Sixth Committee, 12th plenary meeting - General Assembly, 81st session

Good afternoon. I call to order the 12th meeting of the Sixth Committee for the 81st session of the General Assembly. Distinguished delegates, this afternoon the Sixth Committee will continue with its debate on agenda item 79, United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity. There are no documents issued under the agenda item at the present session. I remind of the decision taken at our first meeting that statements delivered in a national capacity should be limited to seven minutes, while statements by groups of States will be limited to 12 minutes. Delegations are strongly encouraged to adhere to these time limits. The first speaker on my list for this afternoon is the distinguished representative of Algeria. You have the floor.

Thank you, Madam Chair. My delegation aligns itself with the statements delivered on behalf of the African Group and the Arab Group. And we welcome the adoption of Resolution 79/128, which called for convening a UN conference for the plenipotentiaries in 2028-2029 in order to adopt a legally binding international instrument on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. Algeria emphasizes that this resolution constitutes an important step towards strengthening the international legal framework for combating impunity for the most serious crimes. However, Achieving this objective requires that the negotiating process be based on clear, transparent, and inclusive foundations, and that decisions relating to the preparation of this legally binding international instrument be taken on the basis of consensus and agreement, away from selectivity and politicization. This would ensure an international treaty enjoying the broadest possible support among states and enhanced prospects for its effective implementation and compliance. Madam Chair, my delegation also welcomes the holding of the first session of the Preparatory Committee for the UN Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Humanity from 19 to 30 January 2026. We commend the rich discussions that took place, which contributed to shaping an initial vision for the process of preparing the international instrument to be negotiated and adopted. In this context, Algeria reiterates its position that the draft articles prepared by the International Law Commission on this matter require further study and careful review to ensure their consistency with the fundamental and established principles of international law, and to take into account the various contributions, proposals, and observations of member states, including the written and oral comments submitted by my delegation. Algeria further stresses that any step forward should be based upon a broad agreement among member states and should take into account their observations and concerns in a balanced manner. while giving due consideration to the principles of sovereign equality, non-interference in the internal affairs of states, respect for the inalienable right of peoples to self-determination, particularly peoples under occupation, as well as the prohibition or the threat of use of force in international relations. Driven by its firm belief in the necessity of achieving international justice with regard to historical crimes, including colonialism, slavery, and racial discrimination committed during periods of occupation, and in view of their continuing consequences that require reparation, Algeria organized in December 2025 the International Conference on Colonial Crimes in Africa, an implementation of the decision adopted by the Summit of Heads of States and Governments of the African Union in February 25. The decision entrusted Algeria with organizing a conference dedicated to promoting and implementing the African Union's theme for 2025, Justice for Africans and People of African Descent through Reparations. This conference culminated in the adoption of the Algiers Charter, a document embodying a unified African position on historical justice, reparations, restitution of cultural property, and the preservation of the collective memory of African peoples who have suffered and continue to suffer the consequences of colonialism and occupation. Madam Chair, Algeria emphasizes that the negotiated international instrument should comprehensively reflect the following considerations and principles. First, respect for the purposes and principles of the UN Charter through a clear reference in the preamble and draft instrument to all the purposes and principles of the UN Charter without selectivity or discrimination to ensure their consistent observance. Second, the need to adopt an agreed-upon definition of crimes against humanity. Algeria affirms that the definition contained in Article 7 of the Rome Statute does not enjoy complete consensus regarding all of its elements and interpretations. Accordingly, caution should be exercised in the use of definitions and terminology that do not garner general agreement among Member States, and the provisions of the new instrument should be based on clear, balanced, and widely acceptable formulations. Third, respect for the principle of complementarity and the primacy of national jurisdiction, through reaffirming the principle of complementarity while respecting the primary role of national jurisdiction in accordance with relevant legal rules. It is also important to encourage bilateral and regional cooperation, strengthen capacity building and the exchange of expertise in areas of mutual legal assistance and extradition. Fourth, taking into account the rules of customary international law, especially those relating to the of state officials before international courts and tribunals, thereby guaranteeing respect for relevant legal norms. Algeria stresses that the new international instrument should address crimes committed against colonized people or or in the context of their legitimate struggle for self-determination, and to give due consideration to violations targeting fundamental rights, especially their inalienable right to self-determination, freedom, and sovereignty. To conclude, we reaffirm our commitment to constructively and effectively participating in the works of the Sixth Committee and the Preparatory Committee in a spirit of collective responsibility, with the aim of strengthening the rule of international law and safeguarding the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. confirms its readiness to continue its active participation in the second session of the Preparatory Committee scheduled for April 2027. We hope this session will make tangible progress towards creating favorable conditions for the commencement of the work of the UN Conference of Plenipotentiaries and for reaching a balanced international instrument that enjoys the broadest possible consensus among member states, thereby strengthening international efforts to prevent crimes against humanity and combat impunity in full respect of international law and the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Algeria for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Germany.

Madam Chair, distinguished delegates, as my delegation takes the floor for the first time during the session, allow me to congratulate you, Madam Chair, and the members of the Bureau on your election. You can count on Germany's full support. Germany aligns itself with the statement delivered by the European Union, as well as the statement delivered by Mexico on behalf of a cross-regional group of states, and would like to add the following remarks in its national capacity. With the proposed compiled text before us, the first session of the Preparatory Committee concluded, and 63 submissions made by 71 states, the road towards the Conference of Plenipotentiaries in 2028 and 2029 has become tangible. Germany wishes to highlight three points. First, coherence with existing international law. The future convention does not start from a blank page. Crimes against humanity were first codified for the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg and Tokyo. The concept was further developed by the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda. and found its most recent and widely accepted expression in the Rome Statute. The draft articles reflect this lineage in preambular paragraph 7. This reference is an essential anchor for coherent interpretation of the future convention, and vice versa. With an established link, its predecessors are to be interpreted in light of the new developments, such as the new convention on crimes against humanity. Furthermore, for national legal orders, it provides more than continuity. It provides legal certainty. States that have already incorporated crimes against humanity into their domestic law can rely on established definition and on decades of jurisprudence. For Germany, whose code of crimes against international law is a direct legacy of Nuremberg, this is of particular significance. Second, the progressive development of the definition. Coherence does not mean standstill. We are negotiating a convention for the year 2029 and beyond, an instrument meant to be global and to stand the test of time. It must therefore also capture conduct which the international community has come to recognize as among the gravest crimes. It is in this spirit that Germany has submitted its proposal for the compiled text. Together with Sierra Leone, the Gambia, Mexico and Uruguay, Germany proposes to include slave trade as a distinct crime against humanity, defined in line with the 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery. Its explicit inclusion would clarify its status as a crime under international law. It would also acknowledge a historical injustice whose consequences are felt to this day. Together with Sierra Leone, Germany further proposes to include forced marriage as a distinct crime against humanity. Its criminal character has been recognized in the jurisprudence of the Special Court of Sierra Leone and of the International Criminal Court. Yet, it is not expressly named in any treaty. Naming it would give its victims, overwhelmingly women and girls, the recognition they deserve. In addition, Germany proposes that states commit not only to prevent but also to suppress crimes against humanity. Third, effective application at the national level. The primary responsibility to investigate and prosecute crimes against humanity rests with states. The added value of the Convention will ultimately be measured in national courtrooms. German courts have held perpetrators accountable for crimes against humanity committed in Syria and Iraq, including against the Yazidi community. Our experience shows that national prosecution depends on cooperation across borders. Evidence, witnesses, and suspects are rarely located in one and the same state. Germany therefore attaches great importance to robust provisions on extradition and mutual legal assistance. These should be aligned with the Ljubljana-The Hague Convention so as to avoid duplication and fragmentation and to provide practitioners with one coherent set of rules. Germany has submitted concrete proposals to that effect, including a clause on the relationship with other instruments. We will explore these questions in greater depth at a side event during International Law Week, to which all delegations are cordially invited. Madam Chair, Germany will continue to engage actively throughout this process. We welcome the broad and cross-regional participation in this process so far, including that of civil society. We consider it essential for the legitimacy and universality of the future convention. Let us use the time ahead to close at last this remaining gap in the architecture of international criminal law. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Germany for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Thank you, Madam Chair.

We align ourselves with the statement delivered by the European Union on behalf of the EU and its member.

States, and with the statement delivered by Mexico on behalf of a group of cross-regional states. In addition to this, we would like to share the following observations in a national capacity.

As repeatedly stated, crimes against humanity are among the most serious.

Crimes under international law, and their prevention and punishment is of concern to the international community as a whole.

Despite being categorically prohibited, civilian populations continue to be victims of such atrocities and perpetrators continue to act with impunity. During the first meeting of the Preparatory Committee of January this year, we witnessed the engagement of a large number of States and stakeholders from all regions.

This once again shows the urgency in moving towards a convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. Following these fruitful discussions, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has submitted.

Two substantive proposals for inclusion in the compiled text and eventual treaty. These proposals are adding forced marriage and the slave trade to the definition of crimes against humanity. We are now actively reflecting on the many proposals submitted by other delegations. In addition, during this year's sixth Committee meeting, we look forward to setting the exact date for the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity that will eventually elaborate and conclude.

The treaty as determined in resolution 79/122.

We also stand ready to engage with all delegations during the upcoming second meeting of the Preparatory.

Committee in 2027, including on the rules of procedure. These developments will bring us a lot closer.

To the objectives that were identified when the ILC started its work in 2013, namely filling a gap in the international legal framework for the prevention and punishment of the worst international crimes. Madam Chair, The Kingdom of the Netherlands would also like to recall the.

Ljubljana-The Hague Convention on International Cooperation in the Investigation and Prosecution of the Crime of Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity, War.

Crimes and Other International Crimes.

The fight against impunity is comprised of a framework of conventions and institutions.

In that regard, we underline the importance of the International Criminal Court in fighting impunity on crimes against humanity. As a State Party and as host State, we will continue to support the ICC.

In conclusion, the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Looks forward to constructively contributing, discussing and engaging as we work towards elaborating and concluding a legally binding instrument on prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. Thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of the Kingdom of the Netherlands for her statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Cote d'Ivoire.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Cote d'Ivoire joins with the statement made by Cameroon on behalf of the African Group. and would like to make the following comments in its national capacity. Crimes against humanity are amongst the most serious violations of international law and deeply stir the human conscience. It is therefore vital for the entire international community to support efforts in order to adopt a legally binding instrument on the prevention and punishment of these crimes. Here, Cote d'Ivoire welcomes the adoption on the 20th of March 2026 by the General Assembly of resolution 8250, brought forward by Ghana, to at last recognize the transatlantic slave trade of Africans as the most serious crime against humanity, thus commencing to render moral justice to generations of an entire continent. Madame could do well favorably welcomes the approach in the ILC draft, which in Article defines crimes against humanity and ensures that it is in accordance with the developments in international criminal law, particularly Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the ICC. This makes it possible, therefore, to include a series of particular serious acts, such as murder, extermination, slavery, deportation, or forced displacement of peoples, imprisonment, or any other form of deprivation of physical liberty, torture, sexual violence, persecution, forced disappearance, and other inhuman acts, intentionally causing great suffering or violating physical or moral integrity. My delegation attaches particular importance to protecting women and children. Often they are persecuted and exposed disproportionately to violence, with rape, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, forced pregnancies, forced sterilization, and other forms of sexual violence comparable with the use of weapons. The future discussions must also examine new threats likely to foster the worsening of these atrocious crimes, particularly crimes against the environment, forced displacement of peoples, or illegal exploitation of natural resources, as well as the wrongful use of AI. This must, however, ensure that we look at legal consistency, predictability, and the effectiveness of future instruments. The protection of children remains a priority for Cote d'Ivoire. Their particular vulnerability means that they are exposed to many threats: murder, sexual violence, torture, persecution, slavery and other inhuman acts. These crimes affect the physical and psychological development of children, weaken families and compromise social cohesion as well as the reconstruction of communities. This is why the future convention must also pay particular attention to the needs of children and witnesses, particularly when it comes to protection, taking into care, readaption and reinsertion. Prevention must lie at the very heart of the future instrument. This, in Article 3, states that no exceptional circumstance may be invoked to justify such crimes. This obligation to prevent, however, must not be limited to the adoption of a legal It must also be based on institutional, administrative, judicial, educational and social measures intended to reduce risk factors and prevent an escalation of violence, but also based on cooperation, as emphasized in article 4 of the draft articles, which refers each State to its responsibilities regarding implementation of these provisions. Truly effective prevention, therefore, means strengthening the rule of law of national institutions, combating impunity and discrimination, as well as protecting human rights. It also demands appropriate strengthening of the abilities of actors in the whole criminal process, as setting up early warning mechanisms, adopting measures intended to combat incitement to violence, discrimination, hate speech, and disinformation. These often lead to atrocious crimes being Madam, prevention cannot be dissociated from the criminal responsibility of perpetrators and combating impunity. Anyone who commits, orders, solicits, encourages, aids, or contributes in any other way to a crime against humanity being committed must be answerable for their actions in accordance with the applicable rules of international law and relevant domestic law. Again, the official status of anybody should not be an obstacle to the establishment of criminal responsibility without prejudice to the rules applicable with regarding immunity under international law. This also applies to crimes committed by those higher up the chain and their subordinates. Prevention must be part and parcel of peace building, social cohesion, and reconciliation. It must attack the root causes of violence, exclusion, marginalization, inequality, poverty, and the absence of effective resource. It also must mean looking at legality of crimes and rights to defense, protection of victims, witnesses, etc. must play a central part. And we also have to look at restitution, compensation, and assurance of non-recurrence. These objectives will depend on the strength of international cooperation. Cote d'Ivoire supports provisions on extradition, mutual judicial assistance, exchange of information, collection and preservation of elements, as well as transfer of procedure when it's appropriate to ensure the effectiveness of procedures. Future convention must ensure effective interplay within the international and regional instruments that exist, the Rome Statute, the ICC. Geneva Convention of the 12th of August 1949 and additional protocols, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, and the International Convention for the Protection of All against... forced disappearances. The complementary nature of these provisions will make it possible to bridge legal gulfs, to strengthen cooperation among states, and to prevent the perpetrators of crimes against humanity profiting from playing these legal systems one against another. This must also foster cooperation with regional and subregional organizations, as well as African mechanisms for protecting human rights and criminal justice. Cote d'Ivoire is committed to a universal convention which is ambitious, balanced, operational. This should emphasize important modes such as prevention, effective punishment of crimes against humanity, protection and reparation of victims, and thanks to international cooperation based on confidence, solidarity, and respect of international law. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Cote d'Ivoire for his statement. I remind delegations that the interpreters do have to keep up with you in your statements. The next speaker on the list is the distinguished representative of Philippines.

Madam Chair, the Philippines aligns itself with the statement delivered by Mexico on behalf of a cross-regional group of states and wishes to add the following remarks in its national capacity. The Philippines reaffirms its commitment to the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. These crimes strike at the foundations of human dignity and the international legal order. Their prevention and punishment are both a national responsibility and a matter of common international concern. We welcome the historic consensus embodied in General Assembly Resolution 79/122, which set in motion negotiations towards a convention addressing a longstanding gap in international law. We recognize the important contribution of the International Law Commission, whose draft articles provide a sound foundation for negotiations. We welcome the successful first session of the Preparatory Committee in January 2026 and the textual proposals submitted by States. These reflect sustained engagement and provide a basis for identifying convergence and addressing outstanding differences. Madam Chair, for the Philippines, three points bear emphasis. First, the future convention must reinforce the primary responsibility of states to prevent and punish crimes against humanity. Our Republic Act No. 9851, or the Philippine Act on Crimes Against International Humanitarian Law, Genocide, and Other Crimes Against Humanity, provides a domestic legal framework for criminalizing and prosecuting these offenses. Yet, legislation alone does not guarantee accountability. Effective prevention and punishment require capable national institutions, credible investigations, fair prosecutions, and meaningful international cooperation. The Convention should therefore strengthen national capacities while preserving the essential balance between prevention and punishment, consistent with sovereign equality, due process, and the rule of law. Second, the Convention must respond to the experiences of victims and survivors, including the gendered dimensions of atrocity crimes. Sexual and gender-based violence, persecution, and other forms of exploitation can be integral to crimes against humanity. Their consequences extend beyond immediate physical harm, affecting dignity, security, livelihoods, and entire communities. A gender-responsive convention should inform not only the definition of crimes, but also prevention, investigation, prosecution, protection of victims and witnesses, and access to effective remedies. The Philippines attaches particular importance to reparations, including restitution, compensation, and rehabilitation, and to the protection of children whose exposure to atrocity crimes can cause lifelong harm. Our domestic legislation expressly recognizes persecution on grounds including gender and sexual orientation, as well as enslavement. We continue to carefully consider proposals concerning gender apartheid and the slave trade with a due regard to legal clarity and coherence. We also welcome arrangements enabling meaningful civil society participation, including the perspectives of women, victims and survivors. Their experiences should inform the development of a convention intended to protect them. Third, the convention must combine substantive ambition with broad participation and practical effectiveness. We support rules of procedure that facilitate inclusive, transparent and efficient negotiations, safeguard the integrity of the process, and enable states to pursue the broadest possible agreement. Ambition and broad participation need not be competing objectives. A strong convention must be legally sound, capable of effective implementation across different legal systems, and responsive to the legitimate concerns of states. Madam Chair, the Philippines approaches the forthcoming diplomatic conference with a commitment to constructive engagement, good faith negotiations, and respect for international law. Our common task is not simply to adopt another international instrument, but to strengthen the ability of states to prevent atrocities, ensure accountability, and deliver justice to victims and survivors. The measure of our success will be not only the convention we negotiate, but the protection and justice that it enables. Thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of the Philippines for her statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Armenia.

Thank you, Madam Chair. At the outset, I want to reiterate Armenia's strong and

principled support for the elaboration of a comprehensive convention on crimes against humanity

that would fill in an important gap in the international legal framework and strengthen the international

community's capacity to prevent crimes against humanity.

Armenia welcomes the constructive discussion held during the first session of the Preparatory Commission Committee in January 2026.

The session demonstrated the continued commitment of states to advancing this process by also highlighting areas requiring further consideration.

The discussions have now provided a useful basis for moving from broad consideration of the issues towards focused textual negotiations.

We attach particular importance to ensuring that the future convention remains focused on its central objectives. prevention, accountability, and effective international cooperation.

Guided by this principle, Armenia has consistently advanced the prevention agenda across the United Nations.

The International Day of Commemoration

and Dignity of the Victims of the Crime of Genocide and of the Prevention of this Crime, proclaimed by the General Assembly at Armenia's initiative in 2015,

has become an important platform for promoting international cooperation on atrocity prevention.

Building on this, Armenia initiated the high-level meeting of the General Assembly, marking the 10th anniversary of the International Day last year, bringing together member states to

reaffirm our shared commitment to prevention, accountability, and effective multilateral action.

This year, Armenia will organize the sixth Global

Forum against the Crime of Genocide, which will be dedicated to the upcoming 80th anniversary of the Genocide Convention.

We hope that Member States and a wide

range of stakeholders will take this opportunity to share their perspectives on interlinkages with the process of the

elaboration of the Convention.

Armenia continues to lead the biennial Human Rights Council resolution on the prevention of genocide, adopted again by consensus this March. The resolution promotes an early warning approach to genocide prevention, calls for strengthening the UN's genocide prevention mandate in the context of the UNAT initiative, and underscores the mandate's essential role

in guiding the integration of genocide prevention as a system-wide, cross-pillar priority.

Complementing these preventive efforts, education remains one of the most effective long-term tools for prevention. This year, the General Assembly adopted by consensus the Education for Peace Resolution, initiated by Armenia, recognizing the role of

education in promoting tolerance, mutual understanding, and the culture of peace.

In this regard, we consider that the obligations concerning prevention and punishment, as reflected in the ILC draft articles,

should remain central to the future instrument.

The convention should provide states with an effective framework to prevent crimes against humanity, ensure that such crimes are criminalized under international law, and facilitate the

investigation and prosecution of those responsible.

We also underscore the importance of ensuring complementarity with existing rules of international law, including international human rights law, international humanitarian law, and international criminal law. We view the process and its possible outcome in the light of strong complementarity with the Rome Statute of ICC, as well as universal legal frameworks,

the Genocide Convention, and the Geneva Conventions.

Madam Chair, my delegation further attaches importance to a strong victim- and survivor-centred approach.

The success of the future convention should ultimately be measured by its practical contribution to preventing atrocities, ending impunity and ensuring justice for victims and survivors. Madam Chair, the international community has a shared

responsibility to ensure that the gravest crimes are prevented and that those responsible do not enjoy impunity. Armenia is fully committed to the successful elaboration and adoption of a strong, effective and universally supported convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. We look forward to continuing our collective efforts towards this important objective.

I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Armenia for her statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of the United Kingdom.

Thank you, Chair. The United Kingdom remains pleased that the Sixth Committee was able to advance work towards a dedicated convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. This reflects our shared commitment to advancing international cooperation in the face of atrocity crimes and sends a strong signal of unity and resolve. The United Kingdom considers that the draft articles are a solid and credible foundation upon which a future convention may be elaborated. We welcome the substantive work undertaken at the first session of the Preparatory Committee in January 2026. The discussions enabled States to examine the draft articles in detail, clarify positions, and identify areas of convergence. We were encouraged by the active engagement of States from all regional groups. We believe that where there are differences, these can be addressed through sustained dialogue and a shared commitment to the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. We welcome the broad and inclusive support that this initiative has already garnered and reaffirm our commitment to working transparently and collaboratively to expand this support. Building further consensus and clarity will be essential to the legitimacy and effectiveness of the future convention. The UK looks forward to the second session of the Preparatory Committee in April 2027 as an important further step towards the conference. We stand ready to engage constructively and in good faith with all partners,

with a view to laying the strongest possible

foundation for formal negotiations and ultimately achieving a convention that strengthens the international legal framework for the protection of humanity. I thank you, Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of the United Kingdom for her statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Sri Lanka.

the progress made in consideration of the agenda item on the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Humanity and looks forward to the second session of the preparatory committee in April 2027. As the process moves from consideration of the draft articles towards the negotiation of a convention, the future instrument must be legally precise, practically implementable and firmly grounded in the rule of law. Sri Lanka attaches importance to legal certainty and precision. The future convention will require states to implement the provisions domestically. Therefore, the obligations, including the definition of crimes against humanity, must be sufficiently clear to ensure predictable application across different national legal systems and legal traditions. Sri Lanka emphasizes that any new legal instrument on this matter should complement rather than duplicate the existing legal frameworks while respecting the principles of state sovereignty and consent of states to treaty obligations. Sri Lanka highlights the central role of national legal systems in the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. Conventions' effectiveness will depend upon its implementation at the national level. States should, therefore, retain appropriate flexibility to determine the legislative, judicial and institutional measures through which they give effect to their international obligations, consistent with their respective constitutional and legal frameworks. International cooperation, including extradition and mutual legal assistance, is another important element. Mechanisms of mutual legal assistance and extradition, including cooperation in obtaining evidence, taking testimony, serving documents and facilitating criminal proceedings, must be strengthened. At the same time, such mechanisms should remain sufficiently flexible to operate within the domestic legal and procedural frameworks of States. Chair, Sri Lanka's Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act No. 25 of 2002, as amended in 2018, establishes the domestic framework for mutual assistance in criminal matters, with the Ministry of Justice serving as the central authority. Sri Lanka has also developed bilateral and regional arrangements for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters. With regard to extradition, Sri Lanka has a well-established legal framework under the Extradition Law No. 8 of 1977, complemented by treaty arrangements and relevant international conventions. In particular, Sri Lanka's legislation gives effect to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including by recognizing the relevant convention offenses within the extradition framework. The Ministry of Defense is the central authority on exhibition. Safeguards for the protection of victims and witnesses are essential. Sri Lanka's domestic framework includes assistance to the protection of victims of crimes and witnesses, Act No. 10 of 2023, which provides for the rights and entitlements of victims and witnesses and establishes a national framework for their assistance and protection. Chair, the effectiveness of the future convention will depend not only on the strength of its substantive commitment, but also on the clarity of its provisions and the practicality of the implementation. The discussions across the thematic clusters have also demonstrated the importance of carefully reconciling the objectives of accountability and prevention with the requirements of national implementation, jurisdictional certainty, international cooperation and due process. Sri Lanka looks forward to continuing constructive engagements toward a legally sound, practically workable convention and achieving the broadest possible participation. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Sri Lanka for her statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Egypt.

Thank you, Chair. Chair, Egypt aligns with the statements delivered by Cameroon on behalf of the African Group and Libya on behalf of the Arab Group, and wishes to make the following remarks in its national capacity. Egypt reaffirms its unwavering commitment to preventing and punishing crimes against humanity, combating impunity, and upholding the principles of justice and international law. As we embark on the process of elaborating a new convention, Egypt emphasizes the importance of ensuring that the resulting instrument enjoys broad international support, that it respects the diversity of national legal systems, and effectively achieves its objectives by making sure that it is adopted by consensus. In this regard, Egypt wishes to make seven specific points. First. The success of the future convention should be measured not by its adoption, but also by its ability to attract widespread ratification, including by States that are not parties to the Rome Statute. Achieving universality requires addressing the legitimate concerns of all States, rather than reproducing provisions that do not necessarily enjoy universal acceptance. Second, Egypt reiterates that Article 7 of the Rome Statute should not automatically be regarded as reflecting customary international law in its entirety. Accordingly, draft Article 2 should not be treated as an established minimum standard, and its provisions must be carefully examined to distinguish elements grounded in customary international law from those that remain contested. Third, Egypt emphasizes the need to reconsider the chapeau of draft article two, particularly the relationship between the requirements of a widespread and systematic attack. Egypt maintains that these requirements should be cumulative. Furthermore, the element of state or organizational policy, together with the knowledge requirement, should constitute cumulative preconditions to ensure that the definition captures only the gravest forms of criminal conduct. Fourth, the definition of crimes against humanity in draft article two must respect the principles of legality and specificity, which require criminal provisions to be formulated with clarity and precision. In this context, Egypt calls for reconsidering ambiguous elements relating to enforced disappearance, deportation or forcible transfer, persecution, and other inhumane acts, particularly the broadly formulated expressions such as persecution on other grounds. Fifth, Egypt also reiterates its disagreement with the deletion of Article 7, paragraph 3 of the Rome Statute concerning the definition of gender. Sixth, the convention must respect the sovereign equality of states and accommodate different legal and judicial traditions, including adversarial and inquisitorial systems. We should not adopt a uniform approach in matters concerning criminal jurisdiction, immunities, international judicial cooperation, mutual legal assistance, and extradition. Seventh, Egypt underscores that the primary responsibility for preventing and punishing crimes against humanity rests with the territorial state. The effectiveness of the convention will depend on incorporating its obligations into domestic legislation and national judicial processes, thereby strengthening the rule of law, protecting victims' rights, and safeguarding the rights of defendants. In this regard, Egypt underscores the importance of ensuring that the future convention respects the rules governing the immunities of state officials under customary international law. The prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity must be pursued in a manner consistent with the sovereign equality of states and established principles of law. In this regard, combating impunity and respecting the rules of immunities are not mutually exclusive objectives. The convention must strike an appropriate balance between ensuring accountability and preserving the stability of international legal relations. Chair, in conclusion, the ultimate success of this convention will depend on both its universal acceptance and its adoption by consensus. Moreover, its practical effectiveness will ultimately depend on its application through national legal and judicial systems. In this process, Egypt remains committed to engaging constructively in the negotiations to develop a balanced, legally precise, and broadly supported convention that advances the fight against impunity. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Egypt for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Singapore.

Madam Chair, thank you for giving me the floor.

Crimes against humanity are among the most serious crimes of concern to the international community.

It is imperative that the international community works together to end impunity for perpetrators and provide justice for victims.

Singapore has continued to contribute constructively to the process towards the elaboration of a convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. We participated actively in the first session of the preparatory committee in January this year, including in the working group discussions on the substance of the International Law Commission's draft articles. We also submitted our proposals for amendments to the draft articles in April this year. The discussions at the first session of the Preparatory Committee, as well as the proposals for amendments submitted by Member States, demonstrate that there remain complex issues that require serious and careful consideration, reflecting the gravity of the topic and taking into account the respective views of Member States.

They also reflect the commitment of many delegations to an inclusive and constructive process to develop outcomes through consensus.

That will strengthen accountability and advance international law. Singapore's proposals seek to enhance the clarity and legal certainty of the draft articles. These include proposed clarifications to the provisions on national jurisdiction, including the scope of the additional treaty-based jurisdiction under draft Article 7, para 2, and the exercise of jurisdiction beyond the scope of the Convention under draft Article 7, para 3. We also discussed with other delegations the importance of ensuring that the draft articles are interpreted in accordance with established obligations and principles of international law. In this regard, Singapore and other Member States emphasised that draft article 6 is important to address substantive criminal responsibility.

It does not affect any procedural immunity that a foreign state official may enjoy.

Before a national criminal jurisdiction under conventional or customary international law.

We look forward to further in-depth exchanges on the various proposals submitted by delegations with a view.

To improving and clarifying the draft articles to allow for their effective implementation across different national legal systems.

Singapore believes it is important that the process and substantive outcomes of the Conference.

Of Plenipotentiaries are consensus-driven to achieve a convention that gains wide acceptance and implementation, and to allow international law to develop in a manner that is inclusive and unfragmented. Singapore believes that continued engagement, flexibility and compromise will be essential to bridging differences among Member States and achieving consensus. Singapore looks forward to continuing to work constructively and collaboratively with all other delegations, including at the second session of the Preparatory Committee next year, towards robust consensus-based outcomes. Thank you for your attention.

I thank the distinguished representative of Singapore for her statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Indonesia.

Thank you, Madam Chair.

Indonesia welcomes the inclusion of this agenda item under its new title, United Nations Conference on Plenipotentiaries on Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity. Madam Chair, crimes against humanity are among the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole. Indonesia therefore supports the process launched by resolution 79/122 and welcomes the constructive exchanges at the first session of the Preparatory Committee in January. As emphasized during the first PrepCom session, the international legal order continues to face profound challenges. which unfortunately persists until now. Indonesia reiterates its beliefs that our collective efforts towards a convention on crimes against humanity must restore faith in international law, not deepen its fragmentation. In this regard, we wish to reaffirm three points. First, the pertinence of principled balance between international and national legal system. National jurisdictions must remain primary, with international frameworks complementing, not overriding, sovereign responsibility and domestic legal processes. In this regard, Indonesia has done its part. This year, our new criminal code entered into force, explicitly criminalizing crimes against humanity. Second, accountability without selectivity or double standards. A convention is only credible when it is applied consistently and impartially. Selective justice undermines the credibility of international law and weakens our collective resolve to prevent these crimes. All perpetrators must be held to the same standard, wherever the crimes occur and whoever commits them. Third, international cooperation and capacity building. Effective cooperation, including through extradition and mutual legal assistance, is central to denying safe havens to perpetrators. Such cooperation works best when it is.

Built on existing treaty frameworks and respects the law of the requested state, including due process guarantees.

To ensure the effective and equitable implementation of the future convention, Technical assistance and capacity building must be integral to its framework, particularly in strengthening national legal, investigative, and victim protection.

Capacities across developing countries.

Madam Chair, Resolution 79/122 calls on the conference to exhaust every effort to reach agreement by consensus. with a view to an instrument enjoying the broadest possible support.

That is the path to a balanced convention, one that is effective in ending impunity and universal in its acceptance.

In this spirit, Indonesia stands ready to engage constructively in the negotiations towards a broadly supported convention. I thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Indonesia for the statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished permanent representative of Uruguay.

Thank you, Madam Chair. My delegation would like to commence by aligning itself with the statement made by Mexico on behalf of the Interregional Group. Likewise, we would now like to make certain observations in our national capacity. Uruguay states again that it is firmly committed to preventing and punishing crimes against humanity and strengthening international law as a fundamental means to combat impunity, ensure access to justice, and protect human dignity. In an international context characterized by growing challenges for international law and the protection of human rights, Drawing up a convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity is an historic opportunity to strengthen the international legal framework and move towards a more effective response to these crimes. Uruguay has traditionally attributed particular importance to the development and consolidation of international criminal law. Our country is a state party to the Rome Statute of the ICC and we have included its provisions in our domestic legal order and ratified its amendments. We believe that a future convention from the UN, under the framework of the UN, must both complement and strengthen the existing legal instruments, particularly the Rome Statute, strengthening states' obligations when it comes to the prevention, investigation, trial and punishment of these crimes, as well as the necessary international cooperation that has to obtain to combat them. Uruguay welcomes the progress made in this process and pays tribute to the valuable work of the ILC. Its draft articles provide a solid basis for negotiations here. Our country has drawn up commentaries and proposals to strengthen the scope and effectiveness of the future instrument. Firstly, we believe it is vital that the Convention should set forth clear and effective when it comes to prevention and that the provisions make it possible adequately to respond to the various forms of crimes against humanity, avoiding restrictive interpretations that could weaken its application here. Uruguay believes it's important to examine carefully the inclusion of crimes requiring appropriate response from international law, such as slavery, forced marriage, reproductive violence, and gender apartheid, well as those tied to the deliberate removal of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population. We believe it is necessary to pay particular attention to various forms of persecution and discrimination, including those which are age-based and based on disabilities. Secondly, we would like to emphasize how important it is to ensure that victims and survivors are at the very core of a future instrument in showing that they have rights to truth, justice and reparation, that they be protected and can participate effectively in the relevant procedures. Uruguay pays particular importance to protecting children and adolescents, so they can suffer deep-rooted, lasting consequences of a physical, psychological, and social order as a result of these crimes. Here, we believe it's vital to strengthen provisions on their protection, particularly considering a situation such as a recruitment and employment of those minors under the age of 18. in these crimes and ensuring also that legal procedures should take into account their age, their specific requirements and the principle of the higher interest of the child. Thirdly, we believe that any future convention will be effective not just because of the clarity of its substantive provisions, but also because of the existence of mechanisms which can ensure its implementation. Therefore, we believe it's particularly important to move forward towards a monitoring and compliance mechanism. mechanism for the Convention that can strengthen its implementation, facilitate the exchange of information and good practices, and make it possible to identify the challenges that States are up against in complying with their obligations. The international system protecting human rights shows how valuable it is to have mechanisms of monitoring with the implementation of the commitments entered into. The legal obligations must lead to specific measures for prevention, protection and accountability. Madam, Uruguay also recognizes the fact that the effectiveness of any convention requires strengthening international cooperation and national capacity, particularly mutual judicial assistance, judicial cooperation, the exchange of experience and knowledge. It is essential that the instrument should contribute towards overcoming the difficulties affecting states, particularly those which are developing countries, in order to investigate and try such crimes, ensuring at the same time the full respect of international law and due process. Uruguay? welcomes the second meeting of the Preparatory Committee scheduled for April 2027, as well as the Conference of Plenipotentiaries to meet in 2028 and 2029. We reassert that we are willing to participate actively and constructively in the process here, highlighting how important it is that negotiations be open, transparent and inclusive, with the participation of all States, and that they recognize the valuable contribution from civil society, the academic world and other relevant actors. Thank you very much.

I thank the distinguished representative of Uruguay for the statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Cuba. You have the floor.

Thank you very much, Madam Chair. Crimes against humanity are a serious threat to peace and the welfare of our societies. Combating them effectively requires an international legal framework which is solid, just and universally accepted. Therefore, it is imperative that we be guided by the fundamental principles of international law, free of double standards. We believe that the ILC has given a valuable contribution in setting forth prevention and punishment of this sort of crime. This should help to strengthening the international criminal justice system. We welcome the discussions of the ILC in drawing up the draft articles here, and in this way we have a useful tool for those states which have not yet approved provisions on the legality and trial of these crimes in the international framework. However, when it comes to the content and formulation, we have some points. We believe that a convention here should reflect as a fundamental principle that the primary responsibility for preventing and sanctioning these crimes must fall first and foremost on the state in question. One of the fundamental principles of international criminal law is that states have the sovereign prerogative in their national courts, having jurisdiction over the crimes committed in their territory or involving their citizens. This means that nobody is in a better position, effectively, to try the perpetrators of these crimes. than the state with its jurisdictions because of the territory or nationality of the accused or the victims. Only when states cannot or do not wish to exercise jurisdiction on these crimes would it be appropriate to consider the implementation of other forms of trial. Here, we would emphasize that any future instrument must scrupulously respect principles such as the sovereign equality of states and the non-intervention in their internal affairs. Provisions on jurisdiction must be precise to avoid conflict when it comes to extra jurisdictional competences and protect the right of every state to ensure that its domestic laws are respected for its authorities. Therefore, likewise, we believe that it is vital that the future convention should have specific provisions that recognize and observe the immunity of officials of the state involved as in customary international law. We must recognize that international provisions must be... fully observed, avoiding any undermining of this fundamental principle. Madam, it is appropriate to recall that we still have as concerns here the definition of crimes against humanity, which is based predominantly on the content of the Rome Statute of the ICC, despite the fact that several states have not ratified or subscribed to this instrument. Therefore, it is vital that member states are solely responsible for drafting this concept should achieve a clear and precise definition that avoids the fragmentation of international law. Such a definition must establish a clear legal frameworks, and particularly a look at UCMs and colonialism, and take into account its systematic impact, generalized impact on civilian population, causing serious suffering and deprivation, which could constitute atrocious violations of law. In only taking this into account, will it be possible for a future convention to garner broad consensus from the international community and reconcile the differences amongst the various national systems that exist, including states which are not party to the Rome Statute and the ICC? Madame There are international instruments in force, such as the non-time barred 1968 convention for these crimes. the most recent State acceded to this in 2020. Many countries believe it is important to have a convention on matters such as crimes against humanity, have not signed this instrument. Therefore, we must be consistent in our discussions and avoid conflicts with the international instruments that have already been adopted in order to prevent any contradiction with the current provisions of international criminal law when it comes to this particular matter. We cannot, therefore, believe that the ILC is a legislative body with the task of establishing the rules of international law. It has provided a valuable contribution in drawing up those standards for states so that they would be in a position to assess these. We need the consent of states so that such provisions become binding as part and parcel of the formation of a corpus of international law. When we look at this, we're not talking about codifying custom international law, but progressively developing law. We are sure that the future discussions of the Plenipotentiary Conference on the punishment and prevention of crimes against humanity will make it possible to consider the concerns of every state and lead to a just balance between international obligations and national competencies here. It is vital that the process be intergovernmental and observe the diversity of the existing legal systems. Only by means of an inclusive, transparent focus can we arrive at a convention which enjoys legitimacy and acceptance by the international community in its entirety. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Cuba for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Burkina Faso.

Thank you, Madam Chairperson.

Thank you for giving me the floor.

The delegation of Burkina Faso welcomes the addition of this agenda item on the agenda of our committee, given its importance and its relevance. We'd also like to congratulate the International Law Commission, the ILC, for the outstanding work it's done on the codification and progressive development of international law. We'd like to align ourselves with the statement delivered by Cameroon on behalf of the African group. We would now like to make a number of comments in a national capacity. Madam Chairperson, distinguished delegates, my delegation is delighted that we had the opportunity to exchange in January of this year. During those discussions, delegations could express their views on the general elements of a convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. Just a moment, says the speaker. We are therefore impatient. Well, at the second session of the preparatory committee of the Conference of Pre-Intentiaries of the United Nations on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity, that will be held 12th to 15th of April, 2026. We're very eager to achieve consensus on the working methods and organization of the conference, including the rules of procedure, and this on the basis of proposals put forward for the SG. Madam Chairperson, throughout history, Africa has been the victim of human barbarism, crimes that shock the conscience of humanity, such as the slave trade, colonialism, apartheid, the list goes on. Our collective memory should recognize responsibly and with humility these dark spots in our history and the fact that they constitute crimes against humanity. Today, some regions, such as the Sahel, are still facing neocolonialism and inhumane abuses being committed by violent extremists and terrorists, as well as their imperialist sponsors. These acts constitute crimes against humanity. They should not go unpunished. Madam Chairperson, the delegation of Burkina Faso would like to commend the ongoing efforts of the General Assembly on this matter, for instance, its various decisions and resolutions which it has adopted since its 74th session in 2019. We very much look forward to the 2028-2029 Conference of Plenipotentiaries, which without a doubt will create an effective instrument which will complete the international legal architecture for punishing the most serious crimes. We hope that this conference will pave the way for the adoption of a legally binding instrument that is also clear-cut, universal, and ideologically neutral as we define, prevent, and punish crimes against humanity, an instrument which will reaffirm our common commitment to doing justice. for the victims of these crimes. On this note, the ILC's draft articles are an excellent starting point for the forthcoming negotiations. In order to achieve a generally acceptable convention, my country stands ready to engage in more in-depth, inclusive, and open discussions so that we can factor in the concerns of each group. On this regard, we must tackle this process transparently, in good faith, so that we can hopefully garner consensus on issues of substance which remain controversial to this day. In order to be universally accepted, the new instrument should be shorn of, and this from the very beginning, shorn of any suspicious politicization, partiality, the list goes on. Madam Chairperson, the legal framework of Burkina Faso already confers universal jurisdiction to Burkina Faso to judge war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of genocide. Thus, article 422-1 of our criminal code defines and punishes crimes against humanity. This international legal instrument we're working on would thus complete the efforts undertaken at the national level so as to combat impunity for the most serious of crimes. By way of conclusion, Chair, my delegation is convinced that our common resolve to prevent and punish crimes against humanity can only flourish if we uphold the fundamental principles of international law enshrined in the United Nations Charter, that is, the sovereign equality of States, non-interference in the internal affairs of States, and respect for the immunities conferred upon state officials. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Burkina Faso for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Brazil. You have the floor, ma'am.

Thank you very much, Madam Chair. Brazil aligns itself to the statements made by Mexico on behalf of a cross-regional group of states. as well as of Timor-Leste on behalf of the community of Portuguese-speaking countries. I would like to add the following in its national capacity. The convening of a UN conference on crimes against humanity has launched a process that is historic in its significance, consequential in its legal implications, and universal in its potential reach. First, this process is a historic undertaking. The future convention follows the path opened by treaties condemning genocide and war crimes, and seeks to fill a long-standing gap in international law. The International Court of Justice has emphasized the special character of instruments such as the Genocide Convention and the Geneva Conventions. They protect interests shared by the international community as a whole. They rest upon what the court described as elementary considerations of humanity. A convention on crimes against humanity carries the same promise. It has the potential to become a landmark addition to contemporary international law. Second, this process is also legally consequential. Experience shows that treaty making in this field extends far beyond the international realm. Those instruments contribute to strengthening domestic legal systems and enhancing legal certainty through harmonization. They prompt the adoption of national legislation and may require changes to institutional frameworks. For that reason, getting the balance right matters. It is crucial to build upon existing legal frameworks while ensuring that the future convention remains capable of effective domestic implementation. Third, universality is at the core of this exercise. The future convention could command the same broad support enjoyed by the foundational instruments that preceded it. To attract universal participation, it must reflect the perspectives of different regions and legal systems. The high level of participation in the first session of the preparatory committee is a very good sign. Moreover, more than 60 states submitted amendment proposals to the draft. This engagement demonstrates a genuine commitment to the negotiation process. It also helps to strengthen collective ownership of the future convention. The broader the participation in shaping the text, the greater the prospects for widespread ratification and universal acceptance. Brazil submitted proposals aimed at strengthening legal certainty, enhancing the convention's practical implementation, and increasing its prospects for universal support. Among other issues, we proposed provisions concerning the prohibition of crimes against humanity as a jus cogens norm, safeguards relating to non-intervention and immunities, the protection of persons in vulnerable situations, refinements to definitions, due process guarantees in extradition and mutual legal assistance, greater clarity regarding the relationship between national and international jurisdictions, and more effectiveness regarding the application of the aut dedere aut judicare obligation. We approach these proposals in a very constructive spirit and look forward to discussing them with all delegations. Madam Chair, the second session of the Preparatory Committee will have a particularly important role to play. In addition to considering the compiled text, it will discuss the organization of the conference. It will also make recommendations on the rules of procedure that will govern the negotiations. These discussions are not merely technical. Reaching agreement on procedural arrangements at an early stage is in our collective interest. It will help ensure an efficient and inclusive conference. More importantly, it will allow us to dedicate our attention to the substantive negotiations. Brazil supports rules of procedure that are transparent, inclusive, and conducive to effective negotiations. We also welcome the participation of civil society organizations and other relevant stakeholders. Their expertise and perspectives can enrich our discussions and strengthen the future Convention. Madam Chair, the international community has before it a unique opportunity. By maintaining a sense of common purpose, we can deliver a Convention that is balanced and capable of attracting broad and ultimately universal support. Brazil remains fully committed to working constructively with all delegations to achieve that goal. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Brazil for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Costa Rica. You have the floor, sir.

Madam.

Chair, distinguished colleagues, Costa Rica welcomes the progress towards a convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity, as well as the constructive dialogue held during the first session of the Preparatory Committee, which was held in New York from the 19th of January to the 30th, 2026. For years, our delegation has emphasized the need to address a significant gap in international law Unlike other core international crimes, crimes against humanity still lack a dedicated universal convention. In this regard, we consider the draft articles prepared by the ILC provide a solid basis for negotiations. With that objective in mind, we wish to highlight several issues that we consider important for the second session of the Preparatory Committee. scheduled for 2027, and for the sessions of the Conference of Plenipotentiaries planned for 2028 and 2029. Firstly, we consider it essential that the Convention retain a clear definition of crimes against humanity and reaffirm the gravity of these acts. It should also preserve the recognition reflected in the International Law Commission's draft articles that the prohibition of crimes against humanity constitutes a peremptory norm of general international law, jus cogens, from which no derogation is permitted. We consider it equally important to emphasize that the obligations arising from that prohibition are owed to the international community as a whole, erga omnes. Second, we propose including a provision establishing that the Convention must be interpreted and applied without discrimination and in accordance with international human rights law and international humanitarian law. Such a provision would promote consistent application across national and international legal systems. It would also allow relevant developments in international law, including the work of regional and United Nations bodies, to be taken into account, helping to preserve the Convention's effectiveness over time. Thirdly, and of particular importance to Costa Rica, the protection of victims must be central to the future Convention. Its scope must extend beyond the criminalization of conduct and help ensure that states prevent these crimes, protect those at risk, investigate alleged acts, punish those responsible, and provide reparation. To that end, we support an inclusive and transparent process that listens to victims, survivors, and civil society. We also suggest that the preamble expressly recognize the rights of victims, witnesses and others, including children, while safeguarding the right of alleged offenders to fair treatment. The Convention's effectiveness must also be measured by its ability to protect people. It must respond both to those who have already suffered these crimes and to those who need protection today so that they do not become future victims. In closing, Costa Rica reiterates its willingness to continue working constructively with all delegations through an inclusive and transparent negotiation process to achieve a strong, effective, and truly universal convention that helps prevent crimes against humanity and ensures justice for victims. Thank you very much.

I thank the distinguished representative of Costa Rica for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Eritrea. You have the floor, ma'am.

Madam Chair, my delegation aligns itself with the statement delivered by Cameroon on behalf of the African group. We begin by thanking the delegations that worked tirelessly during the first session of the Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity in January. Eritrea was fully committed to this consensus-based tradition, engaging constructively to finalize a widely acceptable text for a new international criminal justice framework. Eritrea firmly believes in ensuring accountability and ending impunity for the most heinous crimes as a foundation for a more just and peaceful world. Consequently, it is crucial to avoid impetuous and selective approaches in this endeavor, as adopted by some delegations. This disparity is symptomatic of a broader problem. Eritrea categorically rejects the disingenuous and pervasive double standards in the application of international criminal justice. When applied unevenly, international law loses its moral authority, credibility, and effectiveness, becoming a tool of political influence rather than a guarantor of justice. This is exemplified by the expanding and often politically motivated use of universal jurisdiction. We see a constant deprioritization of crimes committed by some while the alleged crimes of others are aggressively pursued. Therefore, it is important to safeguard sovereign equality, the non-use of force and non-interference, the primary responsibility for prevention and punishment, according to Eritrea, rests with national systems acting in accordance with domestic law and without external interference. Cooperation must be cooperative, consensual, and based on mutual respect, not unilateral imposition. Eritrea further supports adding new crimes, including unilateral coercive measures and neocolonial practices with long-term harmful effects on civilian populations. Madam Chair, Eritrea has always been very clear that addressing these imbalances is a prerequisite for successful treaty negotiations. We commend the Commission for its hard work on the draft articles on crimes against humanity, but we believe that Member States must work together to improve the substance of the draft articles. The first session of the Preparatory Committee in 2026 was a critical forum for this. It is imperative that serious objections and concerns raised during this first session of the PrepCom are fully addressed. This is essential for transparent, inclusive, and genuine intergovernmental process. In conclusion, Eritrea remains committed to the principle of international justice through a fair and impartial system that truly serves all people, regardless of nationality. We encourage continued constructive engagement on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity, in line with consensus-based tradition of the Sixth Committee. as we are keenly committed to achieving a widely acceptable, unambiguous, and consolidated legal framework. I thank you, Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Eritrea for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Ghana. You have the floor, sir.

Madam Chair, Ghana aligns itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the African Group. and offers the following remarks in its national capacity. Ghana supports the elaboration of a universal convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity, grounded in the draft articles adopted by the International Law Commission in 2019. We commend the Commission for a coherent and balanced text that draws on international law while respecting states' constitutional structures, legal traditions and sovereign rights. This process offers an important opportunity to strengthen prevention, combat impunity, and secure justice for victims. We welcome the progress made at the first session of the Preparatory Committee, held from 19th to 30th January 2026, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 79/122. Consultations across five thematic clusters, together with a discussion on additional provisions, helped governments prepare formal amendments proposals for the compiled negotiation text. We commend the Chair, the Secretariat, and the Commission's Special Rapporteur for facilitating this work. The second session, scheduled for 12th to 15th April 2027, under General Assembly decision 80/521, will prepare the compiled text for submission to the conference and consider its organization and methods of work. Ghana looks forward to constructive engagement as well as prepare for the conference in 2028 and 2029 to elaborate and conclude a legally binding instrument. For African states, this undertaking carries particular significance. Our continent has experienced devastating consequences of mass atrocities against civilian populations. These experiences remind us that lasting peace, stability, and sustainable development requires effective institutions and accountability for such crimes. Ghana recalls General Assembly Resolution 80/250, entitled "Declaration on the Trafficking of Enslaved Africans and the Racialized Chattel Enslavement of Africans as the gravest crime against humanity, adopted on 25th March 2026 with the support of 123 states. Before the vote, President John Dramani Mahama stated, "Today, we come together in solemn solidarity to affirm truth and pursue a route to healing and reparative justice." His words expressed Ghana's commitment to acknowledging suffering and pursuing meaningful redress. That commitment informs our approach to a future convention that strengthens prevention and accountability and upholds the rights and dignity of victims. Madam Chair, in his address to the 81st session of the General Assembly on 24th September 2026, President Mahama further emphasized that recognition must be accompanied by meaningful repair. He highlighted the enduring legacies of enslavement, including systemic racism and economic marginalization, and welcomed engagement on reparatory justice and restitution. The credibility of a future convention will also depend on its consistent application. Ghana maintains that international legal standards must be upheld without selectivity. Our response must affirm the equal dignity of all victims and ensure accountability, whatever crimes occur and whoever commits them. Madam Chair, Ghana calls for an inclusive negotiation process guided by legal precision and respect for regional perspectives. Broad support across regional and legal traditions is essential to the convention's universal acceptance and effective implementation. Relevant expertise and the perspectives of affected communities must inform this work. We stand ready to engage constructively on outstanding questions, including the scope of preventive obligations, arrangements for international cooperation, and the relationship between the future convention and existing international criminal mechanisms. The second preparatory committee session will be an important opportunity to advance these discussions and lay the groundwork for productive negotiations. Ghana remains committed to a widely supported convention grounded in the Commission's draft articles. Our task is to turn the progress achieved into an effective legal framework that prevents crimes against humanity, strengthens accountability, and delivers justice for victims. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Ghana For his statement, I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Vietnam. You have the floor, sir.

Thank you, Madam Vice Chair. Vietnam consistently condemns all forms of serious crime that undermine human rights and threaten international peace and security, including crimes against humanity. We reaffirm our commitment to and strong support for international cooperation to prevent and punish such crimes in accordance with international law and the Charter of the United Nations. Vietnam recognizes the importance of international efforts to establish a comprehensive legal framework for the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. At the same time, We emphasize that such efforts must comply with the fundamental principles of international law as embodied in the Charter of the United Nations, including respect for the independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity of states, and non-interference in their internal affairs. The development and implementation of a future convention should not be used for political purposes to apply double standards, to exert undue pressure on other states, or to interfere in their internal affairs. Madam Vice Chair, we underscore that states bear the primary responsibility for preventing and punishing crimes against humanity within their jurisdiction. International cooperation should complement and support national efforts, including through mutual legal assistance, cooperation in investigations, the collection and exchange of information and evidence, extradition, prosecution, and capacity building for national judicial institutions. Such cooperation should be conducted in accordance with international law and the applicable domestic legal framework of the states concerned. Vietnam notes that states continue to differ on a number of substantive and procedural issues related to the draft convention, including the definition of crimes against humanity, mutual legal assistance, and universal jurisdiction. These issues require careful consideration, taking into account states' diverse legal systems and legitimate concerns. In this regard, Vietnam emphasizes the need for an inclusive, step-by-step, and consensus-oriented approach to the negotiations. Continued dialogue and thorough consultation among states are essential to bridge differences, address outstanding concerns, and build broad support for a future convention that is effective, broadly acceptable and consistent with international law and the Charter of the United Nations. In that spirit, Vietnam stands ready to engage constructively with all UN Member States in discussions on the draft convention. I thank you, Madam Vice-Chair.

I thank the Distinguished Representative of Vietnam for his statement. I now give the floor to the Distinguished Representative of Greece. You have the floor.

Thank you, Madam Chair.

Greece aligns itself with the statement

delivered earlier by the European Union and its member states, and the cross-regional statement delivered by Mexico.

We would also like to add the following in our national capacity.

Greece takes this opportunity to welcome the establishment, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 79/122, of the Preparatory Committee,

as well as the

convening of the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries, with a mandate to elaborate and conclude a legally

binding instrument on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity.

This is an important step forward. When this legally

binding instrument becomes a reality, it will fill a gap in the existing treaty law as regards international criminal law.

It will enable states to efficiently combat impunity regarding crimes against humanity.

Greece is of the view that the ILC draft articles provide a solid basis for the future instrument.

It also welcomes the opportunity offered earlier this year to Member States during the first session of the Preparatory Committee

and within its working group to exchange views with Professor Murphy, the ILC Special Rapporteur. Greece appreciates the substantive discussions during the above first session of the Preparatory Committee, as well as during past

sessions of the Sixth Committee.

These discussions provided the opportunity to further clarify the content of the draft articles and enabled governments to prepare

formal proposals for amendments for consideration by the Conference of Plenipotentiaries.

The number and content of proposals for amendments bears witness to the comprehensive scope of the debate

and the wish of delegations to engage in meaningful discussions on the ILC draft. Greece is ready to consider and discuss proposals which would be likely to garner broad support from Member States. To conclude, Chair, Greece is confident that the second session of the Preparatory Committee, through its deliberations on the organization and methods of work of the conference and the rules of procedure thereof

will pave the way for a successful conference.

Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Greece for her statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished permanent representative of Myanmar. You have the floor, sir.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Madam Chair, at the outset I wish to commend the sustained commitment of the Member States to these important issues. We also appreciate the International Law Commission for its dedicated work on the draft articles and the working group for their constructive engagement. Madam Chair, aside from the historic atrocities, present global crises involving ethnic cleansing, genocidal offenses against human dignity are unprecedented. These horrifying events underscore the urgent need for concrete actions to prevent, prosecute, and punish these grave crimes. At this critical juncture, there is a pressing need to address crimes against humanity through a robust, international legal framework, and Myanmar speak from its own direct experience. Since the February 2021, the illegal military coup, the military junta has committed great human rights violations against civilians across the country. More than 8,500 people, irrespective for gender, age, health, or ability, have been killed by the junta through the most brutal methods, With the escalating use of airstrikes serving as one of its most lethal means, mass killing continue to take place across various regions of Myanmar. However, the full extent of Hunter's atrocities does not end there. Its intensifying campaign of terror across the country has contributed to the loss and damage of civilian lives and infrastructure. Myanmar reports that the humanitarian crisis continues to affect more than 16.2 million people in immediate need of humanitarian assistance. For far too long, our children lack access to quality education and fundamental health care. Women and girls face sexual and gender-based violence. Many have suffered severe physical trauma. and life-altering injury as a result of hunter's brutality. These situations far worse in conflict-affected area. Further more, Myanmar has turned into a global hub for industrial-scale cyber scams, human trafficking, modern slavery, and the record high manufacturing of synthetic drugs, including mass market methamphetamine and ketamine that flood the entire Asia-Pacific region. Meanwhile, the junta continued to spread misinformation and disinformation. Following its sham elections, the junta has attempted to disguise itself as a civilian government in an effort to gain international legitimacy. It is particularly concerning to see some countries engaging with perpetrators of war crimes and crimes against humanity for transitional purposes. I must therefore stress that impunity must not bypass humanity. In the case of Myanmar, any actions that contradict the aspirations of the Myanmar people must cease. UN Member States need to make effective use of the evidence collected by IIIM to hold criminals accountable, rather than granting them the diplomatic visibility they seek for international legitimacy. Madam Chair, Myanmar regards crimes against humanity as serious violations of the law an assault on the very essence of what it means to be human. When we fail to address crimes against humanity, we not only fail the victims, but we also diminish our own humanity. Perpetrators of genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes, and crimes against humanity shall never obtain legitimacy under the guise of political power. In this regard, we reaffirm our support for provisions requiring preliminary measures when a large suspect is present. These measures are vital to ensuring that jurisdiction is genuinely effective and that accountability does not remain a mere abstraction. Myanmar additionally emphasized the applicability of the obligations of non-refoulement in cases where persons are exposed to a foreseeable danger of crimes against humanity if returned. Considering the ongoing plight of Myanmar citizens, this protection remains vital to fulfilling the preventive mandates of the draft text. Madam Chair. For Myanmar, a binding convention on crimes against humanity is an urgent matter of survival, given years of systematic atrocities and a domestic legal system hijacked by the perpetrators. Myanmar calls on the international community to adopt a robust and enforceable convention that closes legal gaps, denies safe havens, and mandates strong state cooperation on extraditions and mutual legal assistance. The ILC draft articles seek to address this gap by clarifying state obligations, reinforcing domestic jurisdictions, and enhancing inter-state cooperation. Thus, we look toward the upcoming sessions of the Preparatory Committee and the Diplomatic Conference. We must make use of the momentum and approach the draft articles with a shared sense of urgency, ensuring that the final convention is strong, enforceable and leaves no room for impunity. Myanmar stands ready to engage constructively with all delegations.

I thank the distinguished Permanent Representative of Myanmar for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Pakistan. You have the floor, sir.

Thank you, Madam Vice-Chair. We appreciate International Law Commission for its draft articles which serve as a useful starting point to include a new international treaty on crimes against humanity. Crimes against humanity are one of the gravest offenses. No act indeed is more sacrilegious than committing criminal offenses against innocent people. Pakistan unequivocally condemned these barbaric acts which continue to be perpetrated in world today, especially in the situations of foreign occupation. Instead of addressing historic injustices meted out to the oppressed peoples, their hopes and aspirations for a dignified future are trampled down by brute force and violence. We have yet to reach a definitive conclusion regarding the substance and structure of the new treaty based on ILC draft articles. In the past session of the committee and during the meeting of preparatory commission held earlier this year, numerous allegations voiced concern related to the content of the draft articles. Most notably, draft articles 7, 9, and 10, which are grounded in a broad interpretation of the universal jurisdiction doctrine, have raised concerns. The preamble draws inspiration from the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which lacks universal acceptance. direct references to the statute, particularly concerning the definition of crime against humanity, could undermine the universal acceptance of any future convention. It is vital to ensure that the proposed treaty faithfully includes all forms of crime against humanity, which impairs the life, dignity, and honor of the persecuted populations in our world today. These may include, A, forcible demographic alteration carried out in situations of foreign occupation, as part of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population. Implantation or transfer of the occupying power's civilian population into occupied territory. Systematic acts or policies driven by Islamophobia, including institutionalized discrimination, deprivation of fundamental rights, or violence. a widespread or systematic destruction of cultural, religious, or historical heritage intended to erase the identity of a protected population. And, Mr. Chair, Pakistan's hope that during negotiations, the member state would be able to harmonize differing perspectives to ensure that the forthcoming convention is widely embraced by the international community, especially by those states not party to the Rome Statute. It is our considered opinion that the draft articles should remain open to in-depth deliberation by the member states without prejudice to logical views expressed by many states. It would be useful to focus on the legal merit of the draft articles and avoid their politicization so that we are able to create an international legal architecture which addresses the issue of accountability and impunity of crimes against humanity in full conformity with the UN Charter. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Pakistan for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Jordan. You have the floor, madam.

Madam Chair, at the outset, my delegation would like to align itself with the statement delivered by Mexico on behalf of a group of countries, as well as the statement delivered by Libya on behalf of the Arab Group. If I may, I'd like to make the following points in a national capacity. Jordan welcomes the progress undertaken with a view to crafting an international instrument on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity ever since the GA adopted resolution 79/122. calling for the convening of a UN conference of plenipotentiaries for the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity for three consecutive weeks here at headquarters in New York, and this at the start of 2028. What's more is we welcome the holding of the first session of the preparatory committee of the conference in New York back in January of this year. Over 80 countries partook in that meeting. This reflects the serious international commitment to strengthening this approach. Over the last two years, Jordan has participated in the thematic dialogue, very detailed dialogue, undertaken by the Sixth Committee on the draft articles. appeared by the International Law Commission, the ILC, on crimes against humanity. We call on this practical approach to be continued so as to foster international cooperation through legal frameworks necessary to prevent and punish crimes against humanity. We're of the view that these draft articles are an excellent basis for further negotiations. the Convention should strike a balance between two objectives: on the one hand, preventing crimes against humanity, and guaranteeing that there are investigations and the prosecution of perpetrators as well. In addition, we would like to welcome Member States' proposed drafts. We call on the international community to shoulder its responsibility to guarantee the application of international law and take measures in keeping with international law and IHL so as to put an end to crimes against humanity being perpetrated by Israel. bringing the perpetrators of these crimes to justice so that they are held to account. The perpetrators of genocide and atrocities against the Palestinians also answer for their actions in keeping with international law, because this is a violation of a number of international conventions. Madam Chair, the international community expects that this convention be forged. It has taken too long. We reiterate that we stand ready to work constructively during the next stage. We call on the international community to keep up the momentum so that we can craft a robust, effective convention that puts an end to impunity and does justice to victims. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Jordan for her statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Romania. You have the floor.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Romania aligns with the statements delivered on behalf of the European Union and its member states and that delivered by Mexico on behalf of a cross-regional group of states, and would like to add the following remarks in its national capacity. We welcome the progress achieved during the first session of the Preparatory Committee in January of this year, and thank the Chair and the Bureau for the work done. We would also like to thank Professor Sean Murphy for his important contribution as an expert during our debates. As we draw near the formal negotiation process, we must keep in mind how much is at stake. The future convention will be a cornerstone of the rule of law and of accountability worldwide, one that answers to the immediate and fundamental need of the international community to further close the space available for perpetrators of the most serious crimes. That is why we believe that the process and the convention it produces will be more likely to succeed if our approach is inclusive, transparent, and focused on results. We must also bear in mind the need to achieve a text that adequately reflects relevant evolutions and trends as revealed in decisions taken by national courts and literature and in proceedings before international courts. Furthermore, our approach should at all times be guided by existing standards and legal principles, such as those enshrined in the international humanitarian law, international human rights law, and international criminal We welcome the substantial cluster-by-cluster discussions during the first session of the PrepCom, as well as a significant number of written proposals, and we thank the Codification Division for the comprehensive compilation, while looking forward for further revised versions as may be required. The number of the contributions already sent once again outlines the relevance and urgency of the topic. It also illustrates the tremendous responsibility that we share for ensuring that the upcoming negotiation conference will deliver on its objectives and thus provide the text of a convention that is capable of filling this longstanding gap in the international legal order. With this in mind, we underscore the importance of deciding on clear and effective provisions for the organization and methods of work of the conference, including the rules of procedure. These should ensure that the negotiations benefit from a procedural framework that allows for bridging divides towards consensus and at the same time that provides the tools necessary to resolve deadlocks and produce results. In closing, Romania remains firmly committed to the process leading to a convention on crimes against humanity, guided by the principles that have shaped our involvement so far. We want a strong treaty that all states can join. It should complement the existing body of international criminal law, help national authorities prosecute these crimes, and deepen cooperation between states. Romania is ready to keep working with all delegations to reach that goal. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Romania for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Afghanistan. You have the floor.

Madam Chair, Afghanistan supports the elaboration of a comprehensive, legally binding convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. We welcome the progress made under the General Assembly resolution 79/122 and regard the International Law Commission's draft articles as a strong foundation for negotiations. The substantive proposals recorded in the Secretary-General's report show legal engagement, and differences should be resolved through constructive negotiations. with shared aim of a convention enjoying broad support. Such convention would strengthen national capacities to prevent, investigate and prosecute these crimes, facilitate international cooperation and complement existing mechanisms. For Afghanistan, these objectives carry profound meaning. Decades of violence and impunity have denied victims justice. Today, the Taliban's regime's systematic exclusion of women and girls from education, employment, and public life shows the devastating consequences of institutionalized discrimination and a reality reflecting gender persecution and gender apartheid. Madam Chair, we wish to emphasize the following priorities. First, the convention must address gender-based crimes effectively, as recorded in paragraph 60 of the Secretary General's report, A/78/717. Afghanistan proposed that gender apartheid be included with the definition of apartheid, and we reiterate that call. A convention meant to prevent crimes against humanity must be able to address an institutionalized system of gender-based oppression and domination. Afghan women and survivors should have meaningful opportunities to inform this work. Second, Prevention and accountability must reinforce each other. We support effective domestic criminalization, credible investigation, international legal cooperation and safeguards against impunity applied consistently, without selectivity, and with full respect for due process. The treaty process should reinforce existing accountability efforts because the victims cannot wait for its conclusion. Third, victims' rights must be central. The convention should guarantee access to justice and reparation, protect victims and witnesses from retaliation, and address the particular needs of victims. Finally, Afghanistan reaffirms its commitment to a convention that complements the existing system and reinforces the principles that no one stands above the law. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Afghanistan for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Saudi Arabia. You have the floor, ma'am.

Sayyida Raisa.

Madam Chair, at the outset, my delegation would like to extend its appreciation to

you for your efforts in steering the work of the Sixth Committee, and we reiterate that Saudi Arabia will

actively engage in discussions on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity to achieve justice and

uphold the rule of law.

consistent with the Charter and the rules of international law.

My delegation commends the efforts during the first session of the Prep Committee of the UN Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Humanity, held in January 2026.

The discussions gave opportunity to discuss procedural and legal issues related to these crimes. Madam Chair, Saudi Arabia reiterates its condemnation of all crimes against humanity and stresses that international efforts should be concerted to fight impunity, to promote justice and preserve human dignity. My delegation views that the success of efforts to

elaborate a legally binding instrument in this field requires a legal instrument that has broadest support by member states while

addressing the controversial legal issues in particular in relation to the definitions the scope of jurisdiction and immunities and Provisions of the future convention should be consistent with established rules of international law and treaties.

Madam Chair, Saudi Arabia was committed to actively participate in this path. In 2026, it submitted its formal proposals and comments on the draft articles. in its commitment to have a balanced legal framework.

In this connection, Saudi Arabia reiterates that all proposals by Member States should be thoroughly.

Examined and considered and taken into consideration during the coming phase of the negotiations, while observing principles of sovereign equality, non-interference in internal affairs.

And not to establish any provisions that are encounter to establish rules in customary law. Madam Chair, Saudi Arabia is looking forward to the.

Second session of the PrepCom in April 2027 and stresses that the upcoming phase should be utilized to continue the preparations for the conference.

The negotiation process should be transparent and inclusive based on the constructive dialogue and consensus, while giving due consideration to the drafting of the provisions and not to haste to have provisions that have not yet garnered the.

Necessary agreement. Saudi Arabia.

It reiterates its commitment to constructively.

Engage on this path and cooperate with member states to have an effective, balanced legal instrument that.

Contributes to the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity, and it upholds the rule of law in full respect of the charter and rules of international law. Thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Saudi Arabia for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Tunisia. You have the floor, sir.

Thank you, Madam Chair. My delegation aligns itself to the statements delivered on behalf of the African Group and the Arab Group, and would like to make the following remarks in our national capacity. Tunisia reiterates the importance of legal efforts to fill the gaps in international legal framework and upholds the rule of law and principles of justice and equality before the law to prevent the commission of crimes against humanity and hold the perpetrators accountable without impunity.

Or.

Selectivity in applying rules of international law. Tunisia welcomes the adoption by the General Assembly of Resolution 79/122 on December 2024, which established an international path to negotiate on a legally binding instrument to prevent and punish crimes against humanity. Tunisia reiterates the importance of continuing the works of the PrepCom in preparation for the Plenipotentiary in 2028 and 2029. And Tunisia stresses the importance of an inclusive participation in this path to promote the transparency of the negotiations and to enrich its outcomes. Madam Chair, Tunisia welcomes the declaration of the African Union that 2026 to 2035 is designated a decade of reparatory justice for African peoples and those of African descent through the reparation of the harms as a result of the slave trade. It is adopted by the 38th session of the 38th Assembly, and it is considered as crimes against humanity. Tunisia reiterates that the international legal instruments, as important as they are, are not sufficient unless there is the strong political will to ensure their enforceability and hold the perpetrators accountable. The grave violations in the occupied Palestinian territory over the last years. And the reports of the UN mechanisms, as well as the advisory.

Opinion of the ICJ, highlights the seriousness of continued violations in the absence of effective accountability.

Tunisia, therefore, stresses that those perpetrators should be held accountable. to put an end to impunity while ensuring the consistent application and the non-selective application of international law.

My country reiterates its commitment to constructively participate in international efforts to.

An ambitious binding convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. and we are looking forward to actively participate in the second session of the PrepCom.

Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Tunisia for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Togo. You have the floor.

Sir.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Madam Chair, my delegation welcomes the fact that our committee is examining the matter of crimes against humanity at the very time when the preparatory phase of negotiations for an official, for a convention have commenced officially. We associate ourselves with the statement made by the representative of Cameroon on behalf of the group of states of Africa. and we wish to make certain comments in our national capacity. Madam, by means of resolution 79122, the General Assembly decided that in 2028 and 2029, a conference of plenipotentiaries would be convened in order to draw up and conclude a convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. Togo welcomes the successful first session of the Preparatory Committee in January 2026, which made it possible to examine in-depth draft articles from the ILC and to establish an enlarged Bureau, guaranteeing equitable geographical representation. We would like to congratulate the elected members. We are now at a decisive phase. The proposals for amendments submitted by States will feed into the text that the Secretary General will present to the Preparatory Committee in its second session and will be a basis for the negotiations of the conference here, to once again wish to thank the ILC for the draft articles adopted in 2099. Madam, my country espouses the combat against impunity prevention of the most serious crimes. Now, our commitment here is transcribed in our domestic legislation, our criminal code resulting from law 2015-010 of 24th November 2015, as amended, that qualifies as crimes genocide, crimes against humanity, crimes of war and apartheid, and enshrines imprescriptibility. We wish to consolidate this in the light of the future interventions, particularly when it comes to mutual judicial assistance and extradition. Looking at the entire continent, at the initiative of Togo, the Conference of Heads of State and Government of the African Union unanimously adopted on 16 February 2025 in Addis Ababa the historic decision on defining slavery, deportation and colonisation as crimes against humanity and genocide against the peoples of Africa. This is a highly symbolic decision, which is to restore the memory and the dignity of African peoples, victims to these atrocities. And we see an extension of this momentum in our organization with the adoption by the General Assembly on 20th of March 2026 of Resolution 80/2050, introduced by Ghana on behalf of a group of African states, defining the African slave trade and racialized slavery of Africans as the most serious crime against humanity. OCHA welcomes this major step forward, which universally arrives at the long due recognition Africa awaited. Africa has been subject to cycles of injustice with slavery, deportation, colonization, and apartheid, systematically planned, destroying societies. The traces of this still exist. Therefore, we wish to see a universal, legally binding instrument bridging a major gap in international law, together with the conventions on genocide and war crimes. In the light of the discussions in the Preparatory Committee, my delegation believes that if it is to be fully effective and universally accepted, the future convention must meet certain essential requirements. First of all, universality and impartiality. The convention should apply to all States without any exception or selection. The definitions must be based on customary international law and on broadly accepted concepts with their clarity and accuracy, demanding the principle of legality of crime and punishment. Impartiality of the mechanisms of implementation is also vital for the credibility of international justice and the confidence. that law should inspire. Then, respect for sovereignty and strengthening national capacity, the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity, first of all pertains to national jurisdictions in accordance with the principle of complementarity. This means a true transfer of competence, resources and knowledge for the states which need this. The convention must therefore have specific commitments when it comes to mutual judicial assistance, both technical and financial. Thirdly, recognition of regional mechanisms. Africa has institutions and instruments which deserve recognition and support, particularly the African Court of Human Rights and Peoples and the Malabo Protocol to extend the competence of the future African Court to human rights and peoples to international crimes. These steps forward show that international justice can be universal while respecting different regional approaches. Fourthly, the rights of victims. Justice cannot be complete without acknowledging the rights of victims to truth, justice, reparation and rehabilitation. As the discussions in the preparatory committee clearly showed, the Convention must place victims at the core of its provisions and put accents on reparation of the damage. Lastly, prevention. The future convention cannot be restricted just to prevention. It must also cater for looking at crimes by means of consciousness-raising, education, preservation of memory, international cooperation and strengthening national institutions. Madam, to conclude, Togo reiterates its full support for an ambitious, balanced convention and will play an active part in the discussions of the preparatory committee to the conference. We call on all member states to preserve the momentum here so that this convention become a true pillar of international law and a bulwark against the atrocities of the future. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Togo for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Cyprus. You have the floor.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Cyprus aligns itself with the statement delivered by the representative of the European Union. on behalf of the EU and its member states and with the cross-regional statement delivered by Mexico, and wishes to offer the following additional remarks in its national capacity. Madam Chair, Cyprus welcomes the progress achieved since the General Assembly decided to convene a United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity. The first session of the Preparatory Committee held last January marked an important further step in this process. Cyprus was pleased to contribute actively to its work, including through the service of a Cypriot representative as rapporteur of the Preparatory Committee. Cyprus remains firmly committed to the conclusion and adoption of a legally binding international convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. As we have consistently maintained, the absence of a dedicated global convention on crimes against humanity constitutes a significant gap in the existing international legal framework. While genocide and war crimes are addressed by widely ratified conventions establishing obligations on states to prevent, punish, and cooperate, crimes against humanity, despite their gravity, remain without a dedicated treaty framework. The absence of such a convention is particularly striking, given also that crimes against humanity may be committed both in situations of armed conflict and in peacetime. Their impact on victims, societies, and international peace and security is no less devastating than of other core international crimes. A future convention would reinforce prevention and punishment, assist states in harmonizing relevant domestic legislation, and strengthen inter-state cooperation. It would also contribute to ensuring that perpetrators find no safe haven and to reinforcing deterrence and accountability. Madam Chair, Cyprus continues to attach the highest importance to the work of the International Law Commission on this topic. We consider the draft articles adopted by the Commission in 2019 to constitute a sound and coherent foundation for the negotiations ahead. They provide a comprehensive framework whose core elements should be preserved and, where appropriate, further strengthened. Madam Chair, Cyprus attaches great importance to ensuring that prevention remains at the heart of the future Convention. Prevention must remain at the heart of our efforts as it is fundamental to protecting human dignity. By strengthening national institutions and reinforcing international cooperation, we provide societies with better capacity for advanced action and response, thus binding a stronger prevention culture and structure. Cyprus has consistently stressed the importance of ensuring that the future convention and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court are mutually reinforcing. The definition of crimes against humanity contained in Article 7 of the Rome Statute represents a fundamental achievement in the codification of their definition under international law, and the future convention must preserve the integrity of the Rome Statute framework. Madam Chair, following the first session of the Preparatory Committee, Cyprus joined other states in submitting proposals for amendments to the draft articles pursuant to General Assembly Resolution 79/122. Our engagement reflects the importance we attach in Turkey to effective prevention and accountability, as well as to the protection of victims and their rights, including appropriate safeguards for children. Madam Chair, Cyprus looks forward to the second session of the Preparatory Committee in April 2027 and stands ready to continue engaging constructively on the compiled text, the rules of procedure, and the remaining organizational questions in preparation for the Conference. At the present session, Cyprus supports the timely completion of the necessary procedural arrangements including the adoption of the decision concerning the dates of the first session of the Conference in 2022. Thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Cyprus for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Kenya. You have the floor, sir.

Thanks. Madam Chair. Kenya aligns itself with the statement delivered by the distinguished representative of Cameroon on behalf of the African group and wishes to add the following in its national capacity. Madam Chair, crimes against humanity are amongst the most heinous offences in that they constitute a serious attack on human dignity, grave humiliation or degradation of one or more human beings. Madam Chair, since the Nuremberg trials, the scope of crimes against humanity has been expanding. While it will be good sense to recognize that we already have other conventions on international criminal justice and that it will be important and indeed necessary to borrow from these conventions, it will be absolutely critical to carefully align whatever is proposed to be adopted into the proposed convention of the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. An all-encompassing definition of crimes against humanity must be fully considered and agreed. My delegation supports a carefully crafted article to expand the scope of the definition of crime against humanity beyond what is provided in the ILC draft articles. in addition to including slavery and slave trade and the illegal exploitation of resources. It is also important, Madam President, to note, for instance, that the International Criminal Court can only prosecute crimes against humanity under their own statute in specific situations under which it has jurisdiction. For example, the ICC has jurisdiction only over crimes contained in the Statute, genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, which have been committed on the territory of a state party to the Rome Statute, or when a state party refers a situation within its country to the court, or when the United Nations Security Council refers a case to the ICC. And for the crime against humanity, it must be shown to be widespread or systematic attack directed against the civilian population. The limitations contained in the Rome Statute make the elaboration of an independent and binding convention of the crimes against humanity necessary. The draft articles of the ILC provide a useful basis for the development for developing the Convention. However, Kenya wishes to emphasize that care must be taken when crafting the articles to avoid importing texts and languages from other conventions or instruments which have not received universal acceptance or which are themselves still being considered or are not clearly defined or are taken out of context and use them in the new Convention. Kenya recognizes and punishes crimes against humanity under the International Crimes Act of 2008. Although the said Act criminalizes crimes against humanity and adopts the definition accorded to the crimes against humanity under the Rome Statute, the offenses, however, extended to include an act defined as a crime against humanity in conventional international law or customary international law that is not otherwise dealt with in the Rome Statute or in this Act. This therefore means that even though the meaning of the crime against humanity may not be fully encompassing under the Rome Statute, the Kenyan law gives latitude to what international law may deem to be a crime against humanity and includes developments in international law as far as crimes against humanity may be concerned. To be able to effectively investigate and punish crimes against humanity, Each State must take an initiative to criminalize the crime under its domestic rules. International cooperation is also a critical plank in the investigation, prosecution, and punishment of crimes against humanity. Kenya has criminalized and provided punishment for crimes against humanity. Kenya has also put in place the Mutual Legal Assistance Act to facilitate cooperation in criminal investigation and the possibility of extradition for the suspect to face criminal charges in their country or within Kenya. Kenya has also legislated the Extradition, Contiguous and Foreign Countries Act, which governs the surrender of fugitive criminals the reciprocal backing of warrants and the collection of evidence for foreign criminal trials in the country. Madam Chair, Kenya is committed to joining hands with other states in negotiating the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity. Finally, Kenya welcomes the Assembly's decision to convene the Conference on Plenipotentiaries to meet at the United Nations headquarters to elaborate and conclude a legally binding instrument on prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity and the plan of action expected of the Preparatory Committee towards the realization of the conference objectives.

I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Kenya for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Timor-Leste. You may have the floor.

Thank you, Madam Chair, for giving me the floor. Timor-Leste aligns with the statement delivered by Mexico on behalf of a cross-regional group of states and with the statement delivered on behalf of the community of Portuguese-speaking countries. We wish to make the following remarks in our national capacity. Timor-Leste welcomes the progress made since the first session of the Preparatory Committee in January. That session allowed states to identify areas of convergence and difference and to prepare formal proposals for amendments to the International Law Commission's draft articles. We thank the secretariat for preparing the compiled texts that gives us a basis on which to move forward. My delegation continues to regard the ILC draft articles as the appropriate foundation for this work and attaches particular importance to coherence with the Rome Statute framework. Coherence, however, does not require immutability. The Rome Statute itself has evolved through amendment, demonstrating that an established legal framework can develop while preserving its integrity. The task before us is therefore not to freeze existing law, but to ensure that any development is careful, justified, and does not create unnecessary fragmentation or legal uncertainty. It is in that spirit that Timor-Leste has supported targeted proposals intended to strengthen both the protective reach and the legal integrity of the future Convention, including proposals concerning the protection of children and forced marriage, the recognition of gender apartheid, stronger obligations of States, effective dispute settlement, and the integrity of the Convention's treaty regime. Madam Chair, our attention must now turn to the second session of the Preparatory Committee in April 2027. Its work on the organization and methods of work of the Diplomatic Conference, including its rules of procedure, will be critical to the success of the negotiations that follow. The rules we recommend should enable States to negotiate effectively, transparently and inclusively. Timor-Leste strongly supports the search for consensus, but consensus should not be understood as a method of building the broadest sorry, should be understood as a method of building the broadest possible agreement, not as a requirement for unanimity, or as a veto in the hands of any delegation. The rules of procedure should therefore require genuine and sustained efforts to achieve consensus, while also providing a clear and fair means of taking decisions when those efforts have been exhausted. The availability of such a procedure does not weaken consensus. On the contrary, it protects the integrity of the negotiating process and ensures that procedural disagreement cannot prevent the Conference from carrying out the mandate entrusted to it by the General Assembly. PrepCom 2 should seek clarity on these questions before the Conference begins. Ambiguity in the rules of procedure does not preserve consensus. It merely postpones disagreement until it becomes most disruptive. The upcoming second session should also remain faithful to its mandate. Its task is to prepare the compiled text for transmission to the diplomatic conference and to establish the procedural conditions for successful negotiations. It should not become a substitute for the negotiations that states have agreed will take place at the conference itself. Madam Chair, my delegation also recognizes the valuable contribution of civil society, victims' representatives, academics, and practitioners to this process. Their experience and expertise can assist States not only on substantive provisions, but also in considering procedural arrangements that support transparent, inclusive and effective negotiations. Timor-Leste looks forward to working with all delegations towards rules and methods of work that promote genuine consensus without inviting paralysis, and ultimately towards a Convention that is coherent, effective and commands broad support. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Timor-Leste for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran. You have the floor, sir.

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Thank you so much, Madam Chair. Throughout history, millions of children, women, and men have fallen victim to most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole. Such horrific crimes deeply shock the conscience of humanity and threaten the peace, security, and well-being of the world. As a country whose people have suffered atrocious crimes committed by the United States and the Israeli regime in the course of their blatant acts of aggression, we fully understand the immense suffering inflicted by such crimes and the imperative of holding those responsible accountable in accordance with international law. Madam Chair, the recurrence of atrocious crimes bring to the front a fundamental issue that pertains to the very purpose of our work. International law already provides well-established legal frameworks prohibiting the gravest international crimes. The Charter of the United Nations prohibits the threat or use of force. General Assembly Resolution 3314 of 1974 defines aggression. and the 1948 Genocide Convention addresses genocide. And yet, despite the long-established legal frameworks and the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, we continue in 2026 to witness the unabated commission of heinous international crimes, such as commission of genocide against Palestinian people. In our view, this issue doesn't only demonstrate the persistence and conduct of perpetrators, but also the failure of the international community to prevent atrocious crimes and end impunity. Such situation confirms once again that lack of genuine political will, the selective application of international law, and the silence and inaction of the international community are the reasons for impunity, not a perceived legal lacuna. Now that we are embarking on an important task towards the elaboration of a convention on crimes against humanity, this critical aspect should be fully considered in this process to ensure that any outcome would serve the genuine objective of ending impunity, freeing from politicization, double standards or abuse, and in accordance with international law. A contrary result would be a failure, not a success. Madam Chair, we have submitted our written proposals for amendment to the draft articles on crimes against humanity. In this regard, we wish to touch upon a few points. First, on definition of crimes. The definition of crimes against humanity is central to the ongoing discussions, opting for having a much broader range of definitions that could possibly lead to qualification of less atrocious crimes. of even a different nature from that of crimes against humanity runs afoul of the very purpose sought in establishing the offenses in questions as crimes of serious concern to the international community as a whole. This comes into conflict with the very perception of delicta iuris gentium. Unnecessary and undue burdening of the scope of such crimes undermines the focus dedicated to such crimes on the international law. thereby diluting the gravity of the offenses. Along similar lines, we remain circumspect regarding reproduction in full of Article 7, paragraph 1 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court, including subparagraphs h and k thereof, in the future convention. Due regard needs to also be had to the fact that not all the states are party to the Statute. Madam Chair, Unilateral coercive measures, which are imposed systematically and in a widespread manner, among others, inflict severe conditions of life upon the population, inter alia by deprivation of access to food and medicine. And as a result, such unlawful measures could even result in death among the population. The definition of crimes against humanity should include a direct reference to unilateral coercive measures so as to, in a clear manner, address such illegal measures. We have proposed amendments to that effect. My delegation has further proposed the explicit inclusion of child sexual exploitation among the enumerated acts constituting crimes against humanity, together with a corresponding definition. Given the particularly grave and often lasting physical and psychological harm inflicted upon children by such acts, We believe that the particular attention of the future convention is essential to strengthening the protection of children and ensuring accountability for such crimes. In relation to definition of gender, considering the reference to gender in the section related to the definition of crimes against humanity, it is not clear why the draft article has not included a clear provision highlighting that, first, the term gender refers to two sexes, male and female, and second, the term gender does not indicate any meaning different from the above. We remain seized of all discussions in this relation. As to the safeguards, it is important to include in the scope of the draft a provision entitled protection of sovereignty. that ensure compliance with the principles of sovereign equality, non-intervention, and territorial integrity throughout efforts in prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. Our suggestion is in line with the provisions of international law and the UN Charter, as well as similar practices in elaboration of criminal justice instruments. As for criminal liability of legal persons, We believe that the criminal liability of legal persons in the context of crimes against humanity continues to face legal difficulties arising from the definition, interpretation, and enforcement, as well as disagreements on various aspects of this topic, including the light of the principle of nullum crimen sine lege. And finally, in our view, the success of the future work is ultimately tied to well-intended efforts to bridge gaps through promoting consensus and rejecting double standards. Genuine will to fight crimes against humanity makes it incumbent upon the present committee and the future process to pave the way for an outcome in the conference that could serve as a basis for administration of justice in good faith. It is only through this way that the convention could garner support at the international level. Our hope is that the future process does not fail the conscience of the world in fighting such heinous crimes, and we will continue our engagement in the future process, including the conference and the preparatory commission. We will submit a full version of our statement in writing to the Secretariat. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Zambia. You have the floor.

Thank you, Madam Chair. The Republic of Zambia has the honour to take the floor under agenda item 79, concerning the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Humanity. At the outset, Zambia wishes to commend the Chair, the Bureau, the Secretariat and all delegations for the work undertaken towards the negotiation of a legally binding international instrument on crimes against humanity. We also acknowledge the important contribution of the International Law Commission in preparing the draft articles and the continued efforts of this committee to advance this process in an inclusive, transparent, and constructive manner. Zambia aligns itself with a cross-regional statement delivered by the representative of Mexico and with a statement delivered by the distinguished delegate of Cameroon on behalf of the African group. Zambia wishes to make the following observations in its national capacity. Madam Chair, crimes against humanity represent some of the most serious violations of international law. Their widespread or systematic character and their devastating consequences for individuals, families, and communities demand a strong and coordinated response from the international community. Zambia, therefore, reiterates its support for the progressive development and codification of international law and for strengthening the international legal framework for the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. The Secretary-General's report provides an important record of the views, comments and observations submitted by Member States on the draft articles and on the recommendations of the International Law Commission. The report demonstrates both the broad support for developing a convention and the range of legal and policy questions that will require careful consideration during the negotiations. Zambia takes note in particular of the views reflected in the report concerning the need to ensure consistency with existing international law, the importance of national implementation, questions relating to jurisdiction, extradition, and mutual legal assistance, and the need to ensure that any future convention commands broad international support. In our view, these considerations should not be regarded as obstacles to the negotiation of a convention. Rather, they should guide us towards an instrument that is legally sound, practically implementable, and capable of achieving universal or near-universal adherence. Madam Chair, Zambia welcomes the progress made since the General Assembly adopted Resolution 79/122, which decided to convene the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries and established a preparatory committee for that conference. We further welcome the first session of the Preparatory Committee held in January 2026 and look forward to the second session scheduled for 2027. These preparatory stages are critical. They provide Member States with the opportunity to examine the draft articles carefully, identify areas of convergence and divergence, and develop solutions that can command the widest possible support. Zambia looks forward to the convening of the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries at the United Nations headquarters in 2028 and 2029 with the aim of elaborating and concluding a legally binding international instrument on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. We see the conference as an important opportunity to translate the work undertaken thus far into a balanced, effective, and broadly supported international legal framework. Zambia attaches particular importance to an inclusive process. The future convention will only be effective if states from all regions are able to participate meaningfully in its development and if the perspectives and legal traditions of developing countries are adequately reflected. We therefore encourage continued participation by legal experts from all regions, including experts from Africa and other developing regions throughout the preparatory process and the Conference of Plenipotentiaries. Madam Chair, Zambia considers that the future convention should strengthen rather than displace the primary responsibility of states to prevent, investigate, and punish crimes against humanity. The principle of complementarity should therefore remain an important consideration. Effective national institutions, domestic legislation, independent and capable justice systems, and appropriate investigative and prosecutorial capacities are essential to preventing impunity. International cooperation must complement these national efforts. A future convention should provide a clear and effective framework for cooperation in areas such as mutual legal assistance, extradition, information sharing, investigation, and prosecution. At the same time, such cooperation must be anchored in due process, the rule of law, fundamental rights, and the sovereignty and territorial integrity of states. Zambia believes that victims and survivors must remain at the center of our efforts. The prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity is ultimately about protecting human dignity. The future convention should, as such, strengthen the ability of states to prevent such crimes, hold perpetrators accountable, and provide appropriate avenues for justice and redress for victims and survivors. In conclusion, Madam Chairperson, the establishment of a United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries represents an important opportunity to strengthen the international legal framework against impunity. Zambia remains convinced that crimes against humanity cannot be addressed effectively through fragmented responses alone. Prevention, national accountability, international cooperation and the protection of victims must form part of a coherent legal framework. Zambia stands ready to engage constructively with all delegations in the spirit of dialogue, compromise and consensus as we deliver this important work. I thank you, Madam Chairperson.

I thank the representative of Zambia. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation. You have the floor, Madam.

Madam Chairperson, for the Russian For the Federation, crimes against humanity is not just yet another item on our agenda. It's part and parcel of our national historical memory. Let us remind you, the Soviet Union lost roughly 27 million people during the Great Patriotic War, that is the Second World War, of which 19 million perished in the Russian SFSR. The Nazis and their accomplices exposed and exterminated civilians. This was recognised by a genocide against the people of the Soviet Union in statements of heads of CIS states and participating states of the CSTO. It is our duty to maintain the memory of the large-scale crimes committed by the Nazis. Our country was one of the founders of the International Criminal Tribunal and similarly participated in the Tokyo Tribunal. We consistently support the fight against impunity for serious international crimes, including crimes against humanity. Having said that, the way in which the work on the new convention under this agenda item was initiated and has been developing is a cause for serious concern. In the winter of 2026, the first session of the PrepCom took place and it showed full well the fact that a group of countries intends to push through the adoption of a treaty to the detriment of painstaking work on its provisions. We believe there is an imperative to responsibly set norms. We believe it's important to work towards establishing a text that is balanced, legally calibrated, and which would not be subject to ambiguous interpretation and contradictions, which would be underpinned by broad-based consensus, and would be a reliable basis for combating crimes against humanity in the long term. In May of this year, the Russian Federation submitted to the Secretariat our proposals for the draft convention. Specifically, we are against automatically copying provisions from the Rome Statute. The Rome Statute has a limited number of participants and just over the last year six states expressed their desire to denounce this statute. Therefore, we are convinced that the legal constructs contained in the Rome Statute cannot be the basis for the future universal convention, but should respond to the interests of the largest possible number of members of the international community. We will be working towards reasserting in the convention the immunities of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction. Let us remind you that the purpose of immunities is not the personal benefit of officials, but ensuring that they can effectively discharge their official functions as representatives of their state. We'd like to highlight that existing customary international law norms contain no exemptions to the immunities of officials. We believe that undermining this institution on whichever pretext, however laudable they may be, run serious risks of irreversible consequences for interstate relations. It creates the risks of justice being politicized, the instrumentalization of criminal justice so as to exert pressure on certain states. The future convention, meanwhile, should help to combat impunity rather than give grounds for undue influence to be exercised over foreign officials. We are in favour of broadening the list of crimes covered by the future convention. First and foremost, we are referring to unilateral coercive measures, UCMs, which in terms of their scope and their repercussions are comparable to serious crimes against the international legal order as well as fundamental rights and freedoms. So-called sanctions can deal irreparable blows to the development of countries. They can restrict people's access to critically important goods and services, threatening the realization of fundamental socioeconomic rights of a given population. A flagrant example of UCMs, which are doing damage to the lives and health of civilians, is the situation in Cuba. Generations have lived in Cuba under conditions of the strictest restrictions. UCMs against the Cuban people are an obstacle to the enjoyment of basic rights, including the right to food, health, education, humanitarian assistance. I'd like to quote the President of Cuba, Miguel Diaz-Canel. who, when describing the US sanctions against Cuba, called them total strangulation, a collective punishment aimed at depriving people from resources and services which they need to survive. In August of this year, 117,000 adults and over 1.2 thousand children suffering from cancer had to forgo the treatment they need. 34,000 pregnant women did not get access to an antenatal ultrasound. As a result, infant mortality went up. The collective West is trying to create similar problems for Iran as well. We also support countries which insist on including in the convention colonial and neocolonial deeds. We are very much in favor of restoring historical justice vis-a-vis the peoples of Africa. Specifically, we supported the UNGA resolution 80/250, adopted on the 25th of March of this year, declaring the trafficking of enslaved Africans and racialized chattel enslavement of Africans as a crime against humanity. We believe that reflecting this qualification in some shape or form should also be reflected in the convention we are crafting. It would be naive to believe that colonial supremacy is a relic of the past. Today, we're seeing its latest iteration, neocolonialism. We're seeing the former colonial capitals demonstratively practicing control, exploiting resources, and maintaining the dependence of African countries, in addition to systematic political and economic pressure they are exerting. We stand ready to continue contributing to the fight against the long-term repercussions of colonialism and its new manifestations, working together with our African partners. From the point of view of legal methodology, it is important to ensure that the provisions of the future convention are compatible with the various legal systems in our states. I'd like to end on a positive note. We reassert our readiness to work constructively on the future convention. However, we stand convinced that a necessary prerequisite for us to be able to craft a genuinely universal international treaty is participating states to be genuinely interested therein, their willingness to show readiness to engage in constructive dialogue. I thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Belgium. You have the floor, ma'am.

Thank you, Madam Chair. As this is the first time that I'm taking the floor, on behalf of my delegation, I would like to congratulate you and the members of the Bureau on your election to head the Sixth Committee. I wish you resounding success for this 81st session. You can rest assured that my delegation will lend its full support to our discussions. Belgium joins itself with the statement just pronounced by the European Union on behalf of the European Union's member states. Madam, Belgium attaches great importance to the discussions to draw up a convention for the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. Such a convention would make it possible to bridge a glaring gap in customary international law and to strengthen cooperation among states in combating impunity. Here we welcome the first meeting of the Preparatory Committee. which was an important milestone in launching the negotiating process here. And we commend the constructive nature of our discussions, which shows that States are willing to continue in a spirit of dialogue. We also welcome the fact that it has been possible to agree on the participation of NGOs. Their contribution will strengthen transparency and enrich our discussions while fostering the outcome of a balanced instrument grounded in contemporary reality. Belgium also wishes to welcome the significant number of amendments proposed by states from all regional groups. The fact that many States have come forward here demonstrates the interest amongst the international community for this draft convention and how willing delegations are to contribute to drawing up an instrument that is solid, balanced and truly universal. The second meeting of the preparatory committee to be held next April will be of great importance. It will provide an opportunity to continue our discussions and to consolidate the progress reached to date. My delegation, in particular, wishes to emphasize how important it is to adopt rules of procedure that will provide an inclusive, transparent and effective framework so that the Conference may proceed smoothly. Such rules will ensure the full participation of all States and mean that the legitimacy of the process will be strengthened. It will establish the necessary conditions to draw up a convention garnering the broadest support possible. Belgium is willing to pursue its commitment side by side with all delegations in order to arrive at an ambitious instrument which will constitute tangible progress to the cause of justice and human dignity.

I thank the distinguished representative of Belgium for her statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Czechia. You have the floor.

Thank you, Madam Chair. The Czech Republic aligns itself with the statement delivered by the European Union and would like to add the following remarks in its national capacity. The Czech Republic welcomes the progress achieved in the preparations for the United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity. It is our understanding that the purpose of our consideration of this agenda item at the current session is to reaffirm our commitment to this process and to take the next formal steps towards the diplomatic conference. In this regard, we highly appreciate the substantive discussions held in the working group during the first session of the Preparatory Committee. The strong engagement of delegations in the process has confirmed that broad support for a comprehensive convention on crimes against humanity remains firmly in place. These discussions further enforced our confidence that the International Law Commission's draft articles offer a sound and balanced foundation for future negotiations. We welcome the proposals for amendments put forward by states which will provide a valuable basis for discussions during the Diplomatic Conference and help us find common ground on the issues before us. Our common objective remains a comprehensive Convention that effectively strengthens the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity and enjoys the broadest possible support and ratification. The Czech Republic will continue to engage constructively in this process and looks forward to working with all delegations towards a successful outcome. Thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Czechia for her statement. Distinguished delegates, the distinguished representative of Czechia was the last speaker on the list for this agenda item this afternoon. The Committee will continue its debate on agenda item 79, United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity, tomorrow morning at 10:00 a.m. Upon concluding its consideration of the agenda item, the Sixth Committee will turn to agenda item 88, United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters. The meeting is adjourned.