humanitarian relief schemes, particularly those carried out by UNRWA. Bangladesh has also been consistently supporting the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including their right to self-determination and statehood. We believe this advisory opinion will help ensure that the prolonged occupation, associated violations, and genocide committed by Israel will not remain unaccountable. Third, regarding the case of The Gambia v. Myanmar, Bangladesh commends the works conducted by the Court. We hope these will be carried forward to ensure accountability of the perpetrators who forcibly expelled the Rohingyas and paved the way for the return of the Rohingyas to Myanmar. Mr. President, Bangladesh reaffirms its unwavering commitment to the work of the Court as the guardian of international law and justice for the countries, both large and small. I thank you, Mr. President.

I thank the distinguished representative of Bangladesh. We have heard the last speaker in the debate on this item. The exercise of right of reply has been requested. May I remind members that statements in the exercise of the right of reply are limited to 10 minutes for the first intervention and 5 minutes for the second intervention, and should be made by delegation from their seat. I call on the representative of India.

Mr. President, I am constrained to take the floor to categorically reject the baseless remarks made by Pakistan regarding the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir by resorting to false equivalences. I would like to make it clear, Jammu and Kashmir was is and will always remain an integral and inalienable part of India and all matters pertaining to Jammu and Kashmir are internal to India. Any assertions to the contrary are baseless, devoid of facts and contrary to historical facts. It is Pakistan that is perpetrating illegal military occupation. This illegal occupation is, in fact, in keeping with Pakistan's long history of use of force and subversion. The recent protests across Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir and the accompanying brutalities by Pakistani forces against innocent civilians are the natural consequence of Pakistan's oppressive approach and its systematic plundering of resources from these territories. which it continues to hold under forcible and illegal occupation. Further, there is no greater testimony to Pakistan's use of force and subversion than the aggression against India in 1965 and the horrific genocide in Bangladesh in 1971, in which hundreds of thousands of its own citizens, innocent men, women, and children, were brutally killed. Thousands of women were subjected to merciless sexual violence and atrocities as part of the genocide committed by its armed forces. On the other hand, India demonstrated magnanimity by returning nearly 90,000 Pakistani prisoners of war, which reflects India's commitment to peace. There has been no change in Pakistan's inherent designs and intent to use force and aggression against its neighbors. Pakistan's false narratives and distortion of fundamental principle of the right to self-determination are, unsurprisingly, a part of such misdirected efforts. I conclude by reiterating that the people of Jammu and Kashmir enjoy full constitutional rights and privileges accorded by the Constitution of India. Indeed, if there is anything that the ongoing military-inspired constitutional coup in Islamabad demonstrates, it is that these concepts remain alien to Pakistan. Thank you, Mr. President.

I call on the representative of Pakistan.

My delegation is availing itself of the right to respond to spurious claims made by the Indian delegation regarding the status of Jammu and Kashmir. It is an old ploy in India's playbook to level preposterous allegations against Pakistan to deflect criticism from its continued occupation of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu and Kashmir has never been a part of India. It never will be. As per multiple UNSC resolutions, Jammu and Kashmir is a disputed territory pending a final solution. It was India which brought Kashmir dispute to the United Nations. made solemn pledges in this august organization and, most significantly, with the people of Kashmir, to conduct a UN-mandated plebiscite in the disputed territory. The audacity and stubbornness with which India refuses to honor its legal obligations is an abuse of the sanctity of this august forum which deserves our strongest condemnation. Pakistan needs no advice on democracy, law, justice, human rights, and fairness from a country which is a peddler of lies in international forums, planner of global assassination campaigns, and a plotter of terrorism against its neighbors. Hollow claims of being world's biggest democracy cannot hide state-sanctioned programs led by RSS, BJP vigilantes against Muslims, Christians, and Sikhs in India. Nothing good is expected from a country which cheers racism and jeers inclusivity. Instead of perpetuating belligerence and brinkmanship against Pakistan and robbing Kashmiris of their right of self-determination, India would do well to fulfill its legal obligations by conducting a UN-mandated plebiscite in Kashmir as per UNSC resolution, alleviate suffering of its own ethnic minorities, and adopt a path of dialogue and diplomacy instead of conflict and strive for a better future and prosperity for a great multitude of humanity. I thank you.

The Assembly has thus concluded this stage of the consideration of agenda item 73. The meeting is adjourned.