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continue the debate on the second cluster of topics concerning agenda 78, called Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its 76th and 77th 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proceeding, I wish to recall the Bureau's recommendation that national statements should be limited to seven minutes and group statements to 12 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are strongly encouraged to keep their statements within these limits and, where possible, deliver abridged versions of their statements while providing the full statements for posting on eStatements and on the website of the Sixth 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will enable all delegations to deliver their statements within the schedule.","start":1451.47,"end":1456.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1451.47,"end":1451.79},{"text":"will","start":1451.79,"end":1452.03},{"text":"enable","start":1452.03,"end":1452.67},{"text":"all","start":1452.67,"end":1452.75},{"text":"delegations","start":1452.75,"end":1453.63},{"text":"to","start":1453.63,"end":1454.03},{"text":"deliver","start":1454.03,"end":1454.59},{"text":"their","start":1454.59,"end":1454.91},{"text":"statements","start":1454.91,"end":1455.55},{"text":"within","start":1455.55,"end":1456.19},{"text":"the","start":1456.19,"end":1456.31},{"text":"schedule.","start":1456.31,"end":1456.83}]},{"text":"The first speaker on my list for this morning is the distinguished representative of 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They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1484.63,"end":1485.07},{"text":"thank","start":1485.07,"end":1485.51},{"text":"Mr.","start":1485.51,"end":1485.83},{"text":"Augustinich","start":1485.83,"end":1486.35},{"text":"for","start":1486.47,"end":1486.79},{"text":"the","start":1486.79,"end":1486.99},{"text":"clarity","start":1487.51,"end":1488.23},{"text":"of","start":1488.23,"end":1488.39},{"text":"his","start":1488.39,"end":1488.55},{"text":"work","start":1488.55,"end":1488.95},{"text":"and","start":1488.95,"end":1489.23},{"text":"the","start":1489.23,"end":1489.31},{"text":"pragmatic","start":1489.31,"end":1490.15},{"text":"approach","start":1490.15,"end":1491.19},{"text":"in","start":1491.19,"end":1491.75},{"text":"the","start":1491.75,"end":1491.83},{"text":"development","start":1491.83,"end":1492.63},{"text":"of","start":1492.71,"end":1492.87},{"text":"draft","start":1493.35,"end":1493.67},{"text":"guidelines.","start":1493.67,"end":1494.31}]},{"text":"This will help improve the rule of law internationally.","start":1494.87,"end":1497.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1494.87,"end":1495.27},{"text":"will","start":1495.27,"end":1495.43},{"text":"help","start":1495.43,"end":1495.71},{"text":"improve","start":1495.71,"end":1496.07},{"text":"the","start":1496.07,"end":1496.19},{"text":"rule","start":1496.19,"end":1496.39},{"text":"of","start":1496.39,"end":1496.47},{"text":"law","start":1496.47,"end":1496.63},{"text":"internationally.","start":1496.63,"end":1497.43}]},{"text":"The Kingdom of Morocco attaches a great deal of importance to strengthening international law and rule of law in international relations.","start":1498.11,"end":1506.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1498.11,"end":1498.23},{"text":"Kingdom","start":1498.23,"end":1498.59},{"text":"of","start":1498.59,"end":1498.75},{"text":"Morocco","start":1498.75,"end":1499.19},{"text":"attaches","start":1499.19,"end":1499.63},{"text":"a","start":1499.63,"end":1499.67},{"text":"great","start":1499.67,"end":1499.91},{"text":"deal","start":1499.91,"end":1500.19},{"text":"of","start":1500.19,"end":1500.27},{"text":"importance","start":1500.27,"end":1500.91},{"text":"to","start":1500.91,"end":1501.15},{"text":"strengthening","start":1501.15,"end":1501.71},{"text":"international","start":1501.71,"end":1502.79},{"text":"law","start":1502.79,"end":1502.87},{"text":"and","start":1502.91,"end":1503.35},{"text":"rule","start":1503.35,"end":1503.79},{"text":"of","start":1503.79,"end":1503.87},{"text":"law","start":1503.87,"end":1503.95},{"text":"in","start":1503.95,"end":1504.43},{"text":"international","start":1504.83,"end":1505.71},{"text":"relations.","start":1505.71,"end":1506.43}]},{"text":"The growing role played by international organizations calls for clear stances of responsibility and effective ways of recourse for states and individuals.","start":1506.43,"end":1517.79,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. 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They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"improve","start":1596.31,"end":1597.19},{"text":"justice.","start":1598.15,"end":1598.87}]},{"text":"To conclude, we would like to continue to follow the work with interest, and we remain available to contribute towards the adoption of balanced guidelines which respect the specificities of international organizations and which protects the rights of all of the participants.","start":1599.11,"end":1615.75,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. 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The Maldives thanks the Commission and the Special Rapporteurs for their work on this report.","start":1635.6,"end":1641.84,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1635.6,"end":1635.84},{"text":"you,","start":1635.84,"end":1635.92},{"text":"Chair.","start":1635.92,"end":1636.32},{"text":"The","start":1637.6,"end":1637.72},{"text":"Maldives","start":1637.72,"end":1638.16},{"text":"thanks","start":1638.16,"end":1638.44},{"text":"the","start":1638.44,"end":1638.56},{"text":"Commission","start":1638.56,"end":1639.12},{"text":"and","start":1639.12,"end":1639.28},{"text":"the","start":1639.28,"end":1639.36},{"text":"Special","start":1639.36,"end":1639.76},{"text":"Rapporteurs","start":1639.76,"end":1640.4},{"text":"for","start":1640.4,"end":1640.56},{"text":"their","start":1640.56,"end":1640.76},{"text":"work","start":1640.76,"end":1641.12},{"text":"on","start":1641.12,"end":1641.24},{"text":"this","start":1641.24,"end":1641.52},{"text":"report.","start":1641.52,"end":1641.84}]},{"text":"For the Maldives, a stable and predictable rules-based international legal order is essential.","start":1642.56,"end":1648.48,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":1642.56,"end":1642.72},{"text":"the","start":1642.72,"end":1642.8},{"text":"Maldives,","start":1642.8,"end":1643.44},{"text":"a","start":1643.44,"end":1643.52},{"text":"stable","start":1643.52,"end":1644},{"text":"and","start":1644,"end":1644.16},{"text":"predictable","start":1644.16,"end":1645.52},{"text":"rules-based","start":1645.52,"end":1646.24},{"text":"international","start":1646.24,"end":1646.92},{"text":"legal","start":1646.92,"end":1647.28},{"text":"order","start":1647.28,"end":1647.64},{"text":"is","start":1647.64,"end":1647.92},{"text":"essential.","start":1647.92,"end":1648.48}]},{"text":"International law must be applied consistently and in good faith, with due regard to the sovereign equality of states.","start":1649.31,"end":1656.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"International","start":1649.31,"end":1650.07},{"text":"law","start":1650.07,"end":1650.19},{"text":"must","start":1650.19,"end":1650.51},{"text":"be","start":1650.51,"end":1650.67},{"text":"applied","start":1650.67,"end":1651.07},{"text":"consistently","start":1651.07,"end":1652.11},{"text":"and","start":1652.11,"end":1652.31},{"text":"in","start":1652.31,"end":1652.43},{"text":"good","start":1652.43,"end":1652.67},{"text":"faith,","start":1652.67,"end":1653.03},{"text":"with","start":1653.15,"end":1653.35},{"text":"due","start":1653.47,"end":1653.63},{"text":"regard","start":1653.63,"end":1654.03},{"text":"to","start":1654.03,"end":1654.15},{"text":"the","start":1654.15,"end":1654.23},{"text":"sovereign","start":1654.23,"end":1654.67},{"text":"equality","start":1654.67,"end":1655.31},{"text":"of","start":1655.31,"end":1655.47},{"text":"states.","start":1655.47,"end":1656.03}]},{"text":"The effective functioning of this order depends on clear identification and interpretation of international legal rules, supported by rigorous legal analysis and a sound understanding of their basis in international law.","start":1656.59,"end":1670.35,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":1748.75,"end":1749.11},{"text":"geographical","start":1749.11,"end":1749.83},{"text":"representation","start":1749.83,"end":1750.71},{"text":"is","start":1750.71,"end":1750.95},{"text":"essential,","start":1750.95,"end":1751.59},{"text":"meaningful","start":1751.99,"end":1752.63},{"text":"participation","start":1752.63,"end":1753.51},{"text":"also","start":1753.51,"end":1753.91},{"text":"requires","start":1753.91,"end":1754.47},{"text":"the","start":1754.47,"end":1754.63},{"text":"knowledge,","start":1754.63,"end":1755.19},{"text":"expertise,","start":1755.35,"end":1756.15},{"text":"and","start":1756.23,"end":1756.43},{"text":"institutional","start":1756.43,"end":1757.19},{"text":"capacity","start":1757.19,"end":1757.91},{"text":"to","start":1757.91,"end":1758.07},{"text":"engage","start":1758.07,"end":1758.47},{"text":"effectively","start":1758.55,"end":1759.35},{"text":"with","start":1759.35,"end":1759.55},{"text":"complex","start":1759.55,"end":1760.15},{"text":"legal","start":1760.15,"end":1760.55},{"text":"questions.","start":1760.55,"end":1761.19}]},{"text":"There must be greater access to specialized training, legal research resources, and opportunities to strengthen the capacity to interpret and apply international legal rules.","start":1762.07,"end":1772.87,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. 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They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"which","start":1773.55,"end":1773.95},{"text":"would","start":1773.95,"end":1774.19},{"text":"enable","start":1774.19,"end":1774.75},{"text":"small","start":1774.75,"end":1775.23},{"text":"island","start":1775.23,"end":1775.51},{"text":"developing","start":1775.51,"end":1776.03},{"text":"states","start":1776.03,"end":1776.43},{"text":"to","start":1776.43,"end":1776.51},{"text":"prepare","start":1776.51,"end":1776.95},{"text":"more","start":1776.95,"end":1777.15},{"text":"effectively","start":1777.15,"end":1777.87},{"text":"in","start":1777.87,"end":1778.03},{"text":"international","start":1778.03,"end":1778.79},{"text":"legal","start":1778.79,"end":1779.07},{"text":"processes.","start":1779.07,"end":1779.87}]},{"text":"For the Maldives, these efforts are closely connected to the principles of the rule of law and sovereign equality.","start":1780.43,"end":1786.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":1780.43,"end":1780.59},{"text":"the","start":1780.59,"end":1780.71},{"text":"Maldives,","start":1780.71,"end":1781.39},{"text":"these","start":1781.47,"end":1781.87},{"text":"efforts","start":1781.87,"end":1782.27},{"text":"are","start":1782.27,"end":1782.35},{"text":"closely","start":1782.35,"end":1782.83},{"text":"connected","start":1782.83,"end":1783.31},{"text":"to","start":1783.31,"end":1783.43},{"text":"the","start":1783.43,"end":1783.55},{"text":"principles","start":1783.55,"end":1784.19},{"text":"of","start":1784.19,"end":1784.27},{"text":"the","start":1784.27,"end":1784.43},{"text":"rule","start":1784.43,"end":1784.75},{"text":"of","start":1784.75,"end":1784.91},{"text":"law","start":1784.91,"end":1785.23},{"text":"and","start":1785.27,"end":1785.47},{"text":"sovereign","start":1785.47,"end":1785.95},{"text":"equality.","start":1785.95,"end":1786.67}]},{"text":"All states, regardless of their size or political and economic influence, are equal under international law.","start":1787.55,"end":1794.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"All","start":1787.55,"end":1787.87},{"text":"states,","start":1787.87,"end":1788.35},{"text":"regardless","start":1788.67,"end":1789.23},{"text":"of","start":1789.23,"end":1789.39},{"text":"their","start":1789.39,"end":1789.55},{"text":"size","start":1789.55,"end":1790.03},{"text":"or","start":1790.03,"end":1790.19},{"text":"political","start":1790.19,"end":1790.83},{"text":"and","start":1790.91,"end":1791.15},{"text":"economic","start":1791.19,"end":1791.71},{"text":"influence,","start":1791.71,"end":1792.27},{"text":"are","start":1792.35,"end":1792.55},{"text":"equal","start":1792.59,"end":1793.07},{"text":"under","start":1793.07,"end":1793.47},{"text":"international","start":1793.47,"end":1794.47},{"text":"law.","start":1794.47,"end":1794.59}]},{"text":"Strengthening the capacity of SIDS to engage with international law is therefore not merely a technical matter, it's also an investment for a more inclusive and equitable international legal order.","start":1795.27,"end":1807.43,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Strengthening","start":1795.27,"end":1795.91},{"text":"the","start":1795.91,"end":1795.99},{"text":"capacity","start":1795.99,"end":1796.63},{"text":"of","start":1796.63,"end":1796.71},{"text":"SIDS","start":1796.71,"end":1797.11},{"text":"to","start":1797.11,"end":1797.27},{"text":"engage","start":1797.27,"end":1797.75},{"text":"with","start":1797.75,"end":1797.91},{"text":"international","start":1797.91,"end":1798.83},{"text":"law","start":1798.83,"end":1798.95},{"text":"is","start":1798.95,"end":1799.19},{"text":"therefore","start":1799.19,"end":1799.67},{"text":"not","start":1799.67,"end":1799.91},{"text":"merely","start":1799.91,"end":1800.39},{"text":"a","start":1800.39,"end":1800.43},{"text":"technical","start":1800.43,"end":1800.95},{"text":"matter,","start":1800.95,"end":1801.43},{"text":"it's","start":1801.75,"end":1802.07},{"text":"also","start":1802.07,"end":1802.51},{"text":"an","start":1802.51,"end":1802.59},{"text":"investment","start":1802.59,"end":1803.31},{"text":"for","start":1803.99,"end":1804.27},{"text":"a","start":1804.27,"end":1804.31},{"text":"more","start":1804.31,"end":1804.63},{"text":"inclusive","start":1804.63,"end":1805.27},{"text":"and","start":1805.27,"end":1805.39},{"text":"equitable","start":1805.39,"end":1805.91},{"text":"international","start":1805.91,"end":1806.67},{"text":"legal","start":1806.67,"end":1807.03},{"text":"order.","start":1807.03,"end":1807.43}]},{"text":"These principles are particularly important for those whose interests depend on an international order in which legal rights and obligations are determined by international law and not by differences in political or economic power.","start":1807.99,"end":1823.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":1807.99,"end":1808.31},{"text":"principles","start":1808.31,"end":1809.03},{"text":"are","start":1809.03,"end":1809.19},{"text":"particularly","start":1809.19,"end":1809.95},{"text":"important","start":1809.95,"end":1810.59},{"text":"for","start":1810.59,"end":1810.79},{"text":"those","start":1810.79,"end":1811.11},{"text":"whose","start":1811.11,"end":1811.51},{"text":"interests","start":1811.51,"end":1812.15},{"text":"depend","start":1812.23,"end":1812.71},{"text":"on","start":1812.71,"end":1812.79},{"text":"an","start":1812.79,"end":1813.11},{"text":"international","start":1813.11,"end":1813.83},{"text":"order","start":1813.83,"end":1814.31},{"text":"in","start":1814.63,"end":1814.79},{"text":"which","start":1814.79,"end":1815.03},{"text":"legal","start":1815.03,"end":1815.43},{"text":"rights","start":1815.43,"end":1815.91},{"text":"and","start":1815.91,"end":1816.11},{"text":"obligations","start":1816.11,"end":1816.95},{"text":"are","start":1816.95,"end":1817.11},{"text":"determined","start":1817.11,"end":1817.79},{"text":"by","start":1817.79,"end":1817.99},{"text":"international","start":1817.99,"end":1818.99},{"text":"law","start":1818.99,"end":1819.11},{"text":"and","start":1819.51,"end":1819.67},{"text":"not","start":1819.67,"end":1820.07},{"text":"by","start":1820.07,"end":1820.23},{"text":"differences","start":1820.23,"end":1820.95},{"text":"in","start":1820.95,"end":1821.11},{"text":"political","start":1821.11,"end":1821.83},{"text":"or","start":1821.83,"end":1822.07},{"text":"economic","start":1822.11,"end":1822.63},{"text":"power.","start":1822.63,"end":1823.03}]},{"text":"The Maldives encourages the Commission to continue its work in a manner that is rigorous, inclusive, and attentive to the diversity of State practice.","start":1823.95,"end":1832.11,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1823.95,"end":1824.07},{"text":"Maldives","start":1824.07,"end":1824.51},{"text":"encourages","start":1824.51,"end":1825.15},{"text":"the","start":1825.15,"end":1825.23},{"text":"Commission","start":1825.23,"end":1825.87},{"text":"to","start":1825.87,"end":1826.03},{"text":"continue","start":1826.03,"end":1826.51},{"text":"its","start":1826.51,"end":1826.75},{"text":"work","start":1826.75,"end":1827.07},{"text":"in","start":1827.07,"end":1827.23},{"text":"a","start":1827.23,"end":1827.27},{"text":"manner","start":1827.27,"end":1827.63},{"text":"that","start":1827.63,"end":1827.87},{"text":"is","start":1827.87,"end":1828.03},{"text":"rigorous,","start":1828.03,"end":1828.67},{"text":"inclusive,","start":1828.75,"end":1829.39},{"text":"and","start":1829.47,"end":1829.67},{"text":"attentive","start":1829.67,"end":1830.19},{"text":"to","start":1830.19,"end":1830.27},{"text":"the","start":1830.27,"end":1830.35},{"text":"diversity","start":1830.35,"end":1831.11},{"text":"of","start":1831.11,"end":1831.23},{"text":"State","start":1831.23,"end":1831.63},{"text":"practice.","start":1831.63,"end":1832.11}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":1832.27,"end":1832.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1832.27,"end":1832.43},{"text":"thank","start":1832.43,"end":1832.75},{"text":"you.","start":1832.75,"end":1832.91}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"MDV","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Maldives"}},{"statement_number":8,"start":1835.63,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=30:36","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the Maldives for her statement.","start":1835.63,"end":1839.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1835.63,"end":1835.79},{"text":"thank","start":1836.03,"end":1836.43},{"text":"the","start":1836.43,"end":1836.55},{"text":"distinguished","start":1836.87,"end":1837.47},{"text":"representative","start":1837.47,"end":1838.07},{"text":"of","start":1838.07,"end":1838.15},{"text":"the","start":1838.15,"end":1838.23},{"text":"Maldives","start":1838.23,"end":1838.67},{"text":"for","start":1838.67,"end":1838.87},{"text":"her","start":1838.87,"end":1838.99},{"text":"statement.","start":1838.99,"end":1839.47}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.","start":1839.47,"end":1844.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1839.47,"end":1839.63},{"text":"now","start":1839.63,"end":1839.79},{"text":"give","start":1839.79,"end":1840.03},{"text":"the","start":1840.03,"end":1840.15},{"text":"floor","start":1840.19,"end":1840.75},{"text":"to","start":1840.83,"end":1841.23},{"text":"the","start":1841.23,"end":1841.35},{"text":"distinguished","start":1841.35,"end":1841.91},{"text":"representative","start":1841.91,"end":1842.63},{"text":"of","start":1842.75,"end":1843.07},{"text":"the","start":1843.07,"end":1843.19},{"text":"Kingdom","start":1843.19,"end":1843.59},{"text":"of","start":1843.59,"end":1843.71},{"text":"the","start":1843.71,"end":1843.79},{"text":"Netherlands.","start":1843.79,"end":1844.31}]},{"text":"You have the floor, madam.","start":1844.31,"end":1849.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":1844.31,"end":1844.39},{"text":"have","start":1844.39,"end":1844.51},{"text":"the","start":1844.51,"end":1844.59},{"text":"floor,","start":1844.59,"end":1844.91},{"text":"madam.","start":1849.23,"end":1849.63}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":9,"start":1850.91,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=30:51","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you for giving me the floor, Chair.","start":1850.91,"end":1852.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1850.91,"end":1851.11},{"text":"you","start":1851.11,"end":1851.19},{"text":"for","start":1851.19,"end":1851.31},{"text":"giving","start":1851.31,"end":1851.55},{"text":"me","start":1851.55,"end":1851.67},{"text":"the","start":1851.67,"end":1851.75},{"text":"floor,","start":1851.75,"end":1852.11},{"text":"Chair.","start":1852.11,"end":1852.59}]},{"text":"Please allow me to start with the topic subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law.","start":1853.23,"end":1858.55,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Please","start":1853.23,"end":1853.51},{"text":"allow","start":1853.51,"end":1853.67},{"text":"me","start":1853.67,"end":1853.87},{"text":"to","start":1853.87,"end":1853.99},{"text":"start","start":1853.99,"end":1854.31},{"text":"with","start":1854.31,"end":1854.47},{"text":"the","start":1854.47,"end":1854.55},{"text":"topic","start":1854.55,"end":1855.07},{"text":"subsidiary","start":1855.07,"end":1855.63},{"text":"means","start":1855.63,"end":1856.03},{"text":"for","start":1856.03,"end":1856.19},{"text":"the","start":1856.19,"end":1856.27},{"text":"determination","start":1856.27,"end":1857.03},{"text":"of","start":1857.03,"end":1857.15},{"text":"rules","start":1857.15,"end":1857.47},{"text":"of","start":1857.47,"end":1857.55},{"text":"international","start":1857.55,"end":1858.47},{"text":"law.","start":1858.47,"end":1858.55}]},{"text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands would like to express its appreciation and extend its congratulations to the Special Rapporteur and the Commission for adopting, on first reading, the draft conclusions and the commentaries thereto.","start":1859.55,"end":1870.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1859.55,"end":1859.67},{"text":"Kingdom","start":1859.67,"end":1859.99},{"text":"of","start":1860.11,"end":1860.27},{"text":"the","start":1860.27,"end":1860.35},{"text":"Netherlands","start":1860.35,"end":1860.83},{"text":"would","start":1860.83,"end":1860.95},{"text":"like","start":1860.95,"end":1861.11},{"text":"to","start":1861.11,"end":1861.19},{"text":"express","start":1861.19,"end":1861.71},{"text":"its","start":1861.71,"end":1861.83},{"text":"appreciation","start":1861.83,"end":1862.75},{"text":"and","start":1862.75,"end":1862.87},{"text":"extend","start":1862.87,"end":1863.31},{"text":"its","start":1863.31,"end":1863.47},{"text":"congratulations","start":1863.47,"end":1864.35},{"text":"to","start":1864.35,"end":1864.51},{"text":"the","start":1864.51,"end":1864.59},{"text":"Special","start":1864.59,"end":1864.91},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":1864.91,"end":1865.63},{"text":"and","start":1865.63,"end":1865.83},{"text":"the","start":1865.83,"end":1865.91},{"text":"Commission","start":1865.91,"end":1866.35},{"text":"for","start":1866.35,"end":1866.51},{"text":"adopting,","start":1866.51,"end":1867.07},{"text":"on","start":1867.23,"end":1867.39},{"text":"first","start":1867.39,"end":1867.71},{"text":"reading,","start":1867.71,"end":1868.19},{"text":"the","start":1868.27,"end":1868.43},{"text":"draft","start":1868.43,"end":1868.75},{"text":"conclusions","start":1868.75,"end":1869.63},{"text":"and","start":1869.63,"end":1869.75},{"text":"the","start":1869.75,"end":1869.83},{"text":"commentaries","start":1869.83,"end":1870.43},{"text":"thereto.","start":1870.43,"end":1870.91}]},{"text":"My government is pleased to note that the comments made and issues raised by the Kingdom were taken into account and addressed.","start":1872.11,"end":1878.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":1872.11,"end":1872.27},{"text":"government","start":1872.27,"end":1872.71},{"text":"is","start":1872.71,"end":1872.83},{"text":"pleased","start":1872.83,"end":1873.15},{"text":"to","start":1873.15,"end":1873.27},{"text":"note","start":1873.27,"end":1873.55},{"text":"that","start":1873.63,"end":1873.79},{"text":"the","start":1873.79,"end":1873.91},{"text":"comments","start":1873.91,"end":1874.27},{"text":"made","start":1874.27,"end":1874.75},{"text":"and","start":1874.75,"end":1874.95},{"text":"issues","start":1874.95,"end":1875.31},{"text":"raised","start":1875.31,"end":1875.63},{"text":"by","start":1875.63,"end":1875.79},{"text":"the","start":1875.79,"end":1875.87},{"text":"Kingdom","start":1875.87,"end":1876.43},{"text":"were","start":1876.43,"end":1876.67},{"text":"taken","start":1876.67,"end":1876.99},{"text":"into","start":1876.99,"end":1877.27},{"text":"account","start":1877.27,"end":1877.71},{"text":"and","start":1877.71,"end":1877.91},{"text":"addressed.","start":1877.91,"end":1878.51}]},{"text":"Furthermore, my Government appreciates it that recent developments, such as the ICJ Advisory Opinion on climate change, have been taken into consideration.","start":1879.59,"end":1888.71,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":1879.59,"end":1880.15},{"text":"my","start":1880.47,"end":1880.63},{"text":"Government","start":1880.63,"end":1881.07},{"text":"appreciates","start":1881.07,"end":1881.67},{"text":"it","start":1881.67,"end":1881.83},{"text":"that","start":1881.83,"end":1882.07},{"text":"recent","start":1882.07,"end":1882.43},{"text":"developments,","start":1882.43,"end":1883.19},{"text":"such","start":1883.27,"end":1883.67},{"text":"as","start":1883.67,"end":1883.83},{"text":"the","start":1883.87,"end":1883.95},{"text":"ICJ","start":1883.95,"end":1884.47},{"text":"Advisory","start":1884.47,"end":1885.03},{"text":"Opinion","start":1885.03,"end":1885.59},{"text":"on","start":1885.59,"end":1885.71},{"text":"climate","start":1885.71,"end":1886.07},{"text":"change,","start":1886.07,"end":1886.55},{"text":"have","start":1886.79,"end":1887.11},{"text":"been","start":1887.11,"end":1887.23},{"text":"taken","start":1887.23,"end":1887.55},{"text":"into","start":1887.55,"end":1887.75},{"text":"consideration.","start":1887.75,"end":1888.71}]},{"text":"My Government remains committed to contributing to the work of the Commission on this topic, and it will thus provide the Commission with comments and observations before 1 December 2027, as requested by the Commission.","start":1889.43,"end":1901.75,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":1889.43,"end":1889.51},{"text":"Government","start":1889.51,"end":1889.95},{"text":"remains","start":1889.95,"end":1890.31},{"text":"committed","start":1890.31,"end":1890.71},{"text":"to","start":1890.71,"end":1890.79},{"text":"contributing","start":1890.79,"end":1891.43},{"text":"to","start":1891.43,"end":1891.59},{"text":"the","start":1891.59,"end":1891.71},{"text":"work","start":1891.71,"end":1891.95},{"text":"of","start":1891.95,"end":1892.07},{"text":"the","start":1892.07,"end":1892.15},{"text":"Commission","start":1892.15,"end":1892.63},{"text":"on","start":1892.63,"end":1892.75},{"text":"this","start":1892.75,"end":1892.95},{"text":"topic,","start":1892.95,"end":1893.51},{"text":"and","start":1893.59,"end":1893.71},{"text":"it","start":1893.71,"end":1893.79},{"text":"will","start":1893.79,"end":1893.91},{"text":"thus","start":1893.91,"end":1894.15},{"text":"provide","start":1894.15,"end":1894.55},{"text":"the","start":1894.55,"end":1894.63},{"text":"Commission","start":1894.63,"end":1895.03},{"text":"with","start":1895.03,"end":1895.19},{"text":"comments","start":1895.19,"end":1895.59},{"text":"and","start":1895.59,"end":1895.71},{"text":"observations","start":1895.71,"end":1896.47},{"text":"before","start":1896.55,"end":1897.19},{"text":"1","start":1897.19,"end":1897.31},{"text":"December","start":1897.31,"end":1897.91},{"text":"2027,","start":1898.39,"end":1899.83},{"text":"as","start":1900.15,"end":1900.31},{"text":"requested","start":1900.31,"end":1900.87},{"text":"by","start":1900.87,"end":1901.03},{"text":"the","start":1901.03,"end":1901.11},{"text":"Commission.","start":1901.11,"end":1901.75}]},{"text":"Chair, let me now continue with the topic settlements of disputes to which international organizations are parties.","start":1902.95,"end":1909.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":1902.95,"end":1903.35},{"text":"let","start":1903.75,"end":1903.91},{"text":"me","start":1903.91,"end":1904.03},{"text":"now","start":1904.03,"end":1904.15},{"text":"continue","start":1904.15,"end":1904.55},{"text":"with","start":1904.55,"end":1904.75},{"text":"the","start":1904.75,"end":1904.83},{"text":"topic","start":1904.83,"end":1905.19},{"text":"settlements","start":1905.19,"end":1905.71},{"text":"of","start":1905.71,"end":1905.83},{"text":"disputes","start":1905.83,"end":1906.47},{"text":"to","start":1906.47,"end":1906.55},{"text":"which","start":1906.55,"end":1906.95},{"text":"international","start":1907.03,"end":1907.71},{"text":"organizations","start":1907.71,"end":1908.43},{"text":"are","start":1908.43,"end":1908.55},{"text":"parties.","start":1908.55,"end":1909.27}]},{"text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands considers the topic to be of great importance.","start":1910.07,"end":1913.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1910.07,"end":1910.23},{"text":"Kingdom","start":1910.23,"end":1910.51},{"text":"of","start":1910.51,"end":1910.63},{"text":"the","start":1910.63,"end":1910.75},{"text":"Netherlands","start":1910.75,"end":1911.31},{"text":"considers","start":1911.31,"end":1911.91},{"text":"the","start":1911.91,"end":1911.99},{"text":"topic","start":1911.99,"end":1912.35},{"text":"to","start":1912.35,"end":1912.47},{"text":"be","start":1912.47,"end":1912.59},{"text":"of","start":1912.59,"end":1912.71},{"text":"great","start":1912.71,"end":1913.07},{"text":"importance.","start":1913.07,"end":1913.91}]},{"text":"This is especially the case for disputes of a private law character to which an international organization is a party.","start":1914.31,"end":1920.79,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1914.31,"end":1914.55},{"text":"is","start":1914.55,"end":1914.67},{"text":"especially","start":1914.67,"end":1915.19},{"text":"the","start":1915.19,"end":1915.31},{"text":"case","start":1915.31,"end":1915.59},{"text":"for","start":1915.59,"end":1915.75},{"text":"disputes","start":1915.75,"end":1916.27},{"text":"of","start":1916.27,"end":1916.43},{"text":"a","start":1916.43,"end":1916.47},{"text":"private","start":1916.47,"end":1916.95},{"text":"law","start":1916.95,"end":1917.11},{"text":"character","start":1917.11,"end":1917.75},{"text":"to","start":1918.07,"end":1918.15},{"text":"which","start":1918.15,"end":1918.39},{"text":"an","start":1918.39,"end":1918.47},{"text":"international","start":1918.55,"end":1919.39},{"text":"organization","start":1919.39,"end":1920.15},{"text":"is","start":1920.15,"end":1920.27},{"text":"a","start":1920.27,"end":1920.31},{"text":"party.","start":1920.31,"end":1920.79}]},{"text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands considers the draft guidelines to provide a valuable framework for promoting the effective settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties.","start":1921.67,"end":1931.51,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1921.67,"end":1921.79},{"text":"Kingdom","start":1921.79,"end":1922.11},{"text":"of","start":1922.11,"end":1922.23},{"text":"the","start":1922.23,"end":1922.31},{"text":"Netherlands","start":1922.31,"end":1922.79},{"text":"considers","start":1922.79,"end":1923.35},{"text":"the","start":1923.35,"end":1923.43},{"text":"draft","start":1923.43,"end":1923.75},{"text":"guidelines","start":1923.75,"end":1924.47},{"text":"to","start":1924.47,"end":1924.59},{"text":"provide","start":1924.59,"end":1924.95},{"text":"a","start":1924.95,"end":1924.99},{"text":"valuable","start":1924.99,"end":1925.51},{"text":"framework","start":1925.51,"end":1926.23},{"text":"for","start":1926.23,"end":1926.47},{"text":"promoting","start":1926.47,"end":1926.95},{"text":"the","start":1926.95,"end":1927.07},{"text":"effective","start":1927.07,"end":1927.59},{"text":"settlement","start":1927.59,"end":1928.07},{"text":"of","start":1928.07,"end":1928.15},{"text":"disputes","start":1928.15,"end":1928.87},{"text":"to","start":1929.11,"end":1929.19},{"text":"which","start":1929.19,"end":1929.43},{"text":"international","start":1929.43,"end":1930.03},{"text":"organizations","start":1930.03,"end":1930.75},{"text":"are","start":1930.75,"end":1930.87},{"text":"parties.","start":1930.87,"end":1931.51}]},{"text":"My Government would therefore like to express its appreciation to the Special Rapporteur and the International Law Commission for their work on this topic, and in particular on the adoption of the draft guidelines on first reading.","start":1932.59,"end":1943.63,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":1932.59,"end":1932.75},{"text":"Government","start":1932.75,"end":1933.23},{"text":"would","start":1933.23,"end":1933.35},{"text":"therefore","start":1933.35,"end":1933.71},{"text":"like","start":1933.71,"end":1933.95},{"text":"to","start":1933.95,"end":1934.03},{"text":"express","start":1934.03,"end":1934.51},{"text":"its","start":1934.51,"end":1934.63},{"text":"appreciation","start":1934.63,"end":1935.47},{"text":"to","start":1935.55,"end":1935.71},{"text":"the","start":1935.71,"end":1935.79},{"text":"Special","start":1935.79,"end":1936.19},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":1936.19,"end":1936.83},{"text":"and","start":1936.83,"end":1937.03},{"text":"the","start":1937.03,"end":1937.11},{"text":"International","start":1937.11,"end":1937.75},{"text":"Law","start":1937.75,"end":1937.95},{"text":"Commission","start":1937.95,"end":1938.51},{"text":"for","start":1938.51,"end":1938.75},{"text":"their","start":1938.75,"end":1938.91},{"text":"work","start":1938.91,"end":1939.15},{"text":"on","start":1939.15,"end":1939.23},{"text":"this","start":1939.23,"end":1939.47},{"text":"topic,","start":1939.47,"end":1939.95},{"text":"and","start":1940.03,"end":1940.15},{"text":"in","start":1940.15,"end":1940.27},{"text":"particular","start":1940.27,"end":1940.83},{"text":"on","start":1940.83,"end":1940.99},{"text":"the","start":1940.99,"end":1941.11},{"text":"adoption","start":1941.11,"end":1941.55},{"text":"of","start":1941.55,"end":1941.63},{"text":"the","start":1941.63,"end":1941.71},{"text":"draft","start":1941.71,"end":1942.11},{"text":"guidelines","start":1942.11,"end":1942.75},{"text":"on","start":1942.75,"end":1942.91},{"text":"first","start":1942.91,"end":1943.23},{"text":"reading.","start":1943.23,"end":1943.63}]},{"text":"My Government would strongly commend the principles and procedures reflected in these guidelines to international organizations, because the guidelines have the potential of strengthening internal mechanisms of international organizations for resolving disputes of a private law character in which they are involved.","start":1944.99,"end":1963.07,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":1944.99,"end":1945.15},{"text":"Government","start":1945.15,"end":1945.55},{"text":"would","start":1945.55,"end":1945.71},{"text":"strongly","start":1945.71,"end":1946.19},{"text":"commend","start":1946.19,"end":1946.55},{"text":"the","start":1946.55,"end":1946.63},{"text":"principles","start":1946.63,"end":1947.19},{"text":"and","start":1947.19,"end":1947.31},{"text":"procedures","start":1947.31,"end":1947.95},{"text":"reflected","start":1947.95,"end":1948.51},{"text":"in","start":1948.51,"end":1948.75},{"text":"these","start":1948.75,"end":1948.99},{"text":"guidelines","start":1948.99,"end":1949.79},{"text":"to","start":1950.03,"end":1950.43},{"text":"international","start":1950.43,"end":1951.07},{"text":"organizations,","start":1951.07,"end":1952.19},{"text":"because","start":1952.43,"end":1952.67},{"text":"the","start":1952.67,"end":1952.75},{"text":"guidelines","start":1952.75,"end":1953.15},{"text":"have","start":1953.15,"end":1953.31},{"text":"the","start":1953.31,"end":1953.39},{"text":"potential","start":1953.39,"end":1953.95},{"text":"of","start":1953.95,"end":1954.03},{"text":"strengthening","start":1954.03,"end":1955.47},{"text":"internal","start":1956.03,"end":1956.51},{"text":"mechanisms","start":1956.51,"end":1957.31},{"text":"of","start":1957.67,"end":1957.79},{"text":"international","start":1957.79,"end":1958.43},{"text":"organizations","start":1958.43,"end":1959.31},{"text":"for","start":1959.31,"end":1959.47},{"text":"resolving","start":1959.47,"end":1959.95},{"text":"disputes","start":1959.95,"end":1960.47},{"text":"of","start":1960.47,"end":1960.67},{"text":"a","start":1960.67,"end":1960.71},{"text":"private","start":1960.71,"end":1961.11},{"text":"law","start":1961.11,"end":1961.23},{"text":"character","start":1961.23,"end":1961.79},{"text":"in","start":1961.95,"end":1962.03},{"text":"which","start":1962.03,"end":1962.27},{"text":"they","start":1962.27,"end":1962.39},{"text":"are","start":1962.39,"end":1962.51},{"text":"involved.","start":1962.51,"end":1963.07}]},{"text":"In this regard, the Kingdom of the Netherlands attaches particular importance to draft guidelines 10 on the appropriate modes of settlements of disputes with a private character and 11 on the right of access to justice.","start":1964.03,"end":1976.59,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1964.03,"end":1964.11},{"text":"this","start":1964.11,"end":1964.35},{"text":"regard,","start":1964.35,"end":1964.75},{"text":"the","start":1965.23,"end":1965.31},{"text":"Kingdom","start":1965.31,"end":1965.59},{"text":"of","start":1965.59,"end":1965.71},{"text":"the","start":1965.71,"end":1965.79},{"text":"Netherlands","start":1965.79,"end":1966.31},{"text":"attaches","start":1966.31,"end":1966.75},{"text":"particular","start":1966.75,"end":1967.27},{"text":"importance","start":1967.27,"end":1967.95},{"text":"to","start":1967.95,"end":1968.03},{"text":"draft","start":1968.03,"end":1968.35},{"text":"guidelines","start":1968.35,"end":1968.87},{"text":"10","start":1968.91,"end":1969.31},{"text":"on","start":1969.79,"end":1969.87},{"text":"the","start":1969.87,"end":1969.99},{"text":"appropriate","start":1969.99,"end":1970.59},{"text":"modes","start":1970.59,"end":1970.87},{"text":"of","start":1970.87,"end":1970.99},{"text":"settlements","start":1970.99,"end":1971.47},{"text":"of","start":1971.47,"end":1971.63},{"text":"disputes","start":1971.63,"end":1972.19},{"text":"with","start":1972.19,"end":1972.35},{"text":"a","start":1972.35,"end":1972.43},{"text":"private","start":1972.43,"end":1972.79},{"text":"character","start":1972.79,"end":1973.39},{"text":"and","start":1973.71,"end":1973.95},{"text":"11","start":1973.95,"end":1974.59},{"text":"on","start":1974.59,"end":1974.75},{"text":"the","start":1974.75,"end":1974.91},{"text":"right","start":1974.91,"end":1975.15},{"text":"of","start":1975.15,"end":1975.31},{"text":"access","start":1975.31,"end":1975.63},{"text":"to","start":1975.63,"end":1975.75},{"text":"justice.","start":1975.75,"end":1976.59}]},{"text":"Both of these guidelines specifically counter the gap in legal protection of private persons as a result of the immunity of international organizations.","start":1977.71,"end":1985.95,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Both","start":1977.71,"end":1977.99},{"text":"of","start":1977.99,"end":1978.07},{"text":"these","start":1978.07,"end":1978.27},{"text":"guidelines","start":1978.27,"end":1978.87},{"text":"specifically","start":1978.87,"end":1979.63},{"text":"counter","start":1979.63,"end":1980.11},{"text":"the","start":1980.11,"end":1980.23},{"text":"gap","start":1980.23,"end":1980.59},{"text":"in","start":1980.59,"end":1980.71},{"text":"legal","start":1980.71,"end":1981.03},{"text":"protection","start":1981.03,"end":1981.59},{"text":"of","start":1981.59,"end":1981.71},{"text":"private","start":1981.71,"end":1982.07},{"text":"persons","start":1982.07,"end":1982.75},{"text":"as","start":1982.83,"end":1982.95},{"text":"a","start":1982.95,"end":1982.99},{"text":"result","start":1982.99,"end":1983.43},{"text":"of","start":1983.43,"end":1983.55},{"text":"the","start":1983.55,"end":1983.63},{"text":"immunity","start":1983.63,"end":1984.11},{"text":"of","start":1984.11,"end":1984.19},{"text":"international","start":1984.19,"end":1984.87},{"text":"organizations.","start":1984.87,"end":1985.95}]},{"text":"While such immunity is important and necessary for the functioning of an international organization, it may prevent individuals who have suffered harm caused by an international organization from obtaining justice.","start":1986.51,"end":1998.23,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":1986.51,"end":1986.71},{"text":"such","start":1986.71,"end":1986.95},{"text":"immunity","start":1986.95,"end":1987.35},{"text":"is","start":1987.35,"end":1987.47},{"text":"important","start":1987.47,"end":1988.23},{"text":"and","start":1988.23,"end":1988.39},{"text":"necessary","start":1988.39,"end":1989.03},{"text":"for","start":1989.03,"end":1989.27},{"text":"the","start":1989.27,"end":1989.35},{"text":"functioning","start":1989.35,"end":1989.99},{"text":"of","start":1989.99,"end":1990.11},{"text":"an","start":1990.11,"end":1990.23},{"text":"international","start":1990.23,"end":1990.87},{"text":"organization,","start":1990.87,"end":1991.75},{"text":"it","start":1992.15,"end":1992.31},{"text":"may","start":1992.31,"end":1992.55},{"text":"prevent","start":1992.55,"end":1993.11},{"text":"individuals","start":1993.11,"end":1993.91},{"text":"who","start":1993.91,"end":1994.03},{"text":"have","start":1994.03,"end":1994.15},{"text":"suffered","start":1994.15,"end":1994.55},{"text":"harm","start":1994.55,"end":1994.87},{"text":"caused","start":1994.87,"end":1995.27},{"text":"by","start":1995.27,"end":1995.47},{"text":"an","start":1995.47,"end":1995.59},{"text":"international","start":1995.59,"end":1996.15},{"text":"organization","start":1996.15,"end":1996.91},{"text":"from","start":1996.91,"end":1997.11},{"text":"obtaining","start":1997.11,"end":1997.59},{"text":"justice.","start":1997.59,"end":1998.23}]},{"text":"My government looks forward to further consideration of the draft guidelines and stands ready to contribute constructively to the Commission's work.","start":1999.19,"end":2006.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":1999.19,"end":1999.35},{"text":"government","start":1999.35,"end":1999.79},{"text":"looks","start":1999.79,"end":1999.99},{"text":"forward","start":1999.99,"end":2000.35},{"text":"to","start":2000.35,"end":2000.47},{"text":"further","start":2000.47,"end":2000.87},{"text":"consideration","start":2000.87,"end":2001.55},{"text":"of","start":2001.55,"end":2001.67},{"text":"the","start":2001.67,"end":2001.75},{"text":"draft","start":2001.75,"end":2002.07},{"text":"guidelines","start":2002.07,"end":2002.63},{"text":"and","start":2002.63,"end":2002.79},{"text":"stands","start":2002.79,"end":2003.03},{"text":"ready","start":2003.03,"end":2003.43},{"text":"to","start":2003.43,"end":2003.51},{"text":"contribute","start":2003.51,"end":2004.15},{"text":"constructively","start":2004.15,"end":2004.95},{"text":"to","start":2004.95,"end":2005.15},{"text":"the","start":2005.15,"end":2005.23},{"text":"Commission's","start":2005.23,"end":2005.75},{"text":"work.","start":2005.75,"end":2006.07}]},{"text":"Chair, I will now turn to the topic of succession of states in respect of state responsibility.","start":2007.43,"end":2011.99,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2007.43,"end":2007.59},{"text":"I","start":2007.59,"end":2007.63},{"text":"will","start":2007.63,"end":2007.75},{"text":"now","start":2007.75,"end":2007.91},{"text":"turn","start":2007.91,"end":2008.19},{"text":"to","start":2008.19,"end":2008.31},{"text":"the","start":2008.31,"end":2008.39},{"text":"topic","start":2008.39,"end":2008.75},{"text":"of","start":2008.75,"end":2008.87},{"text":"succession","start":2008.87,"end":2009.43},{"text":"of","start":2009.43,"end":2009.51},{"text":"states","start":2009.51,"end":2010.07},{"text":"in","start":2010.07,"end":2010.19},{"text":"respect","start":2010.19,"end":2010.63},{"text":"of","start":2010.63,"end":2010.71},{"text":"state","start":2010.71,"end":2010.95},{"text":"responsibility.","start":2010.95,"end":2011.99}]},{"text":"The Kingdom would like to thank the Commission, and in particular its Chair, for preparing the revised report of the working group.","start":2013.03,"end":2018.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2013.03,"end":2013.11},{"text":"Kingdom","start":2013.11,"end":2013.39},{"text":"would","start":2013.39,"end":2013.51},{"text":"like","start":2013.51,"end":2013.67},{"text":"to","start":2013.67,"end":2013.75},{"text":"thank","start":2013.75,"end":2014.07},{"text":"the","start":2014.07,"end":2014.19},{"text":"Commission,","start":2014.19,"end":2014.71},{"text":"and","start":2014.71,"end":2014.83},{"text":"in","start":2014.83,"end":2014.95},{"text":"particular","start":2014.95,"end":2015.55},{"text":"its","start":2015.55,"end":2015.75},{"text":"Chair,","start":2015.75,"end":2016.15},{"text":"for","start":2016.47,"end":2016.63},{"text":"preparing","start":2016.63,"end":2017.11},{"text":"the","start":2017.11,"end":2017.23},{"text":"revised","start":2017.23,"end":2017.75},{"text":"report","start":2017.75,"end":2018.11},{"text":"of","start":2018.11,"end":2018.19},{"text":"the","start":2018.19,"end":2018.31},{"text":"working","start":2018.31,"end":2018.71},{"text":"group.","start":2018.71,"end":2018.95}]},{"text":"This report summarises the debates on the topic as well as the difficulties facing the work on this topic.","start":2019.67,"end":2025.27,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2019.67,"end":2019.87},{"text":"report","start":2019.87,"end":2020.31},{"text":"summarises","start":2020.31,"end":2020.95},{"text":"the","start":2020.95,"end":2021.03},{"text":"debates","start":2021.03,"end":2021.55},{"text":"on","start":2021.55,"end":2021.63},{"text":"the","start":2021.63,"end":2021.71},{"text":"topic","start":2021.71,"end":2022.23},{"text":"as","start":2022.23,"end":2022.39},{"text":"well","start":2022.39,"end":2022.59},{"text":"as","start":2022.59,"end":2022.67},{"text":"the","start":2022.67,"end":2022.75},{"text":"difficulties","start":2022.75,"end":2023.59},{"text":"facing","start":2023.59,"end":2024.03},{"text":"the","start":2024.03,"end":2024.15},{"text":"work","start":2024.15,"end":2024.39},{"text":"on","start":2024.39,"end":2024.51},{"text":"this","start":2024.51,"end":2024.67},{"text":"topic.","start":2024.67,"end":2025.27}]},{"text":"With this report, the consideration of this topic is finalised by the Commission.","start":2025.91,"end":2029.91,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. 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capacity.","start":2068.35,"end":2071.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"and","start":2068.35,"end":2068.59},{"text":"I","start":2068.59,"end":2068.63},{"text":"wish","start":2068.63,"end":2068.91},{"text":"to","start":2068.91,"end":2068.99},{"text":"make","start":2068.99,"end":2069.23},{"text":"the","start":2069.23,"end":2069.31},{"text":"following","start":2069.31,"end":2069.63},{"text":"remarks","start":2069.63,"end":2070.27},{"text":"in","start":2070.27,"end":2070.59},{"text":"a","start":2070.67,"end":2070.71},{"text":"national","start":2070.71,"end":2071.23},{"text":"capacity.","start":2071.31,"end":2071.87}]},{"text":"I will deliver this abridged version of the statement, and the full statement has been transmitted to eStatement for 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two of the topics for consideration under this cluster reached the end of first reading this year, and the third has been brought to a 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they determine whether our practice, our courts, and our scholarship count when the law is identified, and whether those affected by the conduct of international actors have a remedy.","start":2093.87,"end":2107.71,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."},{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Together,","start":2093.87,"end":2094.35},{"text":"they","start":2094.35,"end":2094.47},{"text":"determine","start":2094.47,"end":2095.03},{"text":"whether","start":2095.03,"end":2095.47},{"text":"our","start":2095.47,"end":2095.55},{"text":"practice,","start":2095.55,"end":2096.27},{"text":"our","start":2096.83,"end":2096.99},{"text":"courts,","start":2096.99,"end":2097.55},{"text":"and","start":2098.19,"end":2098.35},{"text":"our","start":2098.35,"end":2098.43},{"text":"scholarship","start":2098.43,"end":2099.23},{"text":"count","start":2099.87,"end":2100.27},{"text":"when","start":2100.27,"end":2100.43},{"text":"the","start":2100.43,"end":2100.51},{"text":"law","start":2100.51,"end":2100.87},{"text":"is","start":2100.99,"end":2101.23},{"text":"identified,","start":2101.39,"end":2102.19},{"text":"and","start":2103.11,"end":2103.23},{"text":"whether","start":2103.23,"end":2103.47},{"text":"those","start":2103.47,"end":2103.95},{"text":"affected","start":2103.95,"end":2104.39},{"text":"by","start":2104.39,"end":2104.51},{"text":"the","start":2104.51,"end":2104.59},{"text":"conduct","start":2104.59,"end":2105.15},{"text":"of","start":2105.15,"end":2105.31},{"text":"international","start":2105.31,"end":2105.91},{"text":"actors","start":2105.91,"end":2106.43},{"text":"have","start":2106.91,"end":2107.15},{"text":"a","start":2107.15,"end":2107.19},{"text":"remedy.","start":2107.19,"end":2107.71}]},{"text":"On subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law, Sierra Leone welcomes the adoption on first reading of 13 draft conclusions.","start":2109.63,"end":2118.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":2197.35,"end":2197.83},{"text":"the","start":2198.55,"end":2198.67},{"text":"general","start":2198.67,"end":2199.03},{"text":"criteria","start":2199.03,"end":2199.75},{"text":"in","start":2199.75,"end":2199.83},{"text":"draft","start":2199.83,"end":2200.07},{"text":"conclusion","start":2200.07,"end":2200.55},{"text":"4","start":2200.55,"end":2201.03},{"text":"are","start":2201.75,"end":2201.99},{"text":"the","start":2201.99,"end":2202.11},{"text":"heart","start":2202.11,"end":2202.55},{"text":"of","start":2202.71,"end":2202.87},{"text":"the","start":2202.87,"end":2202.95},{"text":"text,","start":2202.95,"end":2203.43},{"text":"and","start":2204.15,"end":2204.31},{"text":"representativeness","start":2204.31,"end":2205.35},{"text":"rightly","start":2205.35,"end":2205.67},{"text":"comes","start":2205.67,"end":2205.99},{"text":"first,","start":2205.99,"end":2206.47},{"text":"which","start":2207.63,"end":2207.95},{"text":"should","start":2208.15,"end":2208.39},{"text":"follow","start":2208.39,"end":2208.87},{"text":"the","start":2209.11,"end":2209.27},{"text":"quality","start":2209.27,"end":2209.71},{"text":"of","start":2209.71,"end":2209.87},{"text":"reasoning,","start":2209.87,"end":2210.55},{"text":"the","start":2211.03,"end":2211.15},{"text":"expertise","start":2211.15,"end":2211.83},{"text":"of","start":2211.83,"end":2211.95},{"text":"those","start":2211.95,"end":2212.07},{"text":"involved,","start":2212.07,"end":2212.79},{"text":"and","start":2213.55,"end":2213.75},{"text":"the","start":2213.75,"end":2213.83},{"text":"level","start":2213.83,"end":2214.11},{"text":"of","start":2214.11,"end":2214.19},{"text":"agreement","start":2214.19,"end":2215.15},{"text":"and","start":2215.31,"end":2215.51},{"text":"the","start":2215.51,"end":2215.59},{"text":"reception","start":2215.59,"end":2216.07},{"text":"by","start":2216.07,"end":2216.19},{"text":"states,","start":2216.19,"end":2216.75},{"text":"and","start":2217.43,"end":2217.55},{"text":"not","start":2217.55,"end":2217.87},{"text":"the","start":2217.87,"end":2217.95},{"text":"status,","start":2217.95,"end":2218.67},{"text":"nationality,","start":2218.75,"end":2219.71},{"text":"or","start":2220.19,"end":2220.43},{"text":"language","start":2220.43,"end":2221.15},{"text":"of","start":2221.47,"end":2221.71},{"text":"the","start":2221.75,"end":2221.83},{"text":"author.","start":2221.83,"end":2222.27}]},{"text":"Fourth, we agree that decisions of the International Court of Justice hold a central place, and we encourage greater reference in the commentaries to the jurisprudence of regional courts, including the African Court on Human and People's Rights, the ECOWAS Community Court of Justice, and indeed the Special Court for Sierra Leone.","start":2223.79,"end":2244.39,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."},{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Fourth,","start":2223.79,"end":2224.27},{"text":"we","start":2225.07,"end":2225.23},{"text":"agree","start":2225.23,"end":2225.47},{"text":"that","start":2225.47,"end":2225.67},{"text":"decisions","start":2225.67,"end":2226.23},{"text":"of","start":2226.23,"end":2226.31},{"text":"the","start":2226.31,"end":2226.39},{"text":"International","start":2226.39,"end":2226.91},{"text":"Court","start":2226.91,"end":2227.11},{"text":"of","start":2227.11,"end":2227.23},{"text":"Justice","start":2227.23,"end":2227.79},{"text":"hold","start":2228.35,"end":2228.59},{"text":"a","start":2228.59,"end":2228.67},{"text":"central","start":2228.67,"end":2229.07},{"text":"place,","start":2229.07,"end":2229.55},{"text":"and","start":2230.27,"end":2230.47},{"text":"we","start":2230.47,"end":2230.63},{"text":"encourage","start":2230.63,"end":2231.07},{"text":"greater","start":2231.07,"end":2231.43},{"text":"reference","start":2231.43,"end":2232.03},{"text":"in","start":2232.03,"end":2232.11},{"text":"the","start":2232.11,"end":2232.19},{"text":"commentaries","start":2232.19,"end":2232.99},{"text":"to","start":2233.47,"end":2233.63},{"text":"the","start":2233.63,"end":2233.71},{"text":"jurisprudence","start":2233.71,"end":2234.39},{"text":"of","start":2234.39,"end":2234.51},{"text":"regional","start":2234.51,"end":2234.83},{"text":"courts,","start":2234.83,"end":2235.39},{"text":"including","start":2235.87,"end":2236.39},{"text":"the","start":2236.39,"end":2236.47},{"text":"African","start":2236.51,"end":2236.91},{"text":"Court","start":2236.91,"end":2237.15},{"text":"on","start":2237.15,"end":2237.23},{"text":"Human","start":2237.23,"end":2237.51},{"text":"and","start":2237.51,"end":2237.63},{"text":"People's","start":2237.63,"end":2238.07},{"text":"Rights,","start":2238.07,"end":2238.43},{"text":"the","start":2238.91,"end":2239.03},{"text":"ECOWAS","start":2239.11,"end":2239.47},{"text":"Community","start":2239.47,"end":2240.03},{"text":"Court","start":2240.75,"end":2241.07},{"text":"of","start":2241.15,"end":2241.47},{"text":"Justice,","start":2241.47,"end":2242.03},{"text":"and","start":2242.51,"end":2242.67},{"text":"indeed","start":2242.67,"end":2242.99},{"text":"the","start":2242.99,"end":2243.07},{"text":"Special","start":2243.07,"end":2243.43},{"text":"Court","start":2243.43,"end":2243.63},{"text":"for","start":2243.63,"end":2243.79},{"text":"Sierra","start":2243.79,"end":2244.03},{"text":"Leone.","start":2244.03,"end":2244.39}]},{"text":"Fifth, on teachings, we welcome the expressed reference in draft conclusion 8 to gender and linguistic diversity.","start":2245.47,"end":2253.43,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."},{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Fifth,","start":2245.47,"end":2245.95},{"text":"on","start":2246.23,"end":2246.35},{"text":"teachings,","start":2246.35,"end":2246.99},{"text":"we","start":2247.55,"end":2247.75},{"text":"welcome","start":2247.75,"end":2248.11},{"text":"the","start":2248.11,"end":2248.23},{"text":"expressed","start":2248.23,"end":2248.63},{"text":"reference","start":2248.63,"end":2249.23},{"text":"in","start":2249.31,"end":2249.47},{"text":"draft","start":2249.47,"end":2249.75},{"text":"conclusion","start":2249.75,"end":2250.27},{"text":"8","start":2250.27,"end":2250.59},{"text":"to","start":2251.31,"end":2251.51},{"text":"gender","start":2251.55,"end":2252.11},{"text":"and","start":2252.11,"end":2252.27},{"text":"linguistic","start":2252.27,"end":2252.83},{"text":"diversity.","start":2252.83,"end":2253.43}]},{"text":"Sierra Leone continues to believe that representativeness should also embrace racial diversity.","start":2253.43,"end":2259.79,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Sierra","start":2253.43,"end":2253.63},{"text":"Leone","start":2254.63,"end":2254.83},{"text":"continues","start":2254.83,"end":2255.39},{"text":"to","start":2255.39,"end":2255.51},{"text":"believe","start":2255.51,"end":2255.91},{"text":"that","start":2255.91,"end":2256.11},{"text":"representativeness","start":2256.11,"end":2256.99},{"text":"should","start":2256.99,"end":2257.15},{"text":"also","start":2257.15,"end":2257.55},{"text":"embrace","start":2257.55,"end":2258.11},{"text":"racial","start":2258.59,"end":2258.99},{"text":"diversity.","start":2258.99,"end":2259.79}]},{"text":"African scholarship remains under-cited in international practice.","start":2260.75,"end":2264.91,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"African","start":2260.75,"end":2261.15},{"text":"scholarship","start":2261.15,"end":2261.79},{"text":"remains","start":2261.79,"end":2262.27},{"text":"under-cited","start":2262.27,"end":2263.15},{"text":"in","start":2263.55,"end":2263.71},{"text":"international","start":2263.71,"end":2264.27},{"text":"practice.","start":2264.27,"end":2264.91}]},{"text":"Representativeness will remain an aspiration unless courts tribunals and the Commission make deliberate use of regional law reports, African journals, and the work of continental bodies, including the African Union Commission on International Law.","start":2265.71,"end":2281.95,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Representativeness","start":2265.71,"end":2266.75},{"text":"will","start":2266.75,"end":2266.87},{"text":"remain","start":2266.87,"end":2267.47},{"text":"an","start":2267.83,"end":2267.95},{"text":"aspiration","start":2267.95,"end":2268.83},{"text":"unless","start":2269.03,"end":2269.39},{"text":"courts","start":2269.39,"end":2269.95},{"text":"tribunals","start":2270.47,"end":2271.19},{"text":"and","start":2271.19,"end":2271.43},{"text":"the","start":2271.51,"end":2271.63},{"text":"Commission","start":2271.63,"end":2272.31},{"text":"make","start":2272.71,"end":2272.95},{"text":"deliberate","start":2272.95,"end":2273.43},{"text":"use","start":2273.43,"end":2273.83},{"text":"of","start":2273.83,"end":2273.99},{"text":"regional","start":2273.99,"end":2274.43},{"text":"law","start":2274.43,"end":2274.55},{"text":"reports,","start":2274.55,"end":2275.19},{"text":"African","start":2275.75,"end":2276.23},{"text":"journals,","start":2276.23,"end":2276.87},{"text":"and","start":2277.35,"end":2277.51},{"text":"the","start":2277.51,"end":2277.59},{"text":"work","start":2277.59,"end":2277.79},{"text":"of","start":2277.79,"end":2277.87},{"text":"continental","start":2277.87,"end":2278.39},{"text":"bodies,","start":2278.39,"end":2279.03},{"text":"including","start":2279.43,"end":2279.87},{"text":"the","start":2279.87,"end":2279.95},{"text":"African","start":2279.95,"end":2280.39},{"text":"Union","start":2280.39,"end":2280.63},{"text":"Commission","start":2280.63,"end":2281.07},{"text":"on","start":2281.07,"end":2281.15},{"text":"International","start":2281.15,"end":2281.87},{"text":"Law.","start":2281.87,"end":2281.95}]},{"text":"And sixth, we welcome draft conclusion 10 to 13 on other means.","start":2282.99,"end":2287.43,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2282.99,"end":2283.15},{"text":"sixth,","start":2283.15,"end":2283.47},{"text":"we","start":2283.67,"end":2283.87},{"text":"welcome","start":2283.87,"end":2284.23},{"text":"draft","start":2284.23,"end":2284.47},{"text":"conclusion","start":2284.47,"end":2284.95},{"text":"10","start":2284.95,"end":2285.27},{"text":"to","start":2285.27,"end":2285.55},{"text":"13","start":2285.55,"end":2286.07},{"text":"on","start":2286.47,"end":2286.71},{"text":"other","start":2286.71,"end":2286.95},{"text":"means.","start":2286.95,"end":2287.43}]},{"text":"Having had the honor to chair the 59th session of UNCITRAL this year, my delegation would welcome further clarity on second reading on the weight of the outputs of bodies created by States.","start":2288.27,"end":2299.55,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Sierra","start":2312.63,"end":2312.83},{"text":"Leone","start":2313.83,"end":2314.03},{"text":"has","start":2314.03,"end":2314.19},{"text":"long","start":2314.19,"end":2314.43},{"text":"regarded","start":2314.43,"end":2314.79},{"text":"part","start":2314.79,"end":2314.99},{"text":"III","start":2314.99,"end":2315.39},{"text":"on","start":2315.39,"end":2315.55},{"text":"dispute","start":2315.55,"end":2316.19},{"text":"with","start":2316.19,"end":2316.35},{"text":"private","start":2316.35,"end":2316.67},{"text":"parties","start":2316.67,"end":2317.23},{"text":"as","start":2317.71,"end":2317.83},{"text":"the","start":2317.83,"end":2317.91},{"text":"most","start":2317.91,"end":2318.19},{"text":"important","start":2318.19,"end":2318.75},{"text":"aspect","start":2318.75,"end":2319.19},{"text":"of","start":2319.19,"end":2319.27},{"text":"this","start":2319.27,"end":2319.47},{"text":"topic.","start":2319.47,"end":2319.87}]},{"text":"Draft guideline 10 makes clear that immunity carries a corresponding responsibility.","start":2320.99,"end":2327.07,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. 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They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Organizations","start":2327.87,"end":2328.59},{"text":"that","start":2328.59,"end":2328.75},{"text":"enjoy","start":2328.75,"end":2329.15},{"text":"it","start":2329.15,"end":2329.47},{"text":"must","start":2329.47,"end":2329.71},{"text":"provide","start":2329.71,"end":2330.19},{"text":"appropriate","start":2330.19,"end":2330.91},{"text":"modes","start":2331.07,"end":2331.47},{"text":"of","start":2331.47,"end":2331.59},{"text":"settlement","start":2331.59,"end":2332.19},{"text":"that","start":2332.67,"end":2332.91},{"text":"ensure","start":2332.91,"end":2333.63},{"text":"the","start":2333.63,"end":2333.75},{"text":"right","start":2333.75,"end":2334.19},{"text":"of","start":2334.59,"end":2334.75},{"text":"access","start":2334.75,"end":2335.15},{"text":"to","start":2335.15,"end":2335.23},{"text":"justice","start":2335.23,"end":2335.87},{"text":"of","start":2336.31,"end":2336.43},{"text":"private","start":2336.43,"end":2336.83},{"text":"parties.","start":2336.83,"end":2337.39}]},{"text":"Immunity must not become a denial of remedy and eventually impunity.","start":2338.83,"end":2344.19,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Immunity","start":2338.83,"end":2339.47},{"text":"must","start":2339.47,"end":2339.71},{"text":"not","start":2339.71,"end":2339.83},{"text":"become","start":2339.83,"end":2340.43},{"text":"a","start":2340.51,"end":2340.59},{"text":"denial","start":2340.59,"end":2341.07},{"text":"of","start":2341.07,"end":2341.23},{"text":"remedy","start":2341.23,"end":2341.79},{"text":"and","start":2342.23,"end":2342.39},{"text":"eventually","start":2342.39,"end":2343.31},{"text":"impunity.","start":2343.39,"end":2344.19}]},{"text":"We particularly welcome Draft Guideline 12, and are grateful that our suggestion of an express reference to the rule of law is reflected.","start":2345.07,"end":2352.99,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2345.07,"end":2345.23},{"text":"particularly","start":2345.23,"end":2345.75},{"text":"welcome","start":2345.75,"end":2346.11},{"text":"Draft","start":2346.11,"end":2346.39},{"text":"Guideline","start":2346.39,"end":2346.75},{"text":"12,","start":2346.75,"end":2347.23},{"text":"and","start":2347.67,"end":2347.83},{"text":"are","start":2347.83,"end":2347.91},{"text":"grateful","start":2347.91,"end":2348.31},{"text":"that","start":2348.31,"end":2348.43},{"text":"our","start":2348.43,"end":2348.55},{"text":"suggestion","start":2348.55,"end":2349.23},{"text":"of","start":2349.23,"end":2349.35},{"text":"an","start":2349.35,"end":2349.47},{"text":"express","start":2349.47,"end":2349.95},{"text":"reference","start":2349.95,"end":2350.51},{"text":"to","start":2350.95,"end":2351.03},{"text":"the","start":2351.03,"end":2351.11},{"text":"rule","start":2351.11,"end":2351.43},{"text":"of","start":2351.43,"end":2351.55},{"text":"law","start":2351.55,"end":2351.87},{"text":"is","start":2352.19,"end":2352.43},{"text":"reflected.","start":2352.43,"end":2352.99}]},{"text":"Claimants are often individuals and small enterprises in host countries, including in the settings of peace operations, for whom distance, cost, language, and procedure can be insurmountable.","start":2354.19,"end":2369.71,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Claimants","start":2354.19,"end":2354.83},{"text":"are","start":2354.83,"end":2355.03},{"text":"often","start":2355.03,"end":2355.47},{"text":"individuals","start":2355.47,"end":2356.35},{"text":"and","start":2356.75,"end":2356.91},{"text":"small","start":2356.91,"end":2357.31},{"text":"enterprises","start":2357.31,"end":2357.87},{"text":"in","start":2357.87,"end":2358.11},{"text":"host","start":2358.11,"end":2358.35},{"text":"countries,","start":2358.35,"end":2358.99},{"text":"including","start":2359.63,"end":2360.43},{"text":"in","start":2360.43,"end":2360.99},{"text":"the","start":2361.07,"end":2361.15},{"text":"settings","start":2362.19,"end":2362.63},{"text":"of","start":2362.63,"end":2362.75},{"text":"peace","start":2362.75,"end":2362.91},{"text":"operations,","start":2362.91,"end":2363.63},{"text":"for","start":2364.11,"end":2364.23},{"text":"whom","start":2364.23,"end":2364.51},{"text":"distance,","start":2364.51,"end":2365.23},{"text":"cost,","start":2365.79,"end":2366.27},{"text":"language,","start":2366.35,"end":2367.15},{"text":"and","start":2367.55,"end":2367.71},{"text":"procedure","start":2367.71,"end":2368.43},{"text":"can","start":2368.43,"end":2368.59},{"text":"be","start":2368.59,"end":2368.75},{"text":"insurmountable.","start":2368.75,"end":2369.71}]},{"text":"As a troop and police contributing country, we encourage the Commission to address, on second reading, the role of ombudspersons, mediation and standing claims commissions foreseen in the Status of Forces Agreement, but rarely established in practice.","start":2370.79,"end":2386.91,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":2370.79,"end":2370.91},{"text":"a","start":2370.91,"end":2370.95},{"text":"troop","start":2370.95,"end":2371.23},{"text":"and","start":2371.63,"end":2371.79},{"text":"police","start":2371.79,"end":2372.03},{"text":"contributing","start":2372.03,"end":2372.59},{"text":"country,","start":2372.59,"end":2373.07},{"text":"we","start":2373.63,"end":2373.75},{"text":"encourage","start":2373.75,"end":2374.23},{"text":"the","start":2374.23,"end":2374.31},{"text":"Commission","start":2374.31,"end":2374.83},{"text":"to","start":2374.83,"end":2375.03},{"text":"address,","start":2375.03,"end":2375.55},{"text":"on","start":2375.91,"end":2376.11},{"text":"second","start":2376.11,"end":2376.35},{"text":"reading,","start":2376.35,"end":2376.99},{"text":"the","start":2377.39,"end":2377.59},{"text":"role","start":2377.59,"end":2377.87},{"text":"of","start":2377.87,"end":2378.03},{"text":"ombudspersons,","start":2378.03,"end":2378.99},{"text":"mediation","start":2379.47,"end":2380.07},{"text":"and","start":2380.07,"end":2380.19},{"text":"standing","start":2380.19,"end":2380.51},{"text":"claims","start":2380.51,"end":2380.91},{"text":"commissions","start":2380.91,"end":2381.63},{"text":"foreseen","start":2382.19,"end":2382.63},{"text":"in","start":2382.63,"end":2382.83},{"text":"the","start":2382.83,"end":2382.91},{"text":"Status","start":2382.91,"end":2383.19},{"text":"of","start":2383.19,"end":2383.27},{"text":"Forces","start":2383.27,"end":2383.63},{"text":"Agreement,","start":2383.63,"end":2384.19},{"text":"but","start":2384.83,"end":2384.95},{"text":"rarely","start":2384.95,"end":2385.39},{"text":"established","start":2385.39,"end":2386.11},{"text":"in","start":2386.11,"end":2386.35},{"text":"practice.","start":2386.35,"end":2386.91}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, on succession of states in respect of state responsibility, CELDUN takes note with some regret of the Commission's decision not to pursue the topic further.","start":2388.35,"end":2398.51,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":2388.35,"end":2388.67},{"text":"Chair,","start":2388.67,"end":2388.95},{"text":"on","start":2388.95,"end":2389.07},{"text":"succession","start":2389.07,"end":2389.55},{"text":"of","start":2389.55,"end":2389.63},{"text":"states","start":2389.63,"end":2389.95},{"text":"in","start":2390.51,"end":2390.63},{"text":"respect","start":2390.63,"end":2390.99},{"text":"of","start":2390.99,"end":2391.07},{"text":"state","start":2391.07,"end":2391.31},{"text":"responsibility,","start":2391.31,"end":2392.27},{"text":"CELDUN","start":2392.35,"end":2393.23},{"text":"takes","start":2393.23,"end":2393.47},{"text":"note","start":2393.47,"end":2393.87},{"text":"with","start":2393.87,"end":2394.07},{"text":"some","start":2394.07,"end":2394.27},{"text":"regret","start":2394.27,"end":2394.83},{"text":"of","start":2395.23,"end":2395.39},{"text":"the","start":2395.39,"end":2395.47},{"text":"Commission's","start":2395.47,"end":2395.99},{"text":"decision","start":2395.99,"end":2396.39},{"text":"not","start":2396.39,"end":2396.55},{"text":"to","start":2396.55,"end":2396.67},{"text":"pursue","start":2396.67,"end":2397.31},{"text":"the","start":2397.63,"end":2397.71},{"text":"topic","start":2397.71,"end":2398.11},{"text":"further.","start":2398.11,"end":2398.51}]},{"text":"We thank the chair of the working group, Professor Bimal L. Patel, and certainly congratulate him on his election as judge of ITLOS, and we pay tribute to the former Special Rapporteur, Professor Pavel Stuman.","start":2399.47,"end":2412.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2399.47,"end":2399.67},{"text":"thank","start":2399.67,"end":2399.91},{"text":"the","start":2399.91,"end":2400.03},{"text":"chair","start":2400.03,"end":2400.23},{"text":"of","start":2400.23,"end":2400.35},{"text":"the","start":2400.35,"end":2400.43},{"text":"working","start":2400.43,"end":2400.75},{"text":"group,","start":2400.75,"end":2401.03},{"text":"Professor","start":2401.03,"end":2401.79},{"text":"Bimal","start":2402.35,"end":2402.83},{"text":"L.","start":2402.83,"end":2403.03},{"text":"Patel,","start":2403.03,"end":2403.55},{"text":"and","start":2403.87,"end":2404.07},{"text":"certainly","start":2404.07,"end":2404.39},{"text":"congratulate","start":2404.39,"end":2404.99},{"text":"him","start":2404.99,"end":2405.23},{"text":"on","start":2405.23,"end":2405.31},{"text":"his","start":2405.31,"end":2405.43},{"text":"election","start":2405.43,"end":2405.95},{"text":"as","start":2406.35,"end":2406.59},{"text":"judge","start":2406.59,"end":2406.75},{"text":"of","start":2406.75,"end":2406.83},{"text":"ITLOS,","start":2406.83,"end":2407.63},{"text":"and","start":2408.23,"end":2408.35},{"text":"we","start":2408.35,"end":2408.47},{"text":"pay","start":2408.47,"end":2408.67},{"text":"tribute","start":2408.67,"end":2409.19},{"text":"to","start":2409.19,"end":2409.27},{"text":"the","start":2409.27,"end":2409.35},{"text":"former","start":2409.47,"end":2409.83},{"text":"Special","start":2409.83,"end":2410.15},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":2410.15,"end":2410.75},{"text":"Professor","start":2411.23,"end":2411.55},{"text":"Pavel","start":2411.55,"end":2411.91},{"text":"Stuman.","start":2411.91,"end":2412.43}]},{"text":"We draw attention to three points in the Working Group's report.","start":2413.67,"end":2416.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2413.67,"end":2413.83},{"text":"draw","start":2413.83,"end":2413.99},{"text":"attention","start":2413.99,"end":2414.43},{"text":"to","start":2414.43,"end":2414.55},{"text":"three","start":2414.55,"end":2414.79},{"text":"points","start":2414.79,"end":2415.35},{"text":"in","start":2415.35,"end":2415.51},{"text":"the","start":2415.51,"end":2415.59},{"text":"Working","start":2415.59,"end":2415.87},{"text":"Group's","start":2415.87,"end":2416.19},{"text":"report.","start":2416.19,"end":2416.63}]},{"text":"First, it's acknowledged that the limited examination of practice, particularly of African and Asian states, was a significant challenge.","start":2417.67,"end":2426.31,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":2417.67,"end":2418.23},{"text":"it's","start":2418.75,"end":2418.99},{"text":"acknowledged","start":2418.99,"end":2419.63},{"text":"that","start":2419.63,"end":2419.75},{"text":"the","start":2419.75,"end":2419.83},{"text":"limited","start":2419.83,"end":2420.39},{"text":"examination","start":2420.39,"end":2421.03},{"text":"of","start":2421.03,"end":2421.19},{"text":"practice,","start":2421.19,"end":2421.75},{"text":"particularly","start":2422.23,"end":2422.79},{"text":"of","start":2422.79,"end":2422.95},{"text":"African","start":2422.95,"end":2423.39},{"text":"and","start":2423.39,"end":2423.67},{"text":"Asian","start":2423.67,"end":2423.99},{"text":"states,","start":2423.99,"end":2424.47},{"text":"was","start":2424.87,"end":2425.03},{"text":"a","start":2425.03,"end":2425.11},{"text":"significant","start":2425.11,"end":2425.75},{"text":"challenge.","start":2425.75,"end":2426.31}]},{"text":"The law cannot be codified for the whole community of nations from the practice of only part of it.","start":2427.27,"end":2433.75,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2427.27,"end":2427.43},{"text":"law","start":2427.43,"end":2427.83},{"text":"cannot","start":2427.83,"end":2428.07},{"text":"be","start":2428.07,"end":2428.27},{"text":"codified","start":2428.27,"end":2428.95},{"text":"for","start":2429.11,"end":2429.31},{"text":"the","start":2429.31,"end":2429.39},{"text":"whole","start":2429.39,"end":2429.75},{"text":"community","start":2429.75,"end":2430.27},{"text":"of","start":2430.27,"end":2430.39},{"text":"nations","start":2430.39,"end":2430.95},{"text":"from","start":2431.35,"end":2431.59},{"text":"the","start":2431.59,"end":2431.71},{"text":"practice","start":2431.71,"end":2432.15},{"text":"of","start":2432.15,"end":2432.31},{"text":"only","start":2432.31,"end":2432.87},{"text":"part","start":2433.11,"end":2433.39},{"text":"of","start":2433.39,"end":2433.51},{"text":"it.","start":2433.51,"end":2433.75}]},{"text":"Second, the inclusiveness of the work does not imply the application by default of a rule of non-succession.","start":2434.71,"end":2441.67,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":2434.71,"end":2435.11},{"text":"the","start":2435.11,"end":2435.19},{"text":"inclusiveness","start":2435.99,"end":2436.87},{"text":"of","start":2436.87,"end":2436.99},{"text":"the","start":2436.99,"end":2437.07},{"text":"work","start":2437.07,"end":2437.35},{"text":"does","start":2437.35,"end":2437.51},{"text":"not","start":2437.51,"end":2437.75},{"text":"imply","start":2437.75,"end":2438.23},{"text":"the","start":2438.71,"end":2438.83},{"text":"application","start":2438.83,"end":2439.35},{"text":"by","start":2439.35,"end":2439.51},{"text":"default","start":2439.51,"end":2440.15},{"text":"of","start":2440.23,"end":2440.39},{"text":"a","start":2440.39,"end":2440.43},{"text":"rule","start":2440.43,"end":2440.71},{"text":"of","start":2440.71,"end":2440.79},{"text":"non-succession.","start":2440.79,"end":2441.67}]},{"text":"And third, The disappearance of a wrongdoing state should not leave an international wrongful act without remedy.","start":2442.55,"end":2450.63,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. 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They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":2451.59,"end":2451.91},{"text":"propositions","start":2451.91,"end":2452.63},{"text":"should","start":2452.63,"end":2452.75},{"text":"guide","start":2452.75,"end":2452.99},{"text":"states,","start":2452.99,"end":2453.51},{"text":"courts,","start":2453.59,"end":2454.07},{"text":"and","start":2454.07,"end":2454.27},{"text":"tribunals","start":2454.27,"end":2454.91},{"text":"in","start":2455.35,"end":2455.47},{"text":"the","start":2455.47,"end":2455.55},{"text":"absence","start":2455.55,"end":2456.11},{"text":"of","start":2456.39,"end":2456.51},{"text":"a","start":2456.51,"end":2456.55},{"text":"codified","start":2456.55,"end":2456.99},{"text":"text.","start":2456.99,"end":2457.35}]},{"text":"In closing, Madam Chair, Sierra Leone affirms its commitment to the work of the Commission and will continue to contribute its practice and perspectives so that international law serves all states, large and small, developed and developing alike.","start":2458.15,"end":2472.15,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. 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regions."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2458.15,"end":2458.31},{"text":"closing,","start":2458.31,"end":2458.67},{"text":"Madam","start":2458.67,"end":2458.95},{"text":"Chair,","start":2458.95,"end":2459.35},{"text":"Sierra","start":2459.91,"end":2460.19},{"text":"Leone","start":2460.19,"end":2460.39},{"text":"affirms","start":2460.39,"end":2460.79},{"text":"its","start":2460.79,"end":2460.91},{"text":"commitment","start":2460.91,"end":2461.35},{"text":"to","start":2461.35,"end":2461.43},{"text":"the","start":2461.43,"end":2461.51},{"text":"work","start":2461.51,"end":2461.75},{"text":"of","start":2461.75,"end":2461.83},{"text":"the","start":2461.83,"end":2461.91},{"text":"Commission","start":2461.91,"end":2462.55},{"text":"and","start":2463.07,"end":2463.19},{"text":"will","start":2463.19,"end":2463.31},{"text":"continue","start":2463.31,"end":2463.71},{"text":"to","start":2463.71,"end":2463.83},{"text":"contribute","start":2463.83,"end":2464.39},{"text":"its","start":2464.39,"end":2464.55},{"text":"practice","start":2464.55,"end":2465.27},{"text":"and","start":2465.59,"end":2465.75},{"text":"perspectives","start":2465.75,"end":2466.47},{"text":"so","start":2466.47,"end":2466.67},{"text":"that","start":2466.67,"end":2466.87},{"text":"international","start":2466.87,"end":2467.55},{"text":"law","start":2467.55,"end":2467.63},{"text":"serves","start":2467.63,"end":2468.07},{"text":"all","start":2468.07,"end":2468.31},{"text":"states,","start":2468.31,"end":2468.79},{"text":"large","start":2469.19,"end":2469.51},{"text":"and","start":2469.51,"end":2469.63},{"text":"small,","start":2469.63,"end":2470.07},{"text":"developed","start":2470.23,"end":2470.75},{"text":"and","start":2471.15,"end":2471.31},{"text":"developing","start":2471.31,"end":2471.75},{"text":"alike.","start":2471.75,"end":2472.15}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":2472.47,"end":2472.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2472.47,"end":2472.55},{"text":"thank","start":2472.55,"end":2472.79},{"text":"you.","start":2472.79,"end":2472.91}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"SLE","group":null,"function":"Permanent Representative","affiliation_full":"Sierra Leone"}},{"statement_number":12,"start":2475.27,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=41:16","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the Permanent Representative of Sierra Leone for the statement.","start":2475.27,"end":2479.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2475.27,"end":2475.43},{"text":"thank","start":2475.43,"end":2475.83},{"text":"the","start":2475.83,"end":2475.95},{"text":"Permanent","start":2477.03,"end":2477.43},{"text":"Representative","start":2477.43,"end":2477.95},{"text":"of","start":2477.95,"end":2478.07},{"text":"Sierra","start":2478.07,"end":2478.39},{"text":"Leone","start":2478.39,"end":2478.83},{"text":"for","start":2478.83,"end":2478.95},{"text":"the","start":2478.95,"end":2479.07},{"text":"statement.","start":2479.07,"end":2479.67}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Indonesia.","start":2479.67,"end":2483.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2479.67,"end":2479.75},{"text":"now","start":2479.75,"end":2479.99},{"text":"give","start":2479.99,"end":2480.11},{"text":"the","start":2480.15,"end":2480.23},{"text":"floor","start":2480.23,"end":2480.79},{"text":"to","start":2480.87,"end":2481.11},{"text":"the","start":2481.43,"end":2481.63},{"text":"distinguished","start":2481.67,"end":2482.39},{"text":"representative","start":2482.39,"end":2483.27},{"text":"of","start":2483.27,"end":2483.35},{"text":"Indonesia.","start":2483.43,"end":2483.99}]},{"text":"You have the floor, sir.","start":2483.99,"end":2484.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":2483.99,"end":2484.07},{"text":"have","start":2484.07,"end":2484.23},{"text":"the","start":2484.23,"end":2484.31},{"text":"floor,","start":2484.31,"end":2484.55},{"text":"sir.","start":2484.55,"end":2484.87}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":13,"start":2495.03,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=41:36","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":2495.03,"end":2495.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2495.03,"end":2495.23},{"text":"you,","start":2495.23,"end":2495.35},{"text":"Chair.","start":2495.35,"end":2495.67}]},{"text":"Indonesia expresses its appreciation to the ILC, its Special Rapporteurs, and the Working Group for their valuable contributions to the progressive development and codification of international law.","start":2499.67,"end":2510.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Indonesia","start":2499.67,"end":2500.15},{"text":"expresses","start":2500.15,"end":2500.79},{"text":"its","start":2500.79,"end":2501.11},{"text":"appreciation","start":2501.11,"end":2501.83},{"text":"to","start":2501.83,"end":2501.99},{"text":"the","start":2501.99,"end":2502.07},{"text":"ILC,","start":2502.07,"end":2502.71},{"text":"its","start":2502.87,"end":2503.15},{"text":"Special","start":2503.15,"end":2503.55},{"text":"Rapporteurs,","start":2503.55,"end":2504.39},{"text":"and","start":2504.71,"end":2504.91},{"text":"the","start":2504.91,"end":2504.99},{"text":"Working","start":2504.99,"end":2505.31},{"text":"Group","start":2505.31,"end":2505.55},{"text":"for","start":2505.55,"end":2505.67},{"text":"their","start":2505.67,"end":2505.83},{"text":"valuable","start":2505.83,"end":2506.31},{"text":"contributions","start":2506.31,"end":2507.11},{"text":"to","start":2507.11,"end":2507.23},{"text":"the","start":2507.23,"end":2507.31},{"text":"progressive","start":2507.31,"end":2507.91},{"text":"development","start":2507.91,"end":2508.47},{"text":"and","start":2508.47,"end":2508.71},{"text":"codification","start":2508.71,"end":2509.51},{"text":"of","start":2509.51,"end":2509.59},{"text":"international","start":2509.59,"end":2510.43},{"text":"law.","start":2510.43,"end":2510.55}]},{"text":"At a time of geopolitical crisis and increasing demands for accountability, the Commission's work assumes even greater significance.","start":2511.27,"end":2518.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":2511.27,"end":2511.59},{"text":"a","start":2511.59,"end":2511.63},{"text":"time","start":2511.63,"end":2511.79},{"text":"of","start":2511.79,"end":2511.99},{"text":"geopolitical","start":2511.99,"end":2512.59},{"text":"crisis","start":2512.59,"end":2513.35},{"text":"and","start":2513.35,"end":2513.51},{"text":"increasing","start":2513.51,"end":2514.03},{"text":"demands","start":2514.03,"end":2514.43},{"text":"for","start":2514.43,"end":2514.59},{"text":"accountability,","start":2514.59,"end":2515.43},{"text":"the","start":2515.75,"end":2515.87},{"text":"Commission's","start":2515.87,"end":2516.39},{"text":"work","start":2516.39,"end":2516.67},{"text":"assumes","start":2516.95,"end":2517.51},{"text":"even","start":2517.51,"end":2517.79},{"text":"greater","start":2517.79,"end":2518.11},{"text":"significance.","start":2518.11,"end":2518.87}]},{"text":"For Indonesia, international law must remain a common language of states, not an instrument interpreted selectively.","start":2519.67,"end":2525.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2519.67,"end":2519.83},{"text":"Indonesia,","start":2519.83,"end":2520.55},{"text":"international","start":2520.55,"end":2521.23},{"text":"law","start":2521.23,"end":2521.35},{"text":"must","start":2521.35,"end":2521.59},{"text":"remain","start":2521.59,"end":2521.95},{"text":"a","start":2521.95,"end":2521.99},{"text":"common","start":2521.99,"end":2522.31},{"text":"language","start":2522.31,"end":2522.75},{"text":"of","start":2522.75,"end":2522.87},{"text":"states,","start":2522.87,"end":2523.35},{"text":"not","start":2523.35,"end":2523.55},{"text":"an","start":2523.55,"end":2523.67},{"text":"instrument","start":2523.67,"end":2524.31},{"text":"interpreted","start":2524.31,"end":2525.03},{"text":"selectively.","start":2525.03,"end":2525.83}]},{"text":"Its legitimacy rests not only on legal reasoning, but also on consistent application.","start":2526.55,"end":2531.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Its","start":2526.55,"end":2526.87},{"text":"legitimacy","start":2526.87,"end":2527.51},{"text":"rests","start":2527.51,"end":2527.91},{"text":"not","start":2527.91,"end":2528.15},{"text":"only","start":2528.15,"end":2528.55},{"text":"on","start":2528.55,"end":2528.63},{"text":"legal","start":2528.63,"end":2528.95},{"text":"reasoning,","start":2528.95,"end":2529.43},{"text":"but","start":2529.43,"end":2529.59},{"text":"also","start":2529.59,"end":2529.95},{"text":"on","start":2529.95,"end":2530.07},{"text":"consistent","start":2530.07,"end":2530.79},{"text":"application.","start":2530.79,"end":2531.51}]},{"text":"Allow me to address two topics.","start":2532.27,"end":2533.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Allow","start":2532.27,"end":2532.51},{"text":"me","start":2532.51,"end":2532.67},{"text":"to","start":2532.67,"end":2532.75},{"text":"address","start":2532.75,"end":2533.11},{"text":"two","start":2533.11,"end":2533.39},{"text":"topics.","start":2533.39,"end":2533.91}]},{"text":"First, on subsidiarity means for the determination of rules of international law.","start":2534.71,"end":2539.11,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":2534.71,"end":2535.19},{"text":"on","start":2535.19,"end":2535.35},{"text":"subsidiarity","start":2535.35,"end":2536.15},{"text":"means","start":2536.15,"end":2536.63},{"text":"for","start":2536.63,"end":2536.79},{"text":"the","start":2536.79,"end":2536.87},{"text":"determination","start":2536.87,"end":2537.59},{"text":"of","start":2537.59,"end":2537.75},{"text":"rules","start":2537.75,"end":2538.07},{"text":"of","start":2538.07,"end":2538.15},{"text":"international","start":2538.15,"end":2539.03},{"text":"law.","start":2539.03,"end":2539.11}]},{"text":"Indonesia welcomes the adoption of first reading of the 13 draft conclusions and commends the work of Special Rapporteur Charles C. Jalloh.","start":2539.99,"end":2548.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Indonesia","start":2539.99,"end":2540.43},{"text":"welcomes","start":2540.43,"end":2540.83},{"text":"the","start":2540.83,"end":2540.91},{"text":"adoption","start":2540.91,"end":2541.43},{"text":"of","start":2541.43,"end":2541.51},{"text":"first","start":2541.51,"end":2541.83},{"text":"reading","start":2541.83,"end":2542.19},{"text":"of","start":2542.19,"end":2542.31},{"text":"the","start":2542.31,"end":2542.63},{"text":"13","start":2542.75,"end":2543.11},{"text":"draft","start":2543.11,"end":2543.55},{"text":"conclusions","start":2543.55,"end":2544.31},{"text":"and","start":2544.55,"end":2544.71},{"text":"commends","start":2544.71,"end":2545.19},{"text":"the","start":2545.19,"end":2545.27},{"text":"work","start":2545.27,"end":2545.55},{"text":"of","start":2545.55,"end":2545.63},{"text":"Special","start":2545.63,"end":2546.07},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":2546.07,"end":2546.79},{"text":"Charles","start":2547.03,"end":2547.39},{"text":"C.","start":2547.39,"end":2547.67},{"text":"Jalloh.","start":2547.67,"end":2548.15}]},{"text":"We reaffirm the importance of Article 38, paragraph 1(d) of the Statute of the ICJ.","start":2548.63,"end":2554.39,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2548.63,"end":2548.83},{"text":"reaffirm","start":2548.83,"end":2549.35},{"text":"the","start":2549.35,"end":2549.47},{"text":"importance","start":2549.47,"end":2549.99},{"text":"of","start":2549.99,"end":2550.07},{"text":"Article","start":2550.15,"end":2550.63},{"text":"38,","start":2550.63,"end":2551.19},{"text":"paragraph","start":2551.27,"end":2551.83},{"text":"1(d)","start":2551.83,"end":2552.39},{"text":"of","start":2552.39,"end":2552.47},{"text":"the","start":2552.47,"end":2552.59},{"text":"Statute","start":2552.63,"end":2553.15},{"text":"of","start":2553.43,"end":2553.59},{"text":"the","start":2553.59,"end":2553.75},{"text":"ICJ.","start":2553.75,"end":2554.39}]},{"text":"Judicial decisions and scholarly teachings make valuable contributions to identifying and clarifying international law.","start":2555.35,"end":2562.19,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Judicial","start":2555.35,"end":2555.91},{"text":"decisions","start":2555.91,"end":2556.55},{"text":"and","start":2556.55,"end":2556.75},{"text":"scholarly","start":2556.75,"end":2557.27},{"text":"teachings","start":2557.27,"end":2557.83},{"text":"make","start":2557.83,"end":2558.15},{"text":"valuable","start":2558.15,"end":2558.63},{"text":"contributions","start":2558.63,"end":2559.43},{"text":"to","start":2559.43,"end":2559.63},{"text":"identifying","start":2559.63,"end":2560.47},{"text":"and","start":2560.55,"end":2560.71},{"text":"clarifying","start":2560.71,"end":2561.31},{"text":"international","start":2561.31,"end":2562.11},{"text":"law.","start":2562.11,"end":2562.19}]},{"text":"Yet, the nature must remain subsidiary.","start":2562.71,"end":2565.83,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Yet,","start":2562.71,"end":2563.11},{"text":"the","start":2563.35,"end":2563.55},{"text":"nature","start":2563.55,"end":2564.15},{"text":"must","start":2564.23,"end":2564.55},{"text":"remain","start":2564.55,"end":2564.95},{"text":"subsidiary.","start":2564.95,"end":2565.83}]},{"text":"Subsidiary means should assist in determining the law, not become an independent means of making the law.","start":2566.87,"end":2573.35,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Subsidiary","start":2566.87,"end":2567.59},{"text":"means","start":2567.59,"end":2567.95},{"text":"should","start":2567.95,"end":2568.15},{"text":"assist","start":2568.15,"end":2568.63},{"text":"in","start":2568.63,"end":2568.83},{"text":"determining","start":2568.83,"end":2569.59},{"text":"the","start":2569.67,"end":2569.83},{"text":"law,","start":2569.83,"end":2570.27},{"text":"not","start":2570.31,"end":2570.63},{"text":"become","start":2570.63,"end":2570.91},{"text":"an","start":2570.91,"end":2571.11},{"text":"independent","start":2571.27,"end":2571.91},{"text":"means","start":2571.91,"end":2572.31},{"text":"of","start":2572.31,"end":2572.47},{"text":"making","start":2572.47,"end":2572.95},{"text":"the","start":2572.95,"end":2573.07},{"text":"law.","start":2573.07,"end":2573.35}]},{"text":"Further, greater attention should be devoted to the diversity of legal traditions and perspectives, including those of developing countries.","start":2574.55,"end":2583.35,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Further,","start":2574.55,"end":2575.19},{"text":"greater","start":2575.27,"end":2575.71},{"text":"attention","start":2575.71,"end":2576.23},{"text":"should","start":2576.23,"end":2576.47},{"text":"be","start":2576.47,"end":2576.55},{"text":"devoted","start":2576.55,"end":2577.03},{"text":"to","start":2577.03,"end":2577.23},{"text":"the","start":2577.23,"end":2577.31},{"text":"diversity","start":2577.31,"end":2578.07},{"text":"of","start":2578.07,"end":2578.23},{"text":"legal","start":2578.23,"end":2578.55},{"text":"traditions","start":2578.55,"end":2579.19},{"text":"and","start":2579.27,"end":2579.43},{"text":"perspectives,","start":2579.43,"end":2580.15},{"text":"including","start":2580.55,"end":2581.11},{"text":"those","start":2581.11,"end":2581.59},{"text":"of","start":2581.75,"end":2581.99},{"text":"developing","start":2581.99,"end":2582.55},{"text":"countries.","start":2582.71,"end":2583.35}]},{"text":"Equally important, regarding the outputs of expert bodies and resolutions of international organizations require careful assessment of their mandates, legal character, and the circumstances of their adoption.","start":2584.71,"end":2597.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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statement.","start":2741.39,"end":2745.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2741.39,"end":2741.71},{"text":"thank","start":2741.71,"end":2742.19},{"text":"the","start":2742.35,"end":2742.47},{"text":"distinguished","start":2742.75,"end":2743.39},{"text":"representative","start":2743.39,"end":2743.91},{"text":"of","start":2743.91,"end":2744.03},{"text":"Indonesia","start":2744.03,"end":2744.51},{"text":"for","start":2744.51,"end":2744.67},{"text":"the","start":2744.67,"end":2744.75},{"text":"statement.","start":2744.75,"end":2745.31}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.","start":2745.31,"end":2750.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2745.31,"end":2745.55},{"text":"now","start":2745.71,"end":2746.03},{"text":"give","start":2746.03,"end":2746.35},{"text":"the","start":2746.35,"end":2746.43},{"text":"floor","start":2746.43,"end":2746.91},{"text":"to","start":2746.91,"end":2747.15},{"text":"the","start":2747.23,"end":2747.35},{"text":"distinguished","start":2747.39,"end":2748.03},{"text":"representative","start":2748.03,"end":2748.75},{"text":"of","start":2748.75,"end":2748.99},{"text":"the","start":2748.99,"end":2749.11},{"text":"Islamic","start":2749.11,"end":2749.79},{"text":"Republic","start":2749.79,"end":2750.19},{"text":"of","start":2750.19,"end":2750.31},{"text":"Iran.","start":2750.31,"end":2750.67}]},{"text":"You have the floor, 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Chair, concerning the first topic in this cluster, subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law.","start":2782.71,"end":2788.91,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2862.23,"end":2862.31},{"text":"highlight","start":2862.31,"end":2862.71},{"text":"that","start":2862.71,"end":2862.87},{"text":"such","start":2862.87,"end":2863.11},{"text":"pronouncements","start":2863.11,"end":2863.91},{"text":"can","start":2863.91,"end":2864.15},{"text":"play","start":2864.15,"end":2864.55},{"text":"a","start":2865.03,"end":2865.07},{"text":"role","start":2865.07,"end":2865.51},{"text":"in","start":2865.59,"end":2865.75},{"text":"the","start":2865.75,"end":2865.87},{"text":"determination","start":2865.87,"end":2866.71},{"text":"of","start":2866.71,"end":2866.95},{"text":"a","start":2866.95,"end":2866.99},{"text":"rule","start":2866.99,"end":2867.35},{"text":"of","start":2867.43,"end":2867.63},{"text":"international","start":2867.63,"end":2868.55},{"text":"law.","start":2868.55,"end":2868.63}]},{"text":"only so long as and to the extent that they are reflective of state practice and opinio juris, or contribute to understanding the recognition thereof.","start":2869.47,"end":2880.43,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2881.07,"end":2881.31},{"text":"is","start":2881.31,"end":2881.39},{"text":"particularly","start":2881.39,"end":2882.19},{"text":"relevant","start":2882.19,"end":2882.75},{"text":"with","start":2882.75,"end":2882.91},{"text":"respect","start":2882.91,"end":2883.43},{"text":"to","start":2883.43,"end":2883.51},{"text":"specific","start":2883.51,"end":2884.11},{"text":"bodies","start":2884.11,"end":2884.59},{"text":"referred","start":2884.59,"end":2884.95},{"text":"to","start":2884.95,"end":2885.15},{"text":"in","start":2885.15,"end":2885.31},{"text":"the","start":2885.31,"end":2885.39},{"text":"Commission’s","start":2885.39,"end":2885.95},{"text":"work,","start":2885.95,"end":2886.43},{"text":"such","start":2886.83,"end":2887.15},{"text":"as","start":2887.15,"end":2887.23},{"text":"the","start":2887.23,"end":2887.35},{"text":"ILC","start":2887.35,"end":2887.75},{"text":"itself","start":2887.75,"end":2888.35},{"text":"or","start":2888.83,"end":2889.07},{"text":"the","start":2889.07,"end":2889.19},{"text":"ICRC.","start":2889.19,"end":2889.95}]},{"text":"As concerns draft Conclusion 11, while resolution of international organizations and intergovernmental conferences may in certain circumstances contribute to the determination of the existence and content of rules of international law, they must be treated with caution.","start":2891.23,"end":2908.75,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":2891.23,"end":2891.39},{"text":"concerns","start":2891.39,"end":2892.19},{"text":"draft","start":2892.19,"end":2892.67},{"text":"Conclusion","start":2892.67,"end":2893.31},{"text":"11,","start":2893.31,"end":2893.91},{"text":"while","start":2893.91,"end":2894.27},{"text":"resolution","start":2894.27,"end":2894.91},{"text":"of","start":2894.91,"end":2895.07},{"text":"international","start":2895.07,"end":2895.79},{"text":"organizations","start":2895.79,"end":2896.67},{"text":"and","start":2896.75,"end":2896.99},{"text":"intergovernmental","start":2896.99,"end":2897.87},{"text":"conferences","start":2897.87,"end":2898.67},{"text":"may","start":2899.15,"end":2899.39},{"text":"in","start":2899.39,"end":2899.55},{"text":"certain","start":2899.55,"end":2899.95},{"text":"circumstances","start":2899.95,"end":2900.91},{"text":"contribute","start":2900.91,"end":2901.59},{"text":"to","start":2901.59,"end":2901.67},{"text":"the","start":2901.67,"end":2901.75},{"text":"determination","start":2901.75,"end":2902.55},{"text":"of","start":2902.55,"end":2902.67},{"text":"the","start":2902.67,"end":2902.75},{"text":"existence","start":2902.75,"end":2903.47},{"text":"and","start":2903.95,"end":2904.11},{"text":"content","start":2904.11,"end":2904.71},{"text":"of","start":2904.71,"end":2904.83},{"text":"rules","start":2904.83,"end":2905.07},{"text":"of","start":2905.07,"end":2905.15},{"text":"international","start":2905.15,"end":2906.03},{"text":"law,","start":2906.03,"end":2906.11},{"text":"they","start":2906.99,"end":2907.15},{"text":"must","start":2907.15,"end":2907.51},{"text":"be","start":2907.51,"end":2907.63},{"text":"treated","start":2907.63,"end":2908.11},{"text":"with","start":2908.11,"end":2908.23},{"text":"caution.","start":2908.23,"end":2908.75}]},{"text":"In many cases, states decide to join consensus based on political convenience rather than opinio juris towards a particular legal pronouncement contained in a given resolution.","start":2908.75,"end":2920.59,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2908.75,"end":2908.91},{"text":"many","start":2908.91,"end":2909.15},{"text":"cases,","start":2909.15,"end":2909.79},{"text":"states","start":2910.11,"end":2910.67},{"text":"decide","start":2910.67,"end":2911.15},{"text":"to","start":2911.15,"end":2911.23},{"text":"join","start":2911.23,"end":2911.47},{"text":"consensus","start":2911.47,"end":2912.19},{"text":"based","start":2912.59,"end":2912.95},{"text":"on","start":2912.95,"end":2913.07},{"text":"political","start":2913.07,"end":2913.63},{"text":"convenience","start":2913.63,"end":2914.27},{"text":"rather","start":2914.27,"end":2914.59},{"text":"than","start":2914.59,"end":2914.91},{"text":"opinio","start":2914.91,"end":2915.39},{"text":"juris","start":2915.39,"end":2915.87},{"text":"towards","start":2916.19,"end":2916.63},{"text":"a","start":2916.63,"end":2916.67},{"text":"particular","start":2916.67,"end":2917.31},{"text":"legal","start":2917.31,"end":2917.63},{"text":"pronouncement","start":2917.63,"end":2918.51},{"text":"contained","start":2918.83,"end":2919.39},{"text":"in","start":2919.39,"end":2919.63},{"text":"a","start":2919.63,"end":2919.67},{"text":"given","start":2919.67,"end":2919.95},{"text":"resolution.","start":2919.95,"end":2920.59}]},{"text":"Concerning draft conclusion 12 on coherence in decisions of courts and tribunals, we highlight that judicial decisions can contribute to the identification of a rule of customary international law if and only if they are consistent with established principles and rules of international law and are widespread, reflecting the legal traditions of various legal systems of the world.","start":2921.79,"end":2944.07,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."},{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Concerning","start":2921.79,"end":2922.27},{"text":"draft","start":2922.27,"end":2922.59},{"text":"conclusion","start":2922.59,"end":2923.15},{"text":"12","start":2923.15,"end":2923.63},{"text":"on","start":2923.87,"end":2924.11},{"text":"coherence","start":2924.11,"end":2924.83},{"text":"in","start":2924.83,"end":2924.91},{"text":"decisions","start":2924.91,"end":2925.47},{"text":"of","start":2925.47,"end":2925.55},{"text":"courts","start":2925.55,"end":2925.95},{"text":"and","start":2925.95,"end":2926.07},{"text":"tribunals,","start":2926.07,"end":2926.75},{"text":"we","start":2926.75,"end":2926.87},{"text":"highlight","start":2926.87,"end":2927.31},{"text":"that","start":2927.31,"end":2927.47},{"text":"judicial","start":2927.47,"end":2927.87},{"text":"decisions","start":2927.87,"end":2928.39},{"text":"can","start":2928.39,"end":2928.59},{"text":"contribute","start":2928.59,"end":2929.19},{"text":"to","start":2929.19,"end":2929.31},{"text":"the","start":2929.31,"end":2929.43},{"text":"identification","start":2929.47,"end":2930.43},{"text":"of","start":2930.87,"end":2930.95},{"text":"a","start":2930.95,"end":2930.99},{"text":"rule","start":2930.99,"end":2931.31},{"text":"of","start":2931.31,"end":2931.39},{"text":"customary","start":2931.39,"end":2931.83},{"text":"international","start":2931.83,"end":2932.63},{"text":"law","start":2932.63,"end":2932.71},{"text":"if","start":2932.75,"end":2932.99},{"text":"and","start":2932.99,"end":2933.19},{"text":"only","start":2933.19,"end":2933.59},{"text":"if","start":2933.59,"end":2933.79},{"text":"they","start":2934.35,"end":2934.51},{"text":"are","start":2934.51,"end":2934.67},{"text":"consistent","start":2934.67,"end":2935.47},{"text":"with","start":2935.47,"end":2935.67},{"text":"established","start":2935.67,"end":2936.19},{"text":"principles","start":2936.19,"end":2936.83},{"text":"and","start":2936.91,"end":2937.19},{"text":"rules","start":2937.19,"end":2937.35},{"text":"of","start":2937.35,"end":2937.47},{"text":"international","start":2937.47,"end":2938.27},{"text":"law","start":2938.27,"end":2938.35},{"text":"and","start":2938.67,"end":2938.87},{"text":"are","start":2938.87,"end":2939.07},{"text":"widespread,","start":2939.07,"end":2939.87},{"text":"reflecting","start":2940.75,"end":2941.31},{"text":"the","start":2941.31,"end":2941.43},{"text":"legal","start":2941.43,"end":2941.71},{"text":"traditions","start":2941.71,"end":2942.31},{"text":"of","start":2942.31,"end":2942.39},{"text":"various","start":2942.39,"end":2942.83},{"text":"legal","start":2942.83,"end":2943.07},{"text":"systems","start":2943.07,"end":2943.55},{"text":"of","start":2943.55,"end":2943.63},{"text":"the","start":2943.63,"end":2943.75},{"text":"world.","start":2943.75,"end":2944.07}]},{"text":"Conversely, if a judicial decision is contrary to an established rule of international law, it cannot give rise to or evidence a rule of customary international law, even if it is widespread in the eyes of certain States.","start":2946.39,"end":2960.07,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Conversely,","start":2946.39,"end":2946.95},{"text":"if","start":2946.95,"end":2947.11},{"text":"a","start":2947.11,"end":2947.15},{"text":"judicial","start":2947.15,"end":2947.55},{"text":"decision","start":2947.55,"end":2948.07},{"text":"is","start":2948.07,"end":2948.23},{"text":"contrary","start":2948.23,"end":2949.75},{"text":"to","start":2949.75,"end":2949.87},{"text":"an","start":2949.87,"end":2950.03},{"text":"established","start":2950.03,"end":2950.55},{"text":"rule","start":2950.55,"end":2950.83},{"text":"of","start":2950.83,"end":2950.95},{"text":"international","start":2951.15,"end":2951.91},{"text":"law,","start":2951.91,"end":2951.99},{"text":"it","start":2951.99,"end":2952.15},{"text":"cannot","start":2952.15,"end":2952.47},{"text":"give","start":2952.47,"end":2952.71},{"text":"rise","start":2952.71,"end":2953.11},{"text":"to","start":2953.11,"end":2953.35},{"text":"or","start":2953.35,"end":2953.59},{"text":"evidence","start":2953.59,"end":2954.15},{"text":"a","start":2954.55,"end":2954.59},{"text":"rule","start":2954.59,"end":2954.87},{"text":"of","start":2954.87,"end":2954.95},{"text":"customary","start":2954.95,"end":2955.43},{"text":"international","start":2955.43,"end":2956.23},{"text":"law,","start":2956.23,"end":2956.31},{"text":"even","start":2956.67,"end":2956.95},{"text":"if","start":2956.95,"end":2957.11},{"text":"it","start":2957.11,"end":2957.23},{"text":"is","start":2957.23,"end":2957.35},{"text":"widespread","start":2957.35,"end":2958.07},{"text":"in","start":2958.63,"end":2958.75},{"text":"the","start":2958.75,"end":2958.83},{"text":"eyes","start":2958.83,"end":2959.11},{"text":"of","start":2959.11,"end":2959.19},{"text":"certain","start":2959.19,"end":2959.59},{"text":"States.","start":2959.59,"end":2960.07}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, regarding the topic settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties, we take note of the Commission's consideration of this topic during its 77th 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of the third report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. August Reinisch, addressing disputes between international organizations and private parties, as well as the Commission's adoption of the set of draft guidelines on first 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Special Rapporteur rightly notes that disputes involving issues of diplomatic protection, human rights, and staff regulation The legal personality of international organizations and privileges immunities cannot always be classified strictly as either international or domestic.","start":2987.75,"end":3005.55,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. 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They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":3006.03,"end":3006.43},{"text":"these","start":3006.51,"end":3006.83},{"text":"appear","start":3006.83,"end":3007.23},{"text":"to","start":3007.23,"end":3007.35},{"text":"require","start":3007.35,"end":3007.87},{"text":"a","start":3007.87,"end":3007.91},{"text":"combination","start":3007.91,"end":3008.51},{"text":"of","start":3008.51,"end":3008.59},{"text":"solutions","start":3008.59,"end":3009.31},{"text":"of","start":3009.67,"end":3009.79},{"text":"an","start":3009.79,"end":3009.95},{"text":"international","start":3009.95,"end":3010.83},{"text":"and","start":3010.91,"end":3011.15},{"text":"municipal","start":3011.15,"end":3011.79},{"text":"character,","start":3011.79,"end":3012.51},{"text":"we","start":3012.51,"end":3012.67},{"text":"submit","start":3012.67,"end":3013.11},{"text":"that","start":3013.11,"end":3013.31},{"text":"regardless","start":3013.31,"end":3013.83},{"text":"of","start":3013.83,"end":3013.95},{"text":"the","start":3013.95,"end":3014.07},{"text":"type","start":3014.07,"end":3014.39},{"text":"of","start":3014.39,"end":3014.51},{"text":"dispute,","start":3014.51,"end":3014.99},{"text":"a","start":3015.87,"end":3015.91},{"text":"clearly","start":3015.91,"end":3016.51},{"text":"drafted","start":3016.51,"end":3017.03},{"text":"headquarters","start":3017.03,"end":3017.71},{"text":"agreement","start":3017.71,"end":3018.27},{"text":"and","start":3018.75,"end":3018.91},{"text":"efficient","start":3018.91,"end":3019.39},{"text":"internal","start":3019.39,"end":3019.87},{"text":"regulations","start":3019.87,"end":3020.59},{"text":"within","start":3020.59,"end":3020.83},{"text":"an","start":3020.83,"end":3020.91},{"text":"international","start":3020.91,"end":3021.59},{"text":"organization","start":3021.59,"end":3022.43},{"text":"ensuring","start":3023.07,"end":3023.55},{"text":"guarantees","start":3023.55,"end":3024.11},{"text":"of","start":3024.11,"end":3024.19},{"text":"due","start":3024.19,"end":3024.35},{"text":"process","start":3024.35,"end":3024.83},{"text":"and","start":3024.83,"end":3024.95},{"text":"access","start":3024.95,"end":3025.31},{"text":"to","start":3025.31,"end":3025.43},{"text":"justice","start":3025.43,"end":3025.95},{"text":"by","start":3025.95,"end":3026.19},{"text":"private","start":3026.19,"end":3026.59},{"text":"entities,","start":3026.59,"end":3027.15},{"text":"paved","start":3027.63,"end":3027.95},{"text":"the","start":3027.95,"end":3028.11},{"text":"way","start":3028.11,"end":3028.43},{"text":"for","start":3028.43,"end":3028.71},{"text":"a","start":3028.71,"end":3028.75},{"text":"smooth","start":3028.75,"end":3029.15},{"text":"settlement","start":3029.23,"end":3029.83},{"text":"of","start":3029.83,"end":3029.95},{"text":"disputes.","start":3029.95,"end":3030.59}]},{"text":"It must be further highlighted that immunity should not appear as an insurmountable bar to access to justice by private entities.","start":3032.91,"end":3039.71,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3032.91,"end":3033.07},{"text":"must","start":3033.07,"end":3033.35},{"text":"be","start":3033.35,"end":3033.47},{"text":"further","start":3033.47,"end":3033.83},{"text":"highlighted","start":3033.83,"end":3034.31},{"text":"that","start":3034.31,"end":3034.51},{"text":"immunity","start":3034.51,"end":3034.91},{"text":"should","start":3034.91,"end":3035.11},{"text":"not","start":3035.11,"end":3035.35},{"text":"appear","start":3035.35,"end":3035.79},{"text":"as","start":3035.79,"end":3035.95},{"text":"an","start":3035.95,"end":3036.11},{"text":"insurmountable","start":3036.11,"end":3037.15},{"text":"bar","start":3037.15,"end":3037.47},{"text":"to","start":3037.47,"end":3037.55},{"text":"access","start":3037.55,"end":3037.87},{"text":"to","start":3037.87,"end":3038.03},{"text":"justice","start":3038.03,"end":3038.51},{"text":"by","start":3038.51,"end":3038.67},{"text":"private","start":3038.67,"end":3039.11},{"text":"entities.","start":3039.11,"end":3039.71}]},{"text":"We concur that the proper balance between the interest of organizations in securing their independent functioning through jurisdictional immunity and the interest of private parties in accessing effective remedies must be struck.","start":3043.03,"end":3055.55,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3043.03,"end":3043.15},{"text":"concur","start":3043.15,"end":3043.63},{"text":"that","start":3043.63,"end":3043.75},{"text":"the","start":3043.75,"end":3043.87},{"text":"proper","start":3043.87,"end":3044.23},{"text":"balance","start":3044.23,"end":3044.59},{"text":"between","start":3044.59,"end":3044.95},{"text":"the","start":3044.95,"end":3045.03},{"text":"interest","start":3045.03,"end":3045.47},{"text":"of","start":3045.47,"end":3045.59},{"text":"organizations","start":3045.59,"end":3046.31},{"text":"in","start":3046.31,"end":3046.43},{"text":"securing","start":3046.43,"end":3046.91},{"text":"their","start":3046.91,"end":3047.07},{"text":"independent","start":3047.07,"end":3048.43},{"text":"functioning","start":3048.43,"end":3049.15},{"text":"through","start":3049.55,"end":3049.71},{"text":"jurisdictional","start":3049.71,"end":3050.43},{"text":"immunity","start":3050.43,"end":3050.91},{"text":"and","start":3050.91,"end":3051.11},{"text":"the","start":3051.11,"end":3051.19},{"text":"interest","start":3051.19,"end":3051.63},{"text":"of","start":3051.63,"end":3051.71},{"text":"private","start":3051.71,"end":3052.11},{"text":"parties","start":3052.11,"end":3052.55},{"text":"in","start":3052.55,"end":3052.67},{"text":"accessing","start":3052.67,"end":3053.15},{"text":"effective","start":3053.15,"end":3053.55},{"text":"remedies","start":3053.55,"end":3054.11},{"text":"must","start":3054.67,"end":3054.95},{"text":"be","start":3054.95,"end":3055.07},{"text":"struck.","start":3055.07,"end":3055.55}]},{"text":"In this respect, as the Commission prepares for its second reading, we reiterate the appropriateness of strengthening draft guideline 9 or its commentaries to encourage international organizations to waive their jurisdictional immunity.","start":3055.63,"end":3069.63,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3055.63,"end":3055.71},{"text":"this","start":3055.71,"end":3056.03},{"text":"respect,","start":3056.03,"end":3056.51},{"text":"as","start":3056.59,"end":3056.75},{"text":"the","start":3056.75,"end":3056.83},{"text":"Commission","start":3056.83,"end":3057.27},{"text":"prepares","start":3057.27,"end":3057.79},{"text":"for","start":3057.79,"end":3057.95},{"text":"its","start":3057.95,"end":3058.15},{"text":"second","start":3058.15,"end":3058.43},{"text":"reading,","start":3058.43,"end":3058.83},{"text":"we","start":3059.23,"end":3059.39},{"text":"reiterate","start":3059.39,"end":3060.03},{"text":"the","start":3060.43,"end":3060.55},{"text":"appropriateness","start":3060.59,"end":3061.55},{"text":"of","start":3061.55,"end":3061.71},{"text":"strengthening","start":3061.71,"end":3062.35},{"text":"draft","start":3062.35,"end":3062.79},{"text":"guideline","start":3062.79,"end":3063.31},{"text":"9","start":3063.31,"end":3063.79},{"text":"or","start":3064.03,"end":3064.35},{"text":"its","start":3064.35,"end":3064.59},{"text":"commentaries","start":3064.59,"end":3065.23},{"text":"to","start":3065.23,"end":3065.35},{"text":"encourage","start":3065.35,"end":3065.79},{"text":"international","start":3065.79,"end":3066.39},{"text":"organizations","start":3066.39,"end":3067.15},{"text":"to","start":3067.15,"end":3067.27},{"text":"waive","start":3067.31,"end":3067.63},{"text":"their","start":3067.87,"end":3068.11},{"text":"jurisdictional","start":3068.11,"end":3068.91},{"text":"immunity.","start":3068.91,"end":3069.63}]},{"text":"where this remains the only means to serve justice to individuals, in line with human considerations as well as draft guidelines 10 and 11 on access to justice and the procedural rule of law.","start":3070.23,"end":3082.39,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"where","start":3070.23,"end":3070.63},{"text":"this","start":3070.63,"end":3070.87},{"text":"remains","start":3070.87,"end":3071.19},{"text":"the","start":3071.19,"end":3071.35},{"text":"only","start":3071.35,"end":3071.59},{"text":"means","start":3071.59,"end":3072.07},{"text":"to","start":3072.39,"end":3072.51},{"text":"serve","start":3072.51,"end":3072.87},{"text":"justice","start":3072.87,"end":3073.35},{"text":"to","start":3073.35,"end":3073.47},{"text":"individuals,","start":3073.47,"end":3074.23},{"text":"in","start":3074.47,"end":3074.63},{"text":"line","start":3074.63,"end":3074.95},{"text":"with","start":3074.95,"end":3075.11},{"text":"human","start":3075.11,"end":3075.67},{"text":"considerations","start":3075.91,"end":3076.87},{"text":"as","start":3076.87,"end":3077.19},{"text":"well","start":3077.19,"end":3077.35},{"text":"as","start":3077.35,"end":3077.43},{"text":"draft","start":3077.43,"end":3077.83},{"text":"guidelines","start":3077.83,"end":3078.27},{"text":"10","start":3078.27,"end":3078.47},{"text":"and","start":3078.47,"end":3078.63},{"text":"11","start":3078.63,"end":3079.11},{"text":"on","start":3079.15,"end":3079.27},{"text":"access","start":3079.27,"end":3079.67},{"text":"to","start":3079.67,"end":3079.79},{"text":"justice","start":3079.79,"end":3080.31},{"text":"and","start":3080.87,"end":3080.99},{"text":"the","start":3080.99,"end":3081.11},{"text":"procedural","start":3081.11,"end":3081.71},{"text":"rule","start":3081.71,"end":3081.99},{"text":"of","start":3081.99,"end":3082.07},{"text":"law.","start":3082.07,"end":3082.39}]},{"text":"Lastly, regarding the third topic in this cluster, secession of states in respect of state responsibility, we take note of the reconvening of the working group of the whole chaired by Mr. Bimal Patel during the 77th session.","start":3085.51,"end":3099.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Lastly,","start":3085.51,"end":3086.07},{"text":"regarding","start":3086.07,"end":3086.55},{"text":"the","start":3086.55,"end":3086.67},{"text":"third","start":3086.79,"end":3087.11},{"text":"topic","start":3087.11,"end":3087.51},{"text":"in","start":3087.51,"end":3087.59},{"text":"this","start":3087.59,"end":3087.75},{"text":"cluster,","start":3087.75,"end":3088.71},{"text":"secession","start":3088.71,"end":3089.43},{"text":"of","start":3089.43,"end":3089.59},{"text":"states","start":3089.59,"end":3090.07},{"text":"in","start":3090.07,"end":3090.19},{"text":"respect","start":3090.19,"end":3090.63},{"text":"of","start":3090.63,"end":3090.71},{"text":"state","start":3090.71,"end":3091.03},{"text":"responsibility,","start":3091.03,"end":3091.91},{"text":"we","start":3091.91,"end":3092.03},{"text":"take","start":3092.03,"end":3092.31},{"text":"note","start":3092.31,"end":3092.63},{"text":"of","start":3092.71,"end":3093.03},{"text":"the","start":3093.35,"end":3093.43},{"text":"reconvening","start":3093.43,"end":3094.15},{"text":"of","start":3094.15,"end":3094.27},{"text":"the","start":3094.27,"end":3094.39},{"text":"working","start":3094.39,"end":3094.75},{"text":"group","start":3094.75,"end":3095.03},{"text":"of","start":3095.03,"end":3095.11},{"text":"the","start":3095.11,"end":3095.23},{"text":"whole","start":3095.23,"end":3095.59},{"text":"chaired","start":3095.59,"end":3095.99},{"text":"by","start":3095.99,"end":3096.15},{"text":"Mr.","start":3096.15,"end":3096.71},{"text":"Bimal","start":3096.71,"end":3097.11},{"text":"Patel","start":3097.11,"end":3097.51},{"text":"during","start":3097.51,"end":3097.91},{"text":"the","start":3097.91,"end":3097.99},{"text":"77th","start":3097.99,"end":3098.59},{"text":"session.","start":3098.59,"end":3099.03}]},{"text":"and the adoption of its final report and the Commission's decision to conclude its work on the topic.","start":3099.67,"end":3105.83,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":3099.67,"end":3099.87},{"text":"the","start":3099.87,"end":3099.95},{"text":"adoption","start":3099.95,"end":3100.35},{"text":"of","start":3100.35,"end":3100.47},{"text":"its","start":3100.47,"end":3100.71},{"text":"final","start":3100.71,"end":3101.11},{"text":"report","start":3101.11,"end":3101.83},{"text":"and","start":3102.07,"end":3102.19},{"text":"the","start":3102.19,"end":3102.27},{"text":"Commission's","start":3102.27,"end":3102.91},{"text":"decision","start":3102.91,"end":3103.35},{"text":"to","start":3103.35,"end":3103.51},{"text":"conclude","start":3103.51,"end":3104.03},{"text":"its","start":3104.03,"end":3104.23},{"text":"work","start":3104.23,"end":3104.71},{"text":"on","start":3104.95,"end":3105.19},{"text":"the","start":3105.19,"end":3105.27},{"text":"topic.","start":3105.27,"end":3105.83}]},{"text":"We note that the discontinuation and conclusion of the Commission's work on this topic stem primarily from the paucity of uniform state practice and the methodological challenges involved.","start":3106.47,"end":3118.43,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3106.47,"end":3106.55},{"text":"note","start":3106.55,"end":3106.87},{"text":"that","start":3106.87,"end":3107.03},{"text":"the","start":3107.03,"end":3107.15},{"text":"discontinuation","start":3107.27,"end":3108.39},{"text":"and","start":3108.39,"end":3108.51},{"text":"conclusion","start":3108.51,"end":3109.07},{"text":"of","start":3109.07,"end":3109.19},{"text":"the","start":3109.19,"end":3109.27},{"text":"Commission's","start":3109.27,"end":3109.91},{"text":"work","start":3109.91,"end":3110.23},{"text":"on","start":3110.31,"end":3110.51},{"text":"this","start":3110.51,"end":3110.71},{"text":"topic","start":3110.71,"end":3111.19},{"text":"stem","start":3111.19,"end":3111.59},{"text":"primarily","start":3111.59,"end":3112.31},{"text":"from","start":3112.71,"end":3112.95},{"text":"the","start":3112.95,"end":3113.07},{"text":"paucity","start":3113.07,"end":3113.67},{"text":"of","start":3113.67,"end":3113.83},{"text":"uniform","start":3113.83,"end":3114.47},{"text":"state","start":3114.47,"end":3114.71},{"text":"practice","start":3114.71,"end":3115.43},{"text":"and","start":3115.75,"end":3115.87},{"text":"the","start":3115.87,"end":3115.99},{"text":"methodological","start":3115.99,"end":3117.19},{"text":"challenges","start":3117.19,"end":3117.83},{"text":"involved.","start":3117.83,"end":3118.43}]},{"text":"As highlighted by several members of the Commission, states generally prefer to resolve questions concerning the succession of states in respect of state responsibility through the conclusion of ad hoc agreements tailored to a specific historical and political context.","start":3119.11,"end":3136.31,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3119.11,"end":3119.27},{"text":"highlighted","start":3119.27,"end":3119.83},{"text":"by","start":3119.83,"end":3119.95},{"text":"several","start":3119.95,"end":3120.39},{"text":"members","start":3120.39,"end":3120.79},{"text":"of","start":3120.79,"end":3120.87},{"text":"the","start":3120.87,"end":3120.99},{"text":"Commission,","start":3120.99,"end":3121.59},{"text":"states","start":3122.07,"end":3122.55},{"text":"generally","start":3122.55,"end":3123.11},{"text":"prefer","start":3123.11,"end":3123.51},{"text":"to","start":3123.51,"end":3123.63},{"text":"resolve","start":3123.63,"end":3124.11},{"text":"questions","start":3124.11,"end":3124.63},{"text":"concerning","start":3124.63,"end":3125.31},{"text":"the","start":3125.31,"end":3125.39},{"text":"succession","start":3125.43,"end":3125.95},{"text":"of","start":3125.95,"end":3126.07},{"text":"states","start":3126.07,"end":3126.55},{"text":"in","start":3126.87,"end":3127.03},{"text":"respect","start":3127.03,"end":3127.55},{"text":"of","start":3127.55,"end":3127.67},{"text":"state","start":3127.67,"end":3127.91},{"text":"responsibility","start":3127.91,"end":3128.95},{"text":"through","start":3129.55,"end":3129.75},{"text":"the","start":3129.75,"end":3129.83},{"text":"conclusion","start":3129.83,"end":3130.55},{"text":"of","start":3130.55,"end":3130.79},{"text":"ad","start":3130.79,"end":3130.95},{"text":"hoc","start":3130.95,"end":3131.27},{"text":"agreements","start":3131.27,"end":3131.99},{"text":"tailored","start":3132.79,"end":3133.39},{"text":"to","start":3133.39,"end":3133.47},{"text":"a","start":3133.47,"end":3133.51},{"text":"specific","start":3133.51,"end":3134.15},{"text":"historical","start":3134.15,"end":3134.87},{"text":"and","start":3134.87,"end":3135.11},{"text":"political","start":3135.11,"end":3135.67},{"text":"context.","start":3135.67,"end":3136.31}]},{"text":"Nevertheless, the analytical reports and discussions generated by the Commission on this topic can serve as a useful reference for holding relevant predecessor and successor States accountable for international wrongful acts.","start":3137.99,"end":3150.07,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"Nevertheless,","start":3137.99,"end":3138.55},{"text":"the","start":3138.55,"end":3138.63},{"text":"analytical","start":3138.63,"end":3139.27},{"text":"reports","start":3139.27,"end":3139.67},{"text":"and","start":3139.67,"end":3139.79},{"text":"discussions","start":3139.79,"end":3140.39},{"text":"generated","start":3140.39,"end":3140.95},{"text":"by","start":3140.95,"end":3141.11},{"text":"the","start":3141.11,"end":3141.19},{"text":"Commission","start":3141.19,"end":3141.63},{"text":"on","start":3141.63,"end":3141.75},{"text":"this","start":3141.75,"end":3141.91},{"text":"topic","start":3141.91,"end":3142.35},{"text":"can","start":3142.35,"end":3142.55},{"text":"serve","start":3142.55,"end":3142.95},{"text":"as","start":3142.95,"end":3143.19},{"text":"a","start":3143.19,"end":3143.23},{"text":"useful","start":3143.23,"end":3143.63},{"text":"reference","start":3143.63,"end":3144.07},{"text":"for","start":3144.07,"end":3144.31},{"text":"holding","start":3144.31,"end":3144.71},{"text":"relevant","start":3144.71,"end":3145.11},{"text":"predecessor","start":3145.11,"end":3145.91},{"text":"and","start":3146.31,"end":3146.59},{"text":"successor","start":3146.59,"end":3147.19},{"text":"States","start":3147.19,"end":3147.47},{"text":"accountable","start":3147.47,"end":3148.23},{"text":"for","start":3148.39,"end":3148.55},{"text":"international","start":3148.55,"end":3149.23},{"text":"wrongful","start":3149.23,"end":3149.67},{"text":"acts.","start":3149.67,"end":3150.07}]},{"text":"We will submit the full version of our statement to the Secretariat.","start":3150.39,"end":3153.43,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3150.39,"end":3150.55},{"text":"will","start":3150.59,"end":3150.71},{"text":"submit","start":3150.71,"end":3151.11},{"text":"the","start":3151.11,"end":3151.19},{"text":"full","start":3151.19,"end":3151.43},{"text":"version","start":3151.43,"end":3151.71},{"text":"of","start":3151.71,"end":3151.79},{"text":"our","start":3151.79,"end":3151.91},{"text":"statement","start":3151.91,"end":3152.51},{"text":"to","start":3152.51,"end":3152.59},{"text":"the","start":3152.63,"end":3152.71},{"text":"Secretariat.","start":3152.71,"end":3153.43}]},{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":3153.51,"end":3154.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3153.51,"end":3153.75},{"text":"you,","start":3153.75,"end":3153.83},{"text":"Madam","start":3153.83,"end":3154.11},{"text":"Chair.","start":3154.11,"end":3154.27}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"IRN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)"}},{"statement_number":16,"start":3157.35,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=52:38","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran for his 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d’Ivoire.","start":3162.87,"end":3166.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3162.87,"end":3162.91},{"text":"now","start":3162.91,"end":3163.11},{"text":"give","start":3163.11,"end":3163.35},{"text":"the","start":3163.35,"end":3163.55},{"text":"floor","start":3163.67,"end":3164.03},{"text":"to","start":3164.03,"end":3164.23},{"text":"the","start":3164.23,"end":3164.35},{"text":"distinguished","start":3164.39,"end":3164.87},{"text":"representative","start":3164.87,"end":3165.55},{"text":"of","start":3165.55,"end":3165.67},{"text":"Côte","start":3165.67,"end":3165.91},{"text":"d’Ivoire.","start":3165.91,"end":3166.27}]},{"text":"You have the floor, madam.","start":3166.27,"end":3167.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":3166.27,"end":3166.35},{"text":"have","start":3166.35,"end":3166.55},{"text":"the","start":3166.55,"end":3166.63},{"text":"floor,","start":3166.63,"end":3166.87},{"text":"madam.","start":3166.87,"end":3167.27}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th 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regard to the topic entitled \"Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law\", Côte d'Ivoire congratulates the Special Rapporteur, Professor Charles Tchanot-Djalo on the progress achieved and welcomes the adoption on first reading of 13 draft conclusions and the related commentaries.","start":3186.63,"end":3211.63,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Côte","start":3259.31,"end":3259.47},{"text":"d'Ivoire","start":3259.47,"end":3259.95},{"text":"also","start":3260.19,"end":3260.75},{"text":"stresses","start":3260.75,"end":3261.47},{"text":"that","start":3261.99,"end":3262.31},{"text":"the","start":3262.31,"end":3262.43},{"text":"representativeness","start":3262.47,"end":3263.75},{"text":"of","start":3263.75,"end":3263.83},{"text":"these","start":3263.83,"end":3264.03},{"text":"subsidiary","start":3264.03,"end":3264.63},{"text":"means","start":3264.63,"end":3265.03},{"text":"must","start":3265.03,"end":3265.31},{"text":"take","start":3265.31,"end":3265.51},{"text":"into","start":3265.51,"end":3265.79},{"text":"account","start":3265.79,"end":3266.15},{"text":"the","start":3266.15,"end":3266.31},{"text":"diversity","start":3266.31,"end":3266.99},{"text":"of","start":3266.99,"end":3267.11},{"text":"legal","start":3267.11,"end":3267.39},{"text":"systems,","start":3267.39,"end":3268.15},{"text":"regions,","start":3268.39,"end":3269.27},{"text":"languages,","start":3269.51,"end":3270.23},{"text":"and","start":3270.39,"end":3270.75},{"text":"doctrinal","start":3270.75,"end":3271.35},{"text":"traditions.","start":3271.35,"end":3272.31}]},{"text":"Greater consideration of the practice and legal scholarship of developing countries, particularly African countries, would help ensure a truly universal approach to international law.","start":3273.43,"end":3285.27,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Greater","start":3273.43,"end":3273.99},{"text":"consideration","start":3273.99,"end":3275.03},{"text":"of","start":3275.35,"end":3275.51},{"text":"the","start":3275.51,"end":3275.71},{"text":"practice","start":3275.83,"end":3276.47},{"text":"and","start":3276.47,"end":3276.63},{"text":"legal","start":3276.63,"end":3277.11},{"text":"scholarship","start":3277.11,"end":3277.83},{"text":"of","start":3277.83,"end":3277.91},{"text":"developing","start":3277.91,"end":3278.39},{"text":"countries,","start":3278.39,"end":3278.79},{"text":"particularly","start":3278.79,"end":3279.35},{"text":"African","start":3279.35,"end":3279.91},{"text":"countries,","start":3279.91,"end":3280.55},{"text":"would","start":3281.11,"end":3281.35},{"text":"help","start":3281.35,"end":3281.67},{"text":"ensure","start":3281.67,"end":3282.19},{"text":"a","start":3282.19,"end":3282.23},{"text":"truly","start":3282.23,"end":3282.87},{"text":"universal","start":3282.87,"end":3283.51},{"text":"approach","start":3283.51,"end":3284.07},{"text":"to","start":3284.07,"end":3284.19},{"text":"international","start":3284.19,"end":3285.19},{"text":"law.","start":3285.19,"end":3285.27}]},{"text":"In this regard, we would encourage States to participate actively in the consideration of the draft conclusions.","start":3287.03,"end":3293.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3287.03,"end":3287.19},{"text":"this","start":3287.19,"end":3287.35},{"text":"regard,","start":3287.35,"end":3287.91},{"text":"we","start":3288.15,"end":3288.39},{"text":"would","start":3288.39,"end":3288.63},{"text":"encourage","start":3288.63,"end":3289.27},{"text":"States","start":3289.51,"end":3289.99},{"text":"to","start":3289.99,"end":3290.07},{"text":"participate","start":3290.07,"end":3290.71},{"text":"actively","start":3290.71,"end":3291.19},{"text":"in","start":3291.19,"end":3291.31},{"text":"the","start":3291.31,"end":3291.39},{"text":"consideration","start":3291.39,"end":3292.11},{"text":"of","start":3292.11,"end":3292.19},{"text":"the","start":3292.19,"end":3292.27},{"text":"draft","start":3292.27,"end":3292.59},{"text":"conclusions.","start":3292.59,"end":3293.43}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, on the topic “Settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties”, Côte d’Ivoire welcomes the progress made and notes the adoption on first reading of 12 draft guidelines and their related commentaries, addressing, in particular, disputes between international organizations, between such organizations and states, and between organizations and private parties.","start":3296.39,"end":3322.87,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":3296.39,"end":3296.63},{"text":"Chair,","start":3296.63,"end":3296.95},{"text":"on","start":3296.95,"end":3297.11},{"text":"the","start":3297.11,"end":3297.23},{"text":"topic","start":3297.23,"end":3297.75},{"text":"“Settlement","start":3297.91,"end":3298.67},{"text":"of","start":3298.67,"end":3298.79},{"text":"disputes","start":3298.79,"end":3299.51},{"text":"to","start":3299.51,"end":3299.63},{"text":"which","start":3299.63,"end":3299.99},{"text":"international","start":3299.99,"end":3300.79},{"text":"organizations","start":3300.79,"end":3301.59},{"text":"are","start":3301.59,"end":3301.67},{"text":"parties”,","start":3301.67,"end":3302.55},{"text":"Côte","start":3303.19,"end":3303.39},{"text":"d’Ivoire","start":3303.39,"end":3303.75},{"text":"welcomes","start":3303.75,"end":3304.23},{"text":"the","start":3304.23,"end":3304.31},{"text":"progress","start":3304.31,"end":3304.79},{"text":"made","start":3304.79,"end":3305.19},{"text":"and","start":3305.39,"end":3305.51},{"text":"notes","start":3305.51,"end":3305.95},{"text":"the","start":3305.95,"end":3306.03},{"text":"adoption","start":3306.03,"end":3306.55},{"text":"on","start":3306.55,"end":3306.71},{"text":"first","start":3306.71,"end":3307.11},{"text":"reading","start":3307.11,"end":3307.59},{"text":"of","start":3308.11,"end":3308.31},{"text":"12","start":3308.31,"end":3308.79},{"text":"draft","start":3308.79,"end":3309.27},{"text":"guidelines","start":3309.27,"end":3310.15},{"text":"and","start":3310.15,"end":3310.43},{"text":"their","start":3310.43,"end":3310.83},{"text":"related","start":3310.83,"end":3311.27},{"text":"commentaries,","start":3311.27,"end":3312.07},{"text":"addressing,","start":3312.95,"end":3313.75},{"text":"in","start":3313.83,"end":3313.99},{"text":"particular,","start":3313.99,"end":3314.63},{"text":"disputes","start":3315.19,"end":3315.75},{"text":"between","start":3315.75,"end":3316.23},{"text":"international","start":3316.23,"end":3316.91},{"text":"organizations,","start":3316.91,"end":3318.07},{"text":"between","start":3318.15,"end":3318.55},{"text":"such","start":3318.55,"end":3318.87},{"text":"organizations","start":3318.87,"end":3319.75},{"text":"and","start":3319.75,"end":3319.95},{"text":"states,","start":3319.95,"end":3320.47},{"text":"and","start":3320.47,"end":3320.63},{"text":"between","start":3320.63,"end":3320.95},{"text":"organizations","start":3320.95,"end":3321.71},{"text":"and","start":3321.71,"end":3321.83},{"text":"private","start":3321.83,"end":3322.15},{"text":"parties.","start":3322.15,"end":3322.87}]},{"text":"As a state hosting several international and regional organizations on its territory, Côte d'Ivoire attaches particular importance to the balanced settlement of such disputes.","start":3324.07,"end":3335.75,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3324.07,"end":3324.23},{"text":"a","start":3324.23,"end":3324.31},{"text":"state","start":3324.31,"end":3324.79},{"text":"hosting","start":3324.87,"end":3325.35},{"text":"several","start":3325.35,"end":3325.83},{"text":"international","start":3325.83,"end":3326.63},{"text":"and","start":3326.63,"end":3326.87},{"text":"regional","start":3326.87,"end":3327.31},{"text":"organizations","start":3327.31,"end":3328.31},{"text":"on","start":3328.31,"end":3328.47},{"text":"its","start":3328.47,"end":3328.63},{"text":"territory,","start":3328.63,"end":3329.27},{"text":"Côte","start":3329.83,"end":3329.99},{"text":"d'Ivoire","start":3329.99,"end":3330.43},{"text":"attaches","start":3330.63,"end":3331.11},{"text":"particular","start":3331.11,"end":3331.63},{"text":"importance","start":3331.63,"end":3332.31},{"text":"to","start":3332.55,"end":3332.75},{"text":"the","start":3332.75,"end":3332.91},{"text":"balanced","start":3333.43,"end":3334.07},{"text":"settlement","start":3334.07,"end":3334.59},{"text":"of","start":3334.59,"end":3334.71},{"text":"such","start":3334.71,"end":3335.03},{"text":"disputes.","start":3335.03,"end":3335.75}]},{"text":"This must reconcile respect for the privileges and immunities necessary for the independent exercise of the functions of international organizations with the right of private parties to effective access to justice.","start":3336.39,"end":3351.11,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3336.39,"end":3336.87},{"text":"must","start":3336.87,"end":3337.27},{"text":"reconcile","start":3337.27,"end":3337.91},{"text":"respect","start":3337.91,"end":3338.47},{"text":"for","start":3338.47,"end":3338.71},{"text":"the","start":3338.71,"end":3338.91},{"text":"privileges","start":3338.95,"end":3339.83},{"text":"and","start":3339.83,"end":3340.15},{"text":"immunities","start":3340.39,"end":3341.11},{"text":"necessary","start":3341.11,"end":3341.83},{"text":"for","start":3341.83,"end":3342.07},{"text":"the","start":3342.07,"end":3342.27},{"text":"independent","start":3342.55,"end":3343.35},{"text":"exercise","start":3343.35,"end":3344.11},{"text":"of","start":3344.11,"end":3344.19},{"text":"the","start":3344.19,"end":3344.31},{"text":"functions","start":3344.31,"end":3344.87},{"text":"of","start":3344.87,"end":3344.95},{"text":"international","start":3344.95,"end":3345.51},{"text":"organizations","start":3345.51,"end":3346.63},{"text":"with","start":3346.95,"end":3347.27},{"text":"the","start":3347.59,"end":3347.71},{"text":"right","start":3347.71,"end":3348.07},{"text":"of","start":3348.07,"end":3348.15},{"text":"private","start":3348.15,"end":3348.55},{"text":"parties","start":3348.55,"end":3349.03},{"text":"to","start":3349.03,"end":3349.23},{"text":"effective","start":3349.23,"end":3349.83},{"text":"access","start":3349.83,"end":3350.23},{"text":"to","start":3350.23,"end":3350.39},{"text":"justice.","start":3350.39,"end":3351.11}]},{"text":"In this regard, appropriate mechanisms, including mediation and arbitration, can contribute to achieving this balance, in accordance with the constituent instruments of the organizations concerned and the applicable rules of international law.","start":3352.43,"end":3367.59,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3352.43,"end":3352.63},{"text":"this","start":3352.63,"end":3352.83},{"text":"regard,","start":3352.83,"end":3353.23},{"text":"appropriate","start":3353.23,"end":3353.87},{"text":"mechanisms,","start":3353.87,"end":3354.75},{"text":"including","start":3354.83,"end":3355.55},{"text":"mediation","start":3355.71,"end":3356.59},{"text":"and","start":3356.59,"end":3356.75},{"text":"arbitration,","start":3356.75,"end":3357.63},{"text":"can","start":3357.95,"end":3358.27},{"text":"contribute","start":3358.27,"end":3359.03},{"text":"to","start":3359.03,"end":3359.11},{"text":"achieving","start":3359.11,"end":3359.55},{"text":"this","start":3359.55,"end":3359.71},{"text":"balance,","start":3359.71,"end":3360.35},{"text":"in","start":3360.67,"end":3360.83},{"text":"accordance","start":3360.83,"end":3361.47},{"text":"with","start":3361.47,"end":3361.75},{"text":"the","start":3361.75,"end":3361.83},{"text":"constituent","start":3361.83,"end":3362.67},{"text":"instruments","start":3362.67,"end":3363.31},{"text":"of","start":3363.31,"end":3363.47},{"text":"the","start":3363.47,"end":3363.55},{"text":"organizations","start":3363.55,"end":3364.35},{"text":"concerned","start":3364.35,"end":3365.07},{"text":"and","start":3365.39,"end":3365.59},{"text":"the","start":3365.59,"end":3365.67},{"text":"applicable","start":3365.67,"end":3366.19},{"text":"rules","start":3366.19,"end":3366.47},{"text":"of","start":3366.47,"end":3366.55},{"text":"international","start":3366.55,"end":3367.51},{"text":"law.","start":3367.51,"end":3367.59}]},{"text":"My delegation encourages the continuation of work that takes into account the diversity of organizations and their legal frameworks.","start":3369.07,"end":3376.59,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":3369.07,"end":3369.23},{"text":"delegation","start":3369.23,"end":3369.95},{"text":"encourages","start":3370.11,"end":3370.99},{"text":"the","start":3370.99,"end":3371.11},{"text":"continuation","start":3371.23,"end":3372.07},{"text":"of","start":3372.07,"end":3372.19},{"text":"work","start":3372.19,"end":3372.51},{"text":"that","start":3372.51,"end":3372.75},{"text":"takes","start":3372.75,"end":3372.99},{"text":"into","start":3372.99,"end":3373.27},{"text":"account","start":3373.27,"end":3373.59},{"text":"the","start":3373.59,"end":3373.67},{"text":"diversity","start":3373.67,"end":3374.39},{"text":"of","start":3374.39,"end":3374.51},{"text":"organizations","start":3374.51,"end":3375.31},{"text":"and","start":3375.31,"end":3375.43},{"text":"their","start":3375.43,"end":3375.55},{"text":"legal","start":3375.55,"end":3375.87},{"text":"frameworks.","start":3375.87,"end":3376.59}]},{"text":"in order to promote solutions that are accessible, predictable, and consistent with procedural guarantees.","start":3376.99,"end":3383.55,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"in","start":3376.99,"end":3377.23},{"text":"order","start":3377.23,"end":3377.47},{"text":"to","start":3377.47,"end":3377.71},{"text":"promote","start":3377.71,"end":3378.11},{"text":"solutions","start":3378.11,"end":3378.63},{"text":"that","start":3378.63,"end":3378.83},{"text":"are","start":3378.83,"end":3379.07},{"text":"accessible,","start":3379.07,"end":3379.79},{"text":"predictable,","start":3380.03,"end":3380.75},{"text":"and","start":3380.99,"end":3381.19},{"text":"consistent","start":3381.19,"end":3381.87},{"text":"with","start":3381.87,"end":3382.03},{"text":"procedural","start":3382.03,"end":3382.63},{"text":"guarantees.","start":3382.63,"end":3383.55}]},{"text":"It invites the States and international organizations concerned to contribute fully to the consideration of the draft guidelines.","start":3383.87,"end":3392.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3383.87,"end":3384.03},{"text":"invites","start":3384.03,"end":3384.59},{"text":"the","start":3384.59,"end":3384.71},{"text":"States","start":3384.75,"end":3385.23},{"text":"and","start":3385.23,"end":3385.39},{"text":"international","start":3385.39,"end":3385.99},{"text":"organizations","start":3385.99,"end":3386.79},{"text":"concerned","start":3386.79,"end":3387.47},{"text":"to","start":3387.47,"end":3387.79},{"text":"contribute","start":3387.79,"end":3388.35},{"text":"fully","start":3388.35,"end":3388.91},{"text":"to","start":3389.15,"end":3389.31},{"text":"the","start":3389.31,"end":3389.47},{"text":"consideration","start":3389.87,"end":3390.79},{"text":"of","start":3390.79,"end":3390.91},{"text":"the","start":3390.91,"end":3391.03},{"text":"draft","start":3391.03,"end":3391.35},{"text":"guidelines.","start":3391.35,"end":3392.11}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, with regard to the topic of succession of States in respect of State responsibility, Côte d'Ivoire takes note of the Commission's decision not to continue consideration of this subject and welcomes the adoption of the final report of the working group.","start":3393.07,"end":3410.11,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. 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They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3447.75,"end":3447.91},{"text":"also","start":3447.91,"end":3448.47},{"text":"highlights","start":3448.47,"end":3449.11},{"text":"the","start":3449.11,"end":3449.19},{"text":"need","start":3449.19,"end":3449.47},{"text":"to","start":3449.47,"end":3449.75},{"text":"take","start":3449.75,"end":3450.07},{"text":"into","start":3450.07,"end":3450.35},{"text":"account","start":3450.35,"end":3450.95},{"text":"the","start":3451.31,"end":3451.51},{"text":"diversity","start":3451.55,"end":3452.39},{"text":"of","start":3452.39,"end":3452.51},{"text":"historical","start":3452.51,"end":3453.15},{"text":"experiences","start":3453.15,"end":3454.11},{"text":"and","start":3454.11,"end":3454.31},{"text":"legal","start":3454.31,"end":3454.67},{"text":"systems,","start":3454.67,"end":3455.39},{"text":"particularly","start":3455.83,"end":3456.51},{"text":"on","start":3456.51,"end":3456.67},{"text":"issues","start":3456.67,"end":3457.23},{"text":"affecting","start":3457.23,"end":3457.79},{"text":"sovereignty","start":3457.79,"end":3458.51},{"text":"and","start":3458.51,"end":3458.91},{"text":"international","start":3459.79,"end":3460.43},{"text":"responsibility.","start":3460.43,"end":3461.39}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, My country emphasizes the importance of working methods based on transparency, dialogue, and the pursuit of broad consensus.","start":3462.67,"end":3472.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":3462.67,"end":3462.99},{"text":"Chair,","start":3462.99,"end":3463.31},{"text":"My","start":3463.87,"end":3464.11},{"text":"country","start":3464.11,"end":3464.59},{"text":"emphasizes","start":3464.59,"end":3465.39},{"text":"the","start":3465.39,"end":3465.51},{"text":"importance","start":3465.51,"end":3466.35},{"text":"of","start":3466.35,"end":3466.51},{"text":"working","start":3466.51,"end":3466.91},{"text":"methods","start":3466.91,"end":3467.39},{"text":"based","start":3467.39,"end":3467.71},{"text":"on","start":3467.71,"end":3467.83},{"text":"transparency,","start":3467.83,"end":3468.83},{"text":"dialogue,","start":3469.15,"end":3469.79},{"text":"and","start":3469.95,"end":3470.35},{"text":"the","start":3470.35,"end":3470.47},{"text":"pursuit","start":3470.51,"end":3471.03},{"text":"of","start":3471.03,"end":3471.11},{"text":"broad","start":3471.11,"end":3471.31},{"text":"consensus.","start":3471.31,"end":3472.27}]},{"text":"The reports of Special Rapporteurs must provide a solid basis for deliberation and faithfully reflect the diversity of practices and positions expressed by States.","start":3472.75,"end":3484.35,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3472.75,"end":3472.87},{"text":"reports","start":3472.87,"end":3473.47},{"text":"of","start":3473.47,"end":3473.55},{"text":"Special","start":3473.55,"end":3473.99},{"text":"Rapporteurs","start":3473.99,"end":3474.91},{"text":"must","start":3475.07,"end":3475.39},{"text":"provide","start":3475.39,"end":3475.87},{"text":"a","start":3475.87,"end":3475.91},{"text":"solid","start":3475.91,"end":3476.35},{"text":"basis","start":3476.35,"end":3476.99},{"text":"for","start":3476.99,"end":3477.15},{"text":"deliberation","start":3477.15,"end":3478.03},{"text":"and","start":3478.51,"end":3478.75},{"text":"faithfully","start":3478.75,"end":3479.47},{"text":"reflect","start":3479.47,"end":3480.11},{"text":"the","start":3480.11,"end":3480.23},{"text":"diversity","start":3480.27,"end":3480.95},{"text":"of","start":3480.95,"end":3481.07},{"text":"practices","start":3481.07,"end":3481.87},{"text":"and","start":3482.11,"end":3482.39},{"text":"positions","start":3482.39,"end":3482.99},{"text":"expressed","start":3482.99,"end":3483.55},{"text":"by","start":3483.55,"end":3483.71},{"text":"States.","start":3483.71,"end":3484.35}]},{"text":"The effective participation of all regions remains essential to the legitimacy and acceptance of the Commission’s work.","start":3485.07,"end":3492.99,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3485.07,"end":3485.19},{"text":"effective","start":3485.19,"end":3485.75},{"text":"participation","start":3485.75,"end":3486.67},{"text":"of","start":3486.67,"end":3486.83},{"text":"all","start":3486.83,"end":3486.99},{"text":"regions","start":3486.99,"end":3487.87},{"text":"remains","start":3488.27,"end":3488.71},{"text":"essential","start":3488.71,"end":3489.31},{"text":"to","start":3489.31,"end":3489.47},{"text":"the","start":3489.47,"end":3489.79},{"text":"legitimacy","start":3489.87,"end":3490.83},{"text":"and","start":3490.83,"end":3491.07},{"text":"acceptance","start":3491.07,"end":3491.75},{"text":"of","start":3491.75,"end":3491.83},{"text":"the","start":3491.83,"end":3491.95},{"text":"Commission’s","start":3491.95,"end":3492.51},{"text":"work.","start":3492.51,"end":3492.99}]},{"text":"Finally, Côte d’Ivoire reaffirms its commitment to the mandate of codification and progressive development of international law entrusted to the Commission and will continue to contribute constructively to its work in a spirit of inclusiveness, cooperation, and respect for the sovereign equality of States.","start":3495.67,"end":3517.91,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. 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The Philippines thanks the International Law Commission, its Special Rapporteurs, and the members for their work on topics under Cluster II.","start":3534.99,"end":3543.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3534.99,"end":3535.23},{"text":"you,","start":3535.23,"end":3535.31},{"text":"Madam","start":3535.31,"end":3535.71},{"text":"Chair.","start":3535.71,"end":3536.03},{"text":"The","start":3536.51,"end":3536.63},{"text":"Philippines","start":3536.63,"end":3537.07},{"text":"thanks","start":3537.07,"end":3537.31},{"text":"the","start":3537.31,"end":3537.43},{"text":"International","start":3537.43,"end":3538.15},{"text":"Law","start":3538.15,"end":3538.27},{"text":"Commission,","start":3538.27,"end":3538.91},{"text":"its","start":3539.31,"end":3539.47},{"text":"Special","start":3539.47,"end":3539.79},{"text":"Rapporteurs,","start":3539.79,"end":3540.51},{"text":"and","start":3540.63,"end":3540.79},{"text":"the","start":3540.79,"end":3540.87},{"text":"members","start":3540.87,"end":3541.31},{"text":"for","start":3541.31,"end":3541.47},{"text":"their","start":3541.47,"end":3541.59},{"text":"work","start":3541.59,"end":3541.87},{"text":"on","start":3541.87,"end":3542.03},{"text":"topics","start":3542.03,"end":3542.43},{"text":"under","start":3542.43,"end":3542.75},{"text":"Cluster","start":3542.75,"end":3543.23},{"text":"II.","start":3543.23,"end":3543.47}]},{"text":"We wish to share the following preliminary views.","start":3544.43,"end":3546.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3544.43,"end":3544.63},{"text":"wish","start":3544.63,"end":3544.83},{"text":"to","start":3544.83,"end":3544.91},{"text":"share","start":3544.91,"end":3545.11},{"text":"the","start":3545.11,"end":3545.23},{"text":"following","start":3545.23,"end":3545.71},{"text":"preliminary","start":3545.83,"end":3546.39},{"text":"views.","start":3546.39,"end":3546.91}]},{"text":"First, on subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law, we welcome the adoption and first reading of 13 draft conclusions.","start":3547.23,"end":3555.31,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":3547.23,"end":3547.63},{"text":"on","start":3547.63,"end":3547.75},{"text":"subsidiary","start":3547.75,"end":3548.27},{"text":"means","start":3548.27,"end":3548.59},{"text":"for","start":3548.59,"end":3548.71},{"text":"the","start":3548.71,"end":3548.79},{"text":"determination","start":3548.79,"end":3549.55},{"text":"of","start":3549.55,"end":3549.63},{"text":"rules","start":3549.63,"end":3549.99},{"text":"of","start":3549.99,"end":3550.11},{"text":"international","start":3550.11,"end":3550.87},{"text":"law,","start":3550.87,"end":3551.07},{"text":"we","start":3551.63,"end":3551.79},{"text":"welcome","start":3551.79,"end":3552.19},{"text":"the","start":3552.19,"end":3552.31},{"text":"adoption","start":3552.31,"end":3552.79},{"text":"and","start":3552.79,"end":3552.91},{"text":"first","start":3552.91,"end":3553.23},{"text":"reading","start":3553.23,"end":3553.55},{"text":"of","start":3553.55,"end":3553.63},{"text":"13","start":3553.63,"end":3554.03},{"text":"draft","start":3554.03,"end":3554.51},{"text":"conclusions.","start":3554.51,"end":3555.31}]},{"text":"We support the Commission's clarification that subsidiary means are not themselves sources of international law.","start":3555.95,"end":3561.11,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3555.95,"end":3556.07},{"text":"support","start":3556.07,"end":3556.51},{"text":"the","start":3556.51,"end":3556.59},{"text":"Commission's","start":3556.59,"end":3557.11},{"text":"clarification","start":3557.11,"end":3557.87},{"text":"that","start":3557.87,"end":3558.03},{"text":"subsidiary","start":3558.03,"end":3558.51},{"text":"means","start":3558.51,"end":3558.75},{"text":"are","start":3558.75,"end":3558.83},{"text":"not","start":3558.83,"end":3559.07},{"text":"themselves","start":3559.07,"end":3559.51},{"text":"sources","start":3559.51,"end":3559.95},{"text":"of","start":3559.95,"end":3560.07},{"text":"international","start":3560.07,"end":3561.03},{"text":"law.","start":3561.03,"end":3561.11}]},{"text":"Rather, they assist in identifying and determining rules derived from treaties.","start":3561.63,"end":3565.71,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Rather,","start":3561.63,"end":3562.03},{"text":"they","start":3562.03,"end":3562.19},{"text":"assist","start":3562.19,"end":3562.59},{"text":"in","start":3562.59,"end":3562.75},{"text":"identifying","start":3562.75,"end":3563.55},{"text":"and","start":3563.55,"end":3563.71},{"text":"determining","start":3563.71,"end":3564.19},{"text":"rules","start":3564.19,"end":3564.55},{"text":"derived","start":3564.55,"end":3564.91},{"text":"from","start":3564.91,"end":3565.15},{"text":"treaties.","start":3565.15,"end":3565.71}]},{"text":"customary international law, and general principles of law.","start":3566.07,"end":3569.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"customary","start":3566.07,"end":3566.55},{"text":"international","start":3566.55,"end":3567.23},{"text":"law,","start":3567.23,"end":3567.43},{"text":"and","start":3567.75,"end":3567.91},{"text":"general","start":3567.91,"end":3568.23},{"text":"principles","start":3568.23,"end":3568.83},{"text":"of","start":3568.83,"end":3568.95},{"text":"law.","start":3568.95,"end":3569.27}]},{"text":"Judicial decisions are particularly important in this regard.","start":3569.59,"end":3572.55,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Judicial","start":3569.59,"end":3570.03},{"text":"decisions","start":3570.03,"end":3570.51},{"text":"are","start":3570.51,"end":3570.63},{"text":"particularly","start":3570.63,"end":3571.23},{"text":"important","start":3571.23,"end":3571.75},{"text":"in","start":3571.75,"end":3571.87},{"text":"this","start":3571.87,"end":3572.07},{"text":"regard.","start":3572.07,"end":3572.55}]},{"text":"While Article 59 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice limits the binding force of its judgments to the parties in the particular case, international jurisprudence remains indispensable to legal certainty and predictability.","start":3572.91,"end":3585.43,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":3572.91,"end":3573.19},{"text":"Article","start":3573.19,"end":3573.67},{"text":"59","start":3573.67,"end":3574.15},{"text":"of","start":3574.15,"end":3574.23},{"text":"the","start":3574.23,"end":3574.31},{"text":"Statute","start":3574.31,"end":3574.95},{"text":"of","start":3574.95,"end":3575.03},{"text":"the","start":3575.03,"end":3575.11},{"text":"International","start":3575.11,"end":3575.67},{"text":"Court","start":3575.67,"end":3575.95},{"text":"of","start":3575.95,"end":3576.03},{"text":"Justice","start":3576.03,"end":3576.39},{"text":"limits","start":3576.39,"end":3576.71},{"text":"the","start":3576.71,"end":3576.87},{"text":"binding","start":3576.87,"end":3577.23},{"text":"force","start":3577.23,"end":3577.51},{"text":"of","start":3577.51,"end":3577.59},{"text":"its","start":3577.59,"end":3577.83},{"text":"judgments","start":3577.83,"end":3578.55},{"text":"to","start":3578.91,"end":3578.99},{"text":"the","start":3578.99,"end":3579.11},{"text":"parties","start":3579.11,"end":3579.75},{"text":"in","start":3579.75,"end":3579.87},{"text":"the","start":3579.87,"end":3579.99},{"text":"particular","start":3579.99,"end":3580.47},{"text":"case,","start":3580.47,"end":3580.95},{"text":"international","start":3581.19,"end":3581.83},{"text":"jurisprudence","start":3581.83,"end":3582.47},{"text":"remains","start":3582.47,"end":3582.79},{"text":"indispensable","start":3582.79,"end":3583.55},{"text":"to","start":3583.55,"end":3583.63},{"text":"legal","start":3583.63,"end":3583.91},{"text":"certainty","start":3583.91,"end":3584.43},{"text":"and","start":3584.43,"end":3584.55},{"text":"predictability.","start":3584.55,"end":3585.43}]},{"text":"National courts also contribute to the identification and application of international law.","start":3585.99,"end":3590.35,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"National","start":3585.99,"end":3586.47},{"text":"courts","start":3586.47,"end":3586.79},{"text":"also","start":3586.79,"end":3587.03},{"text":"contribute","start":3587.03,"end":3587.59},{"text":"to","start":3587.59,"end":3587.67},{"text":"the","start":3587.67,"end":3587.79},{"text":"identification","start":3587.79,"end":3588.59},{"text":"and","start":3588.59,"end":3588.71},{"text":"application","start":3588.71,"end":3589.31},{"text":"of","start":3589.31,"end":3589.39},{"text":"international","start":3589.39,"end":3590.27},{"text":"law.","start":3590.27,"end":3590.35}]},{"text":"In Magallona versus Ermita, the Philippine Supreme Court examined the relationship between national legislation on archipelagic baselines and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.","start":3591.27,"end":3601.19,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3591.27,"end":3591.43},{"text":"Magallona","start":3591.43,"end":3592.07},{"text":"versus","start":3592.07,"end":3592.39},{"text":"Ermita,","start":3592.39,"end":3592.95},{"text":"the","start":3593.03,"end":3593.19},{"text":"Philippine","start":3593.19,"end":3593.59},{"text":"Supreme","start":3593.59,"end":3593.91},{"text":"Court","start":3593.91,"end":3594.19},{"text":"examined","start":3594.19,"end":3594.75},{"text":"the","start":3594.75,"end":3594.83},{"text":"relationship","start":3594.83,"end":3595.51},{"text":"between","start":3595.75,"end":3596.03},{"text":"national","start":3596.03,"end":3596.43},{"text":"legislation","start":3596.43,"end":3597.27},{"text":"on","start":3597.51,"end":3597.59},{"text":"archipelagic","start":3597.59,"end":3598.31},{"text":"baselines","start":3598.31,"end":3599.11},{"text":"and","start":3599.39,"end":3599.51},{"text":"the","start":3599.51,"end":3599.59},{"text":"UN","start":3599.59,"end":3599.75},{"text":"Convention","start":3599.75,"end":3600.19},{"text":"on","start":3600.19,"end":3600.27},{"text":"the","start":3600.27,"end":3600.39},{"text":"Law","start":3600.39,"end":3600.51},{"text":"of","start":3600.51,"end":3600.67},{"text":"the","start":3600.67,"end":3600.75},{"text":"Sea.","start":3600.75,"end":3601.19}]},{"text":"In Coroda versus Jalandoni, it also recognized generally accepted principles of international law in addressing responsibility for war crimes.","start":3601.59,"end":3609.03,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3601.59,"end":3601.75},{"text":"Coroda","start":3601.75,"end":3602.15},{"text":"versus","start":3602.15,"end":3602.47},{"text":"Jalandoni,","start":3602.47,"end":3603.23},{"text":"it","start":3603.23,"end":3603.35},{"text":"also","start":3603.35,"end":3603.55},{"text":"recognized","start":3603.55,"end":3604.15},{"text":"generally","start":3604.15,"end":3604.47},{"text":"accepted","start":3604.47,"end":3604.91},{"text":"principles","start":3604.91,"end":3605.51},{"text":"of","start":3605.79,"end":3605.87},{"text":"international","start":3605.87,"end":3606.63},{"text":"law","start":3606.63,"end":3606.71},{"text":"in","start":3606.71,"end":3606.83},{"text":"addressing","start":3606.83,"end":3607.35},{"text":"responsibility","start":3607.35,"end":3608.15},{"text":"for","start":3608.15,"end":3608.31},{"text":"war","start":3608.31,"end":3608.55},{"text":"crimes.","start":3608.55,"end":3609.03}]},{"text":"These decisions illustrate the contribution of domestic jurisprudence to the development and application of international law.","start":3609.51,"end":3616.15,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":3609.51,"end":3609.83},{"text":"decisions","start":3609.83,"end":3610.31},{"text":"illustrate","start":3610.31,"end":3610.79},{"text":"the","start":3610.79,"end":3610.87},{"text":"contribution","start":3610.87,"end":3611.55},{"text":"of","start":3611.55,"end":3611.67},{"text":"domestic","start":3611.67,"end":3612.47},{"text":"jurisprudence","start":3612.47,"end":3613.27},{"text":"to","start":3613.59,"end":3613.71},{"text":"the","start":3613.71,"end":3613.87},{"text":"development","start":3613.87,"end":3614.43},{"text":"and","start":3614.43,"end":3614.55},{"text":"application","start":3614.55,"end":3615.11},{"text":"of","start":3615.11,"end":3615.19},{"text":"international","start":3615.19,"end":3616.03},{"text":"law.","start":3616.03,"end":3616.15}]},{"text":"We particularly welcome the emphasis on geographical, linguistic, and gender diversity in evaluating judicial decisions and teachings.","start":3616.79,"end":3624.15,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."},{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3616.79,"end":3616.95},{"text":"particularly","start":3616.95,"end":3617.51},{"text":"welcome","start":3617.51,"end":3617.91},{"text":"the","start":3617.91,"end":3618.03},{"text":"emphasis","start":3618.03,"end":3618.55},{"text":"on","start":3618.55,"end":3618.63},{"text":"geographical,","start":3618.63,"end":3619.55},{"text":"linguistic,","start":3619.55,"end":3620.15},{"text":"and","start":3620.15,"end":3620.31},{"text":"gender","start":3620.31,"end":3620.63},{"text":"diversity","start":3620.63,"end":3621.35},{"text":"in","start":3621.67,"end":3621.87},{"text":"evaluating","start":3621.87,"end":3622.55},{"text":"judicial","start":3622.55,"end":3622.91},{"text":"decisions","start":3622.91,"end":3623.39},{"text":"and","start":3623.39,"end":3623.55},{"text":"teachings.","start":3623.55,"end":3624.15}]},{"text":"International law must reflect the diversity of the international community, rather than the jurisprudence and scholarship of a limited number of legal traditions.","start":3624.55,"end":3633.51,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"International","start":3624.55,"end":3625.23},{"text":"law","start":3625.23,"end":3625.35},{"text":"must","start":3625.35,"end":3625.51},{"text":"reflect","start":3625.51,"end":3625.91},{"text":"the","start":3625.91,"end":3625.99},{"text":"diversity","start":3625.99,"end":3626.59},{"text":"of","start":3626.59,"end":3626.67},{"text":"the","start":3626.67,"end":3626.75},{"text":"international","start":3626.75,"end":3627.43},{"text":"community,","start":3627.43,"end":3628.07},{"text":"rather","start":3628.47,"end":3628.87},{"text":"than","start":3628.87,"end":3629.03},{"text":"the","start":3629.03,"end":3629.15},{"text":"jurisprudence","start":3629.15,"end":3629.83},{"text":"and","start":3629.83,"end":3629.95},{"text":"scholarship","start":3629.95,"end":3630.51},{"text":"of","start":3630.51,"end":3630.63},{"text":"a","start":3630.63,"end":3630.71},{"text":"limited","start":3630.71,"end":3631.51},{"text":"number","start":3631.51,"end":3631.99},{"text":"of","start":3632.23,"end":3632.39},{"text":"legal","start":3632.43,"end":3632.71},{"text":"traditions.","start":3632.71,"end":3633.51}]},{"text":"We likewise underscore the need for caution in treating resolutions of international organizations and the work of expert bodies as subsidiary means.","start":3633.91,"end":3642.39,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3633.91,"end":3634.11},{"text":"likewise","start":3634.11,"end":3634.63},{"text":"underscore","start":3634.63,"end":3635.11},{"text":"the","start":3635.11,"end":3635.23},{"text":"need","start":3635.23,"end":3635.47},{"text":"for","start":3635.47,"end":3635.59},{"text":"caution","start":3635.59,"end":3636.11},{"text":"in","start":3636.11,"end":3636.23},{"text":"treating","start":3636.23,"end":3636.55},{"text":"resolutions","start":3636.55,"end":3637.23},{"text":"of","start":3637.23,"end":3637.35},{"text":"international","start":3637.35,"end":3638.15},{"text":"organizations","start":3638.39,"end":3639.43},{"text":"and","start":3639.67,"end":3639.79},{"text":"the","start":3639.79,"end":3639.91},{"text":"work","start":3639.91,"end":3640.11},{"text":"of","start":3640.11,"end":3640.23},{"text":"expert","start":3640.23,"end":3640.67},{"text":"bodies","start":3640.67,"end":3641.11},{"text":"as","start":3641.11,"end":3641.19},{"text":"subsidiary","start":3641.19,"end":3641.83},{"text":"means.","start":3641.83,"end":3642.39}]},{"text":"Their legal significance must be assessed in light of their mandate, their methodology, and the circumstances of adoption.","start":3643.43,"end":3649.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Their","start":3643.43,"end":3643.63},{"text":"legal","start":3643.63,"end":3643.91},{"text":"significance","start":3643.91,"end":3644.63},{"text":"must","start":3644.63,"end":3644.87},{"text":"be","start":3644.87,"end":3644.95},{"text":"assessed","start":3644.95,"end":3645.43},{"text":"in","start":3645.43,"end":3645.55},{"text":"light","start":3645.55,"end":3645.79},{"text":"of","start":3645.79,"end":3645.91},{"text":"their","start":3645.91,"end":3646.07},{"text":"mandate,","start":3646.07,"end":3646.63},{"text":"their","start":3646.67,"end":3646.79},{"text":"methodology,","start":3646.79,"end":3647.63},{"text":"and","start":3647.63,"end":3647.75},{"text":"the","start":3647.75,"end":3647.83},{"text":"circumstances","start":3647.83,"end":3648.55},{"text":"of","start":3648.55,"end":3648.67},{"text":"adoption.","start":3648.67,"end":3649.27}]},{"text":"The distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations must remain clear.","start":3649.83,"end":3655.11,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3649.83,"end":3649.95},{"text":"distinction","start":3649.95,"end":3650.51},{"text":"between","start":3650.51,"end":3651.11},{"text":"identifying","start":3651.27,"end":3652.23},{"text":"existing","start":3652.23,"end":3652.63},{"text":"law","start":3652.63,"end":3652.79},{"text":"and","start":3652.83,"end":3652.95},{"text":"creating","start":3652.95,"end":3653.31},{"text":"new","start":3653.31,"end":3653.43},{"text":"obligations","start":3653.43,"end":3654.15},{"text":"must","start":3654.15,"end":3654.39},{"text":"remain","start":3654.39,"end":3654.71},{"text":"clear.","start":3654.71,"end":3655.11}]},{"text":"Second, on the settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties, we welcome the adoption and first reading of 12 draft guidelines.","start":3655.91,"end":3664.95,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":3655.91,"end":3656.55},{"text":"on","start":3656.55,"end":3656.71},{"text":"the","start":3656.71,"end":3656.87},{"text":"settlement","start":3656.87,"end":3657.39},{"text":"of","start":3657.39,"end":3657.51},{"text":"disputes","start":3657.75,"end":3658.23},{"text":"to","start":3658.23,"end":3658.31},{"text":"which","start":3658.31,"end":3658.51},{"text":"international","start":3658.51,"end":3659.07},{"text":"organizations","start":3659.07,"end":3659.83},{"text":"are","start":3659.83,"end":3659.91},{"text":"parties,","start":3659.91,"end":3660.55},{"text":"we","start":3661.03,"end":3661.19},{"text":"welcome","start":3661.23,"end":3661.59},{"text":"the","start":3661.59,"end":3661.71},{"text":"adoption","start":3661.75,"end":3662.19},{"text":"and","start":3662.19,"end":3662.39},{"text":"first","start":3662.39,"end":3662.71},{"text":"reading","start":3662.71,"end":3663.19},{"text":"of","start":3663.19,"end":3663.43},{"text":"12","start":3663.43,"end":3663.83},{"text":"draft","start":3663.83,"end":3664.19},{"text":"guidelines.","start":3664.19,"end":3664.95}]},{"text":"International organizations require privileges and immunities to discharge their functions independently and effectively.","start":3665.59,"end":3672.79,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"International","start":3665.59,"end":3666.19},{"text":"organizations","start":3666.19,"end":3667.23},{"text":"require","start":3667.23,"end":3667.51},{"text":"privileges","start":3667.51,"end":3668.31},{"text":"and","start":3668.31,"end":3668.47},{"text":"immunities","start":3668.47,"end":3669.03},{"text":"to","start":3669.03,"end":3669.11},{"text":"discharge","start":3669.11,"end":3669.63},{"text":"their","start":3669.63,"end":3669.83},{"text":"functions","start":3669.83,"end":3670.39},{"text":"independently","start":3670.71,"end":3671.59},{"text":"and","start":3671.91,"end":3672.15},{"text":"effectively.","start":3672.15,"end":3672.79}]},{"text":"Philippine jurisprudence, including the International Catholic Migration Commission v. Calleja and the Department of Foreign Affairs v. National Labor Relations Commission, recognizes the functional basis of such immunities.","start":3673.19,"end":3686.31,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Philippine","start":3673.19,"end":3673.67},{"text":"jurisprudence,","start":3673.67,"end":3674.47},{"text":"including","start":3674.47,"end":3674.95},{"text":"the","start":3674.95,"end":3675.03},{"text":"International","start":3675.03,"end":3675.75},{"text":"Catholic","start":3675.75,"end":3676.23},{"text":"Migration","start":3676.23,"end":3676.75},{"text":"Commission","start":3676.75,"end":3677.35},{"text":"v.","start":3677.99,"end":3678.15},{"text":"Calleja","start":3678.15,"end":3678.79},{"text":"and","start":3678.91,"end":3679.07},{"text":"the","start":3679.07,"end":3679.15},{"text":"Department","start":3679.15,"end":3679.59},{"text":"of","start":3679.59,"end":3679.67},{"text":"Foreign","start":3679.67,"end":3679.91},{"text":"Affairs","start":3679.91,"end":3680.47},{"text":"v.","start":3680.87,"end":3681.03},{"text":"National","start":3681.03,"end":3682.03},{"text":"Labor","start":3682.03,"end":3682.31},{"text":"Relations","start":3682.31,"end":3682.71},{"text":"Commission,","start":3682.71,"end":3683.27},{"text":"recognizes","start":3683.59,"end":3684.31},{"text":"the","start":3684.31,"end":3684.43},{"text":"functional","start":3684.43,"end":3684.95},{"text":"basis","start":3684.95,"end":3685.35},{"text":"of","start":3685.35,"end":3685.43},{"text":"such","start":3685.43,"end":3685.67},{"text":"immunities.","start":3685.67,"end":3686.31}]},{"text":"However, institutional independence must be accompanied by effective means of resolving legitimate claims.","start":3686.71,"end":3693.35,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":3686.71,"end":3687.43},{"text":"institutional","start":3687.43,"end":3688.11},{"text":"independence","start":3688.11,"end":3688.71},{"text":"must","start":3688.71,"end":3688.95},{"text":"be","start":3688.95,"end":3689.03},{"text":"accompanied","start":3689.03,"end":3690.23},{"text":"by","start":3690.23,"end":3690.35},{"text":"effective","start":3690.35,"end":3690.87},{"text":"means","start":3690.87,"end":3691.19},{"text":"of","start":3691.59,"end":3691.67},{"text":"resolving","start":3691.67,"end":3692.23},{"text":"legitimate","start":3692.23,"end":3692.75},{"text":"claims.","start":3692.75,"end":3693.35}]},{"text":"Article 8, Section 29 of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the UN requires appropriate modes of settlement for contractual and other disputes of a private law character involving the organization.","start":3693.99,"end":3707.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Article","start":3693.99,"end":3694.47},{"text":"8,","start":3694.79,"end":3695.19},{"text":"Section","start":3695.27,"end":3695.75},{"text":"29","start":3695.75,"end":3696.31},{"text":"of","start":3696.31,"end":3696.43},{"text":"the","start":3696.43,"end":3696.51},{"text":"Convention","start":3696.51,"end":3697.07},{"text":"on","start":3697.07,"end":3697.15},{"text":"the","start":3697.15,"end":3697.27},{"text":"Privileges","start":3697.27,"end":3697.91},{"text":"and","start":3698.19,"end":3698.31},{"text":"Immunities","start":3698.31,"end":3698.91},{"text":"of","start":3698.91,"end":3699.03},{"text":"the","start":3699.03,"end":3699.15},{"text":"UN","start":3699.15,"end":3699.67},{"text":"requires","start":3699.75,"end":3700.23},{"text":"appropriate","start":3700.23,"end":3700.79},{"text":"modes","start":3700.79,"end":3701.03},{"text":"of","start":3701.03,"end":3701.11},{"text":"settlement","start":3701.11,"end":3701.75},{"text":"for","start":3701.99,"end":3702.23},{"text":"contractual","start":3702.23,"end":3703.23},{"text":"and","start":3703.23,"end":3703.35},{"text":"other","start":3703.35,"end":3703.59},{"text":"disputes","start":3703.59,"end":3704.15},{"text":"of","start":3704.15,"end":3704.23},{"text":"a","start":3704.23,"end":3704.31},{"text":"private","start":3704.31,"end":3704.71},{"text":"law","start":3704.71,"end":3704.87},{"text":"character","start":3704.87,"end":3705.51},{"text":"involving","start":3705.75,"end":3706.31},{"text":"the","start":3706.31,"end":3706.39},{"text":"organization.","start":3706.39,"end":3707.27}]},{"text":"The Philippines therefore supports the Commission's attention to negotiation, mediation, arbitration, judicial settlement, and other appropriate peaceful means.","start":3707.63,"end":3716.11,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3707.63,"end":3707.75},{"text":"Philippines","start":3707.75,"end":3708.23},{"text":"therefore","start":3708.23,"end":3708.51},{"text":"supports","start":3708.51,"end":3708.95},{"text":"the","start":3708.95,"end":3709.03},{"text":"Commission's","start":3709.03,"end":3709.55},{"text":"attention","start":3709.55,"end":3710.19},{"text":"to","start":3710.27,"end":3710.51},{"text":"negotiation,","start":3710.51,"end":3711.39},{"text":"mediation,","start":3711.63,"end":3712.27},{"text":"arbitration,","start":3712.27,"end":3712.95},{"text":"judicial","start":3712.95,"end":3713.31},{"text":"settlement,","start":3713.31,"end":3713.95},{"text":"and","start":3714.23,"end":3714.43},{"text":"other","start":3714.43,"end":3714.67},{"text":"appropriate","start":3714.67,"end":3715.27},{"text":"peaceful","start":3715.27,"end":3715.67},{"text":"means.","start":3715.67,"end":3716.11}]},{"text":"We particularly emphasize independence, impartiality, due process, and access to justice.","start":3716.35,"end":3721.71,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3716.35,"end":3716.59},{"text":"particularly","start":3716.59,"end":3717.23},{"text":"emphasize","start":3717.23,"end":3717.95},{"text":"independence,","start":3717.95,"end":3718.59},{"text":"impartiality,","start":3718.59,"end":3719.39},{"text":"due","start":3719.39,"end":3719.55},{"text":"process,","start":3719.55,"end":3720.19},{"text":"and","start":3720.43,"end":3720.59},{"text":"access","start":3720.59,"end":3720.91},{"text":"to","start":3720.91,"end":3721.07},{"text":"justice.","start":3721.07,"end":3721.71}]},{"text":"Dispute settlement mechanisms should be accessible, effective, and capable of providing meaningful remedies.","start":3722.07,"end":3727.79,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Dispute","start":3722.07,"end":3722.47},{"text":"settlement","start":3722.47,"end":3722.91},{"text":"mechanisms","start":3722.91,"end":3723.55},{"text":"should","start":3723.55,"end":3723.71},{"text":"be","start":3723.71,"end":3723.83},{"text":"accessible,","start":3723.83,"end":3724.51},{"text":"effective,","start":3724.51,"end":3725.07},{"text":"and","start":3725.39,"end":3725.55},{"text":"capable","start":3725.55,"end":3726.03},{"text":"of","start":3726.03,"end":3726.11},{"text":"providing","start":3726.11,"end":3726.67},{"text":"meaningful","start":3726.67,"end":3727.07},{"text":"remedies.","start":3727.07,"end":3727.79}]},{"text":"At the same time, the guidelines must respect the constituent instruments, applicable treaties, and particular legal frameworks governing international organizations.","start":3728.27,"end":3736.99,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":3728.27,"end":3728.35},{"text":"the","start":3728.35,"end":3728.47},{"text":"same","start":3728.47,"end":3728.75},{"text":"time,","start":3728.75,"end":3728.99},{"text":"the","start":3728.99,"end":3729.11},{"text":"guidelines","start":3729.11,"end":3729.67},{"text":"must","start":3729.67,"end":3729.87},{"text":"respect","start":3729.87,"end":3730.23},{"text":"the","start":3730.23,"end":3730.31},{"text":"constituent","start":3730.31,"end":3730.95},{"text":"instruments,","start":3730.95,"end":3731.55},{"text":"applicable","start":3731.87,"end":3732.43},{"text":"treaties,","start":3732.43,"end":3732.99},{"text":"and","start":3732.99,"end":3733.19},{"text":"particular","start":3733.19,"end":3733.71},{"text":"legal","start":3733.71,"end":3734.03},{"text":"frameworks","start":3734.03,"end":3734.59},{"text":"governing","start":3734.83,"end":3735.39},{"text":"international","start":3735.39,"end":3736.03},{"text":"organizations.","start":3736.03,"end":3736.99}]},{"text":"The objective must be to safeguard functional immunity without compromising accountability and the effective administration of justice.","start":3737.35,"end":3744.31,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3737.35,"end":3737.47},{"text":"objective","start":3737.47,"end":3738.15},{"text":"must","start":3738.15,"end":3738.35},{"text":"be","start":3738.35,"end":3738.47},{"text":"to","start":3738.47,"end":3738.55},{"text":"safeguard","start":3738.55,"end":3739.03},{"text":"functional","start":3739.03,"end":3739.51},{"text":"immunity","start":3739.51,"end":3740.07},{"text":"without","start":3740.31,"end":3740.79},{"text":"compromising","start":3740.79,"end":3741.51},{"text":"accountability","start":3741.51,"end":3742.35},{"text":"and","start":3742.35,"end":3742.51},{"text":"the","start":3742.51,"end":3742.59},{"text":"effective","start":3742.59,"end":3742.95},{"text":"administration","start":3742.95,"end":3743.67},{"text":"of","start":3743.67,"end":3743.75},{"text":"justice.","start":3743.75,"end":3744.31}]},{"text":"Third, on succession of states in respect of state responsibility, we take note of the Commission's decision not to pursue further consideration of the topic and express appreciation to former Special Rapporteur Pavel Šturmá and the working group.","start":3744.87,"end":3757.51,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":3744.87,"end":3745.35},{"text":"on","start":3745.35,"end":3745.51},{"text":"succession","start":3745.51,"end":3746.03},{"text":"of","start":3746.03,"end":3746.11},{"text":"states","start":3746.11,"end":3746.43},{"text":"in","start":3746.43,"end":3746.51},{"text":"respect","start":3746.51,"end":3746.91},{"text":"of","start":3746.91,"end":3746.99},{"text":"state","start":3746.99,"end":3747.23},{"text":"responsibility,","start":3747.23,"end":3748.23},{"text":"we","start":3748.55,"end":3748.71},{"text":"take","start":3748.71,"end":3748.91},{"text":"note","start":3748.91,"end":3749.15},{"text":"of","start":3749.15,"end":3749.27},{"text":"the","start":3749.27,"end":3749.35},{"text":"Commission's","start":3749.35,"end":3749.87},{"text":"decision","start":3749.87,"end":3750.27},{"text":"not","start":3750.27,"end":3750.43},{"text":"to","start":3750.43,"end":3750.51},{"text":"pursue","start":3750.51,"end":3750.87},{"text":"further","start":3750.87,"end":3751.23},{"text":"consideration","start":3751.23,"end":3751.95},{"text":"of","start":3751.95,"end":3752.03},{"text":"the","start":3752.03,"end":3752.15},{"text":"topic","start":3752.15,"end":3752.63},{"text":"and","start":3752.95,"end":3753.07},{"text":"express","start":3753.07,"end":3753.43},{"text":"appreciation","start":3753.43,"end":3754.23},{"text":"to","start":3754.23,"end":3754.31},{"text":"former","start":3754.31,"end":3754.71},{"text":"Special","start":3754.71,"end":3755.11},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":3755.11,"end":3755.75},{"text":"Pavel","start":3755.99,"end":3756.31},{"text":"Šturmá","start":3756.31,"end":3756.71},{"text":"and","start":3756.71,"end":3756.83},{"text":"the","start":3756.83,"end":3756.91},{"text":"working","start":3756.91,"end":3757.27},{"text":"group.","start":3757.27,"end":3757.51}]},{"text":"State succession raises complex questions concerning the attribution of internationally wrongful acts and the allocation of responsibility between predecessor and successor states.","start":3758.07,"end":3768.87,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. 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They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3769.31,"end":3769.47},{"text":"recognize","start":3769.47,"end":3770.03},{"text":"the","start":3770.03,"end":3770.19},{"text":"difficulties","start":3770.19,"end":3770.83},{"text":"arising","start":3770.83,"end":3771.31},{"text":"from","start":3771.31,"end":3771.55},{"text":"limited","start":3771.55,"end":3771.95},{"text":"and","start":3771.95,"end":3772.07},{"text":"uneven","start":3772.07,"end":3772.51},{"text":"state","start":3772.51,"end":3772.79},{"text":"practice","start":3772.79,"end":3773.31},{"text":"and","start":3773.63,"end":3773.75},{"text":"the","start":3773.75,"end":3773.83},{"text":"absence","start":3773.83,"end":3774.27},{"text":"of","start":3774.27,"end":3774.35},{"text":"sufficiently","start":3774.35,"end":3774.95},{"text":"established","start":3774.95,"end":3775.47},{"text":"rules","start":3775.47,"end":3775.87},{"text":"of","start":3775.87,"end":3776.11},{"text":"customary","start":3776.35,"end":3777.07},{"text":"international","start":3777.07,"end":3777.95},{"text":"law.","start":3777.95,"end":3778.03}]},{"text":"In particular, negotiated arrangements reached for reasons of equity, political accommodation, or practical necessity should not automatically be regarded as evidence of general legal obligations.","start":3778.51,"end":3789.23,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3778.51,"end":3778.67},{"text":"particular,","start":3778.67,"end":3779.35},{"text":"negotiated","start":3779.35,"end":3779.99},{"text":"arrangements","start":3779.99,"end":3780.67},{"text":"reached","start":3780.67,"end":3780.95},{"text":"for","start":3780.95,"end":3781.07},{"text":"reasons","start":3781.07,"end":3781.47},{"text":"of","start":3781.47,"end":3781.63},{"text":"equity,","start":3781.63,"end":3782.19},{"text":"political","start":3782.43,"end":3782.95},{"text":"accommodation,","start":3782.95,"end":3783.59},{"text":"or","start":3783.59,"end":3783.71},{"text":"practical","start":3783.71,"end":3784.19},{"text":"necessity","start":3784.19,"end":3784.99},{"text":"should","start":3785.23,"end":3785.43},{"text":"not","start":3785.43,"end":3785.63},{"text":"automatically","start":3785.63,"end":3786.43},{"text":"be","start":3786.43,"end":3786.51},{"text":"regarded","start":3786.51,"end":3787.07},{"text":"as","start":3787.07,"end":3787.23},{"text":"evidence","start":3787.23,"end":3787.67},{"text":"of","start":3787.67,"end":3787.79},{"text":"general","start":3787.79,"end":3788.15},{"text":"legal","start":3788.15,"end":3788.43},{"text":"obligations.","start":3788.43,"end":3789.23}]},{"text":"For states whose histories have been shaped by colonialism and transitions to independence, these questions must be approached with sensitivity to sovereign equality, self-determination, and the circumstances surrounding the transfer of sovereignty.","start":3789.59,"end":3802.63,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3789.59,"end":3789.83},{"text":"states","start":3789.83,"end":3790.15},{"text":"whose","start":3790.15,"end":3790.27},{"text":"histories","start":3790.27,"end":3790.75},{"text":"have","start":3790.75,"end":3790.91},{"text":"been","start":3790.91,"end":3791.03},{"text":"shaped","start":3791.03,"end":3791.35},{"text":"by","start":3791.35,"end":3791.43},{"text":"colonialism","start":3791.43,"end":3792.39},{"text":"and","start":3792.71,"end":3792.83},{"text":"transitions","start":3792.83,"end":3793.27},{"text":"to","start":3793.27,"end":3793.39},{"text":"independence,","start":3793.39,"end":3794.23},{"text":"these","start":3794.23,"end":3794.51},{"text":"questions","start":3794.51,"end":3795.03},{"text":"must","start":3795.03,"end":3795.19},{"text":"be","start":3795.19,"end":3795.35},{"text":"approached","start":3795.35,"end":3795.99},{"text":"with","start":3796.31,"end":3796.47},{"text":"sensitivity","start":3796.47,"end":3797.19},{"text":"to","start":3797.19,"end":3797.27},{"text":"sovereign","start":3797.27,"end":3797.67},{"text":"equality,","start":3797.67,"end":3798.23},{"text":"self-determination,","start":3798.23,"end":3799.27},{"text":"and","start":3799.59,"end":3799.71},{"text":"the","start":3799.71,"end":3799.79},{"text":"circumstances","start":3799.79,"end":3800.47},{"text":"surrounding","start":3800.47,"end":3800.87},{"text":"the","start":3800.87,"end":3800.99},{"text":"transfer","start":3800.99,"end":3801.47},{"text":"of","start":3801.47,"end":3801.67},{"text":"sovereignty.","start":3801.83,"end":3802.63}]},{"text":"Um, Madam Chair, codification and progressive development of international law must ultimately rest on sound methodology, representative state practice, and respect for the diversity of legal traditions.","start":3804.83,"end":3818.11,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Um,","start":3804.83,"end":3804.91},{"text":"Madam","start":3805.51,"end":3805.91},{"text":"Chair,","start":3805.91,"end":3806.23},{"text":"codification","start":3806.23,"end":3806.99},{"text":"and","start":3806.99,"end":3807.11},{"text":"progressive","start":3807.11,"end":3807.59},{"text":"development","start":3807.59,"end":3808.11},{"text":"of","start":3808.11,"end":3808.19},{"text":"international","start":3808.19,"end":3808.83},{"text":"law","start":3808.83,"end":3809.03},{"text":"must","start":3809.43,"end":3809.71},{"text":"ultimately","start":3810.27,"end":3810.75},{"text":"rest","start":3810.75,"end":3811.07},{"text":"on","start":3811.07,"end":3811.23},{"text":"sound","start":3811.23,"end":3811.63},{"text":"methodology,","start":3811.79,"end":3813.47},{"text":"representative","start":3813.79,"end":3814.51},{"text":"state","start":3814.51,"end":3814.75},{"text":"practice,","start":3814.75,"end":3815.31},{"text":"and","start":3815.31,"end":3815.43},{"text":"respect","start":3815.43,"end":3815.79},{"text":"for","start":3815.79,"end":3815.91},{"text":"the","start":3815.91,"end":3815.99},{"text":"diversity","start":3815.99,"end":3816.55},{"text":"of","start":3816.55,"end":3816.75},{"text":"legal","start":3816.75,"end":3817.15},{"text":"traditions.","start":3817.39,"end":3818.11}]},{"text":"We encourage the Commission to continue to draw more extensively upon jurisprudence, legislation, and scholarship of developing countries, and to continue to maintain the substantive dialogue with States to the Sixth Committee.","start":3818.35,"end":3833.23,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3818.35,"end":3818.55},{"text":"encourage","start":3818.55,"end":3819.07},{"text":"the","start":3819.07,"end":3819.15},{"text":"Commission","start":3819.15,"end":3819.63},{"text":"to","start":3819.63,"end":3819.99},{"text":"continue","start":3820.35,"end":3820.99},{"text":"to","start":3820.99,"end":3821.11},{"text":"draw","start":3821.11,"end":3821.55},{"text":"more","start":3821.95,"end":3822.15},{"text":"extensively","start":3822.15,"end":3823.07},{"text":"upon","start":3823.07,"end":3823.63},{"text":"jurisprudence,","start":3823.63,"end":3824.27},{"text":"legislation,","start":3824.27,"end":3825.07},{"text":"and","start":3825.39,"end":3825.51},{"text":"scholarship","start":3825.51,"end":3826.03},{"text":"of","start":3826.03,"end":3826.11},{"text":"developing","start":3826.11,"end":3826.59},{"text":"countries,","start":3826.59,"end":3827.23},{"text":"and","start":3827.71,"end":3828.15},{"text":"to","start":3828.35,"end":3828.47},{"text":"continue","start":3828.47,"end":3828.91},{"text":"to","start":3828.91,"end":3828.99},{"text":"maintain","start":3828.99,"end":3829.63},{"text":"the","start":3830.43,"end":3830.63},{"text":"substantive","start":3830.83,"end":3831.39},{"text":"dialogue","start":3831.39,"end":3831.79},{"text":"with","start":3831.79,"end":3831.95},{"text":"States","start":3831.95,"end":3832.27},{"text":"to","start":3832.27,"end":3832.35},{"text":"the","start":3832.35,"end":3832.47},{"text":"Sixth","start":3832.47,"end":3832.75},{"text":"Committee.","start":3832.75,"end":3833.23}]},{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":3833.55,"end":3834.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3833.55,"end":3833.79},{"text":"you,","start":3833.79,"end":3833.87},{"text":"Madam","start":3833.87,"end":3834.15},{"text":"Chair.","start":3834.15,"end":3834.43}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"PHL","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Philippines"}},{"statement_number":20,"start":3838.63,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=1:03:59","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the Philippines for your 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Zimbabwe.","start":3842.87,"end":3845.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3842.87,"end":3842.91},{"text":"now","start":3842.91,"end":3843.11},{"text":"give","start":3843.11,"end":3843.27},{"text":"the","start":3843.27,"end":3843.43},{"text":"floor","start":3843.43,"end":3843.67},{"text":"to","start":3843.67,"end":3843.79},{"text":"the","start":3843.79,"end":3843.95},{"text":"distinguished","start":3843.99,"end":3844.47},{"text":"representative","start":3844.47,"end":3845.19},{"text":"of","start":3845.19,"end":3845.35},{"text":"Zimbabwe.","start":3845.35,"end":3845.91}]},{"text":"You have the floor, sir.","start":3845.91,"end":3846.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":3845.91,"end":3845.99},{"text":"have","start":3845.99,"end":3846.15},{"text":"the","start":3846.15,"end":3846.27},{"text":"floor,","start":3846.27,"end":3846.55},{"text":"sir.","start":3846.55,"end":3846.71}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":21,"start":3846.71,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=1:04:07","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":3846.71,"end":3850.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3846.71,"end":3846.87},{"text":"you,","start":3849.43,"end":3849.59},{"text":"Chair.","start":3849.91,"end":3850.31}]},{"text":"We thank the International Law Commission for its work.","start":3851.99,"end":3854.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3851.99,"end":3852.31},{"text":"thank","start":3852.39,"end":3852.67},{"text":"the","start":3852.67,"end":3852.75},{"text":"International","start":3852.75,"end":3853.39},{"text":"Law","start":3853.39,"end":3853.47},{"text":"Commission","start":3853.47,"end":3853.99},{"text":"for","start":3853.99,"end":3854.15},{"text":"its","start":3854.15,"end":3854.39},{"text":"work.","start":3854.39,"end":3854.71}]},{"text":"Zimbabwe aligns itself with the statement delivered by Cameroon on behalf of the African Group, and I will make the following remarks in our national 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subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law, Zimbabwe welcomes the Commission's adoption of the draft conclusions on subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law.","start":3865.87,"end":3877.51,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3865.87,"end":3866.03},{"text":"subsidiary","start":3866.03,"end":3866.59},{"text":"means","start":3866.59,"end":3866.99},{"text":"for","start":3867.07,"end":3867.23},{"text":"the","start":3867.23,"end":3867.35},{"text":"determination","start":3867.35,"end":3868.03},{"text":"of","start":3868.03,"end":3868.19},{"text":"rules","start":3868.19,"end":3868.43},{"text":"of","start":3868.43,"end":3868.51},{"text":"international","start":3868.51,"end":3869.19},{"text":"law,","start":3869.19,"end":3869.27},{"text":"Zimbabwe","start":3870.27,"end":3870.71},{"text":"welcomes","start":3870.71,"end":3871.15},{"text":"the","start":3871.15,"end":3871.27},{"text":"Commission's","start":3871.27,"end":3871.95},{"text":"adoption","start":3871.95,"end":3872.35},{"text":"of","start":3872.35,"end":3872.43},{"text":"the","start":3872.43,"end":3872.55},{"text":"draft","start":3872.59,"end":3872.95},{"text":"conclusions","start":3872.95,"end":3873.63},{"text":"on","start":3873.67,"end":3873.79},{"text":"subsidiary","start":3873.79,"end":3874.35},{"text":"means","start":3874.35,"end":3874.67},{"text":"for","start":3875.55,"end":3875.71},{"text":"the","start":3875.71,"end":3875.79},{"text":"determination","start":3875.79,"end":3876.39},{"text":"of","start":3876.39,"end":3876.51},{"text":"rules","start":3876.51,"end":3876.71},{"text":"of","start":3876.71,"end":3876.83},{"text":"international","start":3876.83,"end":3877.43},{"text":"law.","start":3877.43,"end":3877.51}]},{"text":"We particularly welcome the clarification that judicial decisions, teachings, and other subsidiary means assist in determining the existence and content of rules of international law, do not in themselves constitute sources of international law.","start":3878.27,"end":3893.39,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3878.27,"end":3878.67},{"text":"particularly","start":3878.67,"end":3879.27},{"text":"welcome","start":3879.27,"end":3879.79},{"text":"the","start":3879.95,"end":3880.07},{"text":"clarification","start":3880.11,"end":3880.83},{"text":"that","start":3880.83,"end":3880.99},{"text":"judicial","start":3880.99,"end":3881.47},{"text":"decisions,","start":3881.47,"end":3882.11},{"text":"teachings,","start":3882.67,"end":3883.15},{"text":"and","start":3883.39,"end":3883.63},{"text":"other","start":3883.63,"end":3883.87},{"text":"subsidiary","start":3883.87,"end":3884.51},{"text":"means","start":3884.51,"end":3884.91},{"text":"assist","start":3884.91,"end":3885.39},{"text":"in","start":3885.39,"end":3885.55},{"text":"determining","start":3885.55,"end":3886.27},{"text":"the","start":3886.59,"end":3886.79},{"text":"existence","start":3886.79,"end":3887.35},{"text":"and","start":3887.35,"end":3887.47},{"text":"content","start":3887.47,"end":3887.91},{"text":"of","start":3887.91,"end":3888.03},{"text":"rules","start":3888.03,"end":3888.43},{"text":"of","start":3888.47,"end":3888.59},{"text":"international","start":3888.59,"end":3889.47},{"text":"law,","start":3889.91,"end":3889.99},{"text":"do","start":3890.19,"end":3890.35},{"text":"not","start":3890.35,"end":3890.75},{"text":"in","start":3890.91,"end":3891.07},{"text":"themselves","start":3891.07,"end":3891.63},{"text":"constitute","start":3891.63,"end":3892.11},{"text":"sources","start":3892.11,"end":3892.51},{"text":"of","start":3892.51,"end":3892.59},{"text":"international","start":3892.59,"end":3893.31},{"text":"law.","start":3893.31,"end":3893.39}]},{"text":"We also underline the importance of the principle that international judicial decisions do not operate as legally binding precedent in the same manner as decisions within certain domestic legal systems.","start":3894.67,"end":3905.79,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3894.67,"end":3894.91},{"text":"also","start":3894.91,"end":3895.27},{"text":"underline","start":3895.27,"end":3895.71},{"text":"the","start":3895.71,"end":3895.79},{"text":"importance","start":3895.79,"end":3896.27},{"text":"of","start":3896.27,"end":3896.35},{"text":"the","start":3896.35,"end":3896.47},{"text":"principle","start":3896.47,"end":3896.95},{"text":"that","start":3896.95,"end":3897.23},{"text":"international","start":3897.23,"end":3897.87},{"text":"judicial","start":3897.87,"end":3898.31},{"text":"decisions","start":3898.31,"end":3898.99},{"text":"do","start":3899.31,"end":3899.47},{"text":"not","start":3899.47,"end":3899.63},{"text":"operate","start":3899.63,"end":3900.19},{"text":"as","start":3900.19,"end":3900.35},{"text":"legally","start":3900.35,"end":3900.75},{"text":"binding","start":3900.75,"end":3901.15},{"text":"precedent","start":3901.15,"end":3901.79},{"text":"in","start":3901.87,"end":3902.03},{"text":"the","start":3902.03,"end":3902.15},{"text":"same","start":3902.15,"end":3902.39},{"text":"manner","start":3902.39,"end":3902.75},{"text":"as","start":3902.75,"end":3902.91},{"text":"decisions","start":3902.91,"end":3903.55},{"text":"within","start":3903.87,"end":3904.11},{"text":"certain","start":3904.11,"end":3904.51},{"text":"domestic","start":3904.51,"end":3904.99},{"text":"legal","start":3904.99,"end":3905.23},{"text":"systems.","start":3905.23,"end":3905.79}]},{"text":"Chair, Zimbabwe is of the view that the commentary to draft conclusion 7, subparagraph (a), expressly clarifies that an award rendered by a tribunal constituted under a particular treaty carries limited weight in determining general international law.","start":3906.67,"end":3923.07,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":3924.11,"end":3924.15},{"text":"tribunal","start":3924.15,"end":3924.91},{"text":"mandated","start":3924.91,"end":3925.43},{"text":"to","start":3925.43,"end":3925.55},{"text":"interpret","start":3925.55,"end":3926.27},{"text":"and","start":3926.35,"end":3926.59},{"text":"apply","start":3926.59,"end":3926.91},{"text":"a","start":3927.07,"end":3927.11},{"text":"specific","start":3927.11,"end":3927.63},{"text":"investment","start":3927.63,"end":3928.23},{"text":"treaty","start":3928.23,"end":3928.67},{"text":"should","start":3929.15,"end":3929.55},{"text":"not","start":3929.55,"end":3929.83},{"text":"on","start":3929.83,"end":3929.95},{"text":"that","start":3929.95,"end":3930.19},{"text":"basis","start":3930.19,"end":3930.59},{"text":"alone","start":3930.59,"end":3931.07},{"text":"be","start":3931.23,"end":3931.35},{"text":"regarded","start":3931.35,"end":3931.95},{"text":"as","start":3931.95,"end":3932.11},{"text":"a","start":3932.11,"end":3932.15},{"text":"determinant","start":3932.15,"end":3932.83},{"text":"of","start":3932.83,"end":3932.99},{"text":"customary","start":3932.99,"end":3933.75},{"text":"rules","start":3933.95,"end":3934.27},{"text":"of","start":3934.31,"end":3934.43},{"text":"general","start":3934.43,"end":3934.83},{"text":"application.","start":3934.83,"end":3935.55}]},{"text":"Zimbabwe further holds that repeated decisions emanating from a narrow adjudicatory community should not be treated as a representative body of concurring authority.","start":3936.91,"end":3946.63,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Zimbabwe","start":3936.91,"end":3937.31},{"text":"further","start":3937.31,"end":3937.71},{"text":"holds","start":3937.71,"end":3937.95},{"text":"that","start":3937.95,"end":3938.27},{"text":"repeated","start":3938.35,"end":3938.87},{"text":"decisions","start":3938.87,"end":3939.47},{"text":"emanating","start":3939.55,"end":3940.11},{"text":"from","start":3940.11,"end":3940.31},{"text":"a","start":3940.31,"end":3940.35},{"text":"narrow","start":3940.35,"end":3940.71},{"text":"adjudicatory","start":3940.71,"end":3941.59},{"text":"community","start":3941.59,"end":3942.27},{"text":"should","start":3942.59,"end":3942.87},{"text":"not","start":3942.87,"end":3943.07},{"text":"be","start":3943.07,"end":3943.23},{"text":"treated","start":3943.23,"end":3943.71},{"text":"as","start":3943.87,"end":3944.07},{"text":"a","start":3944.07,"end":3944.11},{"text":"representative","start":3944.11,"end":3944.83},{"text":"body","start":3944.83,"end":3945.23},{"text":"of","start":3945.35,"end":3945.47},{"text":"concurring","start":3945.47,"end":3946.03},{"text":"authority.","start":3946.11,"end":3946.63}]},{"text":"Representativeness must be assessed not merely by counting decisions, but by examining the diversity of the bodies rendering those decisions and the diversity of the regions whose state practice they consider.","start":3947.79,"end":3960.23,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."},{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Consistency","start":3961.15,"end":3961.87},{"text":"in","start":3961.87,"end":3962.03},{"text":"decisions","start":3962.03,"end":3962.59},{"text":"produced","start":3962.59,"end":3963.07},{"text":"by","start":3963.07,"end":3963.27},{"text":"a","start":3963.27,"end":3963.31},{"text":"limited","start":3963.31,"end":3963.79},{"text":"pool","start":3963.79,"end":3964.07},{"text":"of","start":3964.07,"end":3964.19},{"text":"repeat","start":3964.19,"end":3964.75},{"text":"adjudicators","start":3964.75,"end":3965.55},{"text":"provides","start":3965.95,"end":3966.35},{"text":"insufficient","start":3966.35,"end":3966.99},{"text":"basis","start":3966.99,"end":3967.43},{"text":"for","start":3967.43,"end":3967.55},{"text":"establishing","start":3967.55,"end":3968.19},{"text":"general","start":3968.19,"end":3968.55},{"text":"acceptance","start":3968.55,"end":3969.15},{"text":"of","start":3969.23,"end":3969.39},{"text":"a","start":3969.47,"end":3969.51},{"text":"rule","start":3969.51,"end":3969.75},{"text":"of","start":3969.75,"end":3969.87},{"text":"international","start":3969.87,"end":3970.47},{"text":"law.","start":3970.47,"end":3970.55}]},{"text":"Chair, Zimbabwe considers that the state's reception should be expressly recognized as a factor in assessing the weight of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law.","start":3971.71,"end":3982.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":3971.71,"end":3972.11},{"text":"Zimbabwe","start":3972.95,"end":3973.27},{"text":"considers","start":3973.27,"end":3973.79},{"text":"that","start":3973.87,"end":3974.11},{"text":"the","start":3974.11,"end":3974.19},{"text":"state's","start":3974.19,"end":3974.55},{"text":"reception","start":3974.55,"end":3975.15},{"text":"should","start":3975.47,"end":3975.71},{"text":"be","start":3975.71,"end":3975.79},{"text":"expressly","start":3975.79,"end":3976.35},{"text":"recognized","start":3976.35,"end":3976.99},{"text":"as","start":3976.99,"end":3977.15},{"text":"a","start":3977.23,"end":3977.27},{"text":"factor","start":3977.27,"end":3977.71},{"text":"in","start":3977.71,"end":3977.91},{"text":"assessing","start":3977.91,"end":3978.51},{"text":"the","start":3978.51,"end":3978.63},{"text":"weight","start":3978.63,"end":3978.99},{"text":"of","start":3978.99,"end":3979.15},{"text":"subsidiary","start":3979.15,"end":3979.79},{"text":"means","start":3979.79,"end":3980.11},{"text":"for","start":3980.11,"end":3980.27},{"text":"the","start":3980.27,"end":3980.39},{"text":"determination","start":3980.43,"end":3980.99},{"text":"of","start":3981.03,"end":3981.15},{"text":"rules","start":3981.15,"end":3981.39},{"text":"of","start":3981.39,"end":3981.47},{"text":"international","start":3981.47,"end":3982.11},{"text":"law.","start":3982.19,"end":3982.27}]},{"text":"While Conclusion 11 identifies important considerations relating to expert bodies, it does not explicitly address how states receive their work.","start":3983.07,"end":3993.71,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":3983.07,"end":3983.39},{"text":"Conclusion","start":3983.39,"end":3984.11},{"text":"11","start":3984.43,"end":3984.99},{"text":"identifies","start":3984.99,"end":3985.79},{"text":"important","start":3985.79,"end":3986.27},{"text":"considerations","start":3986.27,"end":3987.07},{"text":"relating","start":3987.07,"end":3987.47},{"text":"to","start":3987.47,"end":3987.67},{"text":"expert","start":3987.71,"end":3988.15},{"text":"bodies,","start":3988.15,"end":3988.59},{"text":"it","start":3989.23,"end":3989.35},{"text":"does","start":3989.35,"end":3989.55},{"text":"not","start":3989.55,"end":3989.79},{"text":"explicitly","start":3989.79,"end":3990.51},{"text":"address","start":3991.63,"end":3992.11},{"text":"how","start":3992.11,"end":3992.27},{"text":"states","start":3992.27,"end":3992.67},{"text":"receive","start":3992.67,"end":3993.15},{"text":"their","start":3993.15,"end":3993.39},{"text":"work.","start":3993.39,"end":3993.71}]},{"text":"We therefore propose that formal objections and voting records be taken into account.","start":3995.07,"end":4000.11,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."},{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Excluding","start":4026.95,"end":4027.51},{"text":"resolutions","start":4027.51,"end":4028.11},{"text":"from","start":4028.11,"end":4028.31},{"text":"the","start":4028.31,"end":4028.39},{"text":"latter","start":4028.39,"end":4028.71},{"text":"category","start":4028.71,"end":4029.35},{"text":"would","start":4029.35,"end":4029.59},{"text":"risk","start":4029.59,"end":4029.91},{"text":"diminishing","start":4029.91,"end":4030.63},{"text":"the","start":4030.71,"end":4030.79},{"text":"contributions","start":4030.79,"end":4031.47},{"text":"of","start":4031.47,"end":4031.59},{"text":"States","start":4031.59,"end":4032.07},{"text":"that","start":4032.47,"end":4032.79},{"text":"articulate","start":4032.79,"end":4033.43},{"text":"their","start":4033.43,"end":4033.67},{"text":"legal","start":4033.67,"end":4033.91},{"text":"positions","start":4033.91,"end":4034.55},{"text":"collectively","start":4034.55,"end":4035.27},{"text":"through","start":4035.27,"end":4035.51},{"text":"the","start":4035.51,"end":4035.67},{"text":"General","start":4035.67,"end":4036.03},{"text":"Assembly","start":4036.03,"end":4036.55},{"text":"and","start":4036.99,"end":4037.15},{"text":"regional","start":4037.15,"end":4037.47},{"text":"organizations","start":4037.47,"end":4038.23},{"text":"such","start":4038.47,"end":4038.79},{"text":"as","start":4038.79,"end":4038.87},{"text":"the","start":4038.87,"end":4038.99},{"text":"African","start":4039.03,"end":4039.43},{"text":"Union.","start":4039.47,"end":4039.75}]},{"text":"At the same time, we recognize that their weight must be assessed in light of the circumstances of their adoption, as provided in conclusion 13.","start":4040.87,"end":4048.79,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":4040.87,"end":4041.03},{"text":"the","start":4041.03,"end":4041.11},{"text":"same","start":4041.11,"end":4041.35},{"text":"time,","start":4041.35,"end":4041.75},{"text":"we","start":4042.07,"end":4042.27},{"text":"recognize","start":4042.27,"end":4042.71},{"text":"that","start":4042.71,"end":4042.87},{"text":"their","start":4042.87,"end":4043.07},{"text":"weight","start":4043.07,"end":4043.43},{"text":"must","start":4043.43,"end":4043.63},{"text":"be","start":4043.63,"end":4043.75},{"text":"assessed","start":4043.75,"end":4044.15},{"text":"in","start":4044.15,"end":4044.31},{"text":"light","start":4044.31,"end":4044.63},{"text":"of","start":4044.63,"end":4044.71},{"text":"the","start":4044.71,"end":4044.83},{"text":"circumstances","start":4044.87,"end":4045.63},{"text":"of","start":4045.63,"end":4045.75},{"text":"their","start":4045.75,"end":4046.03},{"text":"adoption,","start":4046.03,"end":4046.55},{"text":"as","start":4046.95,"end":4047.11},{"text":"provided","start":4047.11,"end":4047.63},{"text":"in","start":4047.63,"end":4047.75},{"text":"conclusion","start":4047.75,"end":4048.23},{"text":"13.","start":4048.23,"end":4048.79}]},{"text":"This approach ensures a balanced assessment without attributing undue legal significance to political declarations.","start":4049.75,"end":4056.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4049.75,"end":4049.99},{"text":"approach","start":4049.99,"end":4050.55},{"text":"ensures","start":4050.63,"end":4051.07},{"text":"a","start":4051.07,"end":4051.11},{"text":"balanced","start":4051.11,"end":4051.51},{"text":"assessment","start":4051.51,"end":4052.11},{"text":"without","start":4052.31,"end":4052.79},{"text":"attributing","start":4052.79,"end":4053.43},{"text":"undue","start":4053.43,"end":4053.83},{"text":"legal","start":4053.83,"end":4054.15},{"text":"significance","start":4054.15,"end":4054.87},{"text":"to","start":4054.87,"end":4054.99},{"text":"political","start":4055.19,"end":4055.67},{"text":"declarations.","start":4055.67,"end":4056.27}]},{"text":"On the settlement of disputes involving international organizations, Zimbabwe takes note of the Commission's adoption of the draft guidelines, and as the Commission has already noted that the guidelines are not intended to modify existing treaty obligations, we propose the inclusion of an express without prejudice clause clarifying that the guidelines do not affect the rights and obligations of states under international law.","start":4058.79,"end":4085.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. 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They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"including","start":4085.75,"end":4086.23},{"text":"those","start":4086.23,"end":4086.51},{"text":"arising","start":4086.51,"end":4086.91},{"text":"from","start":4086.91,"end":4087.11},{"text":"investment","start":4087.11,"end":4087.71},{"text":"treaties","start":4087.71,"end":4088.23},{"text":"and","start":4088.23,"end":4088.39},{"text":"investor-state","start":4088.39,"end":4089.15},{"text":"dispute","start":4089.15,"end":4089.75},{"text":"settlement","start":4090.07,"end":4090.55},{"text":"mechanisms.","start":4090.55,"end":4091.27}]},{"text":"Zimbabwe further requests clarification on the treatment of state-owned enterprises and organizations under the guidelines.","start":4092.39,"end":4098.91,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Zimbabwe","start":4092.39,"end":4092.75},{"text":"further","start":4092.79,"end":4093.07},{"text":"requests","start":4093.07,"end":4093.59},{"text":"clarification","start":4093.59,"end":4094.31},{"text":"on","start":4094.31,"end":4094.47},{"text":"the","start":4094.47,"end":4094.59},{"text":"treatment","start":4094.59,"end":4095.03},{"text":"of","start":4095.03,"end":4095.11},{"text":"state-owned","start":4095.11,"end":4095.75},{"text":"enterprises","start":4095.83,"end":4096.63},{"text":"and","start":4096.83,"end":4096.99},{"text":"organizations","start":4097.03,"end":4097.91},{"text":"under","start":4098.03,"end":4098.27},{"text":"the","start":4098.27,"end":4098.35},{"text":"guidelines.","start":4098.39,"end":4098.91}]},{"text":"The definition of a private party, together with the commentary's reference to sub-state entities, raises questions about the legal status of those entities that operate commercially while maintaining links to the state.","start":4099.99,"end":4112.15,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. 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They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":4127.79,"end":4128.19},{"text":"Zimbabwe","start":4128.75,"end":4129.31},{"text":"also","start":4129.31,"end":4129.55},{"text":"recommends","start":4129.55,"end":4129.99},{"text":"that","start":4129.99,"end":4130.15},{"text":"the","start":4130.15,"end":4130.23},{"text":"operative","start":4130.27,"end":4130.83},{"text":"text","start":4131.23,"end":4131.63},{"text":"expressly","start":4131.71,"end":4132.35},{"text":"address","start":4132.35,"end":4132.83},{"text":"regional","start":4132.83,"end":4133.35},{"text":"and","start":4133.35,"end":4133.51},{"text":"sub-regional","start":4133.51,"end":4134.11},{"text":"entities,","start":4134.19,"end":4134.75},{"text":"which","start":4135.15,"end":4135.55},{"text":"include","start":4135.55,"end":4136.03},{"text":"regional","start":4136.03,"end":4136.51},{"text":"cooperation","start":4136.51,"end":4137.07},{"text":"forums.","start":4137.07,"end":4137.63}]},{"text":"These may lack international legal capacity and yet enjoy immunities under national law that affect dispute settlement, and that the draft dispute settlement clauses prepared by the Special Rapporteur incorporate examples from Africa and other regions.","start":4138.59,"end":4154.31,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":4138.59,"end":4138.75},{"text":"may","start":4138.75,"end":4138.91},{"text":"lack","start":4138.91,"end":4139.31},{"text":"international","start":4139.31,"end":4139.95},{"text":"legal","start":4139.95,"end":4140.19},{"text":"capacity","start":4140.19,"end":4140.83},{"text":"and","start":4140.99,"end":4141.19},{"text":"yet","start":4141.19,"end":4141.47},{"text":"enjoy","start":4141.59,"end":4141.83},{"text":"immunities","start":4141.83,"end":4142.51},{"text":"under","start":4142.51,"end":4142.83},{"text":"national","start":4142.83,"end":4143.71},{"text":"law","start":4143.71,"end":4143.79},{"text":"that","start":4144.19,"end":4144.43},{"text":"affect","start":4144.43,"end":4144.87},{"text":"dispute","start":4144.87,"end":4145.23},{"text":"settlement,","start":4145.23,"end":4145.79},{"text":"and","start":4146.51,"end":4146.71},{"text":"that","start":4146.71,"end":4146.99},{"text":"the","start":4146.99,"end":4147.19},{"text":"draft","start":4147.23,"end":4147.51},{"text":"dispute","start":4147.51,"end":4147.83},{"text":"settlement","start":4147.83,"end":4148.23},{"text":"clauses","start":4148.23,"end":4148.67},{"text":"prepared","start":4148.83,"end":4149.23},{"text":"by","start":4149.23,"end":4149.31},{"text":"the","start":4149.39,"end":4149.47},{"text":"Special","start":4149.47,"end":4149.79},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":4149.79,"end":4150.43},{"text":"incorporate","start":4150.91,"end":4151.55},{"text":"examples","start":4151.55,"end":4152.07},{"text":"from","start":4152.07,"end":4152.35},{"text":"Africa","start":4152.35,"end":4152.91},{"text":"and","start":4153.23,"end":4153.51},{"text":"other","start":4153.75,"end":4153.95},{"text":"regions.","start":4153.95,"end":4154.31}]},{"text":"On the succession of States in respect of State responsibility, we welcome the Commission's decision not to pursue further work on this topic.","start":4157.31,"end":4165.87,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. 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They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4166.95,"end":4167.67},{"text":"also","start":4167.91,"end":4168.15},{"text":"consider","start":4168.15,"end":4168.59},{"text":"the","start":4168.59,"end":4168.67},{"text":"Commission's","start":4168.71,"end":4169.23},{"text":"observations","start":4169.23,"end":4169.99},{"text":"on","start":4169.99,"end":4170.11},{"text":"the","start":4170.11,"end":4170.19},{"text":"limited","start":4170.19,"end":4170.71},{"text":"availability","start":4170.71,"end":4171.39},{"text":"of","start":4171.39,"end":4171.47},{"text":"state","start":4171.47,"end":4171.71},{"text":"practice,","start":4171.71,"end":4172.31},{"text":"particularly","start":4172.71,"end":4173.27},{"text":"from","start":4173.27,"end":4173.67},{"text":"African","start":4173.67,"end":4174.23},{"text":"and","start":4174.23,"end":4174.39},{"text":"Asian","start":4174.39,"end":4174.87},{"text":"countries,","start":4174.87,"end":4175.43},{"text":"to","start":4175.75,"end":4175.83},{"text":"be","start":4175.83,"end":4176.07},{"text":"an","start":4176.11,"end":4176.23},{"text":"important","start":4176.23,"end":4176.71},{"text":"reminder","start":4176.71,"end":4177.15},{"text":"that","start":4177.15,"end":4177.35},{"text":"the","start":4177.35,"end":4177.43},{"text":"formulation","start":4177.43,"end":4178.03},{"text":"of","start":4178.03,"end":4178.15},{"text":"general","start":4178.15,"end":4178.59},{"text":"rules","start":4178.59,"end":4178.83},{"text":"of","start":4178.83,"end":4178.95},{"text":"international","start":4178.95,"end":4179.59},{"text":"law","start":4179.59,"end":4179.67},{"text":"must","start":4180.15,"end":4180.31},{"text":"be","start":4180.31,"end":4180.47},{"text":"grounded","start":4180.47,"end":4180.95},{"text":"in","start":4181.11,"end":4181.35},{"text":"sufficiently","start":4181.35,"end":4181.99},{"text":"representative","start":4181.99,"end":4182.79},{"text":"evidence","start":4182.95,"end":4183.59},{"text":"and","start":4184.11,"end":4184.27},{"text":"reflect","start":4184.27,"end":4184.71},{"text":"the","start":4184.71,"end":4184.83},{"text":"diversity","start":4184.83,"end":4185.51},{"text":"of","start":4185.55,"end":4185.67},{"text":"state","start":4185.67,"end":4185.99},{"text":"practice.","start":4185.99,"end":4186.47}]},{"text":"Zimbabwe accordingly reserves its position on questions of responsibility and reparation arising from colonial-era injustices and other historical wrongs.","start":4187.71,"end":4198.11,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"Zimbabwe","start":4187.71,"end":4188.07},{"text":"accordingly","start":4188.07,"end":4188.59},{"text":"reserves","start":4188.59,"end":4188.99},{"text":"its","start":4188.99,"end":4189.15},{"text":"position","start":4189.15,"end":4189.79},{"text":"on","start":4190.07,"end":4190.35},{"text":"questions","start":4190.43,"end":4190.95},{"text":"of","start":4190.95,"end":4191.23},{"text":"responsibility","start":4192.03,"end":4192.91},{"text":"and","start":4193.31,"end":4193.47},{"text":"reparation","start":4193.47,"end":4194.07},{"text":"arising","start":4194.07,"end":4194.47},{"text":"from","start":4194.47,"end":4194.67},{"text":"colonial-era","start":4194.67,"end":4195.55},{"text":"injustices","start":4195.55,"end":4196.43},{"text":"and","start":4196.75,"end":4196.95},{"text":"other","start":4196.99,"end":4197.23},{"text":"historical","start":4197.23,"end":4197.79},{"text":"wrongs.","start":4197.79,"end":4198.11}]},{"text":"The discontinuation of the Commission’s work on this topic should not be interpreted as acceptance by Zimbabwe of any particular default rule or as prejudicing positions that States may advance under applicable international law.","start":4199.15,"end":4212.59,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4199.15,"end":4199.27},{"text":"discontinuation","start":4199.31,"end":4200.27},{"text":"of","start":4200.27,"end":4200.43},{"text":"the","start":4200.43,"end":4200.51},{"text":"Commission’s","start":4200.51,"end":4201.07},{"text":"work","start":4201.07,"end":4201.31},{"text":"on","start":4201.31,"end":4201.43},{"text":"this","start":4201.43,"end":4201.63},{"text":"topic","start":4201.63,"end":4202.03},{"text":"should","start":4202.03,"end":4202.23},{"text":"not","start":4202.23,"end":4202.35},{"text":"be","start":4202.35,"end":4202.51},{"text":"interpreted","start":4202.51,"end":4203.23},{"text":"as","start":4203.31,"end":4203.55},{"text":"acceptance","start":4203.55,"end":4204.27},{"text":"by","start":4204.67,"end":4204.83},{"text":"Zimbabwe","start":4204.83,"end":4205.35},{"text":"of","start":4205.35,"end":4205.47},{"text":"any","start":4205.55,"end":4205.79},{"text":"particular","start":4205.79,"end":4206.27},{"text":"default","start":4206.27,"end":4206.75},{"text":"rule","start":4206.75,"end":4207.03},{"text":"or","start":4207.47,"end":4207.87},{"text":"as","start":4208.03,"end":4208.19},{"text":"prejudicing","start":4208.19,"end":4208.83},{"text":"positions","start":4208.83,"end":4209.39},{"text":"that","start":4209.39,"end":4209.55},{"text":"States","start":4209.55,"end":4209.95},{"text":"may","start":4209.95,"end":4210.11},{"text":"advance","start":4210.11,"end":4210.67},{"text":"under","start":4210.67,"end":4210.95},{"text":"applicable","start":4210.95,"end":4211.47},{"text":"international","start":4211.47,"end":4212.07},{"text":"law.","start":4212.35,"end":4212.59}]},{"text":"In conclusion, we reaffirm our commitment to the progressive development and codification of international law in a manner that strengthens the rule of law, respects sovereign equality of states, and contributes to a fairer and more inclusive international legal order.","start":4213.75,"end":4227.51,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented 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thank you.","start":4227.91,"end":4228.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4227.91,"end":4228.07},{"text":"thank","start":4228.15,"end":4228.39},{"text":"you.","start":4228.39,"end":4228.55}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"ZWE","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Zimbabwe"}},{"statement_number":22,"start":4232.71,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=1:10:33","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Zimbabwe for his statement.","start":4232.71,"end":4236.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4232.71,"end":4232.75},{"text":"thank","start":4232.75,"end":4233.03},{"text":"the","start":4233.03,"end":4233.23},{"text":"distinguished","start":4233.27,"end":4233.79},{"text":"representative","start":4233.79,"end":4234.55},{"text":"of","start":4234.55,"end":4234.71},{"text":"Zimbabwe","start":4234.71,"end":4235.35},{"text":"for","start":4235.35,"end":4235.59},{"text":"his","start":4235.59,"end":4235.71},{"text":"statement.","start":4235.71,"end":4236.15}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the United Arab Emirates.","start":4236.15,"end":4240.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4236.15,"end":4236.23},{"text":"now","start":4236.23,"end":4236.35},{"text":"give","start":4236.35,"end":4236.47},{"text":"the","start":4236.47,"end":4236.55},{"text":"floor","start":4236.55,"end":4236.87},{"text":"to","start":4236.87,"end":4237.03},{"text":"the","start":4237.03,"end":4237.15},{"text":"distinguished","start":4237.19,"end":4237.67},{"text":"representative","start":4237.67,"end":4238.31},{"text":"of","start":4238.63,"end":4238.79},{"text":"the","start":4238.79,"end":4238.87},{"text":"United","start":4238.87,"end":4239.43},{"text":"Arab","start":4239.51,"end":4239.83},{"text":"Emirates.","start":4239.83,"end":4240.63}]},{"text":"You have the floor, 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4324.87,"end":4325.19},{"text":"should","start":4325.19,"end":4325.43},{"text":"help","start":4325.43,"end":4325.83},{"text":"us","start":4325.83,"end":4326.15},{"text":"in","start":4326.15,"end":4326.71},{"text":"identifying","start":4327.51,"end":4328.47},{"text":"what","start":4328.47,"end":4328.67},{"text":"is","start":4328.67,"end":4328.79},{"text":"considered","start":4328.79,"end":4329.35},{"text":"as","start":4329.35,"end":4329.55},{"text":"a","start":4329.55,"end":4329.59},{"text":"subsidiary","start":4329.59,"end":4330.23},{"text":"mean.","start":4330.23,"end":4330.63}]},{"text":"With regard to the first subsidiary mean, we agree that there is no legally binding precedents in international law.","start":4330.79,"end":4345.91,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":4330.79,"end":4331.03},{"text":"regard","start":4331.03,"end":4331.51},{"text":"to","start":4331.99,"end":4332.15},{"text":"the","start":4332.23,"end":4332.43},{"text":"first","start":4332.55,"end":4332.95},{"text":"subsidiary","start":4332.95,"end":4333.67},{"text":"mean,","start":4333.67,"end":4334.15},{"text":"we","start":4335.67,"end":4335.99},{"text":"agree","start":4335.99,"end":4336.63},{"text":"that","start":4338.71,"end":4339.19},{"text":"there","start":4340.23,"end":4340.87},{"text":"is","start":4340.87,"end":4341.19},{"text":"no","start":4341.19,"end":4341.75},{"text":"legally","start":4343.59,"end":4343.99},{"text":"binding","start":4343.99,"end":4344.31},{"text":"precedents","start":4344.31,"end":4344.79},{"text":"in","start":4344.79,"end":4344.95},{"text":"international","start":4344.95,"end":4345.71},{"text":"law.","start":4345.71,"end":4345.91}]},{"text":"We also say that previous resolutions could be referred to, especially regarding the ICJ, where appropriate.","start":4345.91,"end":4358.31,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."},{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4398.15,"end":4398.39},{"text":"also","start":4398.39,"end":4398.79},{"text":"highly","start":4398.79,"end":4399.27},{"text":"value","start":4399.27,"end":4399.99},{"text":"efforts","start":4400.47,"end":4401.19},{"text":"to","start":4402.07,"end":4402.23},{"text":"go","start":4402.31,"end":4402.63},{"text":"back","start":4402.63,"end":4403.11},{"text":"to","start":4403.11,"end":4403.23},{"text":"these","start":4403.23,"end":4403.43},{"text":"teachings","start":4403.43,"end":4404.15},{"text":"and","start":4404.15,"end":4404.31},{"text":"make","start":4404.31,"end":4404.55},{"text":"them","start":4404.55,"end":4404.95},{"text":"more","start":4405.03,"end":4405.51},{"text":"inclusive","start":4405.51,"end":4406.31},{"text":"of","start":4406.31,"end":4406.47},{"text":"different","start":4406.47,"end":4406.95},{"text":"opinions","start":4406.95,"end":4407.75},{"text":"in","start":4407.75,"end":4407.99},{"text":"international","start":4407.99,"end":4408.95},{"text":"jurisprudence.","start":4409.03,"end":4410.23}]},{"text":"We took note with interest of the debate in the Commission, especially on expanding subsidiary means, especially in Rule 38(1)(d) of the ICJ Statute.","start":4410.87,"end":4431.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4410.87,"end":4411.19},{"text":"took","start":4411.19,"end":4411.59},{"text":"note","start":4411.59,"end":4412.15},{"text":"with","start":4412.47,"end":4412.79},{"text":"interest","start":4412.79,"end":4413.83},{"text":"of","start":4414.79,"end":4415.19},{"text":"the","start":4415.19,"end":4415.47},{"text":"debate","start":4417.51,"end":4418.23},{"text":"in","start":4418.23,"end":4418.79},{"text":"the","start":4418.79,"end":4418.99},{"text":"Commission,","start":4419.83,"end":4420.71},{"text":"especially","start":4420.71,"end":4421.43},{"text":"on","start":4421.43,"end":4421.59},{"text":"expanding","start":4421.59,"end":4422.15},{"text":"subsidiary","start":4422.15,"end":4422.87},{"text":"means,","start":4422.87,"end":4423.35},{"text":"especially","start":4423.35,"end":4424.07},{"text":"in","start":4424.31,"end":4424.63},{"text":"Rule","start":4424.63,"end":4425.11},{"text":"38(1)(d)","start":4425.11,"end":4426.87},{"text":"of","start":4426.95,"end":4427.35},{"text":"the","start":4427.35,"end":4427.55},{"text":"ICJ","start":4428.95,"end":4430.31},{"text":"Statute.","start":4430.39,"end":4431.27}]},{"text":"We welcome further, or thinking further about this in the Commission.","start":4440.99,"end":4447.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4440.99,"end":4441.39},{"text":"welcome","start":4441.39,"end":4442.19},{"text":"further,","start":4442.91,"end":4443.71},{"text":"or","start":4444.43,"end":4444.59},{"text":"thinking","start":4444.59,"end":4444.99},{"text":"further","start":4444.99,"end":4445.55},{"text":"about","start":4445.55,"end":4445.83},{"text":"this","start":4445.83,"end":4446.27},{"text":"in","start":4446.59,"end":4446.99},{"text":"the","start":4446.99,"end":4447.11},{"text":"Commission.","start":4447.15,"end":4447.87}]},{"text":"We call upon the Commission to look further into the term \"other texts.\"","start":4449.07,"end":4456.75,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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think that this approach is very careful and responsible.","start":4528.87,"end":4534.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4528.87,"end":4529.27},{"text":"think","start":4529.27,"end":4529.83},{"text":"that","start":4530.07,"end":4530.39},{"text":"this","start":4530.39,"end":4530.63},{"text":"approach","start":4530.63,"end":4531.43},{"text":"is","start":4531.59,"end":4531.91},{"text":"very","start":4531.91,"end":4532.39},{"text":"careful","start":4532.39,"end":4533.03},{"text":"and","start":4533.03,"end":4533.23},{"text":"responsible.","start":4533.23,"end":4534.07}]},{"text":"This decision reflects the Commission's commitment to accuracy, and we hope that this approach continues to conduct the work of the Commission in the 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draft conclusions on subsidiary means raise five points for Vanuatu.","start":4597.11,"end":4603.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4597.11,"end":4597.27},{"text":"draft","start":4597.27,"end":4597.79},{"text":"conclusions","start":4598.87,"end":4599.83},{"text":"on","start":4599.83,"end":4600.07},{"text":"subsidiary","start":4600.55,"end":4601.27},{"text":"means","start":4601.27,"end":4601.75},{"text":"raise","start":4601.75,"end":4602.07},{"text":"five","start":4602.07,"end":4602.39},{"text":"points","start":4602.39,"end":4602.75},{"text":"for","start":4602.75,"end":4602.87},{"text":"Vanuatu.","start":4602.87,"end":4603.51}]},{"text":"First, we welcome the conclusion 8 on teaching calls for due regard to gender and linguistic diversity, on issues where Small island developing states are especially affected, such as climate change and sea level rise.","start":4605.19,"end":4621.83,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Both","start":4670.67,"end":4670.99},{"text":"its","start":4671.07,"end":4671.31},{"text":"binding","start":4671.31,"end":4671.71},{"text":"rulings","start":4671.71,"end":4672.27},{"text":"and","start":4672.27,"end":4672.55},{"text":"its","start":4672.55,"end":4672.75},{"text":"advisory","start":4672.75,"end":4673.39},{"text":"opinions,","start":4673.39,"end":4674.03},{"text":"including","start":4674.03,"end":4674.59},{"text":"the","start":4674.59,"end":4674.67},{"text":"recent","start":4674.67,"end":4675.15},{"text":"opinion","start":4675.15,"end":4675.79},{"text":"on","start":4675.79,"end":4675.87},{"text":"climate","start":4675.87,"end":4676.31},{"text":"change,","start":4676.31,"end":4676.83},{"text":"are","start":4677.67,"end":4677.75},{"text":"essential","start":4677.75,"end":4678.35},{"text":"means","start":4678.35,"end":4678.75},{"text":"for","start":4678.75,"end":4678.87},{"text":"determining","start":4678.87,"end":4679.63},{"text":"the","start":4679.95,"end":4680.07},{"text":"existence","start":4680.07,"end":4680.99},{"text":"and","start":4681.47,"end":4681.63},{"text":"content","start":4681.63,"end":4682.19},{"text":"of","start":4682.19,"end":4682.35},{"text":"rules","start":4682.35,"end":4682.75},{"text":"of","start":4682.75,"end":4682.91},{"text":"international","start":4682.91,"end":4683.87},{"text":"law.","start":4683.87,"end":4683.95}]},{"text":"That opinion was unanimous, and it followed the largest participation in the court's history.","start":4685.47,"end":4692.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":4685.47,"end":4685.71},{"text":"opinion","start":4685.71,"end":4686.23},{"text":"was","start":4686.23,"end":4686.43},{"text":"unanimous,","start":4686.67,"end":4687.47},{"text":"and","start":4688.51,"end":4688.91},{"text":"it","start":4689.55,"end":4689.71},{"text":"followed","start":4689.71,"end":4690.19},{"text":"the","start":4690.19,"end":4690.27},{"text":"largest","start":4690.27,"end":4690.79},{"text":"participation","start":4690.79,"end":4691.59},{"text":"in","start":4691.59,"end":4691.71},{"text":"the","start":4691.71,"end":4691.79},{"text":"court's","start":4691.79,"end":4692.27},{"text":"history.","start":4692.27,"end":4692.75}]},{"text":"Third, Vanuatu welcomes conclusion four, which identifies the reception by states and other entities as criterion for assessing the weight of subsidiary means, including the Court's decisions.","start":4693.55,"end":4713.11,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Vanuatu","start":4740.27,"end":4740.79},{"text":"invites","start":4740.79,"end":4741.39},{"text":"the","start":4741.39,"end":4741.47},{"text":"Commission","start":4741.47,"end":4742.03},{"text":"to","start":4742.03,"end":4742.15},{"text":"clarify,","start":4742.15,"end":4742.83},{"text":"on","start":4743.23,"end":4743.39},{"text":"second","start":4743.39,"end":4743.79},{"text":"reading,","start":4743.79,"end":4744.27},{"text":"that","start":4744.91,"end":4745.23},{"text":"the","start":4745.23,"end":4745.39},{"text":"General","start":4745.55,"end":4746.19},{"text":"Assembly's","start":4746.27,"end":4746.99},{"text":"reception","start":4746.99,"end":4747.79},{"text":"of","start":4748.35,"end":4748.67},{"text":"an","start":4749.75,"end":4749.95},{"text":"advisory","start":4749.95,"end":4750.55},{"text":"opinion","start":4750.55,"end":4751.15},{"text":"is","start":4751.63,"end":4751.79},{"text":"requested","start":4751.79,"end":4752.59},{"text":"is","start":4753.23,"end":4753.47},{"text":"particularly","start":4753.51,"end":4754.43},{"text":"strong","start":4754.67,"end":4755.23},{"text":"indication","start":4755.23,"end":4756.03},{"text":"of","start":4756.03,"end":4756.27},{"text":"the","start":4756.27,"end":4756.35},{"text":"weight","start":4756.35,"end":4756.67},{"text":"of","start":4757.23,"end":4757.47},{"text":"that","start":4757.47,"end":4757.71},{"text":"opinion.","start":4757.71,"end":4758.35}]},{"text":"Fourth, Vanuatu supports the Commission's recognition of the significance of non-binding resolution, particularly of the General Assembly.","start":4759.07,"end":4769.87,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Fourth,","start":4759.07,"end":4759.55},{"text":"Vanuatu","start":4760.43,"end":4760.87},{"text":"supports","start":4760.87,"end":4761.39},{"text":"the","start":4761.39,"end":4761.47},{"text":"Commission's","start":4761.47,"end":4762.11},{"text":"recognition","start":4762.11,"end":4762.91},{"text":"of","start":4763.55,"end":4763.71},{"text":"the","start":4763.71,"end":4763.83},{"text":"significance","start":4763.83,"end":4764.75},{"text":"of","start":4764.75,"end":4764.99},{"text":"non-binding","start":4764.99,"end":4765.95},{"text":"resolution,","start":4766.19,"end":4766.99},{"text":"particularly","start":4767.15,"end":4767.95},{"text":"of","start":4768.39,"end":4768.55},{"text":"the","start":4768.55,"end":4768.67},{"text":"General","start":4768.67,"end":4769.15},{"text":"Assembly.","start":4769.15,"end":4769.87}]},{"text":"The report rightly highlights the Court's consideration of Assembly resolutions on the right to a healthy environment in finding that States States attach great importance to that right and that it is essential for the full enjoyment of other human rights.","start":4770.83,"end":4792.91,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4770.83,"end":4770.99},{"text":"report","start":4770.99,"end":4771.47},{"text":"rightly","start":4771.47,"end":4771.95},{"text":"highlights","start":4771.95,"end":4772.59},{"text":"the","start":4772.91,"end":4773.07},{"text":"Court's","start":4773.07,"end":4773.47},{"text":"consideration","start":4773.47,"end":4774.59},{"text":"of","start":4775.23,"end":4775.47},{"text":"Assembly","start":4775.47,"end":4776.11},{"text":"resolutions","start":4776.11,"end":4777.07},{"text":"on","start":4777.07,"end":4777.23},{"text":"the","start":4777.23,"end":4777.35},{"text":"right","start":4777.35,"end":4777.83},{"text":"to","start":4777.83,"end":4777.91},{"text":"a","start":4777.91,"end":4777.95},{"text":"healthy","start":4778.67,"end":4779.31},{"text":"environment","start":4779.31,"end":4780.03},{"text":"in","start":4780.03,"end":4780.27},{"text":"finding","start":4780.27,"end":4780.75},{"text":"that","start":4780.75,"end":4781.07},{"text":"States","start":4781.31,"end":4781.95},{"text":"States","start":4782.83,"end":4783.47},{"text":"attach","start":4783.55,"end":4784.35},{"text":"great","start":4784.83,"end":4785.23},{"text":"importance","start":4785.23,"end":4786.11},{"text":"to","start":4786.59,"end":4786.83},{"text":"that","start":4786.83,"end":4787.03},{"text":"right","start":4787.03,"end":4787.55},{"text":"and","start":4787.55,"end":4787.83},{"text":"that","start":4787.83,"end":4788.03},{"text":"it","start":4788.03,"end":4788.27},{"text":"is","start":4788.27,"end":4788.67},{"text":"essential","start":4788.67,"end":4789.39},{"text":"for","start":4789.63,"end":4789.79},{"text":"the","start":4789.79,"end":4789.95},{"text":"full","start":4789.95,"end":4790.35},{"text":"enjoyment","start":4790.79,"end":4791.47},{"text":"of","start":4791.47,"end":4791.79},{"text":"other","start":4791.79,"end":4792.03},{"text":"human","start":4792.03,"end":4792.35},{"text":"rights.","start":4792.35,"end":4792.91}]},{"text":"We note, too, that in May, this Assembly welcomed the Court’s opinion by 141 votes to 8, with 28 abstentions.","start":4793.55,"end":4807.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4793.55,"end":4793.79},{"text":"note,","start":4793.79,"end":4794.23},{"text":"too,","start":4794.23,"end":4794.51},{"text":"that","start":4795.47,"end":4795.79},{"text":"in","start":4795.79,"end":4796.03},{"text":"May,","start":4796.03,"end":4796.43},{"text":"this","start":4797.07,"end":4797.31},{"text":"Assembly","start":4797.31,"end":4798.03},{"text":"welcomed","start":4798.99,"end":4799.79},{"text":"the","start":4800.03,"end":4800.19},{"text":"Court’s","start":4800.19,"end":4800.83},{"text":"opinion","start":4801.23,"end":4801.71},{"text":"by","start":4801.71,"end":4802.11},{"text":"141","start":4802.55,"end":4803.63},{"text":"votes","start":4803.63,"end":4804.11},{"text":"to","start":4804.11,"end":4804.35},{"text":"8,","start":4804.51,"end":4804.91},{"text":"with","start":4805.23,"end":4805.51},{"text":"28","start":4806.11,"end":4806.67},{"text":"abstentions.","start":4806.67,"end":4807.51}]},{"text":"Fifth, conclusion 12: we welcome the commentaries confirmation that resolutions are primarily used in the law formation process, and that treating them as subsidiary means leaves that function undiluted.","start":4808.59,"end":4828.99,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."},{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Disparities","start":4882.75,"end":4883.63},{"text":"in","start":4883.63,"end":4883.79},{"text":"capacity","start":4883.79,"end":4884.67},{"text":"and","start":4884.67,"end":4884.95},{"text":"resources","start":4884.99,"end":4885.87},{"text":"can","start":4886.11,"end":4886.35},{"text":"arise","start":4886.35,"end":4886.99},{"text":"just","start":4887.47,"end":4887.79},{"text":"as","start":4887.79,"end":4887.95},{"text":"readily","start":4887.95,"end":4888.59},{"text":"between","start":4888.67,"end":4889.31},{"text":"small","start":4889.47,"end":4889.87},{"text":"states","start":4889.87,"end":4890.43},{"text":"and","start":4890.99,"end":4891.15},{"text":"well-resourced","start":4891.15,"end":4891.95},{"text":"international","start":4891.95,"end":4892.75},{"text":"organizations.","start":4892.75,"end":4893.87}]},{"text":"We invite the Commission to reflect this in draft guideline 4 or in the commentary on the second reading.","start":4894.75,"end":4904.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4894.75,"end":4894.91},{"text":"invite","start":4894.91,"end":4895.39},{"text":"the","start":4895.39,"end":4895.47},{"text":"Commission","start":4895.47,"end":4896.03},{"text":"to","start":4896.03,"end":4896.15},{"text":"reflect","start":4896.15,"end":4896.91},{"text":"this","start":4897.47,"end":4897.95},{"text":"in","start":4897.95,"end":4898.15},{"text":"draft","start":4898.15,"end":4898.59},{"text":"guideline","start":4899.15,"end":4899.63},{"text":"4","start":4899.63,"end":4900.11},{"text":"or","start":4900.43,"end":4900.67},{"text":"in","start":4900.67,"end":4900.83},{"text":"the","start":4900.83,"end":4900.99},{"text":"commentary","start":4900.99,"end":4901.79},{"text":"on","start":4902.35,"end":4902.67},{"text":"the","start":4903.31,"end":4903.39},{"text":"second","start":4903.39,"end":4903.79},{"text":"reading.","start":4903.79,"end":4904.27}]},{"text":"Finally, chapter 8, Vanuatu takes note of the Commission's decision not to pursue this topic further.","start":4905.79,"end":4914.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":4905.79,"end":4906.43},{"text":"chapter","start":4906.59,"end":4906.99},{"text":"8,","start":4906.99,"end":4907.47},{"text":"Vanuatu","start":4907.95,"end":4908.51},{"text":"takes","start":4908.51,"end":4908.99},{"text":"note","start":4909.55,"end":4909.91},{"text":"of","start":4909.91,"end":4910.03},{"text":"the","start":4910.03,"end":4910.19},{"text":"Commission's","start":4910.19,"end":4911.07},{"text":"decision","start":4911.67,"end":4912.43},{"text":"not","start":4912.51,"end":4912.79},{"text":"to","start":4912.79,"end":4912.91},{"text":"pursue","start":4912.91,"end":4913.31},{"text":"this","start":4913.31,"end":4913.63},{"text":"topic","start":4913.63,"end":4914.03},{"text":"further.","start":4914.03,"end":4914.51}]},{"text":"As a post-colonial nation, we maintain that newly independent states should not inherit responsibility for the wrongful acts of their former colonial rulers.","start":4916.03,"end":4929.15,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4916.03,"end":4916.27},{"text":"a","start":4916.27,"end":4916.35},{"text":"post-colonial","start":4916.35,"end":4917.15},{"text":"nation,","start":4917.15,"end":4917.67},{"text":"we","start":4917.67,"end":4917.79},{"text":"maintain","start":4917.79,"end":4918.51},{"text":"that","start":4919.07,"end":4919.63},{"text":"newly","start":4919.95,"end":4920.67},{"text":"independent","start":4920.67,"end":4921.35},{"text":"states","start":4921.35,"end":4922.11},{"text":"should","start":4922.67,"end":4922.99},{"text":"not","start":4922.99,"end":4923.31},{"text":"inherit","start":4923.39,"end":4924.19},{"text":"responsibility","start":4924.55,"end":4925.71},{"text":"for","start":4926.11,"end":4926.27},{"text":"the","start":4926.27,"end":4926.39},{"text":"wrongful","start":4926.39,"end":4926.91},{"text":"acts","start":4926.91,"end":4927.27},{"text":"of","start":4927.27,"end":4927.39},{"text":"their","start":4927.39,"end":4927.55},{"text":"former","start":4927.55,"end":4927.95},{"text":"colonial","start":4927.95,"end":4928.51},{"text":"rulers.","start":4928.51,"end":4929.15}]},{"text":"The Commission's inconclusive work on succession in respect of state responsibility does not diminish the former colonial power's own responsibility for its internationally wrongful conduct.","start":4930.03,"end":4948.67,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. 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you, Madam Chair.","start":4949.55,"end":4950.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4949.55,"end":4949.79},{"text":"you,","start":4949.79,"end":4949.87},{"text":"Madam","start":4949.87,"end":4950.19},{"text":"Chair.","start":4950.19,"end":4950.35}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"VUT","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Vanuatu"}},{"statement_number":26,"start":4953.07,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=1:22:34","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Vanuatu for this 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Argentina.","start":4956.75,"end":4960.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4956.75,"end":4956.99},{"text":"now","start":4956.99,"end":4957.15},{"text":"give","start":4957.15,"end":4957.39},{"text":"the","start":4957.39,"end":4957.47},{"text":"floor","start":4957.47,"end":4957.95},{"text":"to","start":4957.95,"end":4958.27},{"text":"the","start":4958.35,"end":4958.47},{"text":"distinguished","start":4958.51,"end":4959.15},{"text":"representative","start":4959.15,"end":4959.79},{"text":"of","start":4959.79,"end":4959.87},{"text":"Argentina.","start":4959.87,"end":4960.59}]},{"text":"Sir, you have the floor.","start":4960.59,"end":4961.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sir,","start":4960.59,"end":4960.83},{"text":"you","start":4960.83,"end":4960.91},{"text":"have","start":4960.91,"end":4961.07},{"text":"the","start":4961.07,"end":4961.15},{"text":"floor.","start":4961.15,"end":4961.55}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th 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They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5070.43,"end":5070.63},{"text":"the","start":5070.63,"end":5070.71},{"text":"same","start":5070.71,"end":5070.99},{"text":"spirit,","start":5070.99,"end":5071.39},{"text":"we","start":5071.39,"end":5071.55},{"text":"appreciate","start":5071.55,"end":5072.27},{"text":"the","start":5072.51,"end":5072.71},{"text":"explicit","start":5072.71,"end":5073.43},{"text":"acknowledgement","start":5073.43,"end":5074.19},{"text":"of","start":5074.19,"end":5074.27},{"text":"the","start":5074.27,"end":5074.43},{"text":"possible","start":5074.43,"end":5074.91},{"text":"disparity","start":5074.91,"end":5075.63},{"text":"between","start":5075.63,"end":5075.99},{"text":"the","start":5075.99,"end":5076.07},{"text":"positions","start":5076.07,"end":5076.63},{"text":"of","start":5076.63,"end":5076.71},{"text":"the","start":5076.71,"end":5076.83},{"text":"parties,","start":5076.83,"end":5077.47},{"text":"bearing","start":5077.79,"end":5078.15},{"text":"in","start":5078.15,"end":5078.27},{"text":"mind","start":5078.27,"end":5078.59},{"text":"that","start":5078.59,"end":5078.71},{"text":"such","start":5078.71,"end":5078.99},{"text":"disputes","start":5078.99,"end":5079.55},{"text":"often","start":5079.55,"end":5079.83},{"text":"arise","start":5079.83,"end":5080.27},{"text":"in","start":5080.27,"end":5080.35},{"text":"a","start":5080.35,"end":5080.43},{"text":"context","start":5080.43,"end":5081.07},{"text":"of","start":5081.07,"end":5081.31},{"text":"marked","start":5081.55,"end":5082.03},{"text":"asymmetry.","start":5082.35,"end":5083.07}]},{"text":"Lastly, Argentina notes that the draft guidelines have been transmitted to Governments and international organizations for comments and observations before 1 December 2027, and it hopes to be in a position to contribute to that exercise in due course.","start":5084.27,"end":5102.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Lastly,","start":5084.27,"end":5084.91},{"text":"Argentina","start":5085.15,"end":5086.03},{"text":"notes","start":5086.35,"end":5086.79},{"text":"that","start":5086.79,"end":5086.91},{"text":"the","start":5086.91,"end":5087.03},{"text":"draft","start":5087.03,"end":5087.47},{"text":"guidelines","start":5087.47,"end":5088.27},{"text":"have","start":5088.51,"end":5088.67},{"text":"been","start":5088.67,"end":5088.99},{"text":"transmitted","start":5088.99,"end":5089.59},{"text":"to","start":5089.59,"end":5089.95},{"text":"Governments","start":5089.95,"end":5090.59},{"text":"and","start":5090.59,"end":5090.83},{"text":"international","start":5090.83,"end":5091.51},{"text":"organizations","start":5091.51,"end":5092.67},{"text":"for","start":5093.07,"end":5093.59},{"text":"comments","start":5093.59,"end":5094.19},{"text":"and","start":5094.19,"end":5094.43},{"text":"observations","start":5094.43,"end":5095.47},{"text":"before","start":5095.71,"end":5096.07},{"text":"1","start":5096.07,"end":5096.39},{"text":"December","start":5096.43,"end":5097.07},{"text":"2027,","start":5097.07,"end":5098.35},{"text":"and","start":5098.67,"end":5098.87},{"text":"it","start":5098.87,"end":5098.95},{"text":"hopes","start":5098.95,"end":5099.19},{"text":"to","start":5099.19,"end":5099.27},{"text":"be","start":5099.27,"end":5099.35},{"text":"in","start":5099.35,"end":5099.43},{"text":"a","start":5099.43,"end":5099.47},{"text":"position","start":5099.47,"end":5099.95},{"text":"to","start":5099.95,"end":5100.11},{"text":"contribute","start":5100.11,"end":5100.63},{"text":"to","start":5100.63,"end":5100.71},{"text":"that","start":5100.75,"end":5100.91},{"text":"exercise","start":5100.91,"end":5101.55},{"text":"in","start":5101.55,"end":5101.71},{"text":"due","start":5101.71,"end":5101.87},{"text":"course.","start":5101.87,"end":5102.51}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, Argentina would like to thank the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Charles Chernor Jalloh, for presenting his third report on subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law and highlights the importance of the topic.","start":5103.39,"end":5118.91,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":5119.47,"end":5119.63},{"text":"delegation","start":5119.63,"end":5120.51},{"text":"welcomes","start":5120.51,"end":5121.39},{"text":"draft","start":5121.47,"end":5121.83},{"text":"conclusion","start":5121.83,"end":5122.43},{"text":"3,","start":5122.43,"end":5122.91},{"text":"which","start":5123.15,"end":5123.63},{"text":"states","start":5123.63,"end":5124.15},{"text":"with","start":5124.15,"end":5124.27},{"text":"the","start":5124.27,"end":5124.35},{"text":"clarity","start":5124.35,"end":5124.83},{"text":"we","start":5124.83,"end":5124.99},{"text":"had","start":5124.99,"end":5125.23},{"text":"requested","start":5125.23,"end":5125.87},{"text":"that","start":5126.11,"end":5126.35},{"text":"subsidiary","start":5126.35,"end":5127.15},{"text":"means","start":5127.15,"end":5127.71},{"text":"are","start":5127.71,"end":5127.87},{"text":"not","start":5127.87,"end":5128.15},{"text":"a","start":5128.15,"end":5128.19},{"text":"source","start":5128.19,"end":5128.51},{"text":"of","start":5128.51,"end":5128.59},{"text":"international","start":5128.59,"end":5129.47},{"text":"law","start":5129.47,"end":5129.55},{"text":"and","start":5129.79,"end":5130.11},{"text":"that","start":5130.11,"end":5130.35},{"text":"their","start":5130.35,"end":5130.59},{"text":"function","start":5130.59,"end":5131.23},{"text":"is","start":5131.23,"end":5131.39},{"text":"to","start":5131.39,"end":5131.51},{"text":"assist","start":5131.51,"end":5132.15},{"text":"in","start":5132.15,"end":5132.27},{"text":"determining","start":5132.27,"end":5132.99},{"text":"the","start":5132.99,"end":5133.11},{"text":"existence","start":5133.15,"end":5133.87},{"text":"and","start":5133.87,"end":5133.99},{"text":"content","start":5133.99,"end":5134.67},{"text":"of","start":5134.99,"end":5135.23},{"text":"rules,","start":5135.23,"end":5135.79},{"text":"always","start":5136.03,"end":5136.31},{"text":"on","start":5136.31,"end":5136.43},{"text":"the","start":5136.43,"end":5136.51},{"text":"basis","start":5136.51,"end":5136.95},{"text":"of","start":5136.95,"end":5137.03},{"text":"State","start":5137.03,"end":5137.31},{"text":"practice","start":5137.31,"end":5137.87},{"text":"and","start":5137.87,"end":5138.07},{"text":"opinio","start":5138.07,"end":5138.51},{"text":"juris.","start":5138.51,"end":5139.07}]},{"text":"For the same reason, we welcome draft conclusion 6 concerning the absence of legally binding precedent.","start":5139.95,"end":5146.43,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":5139.95,"end":5140.15},{"text":"the","start":5140.15,"end":5140.23},{"text":"same","start":5140.23,"end":5140.51},{"text":"reason,","start":5140.51,"end":5141.07},{"text":"we","start":5141.39,"end":5141.71},{"text":"welcome","start":5141.71,"end":5142.07},{"text":"draft","start":5142.07,"end":5142.35},{"text":"conclusion","start":5142.35,"end":5142.99},{"text":"6","start":5142.99,"end":5143.47},{"text":"concerning","start":5143.47,"end":5143.95},{"text":"the","start":5143.95,"end":5144.07},{"text":"absence","start":5144.07,"end":5144.63},{"text":"of","start":5144.63,"end":5144.75},{"text":"legally","start":5144.75,"end":5145.23},{"text":"binding","start":5145.23,"end":5145.71},{"text":"precedent.","start":5145.71,"end":5146.43}]},{"text":"Secondly, Argentina notes with satisfaction that the Commission has not retained specific conclusions on the coherence of international law or on the relationship with the supplementary means of interpretation referred to in article 32 of the Vienna Convention.","start":5147.47,"end":5164.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Secondly,","start":5147.47,"end":5148.03},{"text":"Argentina","start":5148.03,"end":5148.83},{"text":"notes","start":5149.15,"end":5149.55},{"text":"with","start":5149.55,"end":5149.71},{"text":"satisfaction","start":5149.71,"end":5150.55},{"text":"that","start":5150.55,"end":5150.75},{"text":"the","start":5150.75,"end":5150.91},{"text":"Commission","start":5150.99,"end":5151.55},{"text":"has","start":5151.55,"end":5151.79},{"text":"not","start":5151.79,"end":5152.11},{"text":"retained","start":5152.43,"end":5152.99},{"text":"specific","start":5152.99,"end":5153.59},{"text":"conclusions","start":5153.59,"end":5154.59},{"text":"on","start":5154.83,"end":5154.99},{"text":"the","start":5154.99,"end":5155.11},{"text":"coherence","start":5155.15,"end":5156.03},{"text":"of","start":5156.03,"end":5156.15},{"text":"international","start":5156.15,"end":5156.99},{"text":"law","start":5156.99,"end":5157.07},{"text":"or","start":5157.31,"end":5157.63},{"text":"on","start":5157.63,"end":5157.79},{"text":"the","start":5157.79,"end":5157.91},{"text":"relationship","start":5157.91,"end":5158.67},{"text":"with","start":5158.67,"end":5158.91},{"text":"the","start":5158.95,"end":5159.03},{"text":"supplementary","start":5159.31,"end":5160.27},{"text":"means","start":5160.27,"end":5160.63},{"text":"of","start":5160.63,"end":5160.75},{"text":"interpretation","start":5160.75,"end":5161.63},{"text":"referred","start":5161.63,"end":5161.95},{"text":"to","start":5161.95,"end":5162.07},{"text":"in","start":5162.07,"end":5162.15},{"text":"article","start":5162.15,"end":5162.51},{"text":"32","start":5162.51,"end":5163.07},{"text":"of","start":5163.07,"end":5163.15},{"text":"the","start":5163.15,"end":5163.31},{"text":"Vienna","start":5163.31,"end":5163.63},{"text":"Convention.","start":5163.63,"end":5164.27}]},{"text":"we reiterate that diversity in legal solutions is not necessarily a defect to be corrected.","start":5164.79,"end":5171.43,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"we","start":5164.79,"end":5165.03},{"text":"reiterate","start":5165.03,"end":5165.59},{"text":"that","start":5165.59,"end":5165.87},{"text":"diversity","start":5165.87,"end":5166.79},{"text":"in","start":5166.79,"end":5166.95},{"text":"legal","start":5166.95,"end":5167.35},{"text":"solutions","start":5167.35,"end":5168.07},{"text":"is","start":5168.31,"end":5168.55},{"text":"not","start":5168.55,"end":5168.79},{"text":"necessarily","start":5168.79,"end":5169.67},{"text":"a","start":5169.67,"end":5169.75},{"text":"defect","start":5169.75,"end":5170.43},{"text":"to","start":5170.43,"end":5170.51},{"text":"be","start":5170.51,"end":5170.71},{"text":"corrected.","start":5170.71,"end":5171.43}]},{"text":"Very often, this reflects the views of will of states in different contexts and different times.","start":5172.39,"end":5180.95,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Very","start":5172.39,"end":5172.71},{"text":"often,","start":5172.71,"end":5173.11},{"text":"this","start":5173.11,"end":5173.43},{"text":"reflects","start":5175.67,"end":5176.39},{"text":"the","start":5177.35,"end":5177.83},{"text":"views","start":5177.83,"end":5178.31},{"text":"of","start":5178.31,"end":5178.39},{"text":"will","start":5178.39,"end":5178.55},{"text":"of","start":5178.55,"end":5178.63},{"text":"states","start":5178.63,"end":5178.95},{"text":"in","start":5178.95,"end":5179.03},{"text":"different","start":5179.03,"end":5179.35},{"text":"contexts","start":5179.35,"end":5179.79},{"text":"and","start":5179.79,"end":5179.91},{"text":"different","start":5179.91,"end":5180.39},{"text":"times.","start":5180.39,"end":5180.95}]},{"text":"We therefore invite the Commission to review on a second reading those references in the commentaries that present coherence or unity as objectives that subsidiary means should ensure.","start":5181.35,"end":5191.03,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5181.35,"end":5181.51},{"text":"therefore","start":5181.51,"end":5181.87},{"text":"invite","start":5181.87,"end":5182.15},{"text":"the","start":5182.15,"end":5182.23},{"text":"Commission","start":5182.23,"end":5182.63},{"text":"to","start":5182.63,"end":5182.71},{"text":"review","start":5182.71,"end":5183.07},{"text":"on","start":5183.07,"end":5183.19},{"text":"a","start":5183.19,"end":5183.23},{"text":"second","start":5183.23,"end":5183.59},{"text":"reading","start":5183.59,"end":5183.99},{"text":"those","start":5183.99,"end":5184.23},{"text":"references","start":5184.23,"end":5184.79},{"text":"in","start":5184.79,"end":5184.87},{"text":"the","start":5184.87,"end":5184.95},{"text":"commentaries","start":5184.95,"end":5185.51},{"text":"that","start":5185.51,"end":5185.67},{"text":"present","start":5185.67,"end":5186.15},{"text":"coherence","start":5186.39,"end":5187.11},{"text":"or","start":5187.11,"end":5187.35},{"text":"unity","start":5187.35,"end":5187.91},{"text":"as","start":5188.15,"end":5188.31},{"text":"objectives","start":5188.31,"end":5188.87},{"text":"that","start":5188.87,"end":5189.03},{"text":"subsidiary","start":5189.03,"end":5189.83},{"text":"means","start":5189.83,"end":5190.15},{"text":"should","start":5190.15,"end":5190.43},{"text":"ensure.","start":5190.43,"end":5191.03}]},{"text":"Furthermore, We reiterate the need for a cautious approach regarding the value of scholarly writings and the role of expert bodies, recognizing their academic contribution while noting their heterogeneity and possible methodological or epistemological biases.","start":5191.83,"end":5207.83,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":5191.83,"end":5192.47},{"text":"We","start":5193.51,"end":5193.67},{"text":"reiterate","start":5193.67,"end":5194.11},{"text":"the","start":5194.11,"end":5194.19},{"text":"need","start":5194.19,"end":5194.47},{"text":"for","start":5194.47,"end":5194.67},{"text":"a","start":5194.67,"end":5194.71},{"text":"cautious","start":5194.71,"end":5195.27},{"text":"approach","start":5195.27,"end":5195.75},{"text":"regarding","start":5195.75,"end":5196.23},{"text":"the","start":5196.23,"end":5196.31},{"text":"value","start":5196.31,"end":5196.67},{"text":"of","start":5196.67,"end":5196.79},{"text":"scholarly","start":5196.79,"end":5197.19},{"text":"writings","start":5197.19,"end":5197.67},{"text":"and","start":5197.67,"end":5197.79},{"text":"the","start":5197.79,"end":5197.87},{"text":"role","start":5197.87,"end":5198.03},{"text":"of","start":5198.03,"end":5198.15},{"text":"expert","start":5198.15,"end":5198.55},{"text":"bodies,","start":5198.55,"end":5199.03},{"text":"recognizing","start":5199.35,"end":5200.07},{"text":"their","start":5200.07,"end":5200.27},{"text":"academic","start":5200.27,"end":5200.67},{"text":"contribution","start":5200.67,"end":5201.35},{"text":"while","start":5201.35,"end":5201.51},{"text":"noting","start":5201.51,"end":5201.99},{"text":"their","start":5201.99,"end":5202.23},{"text":"heterogeneity","start":5202.23,"end":5203.39},{"text":"and","start":5203.39,"end":5203.51},{"text":"possible","start":5203.51,"end":5203.99},{"text":"methodological","start":5204.23,"end":5205.19},{"text":"or","start":5205.19,"end":5205.43},{"text":"epistemological","start":5205.59,"end":5206.87},{"text":"biases.","start":5206.87,"end":5207.83}]},{"text":"With regard to resolutions of international organizations, Argentina proposes that greater precision be provided as to which types of texts may be considered subsidiary means in order to avoid ambiguity and legal uncertainty.","start":5208.31,"end":5221.51,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":5208.31,"end":5208.47},{"text":"regard","start":5208.47,"end":5208.79},{"text":"to","start":5208.79,"end":5208.91},{"text":"resolutions","start":5208.91,"end":5209.51},{"text":"of","start":5209.51,"end":5209.59},{"text":"international","start":5209.59,"end":5210.11},{"text":"organizations,","start":5210.11,"end":5210.95},{"text":"Argentina","start":5211.27,"end":5211.83},{"text":"proposes","start":5211.83,"end":5212.55},{"text":"that","start":5212.55,"end":5212.75},{"text":"greater","start":5212.75,"end":5213.11},{"text":"precision","start":5213.11,"end":5213.67},{"text":"be","start":5213.67,"end":5213.83},{"text":"provided","start":5213.83,"end":5214.39},{"text":"as","start":5214.63,"end":5214.79},{"text":"to","start":5214.79,"end":5214.91},{"text":"which","start":5214.91,"end":5215.27},{"text":"types","start":5215.27,"end":5215.67},{"text":"of","start":5215.67,"end":5215.75},{"text":"texts","start":5215.75,"end":5216.47},{"text":"may","start":5216.63,"end":5216.87},{"text":"be","start":5216.87,"end":5216.95},{"text":"considered","start":5216.95,"end":5217.47},{"text":"subsidiary","start":5217.47,"end":5218.15},{"text":"means","start":5218.15,"end":5218.63},{"text":"in","start":5218.63,"end":5218.71},{"text":"order","start":5218.71,"end":5218.95},{"text":"to","start":5218.95,"end":5219.07},{"text":"avoid","start":5219.07,"end":5219.67},{"text":"ambiguity","start":5219.75,"end":5220.39},{"text":"and","start":5220.39,"end":5220.51},{"text":"legal","start":5220.51,"end":5220.75},{"text":"uncertainty.","start":5220.75,"end":5221.51}]},{"text":"Finally, since the general commentary acknowledges that the project may contain elements of progressive development, we suggest that the Commission clearly identify what those elements are so that States may assess them as such.","start":5222.19,"end":5235.87,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":5222.19,"end":5222.75},{"text":"since","start":5222.75,"end":5223.31},{"text":"the","start":5223.31,"end":5223.43},{"text":"general","start":5223.55,"end":5224.11},{"text":"commentary","start":5224.11,"end":5224.99},{"text":"acknowledges","start":5225.23,"end":5225.95},{"text":"that","start":5225.95,"end":5226.11},{"text":"the","start":5226.11,"end":5226.19},{"text":"project","start":5226.19,"end":5226.67},{"text":"may","start":5226.67,"end":5226.83},{"text":"contain","start":5226.83,"end":5227.23},{"text":"elements","start":5227.23,"end":5227.71},{"text":"of","start":5227.71,"end":5227.87},{"text":"progressive","start":5227.87,"end":5228.35},{"text":"development,","start":5228.35,"end":5228.99},{"text":"we","start":5229.39,"end":5229.63},{"text":"suggest","start":5229.63,"end":5230.07},{"text":"that","start":5230.07,"end":5230.19},{"text":"the","start":5230.19,"end":5230.27},{"text":"Commission","start":5230.27,"end":5230.67},{"text":"clearly","start":5230.67,"end":5231.07},{"text":"identify","start":5231.07,"end":5231.83},{"text":"what","start":5231.83,"end":5232.11},{"text":"those","start":5232.11,"end":5232.35},{"text":"elements","start":5232.35,"end":5232.91},{"text":"are","start":5232.91,"end":5233.31},{"text":"so","start":5233.55,"end":5233.75},{"text":"that","start":5233.75,"end":5233.95},{"text":"States","start":5233.95,"end":5234.35},{"text":"may","start":5234.35,"end":5234.67},{"text":"assess","start":5234.67,"end":5235.07},{"text":"them","start":5235.07,"end":5235.23},{"text":"as","start":5235.23,"end":5235.31},{"text":"such.","start":5235.31,"end":5235.87}]},{"text":"Lastly, Argentina wishes to reaffirm that the work of the Commission must provide clarity and practical utility without altering the essential role of States in the creation of international law.","start":5237.07,"end":5249.71,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Lastly,","start":5237.07,"end":5237.63},{"text":"Argentina","start":5237.95,"end":5238.51},{"text":"wishes","start":5238.51,"end":5238.91},{"text":"to","start":5238.91,"end":5239.23},{"text":"reaffirm","start":5239.71,"end":5240.43},{"text":"that","start":5240.43,"end":5240.55},{"text":"the","start":5240.55,"end":5240.67},{"text":"work","start":5240.67,"end":5240.91},{"text":"of","start":5240.91,"end":5240.99},{"text":"the","start":5240.99,"end":5241.07},{"text":"Commission","start":5241.07,"end":5241.63},{"text":"must","start":5241.87,"end":5242.27},{"text":"provide","start":5242.27,"end":5242.71},{"text":"clarity","start":5242.71,"end":5243.39},{"text":"and","start":5243.39,"end":5243.63},{"text":"practical","start":5243.63,"end":5244.11},{"text":"utility","start":5244.11,"end":5244.99},{"text":"without","start":5245.31,"end":5245.87},{"text":"altering","start":5245.87,"end":5246.35},{"text":"the","start":5246.35,"end":5246.47},{"text":"essential","start":5246.47,"end":5246.99},{"text":"role","start":5246.99,"end":5247.27},{"text":"of","start":5247.27,"end":5247.39},{"text":"States","start":5247.39,"end":5247.87},{"text":"in","start":5247.87,"end":5247.95},{"text":"the","start":5247.95,"end":5248.07},{"text":"creation","start":5248.07,"end":5248.55},{"text":"of","start":5248.55,"end":5248.67},{"text":"international","start":5248.67,"end":5249.63},{"text":"law.","start":5249.63,"end":5249.71}]},{"text":"subsidiary means may only be used, in our view, to assist in interpreting State practice in accordance with article 31(3)(b) of the Vienna Convention, without substituting for or presuming the sovereign will of States.","start":5251.15,"end":5264.59,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"subsidiary","start":5251.15,"end":5251.79},{"text":"means","start":5251.79,"end":5252.19},{"text":"may","start":5252.19,"end":5252.35},{"text":"only","start":5252.35,"end":5252.59},{"text":"be","start":5252.59,"end":5252.83},{"text":"used,","start":5252.83,"end":5253.39},{"text":"in","start":5253.71,"end":5253.95},{"text":"our","start":5253.95,"end":5254.03},{"text":"view,","start":5254.03,"end":5254.19},{"text":"to","start":5254.19,"end":5254.39},{"text":"assist","start":5254.39,"end":5254.91},{"text":"in","start":5254.91,"end":5255.03},{"text":"interpreting","start":5255.03,"end":5255.79},{"text":"State","start":5255.79,"end":5256.11},{"text":"practice","start":5256.11,"end":5256.59},{"text":"in","start":5256.59,"end":5256.75},{"text":"accordance","start":5256.75,"end":5257.19},{"text":"with","start":5257.19,"end":5257.31},{"text":"article","start":5257.31,"end":5257.67},{"text":"31(3)(b)","start":5257.67,"end":5258.83},{"text":"of","start":5258.83,"end":5258.99},{"text":"the","start":5258.99,"end":5259.19},{"text":"Vienna","start":5259.19,"end":5259.47},{"text":"Convention,","start":5259.47,"end":5260.19},{"text":"without","start":5260.51,"end":5260.99},{"text":"substituting","start":5260.99,"end":5261.79},{"text":"for","start":5261.79,"end":5261.99},{"text":"or","start":5261.99,"end":5262.11},{"text":"presuming","start":5262.11,"end":5262.83},{"text":"the","start":5262.83,"end":5263.15},{"text":"sovereign","start":5263.39,"end":5263.79},{"text":"will","start":5263.79,"end":5263.95},{"text":"of","start":5263.95,"end":5264.03},{"text":"States.","start":5264.03,"end":5264.59}]},{"text":"We will continue to support this work in a constructive spirit and will submit our comments and observations in writing within the prescribed time frame.","start":5264.91,"end":5273.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5264.91,"end":5265.11},{"text":"will","start":5265.11,"end":5265.23},{"text":"continue","start":5265.23,"end":5265.71},{"text":"to","start":5265.71,"end":5265.83},{"text":"support","start":5265.83,"end":5266.19},{"text":"this","start":5266.19,"end":5266.43},{"text":"work","start":5266.43,"end":5266.83},{"text":"in","start":5267.07,"end":5267.31},{"text":"a","start":5267.31,"end":5267.35},{"text":"constructive","start":5267.35,"end":5267.95},{"text":"spirit","start":5267.95,"end":5268.51},{"text":"and","start":5268.83,"end":5269.07},{"text":"will","start":5269.07,"end":5269.23},{"text":"submit","start":5269.23,"end":5269.55},{"text":"our","start":5269.55,"end":5269.71},{"text":"comments","start":5269.71,"end":5270.07},{"text":"and","start":5270.07,"end":5270.19},{"text":"observations","start":5270.19,"end":5270.79},{"text":"in","start":5270.79,"end":5270.91},{"text":"writing","start":5270.91,"end":5271.39},{"text":"within","start":5271.39,"end":5271.79},{"text":"the","start":5271.79,"end":5271.91},{"text":"prescribed","start":5271.95,"end":5272.55},{"text":"time","start":5272.55,"end":5272.91},{"text":"frame.","start":5272.91,"end":5273.31}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, The Argentine Republic wishes to express its appreciation to Mr. Bimal N. Patel for the dedication and effort invested in preparing the report on the topic \"Succession of States in Respect of State Responsibility\".","start":5274.83,"end":5288.63,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5274.83,"end":5275.07},{"text":"Chair,","start":5275.07,"end":5275.39},{"text":"The","start":5275.39,"end":5275.51},{"text":"Argentine","start":5275.55,"end":5276.03},{"text":"Republic","start":5276.03,"end":5276.51},{"text":"wishes","start":5276.51,"end":5276.99},{"text":"to","start":5276.99,"end":5277.11},{"text":"express","start":5277.11,"end":5277.47},{"text":"its","start":5277.47,"end":5277.67},{"text":"appreciation","start":5277.67,"end":5278.35},{"text":"to","start":5278.35,"end":5278.47},{"text":"Mr.","start":5278.47,"end":5278.79},{"text":"Bimal","start":5278.79,"end":5279.11},{"text":"N.","start":5279.11,"end":5279.31},{"text":"Patel","start":5279.31,"end":5279.95},{"text":"for","start":5280.39,"end":5280.63},{"text":"the","start":5280.63,"end":5280.75},{"text":"dedication","start":5280.79,"end":5281.67},{"text":"and","start":5281.67,"end":5281.83},{"text":"effort","start":5281.83,"end":5282.19},{"text":"invested","start":5282.19,"end":5282.79},{"text":"in","start":5282.79,"end":5282.87},{"text":"preparing","start":5282.87,"end":5283.39},{"text":"the","start":5283.39,"end":5283.51},{"text":"report","start":5283.51,"end":5284.07},{"text":"on","start":5284.39,"end":5284.51},{"text":"the","start":5284.51,"end":5284.63},{"text":"topic","start":5284.63,"end":5285.11},{"text":"\"Succession","start":5285.27,"end":5285.95},{"text":"of","start":5285.95,"end":5286.07},{"text":"States","start":5286.07,"end":5286.47},{"text":"in","start":5286.47,"end":5286.63},{"text":"Respect","start":5286.63,"end":5287.11},{"text":"of","start":5287.11,"end":5287.19},{"text":"State","start":5287.19,"end":5287.55},{"text":"Responsibility\".","start":5287.55,"end":5288.63}]},{"text":"In its latest report, the Commission presented the substantive as well as procedural and institutional difficulties it would face were it to continue its work on this subject and explained the reasons for bringing that work to an end.","start":5289.35,"end":5303.11,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5289.35,"end":5289.51},{"text":"its","start":5289.51,"end":5289.67},{"text":"latest","start":5289.67,"end":5290.15},{"text":"report,","start":5290.15,"end":5290.63},{"text":"the","start":5290.63,"end":5290.75},{"text":"Commission","start":5290.75,"end":5291.35},{"text":"presented","start":5291.67,"end":5292.55},{"text":"the","start":5292.79,"end":5293.07},{"text":"substantive","start":5293.35,"end":5294.03},{"text":"as","start":5294.03,"end":5294.15},{"text":"well","start":5294.15,"end":5294.31},{"text":"as","start":5294.31,"end":5294.43},{"text":"procedural","start":5294.43,"end":5295.11},{"text":"and","start":5295.11,"end":5295.31},{"text":"institutional","start":5295.31,"end":5296.11},{"text":"difficulties","start":5296.11,"end":5296.71},{"text":"it","start":5296.71,"end":5296.79},{"text":"would","start":5296.79,"end":5296.95},{"text":"face","start":5296.95,"end":5297.35},{"text":"were","start":5297.67,"end":5297.91},{"text":"it","start":5297.91,"end":5298.23},{"text":"to","start":5298.31,"end":5298.55},{"text":"continue","start":5298.55,"end":5299.03},{"text":"its","start":5299.03,"end":5299.19},{"text":"work","start":5299.19,"end":5299.47},{"text":"on","start":5299.47,"end":5299.59},{"text":"this","start":5299.59,"end":5299.79},{"text":"subject","start":5299.79,"end":5300.31},{"text":"and","start":5300.55,"end":5300.71},{"text":"explained","start":5300.71,"end":5301.15},{"text":"the","start":5301.15,"end":5301.27},{"text":"reasons","start":5301.27,"end":5301.75},{"text":"for","start":5301.75,"end":5301.87},{"text":"bringing","start":5301.87,"end":5302.19},{"text":"that","start":5302.19,"end":5302.39},{"text":"work","start":5302.39,"end":5302.55},{"text":"to","start":5302.55,"end":5302.75},{"text":"an","start":5302.75,"end":5302.83},{"text":"end.","start":5302.83,"end":5303.11}]},{"text":"Without prejudice to the foregoing, this delegation wishes to recall that the Commission has traditionally maintained that the rights and obligations arising from an internationally wrongful act pertain only to the state that committed that act and are not transferred automatically as a consequence of a succession of states.","start":5305.19,"end":5321.99,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"Without","start":5305.19,"end":5305.51},{"text":"prejudice","start":5305.51,"end":5305.99},{"text":"to","start":5305.99,"end":5306.15},{"text":"the","start":5306.15,"end":5306.23},{"text":"foregoing,","start":5306.23,"end":5306.95},{"text":"this","start":5306.95,"end":5307.19},{"text":"delegation","start":5307.19,"end":5307.67},{"text":"wishes","start":5307.67,"end":5307.99},{"text":"to","start":5307.99,"end":5308.11},{"text":"recall","start":5308.11,"end":5308.55},{"text":"that","start":5308.55,"end":5308.71},{"text":"the","start":5308.71,"end":5308.79},{"text":"Commission","start":5308.79,"end":5309.35},{"text":"has","start":5309.51,"end":5309.83},{"text":"traditionally","start":5309.91,"end":5310.51},{"text":"maintained","start":5310.51,"end":5311.07},{"text":"that","start":5311.07,"end":5311.19},{"text":"the","start":5311.19,"end":5311.27},{"text":"rights","start":5311.27,"end":5311.55},{"text":"and","start":5311.55,"end":5311.67},{"text":"obligations","start":5311.67,"end":5312.31},{"text":"arising","start":5312.31,"end":5312.75},{"text":"from","start":5312.75,"end":5312.99},{"text":"an","start":5312.99,"end":5313.19},{"text":"internationally","start":5313.27,"end":5314.23},{"text":"wrongful","start":5314.23,"end":5314.71},{"text":"act","start":5314.71,"end":5315.03},{"text":"pertain","start":5315.31,"end":5315.75},{"text":"only","start":5315.75,"end":5316.07},{"text":"to","start":5316.07,"end":5316.23},{"text":"the","start":5316.23,"end":5316.31},{"text":"state","start":5316.31,"end":5316.63},{"text":"that","start":5316.63,"end":5316.79},{"text":"committed","start":5316.79,"end":5317.15},{"text":"that","start":5317.15,"end":5317.35},{"text":"act","start":5317.35,"end":5317.63},{"text":"and","start":5317.63,"end":5317.75},{"text":"are","start":5317.75,"end":5317.83},{"text":"not","start":5317.83,"end":5318.11},{"text":"transferred","start":5318.11,"end":5318.63},{"text":"automatically","start":5318.63,"end":5319.43},{"text":"as","start":5319.67,"end":5319.79},{"text":"a","start":5319.79,"end":5319.83},{"text":"consequence","start":5319.83,"end":5320.47},{"text":"of","start":5320.47,"end":5320.55},{"text":"a","start":5320.55,"end":5320.63},{"text":"succession","start":5320.63,"end":5321.15},{"text":"of","start":5321.15,"end":5321.27},{"text":"states.","start":5321.27,"end":5321.99}]},{"text":"Likewise, the Argentine Republic reiterates that account must be taken of the distinction between the transfer of responsibility as such and the transfer of the rights and obligations deriving from the responsibility of the predecessor State.","start":5322.59,"end":5334.99,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Resolutions","start":5581.59,"end":5582.11},{"text":"adopted","start":5582.11,"end":5582.55},{"text":"by","start":5582.55,"end":5582.71},{"text":"an","start":5582.71,"end":5582.87},{"text":"overwhelming","start":5582.87,"end":5583.51},{"text":"majority","start":5583.51,"end":5584.23},{"text":"of","start":5584.47,"end":5584.63},{"text":"Member","start":5584.63,"end":5584.95},{"text":"States","start":5584.95,"end":5585.35},{"text":"and","start":5585.35,"end":5585.55},{"text":"consistently","start":5585.55,"end":5586.23},{"text":"reaffirmed","start":5586.23,"end":5586.95},{"text":"over","start":5587.27,"end":5587.51},{"text":"time","start":5587.51,"end":5587.83},{"text":"deserve","start":5587.83,"end":5588.23},{"text":"particular","start":5588.23,"end":5588.71},{"text":"consideration.","start":5588.71,"end":5589.59}]},{"text":"On settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties.","start":5590.23,"end":5593.83,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":5590.23,"end":5590.39},{"text":"settlement","start":5590.39,"end":5590.87},{"text":"of","start":5590.87,"end":5591.03},{"text":"disputes","start":5591.03,"end":5591.59},{"text":"to","start":5591.59,"end":5591.71},{"text":"which","start":5591.71,"end":5591.91},{"text":"international","start":5591.91,"end":5592.51},{"text":"organizations","start":5592.51,"end":5593.19},{"text":"are","start":5593.19,"end":5593.27},{"text":"parties.","start":5593.27,"end":5593.83}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, Ukraine commends the Special Rapporteur, Mr. August Reinisch, whose three reports enabled the Commission to complete the first reading of the draft guidelines.","start":5594.71,"end":5604.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5594.71,"end":5594.95},{"text":"Chair,","start":5594.95,"end":5595.27},{"text":"Ukraine","start":5595.59,"end":5595.99},{"text":"commends","start":5595.99,"end":5596.51},{"text":"the","start":5596.51,"end":5596.63},{"text":"Special","start":5596.63,"end":5596.95},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":5596.95,"end":5597.75},{"text":"Mr.","start":5598.03,"end":5598.39},{"text":"August","start":5598.39,"end":5599.11},{"text":"Reinisch,","start":5599.11,"end":5599.67},{"text":"whose","start":5599.67,"end":5600.07},{"text":"three","start":5600.07,"end":5600.27},{"text":"reports","start":5600.27,"end":5600.71},{"text":"enabled","start":5600.71,"end":5601.11},{"text":"the","start":5601.11,"end":5601.19},{"text":"Commission","start":5601.19,"end":5601.71},{"text":"to","start":5601.71,"end":5601.83},{"text":"complete","start":5601.83,"end":5602.19},{"text":"the","start":5602.19,"end":5602.31},{"text":"first","start":5602.31,"end":5602.63},{"text":"reading","start":5602.63,"end":5603.03},{"text":"of","start":5603.35,"end":5603.43},{"text":"the","start":5603.43,"end":5603.55},{"text":"draft","start":5603.55,"end":5603.99},{"text":"guidelines.","start":5603.99,"end":5604.79}]},{"text":"We welcome the adoption together with the commentaries and may submit written comments by the deadline of 1 December 2027.","start":5605.11,"end":5612.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5605.11,"end":5605.23},{"text":"welcome","start":5605.23,"end":5605.59},{"text":"the","start":5605.59,"end":5605.71},{"text":"adoption","start":5605.71,"end":5606.23},{"text":"together","start":5606.23,"end":5606.67},{"text":"with","start":5606.67,"end":5606.83},{"text":"the","start":5606.83,"end":5606.91},{"text":"commentaries","start":5606.91,"end":5607.59},{"text":"and","start":5607.59,"end":5607.75},{"text":"may","start":5607.75,"end":5607.91},{"text":"submit","start":5607.91,"end":5608.31},{"text":"written","start":5608.31,"end":5608.63},{"text":"comments","start":5608.63,"end":5609.03},{"text":"by","start":5609.35,"end":5609.59},{"text":"the","start":5609.59,"end":5609.71},{"text":"deadline","start":5609.71,"end":5610.23},{"text":"of","start":5610.23,"end":5610.47},{"text":"1","start":5610.47,"end":5610.59},{"text":"December","start":5610.59,"end":5611.03},{"text":"2027.","start":5611.03,"end":5612.15}]},{"text":"Today, we will focus on disputes between international organizations and private parties, which in practice raise the most pressing questions.","start":5612.63,"end":5619.99,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. 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the commentary confirms, the references to independence, impartiality, and due process are illustrative, not exhaustive.","start":5700.55,"end":5708.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5700.55,"end":5700.63},{"text":"the","start":5700.63,"end":5700.79},{"text":"commentary","start":5700.79,"end":5701.35},{"text":"confirms,","start":5701.35,"end":5701.99},{"text":"the","start":5702.23,"end":5702.35},{"text":"references","start":5702.35,"end":5702.91},{"text":"to","start":5702.91,"end":5703.07},{"text":"independence,","start":5703.07,"end":5703.75},{"text":"impartiality,","start":5703.75,"end":5704.59},{"text":"and","start":5704.59,"end":5704.75},{"text":"due","start":5704.75,"end":5704.87},{"text":"process","start":5704.87,"end":5705.43},{"text":"are","start":5705.43,"end":5705.59},{"text":"illustrative,","start":5705.59,"end":5706.39},{"text":"not","start":5706.71,"end":5707.19},{"text":"exhaustive.","start":5707.99,"end":5708.55}]},{"text":"Given the normative wording of the draft guidelines, the Commission could usefully elaborate in the commentary on the other procedural requirements it covers, including the transparency of proceedings and their outcomes, while respecting confidentiality where required.","start":5709.19,"end":5724.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Given","start":5709.19,"end":5709.51},{"text":"the","start":5709.51,"end":5709.59},{"text":"normative","start":5709.59,"end":5710.15},{"text":"wording","start":5710.15,"end":5710.63},{"text":"of","start":5710.63,"end":5710.71},{"text":"the","start":5710.71,"end":5710.83},{"text":"draft","start":5710.83,"end":5711.19},{"text":"guidelines,","start":5711.19,"end":5711.83},{"text":"the","start":5711.99,"end":5712.15},{"text":"Commission","start":5712.15,"end":5712.63},{"text":"could","start":5712.63,"end":5712.87},{"text":"usefully","start":5712.95,"end":5713.43},{"text":"elaborate","start":5713.47,"end":5714.15},{"text":"in","start":5714.15,"end":5714.31},{"text":"the","start":5714.31,"end":5714.39},{"text":"commentary","start":5714.39,"end":5715.11},{"text":"on","start":5715.43,"end":5715.59},{"text":"the","start":5715.59,"end":5715.67},{"text":"other","start":5715.75,"end":5716.03},{"text":"procedural","start":5716.03,"end":5716.47},{"text":"requirements","start":5716.47,"end":5717.19},{"text":"it","start":5717.19,"end":5717.35},{"text":"covers,","start":5717.35,"end":5717.91},{"text":"including","start":5718.23,"end":5718.67},{"text":"the","start":5718.67,"end":5718.79},{"text":"transparency","start":5718.79,"end":5719.51},{"text":"of","start":5719.51,"end":5719.63},{"text":"proceedings","start":5719.63,"end":5720.23},{"text":"and","start":5720.39,"end":5720.59},{"text":"their","start":5720.59,"end":5720.87},{"text":"outcomes,","start":5720.87,"end":5721.51},{"text":"while","start":5721.79,"end":5722.07},{"text":"respecting","start":5722.07,"end":5722.59},{"text":"confidentiality","start":5722.59,"end":5723.47},{"text":"where","start":5723.47,"end":5723.75},{"text":"required.","start":5723.75,"end":5724.35}]},{"text":"This topic is of growing practical relevance for Ukraine.","start":5725.19,"end":5728.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5725.19,"end":5725.43},{"text":"topic","start":5725.43,"end":5725.83},{"text":"is","start":5725.83,"end":5726.03},{"text":"of","start":5726.03,"end":5726.15},{"text":"growing","start":5726.15,"end":5726.47},{"text":"practical","start":5726.47,"end":5727.03},{"text":"relevance","start":5727.03,"end":5727.51},{"text":"for","start":5727.51,"end":5727.67},{"text":"Ukraine.","start":5727.67,"end":5728.15}]},{"text":"International organizations and international mechanisms such as the Register of Damage Caused by the Aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine interact daily with states, institutions, and individuals in our 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and fair rules on the settlement of disputes involving international organizations are therefore far from theoretical for us.","start":5740.47,"end":5747.99,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Clear","start":5740.47,"end":5740.83},{"text":"and","start":5740.83,"end":5741.03},{"text":"fair","start":5741.03,"end":5741.39},{"text":"rules","start":5741.39,"end":5741.83},{"text":"on","start":5741.83,"end":5742.07},{"text":"the","start":5742.07,"end":5742.15},{"text":"settlement","start":5742.15,"end":5742.67},{"text":"of","start":5742.67,"end":5742.79},{"text":"disputes","start":5742.79,"end":5743.27},{"text":"involving","start":5743.43,"end":5743.95},{"text":"international","start":5743.95,"end":5744.51},{"text":"organizations","start":5744.51,"end":5745.35},{"text":"are","start":5745.35,"end":5745.51},{"text":"therefore","start":5745.51,"end":5745.99},{"text":"far","start":5745.99,"end":5746.23},{"text":"from","start":5746.23,"end":5746.63},{"text":"theoretical","start":5746.91,"end":5747.43},{"text":"for","start":5747.43,"end":5747.75},{"text":"us.","start":5747.75,"end":5747.99}]},{"text":"On succession of states in respect of state responsibility.","start":5748.63,"end":5751.91,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":5748.63,"end":5748.83},{"text":"succession","start":5748.83,"end":5749.43},{"text":"of","start":5749.43,"end":5749.59},{"text":"states","start":5749.59,"end":5750.03},{"text":"in","start":5750.03,"end":5750.15},{"text":"respect","start":5750.15,"end":5750.63},{"text":"of","start":5750.63,"end":5750.71},{"text":"state","start":5750.71,"end":5751.03},{"text":"responsibility.","start":5751.03,"end":5751.91}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, finally, Ukraine thanks the chair of the working group, Mr. Bimal Patel, as well as the former Special Rapporteur, Pawel Szturma, and the chair of the previous working group, Mr. August Reinisch, for their work on this topic.","start":5752.51,"end":5766.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5752.51,"end":5752.79},{"text":"Chair,","start":5752.79,"end":5753.07},{"text":"finally,","start":5753.55,"end":5754.11},{"text":"Ukraine","start":5754.11,"end":5754.51},{"text":"thanks","start":5754.51,"end":5754.91},{"text":"the","start":5754.91,"end":5754.99},{"text":"chair","start":5754.99,"end":5755.31},{"text":"of","start":5755.31,"end":5755.39},{"text":"the","start":5755.39,"end":5755.55},{"text":"working","start":5755.55,"end":5755.95},{"text":"group,","start":5755.95,"end":5756.35},{"text":"Mr.","start":5756.35,"end":5756.75},{"text":"Bimal","start":5756.75,"end":5757.23},{"text":"Patel,","start":5757.51,"end":5758.03},{"text":"as","start":5758.27,"end":5758.51},{"text":"well","start":5758.51,"end":5758.63},{"text":"as","start":5758.63,"end":5758.71},{"text":"the","start":5758.71,"end":5758.83},{"text":"former","start":5758.83,"end":5759.15},{"text":"Special","start":5759.15,"end":5759.47},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":5759.47,"end":5760.19},{"text":"Pawel","start":5760.43,"end":5760.75},{"text":"Szturma,","start":5760.75,"end":5761.19},{"text":"and","start":5761.19,"end":5761.31},{"text":"the","start":5761.63,"end":5761.71},{"text":"chair","start":5761.71,"end":5761.99},{"text":"of","start":5761.99,"end":5762.07},{"text":"the","start":5762.07,"end":5762.19},{"text":"previous","start":5762.19,"end":5762.51},{"text":"working","start":5762.51,"end":5762.87},{"text":"group,","start":5762.87,"end":5763.15},{"text":"Mr.","start":5763.15,"end":5763.55},{"text":"August","start":5763.55,"end":5763.95},{"text":"Reinisch,","start":5763.95,"end":5764.43},{"text":"for","start":5765.23,"end":5765.39},{"text":"their","start":5765.39,"end":5765.63},{"text":"work","start":5765.63,"end":5766.03},{"text":"on","start":5766.03,"end":5766.11},{"text":"this","start":5766.11,"end":5766.27},{"text":"topic.","start":5766.27,"end":5766.75}]},{"text":"We take note of the final report and of the Commission's decision not to pursue the topic further.","start":5767.39,"end":5772.75,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. 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They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":5793.95,"end":5794.11},{"text":"Ukraine,","start":5794.11,"end":5794.67},{"text":"which","start":5794.67,"end":5795.07},{"text":"restored","start":5795.07,"end":5795.63},{"text":"its","start":5795.63,"end":5795.83},{"text":"independence","start":5795.83,"end":5796.51},{"text":"in","start":5796.51,"end":5796.59},{"text":"1991,","start":5796.59,"end":5797.55},{"text":"questions","start":5797.83,"end":5798.27},{"text":"of","start":5798.27,"end":5798.43},{"text":"state","start":5798.43,"end":5798.71},{"text":"succession","start":5798.71,"end":5799.23},{"text":"remain","start":5799.23,"end":5799.63},{"text":"of","start":5799.63,"end":5799.79},{"text":"practical","start":5799.79,"end":5800.27},{"text":"relevance,","start":5800.27,"end":5800.91},{"text":"including","start":5801.23,"end":5801.71},{"text":"those","start":5801.71,"end":5802.19},{"text":"that","start":5802.19,"end":5802.43},{"text":"are","start":5802.43,"end":5802.51},{"text":"still","start":5802.51,"end":5802.83},{"text":"unresolved","start":5803.07,"end":5803.71},{"text":"owing","start":5803.79,"end":5804.11},{"text":"to","start":5804.11,"end":5804.23},{"text":"the","start":5804.23,"end":5804.35},{"text":"unilateral","start":5804.35,"end":5804.99},{"text":"appropriation","start":5804.99,"end":5806.75},{"text":"by","start":5806.99,"end":5807.15},{"text":"one","start":5807.15,"end":5807.47},{"text":"state","start":5807.47,"end":5807.79},{"text":"of","start":5807.79,"end":5807.95},{"text":"assets","start":5807.95,"end":5808.51},{"text":"of","start":5808.75,"end":5808.83},{"text":"the","start":5808.83,"end":5808.99},{"text":"former","start":5808.99,"end":5809.31},{"text":"Soviet","start":5809.31,"end":5809.71},{"text":"Union.","start":5809.71,"end":5810.19}]},{"text":"We are confident that the report and the work already accomplished will remain a useful reference for state practitioners and scholars.","start":5810.67,"end":5818.83,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. 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reaffirms its strong support for the work of the International Law Commission and its contribution to the codification and progressive development of international 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Bangladesh.","start":5851.67,"end":5855.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5851.67,"end":5851.75},{"text":"now","start":5851.75,"end":5851.99},{"text":"give","start":5851.99,"end":5852.23},{"text":"the","start":5852.23,"end":5852.31},{"text":"floor","start":5852.31,"end":5852.95},{"text":"to","start":5852.95,"end":5853.27},{"text":"the","start":5853.27,"end":5853.51},{"text":"distinguished","start":5853.51,"end":5854.15},{"text":"representative","start":5854.15,"end":5854.79},{"text":"of","start":5854.79,"end":5854.87},{"text":"Bangladesh.","start":5854.87,"end":5855.59}]},{"text":"Sir, you have the floor.","start":5855.59,"end":5856.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sir,","start":5855.59,"end":5855.91},{"text":"you","start":5855.91,"end":5855.99},{"text":"have","start":5855.99,"end":5856.15},{"text":"the","start":5856.15,"end":5856.23},{"text":"floor.","start":5856.23,"end":5856.63}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th 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Madam Chair, Bangladesh thanks the Commission for its work on the three topics in this cluster.","start":5859.11,"end":5867.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.","start":5859.11,"end":5860.31},{"text":"Madam","start":5861.59,"end":5861.87},{"text":"Chair,","start":5861.87,"end":5862.23},{"text":"Bangladesh","start":5862.71,"end":5863.15},{"text":"thanks","start":5863.19,"end":5863.43},{"text":"the","start":5863.43,"end":5863.55},{"text":"Commission","start":5863.59,"end":5864.07},{"text":"for","start":5864.07,"end":5864.27},{"text":"its","start":5864.27,"end":5864.47},{"text":"work","start":5864.47,"end":5864.79},{"text":"on","start":5865.43,"end":5865.51},{"text":"the","start":5865.51,"end":5865.63},{"text":"three","start":5865.67,"end":5865.83},{"text":"topics","start":5865.83,"end":5866.31},{"text":"in","start":5866.31,"end":5866.47},{"text":"this","start":5866.47,"end":5866.63},{"text":"cluster.","start":5866.63,"end":5867.11}]},{"text":"Two of them are now open for comments of States, and the third has been brought to a close.","start":5867.99,"end":5872.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Two","start":5867.99,"end":5868.19},{"text":"of","start":5868.19,"end":5868.31},{"text":"them","start":5868.31,"end":5868.55},{"text":"are","start":5868.55,"end":5868.63},{"text":"now","start":5868.63,"end":5868.83},{"text":"open","start":5868.83,"end":5869.19},{"text":"for","start":5869.19,"end":5869.43},{"text":"comments","start":5869.43,"end":5869.87},{"text":"of","start":5869.87,"end":5869.95},{"text":"States,","start":5869.95,"end":5870.55},{"text":"and","start":5871.11,"end":5871.27},{"text":"the","start":5871.27,"end":5871.35},{"text":"third","start":5871.35,"end":5871.63},{"text":"has","start":5871.63,"end":5871.83},{"text":"been","start":5871.83,"end":5871.99},{"text":"brought","start":5871.99,"end":5872.39},{"text":"to","start":5872.39,"end":5872.47},{"text":"a","start":5872.47,"end":5872.51},{"text":"close.","start":5872.51,"end":5872.95}]},{"text":"Each, in its own way, asks the same question: who gets to shape international law and who can reach its remedies?","start":5873.67,"end":5880.63,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Each,","start":5873.67,"end":5874.07},{"text":"in","start":5874.39,"end":5874.59},{"text":"its","start":5874.59,"end":5874.79},{"text":"own","start":5874.79,"end":5874.95},{"text":"way,","start":5874.95,"end":5875.19},{"text":"asks","start":5875.27,"end":5875.51},{"text":"the","start":5875.51,"end":5875.59},{"text":"same","start":5875.59,"end":5875.79},{"text":"question:","start":5875.79,"end":5876.31},{"text":"who","start":5876.79,"end":5877.03},{"text":"gets","start":5877.03,"end":5877.27},{"text":"to","start":5877.27,"end":5877.39},{"text":"shape","start":5877.39,"end":5877.63},{"text":"international","start":5877.63,"end":5878.43},{"text":"law","start":5878.43,"end":5878.51},{"text":"and","start":5878.87,"end":5879.07},{"text":"who","start":5879.07,"end":5879.19},{"text":"can","start":5879.19,"end":5879.43},{"text":"reach","start":5879.43,"end":5879.67},{"text":"its","start":5879.75,"end":5879.99},{"text":"remedies?","start":5879.99,"end":5880.63}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, on subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law, we congratulate the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Jalloh, on the adoption of 13 draft conclusions on first reading.","start":5880.95,"end":5893.19,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5893.91,"end":5894.07},{"text":"is","start":5894.07,"end":5894.23},{"text":"worth","start":5894.23,"end":5894.47},{"text":"remembering","start":5894.47,"end":5894.99},{"text":"what","start":5894.99,"end":5895.35},{"text":"Article","start":5895.51,"end":5895.95},{"text":"38","start":5895.95,"end":5896.27},{"text":"of","start":5896.27,"end":5896.35},{"text":"the","start":5896.35,"end":5896.47},{"text":"Statute","start":5896.47,"end":5896.87},{"text":"of","start":5896.87,"end":5897.03},{"text":"ICJ","start":5897.03,"end":5897.59},{"text":"actually","start":5897.91,"end":5898.39},{"text":"says.","start":5898.39,"end":5898.87}]},{"text":"It refers not simply to teachings, but to the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations.","start":5899.51,"end":5906.87,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Diversity","start":5907.59,"end":5908.23},{"text":"was","start":5908.23,"end":5908.39},{"text":"written","start":5908.39,"end":5908.71},{"text":"into","start":5908.71,"end":5908.95},{"text":"the","start":5908.95,"end":5909.07},{"text":"text","start":5909.07,"end":5909.39},{"text":"from","start":5909.39,"end":5909.55},{"text":"the","start":5909.55,"end":5909.67},{"text":"beginning.","start":5909.67,"end":5910.07}]},{"text":"The draft conclusions honored that intention.","start":5910.63,"end":5913.03,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Scholarship","start":5958.43,"end":5959.07},{"text":"written","start":5959.07,"end":5959.39},{"text":"in","start":5959.39,"end":5959.55},{"text":"Bangla","start":5959.55,"end":5959.95},{"text":"or","start":5960.35,"end":5960.59},{"text":"Bahasa","start":5960.59,"end":5961.15},{"text":"rarely","start":5961.63,"end":5962.19},{"text":"reaches","start":5962.19,"end":5962.59},{"text":"the","start":5962.59,"end":5962.71},{"text":"libraries","start":5962.71,"end":5963.39},{"text":"where","start":5963.55,"end":5963.75},{"text":"international","start":5963.75,"end":5964.47},{"text":"law","start":5964.47,"end":5964.59},{"text":"is","start":5964.59,"end":5964.75},{"text":"researched.","start":5964.75,"end":5965.39}]},{"text":"And there is a new risk that the Commission may wish to address in its commentaries.","start":5966.19,"end":5970.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5966.19,"end":5966.35},{"text":"there","start":5966.35,"end":5966.51},{"text":"is","start":5966.51,"end":5966.67},{"text":"a","start":5966.67,"end":5966.71},{"text":"new","start":5966.71,"end":5966.91},{"text":"risk","start":5966.91,"end":5967.47},{"text":"that","start":5967.71,"end":5967.91},{"text":"the","start":5967.91,"end":5968.03},{"text":"Commission","start":5968.03,"end":5968.51},{"text":"may","start":5968.51,"end":5968.67},{"text":"wish","start":5968.67,"end":5968.91},{"text":"to","start":5968.91,"end":5969.03},{"text":"address","start":5969.03,"end":5969.55},{"text":"in","start":5969.55,"end":5969.67},{"text":"its","start":5969.67,"end":5969.79},{"text":"commentaries.","start":5969.79,"end":5970.51}]},{"text":"Lawyers, courts, and governments increasingly rely on research tools driven by artificial intelligence.","start":5971.15,"end":5978.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Lawyers,","start":5971.15,"end":5971.87},{"text":"courts,","start":5972.19,"end":5972.67},{"text":"and","start":5972.75,"end":5973.03},{"text":"governments","start":5973.03,"end":5973.63},{"text":"increasingly","start":5973.79,"end":5974.51},{"text":"rely","start":5974.51,"end":5974.91},{"text":"on","start":5974.91,"end":5975.07},{"text":"research","start":5975.07,"end":5975.43},{"text":"tools","start":5975.43,"end":5975.87},{"text":"driven","start":5976.19,"end":5976.59},{"text":"by","start":5976.59,"end":5976.83},{"text":"artificial","start":5976.83,"end":5977.39},{"text":"intelligence.","start":5977.39,"end":5978.11}]},{"text":"Such tools are trained on what is most available and most cited.","start":5978.91,"end":5983.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":5978.91,"end":5979.31},{"text":"tools","start":5979.31,"end":5979.63},{"text":"are","start":5979.63,"end":5979.71},{"text":"trained","start":5979.71,"end":5980.19},{"text":"on","start":5980.59,"end":5980.83},{"text":"what","start":5980.83,"end":5981.15},{"text":"is","start":5981.15,"end":5981.31},{"text":"most","start":5981.31,"end":5981.63},{"text":"available","start":5981.63,"end":5982.11},{"text":"and","start":5982.11,"end":5982.27},{"text":"most","start":5982.35,"end":5982.71},{"text":"cited.","start":5982.71,"end":5983.23}]},{"text":"Unless care is taken, they will amplify the voices that are already loudest and make the rest even harder to hear.","start":5983.71,"end":5991.71,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Unless","start":5983.71,"end":5984.11},{"text":"care","start":5984.11,"end":5984.43},{"text":"is","start":5984.43,"end":5984.51},{"text":"taken,","start":5984.51,"end":5984.99},{"text":"they","start":5985.31,"end":5985.47},{"text":"will","start":5985.47,"end":5985.63},{"text":"amplify","start":5985.63,"end":5986.19},{"text":"the","start":5986.19,"end":5986.31},{"text":"voices","start":5986.31,"end":5986.99},{"text":"that","start":5987.23,"end":5987.39},{"text":"are","start":5987.39,"end":5987.55},{"text":"already","start":5987.55,"end":5988.11},{"text":"loudest","start":5988.11,"end":5988.83},{"text":"and","start":5989.15,"end":5989.47},{"text":"make","start":5989.47,"end":5989.79},{"text":"the","start":5989.79,"end":5989.95},{"text":"rest","start":5989.95,"end":5990.43},{"text":"even","start":5990.59,"end":5990.83},{"text":"harder","start":5990.83,"end":5991.23},{"text":"to","start":5991.23,"end":5991.35},{"text":"hear.","start":5991.35,"end":5991.71}]},{"text":"We would welcome a clear statement that the weight of a subsidiary means depends on its quality and representativeness, not on how often it appears online.","start":5992.51,"end":6004.59,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5992.51,"end":5992.75},{"text":"would","start":5992.75,"end":5992.91},{"text":"welcome","start":5992.91,"end":5993.39},{"text":"a","start":5993.79,"end":5993.83},{"text":"clear","start":5993.83,"end":5994.19},{"text":"statement","start":5994.19,"end":5994.83},{"text":"that","start":5995.23,"end":5995.47},{"text":"the","start":5995.47,"end":5995.55},{"text":"weight","start":5995.55,"end":5996.03},{"text":"of","start":5996.03,"end":5996.19},{"text":"a","start":5996.19,"end":5996.23},{"text":"subsidiary","start":5996.23,"end":5996.91},{"text":"means","start":5996.91,"end":5997.39},{"text":"depends","start":5997.71,"end":5998.35},{"text":"on","start":5998.59,"end":5998.75},{"text":"its","start":5998.75,"end":5998.91},{"text":"quality","start":5998.91,"end":5999.55},{"text":"and","start":5999.63,"end":5999.87},{"text":"representativeness,","start":5999.87,"end":6000.91},{"text":"not","start":6001.63,"end":6002.03},{"text":"on","start":6002.03,"end":6002.27},{"text":"how","start":6002.27,"end":6002.59},{"text":"often","start":6002.59,"end":6003.23},{"text":"it","start":6003.47,"end":6003.63},{"text":"appears","start":6003.63,"end":6004.07},{"text":"online.","start":6004.07,"end":6004.59}]},{"text":"In this, we agree with ALCO, which has stressed quality over frequency of citation, and we welcome the proposal made by Guatemala for a shared repository of national decisions and scholarship from countries with fewer resources.","start":6005.47,"end":6021.91,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6031.99,"end":6032.15},{"text":"highest","start":6032.15,"end":6032.55},{"text":"courts","start":6032.55,"end":6032.83},{"text":"of","start":6032.83,"end":6032.91},{"text":"developing","start":6032.91,"end":6033.35},{"text":"countries","start":6033.35,"end":6033.91},{"text":"have","start":6034.15,"end":6034.47},{"text":"much","start":6034.47,"end":6034.79},{"text":"to","start":6034.79,"end":6034.91},{"text":"contribute","start":6034.91,"end":6035.59},{"text":"if","start":6035.91,"end":6036.15},{"text":"their","start":6036.15,"end":6036.31},{"text":"decisions","start":6036.31,"end":6036.87},{"text":"can","start":6036.87,"end":6037.03},{"text":"be","start":6037.03,"end":6037.19},{"text":"found.","start":6037.19,"end":6037.59}]},{"text":"We also support the draft conclusion 6 which confirms that decisions of international courts and tribunals do not constitute legally binding precedent unless a specific rule so provides, while recognizing that they may be followed on the same or similar issues.","start":6038.95,"end":6056.51,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":6090.07,"end":6090.39},{"text":"Chair,","start":6090.39,"end":6090.79},{"text":"the","start":6091.19,"end":6091.27},{"text":"next","start":6091.27,"end":6091.59},{"text":"issue","start":6091.59,"end":6091.83},{"text":"I","start":6091.83,"end":6091.91},{"text":"draw","start":6091.91,"end":6092.07},{"text":"your","start":6092.07,"end":6092.27},{"text":"attention","start":6092.27,"end":6092.71},{"text":"to","start":6092.71,"end":6092.95},{"text":"is","start":6093.35,"end":6093.47},{"text":"the","start":6093.47,"end":6093.55},{"text":"settlement","start":6093.55,"end":6094.07},{"text":"of","start":6094.07,"end":6094.15},{"text":"disputes","start":6094.15,"end":6094.79},{"text":"to","start":6094.95,"end":6095.07},{"text":"which","start":6095.07,"end":6095.31},{"text":"international","start":6095.31,"end":6095.87},{"text":"organizations","start":6095.87,"end":6096.55},{"text":"are","start":6096.55,"end":6096.63},{"text":"parties.","start":6096.63,"end":6097.19}]},{"text":"We congratulate the Special Rapporteur, Mr. August Reinisch, on the adoption of 12 draft guidelines on first reading.","start":6098.11,"end":6106.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6098.11,"end":6098.43},{"text":"congratulate","start":6098.43,"end":6099.47},{"text":"the","start":6099.47,"end":6099.59},{"text":"Special","start":6099.59,"end":6099.95},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":6099.95,"end":6100.35},{"text":"Mr.","start":6100.35,"end":6100.71},{"text":"August","start":6100.71,"end":6101.23},{"text":"Reinisch,","start":6101.47,"end":6102.11},{"text":"on","start":6102.75,"end":6102.91},{"text":"the","start":6102.91,"end":6103.03},{"text":"adoption","start":6103.03,"end":6103.55},{"text":"of","start":6103.55,"end":6103.87},{"text":"12","start":6103.87,"end":6104.27},{"text":"draft","start":6104.27,"end":6104.59},{"text":"guidelines","start":6104.59,"end":6105.31},{"text":"on","start":6105.87,"end":6106.03},{"text":"first","start":6106.03,"end":6106.43},{"text":"reading.","start":6106.43,"end":6106.83}]},{"text":"The idea at the heart of the part three is not new.","start":6107.39,"end":6110.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6107.39,"end":6107.59},{"text":"idea","start":6107.63,"end":6108.03},{"text":"at","start":6108.03,"end":6108.11},{"text":"the","start":6108.11,"end":6108.27},{"text":"heart","start":6108.27,"end":6108.67},{"text":"of","start":6109.23,"end":6109.39},{"text":"the","start":6109.39,"end":6109.47},{"text":"part","start":6109.47,"end":6109.79},{"text":"three","start":6109.79,"end":6110.19},{"text":"is","start":6110.19,"end":6110.43},{"text":"not","start":6110.43,"end":6110.67},{"text":"new.","start":6110.67,"end":6110.99}]},{"text":"In 1946, section 29 of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the UN always required the organization to make provisions for appropriate modes of settlement of disputes of a private law character.","start":6111.71,"end":6125.71,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. 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They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":6170.71,"end":6170.95},{"text":"them,","start":6170.95,"end":6171.35},{"text":"a","start":6171.83,"end":6171.87},{"text":"remedy","start":6171.87,"end":6172.31},{"text":"that","start":6172.31,"end":6172.51},{"text":"exists","start":6172.51,"end":6173.27},{"text":"only","start":6173.51,"end":6173.95},{"text":"in","start":6173.95,"end":6174.07},{"text":"a","start":6174.07,"end":6174.15},{"text":"distant","start":6174.15,"end":6174.59},{"text":"city,","start":6174.59,"end":6175.11},{"text":"in","start":6175.35,"end":6175.51},{"text":"a","start":6175.51,"end":6175.55},{"text":"foreign","start":6175.55,"end":6175.91},{"text":"language,","start":6175.91,"end":6176.55},{"text":"and","start":6176.79,"end":6177.07},{"text":"at","start":6177.07,"end":6177.19},{"text":"high","start":6177.19,"end":6177.51},{"text":"cost","start":6177.51,"end":6178.07},{"text":"is","start":6178.07,"end":6178.31},{"text":"no","start":6178.31,"end":6178.47},{"text":"remedy","start":6178.47,"end":6178.79},{"text":"at","start":6178.79,"end":6178.95},{"text":"all.","start":6178.95,"end":6179.19}]},{"text":"Access to justice should mean a mechanism.","start":6180.07,"end":6183.11,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Access","start":6180.07,"end":6180.55},{"text":"to","start":6180.55,"end":6180.71},{"text":"justice","start":6180.71,"end":6181.27},{"text":"should","start":6181.59,"end":6181.99},{"text":"mean","start":6181.99,"end":6182.39},{"text":"a","start":6182.39,"end":6182.43},{"text":"mechanism.","start":6182.43,"end":6183.11}]},{"text":"that is reachable in practice, close to where the dispute arose, in language the claimant understands and affordable.","start":6183.43,"end":6190.15,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"that","start":6183.43,"end":6183.59},{"text":"is","start":6183.59,"end":6183.75},{"text":"reachable","start":6183.75,"end":6184.23},{"text":"in","start":6184.23,"end":6184.39},{"text":"practice,","start":6184.39,"end":6185.03},{"text":"close","start":6185.55,"end":6185.91},{"text":"to","start":6185.91,"end":6186.03},{"text":"where","start":6186.03,"end":6186.23},{"text":"the","start":6186.23,"end":6186.35},{"text":"dispute","start":6186.35,"end":6186.79},{"text":"arose,","start":6186.79,"end":6187.27},{"text":"in","start":6187.59,"end":6187.75},{"text":"language","start":6187.75,"end":6188.39},{"text":"the","start":6188.39,"end":6188.51},{"text":"claimant","start":6188.51,"end":6188.91},{"text":"understands","start":6188.91,"end":6189.51},{"text":"and","start":6189.51,"end":6189.67},{"text":"affordable.","start":6189.67,"end":6190.15}]},{"text":"Draft Guideline 8, which recognizes the disparity between the parties, matters here.","start":6191.35,"end":6197.03,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Draft","start":6191.35,"end":6191.71},{"text":"Guideline","start":6191.71,"end":6192.39},{"text":"8,","start":6192.55,"end":6193.03},{"text":"which","start":6193.15,"end":6193.43},{"text":"recognizes","start":6193.43,"end":6194.15},{"text":"the","start":6194.15,"end":6194.23},{"text":"disparity","start":6194.23,"end":6194.87},{"text":"between","start":6194.87,"end":6195.19},{"text":"the","start":6195.19,"end":6195.27},{"text":"parties,","start":6195.27,"end":6195.91},{"text":"matters","start":6196.23,"end":6196.71},{"text":"here.","start":6196.71,"end":6197.03}]},{"text":"A daily worker and an international organization do not meet as equals.","start":6197.91,"end":6202.23,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":6197.91,"end":6197.95},{"text":"daily","start":6197.95,"end":6198.31},{"text":"worker","start":6198.31,"end":6198.87},{"text":"and","start":6198.87,"end":6199.07},{"text":"an","start":6199.07,"end":6199.19},{"text":"international","start":6199.19,"end":6199.91},{"text":"organization","start":6199.91,"end":6200.59},{"text":"do","start":6200.59,"end":6200.71},{"text":"not","start":6200.71,"end":6201.03},{"text":"meet","start":6201.03,"end":6201.35},{"text":"as","start":6201.35,"end":6201.59},{"text":"equals.","start":6201.59,"end":6202.23}]},{"text":"For the same reason, we would not wish the core of Draft Guideline 11 to become a mere recommendation.","start":6203.03,"end":6210.55,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":6203.03,"end":6203.19},{"text":"the","start":6203.19,"end":6203.27},{"text":"same","start":6203.27,"end":6203.59},{"text":"reason,","start":6203.59,"end":6204.15},{"text":"we","start":6204.47,"end":6204.63},{"text":"would","start":6204.63,"end":6204.87},{"text":"not","start":6204.87,"end":6205.19},{"text":"wish","start":6205.19,"end":6205.67},{"text":"the","start":6205.67,"end":6205.83},{"text":"core","start":6206.15,"end":6206.55},{"text":"of","start":6206.55,"end":6206.83},{"text":"Draft","start":6206.83,"end":6207.15},{"text":"Guideline","start":6207.15,"end":6207.67},{"text":"11","start":6207.67,"end":6208.23},{"text":"to","start":6208.63,"end":6208.71},{"text":"become","start":6208.71,"end":6209.19},{"text":"a","start":6209.27,"end":6209.31},{"text":"mere","start":6209.31,"end":6209.71},{"text":"recommendation.","start":6209.71,"end":6210.55}]},{"text":"The means of settlement may take many forms, but the assurance that they will never amount to arbitrariness or denial of justice should remain firm.","start":6211.35,"end":6221.11,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6211.35,"end":6211.51},{"text":"means","start":6211.51,"end":6211.99},{"text":"of","start":6211.99,"end":6212.11},{"text":"settlement","start":6212.11,"end":6212.79},{"text":"may","start":6213.35,"end":6213.51},{"text":"take","start":6213.51,"end":6213.83},{"text":"many","start":6213.83,"end":6214.07},{"text":"forms,","start":6214.07,"end":6214.71},{"text":"but","start":6214.95,"end":6215.11},{"text":"the","start":6215.11,"end":6215.23},{"text":"assurance","start":6215.23,"end":6215.83},{"text":"that","start":6215.83,"end":6216.15},{"text":"they","start":6216.39,"end":6216.59},{"text":"will","start":6216.59,"end":6216.71},{"text":"never","start":6216.71,"end":6217.03},{"text":"amount","start":6217.03,"end":6217.39},{"text":"to","start":6217.39,"end":6217.47},{"text":"arbitrariness","start":6217.47,"end":6218.31},{"text":"or","start":6218.31,"end":6218.47},{"text":"denial","start":6218.47,"end":6218.87},{"text":"of","start":6218.87,"end":6219.03},{"text":"justice","start":6219.03,"end":6219.67},{"text":"should","start":6219.99,"end":6220.31},{"text":"remain","start":6220.31,"end":6220.71},{"text":"firm.","start":6220.71,"end":6221.11}]},{"text":"At the same time, as one of the largest contributors of uniformed personnel to UN peace operations, Bangladesh values the immunity of international organizations, which Draft Guideline 9 rightly says is to be respected.","start":6222.07,"end":6236.79,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":6222.07,"end":6222.23},{"text":"the","start":6222.23,"end":6222.31},{"text":"same","start":6222.31,"end":6222.63},{"text":"time,","start":6222.63,"end":6222.95},{"text":"as","start":6223.35,"end":6223.51},{"text":"one","start":6223.51,"end":6223.67},{"text":"of","start":6223.67,"end":6223.75},{"text":"the","start":6223.75,"end":6223.87},{"text":"largest","start":6223.87,"end":6224.35},{"text":"contributors","start":6224.35,"end":6225.11},{"text":"of","start":6225.27,"end":6225.43},{"text":"uniformed","start":6225.43,"end":6225.91},{"text":"personnel","start":6225.91,"end":6226.47},{"text":"to","start":6226.87,"end":6227.11},{"text":"UN","start":6227.11,"end":6227.59},{"text":"peace","start":6227.91,"end":6228.15},{"text":"operations,","start":6228.15,"end":6228.95},{"text":"Bangladesh","start":6229.19,"end":6229.71},{"text":"values","start":6229.71,"end":6230.11},{"text":"the","start":6230.11,"end":6230.19},{"text":"immunity","start":6230.19,"end":6230.55},{"text":"of","start":6230.55,"end":6230.63},{"text":"international","start":6230.63,"end":6231.27},{"text":"organizations,","start":6231.27,"end":6232.15},{"text":"which","start":6232.51,"end":6232.79},{"text":"Draft","start":6232.79,"end":6233.15},{"text":"Guideline","start":6233.15,"end":6233.71},{"text":"9","start":6233.71,"end":6234.15},{"text":"rightly","start":6234.47,"end":6234.95},{"text":"says","start":6234.95,"end":6235.43},{"text":"is","start":6235.67,"end":6235.91},{"text":"to","start":6235.91,"end":6236.03},{"text":"be","start":6236.03,"end":6236.15},{"text":"respected.","start":6236.15,"end":6236.79}]},{"text":"Immunity and access to justice are not in conflict.","start":6237.59,"end":6241.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Immunity","start":6237.59,"end":6238.23},{"text":"and","start":6238.23,"end":6238.39},{"text":"access","start":6238.39,"end":6238.79},{"text":"to","start":6238.79,"end":6238.91},{"text":"justice","start":6238.91,"end":6239.59},{"text":"are","start":6239.99,"end":6240.07},{"text":"not","start":6240.07,"end":6240.47},{"text":"in","start":6240.47,"end":6240.63},{"text":"conflict.","start":6240.63,"end":6241.27}]},{"text":"As Kenya rightly observed, immunity and accountability are not mutually exclusive.","start":6241.87,"end":6247.07,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6241.87,"end":6242.11},{"text":"Kenya","start":6242.11,"end":6242.51},{"text":"rightly","start":6242.51,"end":6242.91},{"text":"observed,","start":6242.91,"end":6243.47},{"text":"immunity","start":6243.79,"end":6244.59},{"text":"and","start":6244.59,"end":6244.79},{"text":"accountability","start":6244.79,"end":6245.55},{"text":"are","start":6245.55,"end":6245.63},{"text":"not","start":6245.63,"end":6245.95},{"text":"mutually","start":6245.95,"end":6246.43},{"text":"exclusive.","start":6246.43,"end":6247.07}]},{"text":"Immunity protects the independent performance of functions; dispute settlement protects the legitimacy of organizations that perform them.","start":6248.35,"end":6256.83,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Immunity","start":6248.35,"end":6248.91},{"text":"protects","start":6248.91,"end":6249.39},{"text":"the","start":6249.39,"end":6249.51},{"text":"independent","start":6249.55,"end":6250.23},{"text":"performance","start":6250.23,"end":6250.83},{"text":"of","start":6250.83,"end":6250.91},{"text":"functions;","start":6250.91,"end":6251.63},{"text":"dispute","start":6252.03,"end":6252.43},{"text":"settlement","start":6252.43,"end":6252.95},{"text":"protects","start":6252.95,"end":6253.39},{"text":"the","start":6253.39,"end":6253.47},{"text":"legitimacy","start":6253.47,"end":6254.19},{"text":"of","start":6254.19,"end":6254.39},{"text":"organizations","start":6254.39,"end":6255.31},{"text":"that","start":6255.87,"end":6256.11},{"text":"perform","start":6256.11,"end":6256.59},{"text":"them.","start":6256.59,"end":6256.83}]},{"text":"Each depends on the other.","start":6257.79,"end":6259.47,"topics":[{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."}],"words":[{"text":"Each","start":6257.79,"end":6258.11},{"text":"depends","start":6258.11,"end":6258.67},{"text":"on","start":6258.75,"end":6258.91},{"text":"the","start":6258.91,"end":6259.11},{"text":"other.","start":6259.11,"end":6259.47}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, on succession of States in respect of State responsibility, the last topic of this cluster, we take note of the Commission’s decision not to pursue the topic further.","start":6260.27,"end":6271.07,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":6260.27,"end":6260.59},{"text":"Chair,","start":6260.59,"end":6260.99},{"text":"on","start":6261.47,"end":6261.63},{"text":"succession","start":6261.63,"end":6262.19},{"text":"of","start":6262.19,"end":6262.27},{"text":"States","start":6262.27,"end":6262.75},{"text":"in","start":6262.75,"end":6262.83},{"text":"respect","start":6262.83,"end":6263.31},{"text":"of","start":6263.31,"end":6263.39},{"text":"State","start":6263.39,"end":6263.71},{"text":"responsibility,","start":6263.71,"end":6264.59},{"text":"the","start":6265.15,"end":6265.31},{"text":"last","start":6265.31,"end":6265.75},{"text":"topic","start":6265.75,"end":6266.03},{"text":"of","start":6266.03,"end":6266.19},{"text":"this","start":6266.19,"end":6266.35},{"text":"cluster,","start":6266.35,"end":6266.99},{"text":"we","start":6267.31,"end":6267.47},{"text":"take","start":6267.47,"end":6267.79},{"text":"note","start":6267.79,"end":6268.19},{"text":"of","start":6268.19,"end":6268.27},{"text":"the","start":6268.27,"end":6268.51},{"text":"Commission’s","start":6268.51,"end":6268.99},{"text":"decision","start":6268.99,"end":6269.51},{"text":"not","start":6269.51,"end":6269.67},{"text":"to","start":6269.67,"end":6269.79},{"text":"pursue","start":6269.79,"end":6270.19},{"text":"the","start":6270.19,"end":6270.27},{"text":"topic","start":6270.27,"end":6270.63},{"text":"further.","start":6270.63,"end":6271.07}]},{"text":"And we thank Mr. Bimal Patel for chairing the working group whose report explains why.","start":6271.87,"end":6277.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6271.87,"end":6272.07},{"text":"we","start":6272.07,"end":6272.19},{"text":"thank","start":6272.19,"end":6272.43},{"text":"Mr.","start":6272.43,"end":6272.79},{"text":"Bimal","start":6272.79,"end":6273.07},{"text":"Patel","start":6273.07,"end":6273.63},{"text":"for","start":6273.95,"end":6274.11},{"text":"chairing","start":6274.11,"end":6274.59},{"text":"the","start":6274.59,"end":6274.71},{"text":"working","start":6274.71,"end":6275.07},{"text":"group","start":6275.07,"end":6275.39},{"text":"whose","start":6275.63,"end":6275.87},{"text":"report","start":6275.87,"end":6276.19},{"text":"explains","start":6276.19,"end":6276.83},{"text":"why.","start":6276.83,"end":6277.31}]},{"text":"A decision to stop is not a failure.","start":6278.11,"end":6280.27,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":6278.11,"end":6278.15},{"text":"decision","start":6278.15,"end":6278.67},{"text":"to","start":6278.67,"end":6278.75},{"text":"stop","start":6278.75,"end":6279.15},{"text":"is","start":6279.23,"end":6279.47},{"text":"not","start":6279.47,"end":6279.63},{"text":"a","start":6279.63,"end":6279.67},{"text":"failure.","start":6279.67,"end":6280.27}]},{"text":"It shows a commission willing to listen to states.","start":6280.67,"end":6283.79,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6280.67,"end":6280.83},{"text":"shows","start":6280.83,"end":6281.23},{"text":"a","start":6281.23,"end":6281.31},{"text":"commission","start":6281.31,"end":6281.87},{"text":"willing","start":6282.19,"end":6282.59},{"text":"to","start":6282.59,"end":6282.67},{"text":"listen","start":6282.67,"end":6282.99},{"text":"to","start":6282.99,"end":6283.15},{"text":"states.","start":6283.15,"end":6283.79}]},{"text":"The materials gathered on this topic remain valuable, and we hope they will stay easily accessible.","start":6284.59,"end":6290.99,"topics":[{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."},{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6284.59,"end":6284.71},{"text":"materials","start":6284.71,"end":6285.31},{"text":"gathered","start":6285.31,"end":6285.79},{"text":"on","start":6286.03,"end":6286.19},{"text":"this","start":6286.19,"end":6286.43},{"text":"topic","start":6286.43,"end":6286.91},{"text":"remain","start":6286.91,"end":6287.27},{"text":"valuable,","start":6287.27,"end":6287.95},{"text":"and","start":6288.27,"end":6288.47},{"text":"we","start":6288.47,"end":6288.59},{"text":"hope","start":6288.59,"end":6288.91},{"text":"they","start":6289.15,"end":6289.27},{"text":"will","start":6289.27,"end":6289.39},{"text":"stay","start":6289.39,"end":6289.71},{"text":"easily","start":6289.71,"end":6290.27},{"text":"accessible.","start":6290.27,"end":6290.99}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, international law is strongest when it is made by many hands and open to all who need it.","start":6292.11,"end":6300.19,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":6292.11,"end":6292.43},{"text":"Chair,","start":6292.43,"end":6292.83},{"text":"international","start":6293.23,"end":6293.99},{"text":"law","start":6293.99,"end":6294.27},{"text":"is","start":6294.27,"end":6294.51},{"text":"strongest","start":6294.51,"end":6295.31},{"text":"when","start":6295.83,"end":6296.27},{"text":"it","start":6296.27,"end":6296.43},{"text":"is","start":6296.43,"end":6296.59},{"text":"made","start":6296.59,"end":6296.99},{"text":"by","start":6296.99,"end":6297.23},{"text":"many","start":6297.23,"end":6297.55},{"text":"hands","start":6297.55,"end":6297.95},{"text":"and","start":6298.39,"end":6298.59},{"text":"open","start":6298.59,"end":6298.99},{"text":"to","start":6298.99,"end":6299.35},{"text":"all","start":6299.35,"end":6299.55},{"text":"who","start":6299.55,"end":6299.67},{"text":"need","start":6299.67,"end":6299.91},{"text":"it.","start":6299.91,"end":6300.19}]},{"text":"These three topics remind us of both.","start":6300.99,"end":6303.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":6300.99,"end":6301.39},{"text":"three","start":6301.39,"end":6301.63},{"text":"topics","start":6301.63,"end":6302.19},{"text":"remind","start":6302.43,"end":6302.91},{"text":"us","start":6302.91,"end":6303.15},{"text":"of","start":6303.27,"end":6303.39},{"text":"both.","start":6303.39,"end":6303.71}]},{"text":"I thank you, Madam Chair.","start":6304.11,"end":6304.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6304.11,"end":6304.19},{"text":"thank","start":6304.19,"end":6304.43},{"text":"you,","start":6304.43,"end":6304.51},{"text":"Madam","start":6304.51,"end":6304.75},{"text":"Chair.","start":6304.75,"end":6304.99}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"BGD","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Bangladesh"}},{"statement_number":32,"start":6307.79,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=1:45:08","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Bangladesh for the 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progressive development of international law.","start":6326.51,"end":6330.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6326.51,"end":6326.79},{"text":"you","start":6326.79,"end":6326.91},{"text":"for","start":6326.91,"end":6327.15},{"text":"codifying","start":6327.15,"end":6327.79},{"text":"and","start":6327.79,"end":6327.91},{"text":"the","start":6327.91,"end":6327.99},{"text":"progressive","start":6327.99,"end":6328.59},{"text":"development","start":6328.59,"end":6329.19},{"text":"of","start":6329.19,"end":6329.31},{"text":"international","start":6329.31,"end":6330.07},{"text":"law.","start":6330.07,"end":6330.27}]},{"text":"I would like to make the following statement under Cluster 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Similar","start":6410.43,"end":6410.99},{"text":"amendments","start":6410.99,"end":6411.55},{"text":"must","start":6411.55,"end":6411.71},{"text":"be","start":6411.71,"end":6412.11},{"text":"made","start":6412.35,"end":6412.67},{"text":"to","start":6412.67,"end":6412.91},{"text":"draft","start":6412.91,"end":6413.31},{"text":"conclusion","start":6413.39,"end":6414.19},{"text":"7,","start":6414.19,"end":6414.59},{"text":"8,","start":6414.59,"end":6414.87},{"text":"and","start":6414.87,"end":6415.03},{"text":"9.","start":6415.03,"end":6415.31}]},{"text":"In addition, we underscore the importance of the balanced legal and geographical representation.","start":6415.87,"end":6421.31,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. 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They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Subsidiary","start":6421.55,"end":6422.27},{"text":"means","start":6422.27,"end":6422.59},{"text":"must","start":6422.59,"end":6422.95},{"text":"reflect","start":6422.95,"end":6423.35},{"text":"the","start":6423.35,"end":6423.47},{"text":"different","start":6423.47,"end":6423.95},{"text":"legal","start":6423.95,"end":6424.27},{"text":"traditions","start":6424.27,"end":6424.91},{"text":"and","start":6424.91,"end":6425.11},{"text":"cultures","start":6425.11,"end":6425.67},{"text":"across","start":6425.67,"end":6426.11},{"text":"the","start":6426.11,"end":6426.27},{"text":"world","start":6426.27,"end":6426.59},{"text":"without","start":6426.59,"end":6427.03},{"text":"a","start":6427.03,"end":6427.07},{"text":"specific","start":6427.07,"end":6427.63},{"text":"focus","start":6427.63,"end":6428.03},{"text":"on","start":6428.03,"end":6428.19},{"text":"the","start":6428.19,"end":6428.27},{"text":"practices","start":6428.27,"end":6428.91},{"text":"of","start":6428.91,"end":6429.19},{"text":"a","start":6429.19,"end":6429.23},{"text":"few","start":6429.23,"end":6429.47},{"text":"regions.","start":6429.47,"end":6430.07}]},{"text":"The level of agreement among those involved and its applicability to teachings and judicial decisions must be clarified.","start":6430.67,"end":6438.59,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6430.67,"end":6430.87},{"text":"level","start":6430.87,"end":6431.19},{"text":"of","start":6431.19,"end":6431.27},{"text":"agreement","start":6431.27,"end":6431.95},{"text":"among","start":6431.95,"end":6432.27},{"text":"those","start":6432.27,"end":6432.67},{"text":"involved","start":6432.67,"end":6433.31},{"text":"and","start":6433.47,"end":6433.71},{"text":"its","start":6433.71,"end":6433.87},{"text":"applicability","start":6433.87,"end":6434.83},{"text":"to","start":6434.83,"end":6435.07},{"text":"teachings","start":6435.07,"end":6435.63},{"text":"and","start":6435.63,"end":6435.91},{"text":"judicial","start":6435.91,"end":6436.43},{"text":"decisions","start":6436.43,"end":6437.15},{"text":"must","start":6437.15,"end":6437.39},{"text":"be","start":6437.39,"end":6437.63},{"text":"clarified.","start":6437.63,"end":6438.59}]},{"text":"In addition, the term \"other entities\" must be clarified in draft conclusion 4.","start":6439.95,"end":6444.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6439.95,"end":6440.15},{"text":"addition,","start":6440.15,"end":6440.75},{"text":"the","start":6440.75,"end":6440.83},{"text":"term","start":6440.83,"end":6441.31},{"text":"\"other","start":6441.31,"end":6441.63},{"text":"entities\"","start":6441.63,"end":6442.19},{"text":"must","start":6442.19,"end":6442.43},{"text":"be","start":6442.43,"end":6442.51},{"text":"clarified","start":6442.51,"end":6443.39},{"text":"in","start":6443.39,"end":6443.55},{"text":"draft","start":6443.55,"end":6443.95},{"text":"conclusion","start":6443.95,"end":6444.51},{"text":"4.","start":6444.51,"end":6444.91}]},{"text":"On draft conclusion 7, it is important to take into consideration the nature, competence, and representativeness of courts and tribunals in line with the representativeness criteria.","start":6445.83,"end":6459.35,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."},{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":6445.83,"end":6446.31},{"text":"draft","start":6446.31,"end":6446.79},{"text":"conclusion","start":6446.79,"end":6447.43},{"text":"7,","start":6447.43,"end":6447.99},{"text":"it","start":6448.47,"end":6448.63},{"text":"is","start":6448.63,"end":6448.79},{"text":"important","start":6448.79,"end":6449.39},{"text":"to","start":6449.39,"end":6449.51},{"text":"take","start":6449.51,"end":6449.75},{"text":"into","start":6449.75,"end":6449.99},{"text":"consideration","start":6449.99,"end":6450.95},{"text":"the","start":6450.95,"end":6451.15},{"text":"nature,","start":6451.15,"end":6451.75},{"text":"competence,","start":6451.83,"end":6452.55},{"text":"and","start":6452.55,"end":6452.95},{"text":"representativeness","start":6452.95,"end":6454.31},{"text":"of","start":6454.31,"end":6454.55},{"text":"courts","start":6454.55,"end":6455.03},{"text":"and","start":6455.03,"end":6455.27},{"text":"tribunals","start":6455.27,"end":6456.07},{"text":"in","start":6456.47,"end":6456.67},{"text":"line","start":6456.67,"end":6457.03},{"text":"with","start":6457.03,"end":6457.23},{"text":"the","start":6457.23,"end":6457.31},{"text":"representativeness","start":6457.31,"end":6458.55},{"text":"criteria.","start":6458.55,"end":6459.35}]},{"text":"Madam Chair.","start":6459.99,"end":6460.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":6459.99,"end":6460.47},{"text":"Chair.","start":6460.47,"end":6460.87}]},{"text":"Distinction must be made between the means that assist in determining rules of international law and the sources establishing binding legal obligations.","start":6461.71,"end":6471.87,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Distinction","start":6461.71,"end":6462.35},{"text":"must","start":6462.35,"end":6462.63},{"text":"be","start":6462.63,"end":6462.75},{"text":"made","start":6462.75,"end":6463.07},{"text":"between","start":6463.15,"end":6463.63},{"text":"the","start":6463.63,"end":6463.79},{"text":"means","start":6463.79,"end":6464.19},{"text":"that","start":6464.27,"end":6464.59},{"text":"assist","start":6464.59,"end":6465.03},{"text":"in","start":6465.03,"end":6465.15},{"text":"determining","start":6465.15,"end":6465.87},{"text":"rules","start":6466.51,"end":6467.07},{"text":"of","start":6467.07,"end":6467.23},{"text":"international","start":6467.23,"end":6467.99},{"text":"law","start":6467.99,"end":6468.27},{"text":"and","start":6468.43,"end":6468.63},{"text":"the","start":6468.63,"end":6468.71},{"text":"sources","start":6468.75,"end":6469.31},{"text":"establishing","start":6469.31,"end":6470.03},{"text":"binding","start":6470.11,"end":6470.63},{"text":"legal","start":6470.63,"end":6470.99},{"text":"obligations.","start":6471.03,"end":6471.87}]},{"text":"Citing judicial judgments or teachings does not make them independent sources of new obligations.","start":6472.11,"end":6478.83,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Citing","start":6472.11,"end":6472.75},{"text":"judicial","start":6472.75,"end":6473.31},{"text":"judgments","start":6473.31,"end":6473.95},{"text":"or","start":6473.95,"end":6474.19},{"text":"teachings","start":6474.19,"end":6474.99},{"text":"does","start":6475.23,"end":6475.39},{"text":"not","start":6475.39,"end":6475.71},{"text":"make","start":6475.71,"end":6476.03},{"text":"them","start":6476.03,"end":6476.27},{"text":"independent","start":6476.27,"end":6476.99},{"text":"sources","start":6476.99,"end":6477.51},{"text":"of","start":6477.51,"end":6477.63},{"text":"new","start":6477.71,"end":6477.95},{"text":"obligations.","start":6477.95,"end":6478.83}]},{"text":"The decisions of international organizations must be assessed in light of their content, context, circumstances of their adoption, and the will of state.","start":6479.31,"end":6488.75,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6479.31,"end":6479.59},{"text":"decisions","start":6479.79,"end":6480.43},{"text":"of","start":6480.43,"end":6480.59},{"text":"international","start":6480.59,"end":6481.35},{"text":"organizations","start":6481.35,"end":6482.35},{"text":"must","start":6482.35,"end":6482.67},{"text":"be","start":6482.67,"end":6482.83},{"text":"assessed","start":6482.83,"end":6483.31},{"text":"in","start":6483.31,"end":6483.47},{"text":"light","start":6483.47,"end":6483.83},{"text":"of","start":6483.83,"end":6483.91},{"text":"their","start":6483.91,"end":6484.11},{"text":"content,","start":6484.11,"end":6484.67},{"text":"context,","start":6484.67,"end":6485.31},{"text":"circumstances","start":6485.31,"end":6486.35},{"text":"of","start":6486.35,"end":6486.51},{"text":"their","start":6486.51,"end":6486.75},{"text":"adoption,","start":6486.75,"end":6487.39},{"text":"and","start":6487.55,"end":6487.75},{"text":"the","start":6487.75,"end":6487.87},{"text":"will","start":6487.87,"end":6488.11},{"text":"of","start":6488.11,"end":6488.27},{"text":"state.","start":6488.27,"end":6488.75}]},{"text":"They must not be presumed to establish automatically binding legal obligations, and their legal nature does not change if they are cited.","start":6488.83,"end":6497.87,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."},{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":6488.83,"end":6489.07},{"text":"must","start":6489.07,"end":6489.39},{"text":"not","start":6489.39,"end":6489.63},{"text":"be","start":6489.63,"end":6489.79},{"text":"presumed","start":6489.79,"end":6490.31},{"text":"to","start":6490.31,"end":6490.47},{"text":"establish","start":6490.47,"end":6491.15},{"text":"automatically","start":6491.15,"end":6491.95},{"text":"binding","start":6491.95,"end":6492.51},{"text":"legal","start":6492.55,"end":6492.91},{"text":"obligations,","start":6492.91,"end":6493.75},{"text":"and","start":6494.03,"end":6494.27},{"text":"their","start":6494.35,"end":6494.55},{"text":"legal","start":6494.55,"end":6494.91},{"text":"nature","start":6494.91,"end":6495.31},{"text":"does","start":6495.31,"end":6495.55},{"text":"not","start":6495.55,"end":6496.03},{"text":"change","start":6496.03,"end":6496.43},{"text":"if","start":6496.59,"end":6496.75},{"text":"they","start":6496.83,"end":6497.15},{"text":"are","start":6497.15,"end":6497.31},{"text":"cited.","start":6497.31,"end":6497.87}]},{"text":"We have taken note of the ILC's references to the advisory opinion of the ICJ on climate change and state obligations, mainly with respect to the principle of equity.","start":6498.51,"end":6509.31,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6498.51,"end":6498.67},{"text":"have","start":6498.67,"end":6498.83},{"text":"taken","start":6498.83,"end":6499.27},{"text":"note","start":6499.27,"end":6499.51},{"text":"of","start":6499.51,"end":6499.63},{"text":"the","start":6499.63,"end":6499.75},{"text":"ILC's","start":6499.75,"end":6500.51},{"text":"references","start":6500.51,"end":6501.15},{"text":"to","start":6501.15,"end":6501.31},{"text":"the","start":6501.31,"end":6501.43},{"text":"advisory","start":6501.43,"end":6501.95},{"text":"opinion","start":6501.95,"end":6502.47},{"text":"of","start":6502.47,"end":6502.59},{"text":"the","start":6502.59,"end":6502.83},{"text":"ICJ","start":6503.07,"end":6503.87},{"text":"on","start":6504.11,"end":6504.27},{"text":"climate","start":6504.27,"end":6504.71},{"text":"change","start":6504.71,"end":6505.07},{"text":"and","start":6505.07,"end":6505.23},{"text":"state","start":6505.23,"end":6505.63},{"text":"obligations,","start":6505.63,"end":6506.43},{"text":"mainly","start":6506.59,"end":6506.99},{"text":"with","start":6506.99,"end":6507.23},{"text":"respect","start":6507.23,"end":6507.67},{"text":"to","start":6507.67,"end":6507.79},{"text":"the","start":6507.79,"end":6507.87},{"text":"principle","start":6507.87,"end":6508.51},{"text":"of","start":6508.51,"end":6508.83},{"text":"equity.","start":6508.83,"end":6509.31}]},{"text":"Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.","start":6510.83,"end":6515.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Common","start":6510.83,"end":6511.15},{"text":"but","start":6511.15,"end":6511.35},{"text":"differentiated","start":6511.35,"end":6512.11},{"text":"responsibilities","start":6512.11,"end":6513.71},{"text":"and","start":6513.71,"end":6513.95},{"text":"respective","start":6513.95,"end":6514.59},{"text":"capabilities.","start":6514.59,"end":6515.47}]},{"text":"It is important to distinguish principles that assist in interpreting existing legal obligations from establishing new obligations.","start":6515.63,"end":6524.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6515.63,"end":6515.79},{"text":"is","start":6515.79,"end":6515.95},{"text":"important","start":6515.95,"end":6516.63},{"text":"to","start":6516.63,"end":6516.71},{"text":"distinguish","start":6516.71,"end":6517.47},{"text":"principles","start":6517.63,"end":6518.43},{"text":"that","start":6518.43,"end":6518.75},{"text":"assist","start":6518.75,"end":6519.19},{"text":"in","start":6519.23,"end":6519.47},{"text":"interpreting","start":6519.47,"end":6520.19},{"text":"existing","start":6520.19,"end":6520.75},{"text":"legal","start":6520.75,"end":6521.15},{"text":"obligations","start":6521.15,"end":6521.95},{"text":"from","start":6522.03,"end":6522.43},{"text":"establishing","start":6522.43,"end":6523.23},{"text":"new","start":6523.23,"end":6523.47},{"text":"obligations.","start":6523.47,"end":6524.27}]},{"text":"It is important to make a distinction between determining existing rules of international law and their progressive development.","start":6524.59,"end":6533.15,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. 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two.","start":6663.31,"end":6670.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6663.31,"end":6663.71},{"text":"distinguished","start":6664.67,"end":6665.55},{"text":"representative","start":6666.11,"end":6666.75},{"text":"of","start":6666.75,"end":6666.83},{"text":"Saudi","start":6666.83,"end":6667.19},{"text":"Arabia","start":6667.19,"end":6667.55},{"text":"was","start":6667.55,"end":6667.79},{"text":"the","start":6667.79,"end":6667.99},{"text":"last","start":6668.11,"end":6668.39},{"text":"speaker","start":6668.39,"end":6668.71},{"text":"on","start":6668.71,"end":6668.79},{"text":"the","start":6668.79,"end":6668.87},{"text":"list","start":6668.87,"end":6669.11},{"text":"of","start":6669.11,"end":6669.19},{"text":"speakers","start":6669.19,"end":6669.71},{"text":"for","start":6669.71,"end":6669.99},{"text":"cluster","start":6669.99,"end":6670.43},{"text":"two.","start":6670.43,"end":6670.83}]},{"text":"I understand now that the Special Rapporteur for the topic \"Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law\", seated here to my right, Mr. Charles Jalloh, wishes to make some 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have the floor, Mr. Jalloh.","start":6684.35,"end":6685.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":6684.35,"end":6684.51},{"text":"have","start":6684.51,"end":6684.67},{"text":"the","start":6684.67,"end":6684.83},{"text":"floor,","start":6684.83,"end":6685.03},{"text":"Mr.","start":6685.03,"end":6685.31},{"text":"Jalloh.","start":6685.31,"end":6685.71}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":35,"start":6688.31,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=1:51:29","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Madam Chairperson, Excellencies, distinguished delegates of the Sixth 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am also very grateful for the kind and generous remarks directed towards me and my work, including the third 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the engagement of the Sixth Committee is an indispensable part of the Commission's work.","start":6738.35,"end":6744.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Excellencies,","start":6738.35,"end":6739.23},{"text":"the","start":6739.23,"end":6739.35},{"text":"engagement","start":6739.39,"end":6740.19},{"text":"of","start":6740.19,"end":6740.43},{"text":"the","start":6740.43,"end":6740.55},{"text":"Sixth","start":6740.67,"end":6741.03},{"text":"Committee","start":6741.03,"end":6741.71},{"text":"is","start":6741.87,"end":6742.03},{"text":"an","start":6742.03,"end":6742.19},{"text":"indispensable","start":6742.19,"end":6743.11},{"text":"part","start":6743.11,"end":6743.43},{"text":"of","start":6743.43,"end":6743.51},{"text":"the","start":6743.51,"end":6743.59},{"text":"Commission's","start":6743.63,"end":6744.19},{"text":"work.","start":6744.19,"end":6744.59}]},{"text":"The relationship between the Commission and the Sixth Committee is not simply one of reporting and receiving comments; it is an 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attach particular importance to that dialogue, and I would like to assure you delegations that the comments made during this year’s debate will receive my closest 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this background, before the session of the ILC concluded this year, I notified the Commission of my intention to prepare a fourth report that will focus exclusively on the comments and observations of States made in the Sixth 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focus on that report will be on those particular points that Sixth Committee delegations have raised for the Commission to 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delegations are aware, the Commission was unable to complete the first reading of the draft conclusions within the time available in 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hope that delegations will remain actively engaged as we move forward, including through the provision of the promised written comments by 1 December 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comments will be taken on board by the Commission, so your continued participation will be essential in ensuring that the second reading benefits fully from the experience and perspectives of 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me conclude, madam Chairperson, by once again thanking all the distinguished delegations for their thoughtful contributions and constructive engagement, not only this year and the prior years on this particular topic, for which I have had the privilege of serving as 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have listened carefully to the interventions and will do my best to reflect the concerns you've raised, whether it's with respect to the conclusions or the commentary in the fourth report that I'll be submitting to the 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I look forward to continuing the dialogue with all of you.","start":6924.71,"end":6926.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6924.71,"end":6924.83},{"text":"I","start":6924.83,"end":6924.87},{"text":"look","start":6924.87,"end":6925.03},{"text":"forward","start":6925.03,"end":6925.31},{"text":"to","start":6925.31,"end":6925.39},{"text":"continuing","start":6925.39,"end":6925.87},{"text":"the","start":6925.87,"end":6925.95},{"text":"dialogue","start":6925.95,"end":6926.27},{"text":"with","start":6926.27,"end":6926.39},{"text":"all","start":6926.39,"end":6926.59},{"text":"of","start":6926.59,"end":6926.67},{"text":"you.","start":6926.67,"end":6926.75}]},{"text":"Thank you very much, distinguished 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and gentlemen, distinguished delegates, the Sixth Committee will now consider the third cluster of chapters in the Commission's 2026 report, namely chapters 9, non-legally binding international agreements; chapter 10, prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea; chapter 11, due diligence in international law; and chapter 12, compensation for the damage caused by internationally wrongful 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wish to acknowledge the presence of Mr. Forteau, Special Rapporteur for the topic non-legally binding international agreements, joining us online; Mr. Luis Sabadogo, Special Rapporteur for the topic prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea; as well as Mr. Pabarinskas, Special Rapporteur for the topic compensation for the damage caused by internationally wrongful 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Special Rapporteur for the topic due diligence in international law, Ms. Penelope Ridings, could not be with us this week owing to a schedule 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will enable all delegations to deliver their statements within the schedule.","start":7069.35,"end":7074.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7069.35,"end":7069.67},{"text":"will","start":7069.67,"end":7069.87},{"text":"enable","start":7069.87,"end":7070.23},{"text":"all","start":7070.23,"end":7070.31},{"text":"delegations","start":7070.31,"end":7071.11},{"text":"to","start":7071.11,"end":7071.23},{"text":"deliver","start":7071.23,"end":7071.59},{"text":"their","start":7071.59,"end":7071.71},{"text":"statements","start":7071.71,"end":7072.39},{"text":"within","start":7072.55,"end":7073.11},{"text":"the","start":7073.11,"end":7073.31},{"text":"schedule.","start":7073.99,"end":7074.63}]},{"text":"The first speaker on my list for the debate on the third cluster for this afternoon on the Commission's 2026 report is the distinguished representative of Cameroon on behalf of the African 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Madam Chair, I have the honour to deliver a statement on behalf of the African Group on the third cluster of the report of the International Law Commission on the work of its 77th session.","start":7095.39,"end":7107.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7095.39,"end":7095.59},{"text":"you,","start":7095.59,"end":7095.67},{"text":"Madam","start":7095.67,"end":7095.99},{"text":"Chair.","start":7095.99,"end":7096.31},{"text":"Madam","start":7097.43,"end":7097.75},{"text":"Chair,","start":7097.75,"end":7097.95},{"text":"I","start":7097.95,"end":7097.99},{"text":"have","start":7097.99,"end":7098.23},{"text":"the","start":7098.23,"end":7098.35},{"text":"honour","start":7098.47,"end":7098.63},{"text":"to","start":7098.63,"end":7098.75},{"text":"deliver","start":7098.79,"end":7099.19},{"text":"a","start":7099.19,"end":7099.23},{"text":"statement","start":7099.23,"end":7099.67},{"text":"on","start":7099.67,"end":7099.75},{"text":"behalf","start":7099.75,"end":7100.11},{"text":"of","start":7100.11,"end":7100.23},{"text":"the","start":7100.27,"end":7100.35},{"text":"African","start":7100.35,"end":7100.71},{"text":"Group","start":7100.71,"end":7100.91},{"text":"on","start":7101.63,"end":7101.71},{"text":"the","start":7101.71,"end":7101.79},{"text":"third","start":7101.91,"end":7102.11},{"text":"cluster","start":7102.15,"end":7102.59},{"text":"of","start":7102.59,"end":7102.71},{"text":"the","start":7102.71,"end":7102.83},{"text":"report","start":7102.87,"end":7103.27},{"text":"of","start":7103.31,"end":7103.43},{"text":"the","start":7103.43,"end":7103.55},{"text":"International","start":7103.55,"end":7104.11},{"text":"Law","start":7104.11,"end":7104.23},{"text":"Commission","start":7104.23,"end":7104.87},{"text":"on","start":7105.87,"end":7105.99},{"text":"the","start":7105.99,"end":7106.11},{"text":"work","start":7106.11,"end":7106.39},{"text":"of","start":7106.39,"end":7106.51},{"text":"its","start":7106.51,"end":7106.79},{"text":"77th","start":7106.79,"end":7107.51},{"text":"session.","start":7107.51,"end":7107.95}]},{"text":"With regard to the topic non-legally binding international agreement, the African Group welcomed the progress made during the 77th session and thanks the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Mathias Fottor, for his second and third report.","start":7109.43,"end":7123.87,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. 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They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7137.59,"end":7137.71},{"text":"African","start":7137.71,"end":7138.07},{"text":"Group","start":7138.07,"end":7138.27},{"text":"look","start":7138.27,"end":7138.47},{"text":"forward","start":7138.47,"end":7138.91},{"text":"to","start":7138.91,"end":7139.19},{"text":"the","start":7139.19,"end":7139.27},{"text":"continuation","start":7139.27,"end":7139.99},{"text":"of","start":7139.99,"end":7140.23},{"text":"the","start":7140.23,"end":7140.31},{"text":"Commission's","start":7140.31,"end":7140.91},{"text":"work","start":7140.91,"end":7141.19},{"text":"and","start":7141.19,"end":7141.35},{"text":"emphasize","start":7141.35,"end":7141.87},{"text":"the","start":7141.87,"end":7141.95},{"text":"importance","start":7141.95,"end":7142.51},{"text":"of","start":7142.51,"end":7142.63},{"text":"maintaining","start":7142.63,"end":7143.23},{"text":"a","start":7143.23,"end":7143.27},{"text":"clear","start":7143.27,"end":7143.59},{"text":"distinction","start":7143.59,"end":7144.47},{"text":"between","start":7144.47,"end":7144.87},{"text":"legally","start":7144.87,"end":7145.31},{"text":"binding","start":7145.31,"end":7145.75},{"text":"treaties","start":7145.75,"end":7146.31},{"text":"and","start":7147.07,"end":7147.27},{"text":"instruments","start":7147.27,"end":7147.79},{"text":"that","start":7147.79,"end":7147.95},{"text":"do","start":7147.95,"end":7148.15},{"text":"not,","start":7148.15,"end":7148.63},{"text":"as","start":7148.71,"end":7148.79},{"text":"such,","start":7148.79,"end":7149.35},{"text":"create","start":7149.43,"end":7149.75},{"text":"binding","start":7149.75,"end":7150.23},{"text":"legal","start":7150.23,"end":7150.59},{"text":"obligation","start":7150.59,"end":7151.35},{"text":"while","start":7152.11,"end":7152.47},{"text":"taking","start":7152.47,"end":7152.87},{"text":"into","start":7152.87,"end":7153.23},{"text":"account","start":7153.23,"end":7153.51},{"text":"relevant","start":7153.51,"end":7153.95},{"text":"state","start":7153.95,"end":7154.23},{"text":"practice.","start":7154.23,"end":7154.87}]},{"text":"Madam Chair.","start":7155.43,"end":7156.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":7155.43,"end":7155.67},{"text":"Chair.","start":7155.67,"end":7156.07}]},{"text":"The African Group welcomes the commencement of the Commission's substantive consideration of the topic of prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea, and takes note of the first report of the Special Rapporteur and the referral of draft article 5 to 14 to the Drafting Committee.","start":7156.83,"end":7174.67,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7156.83,"end":7156.95},{"text":"African","start":7156.95,"end":7157.23},{"text":"Group","start":7157.23,"end":7157.43},{"text":"welcomes","start":7157.43,"end":7157.95},{"text":"the","start":7157.95,"end":7158.11},{"text":"commencement","start":7158.11,"end":7158.67},{"text":"of","start":7158.67,"end":7158.79},{"text":"the","start":7158.79,"end":7158.91},{"text":"Commission's","start":7158.91,"end":7159.51},{"text":"substantive","start":7159.51,"end":7160.15},{"text":"consideration","start":7160.15,"end":7160.83},{"text":"of","start":7160.83,"end":7160.99},{"text":"the","start":7160.99,"end":7161.15},{"text":"topic","start":7161.15,"end":7161.63},{"text":"of","start":7161.71,"end":7161.95},{"text":"prevention","start":7161.95,"end":7162.75},{"text":"and","start":7162.75,"end":7162.87},{"text":"repression","start":7162.87,"end":7163.35},{"text":"of","start":7163.35,"end":7163.47},{"text":"piracy","start":7163.47,"end":7164.11},{"text":"and","start":7164.11,"end":7164.35},{"text":"armed","start":7164.35,"end":7164.63},{"text":"robbery","start":7164.63,"end":7164.99},{"text":"at","start":7164.99,"end":7165.15},{"text":"sea,","start":7165.15,"end":7165.55},{"text":"and","start":7166.31,"end":7166.51},{"text":"takes","start":7166.51,"end":7166.71},{"text":"note","start":7166.71,"end":7166.91},{"text":"of","start":7166.91,"end":7167.07},{"text":"the","start":7167.07,"end":7167.19},{"text":"first","start":7167.19,"end":7167.63},{"text":"report","start":7167.63,"end":7168.11},{"text":"of","start":7168.11,"end":7168.27},{"text":"the","start":7168.27,"end":7168.35},{"text":"Special","start":7168.35,"end":7168.75},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":7168.75,"end":7169.47},{"text":"and","start":7169.99,"end":7170.23},{"text":"the","start":7170.23,"end":7170.31},{"text":"referral","start":7170.31,"end":7170.83},{"text":"of","start":7170.83,"end":7171.07},{"text":"draft","start":7171.07,"end":7171.75},{"text":"article","start":7171.75,"end":7172.19},{"text":"5","start":7172.19,"end":7172.67},{"text":"to","start":7172.67,"end":7172.99},{"text":"14","start":7172.99,"end":7173.55},{"text":"to","start":7173.55,"end":7173.67},{"text":"the","start":7173.67,"end":7173.75},{"text":"Drafting","start":7173.75,"end":7174.27},{"text":"Committee.","start":7174.27,"end":7174.67}]},{"text":"The Group recognizes the continuing relevance of this topic and notes that piracy and armed robbery at sea continue to have serious implications for maritime security, the safety of navigation, the protection of maritime activity and resources, and the sustainable development of affected states.","start":7175.63,"end":7191.87,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. 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African Group congratulates the Special Rapporteur, Professor Luis Salvador, on the progress achieved on this 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the consideration by the Commission of the first report of the Special Rapporteur, Mrs. Penelope Riding, on this area of international law.","start":7222.43,"end":7237.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7222.43,"end":7222.63},{"text":"African","start":7222.63,"end":7222.91},{"text":"Group","start":7222.91,"end":7223.11},{"text":"takes","start":7223.11,"end":7223.35},{"text":"note","start":7223.35,"end":7223.63},{"text":"of","start":7223.63,"end":7223.79},{"text":"the","start":7223.79,"end":7223.95},{"text":"progress","start":7223.95,"end":7224.35},{"text":"made","start":7224.35,"end":7224.67},{"text":"on","start":7224.67,"end":7224.83},{"text":"the","start":7224.83,"end":7224.91},{"text":"topic","start":7224.91,"end":7225.39},{"text":"of","start":7225.47,"end":7225.71},{"text":"due","start":7225.71,"end":7225.87},{"text":"diligence","start":7225.87,"end":7226.51},{"text":"in","start":7226.59,"end":7226.75},{"text":"international","start":7226.75,"end":7227.67},{"text":"law","start":7227.67,"end":7227.79},{"text":"and","start":7228.23,"end":7228.47},{"text":"notes","start":7228.47,"end":7228.63},{"text":"the","start":7228.63,"end":7228.75},{"text":"consideration","start":7228.75,"end":7229.39},{"text":"by","start":7229.39,"end":7229.51},{"text":"the","start":7229.51,"end":7229.59},{"text":"Commission","start":7229.63,"end":7230.11},{"text":"of","start":7230.11,"end":7230.27},{"text":"the","start":7230.27,"end":7230.35},{"text":"first","start":7230.35,"end":7230.75},{"text":"report","start":7230.75,"end":7231.15},{"text":"of","start":7231.15,"end":7231.31},{"text":"the","start":7231.31,"end":7231.39},{"text":"Special","start":7231.39,"end":7231.75},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":7231.75,"end":7232.35},{"text":"Mrs.","start":7233.55,"end":7233.95},{"text":"Penelope","start":7233.95,"end":7234.43},{"text":"Riding,","start":7234.43,"end":7234.99},{"text":"on","start":7235.31,"end":7235.55},{"text":"this","start":7235.55,"end":7235.87},{"text":"area","start":7235.95,"end":7236.31},{"text":"of","start":7236.31,"end":7236.43},{"text":"international","start":7236.43,"end":7237.31},{"text":"law.","start":7237.31,"end":7237.39}]},{"text":"The group recognizes the potential significance of the topic for clarifying the nature, content, and scope of the need for States to exercise diligence or care in the implementation of specified obligations under international law.","start":7238.31,"end":7252.35,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7238.31,"end":7238.47},{"text":"group","start":7238.47,"end":7238.63},{"text":"recognizes","start":7238.63,"end":7239.27},{"text":"the","start":7239.27,"end":7239.39},{"text":"potential","start":7239.51,"end":7240.55},{"text":"significance","start":7240.55,"end":7241.27},{"text":"of","start":7241.35,"end":7241.59},{"text":"the","start":7241.59,"end":7241.75},{"text":"topic","start":7241.75,"end":7242.07},{"text":"for","start":7242.07,"end":7242.23},{"text":"clarifying","start":7242.23,"end":7242.87},{"text":"the","start":7242.87,"end":7242.95},{"text":"nature,","start":7242.95,"end":7243.43},{"text":"content,","start":7243.43,"end":7243.87},{"text":"and","start":7243.87,"end":7244.03},{"text":"scope","start":7244.03,"end":7244.39},{"text":"of","start":7244.39,"end":7244.55},{"text":"the","start":7244.55,"end":7244.67},{"text":"need","start":7244.67,"end":7245.11},{"text":"for","start":7245.11,"end":7245.27},{"text":"States","start":7245.27,"end":7245.71},{"text":"to","start":7245.71,"end":7245.79},{"text":"exercise","start":7245.79,"end":7246.27},{"text":"diligence","start":7246.27,"end":7246.95},{"text":"or","start":7247.51,"end":7247.75},{"text":"care","start":7247.75,"end":7248.23},{"text":"in","start":7248.23,"end":7248.47},{"text":"the","start":7248.47,"end":7248.55},{"text":"implementation","start":7248.63,"end":7249.67},{"text":"of","start":7249.83,"end":7249.99},{"text":"specified","start":7249.99,"end":7250.59},{"text":"obligations","start":7250.59,"end":7251.23},{"text":"under","start":7251.23,"end":7251.51},{"text":"international","start":7251.51,"end":7252.27},{"text":"law.","start":7252.27,"end":7252.35}]},{"text":"The African Group looks forward to the further development of this topic based on a rigorous assessment of State practice, jurisprudence, and the diversity of approaches existing in international law.","start":7253.35,"end":7265.91,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7253.35,"end":7253.47},{"text":"African","start":7253.51,"end":7253.83},{"text":"Group","start":7253.83,"end":7254.03},{"text":"looks","start":7254.03,"end":7254.35},{"text":"forward","start":7254.35,"end":7254.75},{"text":"to","start":7254.75,"end":7255.03},{"text":"the","start":7255.03,"end":7255.11},{"text":"further","start":7255.11,"end":7255.59},{"text":"development","start":7255.59,"end":7256.19},{"text":"of","start":7256.19,"end":7256.39},{"text":"this","start":7256.39,"end":7256.71},{"text":"topic","start":7256.71,"end":7257.19},{"text":"based","start":7257.27,"end":7257.79},{"text":"on","start":7257.79,"end":7257.99},{"text":"a","start":7258.07,"end":7258.11},{"text":"rigorous","start":7258.11,"end":7258.63},{"text":"assessment","start":7258.63,"end":7259.23},{"text":"of","start":7259.23,"end":7259.35},{"text":"State","start":7259.35,"end":7259.67},{"text":"practice,","start":7259.67,"end":7260.23},{"text":"jurisprudence,","start":7260.87,"end":7261.67},{"text":"and","start":7261.67,"end":7261.83},{"text":"the","start":7261.83,"end":7261.91},{"text":"diversity","start":7261.91,"end":7262.51},{"text":"of","start":7262.51,"end":7262.71},{"text":"approaches","start":7262.71,"end":7263.43},{"text":"existing","start":7263.83,"end":7264.47},{"text":"in","start":7264.79,"end":7265.03},{"text":"international","start":7265.03,"end":7265.71},{"text":"law.","start":7265.71,"end":7265.91}]},{"text":"On the topic of compensation for damage caused by an internationally wrongful act, the African Group notes the presentation of the first report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Matis Paparinskas, to the Commission.","start":7266.91,"end":7279.39,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":7266.91,"end":7267.15},{"text":"the","start":7267.15,"end":7267.23},{"text":"topic","start":7267.23,"end":7267.55},{"text":"of","start":7267.55,"end":7267.71},{"text":"compensation","start":7267.71,"end":7268.51},{"text":"for","start":7268.51,"end":7268.75},{"text":"damage","start":7268.75,"end":7269.15},{"text":"caused","start":7269.15,"end":7269.47},{"text":"by","start":7269.47,"end":7269.59},{"text":"an","start":7269.59,"end":7269.67},{"text":"internationally","start":7269.67,"end":7270.43},{"text":"wrongful","start":7270.43,"end":7270.91},{"text":"act,","start":7270.91,"end":7271.23},{"text":"the","start":7271.95,"end":7272.15},{"text":"African","start":7272.15,"end":7272.43},{"text":"Group","start":7272.43,"end":7272.63},{"text":"notes","start":7272.63,"end":7273.03},{"text":"the","start":7273.15,"end":7273.31},{"text":"presentation","start":7273.31,"end":7273.95},{"text":"of","start":7273.99,"end":7274.11},{"text":"the","start":7274.11,"end":7274.19},{"text":"first","start":7274.19,"end":7274.51},{"text":"report","start":7274.51,"end":7274.91},{"text":"of","start":7274.91,"end":7275.07},{"text":"the","start":7275.07,"end":7275.15},{"text":"Special","start":7275.15,"end":7275.55},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":7275.55,"end":7276.27},{"text":"Mr.","start":7276.55,"end":7276.87},{"text":"Matis","start":7276.87,"end":7277.39},{"text":"Paparinskas,","start":7277.39,"end":7278.11},{"text":"to","start":7278.11,"end":7278.19},{"text":"the","start":7278.67,"end":7278.91},{"text":"Commission.","start":7278.91,"end":7279.39}]},{"text":"The Group encourages the Commission to consider the particular circumstances and experience of States and regions reflected in the debate on the topic in the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly.","start":7280.11,"end":7290.67,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7280.11,"end":7280.31},{"text":"Group","start":7280.31,"end":7280.51},{"text":"encourages","start":7280.55,"end":7281.15},{"text":"the","start":7281.15,"end":7281.31},{"text":"Commission","start":7281.31,"end":7281.87},{"text":"to","start":7281.87,"end":7282.11},{"text":"consider","start":7282.11,"end":7282.63},{"text":"the","start":7282.63,"end":7282.71},{"text":"particular","start":7282.71,"end":7283.23},{"text":"circumstances","start":7283.23,"end":7283.83},{"text":"and","start":7283.83,"end":7283.95},{"text":"experience","start":7283.95,"end":7284.51},{"text":"of","start":7284.51,"end":7284.59},{"text":"States","start":7284.59,"end":7285.15},{"text":"and","start":7285.15,"end":7285.31},{"text":"regions","start":7285.31,"end":7285.71},{"text":"reflected","start":7285.71,"end":7286.35},{"text":"in","start":7286.35,"end":7286.51},{"text":"the","start":7286.51,"end":7286.59},{"text":"debate","start":7286.59,"end":7286.99},{"text":"on","start":7287.75,"end":7287.87},{"text":"the","start":7287.87,"end":7287.95},{"text":"topic","start":7287.95,"end":7288.35},{"text":"in","start":7288.35,"end":7288.47},{"text":"the","start":7288.47,"end":7288.55},{"text":"Sixth","start":7288.55,"end":7288.87},{"text":"Committee","start":7288.87,"end":7289.47},{"text":"of","start":7289.47,"end":7289.63},{"text":"the","start":7289.63,"end":7289.71},{"text":"General","start":7289.71,"end":7290.11},{"text":"Assembly.","start":7290.11,"end":7290.67}]},{"text":"The Group also notes the Commission request of the Secretariat to prepare a memorandum on the topic for the 79th session of the Commission.","start":7291.55,"end":7300.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7291.55,"end":7291.67},{"text":"Group","start":7291.67,"end":7291.87},{"text":"also","start":7291.87,"end":7292.19},{"text":"notes","start":7292.19,"end":7292.67},{"text":"the","start":7292.83,"end":7292.99},{"text":"Commission","start":7292.99,"end":7293.47},{"text":"request","start":7293.47,"end":7293.99},{"text":"of","start":7293.99,"end":7294.07},{"text":"the","start":7294.07,"end":7294.15},{"text":"Secretariat","start":7294.19,"end":7294.83},{"text":"to","start":7295.39,"end":7295.47},{"text":"prepare","start":7295.79,"end":7296.27},{"text":"a","start":7296.27,"end":7296.31},{"text":"memorandum","start":7296.31,"end":7297.07},{"text":"on","start":7297.07,"end":7297.31},{"text":"the","start":7297.31,"end":7297.47},{"text":"topic","start":7297.47,"end":7297.79},{"text":"for","start":7297.79,"end":7297.99},{"text":"the","start":7297.99,"end":7298.07},{"text":"79th","start":7298.07,"end":7298.87},{"text":"session","start":7298.87,"end":7299.23},{"text":"of","start":7299.23,"end":7299.39},{"text":"the","start":7299.39,"end":7299.51},{"text":"Commission.","start":7299.51,"end":7300.11}]},{"text":"The African Group encourages the Secretariat, in undertaking this work, to consider the relevant state practice, jurisprudence and doctrinal development, as well as the diverse experience and perspective of States from different regions, including developing countries.","start":7300.91,"end":7316.51,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."},{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7300.91,"end":7301.03},{"text":"African","start":7301.03,"end":7301.39},{"text":"Group","start":7301.39,"end":7301.59},{"text":"encourages","start":7301.59,"end":7302.19},{"text":"the","start":7302.19,"end":7302.27},{"text":"Secretariat,","start":7302.27,"end":7302.99},{"text":"in","start":7302.99,"end":7303.23},{"text":"undertaking","start":7303.23,"end":7303.87},{"text":"this","start":7303.87,"end":7304.11},{"text":"work,","start":7304.11,"end":7304.35},{"text":"to","start":7304.67,"end":7304.79},{"text":"consider","start":7304.79,"end":7305.39},{"text":"the","start":7305.39,"end":7305.51},{"text":"relevant","start":7305.51,"end":7306.07},{"text":"state","start":7306.07,"end":7306.27},{"text":"practice,","start":7306.27,"end":7306.91},{"text":"jurisprudence","start":7307.23,"end":7307.95},{"text":"and","start":7307.95,"end":7308.15},{"text":"doctrinal","start":7308.15,"end":7308.63},{"text":"development,","start":7308.63,"end":7309.27},{"text":"as","start":7309.87,"end":7310.03},{"text":"well","start":7310.03,"end":7310.19},{"text":"as","start":7310.19,"end":7310.35},{"text":"the","start":7310.35,"end":7310.47},{"text":"diverse","start":7310.47,"end":7311.15},{"text":"experience","start":7311.15,"end":7311.79},{"text":"and","start":7311.79,"end":7311.95},{"text":"perspective","start":7311.95,"end":7313.15},{"text":"of","start":7313.15,"end":7313.31},{"text":"States","start":7313.31,"end":7313.71},{"text":"from","start":7313.71,"end":7313.95},{"text":"different","start":7313.95,"end":7314.31},{"text":"regions,","start":7314.31,"end":7314.79},{"text":"including","start":7314.91,"end":7315.55},{"text":"developing","start":7315.59,"end":7316.03},{"text":"countries.","start":7316.03,"end":7316.51}]},{"text":"Taken together, the developments in the report demonstrate the substantive breadth and continued relevance of the Commission’s work in addressing both established and emerging questions of international law.","start":7319.27,"end":7329.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Taken","start":7319.27,"end":7319.51},{"text":"together,","start":7319.51,"end":7319.87},{"text":"the","start":7319.87,"end":7319.95},{"text":"developments","start":7319.95,"end":7320.83},{"text":"in","start":7320.87,"end":7321.03},{"text":"the","start":7321.03,"end":7321.15},{"text":"report","start":7321.15,"end":7321.59},{"text":"demonstrate","start":7321.59,"end":7322.39},{"text":"the","start":7322.63,"end":7322.83},{"text":"substantive","start":7322.87,"end":7323.59},{"text":"breadth","start":7323.59,"end":7323.95},{"text":"and","start":7323.95,"end":7324.15},{"text":"continued","start":7324.15,"end":7324.59},{"text":"relevance","start":7324.59,"end":7325.11},{"text":"of","start":7325.19,"end":7325.35},{"text":"the","start":7325.35,"end":7325.47},{"text":"Commission’s","start":7325.51,"end":7326.03},{"text":"work","start":7326.03,"end":7326.31},{"text":"in","start":7326.39,"end":7326.55},{"text":"addressing","start":7326.55,"end":7327.03},{"text":"both","start":7327.03,"end":7327.35},{"text":"established","start":7327.43,"end":7327.95},{"text":"and","start":7327.95,"end":7328.15},{"text":"emerging","start":7328.15,"end":7328.63},{"text":"questions","start":7328.63,"end":7328.99},{"text":"of","start":7328.99,"end":7329.11},{"text":"international","start":7329.11,"end":7329.83},{"text":"law.","start":7329.91,"end":7329.99}]},{"text":"The African Group commends the Commission for the progress achieved during its 77th session and emphasizes the importance of maintaining sufficient time, resources, and institutional conditions to enable it to pursue its mandate with the necessary depth, continuity, and independence.","start":7331.03,"end":7349.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7331.03,"end":7331.23},{"text":"African","start":7331.23,"end":7331.59},{"text":"Group","start":7331.59,"end":7331.79},{"text":"commends","start":7331.79,"end":7332.23},{"text":"the","start":7332.23,"end":7332.35},{"text":"Commission","start":7332.35,"end":7332.87},{"text":"for","start":7332.87,"end":7333.03},{"text":"the","start":7333.03,"end":7333.11},{"text":"progress","start":7333.11,"end":7333.91},{"text":"achieved","start":7333.91,"end":7334.43},{"text":"during","start":7334.43,"end":7334.79},{"text":"its","start":7334.79,"end":7335.07},{"text":"77th","start":7335.07,"end":7335.87},{"text":"session","start":7335.87,"end":7336.39},{"text":"and","start":7336.39,"end":7336.51},{"text":"emphasizes","start":7336.51,"end":7337.07},{"text":"the","start":7337.07,"end":7337.15},{"text":"importance","start":7337.15,"end":7337.67},{"text":"of","start":7337.67,"end":7337.83},{"text":"maintaining","start":7337.83,"end":7338.31},{"text":"sufficient","start":7338.31,"end":7339.07},{"text":"time,","start":7339.07,"end":7339.31},{"text":"resources,","start":7339.59,"end":7340.23},{"text":"and","start":7340.23,"end":7340.43},{"text":"institutional","start":7340.43,"end":7341.19},{"text":"conditions","start":7341.19,"end":7341.87},{"text":"to","start":7342.43,"end":7342.51},{"text":"enable","start":7342.59,"end":7342.95},{"text":"it","start":7342.95,"end":7343.19},{"text":"to","start":7343.23,"end":7343.31},{"text":"pursue","start":7343.31,"end":7343.83},{"text":"its","start":7344.39,"end":7344.63},{"text":"mandate","start":7344.63,"end":7345.19},{"text":"with","start":7345.19,"end":7345.39},{"text":"the","start":7345.39,"end":7345.47},{"text":"necessary","start":7345.47,"end":7346.03},{"text":"depth,","start":7346.03,"end":7346.51},{"text":"continuity,","start":7346.51,"end":7347.35},{"text":"and","start":7348.03,"end":7348.35},{"text":"independence.","start":7348.35,"end":7349.31}]},{"text":"The Group further stressed the value of sustained dialogue between the Commission, State and regional legal institutions so that its work continues to reflect the richness and diversity of the international legal order.","start":7350.03,"end":7362.91,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented 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closing, the Group expresses its sincere appreciation to the Chair and members of the International Law Commission for their dedication and the quality of their work during the 77th session, as well as to the Codification Division of the Office of Legal Affairs for its invaluable support to the Commission and to the Sixth 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African Group values the constructive relationship between the Commission and Member States, remains committed to contributing actively to the progressive development of international law and its codification, and assures the Commission of its continued and unwavering 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Chair.","start":7421.95,"end":7423.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7421.95,"end":7422.35},{"text":"you,","start":7422.35,"end":7422.67},{"text":"Madam","start":7422.91,"end":7423.39},{"text":"Chair.","start":7423.39,"end":7423.87}]},{"text":"I have the honour to present the abbreviated version of the EU contribution on the four elements of this 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regard to international agreements that are not legally binding, the European Union takes note of the choice of the ILC to retain the expression \"non-legally binding international agreements\".","start":7432.99,"end":7445.95,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. 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They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7506.55,"end":7506.75},{"text":"this","start":7506.75,"end":7506.95},{"text":"context,","start":7506.95,"end":7507.59},{"text":"it","start":7507.59,"end":7507.67},{"text":"would","start":7507.67,"end":7507.83},{"text":"have","start":7507.83,"end":7507.99},{"text":"been","start":7507.99,"end":7508.23},{"text":"useful","start":7508.23,"end":7508.87},{"text":"to","start":7509.11,"end":7509.43},{"text":"recall","start":7509.43,"end":7510.07},{"text":"in","start":7510.07,"end":7510.23},{"text":"draft","start":7510.23,"end":7510.55},{"text":"conclusion","start":7510.55,"end":7511.11},{"text":"2","start":7511.11,"end":7511.67},{"text":"that","start":7511.99,"end":7512.19},{"text":"the","start":7512.19,"end":7512.27},{"text":"draft","start":7512.27,"end":7512.55},{"text":"conclusions","start":7512.55,"end":7513.51},{"text":"are","start":7513.51,"end":7513.79},{"text":"without","start":7513.83,"end":7514.31},{"text":"prejudice","start":7514.31,"end":7514.95},{"text":"to","start":7514.95,"end":7515.11},{"text":"the","start":7515.11,"end":7515.31},{"text":"titles","start":7515.83,"end":7516.55},{"text":"that","start":7516.55,"end":7516.95},{"text":"states","start":7517.19,"end":7517.91},{"text":"and","start":7517.91,"end":7518.15},{"text":"international","start":7518.15,"end":7518.87},{"text":"organizations","start":7518.87,"end":7519.99},{"text":"choose","start":7519.99,"end":7520.39},{"text":"to","start":7520.39,"end":7520.51},{"text":"give","start":7520.51,"end":7520.87},{"text":"to","start":7520.87,"end":7521.15},{"text":"texts","start":7521.15,"end":7521.67},{"text":"lacking","start":7521.91,"end":7522.47},{"text":"legally","start":7522.63,"end":7523.11},{"text":"binding","start":7523.11,"end":7523.59},{"text":"force.","start":7523.59,"end":7524.23}]},{"text":"As regards the scope of application of the draft conclusions, The EU notes that draft conclusion 3.2 includes agreements concluded by subnational authorities.","start":7525.67,"end":7537.67,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":7525.67,"end":7525.95},{"text":"regards","start":7525.95,"end":7526.39},{"text":"the","start":7526.39,"end":7526.55},{"text":"scope","start":7526.55,"end":7526.95},{"text":"of","start":7526.95,"end":7527.03},{"text":"application","start":7527.03,"end":7527.75},{"text":"of","start":7527.75,"end":7527.83},{"text":"the","start":7527.83,"end":7527.95},{"text":"draft","start":7527.95,"end":7528.27},{"text":"conclusions,","start":7528.27,"end":7529.27},{"text":"The","start":7529.67,"end":7529.79},{"text":"EU","start":7529.79,"end":7530.23},{"text":"notes","start":7530.23,"end":7530.63},{"text":"that","start":7530.63,"end":7530.83},{"text":"draft","start":7530.83,"end":7531.11},{"text":"conclusion","start":7531.11,"end":7531.75},{"text":"3.2","start":7531.75,"end":7532.71},{"text":"includes","start":7532.95,"end":7533.59},{"text":"agreements","start":7533.59,"end":7534.47},{"text":"concluded","start":7534.63,"end":7535.27},{"text":"by","start":7535.27,"end":7535.75},{"text":"subnational","start":7535.75,"end":7536.83},{"text":"authorities.","start":7536.83,"end":7537.67}]},{"text":"The EU once again, however, asks its questions as to why only the subnational authorities of states, to the exclusion of those of international organizations, are contemplated here.","start":7538.95,"end":7552.71,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. 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obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7538.95,"end":7539.11},{"text":"EU","start":7539.11,"end":7539.51},{"text":"once","start":7539.51,"end":7539.83},{"text":"again,","start":7539.83,"end":7540.31},{"text":"however,","start":7540.31,"end":7540.87},{"text":"asks","start":7540.87,"end":7541.59},{"text":"its","start":7541.59,"end":7541.79},{"text":"questions","start":7541.91,"end":7542.55},{"text":"as","start":7542.55,"end":7542.79},{"text":"to","start":7542.79,"end":7543.11},{"text":"why","start":7543.51,"end":7544.15},{"text":"only","start":7544.39,"end":7545.03},{"text":"the","start":7545.35,"end":7545.55},{"text":"subnational","start":7545.59,"end":7546.55},{"text":"authorities","start":7546.55,"end":7547.19},{"text":"of","start":7547.19,"end":7547.27},{"text":"states,","start":7547.27,"end":7547.83},{"text":"to","start":7547.83,"end":7547.99},{"text":"the","start":7547.99,"end":7548.11},{"text":"exclusion","start":7548.11,"end":7548.87},{"text":"of","start":7548.87,"end":7549.03},{"text":"those","start":7549.03,"end":7549.31},{"text":"of","start":7549.31,"end":7549.39},{"text":"international","start":7549.39,"end":7550.07},{"text":"organizations,","start":7550.07,"end":7551.11},{"text":"are","start":7551.35,"end":7551.43},{"text":"contemplated","start":7551.43,"end":7552.31},{"text":"here.","start":7552.31,"end":7552.71}]},{"text":"EU practice contains numerous examples of agreements concluded in particular by the services of the European Commission or by the European External Action Service with subnational authorities of third States or authorities of other international organizations, administrative arrangements, etc. Examination of this practice could be useful to the ILC in the continuation of its work.","start":7553.27,"end":7578.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"EU","start":7553.27,"end":7553.59},{"text":"practice","start":7553.59,"end":7554.07},{"text":"contains","start":7554.07,"end":7554.79},{"text":"numerous","start":7554.79,"end":7555.31},{"text":"examples","start":7555.31,"end":7555.91},{"text":"of","start":7555.91,"end":7556.07},{"text":"agreements","start":7556.07,"end":7556.55},{"text":"concluded","start":7556.55,"end":7557.27},{"text":"in","start":7557.59,"end":7557.75},{"text":"particular","start":7557.75,"end":7558.27},{"text":"by","start":7558.27,"end":7558.39},{"text":"the","start":7558.39,"end":7558.55},{"text":"services","start":7558.55,"end":7559.07},{"text":"of","start":7559.07,"end":7559.15},{"text":"the","start":7559.15,"end":7559.23},{"text":"European","start":7559.23,"end":7559.55},{"text":"Commission","start":7559.67,"end":7560.31},{"text":"or","start":7560.55,"end":7560.75},{"text":"by","start":7560.75,"end":7560.95},{"text":"the","start":7560.95,"end":7561.11},{"text":"European","start":7561.11,"end":7561.83},{"text":"External","start":7562.63,"end":7563.27},{"text":"Action","start":7563.27,"end":7563.67},{"text":"Service","start":7563.67,"end":7564.23},{"text":"with","start":7564.23,"end":7564.39},{"text":"subnational","start":7564.39,"end":7565.27},{"text":"authorities","start":7565.51,"end":7566.27},{"text":"of","start":7566.27,"end":7566.39},{"text":"third","start":7566.39,"end":7566.71},{"text":"States","start":7566.71,"end":7567.27},{"text":"or","start":7567.27,"end":7567.43},{"text":"authorities","start":7567.67,"end":7568.35},{"text":"of","start":7568.35,"end":7568.47},{"text":"other","start":7568.47,"end":7568.79},{"text":"international","start":7568.79,"end":7569.43},{"text":"organizations,","start":7569.43,"end":7570.63},{"text":"administrative","start":7570.79,"end":7571.51},{"text":"arrangements,","start":7571.51,"end":7572.15},{"text":"etc.","start":7572.15,"end":7572.75},{"text":"Examination","start":7573.19,"end":7573.95},{"text":"of","start":7573.95,"end":7574.07},{"text":"this","start":7574.07,"end":7574.23},{"text":"practice","start":7574.23,"end":7574.79},{"text":"could","start":7574.79,"end":7574.95},{"text":"be","start":7574.95,"end":7575.19},{"text":"useful","start":7575.19,"end":7575.59},{"text":"to","start":7575.59,"end":7575.83},{"text":"the","start":7575.83,"end":7575.95},{"text":"ILC","start":7575.99,"end":7576.79},{"text":"in","start":7577.03,"end":7577.19},{"text":"the","start":7577.19,"end":7577.31},{"text":"continuation","start":7577.31,"end":7578.11},{"text":"of","start":7578.11,"end":7578.23},{"text":"its","start":7578.23,"end":7578.39},{"text":"work.","start":7578.39,"end":7578.87}]},{"text":"In this regard, the EU notes with interest and intends to respond to the request for information addressed by the ILC to international organizations in its report.","start":7579.35,"end":7589.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7579.35,"end":7579.47},{"text":"this","start":7579.47,"end":7579.67},{"text":"regard,","start":7579.67,"end":7579.99},{"text":"the","start":7579.99,"end":7580.15},{"text":"EU","start":7580.15,"end":7580.47},{"text":"notes","start":7580.47,"end":7580.79},{"text":"with","start":7580.79,"end":7580.95},{"text":"interest","start":7580.95,"end":7581.59},{"text":"and","start":7581.83,"end":7582.07},{"text":"intends","start":7582.07,"end":7582.55},{"text":"to","start":7582.55,"end":7582.67},{"text":"respond","start":7582.67,"end":7583.23},{"text":"to","start":7583.23,"end":7583.39},{"text":"the","start":7583.39,"end":7583.51},{"text":"request","start":7583.51,"end":7583.99},{"text":"for","start":7583.99,"end":7584.11},{"text":"information","start":7584.11,"end":7584.79},{"text":"addressed","start":7585.03,"end":7585.55},{"text":"by","start":7585.55,"end":7585.67},{"text":"the","start":7585.67,"end":7585.79},{"text":"ILC","start":7585.79,"end":7586.55},{"text":"to","start":7586.55,"end":7586.67},{"text":"international","start":7586.67,"end":7587.23},{"text":"organizations","start":7587.23,"end":7588.03},{"text":"in","start":7588.03,"end":7588.15},{"text":"its","start":7588.15,"end":7588.31},{"text":"report.","start":7588.31,"end":7589.03}]},{"text":"Finally, with regard to the new draft conclusion 4, the EU supports the emphasis placed on the intention of the participants in determining the non-legally binding character of an agreement.","start":7589.87,"end":7602.91,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. 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They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7649.95,"end":7650.03},{"text":"EU","start":7650.03,"end":7650.67},{"text":"acknowledges","start":7650.99,"end":7651.79},{"text":"that","start":7651.79,"end":7651.95},{"text":"practice","start":7651.95,"end":7652.59},{"text":"may","start":7652.59,"end":7652.99},{"text":"sometimes","start":7652.99,"end":7653.95},{"text":"contain","start":7653.95,"end":7654.51},{"text":"ambiguous","start":7654.51,"end":7655.15},{"text":"examples,","start":7655.15,"end":7655.95},{"text":"for","start":7656.27,"end":7656.55},{"text":"instance,","start":7656.55,"end":7657.07},{"text":"where","start":7657.07,"end":7657.35},{"text":"openly","start":7657.35,"end":7657.87},{"text":"contradictory","start":7657.87,"end":7658.67},{"text":"formulations","start":7658.67,"end":7659.71},{"text":"are","start":7659.71,"end":7659.87},{"text":"used.","start":7659.87,"end":7660.51}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"In international law.","start":7662.99,"end":7664.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7662.99,"end":7663.23},{"text":"international","start":7663.23,"end":7664.31},{"text":"law.","start":7664.31,"end":7664.39}]},{"text":"On the scope and methodology of the work of this topic, The European Union notes that the discussion took place at the ILC on whether to extend this topic to the due diligence that may be required of international organizations in the conduct of their internal processes.","start":7665.43,"end":7684.51,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":7665.43,"end":7665.55},{"text":"the","start":7665.55,"end":7665.67},{"text":"scope","start":7665.67,"end":7666.19},{"text":"and","start":7666.27,"end":7666.43},{"text":"methodology","start":7666.43,"end":7667.31},{"text":"of","start":7667.39,"end":7667.55},{"text":"the","start":7667.55,"end":7667.63},{"text":"work","start":7667.67,"end":7667.99},{"text":"of","start":7667.99,"end":7668.11},{"text":"this","start":7668.11,"end":7668.35},{"text":"topic,","start":7668.35,"end":7668.91},{"text":"The","start":7669.55,"end":7669.67},{"text":"European","start":7669.67,"end":7670.35},{"text":"Union","start":7670.43,"end":7670.95},{"text":"notes","start":7670.95,"end":7671.35},{"text":"that","start":7671.35,"end":7671.51},{"text":"the","start":7671.51,"end":7671.59},{"text":"discussion","start":7671.59,"end":7672.19},{"text":"took","start":7672.19,"end":7672.35},{"text":"place","start":7672.35,"end":7672.75},{"text":"at","start":7672.75,"end":7672.99},{"text":"the","start":7673.07,"end":7673.15},{"text":"ILC","start":7673.15,"end":7673.79},{"text":"on","start":7674.11,"end":7674.27},{"text":"whether","start":7674.27,"end":7674.51},{"text":"to","start":7674.51,"end":7674.71},{"text":"extend","start":7674.71,"end":7675.11},{"text":"this","start":7675.11,"end":7675.31},{"text":"topic","start":7675.31,"end":7675.71},{"text":"to","start":7675.71,"end":7675.91},{"text":"the","start":7676.03,"end":7676.19},{"text":"due","start":7676.19,"end":7676.51},{"text":"diligence","start":7676.51,"end":7677.15},{"text":"that","start":7677.15,"end":7677.31},{"text":"may","start":7677.31,"end":7677.63},{"text":"be","start":7677.63,"end":7678.27},{"text":"required","start":7678.27,"end":7678.91},{"text":"of","start":7679.19,"end":7679.39},{"text":"international","start":7679.39,"end":7679.99},{"text":"organizations","start":7679.99,"end":7680.91},{"text":"in","start":7681.39,"end":7681.51},{"text":"the","start":7681.51,"end":7681.63},{"text":"conduct","start":7681.63,"end":7682.19},{"text":"of","start":7682.35,"end":7682.67},{"text":"their","start":7682.67,"end":7682.95},{"text":"internal","start":7682.95,"end":7683.63},{"text":"processes.","start":7683.79,"end":7684.51}]},{"text":"In this regard, the European Union encourages the ILC to consider the practices of international organizations exercising competences conferred upon them by their member states or acting as catalysts for the practices of states.","start":7685.63,"end":7701.47,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7685.63,"end":7685.79},{"text":"this","start":7685.79,"end":7686.03},{"text":"regard,","start":7686.03,"end":7686.59},{"text":"the","start":7686.67,"end":7686.87},{"text":"European","start":7686.87,"end":7687.39},{"text":"Union","start":7687.39,"end":7687.79},{"text":"encourages","start":7687.83,"end":7688.75},{"text":"the","start":7688.83,"end":7689.03},{"text":"ILC","start":7689.07,"end":7689.71},{"text":"to","start":7690.03,"end":7690.19},{"text":"consider","start":7690.19,"end":7690.67},{"text":"the","start":7690.67,"end":7690.79},{"text":"practices","start":7690.79,"end":7691.63},{"text":"of","start":7691.71,"end":7692.03},{"text":"international","start":7692.03,"end":7692.63},{"text":"organizations","start":7692.63,"end":7693.55},{"text":"exercising","start":7693.95,"end":7694.67},{"text":"competences","start":7694.67,"end":7695.47},{"text":"conferred","start":7695.47,"end":7695.95},{"text":"upon","start":7695.95,"end":7696.27},{"text":"them","start":7696.27,"end":7696.51},{"text":"by","start":7696.51,"end":7696.67},{"text":"their","start":7696.67,"end":7696.83},{"text":"member","start":7696.83,"end":7697.15},{"text":"states","start":7697.15,"end":7697.47},{"text":"or","start":7697.47,"end":7697.71},{"text":"acting","start":7697.71,"end":7698.19},{"text":"as","start":7698.19,"end":7698.35},{"text":"catalysts","start":7698.35,"end":7699.23},{"text":"for","start":7699.79,"end":7699.95},{"text":"the","start":7699.95,"end":7700.11},{"text":"practices","start":7700.11,"end":7700.71},{"text":"of","start":7700.71,"end":7700.83},{"text":"states.","start":7700.83,"end":7701.47}]},{"text":"We see here an analogy with the ILC's conclusion on the identification of customary international law.","start":7702.59,"end":7710.51,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. 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Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"By","start":7711.71,"end":7711.87},{"text":"way","start":7711.87,"end":7712.07},{"text":"of","start":7712.07,"end":7712.19},{"text":"example,","start":7712.19,"end":7712.91},{"text":"the","start":7712.91,"end":7713.07},{"text":"EU","start":7713.07,"end":7713.47},{"text":"acts","start":7713.55,"end":7714.19},{"text":"in","start":7714.67,"end":7715.07},{"text":"an","start":7715.07,"end":7715.15},{"text":"exclusive","start":7715.15,"end":7715.87},{"text":"capacity","start":7715.87,"end":7716.59},{"text":"or","start":7716.67,"end":7717.07},{"text":"alongside","start":7717.07,"end":7717.79},{"text":"its","start":7717.79,"end":7717.99},{"text":"member","start":7717.99,"end":7718.31},{"text":"states","start":7718.31,"end":7718.59},{"text":"in","start":7718.59,"end":7718.75},{"text":"several","start":7718.75,"end":7719.23},{"text":"fields","start":7719.23,"end":7719.71},{"text":"mentioned","start":7720.19,"end":7720.75},{"text":"by","start":7720.75,"end":7720.87},{"text":"the","start":7720.87,"end":7720.99},{"text":"Special","start":7720.99,"end":7721.35},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":7721.35,"end":7722.03},{"text":"and","start":7722.11,"end":7722.27},{"text":"of","start":7722.27,"end":7722.43},{"text":"special","start":7722.43,"end":7722.83},{"text":"importance","start":7722.83,"end":7723.39},{"text":"for","start":7723.39,"end":7723.55},{"text":"this","start":7723.55,"end":7723.71},{"text":"topic,","start":7723.71,"end":7724.19},{"text":"including","start":7724.19,"end":7724.99},{"text":"environmental","start":7725.31,"end":7726.11},{"text":"and","start":7726.19,"end":7726.35},{"text":"climate","start":7726.35,"end":7726.79},{"text":"change","start":7726.79,"end":7727.07},{"text":"law,","start":7727.07,"end":7727.43},{"text":"international","start":7727.91,"end":7728.63},{"text":"health,","start":7728.63,"end":7729.03},{"text":"arms","start":7729.59,"end":7729.91},{"text":"trade,","start":7729.91,"end":7730.39},{"text":"cyberspace,","start":7731.03,"end":7732.07},{"text":"and","start":7732.47,"end":7732.67},{"text":"artificial","start":7732.71,"end":7733.35},{"text":"intelligence","start":7733.35,"end":7734.07},{"text":"regulation.","start":7734.07,"end":7734.63}]},{"text":"Further, the EU recalls that due diligence obligations are susceptible to apply in the relations between international organizations and third states.","start":7736.07,"end":7746.79,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"Further,","start":7736.07,"end":7736.71},{"text":"the","start":7737.59,"end":7737.79},{"text":"EU","start":7737.79,"end":7738.07},{"text":"recalls","start":7738.07,"end":7738.87},{"text":"that","start":7738.87,"end":7739.23},{"text":"due","start":7739.23,"end":7739.43},{"text":"diligence","start":7739.43,"end":7740.03},{"text":"obligations","start":7740.11,"end":7740.87},{"text":"are","start":7740.87,"end":7740.95},{"text":"susceptible","start":7740.95,"end":7741.83},{"text":"to","start":7741.83,"end":7742.19},{"text":"apply","start":7742.19,"end":7742.71},{"text":"in","start":7742.71,"end":7742.91},{"text":"the","start":7742.91,"end":7742.99},{"text":"relations","start":7742.99,"end":7743.51},{"text":"between","start":7743.51,"end":7743.99},{"text":"international","start":7743.99,"end":7744.59},{"text":"organizations","start":7744.59,"end":7745.43},{"text":"and","start":7745.59,"end":7745.87},{"text":"third","start":7745.87,"end":7746.15},{"text":"states.","start":7746.15,"end":7746.79}]},{"text":"The International Court of Justice found that due diligence requires states to put in place, and I quote, \"to put in place a national system to regulate the activities in question, which may include rules and measures that must regulate the conduct of public and private operators within the State's jurisdiction or control and be accompanied by effective enforcement and monitoring mechanisms to ensure their implementation.","start":7748.23,"end":7776.51,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7748.23,"end":7748.31},{"text":"International","start":7748.31,"end":7748.95},{"text":"Court","start":7748.95,"end":7749.15},{"text":"of","start":7749.15,"end":7749.27},{"text":"Justice","start":7749.27,"end":7749.75},{"text":"found","start":7749.75,"end":7750.19},{"text":"that","start":7750.19,"end":7750.31},{"text":"due","start":7750.31,"end":7750.55},{"text":"diligence","start":7750.55,"end":7751.11},{"text":"requires","start":7751.11,"end":7751.63},{"text":"states","start":7751.63,"end":7752.07},{"text":"to","start":7752.07,"end":7752.27},{"text":"put","start":7752.27,"end":7752.55},{"text":"in","start":7752.55,"end":7752.63},{"text":"place,","start":7752.63,"end":7752.99},{"text":"and","start":7752.99,"end":7753.11},{"text":"I","start":7753.11,"end":7753.19},{"text":"quote,","start":7753.19,"end":7753.63},{"text":"\"to","start":7753.63,"end":7753.71},{"text":"put","start":7753.71,"end":7753.91},{"text":"in","start":7753.91,"end":7754.03},{"text":"place","start":7754.03,"end":7754.47},{"text":"a","start":7754.47,"end":7754.51},{"text":"national","start":7754.51,"end":7754.95},{"text":"system","start":7754.95,"end":7755.51},{"text":"to","start":7756.11,"end":7756.23},{"text":"regulate","start":7756.23,"end":7757.39},{"text":"the","start":7757.47,"end":7757.59},{"text":"activities","start":7757.59,"end":7758.11},{"text":"in","start":7758.11,"end":7758.23},{"text":"question,","start":7758.23,"end":7758.99},{"text":"which","start":7759.43,"end":7759.71},{"text":"may","start":7759.71,"end":7760.11},{"text":"include","start":7760.51,"end":7761.95},{"text":"rules","start":7762.35,"end":7762.91},{"text":"and","start":7762.91,"end":7763.07},{"text":"measures","start":7763.07,"end":7763.55},{"text":"that","start":7763.55,"end":7763.79},{"text":"must","start":7763.79,"end":7764.19},{"text":"regulate","start":7764.19,"end":7764.71},{"text":"the","start":7764.71,"end":7764.79},{"text":"conduct","start":7764.79,"end":7765.31},{"text":"of","start":7765.31,"end":7765.39},{"text":"public","start":7765.39,"end":7765.87},{"text":"and","start":7765.87,"end":7765.99},{"text":"private","start":7765.99,"end":7766.39},{"text":"operators","start":7766.39,"end":7767.07},{"text":"within","start":7767.47,"end":7767.79},{"text":"the","start":7767.79,"end":7767.91},{"text":"State's","start":7767.91,"end":7768.35},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":7768.35,"end":7769.23},{"text":"or","start":7769.47,"end":7769.63},{"text":"control","start":7769.63,"end":7770.35},{"text":"and","start":7770.67,"end":7770.83},{"text":"be","start":7770.83,"end":7770.95},{"text":"accompanied","start":7770.95,"end":7771.63},{"text":"by","start":7771.63,"end":7771.83},{"text":"effective","start":7771.83,"end":7772.51},{"text":"enforcement","start":7772.63,"end":7773.39},{"text":"and","start":7773.39,"end":7773.55},{"text":"monitoring","start":7773.55,"end":7774.23},{"text":"mechanisms","start":7774.23,"end":7774.91},{"text":"to","start":7774.91,"end":7775.03},{"text":"ensure","start":7775.03,"end":7775.47},{"text":"their","start":7775.47,"end":7775.59},{"text":"implementation.","start":7775.59,"end":7776.51}]},{"text":"Since the regulation of private operators often plays an important role in articulating States' due diligence obligations, the EU considers that the scope of this topic should encompass the duties of vigilance and prevention that States may be required to impose on private operators or non-State actors.","start":7780.11,"end":7800.43,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"Since","start":7780.11,"end":7780.27},{"text":"the","start":7780.27,"end":7780.43},{"text":"regulation","start":7780.43,"end":7781.19},{"text":"of","start":7781.19,"end":7781.31},{"text":"private","start":7781.31,"end":7781.75},{"text":"operators","start":7781.75,"end":7782.35},{"text":"often","start":7782.35,"end":7782.67},{"text":"plays","start":7782.67,"end":7782.99},{"text":"an","start":7782.99,"end":7783.07},{"text":"important","start":7783.07,"end":7783.71},{"text":"role","start":7783.71,"end":7784.03},{"text":"in","start":7784.03,"end":7784.19},{"text":"articulating","start":7784.19,"end":7784.91},{"text":"States'","start":7784.91,"end":7785.39},{"text":"due","start":7785.43,"end":7785.63},{"text":"diligence","start":7785.63,"end":7786.15},{"text":"obligations,","start":7786.15,"end":7787.07},{"text":"the","start":7787.63,"end":7787.83},{"text":"EU","start":7787.83,"end":7788.11},{"text":"considers","start":7788.11,"end":7788.91},{"text":"that","start":7788.99,"end":7789.19},{"text":"the","start":7789.19,"end":7789.31},{"text":"scope","start":7789.31,"end":7789.79},{"text":"of","start":7789.83,"end":7789.95},{"text":"this","start":7789.95,"end":7790.19},{"text":"topic","start":7790.19,"end":7790.59},{"text":"should","start":7790.59,"end":7790.83},{"text":"encompass","start":7790.83,"end":7791.59},{"text":"the","start":7791.59,"end":7791.67},{"text":"duties","start":7791.71,"end":7792.31},{"text":"of","start":7792.31,"end":7792.47},{"text":"vigilance","start":7792.47,"end":7793.15},{"text":"and","start":7793.55,"end":7793.83},{"text":"prevention","start":7793.83,"end":7794.51},{"text":"that","start":7794.67,"end":7794.91},{"text":"States","start":7794.91,"end":7795.39},{"text":"may","start":7795.39,"end":7795.55},{"text":"be","start":7795.55,"end":7795.79},{"text":"required","start":7795.79,"end":7796.35},{"text":"to","start":7796.35,"end":7796.47},{"text":"impose","start":7796.47,"end":7796.99},{"text":"on","start":7796.99,"end":7797.07},{"text":"private","start":7797.07,"end":7797.43},{"text":"operators","start":7797.43,"end":7798.03},{"text":"or","start":7798.11,"end":7798.51},{"text":"non-State","start":7798.51,"end":7799.07},{"text":"actors.","start":7799.79,"end":7800.43}]},{"text":"Likewise, the EU considers that there would be merit in examining state practice concerning the obligation of states in relation to transnational business operations beyond their borders.","start":7801.87,"end":7812.91,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"Likewise,","start":7801.87,"end":7802.67},{"text":"the","start":7802.67,"end":7802.87},{"text":"EU","start":7802.87,"end":7803.15},{"text":"considers","start":7803.15,"end":7803.71},{"text":"that","start":7803.71,"end":7803.83},{"text":"there","start":7803.83,"end":7803.99},{"text":"would","start":7803.99,"end":7804.19},{"text":"be","start":7804.19,"end":7804.35},{"text":"merit","start":7804.35,"end":7804.87},{"text":"in","start":7804.87,"end":7804.99},{"text":"examining","start":7804.99,"end":7805.55},{"text":"state","start":7805.55,"end":7805.87},{"text":"practice","start":7805.87,"end":7806.51},{"text":"concerning","start":7806.75,"end":7807.31},{"text":"the","start":7807.35,"end":7807.43},{"text":"obligation","start":7807.43,"end":7807.99},{"text":"of","start":7807.99,"end":7808.11},{"text":"states","start":7808.11,"end":7808.43},{"text":"in","start":7808.43,"end":7808.55},{"text":"relation","start":7808.55,"end":7808.99},{"text":"to","start":7808.99,"end":7809.07},{"text":"transnational","start":7809.07,"end":7810.03},{"text":"business","start":7810.03,"end":7810.43},{"text":"operations","start":7810.47,"end":7811.15},{"text":"beyond","start":7811.47,"end":7812.03},{"text":"their","start":7812.03,"end":7812.23},{"text":"borders.","start":7812.23,"end":7812.91}]},{"text":"Special attention should be given in this regard to the ongoing negotiation of a legally binding instrument to regulate in international human rights law the activities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises.","start":7813.55,"end":7826.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Special","start":7813.55,"end":7814.11},{"text":"attention","start":7814.11,"end":7814.59},{"text":"should","start":7814.59,"end":7814.75},{"text":"be","start":7814.75,"end":7814.91},{"text":"given","start":7814.91,"end":7815.19},{"text":"in","start":7815.19,"end":7815.31},{"text":"this","start":7815.31,"end":7815.47},{"text":"regard","start":7815.47,"end":7815.87},{"text":"to","start":7815.87,"end":7816.03},{"text":"the","start":7816.07,"end":7816.15},{"text":"ongoing","start":7816.15,"end":7816.63},{"text":"negotiation","start":7816.63,"end":7817.31},{"text":"of","start":7817.31,"end":7817.43},{"text":"a","start":7817.43,"end":7817.47},{"text":"legally","start":7817.47,"end":7817.95},{"text":"binding","start":7817.95,"end":7818.35},{"text":"instrument","start":7818.35,"end":7818.95},{"text":"to","start":7818.95,"end":7819.03},{"text":"regulate","start":7819.03,"end":7819.55},{"text":"in","start":7819.87,"end":7820.03},{"text":"international","start":7820.03,"end":7820.75},{"text":"human","start":7820.75,"end":7821.23},{"text":"rights","start":7821.23,"end":7821.55},{"text":"law","start":7821.55,"end":7821.87},{"text":"the","start":7822.19,"end":7822.31},{"text":"activities","start":7822.31,"end":7822.91},{"text":"of","start":7822.95,"end":7823.07},{"text":"transnational","start":7823.07,"end":7823.95},{"text":"corporations","start":7823.95,"end":7824.75},{"text":"and","start":7824.79,"end":7824.91},{"text":"other","start":7824.91,"end":7825.15},{"text":"business","start":7825.15,"end":7825.63},{"text":"enterprises.","start":7825.63,"end":7826.19}]},{"text":"As a final note, the EU joins the call of other states that encourage the ILC to elaborate on the conclusion of the International Court of Justice that the distinction between obligations and conducts and obligations of result is not necessarily an imperable one.","start":7827.15,"end":7843.47,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":7827.15,"end":7827.31},{"text":"a","start":7827.31,"end":7827.39},{"text":"final","start":7827.39,"end":7827.79},{"text":"note,","start":7827.79,"end":7828.15},{"text":"the","start":7828.15,"end":7828.23},{"text":"EU","start":7828.23,"end":7828.51},{"text":"joins","start":7828.51,"end":7828.99},{"text":"the","start":7828.99,"end":7829.15},{"text":"call","start":7829.15,"end":7829.43},{"text":"of","start":7829.43,"end":7829.63},{"text":"other","start":7829.63,"end":7829.87},{"text":"states","start":7829.87,"end":7830.35},{"text":"that","start":7830.51,"end":7830.75},{"text":"encourage","start":7830.75,"end":7831.27},{"text":"the","start":7831.27,"end":7831.35},{"text":"ILC","start":7831.39,"end":7831.95},{"text":"to","start":7831.95,"end":7832.07},{"text":"elaborate","start":7832.07,"end":7832.75},{"text":"on","start":7832.83,"end":7832.99},{"text":"the","start":7832.99,"end":7833.07},{"text":"conclusion","start":7833.07,"end":7833.55},{"text":"of","start":7833.55,"end":7833.63},{"text":"the","start":7833.63,"end":7833.71},{"text":"International","start":7833.71,"end":7834.35},{"text":"Court","start":7834.35,"end":7834.63},{"text":"of","start":7834.63,"end":7834.75},{"text":"Justice","start":7834.75,"end":7835.31},{"text":"that","start":7835.55,"end":7835.79},{"text":"the","start":7835.79,"end":7835.87},{"text":"distinction","start":7835.87,"end":7836.43},{"text":"between","start":7836.43,"end":7836.71},{"text":"obligations","start":7836.71,"end":7837.39},{"text":"and","start":7837.39,"end":7837.55},{"text":"conducts","start":7837.55,"end":7838.11},{"text":"and","start":7838.15,"end":7838.35},{"text":"obligations","start":7838.59,"end":7839.19},{"text":"of","start":7839.19,"end":7839.31},{"text":"result","start":7839.31,"end":7839.87},{"text":"is","start":7840.11,"end":7840.35},{"text":"not","start":7840.35,"end":7840.75},{"text":"necessarily","start":7840.75,"end":7841.63},{"text":"an","start":7841.91,"end":7842.07},{"text":"imperable","start":7842.07,"end":7842.91},{"text":"one.","start":7843.07,"end":7843.47}]},{"text":"On the item prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea, the EU and its member states thank the Special Rapporteur Mr. Luis Savaldago for his work on the prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":7844.95,"end":7861.19,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":7844.95,"end":7845.15},{"text":"the","start":7845.15,"end":7845.27},{"text":"item","start":7845.27,"end":7845.59},{"text":"prevention","start":7845.59,"end":7846.07},{"text":"and","start":7846.07,"end":7846.23},{"text":"repression","start":7846.23,"end":7846.75},{"text":"of","start":7846.75,"end":7846.83},{"text":"piracy","start":7846.83,"end":7847.43},{"text":"and","start":7847.43,"end":7847.63},{"text":"armed","start":7847.63,"end":7847.95},{"text":"robbery","start":7847.95,"end":7848.43},{"text":"at","start":7848.59,"end":7848.71},{"text":"sea,","start":7848.71,"end":7849.15},{"text":"the","start":7849.87,"end":7850.07},{"text":"EU","start":7850.07,"end":7850.35},{"text":"and","start":7850.35,"end":7850.51},{"text":"its","start":7850.51,"end":7850.63},{"text":"member","start":7850.63,"end":7850.91},{"text":"states","start":7850.91,"end":7851.31},{"text":"thank","start":7851.39,"end":7851.83},{"text":"the","start":7851.83,"end":7851.91},{"text":"Special","start":7851.91,"end":7852.31},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":7852.31,"end":7852.99},{"text":"Mr.","start":7853.43,"end":7853.71},{"text":"Luis","start":7853.71,"end":7854.15},{"text":"Savaldago","start":7854.63,"end":7855.59},{"text":"for","start":7856.07,"end":7856.23},{"text":"his","start":7856.23,"end":7856.39},{"text":"work","start":7856.39,"end":7856.79},{"text":"on","start":7856.99,"end":7857.11},{"text":"the","start":7857.11,"end":7857.27},{"text":"prevention","start":7857.27,"end":7857.95},{"text":"and","start":7857.95,"end":7858.07},{"text":"repression","start":7858.07,"end":7858.63},{"text":"of","start":7858.63,"end":7858.71},{"text":"piracy","start":7858.71,"end":7859.27},{"text":"and","start":7859.31,"end":7859.51},{"text":"armed","start":7859.51,"end":7859.83},{"text":"robbery","start":7859.83,"end":7860.39},{"text":"at","start":7860.71,"end":7860.87},{"text":"sea.","start":7860.87,"end":7861.19}]},{"text":"The EU and its Member States consider that the following elements are particularly important and should be reflected in the future work of the Commission: The definitions of piracy and armed robbery at sea are broad enough to encompass acts committing use using new technologies.","start":7862.23,"end":7882.23,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7862.23,"end":7862.47},{"text":"EU","start":7862.47,"end":7862.71},{"text":"and","start":7862.71,"end":7862.83},{"text":"its","start":7862.83,"end":7862.95},{"text":"Member","start":7862.95,"end":7863.31},{"text":"States","start":7863.31,"end":7863.75},{"text":"consider","start":7864.15,"end":7864.79},{"text":"that","start":7864.79,"end":7865.27},{"text":"the","start":7865.51,"end":7865.59},{"text":"following","start":7865.59,"end":7866.15},{"text":"elements","start":7866.15,"end":7866.79},{"text":"are","start":7866.87,"end":7867.11},{"text":"particularly","start":7867.11,"end":7867.95},{"text":"important","start":7867.95,"end":7868.63},{"text":"and","start":7868.63,"end":7868.83},{"text":"should","start":7868.83,"end":7869.07},{"text":"be","start":7869.07,"end":7869.19},{"text":"reflected","start":7869.19,"end":7869.83},{"text":"in","start":7869.83,"end":7869.91},{"text":"the","start":7869.91,"end":7870.03},{"text":"future","start":7870.03,"end":7870.51},{"text":"work","start":7870.51,"end":7870.75},{"text":"of","start":7870.75,"end":7870.87},{"text":"the","start":7870.87,"end":7870.95},{"text":"Commission:","start":7870.95,"end":7871.51},{"text":"The","start":7872.87,"end":7872.99},{"text":"definitions","start":7872.99,"end":7873.99},{"text":"of","start":7873.99,"end":7874.15},{"text":"piracy","start":7874.15,"end":7874.79},{"text":"and","start":7874.79,"end":7874.95},{"text":"armed","start":7874.95,"end":7875.27},{"text":"robbery","start":7875.27,"end":7875.71},{"text":"at","start":7875.71,"end":7875.83},{"text":"sea","start":7875.83,"end":7876.23},{"text":"are","start":7876.23,"end":7876.31},{"text":"broad","start":7876.31,"end":7876.79},{"text":"enough","start":7876.79,"end":7877.27},{"text":"to","start":7877.59,"end":7877.79},{"text":"encompass","start":7877.83,"end":7878.55},{"text":"acts","start":7878.63,"end":7879.11},{"text":"committing","start":7879.11,"end":7879.67},{"text":"use","start":7879.67,"end":7880.23},{"text":"using","start":7880.39,"end":7880.95},{"text":"new","start":7880.95,"end":7881.27},{"text":"technologies.","start":7881.27,"end":7882.23}]},{"text":"Any provision concerning the definition of piracy would have to be carefully drafted to ensure consistency with existing instruments, including UNCLOS.","start":7883.43,"end":7894.15,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Any","start":7883.43,"end":7883.75},{"text":"provision","start":7883.75,"end":7884.27},{"text":"concerning","start":7884.27,"end":7884.79},{"text":"the","start":7884.79,"end":7884.91},{"text":"definition","start":7884.91,"end":7885.47},{"text":"of","start":7885.47,"end":7885.59},{"text":"piracy","start":7885.59,"end":7886.31},{"text":"would","start":7886.55,"end":7886.71},{"text":"have","start":7886.71,"end":7887.03},{"text":"to","start":7887.03,"end":7887.11},{"text":"be","start":7887.11,"end":7887.27},{"text":"carefully","start":7887.27,"end":7887.95},{"text":"drafted","start":7887.95,"end":7888.63},{"text":"to","start":7889.03,"end":7889.15},{"text":"ensure","start":7889.15,"end":7889.59},{"text":"consistency","start":7889.59,"end":7890.55},{"text":"with","start":7890.55,"end":7890.79},{"text":"existing","start":7890.83,"end":7891.59},{"text":"instruments,","start":7891.75,"end":7892.47},{"text":"including","start":7892.55,"end":7893.23},{"text":"UNCLOS.","start":7893.23,"end":7894.15}]},{"text":"Matters such as the detailed treatment of rules of engagement related to enforcement powers at sea would be better addressed in the commentaries.","start":7895.11,"end":7904.87,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Matters","start":7895.11,"end":7895.67},{"text":"such","start":7895.67,"end":7896.23},{"text":"as","start":7896.23,"end":7896.39},{"text":"the","start":7896.39,"end":7896.67},{"text":"detailed","start":7896.71,"end":7897.03},{"text":"treatment","start":7897.03,"end":7897.55},{"text":"of","start":7897.55,"end":7897.67},{"text":"rules","start":7897.67,"end":7898.15},{"text":"of","start":7898.15,"end":7898.39},{"text":"engagement","start":7898.43,"end":7899.03},{"text":"related","start":7899.03,"end":7899.51},{"text":"to","start":7899.51,"end":7899.59},{"text":"enforcement","start":7899.59,"end":7900.19},{"text":"powers","start":7900.23,"end":7900.79},{"text":"at","start":7901.39,"end":7901.47},{"text":"sea","start":7901.47,"end":7901.99},{"text":"would","start":7901.99,"end":7902.31},{"text":"be","start":7902.31,"end":7902.47},{"text":"better","start":7902.47,"end":7902.99},{"text":"addressed","start":7902.99,"end":7903.43},{"text":"in","start":7903.67,"end":7903.87},{"text":"the","start":7903.87,"end":7903.99},{"text":"commentaries.","start":7903.99,"end":7904.87}]},{"text":"The centrality of Articles 100, 107, and 110 UNCLOS for enforcement operations at sea should be acknowledged.","start":7905.83,"end":7913.51,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7905.83,"end":7905.95},{"text":"centrality","start":7905.95,"end":7906.63},{"text":"of","start":7906.63,"end":7906.79},{"text":"Articles","start":7906.79,"end":7907.15},{"text":"100,","start":7907.15,"end":7907.71},{"text":"107,","start":7907.71,"end":7908.47},{"text":"and","start":7908.47,"end":7908.59},{"text":"110","start":7908.59,"end":7909.19},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":7909.19,"end":7910.15},{"text":"for","start":7910.15,"end":7910.39},{"text":"enforcement","start":7910.39,"end":7910.99},{"text":"operations","start":7910.99,"end":7911.63},{"text":"at","start":7911.63,"end":7911.71},{"text":"sea","start":7911.71,"end":7912.15},{"text":"should","start":7912.39,"end":7912.67},{"text":"be","start":7912.67,"end":7912.87},{"text":"acknowledged.","start":7912.87,"end":7913.51}]},{"text":"Provisions in the draft articles regarding the right of hot pursuit should be in accordance with customary international law as referred in UNCLOS.","start":7914.71,"end":7923.35,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Provisions","start":7914.71,"end":7915.35},{"text":"in","start":7915.35,"end":7915.47},{"text":"the","start":7915.47,"end":7915.59},{"text":"draft","start":7915.59,"end":7915.99},{"text":"articles","start":7915.99,"end":7916.55},{"text":"regarding","start":7916.55,"end":7916.99},{"text":"the","start":7916.99,"end":7917.11},{"text":"right","start":7917.11,"end":7917.47},{"text":"of","start":7917.47,"end":7917.59},{"text":"hot","start":7917.59,"end":7917.91},{"text":"pursuit","start":7917.91,"end":7918.55},{"text":"should","start":7918.79,"end":7919.07},{"text":"be","start":7919.07,"end":7919.35},{"text":"in","start":7919.35,"end":7919.51},{"text":"accordance","start":7919.51,"end":7919.99},{"text":"with","start":7919.99,"end":7920.11},{"text":"customary","start":7920.15,"end":7920.71},{"text":"international","start":7920.71,"end":7921.75},{"text":"law","start":7921.75,"end":7921.83},{"text":"as","start":7921.83,"end":7921.99},{"text":"referred","start":7921.99,"end":7922.35},{"text":"in","start":7922.35,"end":7922.43},{"text":"UNCLOS.","start":7922.43,"end":7923.35}]},{"text":"The extent to which privately contracted armed security personnel aboard merchant vessels may be empowered to take enforcement measures should be further assessed.","start":7924.23,"end":7933.59,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7924.23,"end":7924.35},{"text":"extent","start":7924.35,"end":7924.83},{"text":"to","start":7924.83,"end":7924.91},{"text":"which","start":7924.91,"end":7925.11},{"text":"privately","start":7925.11,"end":7925.79},{"text":"contracted","start":7925.79,"end":7926.47},{"text":"armed","start":7926.47,"end":7926.75},{"text":"security","start":7926.75,"end":7927.27},{"text":"personnel","start":7927.27,"end":7927.83},{"text":"aboard","start":7927.83,"end":7928.31},{"text":"merchant","start":7928.31,"end":7928.83},{"text":"vessels","start":7928.83,"end":7929.43},{"text":"may","start":7929.43,"end":7929.67},{"text":"be","start":7929.67,"end":7929.79},{"text":"empowered","start":7929.79,"end":7930.39},{"text":"to","start":7930.79,"end":7930.91},{"text":"take","start":7930.95,"end":7931.19},{"text":"enforcement","start":7931.19,"end":7931.83},{"text":"measures","start":7931.83,"end":7932.23},{"text":"should","start":7932.23,"end":7932.51},{"text":"be","start":7932.51,"end":7932.63},{"text":"further","start":7932.63,"end":7933.07},{"text":"assessed.","start":7933.07,"end":7933.59}]},{"text":"owing to the risks of potential abuse, and there should be consistency with Article 105 of UNCLOS regarding criminal jurisdiction over piracy and with customary international law regarding criminal jurisdiction over armed robbery at sea.","start":7934.23,"end":7951.27,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"owing","start":7934.23,"end":7934.71},{"text":"to","start":7934.71,"end":7934.87},{"text":"the","start":7934.87,"end":7934.95},{"text":"risks","start":7934.95,"end":7935.35},{"text":"of","start":7935.39,"end":7935.51},{"text":"potential","start":7935.51,"end":7936.07},{"text":"abuse,","start":7936.07,"end":7936.63},{"text":"and","start":7936.63,"end":7937.11},{"text":"there","start":7937.75,"end":7937.91},{"text":"should","start":7937.91,"end":7938.15},{"text":"be","start":7938.15,"end":7938.23},{"text":"consistency","start":7938.23,"end":7939.11},{"text":"with","start":7939.11,"end":7939.27},{"text":"Article","start":7939.27,"end":7939.75},{"text":"105","start":7939.79,"end":7940.63},{"text":"of","start":7940.63,"end":7940.71},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":7940.79,"end":7941.91},{"text":"regarding","start":7941.91,"end":7942.43},{"text":"criminal","start":7942.43,"end":7942.95},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":7943.03,"end":7943.91},{"text":"over","start":7943.91,"end":7944.15},{"text":"piracy","start":7944.15,"end":7944.79},{"text":"and","start":7945.27,"end":7945.39},{"text":"with","start":7945.39,"end":7945.55},{"text":"customary","start":7945.55,"end":7946.27},{"text":"international","start":7946.27,"end":7947.07},{"text":"law","start":7947.07,"end":7947.19},{"text":"regarding","start":7947.19,"end":7947.75},{"text":"criminal","start":7948.39,"end":7948.95},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":7948.95,"end":7949.67},{"text":"over","start":7949.67,"end":7949.91},{"text":"armed","start":7949.91,"end":7950.31},{"text":"robbery","start":7950.31,"end":7950.79},{"text":"at","start":7950.79,"end":7950.91},{"text":"sea.","start":7950.91,"end":7951.27}]},{"text":"The EU and its Member States would like to encourage the ILC not to call into question the balance of UNCLOS, nor to propose the revision of relevant rules.","start":7952.55,"end":7961.59,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7952.55,"end":7952.75},{"text":"EU","start":7952.75,"end":7952.95},{"text":"and","start":7952.95,"end":7953.07},{"text":"its","start":7953.07,"end":7953.19},{"text":"Member","start":7953.19,"end":7953.51},{"text":"States","start":7953.51,"end":7953.83},{"text":"would","start":7953.83,"end":7954.03},{"text":"like","start":7954.03,"end":7954.23},{"text":"to","start":7954.23,"end":7954.35},{"text":"encourage","start":7954.35,"end":7954.99},{"text":"the","start":7954.99,"end":7955.07},{"text":"ILC","start":7955.07,"end":7955.59},{"text":"not","start":7955.91,"end":7956.27},{"text":"to","start":7956.27,"end":7956.39},{"text":"call","start":7956.39,"end":7956.71},{"text":"into","start":7956.71,"end":7956.87},{"text":"question","start":7956.87,"end":7957.35},{"text":"the","start":7957.35,"end":7957.43},{"text":"balance","start":7957.43,"end":7957.87},{"text":"of","start":7957.87,"end":7957.99},{"text":"UNCLOS,","start":7957.99,"end":7958.91},{"text":"nor","start":7958.95,"end":7959.27},{"text":"to","start":7959.27,"end":7959.35},{"text":"propose","start":7959.35,"end":7959.83},{"text":"the","start":7959.83,"end":7959.91},{"text":"revision","start":7959.91,"end":7960.47},{"text":"of","start":7960.47,"end":7960.63},{"text":"relevant","start":7960.63,"end":7961.11},{"text":"rules.","start":7961.11,"end":7961.59}]},{"text":"Likewise, we also welcome further work to preserve a clear distinction between piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":7962.19,"end":7973.23,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Likewise,","start":7962.19,"end":7962.95},{"text":"we","start":7962.95,"end":7963.07},{"text":"also","start":7963.07,"end":7963.63},{"text":"welcome","start":7963.79,"end":7964.43},{"text":"further","start":7964.43,"end":7964.87},{"text":"work","start":7964.87,"end":7965.15},{"text":"to","start":7965.15,"end":7965.23},{"text":"preserve","start":7965.23,"end":7965.79},{"text":"a","start":7965.87,"end":7965.91},{"text":"clear","start":7965.91,"end":7966.15},{"text":"distinction","start":7966.15,"end":7966.67},{"text":"between","start":7966.67,"end":7967.07},{"text":"piracy","start":7967.07,"end":7968.27},{"text":"and","start":7968.51,"end":7968.75},{"text":"armed","start":7969.11,"end":7970.83},{"text":"robbery","start":7971.55,"end":7972.27},{"text":"at","start":7972.75,"end":7972.87},{"text":"sea.","start":7972.87,"end":7973.23}]},{"text":"The European Union is actively contributing to the fight against piracy and armed robbery at sea, a threat identified in the European Union Strategy Compass of March 2022 and its Maritime Security Strategy as revised in October 2023.","start":7974.11,"end":7990.19,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7974.11,"end":7974.19},{"text":"European","start":7974.19,"end":7974.67},{"text":"Union","start":7974.67,"end":7975.23},{"text":"is","start":7975.23,"end":7975.47},{"text":"actively","start":7975.47,"end":7976.03},{"text":"contributing","start":7976.03,"end":7976.83},{"text":"to","start":7976.83,"end":7976.99},{"text":"the","start":7976.99,"end":7977.11},{"text":"fight","start":7977.11,"end":7977.47},{"text":"against","start":7977.47,"end":7977.79},{"text":"piracy","start":7977.79,"end":7978.39},{"text":"and","start":7978.39,"end":7978.55},{"text":"armed","start":7978.55,"end":7978.79},{"text":"robbery","start":7978.79,"end":7979.19},{"text":"at","start":7979.19,"end":7979.27},{"text":"sea,","start":7979.27,"end":7979.67},{"text":"a","start":7980.27,"end":7980.31},{"text":"threat","start":7980.31,"end":7980.71},{"text":"identified","start":7980.71,"end":7981.47},{"text":"in","start":7981.47,"end":7981.67},{"text":"the","start":7981.67,"end":7981.75},{"text":"European","start":7981.75,"end":7982.27},{"text":"Union","start":7982.27,"end":7982.59},{"text":"Strategy","start":7982.59,"end":7983.23},{"text":"Compass","start":7983.23,"end":7983.79},{"text":"of","start":7983.87,"end":7984.03},{"text":"March","start":7984.03,"end":7984.43},{"text":"2022","start":7984.43,"end":7985.35},{"text":"and","start":7985.35,"end":7985.47},{"text":"its","start":7985.47,"end":7985.63},{"text":"Maritime","start":7985.63,"end":7986.19},{"text":"Security","start":7986.19,"end":7986.67},{"text":"Strategy","start":7986.67,"end":7987.39},{"text":"as","start":7987.87,"end":7988.11},{"text":"revised","start":7988.11,"end":7988.51},{"text":"in","start":7988.51,"end":7988.63},{"text":"October","start":7988.63,"end":7989.07},{"text":"2023.","start":7989.07,"end":7990.19}]},{"text":"Specifically, the EU maritime operation to safeguard freedom of navigation in relation to Red Sea crisis, UNIFOR Aspidis, and by the EU naval operation UNIFOR Atlanta, in suppressing piracy and protecting ships transiting off the coast of Somalia.","start":7991.03,"end":8010.47,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. 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They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8011.51,"end":8011.67},{"text":"addition,","start":8011.67,"end":8012.15},{"text":"the","start":8012.15,"end":8012.23},{"text":"EU","start":8012.23,"end":8012.43},{"text":"and","start":8012.43,"end":8012.59},{"text":"its","start":8012.59,"end":8012.71},{"text":"members","start":8012.71,"end":8013.03},{"text":"support","start":8013.03,"end":8013.67},{"text":"countries","start":8013.67,"end":8014.23},{"text":"through","start":8014.47,"end":8014.71},{"text":"capacity","start":8014.71,"end":8015.27},{"text":"building.","start":8015.27,"end":8015.75}]},{"text":"The transfer agreements concluded between the EU and states in the region eager to contribute to the fight against piracy, namely Kenya, Republic of Seychelles, Republic of Mauritius, and the United Republic of Tanzania, constitute relevant mechanisms in particular to ensure that no one is subjected to the death penalty or treatment contrary to international human rights law.","start":8016.23,"end":8042.23,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at 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also commend the reference to regional initiatives under the African Union, the Southern African Development Community, the Yaoundé Code of Conduct, the Djibouti Code of Conduct, and the Jeddah Amendment.","start":8043.15,"end":8055.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8043.15,"end":8043.31},{"text":"also","start":8043.31,"end":8043.71},{"text":"commend","start":8043.71,"end":8044.27},{"text":"the","start":8044.35,"end":8044.47},{"text":"reference","start":8044.47,"end":8044.99},{"text":"to","start":8044.99,"end":8045.15},{"text":"regional","start":8045.15,"end":8045.67},{"text":"initiatives","start":8045.67,"end":8046.35},{"text":"under","start":8046.35,"end":8046.63},{"text":"the","start":8046.63,"end":8046.71},{"text":"African","start":8046.71,"end":8047.23},{"text":"Union,","start":8047.23,"end":8047.71},{"text":"the","start":8047.95,"end":8048.03},{"text":"Southern","start":8048.03,"end":8048.59},{"text":"African","start":8048.59,"end":8049.03},{"text":"Development","start":8049.03,"end":8049.63},{"text":"Community,","start":8049.63,"end":8050.35},{"text":"the","start":8050.59,"end":8050.71},{"text":"Yaoundé","start":8050.75,"end":8051.15},{"text":"Code","start":8051.15,"end":8051.55},{"text":"of","start":8052.03,"end":8052.27},{"text":"Conduct,","start":8052.27,"end":8052.91},{"text":"the","start":8052.91,"end":8052.99},{"text":"Djibouti","start":8052.99,"end":8053.51},{"text":"Code","start":8053.51,"end":8053.75},{"text":"of","start":8053.75,"end":8053.87},{"text":"Conduct,","start":8053.87,"end":8054.39},{"text":"and","start":8054.43,"end":8054.67},{"text":"the","start":8054.67,"end":8054.75},{"text":"Jeddah","start":8054.75,"end":8054.99},{"text":"Amendment.","start":8055.47,"end":8055.99}]},{"text":"In conclusion on this point, we thank the ILC for the continuation of its work on a matter of high importance for the whole international community and future generations.","start":8056.51,"end":8067.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8056.51,"end":8056.67},{"text":"conclusion","start":8056.67,"end":8057.23},{"text":"on","start":8057.23,"end":8057.31},{"text":"this","start":8057.31,"end":8057.47},{"text":"point,","start":8057.47,"end":8057.95},{"text":"we","start":8058.27,"end":8058.43},{"text":"thank","start":8058.43,"end":8058.67},{"text":"the","start":8058.67,"end":8058.79},{"text":"ILC","start":8058.79,"end":8059.31},{"text":"for","start":8059.31,"end":8059.43},{"text":"the","start":8059.43,"end":8059.51},{"text":"continuation","start":8059.51,"end":8060.35},{"text":"of","start":8060.43,"end":8060.75},{"text":"its","start":8060.75,"end":8060.99},{"text":"work","start":8060.99,"end":8061.39},{"text":"on","start":8061.91,"end":8062.03},{"text":"a","start":8062.03,"end":8062.11},{"text":"matter","start":8062.27,"end":8062.67},{"text":"of","start":8062.67,"end":8062.75},{"text":"high","start":8062.75,"end":8062.95},{"text":"importance","start":8062.95,"end":8063.55},{"text":"for","start":8063.55,"end":8063.71},{"text":"the","start":8063.71,"end":8063.83},{"text":"whole","start":8063.83,"end":8064.03},{"text":"international","start":8064.03,"end":8064.83},{"text":"community","start":8065.07,"end":8065.71},{"text":"and","start":8065.71,"end":8065.87},{"text":"future","start":8065.87,"end":8066.19},{"text":"generations.","start":8066.19,"end":8067.07}]},{"text":"The EU and its Member States look forward to the next steps of the work and stand ready to contribute to that work.","start":8067.67,"end":8075.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8067.67,"end":8067.79},{"text":"EU","start":8067.79,"end":8068.03},{"text":"and","start":8068.03,"end":8068.15},{"text":"its","start":8068.15,"end":8068.31},{"text":"Member","start":8068.31,"end":8068.63},{"text":"States","start":8068.63,"end":8068.95},{"text":"look","start":8068.95,"end":8069.19},{"text":"forward","start":8069.19,"end":8069.63},{"text":"to","start":8069.63,"end":8069.75},{"text":"the","start":8069.75,"end":8069.83},{"text":"next","start":8069.83,"end":8070.19},{"text":"steps","start":8070.19,"end":8070.55},{"text":"of","start":8070.91,"end":8071.03},{"text":"the","start":8071.03,"end":8071.15},{"text":"work","start":8071.15,"end":8071.51},{"text":"and","start":8071.59,"end":8071.75},{"text":"stand","start":8071.75,"end":8072.03},{"text":"ready","start":8072.03,"end":8072.31},{"text":"to","start":8072.31,"end":8072.43},{"text":"contribute","start":8072.43,"end":8073.07},{"text":"to","start":8073.07,"end":8073.19},{"text":"that","start":8074.47,"end":8074.75},{"text":"work.","start":8074.75,"end":8075.11}]},{"text":"And finally, on the item compensation for damage caused by internationally wrongful acts, the European Union considers the topic of compensation for the damage caused by internationally wrongful acts as particularly important.","start":8075.19,"end":8088.87,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8075.19,"end":8075.43},{"text":"finally,","start":8075.43,"end":8076.07},{"text":"on","start":8076.35,"end":8076.43},{"text":"the","start":8076.43,"end":8076.51},{"text":"item","start":8076.55,"end":8076.87},{"text":"compensation","start":8076.87,"end":8077.67},{"text":"for","start":8077.67,"end":8077.83},{"text":"damage","start":8077.83,"end":8078.23},{"text":"caused","start":8078.23,"end":8078.55},{"text":"by","start":8078.55,"end":8078.63},{"text":"internationally","start":8078.63,"end":8079.35},{"text":"wrongful","start":8079.35,"end":8079.83},{"text":"acts,","start":8079.83,"end":8080.39},{"text":"the","start":8080.87,"end":8081.03},{"text":"European","start":8081.03,"end":8081.51},{"text":"Union","start":8081.51,"end":8081.91},{"text":"considers","start":8081.91,"end":8082.63},{"text":"the","start":8082.87,"end":8082.99},{"text":"topic","start":8083.03,"end":8083.39},{"text":"of","start":8083.39,"end":8083.51},{"text":"compensation","start":8083.51,"end":8084.39},{"text":"for","start":8084.39,"end":8084.55},{"text":"the","start":8084.55,"end":8084.63},{"text":"damage","start":8084.63,"end":8085.03},{"text":"caused","start":8085.03,"end":8085.47},{"text":"by","start":8085.47,"end":8085.67},{"text":"internationally","start":8085.67,"end":8086.47},{"text":"wrongful","start":8086.47,"end":8086.95},{"text":"acts","start":8086.95,"end":8087.39},{"text":"as","start":8087.39,"end":8087.51},{"text":"particularly","start":8087.51,"end":8088.23},{"text":"important.","start":8088.23,"end":8088.87}]},{"text":"It does wish to express its appreciation to the ILC for including the topic in the Commission’s report for the first time.","start":8089.55,"end":8097.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":8089.55,"end":8089.67},{"text":"does","start":8089.67,"end":8089.95},{"text":"wish","start":8089.95,"end":8090.27},{"text":"to","start":8090.35,"end":8090.47},{"text":"express","start":8090.47,"end":8090.91},{"text":"its","start":8090.91,"end":8091.15},{"text":"appreciation","start":8091.19,"end":8092.19},{"text":"to","start":8092.19,"end":8092.35},{"text":"the","start":8092.39,"end":8092.47},{"text":"ILC","start":8092.51,"end":8092.99},{"text":"for","start":8092.99,"end":8093.23},{"text":"including","start":8093.23,"end":8094.19},{"text":"the","start":8094.43,"end":8094.55},{"text":"topic","start":8094.59,"end":8095.07},{"text":"in","start":8095.07,"end":8095.31},{"text":"the","start":8095.31,"end":8095.39},{"text":"Commission’s","start":8095.95,"end":8096.67},{"text":"report","start":8096.75,"end":8097.27},{"text":"for","start":8097.27,"end":8097.39},{"text":"the","start":8097.39,"end":8097.47},{"text":"first","start":8097.47,"end":8097.79},{"text":"time.","start":8097.79,"end":8097.99}]},{"text":"The EU welcomes the Special Rapporteur’s intention to address the topic in line with contemporary practice, based on a questionnaire and taking as a starting point its work on the topics related to compensation.","start":8098.75,"end":8110.19,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8098.75,"end":8098.87},{"text":"EU","start":8098.87,"end":8099.15},{"text":"welcomes","start":8099.15,"end":8099.75},{"text":"the","start":8099.75,"end":8099.83},{"text":"Special","start":8099.83,"end":8100.19},{"text":"Rapporteur’s","start":8100.19,"end":8100.83},{"text":"intention","start":8100.83,"end":8101.35},{"text":"to","start":8101.35,"end":8101.43},{"text":"address","start":8101.43,"end":8101.83},{"text":"the","start":8101.83,"end":8101.91},{"text":"topic","start":8101.91,"end":8102.27},{"text":"in","start":8102.27,"end":8102.43},{"text":"line","start":8102.43,"end":8102.71},{"text":"with","start":8102.71,"end":8102.83},{"text":"contemporary","start":8102.83,"end":8103.59},{"text":"practice,","start":8103.59,"end":8104.19},{"text":"based","start":8104.51,"end":8104.79},{"text":"on","start":8104.79,"end":8104.91},{"text":"a","start":8104.91,"end":8104.95},{"text":"questionnaire","start":8104.95,"end":8105.67},{"text":"and","start":8105.67,"end":8105.83},{"text":"taking","start":8105.83,"end":8106.27},{"text":"as","start":8106.27,"end":8106.43},{"text":"a","start":8106.43,"end":8106.47},{"text":"starting","start":8106.47,"end":8106.99},{"text":"point","start":8106.99,"end":8107.39},{"text":"its","start":8107.71,"end":8107.95},{"text":"work","start":8107.95,"end":8108.19},{"text":"on","start":8108.19,"end":8108.27},{"text":"the","start":8108.27,"end":8108.39},{"text":"topics","start":8108.39,"end":8108.83},{"text":"related","start":8108.83,"end":8109.31},{"text":"to","start":8109.31,"end":8109.43},{"text":"compensation.","start":8109.43,"end":8110.19}]},{"text":"We also suggest sharing the questionnaire with international organizations.","start":8110.67,"end":8114.83,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8110.67,"end":8110.79},{"text":"also","start":8110.83,"end":8111.15},{"text":"suggest","start":8111.15,"end":8111.75},{"text":"sharing","start":8111.75,"end":8112.19},{"text":"the","start":8112.19,"end":8112.27},{"text":"questionnaire","start":8112.27,"end":8112.99},{"text":"with","start":8113.15,"end":8113.35},{"text":"international","start":8113.35,"end":8113.91},{"text":"organizations.","start":8113.91,"end":8114.83}]},{"text":"We support the ILC in its intention to broaden its scope of work by giving greater consideration to individuals.","start":8115.83,"end":8122.39,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8115.83,"end":8115.87},{"text":"support","start":8115.87,"end":8116.47},{"text":"the","start":8116.47,"end":8116.55},{"text":"ILC","start":8116.55,"end":8117.11},{"text":"in","start":8117.35,"end":8117.55},{"text":"its","start":8117.55,"end":8117.67},{"text":"intention","start":8117.67,"end":8118.23},{"text":"to","start":8118.23,"end":8118.35},{"text":"broaden","start":8118.35,"end":8118.87},{"text":"its","start":8118.87,"end":8119.03},{"text":"scope","start":8119.03,"end":8119.43},{"text":"of","start":8119.43,"end":8119.59},{"text":"work","start":8119.59,"end":8119.83},{"text":"by","start":8119.83,"end":8119.99},{"text":"giving","start":8119.99,"end":8120.31},{"text":"greater","start":8120.31,"end":8120.71},{"text":"consideration","start":8120.71,"end":8121.43},{"text":"to","start":8121.43,"end":8121.55},{"text":"individuals.","start":8121.59,"end":8122.39}]},{"text":"Compensating affected individuals can be ensured through different legal mechanisms, both directly and indirectly.","start":8123.19,"end":8130.47,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"Compensating","start":8123.19,"end":8123.99},{"text":"affected","start":8123.99,"end":8124.47},{"text":"individuals","start":8124.47,"end":8125.19},{"text":"can","start":8125.19,"end":8125.35},{"text":"be","start":8125.35,"end":8125.51},{"text":"ensured","start":8125.95,"end":8126.55},{"text":"through","start":8126.63,"end":8126.79},{"text":"different","start":8126.79,"end":8127.27},{"text":"legal","start":8127.27,"end":8127.59},{"text":"mechanisms,","start":8127.59,"end":8128.31},{"text":"both","start":8128.31,"end":8128.67},{"text":"directly","start":8128.67,"end":8129.35},{"text":"and","start":8129.59,"end":8129.83},{"text":"indirectly.","start":8129.83,"end":8130.47}]},{"text":"The EU, for instance, actively supports preparatory work for the negotiation of a future Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Humanity, using as a basis draft articles prepared by the ILC.","start":8131.03,"end":8142.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8131.03,"end":8131.23},{"text":"EU,","start":8131.23,"end":8131.43},{"text":"for","start":8131.43,"end":8131.63},{"text":"instance,","start":8131.63,"end":8132.07},{"text":"actively","start":8132.07,"end":8132.63},{"text":"supports","start":8132.63,"end":8133.11},{"text":"preparatory","start":8133.11,"end":8133.91},{"text":"work","start":8133.91,"end":8134.15},{"text":"for","start":8134.15,"end":8134.31},{"text":"the","start":8134.31,"end":8134.39},{"text":"negotiation","start":8134.39,"end":8135.11},{"text":"of","start":8135.11,"end":8135.23},{"text":"a","start":8135.23,"end":8135.27},{"text":"future","start":8135.27,"end":8135.59},{"text":"Convention","start":8135.59,"end":8136.15},{"text":"on","start":8136.15,"end":8136.23},{"text":"the","start":8136.23,"end":8136.31},{"text":"Prevention","start":8136.31,"end":8136.75},{"text":"and","start":8136.75,"end":8136.87},{"text":"Punishment","start":8136.87,"end":8137.35},{"text":"of","start":8137.35,"end":8137.47},{"text":"Crimes","start":8137.47,"end":8137.83},{"text":"against","start":8137.83,"end":8138.11},{"text":"Humanity,","start":8138.11,"end":8138.79},{"text":"using","start":8139.19,"end":8139.83},{"text":"as","start":8139.83,"end":8140.07},{"text":"a","start":8140.07,"end":8140.11},{"text":"basis","start":8140.11,"end":8140.71},{"text":"draft","start":8140.71,"end":8141.11},{"text":"articles","start":8141.11,"end":8141.59},{"text":"prepared","start":8141.59,"end":8141.99},{"text":"by","start":8141.99,"end":8142.07},{"text":"the","start":8142.07,"end":8142.15},{"text":"ILC.","start":8142.31,"end":8142.79}]},{"text":"The EU's practice is also relevant.","start":8143.99,"end":8146.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8143.99,"end":8144.19},{"text":"EU's","start":8144.19,"end":8144.55},{"text":"practice","start":8144.55,"end":8145.27},{"text":"is","start":8145.27,"end":8145.51},{"text":"also","start":8145.51,"end":8145.83},{"text":"relevant.","start":8145.83,"end":8146.47}]},{"text":"For instance, in the context of anti-coercion instruments, the EU has the possibility to consider transferring the compensation obtained for an injury in accordance with the articles on the responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts to the individual operators that have suffered loss where the economic coercion amounts to an international wrongful act.","start":8146.95,"end":8170.87,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":8146.95,"end":8147.19},{"text":"instance,","start":8147.19,"end":8147.75},{"text":"in","start":8147.75,"end":8147.87},{"text":"the","start":8147.87,"end":8147.99},{"text":"context","start":8147.99,"end":8148.47},{"text":"of","start":8148.47,"end":8148.71},{"text":"anti-coercion","start":8148.71,"end":8149.51},{"text":"instruments,","start":8149.51,"end":8150.15},{"text":"the","start":8150.15,"end":8150.27},{"text":"EU","start":8150.27,"end":8150.71},{"text":"has","start":8150.71,"end":8151.03},{"text":"the","start":8151.03,"end":8151.27},{"text":"possibility","start":8151.27,"end":8151.91},{"text":"to","start":8151.91,"end":8152.07},{"text":"consider","start":8152.07,"end":8152.63},{"text":"transferring","start":8153.03,"end":8153.67},{"text":"the","start":8153.67,"end":8153.75},{"text":"compensation","start":8153.75,"end":8154.55},{"text":"obtained","start":8154.55,"end":8155.19},{"text":"for","start":8155.19,"end":8155.31},{"text":"an","start":8155.31,"end":8155.43},{"text":"injury","start":8155.43,"end":8155.99},{"text":"in","start":8156.23,"end":8156.55},{"text":"accordance","start":8156.95,"end":8157.51},{"text":"with","start":8157.51,"end":8157.71},{"text":"the","start":8157.71,"end":8157.79},{"text":"articles","start":8157.83,"end":8158.47},{"text":"on","start":8158.47,"end":8158.55},{"text":"the","start":8158.55,"end":8158.67},{"text":"responsibility","start":8158.67,"end":8159.55},{"text":"of","start":8159.55,"end":8159.67},{"text":"states","start":8159.67,"end":8159.99},{"text":"for","start":8159.99,"end":8160.15},{"text":"internationally","start":8160.15,"end":8161.03},{"text":"wrongful","start":8161.03,"end":8161.51},{"text":"acts","start":8161.51,"end":8161.91},{"text":"to","start":8162.71,"end":8162.79},{"text":"the","start":8162.79,"end":8162.87},{"text":"individual","start":8162.87,"end":8163.75},{"text":"operators","start":8163.87,"end":8164.47},{"text":"that","start":8164.47,"end":8164.63},{"text":"have","start":8164.63,"end":8164.87},{"text":"suffered","start":8164.87,"end":8165.35},{"text":"loss","start":8165.35,"end":8165.83},{"text":"where","start":8166.11,"end":8166.35},{"text":"the","start":8166.35,"end":8166.43},{"text":"economic","start":8166.51,"end":8167.15},{"text":"coercion","start":8167.15,"end":8167.75},{"text":"amounts","start":8167.75,"end":8168.23},{"text":"to","start":8168.23,"end":8168.35},{"text":"an","start":8168.35,"end":8168.47},{"text":"international","start":8168.47,"end":8169.27},{"text":"wrongful","start":8169.59,"end":8170.23},{"text":"act.","start":8170.39,"end":8170.87}]},{"text":"The ILC should, however, also explore the possibility for individuals to have a direct and enforceable right to compensation for damage caused by internationally wrongful acts, be it through existing adjudicative means or via new targeted mechanisms.","start":8171.71,"end":8186.27,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. 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They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8186.83,"end":8186.99},{"text":"EU","start":8186.99,"end":8187.27},{"text":"has","start":8187.27,"end":8187.47},{"text":"been","start":8187.47,"end":8187.63},{"text":"actively","start":8187.71,"end":8188.23},{"text":"involved","start":8188.23,"end":8188.63},{"text":"in","start":8188.63,"end":8188.75},{"text":"the","start":8188.75,"end":8188.83},{"text":"negotiation","start":8188.83,"end":8189.47},{"text":"of","start":8189.47,"end":8189.55},{"text":"the","start":8189.55,"end":8189.63},{"text":"Convention","start":8189.63,"end":8190.19},{"text":"establishing","start":8190.19,"end":8190.83},{"text":"International","start":8190.83,"end":8191.47},{"text":"Claims","start":8191.47,"end":8192.03},{"text":"Commission","start":8192.27,"end":8192.75},{"text":"for","start":8192.75,"end":8192.91},{"text":"the","start":8192.91,"end":8192.99},{"text":"Ukraine.","start":8192.99,"end":8193.55}]},{"text":"The Claims Commission is expected to receive between 6 and 8 million claims from both individuals and legal entities who suffered damage, loss, or injuries by Russian internationally wrongful acts in or against Ukraine.","start":8194.55,"end":8209.51,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8194.55,"end":8194.63},{"text":"Claims","start":8194.63,"end":8194.95},{"text":"Commission","start":8194.95,"end":8195.35},{"text":"is","start":8195.35,"end":8195.43},{"text":"expected","start":8195.47,"end":8196.07},{"text":"to","start":8196.47,"end":8196.59},{"text":"receive","start":8196.59,"end":8197.11},{"text":"between","start":8197.11,"end":8197.51},{"text":"6","start":8197.51,"end":8197.91},{"text":"and","start":8197.91,"end":8198.15},{"text":"8","start":8198.15,"end":8198.39},{"text":"million","start":8198.39,"end":8198.95},{"text":"claims","start":8198.95,"end":8199.43},{"text":"from","start":8199.43,"end":8199.63},{"text":"both","start":8199.63,"end":8199.83},{"text":"individuals","start":8199.83,"end":8200.63},{"text":"and","start":8200.63,"end":8200.83},{"text":"legal","start":8200.83,"end":8201.11},{"text":"entities","start":8201.11,"end":8201.63},{"text":"who","start":8201.63,"end":8201.75},{"text":"suffered","start":8201.75,"end":8202.11},{"text":"damage,","start":8202.11,"end":8202.55},{"text":"loss,","start":8202.55,"end":8202.95},{"text":"or","start":8203.51,"end":8203.67},{"text":"injuries","start":8203.67,"end":8204.23},{"text":"by","start":8204.23,"end":8204.39},{"text":"Russian","start":8204.39,"end":8205.03},{"text":"internationally","start":8205.27,"end":8206.23},{"text":"wrongful","start":8206.23,"end":8206.95},{"text":"acts","start":8206.95,"end":8207.51},{"text":"in","start":8207.91,"end":8208.23},{"text":"or","start":8208.23,"end":8208.47},{"text":"against","start":8208.47,"end":8208.95},{"text":"Ukraine.","start":8208.95,"end":8209.51}]},{"text":"In this context, the EU is particularly interested in questions related to the determination of the quantum of compensation.","start":8210.15,"end":8217.03,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. 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thank you very much for your attention.","start":8307.43,"end":8309.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8307.43,"end":8307.51},{"text":"thank","start":8307.51,"end":8307.79},{"text":"you","start":8307.79,"end":8307.87},{"text":"very","start":8307.87,"end":8308.07},{"text":"much","start":8308.07,"end":8308.31},{"text":"for","start":8308.31,"end":8308.47},{"text":"your","start":8308.47,"end":8308.59},{"text":"attention.","start":8308.59,"end":8309.03}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"EU","group":"EU","function":null,"affiliation_full":"EU"}},{"statement_number":40,"start":8310.87,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=2:18:31","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the European Union on behalf of the EU and its 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Paparinskas, you have the floor.","start":8333.11,"end":8335.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":8333.11,"end":8333.39},{"text":"Paparinskas,","start":8333.39,"end":8334.23},{"text":"you","start":8334.23,"end":8334.39},{"text":"have","start":8334.39,"end":8334.63},{"text":"the","start":8334.63,"end":8334.75},{"text":"floor.","start":8334.75,"end":8335.19}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":41,"start":8339.99,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=2:19:00","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Madam Chair.","start":8339.99,"end":8342.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8339.99,"end":8340.31},{"text":"you,","start":8340.31,"end":8340.55},{"text":"Madam","start":8340.95,"end":8341.43},{"text":"Chair.","start":8341.91,"end":8342.15}]},{"text":"I thank you very much for having given me the 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think, in line perhaps with one of the points made by the African The reason is that I have accepted the invitation of the African Society of International Law to deliver a keynote discussion in their annual conference that will be taking place later this 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sensitivity to general and regional perspectives is there.","start":8384.39,"end":8388.15,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. 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comments of delegations would be very much welcome on all of those points, but let me just note three on which the debate in the Commission was particularly rich and therefore insight from the delegations would be 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301 of the Annual Report summarises the discussion regarding the proposal made by one delegation in the Sixth Committee for addressing compensation in relation to circumstances precluding wrongfulness, so that is an issue addressed in article 27, sub-paragraph (b) of the Articles on State Responsibility, an issue that I had initially not proposed to address because that would not be conduct internationally wrongful in the technical sense, but remained cautiously open.","start":8559.91,"end":8595.15,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. 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was a rich debate on the issue in the Commission, and if there were any views by delegations, they would certainly help my thinking for the second 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issue relating to the scope on which the Commission members provided interesting and rich remarks relates to the personal scope of the responsible actors, the question whether to limit it, as in the 2001 articles, to states and responsibility of states, or also to consider content of responsibility regarding compensation by international organizations.","start":8604.59,"end":8633.55,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. 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the reactions by the delegates, or rather by the Commission members, are summarized in Chapter 12, subchapter 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is within Chapter 3, the Commission","start":8678.95,"end":8685.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8678.95,"end":8679.11},{"text":"paragraph","start":8679.11,"end":8679.71},{"text":"32","start":8679.71,"end":8680.71},{"text":"of","start":8680.87,"end":8681.07},{"text":"the","start":8681.07,"end":8681.15},{"text":"report,","start":8681.15,"end":8681.79},{"text":"and","start":8681.79,"end":8681.95},{"text":"that","start":8681.95,"end":8682.15},{"text":"is","start":8682.15,"end":8682.31},{"text":"within","start":8682.31,"end":8682.63},{"text":"Chapter","start":8682.63,"end":8683.19},{"text":"3,","start":8683.19,"end":8683.75},{"text":"the","start":8684.39,"end":8684.55},{"text":"Commission","start":8684.71,"end":8685.59}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"the relevant information to this 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the types of issues are identified in detail, much greater detail, and the deadline provided is 1st of September of next 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these, for avoidance of ambiguity, are distinct requests, and the idea is that 1st of December might be the occasion for States to provide immediate reaction on the most important instances of practice, while 1st of September next year would enable a deeper dive, and there is very much of an encouragement, in line with the points already made by States, particularly by Cameroon speaking on behalf of the African group, of multilingual, multi-regional, inclusive and diverse practice to enable truly universal engagement.","start":8731.59,"end":8766.79,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. 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They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":8947.03,"end":8947.75},{"text":"the","start":8947.75,"end":8947.87},{"text":"assertion","start":8947.87,"end":8948.31},{"text":"that","start":8948.31,"end":8948.55},{"text":"non-legally","start":8948.55,"end":8949.19},{"text":"binding","start":8949.19,"end":8949.67},{"text":"international","start":8949.67,"end":8950.19},{"text":"agreements","start":8950.19,"end":8950.71},{"text":"may,","start":8950.71,"end":8951.11},{"text":"in","start":8951.35,"end":8951.51},{"text":"certain","start":8951.51,"end":8951.91},{"text":"circumstances,","start":8951.91,"end":8952.71},{"text":"produce","start":8953.03,"end":8953.51},{"text":"legal","start":8953.51,"end":8953.79},{"text":"effects","start":8953.79,"end":8954.15},{"text":"under","start":8954.19,"end":8954.43},{"text":"international","start":8954.43,"end":8955.15},{"text":"law,","start":8955.15,"end":8955.23},{"text":"it","start":8955.51,"end":8955.71},{"text":"should","start":8955.71,"end":8955.99},{"text":"be","start":8955.99,"end":8956.15},{"text":"viewed","start":8956.15,"end":8956.55},{"text":"with","start":8956.55,"end":8956.75},{"text":"caution","start":8956.75,"end":8957.27},{"text":"in","start":8957.51,"end":8957.63},{"text":"order","start":8957.63,"end":8957.83},{"text":"to","start":8957.83,"end":8957.95},{"text":"avoid","start":8957.95,"end":8958.31},{"text":"violating","start":8958.39,"end":8958.87},{"text":"the","start":8958.87,"end":8958.99},{"text":"principle","start":8958.99,"end":8959.51},{"text":"of","start":8959.83,"end":8959.99},{"text":"state","start":8959.99,"end":8960.31},{"text":"consent.","start":8960.31,"end":8960.95}]},{"text":"While such agreements may relate to international legal rules, such as those concerning the interpretation of treaties, good faith compliance, estoppel, or the persistent objector doctrine, they do not automatically generate legal effects and thus cannot be treated as a homogeneous category.","start":8961.95,"end":8979.51,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Citing","start":8997.67,"end":8998.15},{"text":"this","start":8998.15,"end":8998.39},{"text":"award","start":8998.39,"end":8998.79},{"text":"in","start":8998.79,"end":8999.03},{"text":"the","start":8999.03,"end":8999.11},{"text":"current","start":8999.11,"end":8999.43},{"text":"study,","start":8999.43,"end":8999.99},{"text":"does","start":9000.59,"end":9000.75},{"text":"not","start":9000.75,"end":9000.91},{"text":"serve","start":9000.91,"end":9001.31},{"text":"to","start":9001.31,"end":9001.43},{"text":"clarify","start":9001.43,"end":9002.03},{"text":"relevant","start":9002.03,"end":9002.43},{"text":"legal","start":9002.43,"end":9002.75},{"text":"rules","start":9002.75,"end":9003.23},{"text":"and","start":9003.51,"end":9003.63},{"text":"will","start":9003.63,"end":9003.79},{"text":"even","start":9003.79,"end":9004.03},{"text":"spark","start":9004.03,"end":9004.55},{"text":"controversy","start":9004.55,"end":9005.31},{"text":"and","start":9005.71,"end":9006.03},{"text":"severely","start":9006.03,"end":9006.67},{"text":"undermine","start":9006.67,"end":9007.15},{"text":"the","start":9007.47,"end":9007.59},{"text":"authority","start":9007.63,"end":9008.27},{"text":"and","start":9008.27,"end":9008.43},{"text":"credibility","start":9008.43,"end":9009.11},{"text":"of","start":9009.11,"end":9009.23},{"text":"the","start":9009.23,"end":9009.31},{"text":"project.","start":9009.31,"end":9009.79}]},{"text":"China requests the removal of the relevant references.","start":9010.03,"end":9013.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"China","start":9010.03,"end":9010.31},{"text":"requests","start":9010.31,"end":9010.99},{"text":"the","start":9011.15,"end":9011.27},{"text":"removal","start":9011.27,"end":9011.87},{"text":"of","start":9012.03,"end":9012.27},{"text":"the","start":9012.27,"end":9012.39},{"text":"relevant","start":9012.39,"end":9012.83},{"text":"references.","start":9012.83,"end":9013.55}]},{"text":"With respect to prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea, we thank the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Savadogo, for his diligent work.","start":9015.47,"end":9026.11,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. 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They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Its","start":9028.59,"end":9028.79},{"text":"first","start":9028.79,"end":9029.11},{"text":"report","start":9029.11,"end":9029.59},{"text":"is","start":9029.59,"end":9029.91},{"text":"comprehensive","start":9029.91,"end":9030.79},{"text":"and","start":9031.11,"end":9031.43},{"text":"informative,","start":9031.43,"end":9032.15},{"text":"laying","start":9032.71,"end":9033.11},{"text":"a","start":9033.11,"end":9033.15},{"text":"solid","start":9033.15,"end":9033.67},{"text":"foundation","start":9033.67,"end":9034.31},{"text":"for","start":9034.31,"end":9034.55},{"text":"discussion","start":9034.55,"end":9035.19},{"text":"on","start":9035.19,"end":9035.31},{"text":"this","start":9035.31,"end":9035.47},{"text":"topic.","start":9035.47,"end":9035.91}]},{"text":"China supports the Commission in continuing its in-depth study of this topic, refining the relevant legal framework, and better safeguarding the security of maritime passages.","start":9036.31,"end":9049.35,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"China","start":9036.31,"end":9036.59},{"text":"supports","start":9036.59,"end":9037.27},{"text":"the","start":9037.27,"end":9037.43},{"text":"Commission","start":9037.43,"end":9037.99},{"text":"in","start":9038.23,"end":9038.47},{"text":"continuing","start":9038.47,"end":9039.35},{"text":"its","start":9039.43,"end":9039.75},{"text":"in-depth","start":9039.75,"end":9040.23},{"text":"study","start":9040.23,"end":9040.79},{"text":"of","start":9040.79,"end":9040.91},{"text":"this","start":9040.91,"end":9041.03},{"text":"topic,","start":9041.03,"end":9041.51},{"text":"refining","start":9042.39,"end":9043.11},{"text":"the","start":9043.11,"end":9043.27},{"text":"relevant","start":9043.27,"end":9043.75},{"text":"legal","start":9043.75,"end":9043.99},{"text":"framework,","start":9043.99,"end":9044.55},{"text":"and","start":9045.19,"end":9045.51},{"text":"better","start":9045.83,"end":9046.15},{"text":"safeguarding","start":9046.15,"end":9046.87},{"text":"the","start":9046.95,"end":9047.07},{"text":"security","start":9047.07,"end":9047.67},{"text":"of","start":9047.75,"end":9047.91},{"text":"maritime","start":9047.91,"end":9048.63},{"text":"passages.","start":9048.63,"end":9049.35}]},{"text":"In this regard, China would like to offer the following comments: First, China believes that maritime security is a matter of common global concern.","start":9049.67,"end":9061.07,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9049.67,"end":9049.83},{"text":"this","start":9049.83,"end":9050.03},{"text":"regard,","start":9050.03,"end":9050.39},{"text":"China","start":9050.39,"end":9050.87},{"text":"would","start":9050.95,"end":9051.07},{"text":"like","start":9051.07,"end":9051.19},{"text":"to","start":9051.19,"end":9051.31},{"text":"offer","start":9051.31,"end":9051.67},{"text":"the","start":9051.67,"end":9051.79},{"text":"following","start":9051.79,"end":9052.15},{"text":"comments:","start":9052.15,"end":9052.71},{"text":"First,","start":9055.03,"end":9055.59},{"text":"China","start":9055.83,"end":9056.15},{"text":"believes","start":9056.15,"end":9056.63},{"text":"that","start":9057.23,"end":9057.47},{"text":"maritime","start":9057.47,"end":9057.95},{"text":"security","start":9057.95,"end":9058.59},{"text":"is","start":9058.67,"end":9058.87},{"text":"a","start":9058.87,"end":9058.91},{"text":"matter","start":9058.91,"end":9059.35},{"text":"of","start":9059.35,"end":9059.55},{"text":"common","start":9059.55,"end":9060.03},{"text":"global","start":9060.03,"end":9060.43},{"text":"concern.","start":9060.43,"end":9061.07}]},{"text":"The Commission’s study should closely align with the actual needs of States, focus on key priorities, foster consensus, and aim for providing guidance for State practice.","start":9061.71,"end":9072.75,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9061.71,"end":9061.87},{"text":"Commission’s","start":9061.87,"end":9062.31},{"text":"study","start":9062.31,"end":9062.67},{"text":"should","start":9062.67,"end":9062.91},{"text":"closely","start":9062.91,"end":9063.47},{"text":"align","start":9063.63,"end":9064.19},{"text":"with","start":9064.19,"end":9064.47},{"text":"the","start":9064.47,"end":9064.55},{"text":"actual","start":9064.59,"end":9064.95},{"text":"needs","start":9064.95,"end":9065.15},{"text":"of","start":9065.15,"end":9065.23},{"text":"States,","start":9065.23,"end":9065.71},{"text":"focus","start":9065.87,"end":9066.35},{"text":"on","start":9066.35,"end":9066.51},{"text":"key","start":9066.51,"end":9066.75},{"text":"priorities,","start":9066.75,"end":9067.47},{"text":"foster","start":9067.79,"end":9068.43},{"text":"consensus,","start":9068.43,"end":9069.15},{"text":"and","start":9069.31,"end":9069.55},{"text":"aim","start":9069.55,"end":9069.95},{"text":"for","start":9070.27,"end":9070.43},{"text":"providing","start":9070.43,"end":9070.99},{"text":"guidance","start":9070.99,"end":9071.63},{"text":"for","start":9071.63,"end":9071.87},{"text":"State","start":9071.87,"end":9072.11},{"text":"practice.","start":9072.11,"end":9072.75}]},{"text":"Second, it is imperative to uphold the overall balance of the UNCLOS regime.","start":9073.95,"end":9080.59,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":9073.95,"end":9074.27},{"text":"it","start":9074.27,"end":9074.51},{"text":"is","start":9075.79,"end":9076.11},{"text":"imperative","start":9076.11,"end":9076.83},{"text":"to","start":9076.99,"end":9077.23},{"text":"uphold","start":9077.23,"end":9077.71},{"text":"the","start":9077.87,"end":9077.99},{"text":"overall","start":9078.03,"end":9078.51},{"text":"balance","start":9078.51,"end":9078.95},{"text":"of","start":9078.95,"end":9079.03},{"text":"the","start":9079.03,"end":9079.11},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":9079.11,"end":9080.03},{"text":"regime.","start":9080.03,"end":9080.59}]},{"text":"This requires appropriately managing the relationship between the universal jurisdiction that States may exercise over piracy on the high seas, the sovereignty, sovereign rights, and jurisdiction that coastal States enjoy within their maritime zones, and the exclusive jurisdiction that a flag State generally exercises over its vessels on the high seas and within its EEZ.","start":9081.43,"end":9106.55,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. 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They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Some","start":9120.99,"end":9121.31},{"text":"members","start":9121.31,"end":9121.79},{"text":"also","start":9121.79,"end":9122.27},{"text":"noted","start":9122.27,"end":9123.07},{"text":"that","start":9123.15,"end":9123.39},{"text":"there's","start":9123.87,"end":9124.15},{"text":"a","start":9124.15,"end":9124.19},{"text":"need,","start":9124.19,"end":9124.51},{"text":"and","start":9124.51,"end":9124.71},{"text":"I","start":9124.71,"end":9124.75},{"text":"quote,","start":9124.75,"end":9125.07},{"text":"\"to","start":9125.23,"end":9125.39},{"text":"explain","start":9125.39,"end":9125.87},{"text":"the","start":9125.87,"end":9125.95},{"text":"foundation","start":9125.95,"end":9126.51},{"text":"existing","start":9126.75,"end":9127.31},{"text":"law","start":9127.31,"end":9127.79},{"text":"and","start":9128.03,"end":9128.19},{"text":"practice","start":9128.19,"end":9128.83},{"text":"for","start":9128.83,"end":9128.99},{"text":"the","start":9128.99,"end":9129.07},{"text":"draft","start":9129.07,"end":9129.39},{"text":"articles","start":9129.39,"end":9129.79},{"text":"proposed","start":9129.79,"end":9130.35},{"text":"in","start":9130.51,"end":9130.67},{"text":"detail,\"","start":9130.67,"end":9131.15},{"text":"unquote.","start":9131.27,"end":9131.79}]},{"text":"Additionally, with regard to the draft articles annexed to the Special Rapporteur's first report, China wishes to offer the following comments.","start":9132.47,"end":9139.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Additionally,","start":9132.47,"end":9132.95},{"text":"with","start":9132.95,"end":9133.11},{"text":"regard","start":9133.11,"end":9133.39},{"text":"to","start":9133.39,"end":9133.47},{"text":"the","start":9133.47,"end":9133.55},{"text":"draft","start":9133.55,"end":9133.83},{"text":"articles","start":9133.83,"end":9134.31},{"text":"annexed","start":9134.39,"end":9134.87},{"text":"to","start":9135.11,"end":9135.35},{"text":"the","start":9135.35,"end":9135.51},{"text":"Special","start":9135.51,"end":9135.91},{"text":"Rapporteur's","start":9135.91,"end":9136.39},{"text":"first","start":9136.39,"end":9136.63},{"text":"report,","start":9136.63,"end":9137.03},{"text":"China","start":9137.03,"end":9137.31},{"text":"wishes","start":9137.31,"end":9137.59},{"text":"to","start":9137.59,"end":9137.71},{"text":"offer","start":9137.71,"end":9137.99},{"text":"the","start":9137.99,"end":9138.07},{"text":"following","start":9138.07,"end":9138.55},{"text":"comments.","start":9138.55,"end":9139.19}]},{"text":"Regarding draft article 7, namely hot pursuit in the territorial sea.","start":9140.39,"end":9145.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":9140.39,"end":9140.95},{"text":"draft","start":9141.11,"end":9141.43},{"text":"article","start":9141.43,"end":9141.83},{"text":"7,","start":9141.83,"end":9142.39},{"text":"namely","start":9142.39,"end":9142.79},{"text":"hot","start":9142.79,"end":9143.11},{"text":"pursuit","start":9143.11,"end":9143.67},{"text":"in","start":9144.07,"end":9144.23},{"text":"the","start":9144.23,"end":9144.31},{"text":"territorial","start":9144.31,"end":9144.91},{"text":"sea.","start":9144.91,"end":9145.27}]},{"text":"Under UNCLOS, the right of hot pursuit may only commence within the internal waters, archipelago waters, territorial sea, or contiguous zone of the pursuing state, or within its EEZ, or on its continental shelf.","start":9145.87,"end":9160.27,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Under","start":9145.87,"end":9146.07},{"text":"UNCLOS,","start":9146.07,"end":9146.99},{"text":"the","start":9146.99,"end":9147.07},{"text":"right","start":9147.07,"end":9147.39},{"text":"of","start":9147.39,"end":9147.55},{"text":"hot","start":9147.55,"end":9147.79},{"text":"pursuit","start":9147.79,"end":9148.43},{"text":"may","start":9148.67,"end":9148.91},{"text":"only","start":9148.91,"end":9149.15},{"text":"commence","start":9149.15,"end":9149.71},{"text":"within","start":9149.71,"end":9150.27},{"text":"the","start":9150.43,"end":9150.55},{"text":"internal","start":9150.55,"end":9150.99},{"text":"waters,","start":9150.99,"end":9151.47},{"text":"archipelago","start":9151.79,"end":9152.43},{"text":"waters,","start":9152.63,"end":9153.63},{"text":"territorial","start":9153.63,"end":9154.11},{"text":"sea,","start":9154.11,"end":9154.47},{"text":"or","start":9154.75,"end":9154.87},{"text":"contiguous","start":9154.87,"end":9155.51},{"text":"zone","start":9155.51,"end":9155.79},{"text":"of","start":9155.79,"end":9155.95},{"text":"the","start":9155.95,"end":9156.03},{"text":"pursuing","start":9156.03,"end":9156.43},{"text":"state,","start":9156.43,"end":9156.83},{"text":"or","start":9156.83,"end":9157.03},{"text":"within","start":9157.03,"end":9157.39},{"text":"its","start":9157.39,"end":9157.63},{"text":"EEZ,","start":9157.63,"end":9158.27},{"text":"or","start":9158.51,"end":9158.91},{"text":"on","start":9158.91,"end":9159.15},{"text":"its","start":9159.15,"end":9159.31},{"text":"continental","start":9159.31,"end":9159.87},{"text":"shelf.","start":9159.87,"end":9160.27}]},{"text":"However, paragraph 1 of this article extends such right to cases commencing on high seas, as well as to pursuits conducted within the territorial sea of a third state with that state's consent.","start":9160.67,"end":9172.51,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":9160.67,"end":9161.63},{"text":"paragraph","start":9161.71,"end":9162.19},{"text":"1","start":9162.19,"end":9162.43},{"text":"of","start":9162.43,"end":9162.51},{"text":"this","start":9162.51,"end":9162.67},{"text":"article","start":9162.67,"end":9163.15},{"text":"extends","start":9163.55,"end":9164.03},{"text":"such","start":9164.03,"end":9164.27},{"text":"right","start":9164.27,"end":9164.71},{"text":"to","start":9164.71,"end":9164.91},{"text":"cases","start":9164.91,"end":9165.39},{"text":"commencing","start":9165.39,"end":9165.95},{"text":"on","start":9165.95,"end":9166.11},{"text":"high","start":9166.11,"end":9166.35},{"text":"seas,","start":9166.35,"end":9166.75},{"text":"as","start":9166.99,"end":9167.15},{"text":"well","start":9167.15,"end":9167.31},{"text":"as","start":9167.31,"end":9167.39},{"text":"to","start":9167.39,"end":9167.55},{"text":"pursuits","start":9167.55,"end":9168.03},{"text":"conducted","start":9168.03,"end":9168.67},{"text":"within","start":9168.83,"end":9169.31},{"text":"the","start":9169.31,"end":9169.39},{"text":"territorial","start":9169.39,"end":9169.95},{"text":"sea","start":9169.95,"end":9170.15},{"text":"of","start":9170.15,"end":9170.27},{"text":"a","start":9170.27,"end":9170.35},{"text":"third","start":9170.35,"end":9170.59},{"text":"state","start":9170.59,"end":9170.91},{"text":"with","start":9170.91,"end":9171.31},{"text":"that","start":9171.39,"end":9171.63},{"text":"state's","start":9171.63,"end":9171.95},{"text":"consent.","start":9171.95,"end":9172.51}]},{"text":"This is inconsistent with the provisions of the Convention.","start":9172.75,"end":9175.39,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":9172.75,"end":9172.91},{"text":"is","start":9172.91,"end":9173.07},{"text":"inconsistent","start":9173.07,"end":9173.95},{"text":"with","start":9173.95,"end":9174.07},{"text":"the","start":9174.07,"end":9174.15},{"text":"provisions","start":9174.15,"end":9174.67},{"text":"of","start":9174.67,"end":9174.75},{"text":"the","start":9174.75,"end":9174.83},{"text":"Convention.","start":9174.83,"end":9175.39}]},{"text":"and therefore request that the Commission give this matter further careful consideration.","start":9175.83,"end":9180.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"and","start":9175.83,"end":9175.95},{"text":"therefore","start":9175.95,"end":9176.23},{"text":"request","start":9176.23,"end":9176.67},{"text":"that","start":9176.67,"end":9176.79},{"text":"the","start":9176.79,"end":9176.87},{"text":"Commission","start":9176.87,"end":9177.31},{"text":"give","start":9177.35,"end":9177.63},{"text":"this","start":9178.11,"end":9178.43},{"text":"matter","start":9178.43,"end":9178.87},{"text":"further","start":9178.87,"end":9179.23},{"text":"careful","start":9179.23,"end":9179.51},{"text":"consideration.","start":9179.51,"end":9180.19}]},{"text":"With regard to draft article 9, namely ships and aircraft which are entitled to seize on account of piracy or armed robbery at sea, the power to seize pirate vessels or aircraft is a sovereign prerogative exercisable only by a State or an entity acting on its behalf.","start":9180.99,"end":9202.11,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":9180.99,"end":9181.11},{"text":"regard","start":9181.11,"end":9181.39},{"text":"to","start":9181.39,"end":9181.55},{"text":"draft","start":9181.55,"end":9181.87},{"text":"article","start":9181.87,"end":9182.35},{"text":"9,","start":9182.35,"end":9182.91},{"text":"namely","start":9184.27,"end":9184.75},{"text":"ships","start":9184.75,"end":9185.31},{"text":"and","start":9185.31,"end":9185.55},{"text":"aircraft","start":9185.55,"end":9186.11},{"text":"which","start":9186.31,"end":9186.59},{"text":"are","start":9186.59,"end":9186.75},{"text":"entitled","start":9186.75,"end":9187.31},{"text":"to","start":9187.31,"end":9187.47},{"text":"seize","start":9187.47,"end":9188.11},{"text":"on","start":9188.51,"end":9188.59},{"text":"account","start":9188.59,"end":9188.87},{"text":"of","start":9188.87,"end":9188.95},{"text":"piracy","start":9188.95,"end":9189.63},{"text":"or","start":9189.63,"end":9189.95},{"text":"armed","start":9189.95,"end":9190.19},{"text":"robbery","start":9190.19,"end":9190.59},{"text":"at","start":9190.59,"end":9190.67},{"text":"sea,","start":9190.67,"end":9191.15},{"text":"the","start":9193.31,"end":9193.47},{"text":"power","start":9193.47,"end":9193.79},{"text":"to","start":9193.79,"end":9193.95},{"text":"seize","start":9193.95,"end":9194.43},{"text":"pirate","start":9194.67,"end":9194.99},{"text":"vessels","start":9194.99,"end":9195.39},{"text":"or","start":9195.39,"end":9195.63},{"text":"aircraft","start":9195.63,"end":9196.11},{"text":"is","start":9196.11,"end":9196.35},{"text":"a","start":9196.35,"end":9196.39},{"text":"sovereign","start":9196.39,"end":9196.91},{"text":"prerogative","start":9197.07,"end":9197.71},{"text":"exercisable","start":9198.15,"end":9198.87},{"text":"only","start":9198.87,"end":9199.23},{"text":"by","start":9199.23,"end":9199.43},{"text":"a","start":9199.43,"end":9199.47},{"text":"State","start":9199.47,"end":9199.87},{"text":"or","start":9199.87,"end":9200.19},{"text":"an","start":9200.31,"end":9200.43},{"text":"entity","start":9200.43,"end":9200.91},{"text":"acting","start":9200.91,"end":9201.39},{"text":"on","start":9201.39,"end":9201.51},{"text":"its","start":9201.51,"end":9201.63},{"text":"behalf.","start":9201.63,"end":9202.11}]},{"text":"Paragraph 1 of this article, however, grants such authority to defensive armed personnel on board merchant vessels, while paragraph 3 stipulates that with the consent of the coastal state, merchant vessels may carry out seizures in response to acts of armed robbery at sea within the state's territorial waters.","start":9202.55,"end":9222.23,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":9202.55,"end":9202.87},{"text":"1","start":9202.87,"end":9203.11},{"text":"of","start":9203.11,"end":9203.27},{"text":"this","start":9203.27,"end":9203.43},{"text":"article,","start":9203.43,"end":9203.91},{"text":"however,","start":9203.91,"end":9204.47},{"text":"grants","start":9204.63,"end":9205.11},{"text":"such","start":9205.19,"end":9205.59},{"text":"authority","start":9205.59,"end":9206.23},{"text":"to","start":9206.23,"end":9206.63},{"text":"defensive","start":9207.03,"end":9207.67},{"text":"armed","start":9207.67,"end":9207.95},{"text":"personnel","start":9207.95,"end":9208.79},{"text":"on","start":9209.03,"end":9209.19},{"text":"board","start":9209.19,"end":9209.51},{"text":"merchant","start":9209.51,"end":9210.23},{"text":"vessels,","start":9210.31,"end":9210.79},{"text":"while","start":9210.95,"end":9211.27},{"text":"paragraph","start":9211.27,"end":9211.75},{"text":"3","start":9211.75,"end":9211.99},{"text":"stipulates","start":9211.99,"end":9212.55},{"text":"that","start":9212.55,"end":9212.79},{"text":"with","start":9212.79,"end":9213.03},{"text":"the","start":9213.51,"end":9213.71},{"text":"consent","start":9213.71,"end":9214.47},{"text":"of","start":9214.47,"end":9214.59},{"text":"the","start":9214.59,"end":9214.67},{"text":"coastal","start":9214.67,"end":9214.95},{"text":"state,","start":9214.95,"end":9215.27},{"text":"merchant","start":9215.59,"end":9215.95},{"text":"vessels","start":9215.95,"end":9216.39},{"text":"may","start":9216.39,"end":9216.47},{"text":"carry","start":9216.47,"end":9216.83},{"text":"out","start":9216.83,"end":9216.99},{"text":"seizures","start":9216.99,"end":9217.59},{"text":"in","start":9217.75,"end":9217.83},{"text":"response","start":9217.83,"end":9218.31},{"text":"to","start":9218.31,"end":9218.39},{"text":"acts","start":9218.39,"end":9218.71},{"text":"of","start":9218.71,"end":9218.87},{"text":"armed","start":9218.87,"end":9219.19},{"text":"robbery","start":9219.19,"end":9219.67},{"text":"at","start":9219.67,"end":9219.75},{"text":"sea","start":9219.75,"end":9220.23},{"text":"within","start":9220.31,"end":9220.87},{"text":"the","start":9220.87,"end":9221.03},{"text":"state's","start":9221.03,"end":9221.35},{"text":"territorial","start":9221.35,"end":9221.87},{"text":"waters.","start":9221.87,"end":9222.23}]},{"text":"These provisions are inconsistent with the Commission on a subject to abuse.","start":9222.79,"end":9226.95,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":9222.79,"end":9222.99},{"text":"provisions","start":9222.99,"end":9223.59},{"text":"are","start":9223.59,"end":9223.75},{"text":"inconsistent","start":9223.75,"end":9224.47},{"text":"with","start":9224.47,"end":9224.59},{"text":"the","start":9224.59,"end":9224.67},{"text":"Commission","start":9224.67,"end":9225.11},{"text":"on","start":9225.11,"end":9225.31},{"text":"a","start":9225.31,"end":9225.35},{"text":"subject","start":9225.35,"end":9226.35},{"text":"to","start":9226.35,"end":9226.47},{"text":"abuse.","start":9226.47,"end":9226.95}]},{"text":"China notes that some members have also expressed reservations.","start":9227.71,"end":9230.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"China","start":9227.71,"end":9227.87},{"text":"notes","start":9227.87,"end":9228.15},{"text":"that","start":9228.15,"end":9228.27},{"text":"some","start":9228.27,"end":9228.59},{"text":"members","start":9228.75,"end":9229.31},{"text":"have","start":9229.31,"end":9229.47},{"text":"also","start":9229.47,"end":9229.79},{"text":"expressed","start":9229.79,"end":9230.27},{"text":"reservations.","start":9230.27,"end":9230.99}]},{"text":"We therefore suggest that the Commission consider revising the relevant language.","start":9231.07,"end":9234.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9231.07,"end":9231.31},{"text":"therefore","start":9231.39,"end":9231.71},{"text":"suggest","start":9231.71,"end":9232.11},{"text":"that","start":9232.11,"end":9232.23},{"text":"the","start":9232.23,"end":9232.31},{"text":"Commission","start":9232.31,"end":9232.75},{"text":"consider","start":9232.75,"end":9233.35},{"text":"revising","start":9233.35,"end":9233.87},{"text":"the","start":9233.87,"end":9233.99},{"text":"relevant","start":9233.99,"end":9234.35},{"text":"language.","start":9234.35,"end":9234.83}]},{"text":"Third, regarding Draft Article 11, criminal jurisdiction, this article is pivotal to this topic.","start":9235.47,"end":9241.23,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":9235.47,"end":9235.67},{"text":"regarding","start":9235.67,"end":9236.11},{"text":"Draft","start":9236.11,"end":9236.35},{"text":"Article","start":9236.35,"end":9236.67},{"text":"11,","start":9236.67,"end":9237.15},{"text":"criminal","start":9237.23,"end":9237.67},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":9237.67,"end":9238.35},{"text":"this","start":9238.59,"end":9238.83},{"text":"article","start":9238.83,"end":9239.31},{"text":"is","start":9239.31,"end":9239.47},{"text":"pivotal","start":9239.47,"end":9240.11},{"text":"to","start":9240.11,"end":9240.43},{"text":"this","start":9240.51,"end":9240.75},{"text":"topic.","start":9240.75,"end":9241.23}]},{"text":"China maintains that the establishment of criminal jurisdiction must be approached with caution and grounded in existing rules of international law.","start":9241.87,"end":9251.03,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"China","start":9241.87,"end":9242.19},{"text":"maintains","start":9242.19,"end":9242.83},{"text":"that","start":9243.47,"end":9243.71},{"text":"the","start":9243.71,"end":9243.79},{"text":"establishment","start":9243.79,"end":9244.43},{"text":"of","start":9244.43,"end":9244.59},{"text":"criminal","start":9244.59,"end":9245.15},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":9245.15,"end":9245.87},{"text":"must","start":9246.35,"end":9246.75},{"text":"be","start":9246.75,"end":9246.95},{"text":"approached","start":9246.95,"end":9247.47},{"text":"with","start":9247.47,"end":9247.63},{"text":"caution","start":9247.63,"end":9248.11},{"text":"and","start":9248.51,"end":9248.71},{"text":"grounded","start":9248.71,"end":9249.15},{"text":"in","start":9249.15,"end":9249.31},{"text":"existing","start":9249.31,"end":9249.79},{"text":"rules","start":9249.79,"end":9250.11},{"text":"of","start":9250.11,"end":9250.19},{"text":"international","start":9250.19,"end":9250.95},{"text":"law.","start":9250.95,"end":9251.03}]},{"text":"Certain elements of this article lack a sufficient legal basis.","start":9251.39,"end":9255.23,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Certain","start":9251.39,"end":9251.87},{"text":"elements","start":9251.87,"end":9252.35},{"text":"of","start":9252.35,"end":9252.43},{"text":"this","start":9252.43,"end":9252.59},{"text":"article","start":9252.59,"end":9253.15},{"text":"lack","start":9253.47,"end":9253.87},{"text":"a","start":9253.87,"end":9253.91},{"text":"sufficient","start":9253.91,"end":9254.43},{"text":"legal","start":9254.43,"end":9254.71},{"text":"basis.","start":9254.71,"end":9255.23}]},{"text":"Para 2 provides that states possess mandatory jurisdiction over acts of piracy or armed robbery at sea committed on the high seas or by their habitual residents.","start":9255.87,"end":9267.51,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Para","start":9255.87,"end":9256.07},{"text":"2","start":9256.07,"end":9256.39},{"text":"provides","start":9256.39,"end":9257.03},{"text":"that","start":9257.27,"end":9257.47},{"text":"states","start":9257.47,"end":9258.07},{"text":"possess","start":9258.23,"end":9258.63},{"text":"mandatory","start":9258.63,"end":9259.07},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":9259.07,"end":9259.83},{"text":"over","start":9260.07,"end":9260.31},{"text":"acts","start":9260.31,"end":9260.67},{"text":"of","start":9260.67,"end":9260.79},{"text":"piracy","start":9260.79,"end":9261.51},{"text":"or","start":9261.51,"end":9261.83},{"text":"armed","start":9261.91,"end":9262.15},{"text":"robbery","start":9262.15,"end":9262.59},{"text":"at","start":9262.59,"end":9262.79},{"text":"sea","start":9262.79,"end":9263.11},{"text":"committed","start":9263.43,"end":9263.83},{"text":"on","start":9263.83,"end":9263.99},{"text":"the","start":9263.99,"end":9264.07},{"text":"high","start":9264.07,"end":9264.23},{"text":"seas","start":9264.23,"end":9264.79},{"text":"or","start":9265.51,"end":9265.83},{"text":"by","start":9265.83,"end":9265.99},{"text":"their","start":9265.99,"end":9266.23},{"text":"habitual","start":9266.23,"end":9266.87},{"text":"residents.","start":9266.87,"end":9267.51}]},{"text":"However, this assertion is not supported by existing law.","start":9267.99,"end":9271.51,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":9267.99,"end":9268.47},{"text":"this","start":9268.63,"end":9268.95},{"text":"assertion","start":9268.95,"end":9269.43},{"text":"is","start":9269.43,"end":9269.67},{"text":"not","start":9269.67,"end":9269.87},{"text":"supported","start":9269.87,"end":9270.39},{"text":"by","start":9270.39,"end":9270.63},{"text":"existing","start":9270.63,"end":9271.19},{"text":"law.","start":9271.19,"end":9271.51}]},{"text":"Furthermore, Article 105 of UNCLOS, which addresses piracy, does not impose an obligation on states to exercise mandatory jurisdiction.","start":9272.07,"end":9282.55,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":9272.07,"end":9272.63},{"text":"Article","start":9273.03,"end":9273.55},{"text":"105","start":9273.55,"end":9274.31},{"text":"of","start":9274.31,"end":9274.39},{"text":"UNCLOS,","start":9274.55,"end":9275.51},{"text":"which","start":9275.51,"end":9275.83},{"text":"addresses","start":9275.83,"end":9276.39},{"text":"piracy,","start":9276.39,"end":9277.19},{"text":"does","start":9277.67,"end":9277.91},{"text":"not","start":9277.91,"end":9278.07},{"text":"impose","start":9278.07,"end":9278.63},{"text":"an","start":9278.75,"end":9278.87},{"text":"obligation","start":9278.87,"end":9279.43},{"text":"on","start":9279.43,"end":9279.51},{"text":"states","start":9279.51,"end":9280.07},{"text":"to","start":9280.23,"end":9280.43},{"text":"exercise","start":9280.47,"end":9281.03},{"text":"mandatory","start":9281.11,"end":9281.83},{"text":"jurisdiction.","start":9281.83,"end":9282.55}]},{"text":"Additionally, The Special Rapporteur might consider distinguishing between acts of piracy on one hand and acts of armed robbery at sea on the other, which would enhance the logical clarity of the provision.","start":9283.59,"end":9298.27,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at 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regarding articles 15 through 19 of the draft articles, which concern judicial assistance, The treaty-making practice of the international community has already established a relatively mature framework for judicial assistance, as seen, for instance, in the recently adopted UN Convention against Cybercrime.","start":9299.31,"end":9321.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Fourth,","start":9299.31,"end":9299.71},{"text":"regarding","start":9299.79,"end":9300.43},{"text":"articles","start":9300.43,"end":9300.79},{"text":"15","start":9300.79,"end":9301.39},{"text":"through","start":9301.47,"end":9301.87},{"text":"19","start":9301.95,"end":9302.67},{"text":"of","start":9303.07,"end":9303.15},{"text":"the","start":9303.15,"end":9303.27},{"text":"draft","start":9303.27,"end":9303.71},{"text":"articles,","start":9304.35,"end":9304.99},{"text":"which","start":9306.43,"end":9306.67},{"text":"concern","start":9306.67,"end":9307.23},{"text":"judicial","start":9308.03,"end":9308.47},{"text":"assistance,","start":9308.47,"end":9309.07},{"text":"The","start":9309.43,"end":9309.55},{"text":"treaty-making","start":9309.55,"end":9310.27},{"text":"practice","start":9310.35,"end":9310.99},{"text":"of","start":9310.99,"end":9311.15},{"text":"the","start":9311.15,"end":9311.27},{"text":"international","start":9311.27,"end":9311.75},{"text":"community","start":9311.75,"end":9312.19},{"text":"has","start":9312.19,"end":9312.43},{"text":"already","start":9312.43,"end":9312.75},{"text":"established","start":9312.75,"end":9313.27},{"text":"a","start":9313.55,"end":9313.59},{"text":"relatively","start":9313.59,"end":9314.11},{"text":"mature","start":9314.11,"end":9314.43},{"text":"framework","start":9314.43,"end":9314.99},{"text":"for","start":9315.31,"end":9315.55},{"text":"judicial","start":9315.55,"end":9315.87},{"text":"assistance,","start":9315.87,"end":9316.51},{"text":"as","start":9317.31,"end":9317.51},{"text":"seen,","start":9317.51,"end":9317.79},{"text":"for","start":9317.79,"end":9317.95},{"text":"instance,","start":9317.95,"end":9318.43},{"text":"in","start":9318.43,"end":9318.59},{"text":"the","start":9318.59,"end":9318.71},{"text":"recently","start":9318.71,"end":9319.15},{"text":"adopted","start":9319.15,"end":9319.63},{"text":"UN","start":9320.03,"end":9320.43},{"text":"Convention","start":9320.43,"end":9320.91},{"text":"against","start":9320.91,"end":9321.31},{"text":"Cybercrime.","start":9321.31,"end":9321.95}]},{"text":"It is recommended that the Commission draw on such best practices while taking into account the specificities of this topic in order to develop a standardized and formalized system for judicial assistance.","start":9322.03,"end":9335.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":9322.03,"end":9322.15},{"text":"is","start":9322.15,"end":9322.27},{"text":"recommended","start":9322.27,"end":9322.83},{"text":"that","start":9322.83,"end":9323.15},{"text":"the","start":9323.15,"end":9323.23},{"text":"Commission","start":9323.23,"end":9323.71},{"text":"draw","start":9323.95,"end":9324.23},{"text":"on","start":9324.23,"end":9324.35},{"text":"such","start":9324.35,"end":9324.75},{"text":"best","start":9325.15,"end":9325.43},{"text":"practices","start":9325.43,"end":9326.03},{"text":"while","start":9326.03,"end":9326.19},{"text":"taking","start":9326.19,"end":9326.59},{"text":"into","start":9326.59,"end":9327.23},{"text":"account","start":9327.31,"end":9327.95},{"text":"the","start":9328.27,"end":9328.39},{"text":"specificities","start":9328.39,"end":9329.23},{"text":"of","start":9329.23,"end":9329.39},{"text":"this","start":9329.39,"end":9329.55},{"text":"topic","start":9329.55,"end":9330.03},{"text":"in","start":9330.27,"end":9330.43},{"text":"order","start":9330.43,"end":9330.79},{"text":"to","start":9330.79,"end":9330.91},{"text":"develop","start":9330.91,"end":9331.31},{"text":"a","start":9331.39,"end":9331.43},{"text":"standardized","start":9331.43,"end":9332.15},{"text":"and","start":9332.15,"end":9332.31},{"text":"formalized","start":9332.31,"end":9332.99},{"text":"system","start":9332.99,"end":9333.47},{"text":"for","start":9333.79,"end":9333.95},{"text":"judicial","start":9333.95,"end":9334.39},{"text":"assistance.","start":9334.39,"end":9335.07}]},{"text":"With respect to due diligence in international law, China appreciates the first report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on this topic.","start":9335.63,"end":9342.79,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":9335.63,"end":9335.87},{"text":"respect","start":9335.87,"end":9336.31},{"text":"to","start":9336.31,"end":9336.43},{"text":"due","start":9336.43,"end":9336.59},{"text":"diligence","start":9336.59,"end":9337.15},{"text":"in","start":9337.15,"end":9337.31},{"text":"international","start":9337.31,"end":9338.31},{"text":"law,","start":9338.31,"end":9338.39},{"text":"China","start":9339.07,"end":9339.27},{"text":"appreciates","start":9339.27,"end":9339.71},{"text":"the","start":9339.71,"end":9339.87},{"text":"first","start":9339.87,"end":9340.11},{"text":"report","start":9340.11,"end":9340.51},{"text":"submitted","start":9340.51,"end":9340.99},{"text":"by","start":9340.99,"end":9341.15},{"text":"the","start":9341.15,"end":9341.23},{"text":"Special","start":9341.23,"end":9341.59},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":9341.59,"end":9342.11},{"text":"on","start":9342.11,"end":9342.19},{"text":"this","start":9342.19,"end":9342.43},{"text":"topic.","start":9342.43,"end":9342.79}]},{"text":"We take note of the differing views within the Commission regarding the scope and legal nature of due diligence.","start":9343.15,"end":9348.91,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9343.15,"end":9343.31},{"text":"take","start":9343.31,"end":9343.55},{"text":"note","start":9343.55,"end":9343.87},{"text":"of","start":9343.91,"end":9344.03},{"text":"the","start":9344.03,"end":9344.15},{"text":"differing","start":9344.15,"end":9344.67},{"text":"views","start":9344.67,"end":9344.99},{"text":"within","start":9344.99,"end":9345.27},{"text":"the","start":9345.27,"end":9345.39},{"text":"Commission","start":9345.39,"end":9345.95},{"text":"regarding","start":9346.11,"end":9346.67},{"text":"the","start":9346.67,"end":9346.75},{"text":"scope","start":9346.75,"end":9347.15},{"text":"and","start":9347.15,"end":9347.27},{"text":"legal","start":9347.27,"end":9347.55},{"text":"nature","start":9347.55,"end":9347.95},{"text":"of","start":9347.95,"end":9348.11},{"text":"due","start":9348.11,"end":9348.35},{"text":"diligence.","start":9348.35,"end":9348.91}]},{"text":"China would like to share some specific comments as follows.","start":9349.55,"end":9352.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"China","start":9349.55,"end":9349.83},{"text":"would","start":9349.83,"end":9349.95},{"text":"like","start":9349.95,"end":9350.07},{"text":"to","start":9350.07,"end":9350.15},{"text":"share","start":9350.15,"end":9350.51},{"text":"some","start":9350.83,"end":9351.07},{"text":"specific","start":9351.07,"end":9351.59},{"text":"comments","start":9351.59,"end":9352.03},{"text":"as","start":9352.03,"end":9352.19},{"text":"follows.","start":9352.19,"end":9352.75}]},{"text":"First, the legal basis for the obligation of due diligence should be clarified.","start":9353.47,"end":9357.95,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":9353.47,"end":9353.95},{"text":"the","start":9354.19,"end":9354.31},{"text":"legal","start":9354.31,"end":9354.55},{"text":"basis","start":9354.55,"end":9354.99},{"text":"for","start":9354.99,"end":9355.15},{"text":"the","start":9355.15,"end":9355.27},{"text":"obligation","start":9355.27,"end":9355.79},{"text":"of","start":9355.79,"end":9355.91},{"text":"due","start":9355.91,"end":9356.11},{"text":"diligence","start":9356.11,"end":9356.67},{"text":"should","start":9356.75,"end":9357.07},{"text":"be","start":9357.07,"end":9357.23},{"text":"clarified.","start":9357.23,"end":9357.95}]},{"text":"This obligation may stem from the principle of sovereignty or be rooted in state consent.","start":9358.59,"end":9366.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":9358.59,"end":9358.83},{"text":"obligation","start":9358.83,"end":9359.47},{"text":"may","start":9359.47,"end":9360.03},{"text":"stem","start":9360.19,"end":9360.59},{"text":"from","start":9360.59,"end":9360.91},{"text":"the","start":9360.91,"end":9360.99},{"text":"principle","start":9360.99,"end":9361.63},{"text":"of","start":9361.79,"end":9362.03},{"text":"sovereignty","start":9362.19,"end":9363.23},{"text":"or","start":9363.39,"end":9363.91},{"text":"be","start":9363.91,"end":9364.27},{"text":"rooted","start":9364.59,"end":9365.23},{"text":"in","start":9365.23,"end":9365.39},{"text":"state","start":9365.39,"end":9365.63},{"text":"consent.","start":9365.63,"end":9366.27}]},{"text":"The Commission may wish to provide further clarification on this issue in its subsequent study, specifically, which obligations derive directly from the principle of sovereignty and what are the boundaries of their content.","start":9366.91,"end":9379.39,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9366.91,"end":9366.95},{"text":"Commission","start":9366.95,"end":9367.43},{"text":"may","start":9367.43,"end":9367.55},{"text":"wish","start":9367.55,"end":9367.79},{"text":"to","start":9367.79,"end":9367.91},{"text":"provide","start":9367.91,"end":9368.27},{"text":"further","start":9368.27,"end":9368.59},{"text":"clarification","start":9368.59,"end":9369.31},{"text":"on","start":9369.31,"end":9369.47},{"text":"this","start":9369.47,"end":9369.63},{"text":"issue","start":9369.63,"end":9370.03},{"text":"in","start":9370.27,"end":9370.51},{"text":"its","start":9370.51,"end":9370.87},{"text":"subsequent","start":9370.87,"end":9371.35},{"text":"study,","start":9371.35,"end":9371.79},{"text":"specifically,","start":9372.11,"end":9372.99},{"text":"which","start":9373.11,"end":9373.43},{"text":"obligations","start":9373.43,"end":9374.11},{"text":"derive","start":9374.35,"end":9374.67},{"text":"directly","start":9374.67,"end":9375.31},{"text":"from","start":9375.47,"end":9375.71},{"text":"the","start":9375.71,"end":9375.79},{"text":"principle","start":9375.79,"end":9376.23},{"text":"of","start":9376.23,"end":9376.35},{"text":"sovereignty","start":9376.35,"end":9376.91},{"text":"and","start":9376.91,"end":9377.11},{"text":"what","start":9377.11,"end":9377.47},{"text":"are","start":9377.47,"end":9377.63},{"text":"the","start":9377.63,"end":9377.71},{"text":"boundaries","start":9377.71,"end":9378.27},{"text":"of","start":9378.55,"end":9378.67},{"text":"their","start":9378.67,"end":9378.83},{"text":"content.","start":9378.83,"end":9379.39}]},{"text":"Second, the legal nature of the obligation of due diligence should be clarified.","start":9380.11,"end":9385.15,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":9380.11,"end":9380.75},{"text":"the","start":9380.99,"end":9381.15},{"text":"legal","start":9381.15,"end":9381.39},{"text":"nature","start":9381.39,"end":9381.83},{"text":"of","start":9381.83,"end":9381.95},{"text":"the","start":9381.95,"end":9382.07},{"text":"obligation","start":9382.15,"end":9382.59},{"text":"of","start":9382.59,"end":9382.67},{"text":"due","start":9382.67,"end":9382.87},{"text":"diligence","start":9382.87,"end":9383.39},{"text":"should","start":9383.55,"end":9383.87},{"text":"be","start":9383.87,"end":9384.19},{"text":"clarified.","start":9384.51,"end":9385.15}]},{"text":"China supports the Commission, guided by the principles of state sovereignty and state consent, and by drawing on state practice.","start":9385.87,"end":9392.91,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"China","start":9385.87,"end":9386.11},{"text":"supports","start":9386.11,"end":9386.55},{"text":"the","start":9386.55,"end":9386.63},{"text":"Commission,","start":9386.63,"end":9387.15},{"text":"guided","start":9387.55,"end":9387.87},{"text":"by","start":9387.87,"end":9388.03},{"text":"the","start":9388.03,"end":9388.15},{"text":"principles","start":9388.15,"end":9388.67},{"text":"of","start":9388.67,"end":9388.75},{"text":"state","start":9388.75,"end":9389.15},{"text":"sovereignty","start":9389.15,"end":9389.87},{"text":"and","start":9389.87,"end":9390.07},{"text":"state","start":9390.07,"end":9390.27},{"text":"consent,","start":9390.27,"end":9390.83},{"text":"and","start":9390.83,"end":9390.99},{"text":"by","start":9390.99,"end":9391.15},{"text":"drawing","start":9391.15,"end":9391.63},{"text":"on","start":9391.87,"end":9392.03},{"text":"state","start":9392.03,"end":9392.27},{"text":"practice.","start":9392.27,"end":9392.91}]},{"text":"in defining the nature and connotation of due diligence.","start":9393.39,"end":9397.07,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"in","start":9393.39,"end":9393.47},{"text":"defining","start":9393.47,"end":9394.11},{"text":"the","start":9394.11,"end":9394.19},{"text":"nature","start":9394.19,"end":9394.75},{"text":"and","start":9394.99,"end":9395.15},{"text":"connotation","start":9395.15,"end":9395.87},{"text":"of","start":9395.87,"end":9396.11},{"text":"due","start":9396.11,"end":9396.43},{"text":"diligence.","start":9396.43,"end":9397.07}]},{"text":"The Commission should guard against the overstretching or misuse of this concept, and avoid imposing on States any additional obligations to which they have not consented.","start":9397.95,"end":9408.67,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9397.95,"end":9398.07},{"text":"Commission","start":9398.07,"end":9398.43},{"text":"should","start":9398.43,"end":9398.75},{"text":"guard","start":9398.75,"end":9399.07},{"text":"against","start":9399.07,"end":9399.55},{"text":"the","start":9399.63,"end":9399.83},{"text":"overstretching","start":9399.87,"end":9400.67},{"text":"or","start":9400.83,"end":9400.99},{"text":"misuse","start":9400.99,"end":9401.59},{"text":"of","start":9401.59,"end":9401.71},{"text":"this","start":9401.71,"end":9401.87},{"text":"concept,","start":9401.87,"end":9402.43},{"text":"and","start":9402.91,"end":9403.15},{"text":"avoid","start":9403.15,"end":9403.55},{"text":"imposing","start":9403.55,"end":9404.19},{"text":"on","start":9404.51,"end":9404.67},{"text":"States","start":9404.67,"end":9405.39},{"text":"any","start":9405.63,"end":9405.87},{"text":"additional","start":9405.87,"end":9406.23},{"text":"obligations","start":9406.23,"end":9406.83},{"text":"to","start":9406.83,"end":9406.95},{"text":"which","start":9406.95,"end":9407.23},{"text":"they","start":9407.31,"end":9407.47},{"text":"have","start":9407.47,"end":9407.63},{"text":"not","start":9407.63,"end":9408.03},{"text":"consented.","start":9408.03,"end":9408.67}]},{"text":"Third, the conditions and scope of application for the obligation of due diligence should be clearly defined.","start":9409.39,"end":9415.79,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":9409.39,"end":9409.79},{"text":"the","start":9409.87,"end":9410.03},{"text":"conditions","start":9410.03,"end":9410.67},{"text":"and","start":9410.67,"end":9410.83},{"text":"scope","start":9410.83,"end":9411.23},{"text":"of","start":9411.23,"end":9411.47},{"text":"application","start":9411.47,"end":9412.03},{"text":"for","start":9412.03,"end":9412.27},{"text":"the","start":9412.27,"end":9412.39},{"text":"obligation","start":9412.39,"end":9412.83},{"text":"of","start":9412.83,"end":9412.91},{"text":"due","start":9412.91,"end":9413.07},{"text":"diligence","start":9413.07,"end":9413.63},{"text":"should","start":9413.79,"end":9413.99},{"text":"be","start":9413.99,"end":9414.11},{"text":"clearly","start":9414.11,"end":9415.23},{"text":"defined.","start":9415.23,"end":9415.79}]},{"text":"We are of the view that the application of this obligation varies depending on countries' specific national circumstances and capacities, the particular domain involved, and the nature of the risks.","start":9416.39,"end":9426.79,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9416.39,"end":9416.47},{"text":"are","start":9416.47,"end":9416.55},{"text":"of","start":9416.55,"end":9416.63},{"text":"the","start":9416.63,"end":9416.71},{"text":"view","start":9416.71,"end":9417.03},{"text":"that","start":9417.03,"end":9417.23},{"text":"the","start":9417.23,"end":9417.31},{"text":"application","start":9417.31,"end":9417.79},{"text":"of","start":9417.79,"end":9417.87},{"text":"this","start":9417.87,"end":9418.07},{"text":"obligation","start":9418.07,"end":9418.71},{"text":"varies","start":9418.87,"end":9419.59},{"text":"depending","start":9419.75,"end":9420.15},{"text":"on","start":9420.15,"end":9420.27},{"text":"countries'","start":9420.27,"end":9420.67},{"text":"specific","start":9420.67,"end":9421.27},{"text":"national","start":9421.27,"end":9421.75},{"text":"circumstances","start":9421.75,"end":9422.63},{"text":"and","start":9422.63,"end":9422.87},{"text":"capacities,","start":9422.87,"end":9423.59},{"text":"the","start":9423.91,"end":9424.07},{"text":"particular","start":9424.07,"end":9424.55},{"text":"domain","start":9424.55,"end":9424.83},{"text":"involved,","start":9424.83,"end":9425.35},{"text":"and","start":9425.51,"end":9425.63},{"text":"the","start":9425.63,"end":9425.71},{"text":"nature","start":9425.71,"end":9426.07},{"text":"of","start":9426.07,"end":9426.15},{"text":"the","start":9426.15,"end":9426.27},{"text":"risks.","start":9426.27,"end":9426.79}]},{"text":"factors that may also evolve over time.","start":9427.11,"end":9429.43,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"factors","start":9427.11,"end":9427.55},{"text":"that","start":9427.55,"end":9427.75},{"text":"may","start":9427.75,"end":9427.91},{"text":"also","start":9427.91,"end":9428.31},{"text":"evolve","start":9428.31,"end":9428.79},{"text":"over","start":9428.79,"end":9429.03},{"text":"time.","start":9429.03,"end":9429.43}]},{"text":"Consequently, the Commission is advised to avoid a one-size-fits-all standard.","start":9429.67,"end":9435.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"Consequently,","start":9429.67,"end":9430.47},{"text":"the","start":9430.55,"end":9430.71},{"text":"Commission","start":9430.71,"end":9431.11},{"text":"is","start":9431.11,"end":9431.51},{"text":"advised","start":9431.51,"end":9431.99},{"text":"to","start":9432.23,"end":9432.35},{"text":"avoid","start":9432.35,"end":9432.79},{"text":"a","start":9432.95,"end":9432.99},{"text":"one-size-fits-all","start":9432.99,"end":9434.47},{"text":"standard.","start":9434.71,"end":9435.27}]},{"text":"At the same time, consideration should be given to how the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities can be reflected in the standards for due diligence.","start":9435.51,"end":9446.07,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":9435.51,"end":9435.59},{"text":"the","start":9435.59,"end":9435.71},{"text":"same","start":9435.71,"end":9435.91},{"text":"time,","start":9435.91,"end":9436.15},{"text":"consideration","start":9436.47,"end":9437.07},{"text":"should","start":9437.07,"end":9437.39},{"text":"be","start":9437.39,"end":9437.51},{"text":"given","start":9437.51,"end":9437.91},{"text":"to","start":9437.91,"end":9438.07},{"text":"how","start":9438.07,"end":9438.31},{"text":"the","start":9438.31,"end":9438.47},{"text":"principle","start":9438.47,"end":9438.91},{"text":"of","start":9438.91,"end":9439.03},{"text":"common","start":9439.03,"end":9439.43},{"text":"but","start":9439.75,"end":9439.87},{"text":"differentiated","start":9439.87,"end":9440.55},{"text":"responsibilities","start":9440.55,"end":9441.35},{"text":"and","start":9441.35,"end":9441.51},{"text":"respective","start":9441.51,"end":9442.11},{"text":"capabilities","start":9442.11,"end":9442.87},{"text":"can","start":9443.11,"end":9443.27},{"text":"be","start":9443.27,"end":9443.43},{"text":"reflected","start":9443.43,"end":9444.07},{"text":"in","start":9444.07,"end":9444.23},{"text":"the","start":9444.23,"end":9444.31},{"text":"standards","start":9444.31,"end":9444.87},{"text":"for","start":9444.87,"end":9445.19},{"text":"due","start":9445.19,"end":9445.43},{"text":"diligence.","start":9445.43,"end":9446.07}]},{"text":"Last but not least, the chapter on compensation for the damage caused by internationally wrongful acts.","start":9447.03,"end":9452.19,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"Last","start":9447.03,"end":9447.15},{"text":"but","start":9447.15,"end":9447.31},{"text":"not","start":9447.31,"end":9447.43},{"text":"least,","start":9447.43,"end":9447.79},{"text":"the","start":9448.11,"end":9448.27},{"text":"chapter","start":9448.27,"end":9448.67},{"text":"on","start":9448.67,"end":9448.83},{"text":"compensation","start":9448.83,"end":9449.55},{"text":"for","start":9449.55,"end":9449.71},{"text":"the","start":9449.71,"end":9449.79},{"text":"damage","start":9449.79,"end":9450.19},{"text":"caused","start":9450.19,"end":9450.47},{"text":"by","start":9450.47,"end":9450.59},{"text":"internationally","start":9450.59,"end":9451.31},{"text":"wrongful","start":9451.31,"end":9451.67},{"text":"acts.","start":9451.67,"end":9452.19}]},{"text":"In recent years, state reparation has been a subject of continued international interest.","start":9452.43,"end":9457.99,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9452.43,"end":9452.59},{"text":"recent","start":9452.59,"end":9452.91},{"text":"years,","start":9452.91,"end":9453.23},{"text":"state","start":9453.47,"end":9454.03},{"text":"reparation","start":9454.03,"end":9454.59},{"text":"has","start":9454.59,"end":9454.91},{"text":"been","start":9454.91,"end":9455.47},{"text":"a","start":9455.63,"end":9455.67},{"text":"subject","start":9455.67,"end":9456.19},{"text":"of","start":9456.19,"end":9456.43},{"text":"continued","start":9456.43,"end":9456.95},{"text":"international","start":9456.95,"end":9457.55},{"text":"interest.","start":9457.55,"end":9457.99}]},{"text":"China welcomes the report submitted by Special Rapporteur Babarindskis, which lays a solid foundation for the study of this topic.","start":9458.27,"end":9467.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"China","start":9458.27,"end":9458.51},{"text":"welcomes","start":9458.51,"end":9458.87},{"text":"the","start":9458.87,"end":9458.99},{"text":"report","start":9458.99,"end":9459.35},{"text":"submitted","start":9459.35,"end":9459.79},{"text":"by","start":9460.11,"end":9460.27},{"text":"Special","start":9460.27,"end":9460.67},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":9460.67,"end":9461.23},{"text":"Babarindskis,","start":9461.39,"end":9462.35},{"text":"which","start":9462.67,"end":9462.91},{"text":"lays","start":9462.91,"end":9463.31},{"text":"a","start":9463.63,"end":9463.67},{"text":"solid","start":9463.67,"end":9463.99},{"text":"foundation","start":9463.99,"end":9464.67},{"text":"for","start":9464.67,"end":9464.99},{"text":"the","start":9464.99,"end":9465.07},{"text":"study","start":9465.07,"end":9465.43},{"text":"of","start":9465.43,"end":9465.55},{"text":"this","start":9466.67,"end":9466.91},{"text":"topic.","start":9466.91,"end":9467.35}]},{"text":"China would like to offer the following comments.","start":9467.63,"end":9469.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"China","start":9467.63,"end":9467.87},{"text":"would","start":9467.87,"end":9467.99},{"text":"like","start":9467.99,"end":9468.11},{"text":"to","start":9468.11,"end":9468.23},{"text":"offer","start":9468.27,"end":9468.51},{"text":"the","start":9468.51,"end":9468.63},{"text":"following","start":9468.63,"end":9469.07},{"text":"comments.","start":9469.07,"end":9469.71}]},{"text":"First, all aspects of compensation for damage must be considered comprehensively.","start":9470.59,"end":9475.27,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":9470.59,"end":9470.87},{"text":"all","start":9470.87,"end":9471.11},{"text":"aspects","start":9471.11,"end":9471.59},{"text":"of","start":9471.59,"end":9471.75},{"text":"compensation","start":9471.75,"end":9472.43},{"text":"for","start":9472.43,"end":9472.55},{"text":"damage","start":9472.55,"end":9473.11},{"text":"must","start":9473.43,"end":9473.75},{"text":"be","start":9473.75,"end":9473.83},{"text":"considered","start":9473.83,"end":9474.39},{"text":"comprehensively.","start":9474.39,"end":9475.27}]},{"text":"The issue of state compensation involves complex matters such as the determination of internationally wrongful acts, the establishment of causal links, and the definition of compensation and its quantum.","start":9475.51,"end":9487.03,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9475.51,"end":9475.71},{"text":"issue","start":9475.71,"end":9476.15},{"text":"of","start":9476.15,"end":9476.31},{"text":"state","start":9476.31,"end":9476.59},{"text":"compensation","start":9476.59,"end":9477.35},{"text":"involves","start":9477.59,"end":9478.03},{"text":"complex","start":9478.03,"end":9478.63},{"text":"matters","start":9478.63,"end":9479.03},{"text":"such","start":9479.11,"end":9479.35},{"text":"as","start":9479.35,"end":9479.47},{"text":"the","start":9479.47,"end":9479.55},{"text":"determination","start":9479.59,"end":9480.23},{"text":"of","start":9480.23,"end":9480.39},{"text":"internationally","start":9480.39,"end":9481.11},{"text":"wrongful","start":9481.11,"end":9481.51},{"text":"acts,","start":9481.51,"end":9481.91},{"text":"the","start":9482.23,"end":9482.35},{"text":"establishment","start":9482.35,"end":9483.11},{"text":"of","start":9483.11,"end":9483.27},{"text":"causal","start":9483.27,"end":9483.71},{"text":"links,","start":9483.71,"end":9483.99},{"text":"and","start":9484.31,"end":9484.51},{"text":"the","start":9484.51,"end":9484.59},{"text":"definition","start":9484.59,"end":9485.15},{"text":"of","start":9485.15,"end":9485.27},{"text":"compensation","start":9485.27,"end":9486.07},{"text":"and","start":9486.07,"end":9486.35},{"text":"its","start":9486.35,"end":9486.51},{"text":"quantum.","start":9486.51,"end":9487.03}]},{"text":"In the course of this study, it is necessary to draw on existing scholarly work while also giving full consideration to the latest international practice, ensuring a comprehensive reflection of the diverse legal systems and the positions held by states.","start":9487.43,"end":9501.79,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."},{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9487.43,"end":9487.47},{"text":"the","start":9487.47,"end":9487.59},{"text":"course","start":9487.59,"end":9487.87},{"text":"of","start":9487.87,"end":9487.95},{"text":"this","start":9487.95,"end":9488.11},{"text":"study,","start":9488.11,"end":9488.59},{"text":"it","start":9488.67,"end":9488.83},{"text":"is","start":9488.83,"end":9488.95},{"text":"necessary","start":9488.95,"end":9489.47},{"text":"to","start":9489.47,"end":9489.63},{"text":"draw","start":9489.63,"end":9489.83},{"text":"on","start":9489.83,"end":9489.95},{"text":"existing","start":9489.95,"end":9490.51},{"text":"scholarly","start":9490.51,"end":9490.99},{"text":"work","start":9490.99,"end":9491.31},{"text":"while","start":9491.59,"end":9491.79},{"text":"also","start":9491.79,"end":9492.07},{"text":"giving","start":9492.07,"end":9492.35},{"text":"full","start":9492.35,"end":9492.51},{"text":"consideration","start":9492.51,"end":9493.31},{"text":"to","start":9493.47,"end":9493.59},{"text":"the","start":9493.59,"end":9493.67},{"text":"latest","start":9493.67,"end":9494.11},{"text":"international","start":9494.11,"end":9494.75},{"text":"practice,","start":9494.75,"end":9495.23},{"text":"ensuring","start":9495.59,"end":9496.11},{"text":"a","start":9496.35,"end":9496.39},{"text":"comprehensive","start":9496.39,"end":9497.15},{"text":"reflection","start":9497.15,"end":9497.87},{"text":"of","start":9497.87,"end":9498.03},{"text":"the","start":9498.03,"end":9498.15},{"text":"diverse","start":9498.15,"end":9498.59},{"text":"legal","start":9498.59,"end":9498.87},{"text":"systems","start":9498.87,"end":9499.39},{"text":"and","start":9499.71,"end":9499.91},{"text":"the","start":9499.91,"end":9499.99},{"text":"positions","start":9499.99,"end":9500.51},{"text":"held","start":9500.51,"end":9500.91},{"text":"by","start":9500.91,"end":9501.15},{"text":"states.","start":9501.15,"end":9501.79}]},{"text":"Second, there is a need to coordinate general rules with special sector-specific rules.","start":9502.27,"end":9508.91,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":9502.27,"end":9502.75},{"text":"there","start":9502.83,"end":9502.99},{"text":"is","start":9502.99,"end":9503.07},{"text":"a","start":9503.07,"end":9503.11},{"text":"need","start":9503.11,"end":9503.47},{"text":"to","start":9503.55,"end":9503.79},{"text":"coordinate","start":9503.79,"end":9504.43},{"text":"general","start":9504.43,"end":9505.03},{"text":"rules","start":9505.03,"end":9505.31},{"text":"with","start":9506.03,"end":9506.27},{"text":"special","start":9506.27,"end":9506.99},{"text":"sector-specific","start":9506.99,"end":9508.51},{"text":"rules.","start":9508.51,"end":9508.91}]},{"text":"In different fields of international law, damage compensation systems and practices vary, making it difficult to generalize.","start":9509.39,"end":9516.55,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9509.39,"end":9509.43},{"text":"different","start":9509.43,"end":9509.75},{"text":"fields","start":9509.75,"end":9510.15},{"text":"of","start":9510.15,"end":9510.23},{"text":"international","start":9510.23,"end":9511.07},{"text":"law,","start":9511.07,"end":9511.15},{"text":"damage","start":9511.35,"end":9511.67},{"text":"compensation","start":9511.67,"end":9512.31},{"text":"systems","start":9512.31,"end":9512.79},{"text":"and","start":9512.79,"end":9513.03},{"text":"practices","start":9513.03,"end":9513.99},{"text":"vary,","start":9514.07,"end":9514.55},{"text":"making","start":9514.79,"end":9515.15},{"text":"it","start":9515.15,"end":9515.23},{"text":"difficult","start":9515.23,"end":9515.75},{"text":"to","start":9515.75,"end":9515.83},{"text":"generalize.","start":9515.83,"end":9516.55}]},{"text":"We suggest that the Commission, while codifying the common elements of damage compensation rules in different fields, pay attention to the special rules applicable in different fields.","start":9516.79,"end":9527.19,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9516.79,"end":9516.99},{"text":"suggest","start":9516.99,"end":9517.39},{"text":"that","start":9517.39,"end":9517.51},{"text":"the","start":9517.51,"end":9517.59},{"text":"Commission,","start":9517.59,"end":9518.15},{"text":"while","start":9518.43,"end":9518.63},{"text":"codifying","start":9518.63,"end":9519.35},{"text":"the","start":9519.35,"end":9519.51},{"text":"common","start":9519.51,"end":9519.91},{"text":"elements","start":9519.91,"end":9520.35},{"text":"of","start":9520.35,"end":9520.47},{"text":"damage","start":9520.47,"end":9520.79},{"text":"compensation","start":9520.79,"end":9521.43},{"text":"rules","start":9521.43,"end":9521.67},{"text":"in","start":9521.67,"end":9521.75},{"text":"different","start":9521.75,"end":9522.07},{"text":"fields,","start":9522.07,"end":9522.47},{"text":"pay","start":9522.79,"end":9523.03},{"text":"attention","start":9523.19,"end":9523.83},{"text":"to","start":9523.83,"end":9524.11},{"text":"the","start":9524.23,"end":9524.39},{"text":"special","start":9524.39,"end":9525.23},{"text":"rules","start":9525.23,"end":9525.59},{"text":"applicable","start":9525.71,"end":9526.19},{"text":"in","start":9526.23,"end":9526.39},{"text":"different","start":9526.39,"end":9526.71},{"text":"fields.","start":9526.71,"end":9527.19}]},{"text":"Third, both judicial and non-judicial compensation practices should be considered in a balanced manner.","start":9528.07,"end":9533.87,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. 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you, Chair.","start":9568.31,"end":9568.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9568.31,"end":9568.59},{"text":"you,","start":9568.59,"end":9568.67},{"text":"Chair.","start":9568.67,"end":9568.95}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CHN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"China"}},{"statement_number":44,"start":9571.11,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=2:39:32","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of China for this statement.","start":9571.11,"end":9574.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9571.11,"end":9571.27},{"text":"thank","start":9571.27,"end":9571.75},{"text":"the","start":9571.99,"end":9572.19},{"text":"distinguished","start":9572.19,"end":9572.75},{"text":"representative","start":9572.75,"end":9573.27},{"text":"of","start":9573.27,"end":9573.35},{"text":"China","start":9573.35,"end":9573.75},{"text":"for","start":9573.75,"end":9573.91},{"text":"this","start":9573.91,"end":9574.03},{"text":"statement.","start":9574.03,"end":9574.63}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of France.","start":9574.71,"end":9578.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9574.71,"end":9574.79},{"text":"now","start":9574.79,"end":9575.03},{"text":"give","start":9575.03,"end":9575.27},{"text":"the","start":9575.27,"end":9575.43},{"text":"floor","start":9575.51,"end":9575.99},{"text":"to","start":9575.99,"end":9576.23},{"text":"the","start":9576.23,"end":9576.35},{"text":"distinguished","start":9576.35,"end":9576.87},{"text":"representative","start":9576.87,"end":9577.43},{"text":"of","start":9577.43,"end":9577.51},{"text":"France.","start":9577.51,"end":9578.11}]},{"text":"Sir, you have the floor.","start":9578.11,"end":9579.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sir,","start":9578.11,"end":9578.31},{"text":"you","start":9578.31,"end":9578.39},{"text":"have","start":9578.39,"end":9578.55},{"text":"the","start":9578.55,"end":9578.63},{"text":"floor.","start":9578.63,"end":9579.03}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":45,"start":9586.49,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=2:39:47","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Madam Chair.","start":9586.49,"end":9587.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9586.49,"end":9586.69},{"text":"you","start":9586.69,"end":9586.77},{"text":"very","start":9586.77,"end":9586.93},{"text":"much,","start":9586.93,"end":9587.13},{"text":"Madam","start":9587.13,"end":9587.37},{"text":"Chair.","start":9587.37,"end":9587.61}]},{"text":"Madam Chair.","start":9588.33,"end":9588.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":9588.33,"end":9588.61},{"text":"Chair.","start":9588.61,"end":9588.85}]},{"text":"I will begin my statement on the subject of non-legally binding international agreements.","start":9590.71,"end":9596.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9590.71,"end":9590.72},{"text":"will","start":9590.79,"end":9591.03},{"text":"begin","start":9591.03,"end":9591.31},{"text":"my","start":9591.31,"end":9591.47},{"text":"statement","start":9591.47,"end":9592.23},{"text":"on","start":9592.23,"end":9592.55},{"text":"the","start":9592.55,"end":9592.67},{"text":"subject","start":9592.67,"end":9593.27},{"text":"of","start":9593.35,"end":9593.67},{"text":"non-legally","start":9594.15,"end":9595.35},{"text":"binding","start":9595.35,"end":9595.67},{"text":"international","start":9595.67,"end":9596.19},{"text":"agreements.","start":9596.19,"end":9596.71}]},{"text":"My delegation congratulates the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Fortoe, on the work he has done and on the provisional adoption of five draft conclusions and their comments.","start":9597.83,"end":9608.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":9597.83,"end":9598.07},{"text":"delegation","start":9598.07,"end":9598.71},{"text":"congratulates","start":9598.71,"end":9599.63},{"text":"the","start":9599.63,"end":9599.71},{"text":"Special","start":9599.71,"end":9600.07},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":9600.07,"end":9600.55},{"text":"Mr.","start":9600.55,"end":9600.87},{"text":"Fortoe,","start":9600.87,"end":9601.43},{"text":"on","start":9601.43,"end":9601.75},{"text":"the","start":9601.75,"end":9601.83},{"text":"work","start":9601.83,"end":9602.11},{"text":"he","start":9602.11,"end":9602.27},{"text":"has","start":9602.27,"end":9602.43},{"text":"done","start":9602.43,"end":9602.79},{"text":"and","start":9603.27,"end":9603.83},{"text":"on","start":9603.91,"end":9604.15},{"text":"the","start":9604.15,"end":9604.27},{"text":"provisional","start":9604.27,"end":9604.87},{"text":"adoption","start":9604.87,"end":9605.43},{"text":"of","start":9605.43,"end":9605.59},{"text":"five","start":9605.59,"end":9605.99},{"text":"draft","start":9605.99,"end":9606.47},{"text":"conclusions","start":9606.47,"end":9607.43},{"text":"and","start":9607.43,"end":9607.83},{"text":"their","start":9607.83,"end":9608.11},{"text":"comments.","start":9608.11,"end":9608.71}]},{"text":"France can refer to its written observations submitted in 2025 on this issue.","start":9609.75,"end":9616.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"France","start":9609.75,"end":9610.47},{"text":"can","start":9611.35,"end":9611.83},{"text":"refer","start":9612.15,"end":9613.11},{"text":"to","start":9613.43,"end":9613.59},{"text":"its","start":9613.59,"end":9613.75},{"text":"written","start":9613.75,"end":9614.03},{"text":"observations","start":9614.03,"end":9614.59},{"text":"submitted","start":9614.59,"end":9614.91},{"text":"in","start":9614.91,"end":9614.99},{"text":"2025","start":9614.99,"end":9615.83},{"text":"on","start":9615.83,"end":9615.91},{"text":"this","start":9615.91,"end":9616.15},{"text":"issue.","start":9616.15,"end":9616.47}]},{"text":"In addition, I will make a few comments on the draft conclusions provisionally 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we indicated last year, France commonly uses the terms \"act\" or \"instrument\" that is not legally binding, rather than the term \"non-legally binding agreement.\"","start":9642.11,"end":9656.55,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":9642.11,"end":9642.51},{"text":"we","start":9642.51,"end":9643.07},{"text":"indicated","start":9643.07,"end":9643.63},{"text":"last","start":9643.63,"end":9644.03},{"text":"year,","start":9644.03,"end":9644.27},{"text":"France","start":9645.27,"end":9645.83},{"text":"commonly","start":9646.07,"end":9647.03},{"text":"uses","start":9647.11,"end":9647.91},{"text":"the","start":9647.91,"end":9648.03},{"text":"terms","start":9648.03,"end":9648.87},{"text":"\"act\"","start":9648.95,"end":9649.51},{"text":"or","start":9649.83,"end":9650.23},{"text":"\"instrument\"","start":9650.31,"end":9651.11},{"text":"that","start":9651.11,"end":9651.31},{"text":"is","start":9651.31,"end":9651.43},{"text":"not","start":9651.43,"end":9651.67},{"text":"legally","start":9651.67,"end":9651.99},{"text":"binding,","start":9651.99,"end":9652.63},{"text":"rather","start":9652.95,"end":9653.55},{"text":"than","start":9653.55,"end":9653.91},{"text":"the","start":9653.99,"end":9654.19},{"text":"term","start":9654.19,"end":9654.71},{"text":"\"non-legally","start":9654.71,"end":9655.55},{"text":"binding","start":9655.55,"end":9655.95},{"text":"agreement.\"","start":9655.95,"end":9656.55}]},{"text":"In its practice, France endeavors to prescribe the term \"agreement\" to refer to the non-legally binding text that it concludes with its partners.","start":9658.15,"end":9667.91,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9658.15,"end":9658.31},{"text":"its","start":9658.31,"end":9658.47},{"text":"practice,","start":9658.47,"end":9659.27},{"text":"France","start":9659.51,"end":9660.07},{"text":"endeavors","start":9660.07,"end":9660.71},{"text":"to","start":9660.71,"end":9660.87},{"text":"prescribe","start":9661.11,"end":9661.99},{"text":"the","start":9661.99,"end":9662.11},{"text":"term","start":9662.11,"end":9662.63},{"text":"\"agreement\"","start":9662.63,"end":9663.47},{"text":"to","start":9663.47,"end":9663.59},{"text":"refer","start":9663.59,"end":9664.23},{"text":"to","start":9664.23,"end":9664.39},{"text":"the","start":9664.39,"end":9664.51},{"text":"non-legally","start":9664.51,"end":9665.51},{"text":"binding","start":9665.51,"end":9665.91},{"text":"text","start":9665.91,"end":9666.23},{"text":"that","start":9666.23,"end":9666.35},{"text":"it","start":9666.35,"end":9666.43},{"text":"concludes","start":9666.43,"end":9666.95},{"text":"with","start":9666.95,"end":9667.19},{"text":"its","start":9667.19,"end":9667.35},{"text":"partners.","start":9667.35,"end":9667.91}]},{"text":"The term \"agreement\" belongs to the register of international treaty law, and this terminological distinction pursues the objective of avoiding any confusion as to the legal nature of the text in question.","start":9669.27,"end":9684.23,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":9669.27,"end":9669.31},{"text":"term","start":9669.31,"end":9669.75},{"text":"\"agreement\"","start":9669.83,"end":9670.71},{"text":"belongs","start":9670.71,"end":9671.67},{"text":"to","start":9671.83,"end":9672.15},{"text":"the","start":9672.15,"end":9672.35},{"text":"register","start":9672.35,"end":9672.95},{"text":"of","start":9672.95,"end":9673.35},{"text":"international","start":9673.43,"end":9674.07},{"text":"treaty","start":9674.07,"end":9674.47},{"text":"law,","start":9674.47,"end":9674.79},{"text":"and","start":9675.67,"end":9675.95},{"text":"this","start":9675.95,"end":9676.47},{"text":"terminological","start":9676.47,"end":9677.27},{"text":"distinction","start":9677.27,"end":9678.15},{"text":"pursues","start":9678.63,"end":9679.15},{"text":"the","start":9679.15,"end":9679.23},{"text":"objective","start":9679.27,"end":9679.75},{"text":"of","start":9679.75,"end":9679.83},{"text":"avoiding","start":9679.83,"end":9680.55},{"text":"any","start":9680.63,"end":9680.91},{"text":"confusion","start":9680.91,"end":9681.67},{"text":"as","start":9681.67,"end":9681.83},{"text":"to","start":9681.83,"end":9681.95},{"text":"the","start":9681.95,"end":9682.03},{"text":"legal","start":9682.07,"end":9682.47},{"text":"nature","start":9682.47,"end":9682.95},{"text":"of","start":9682.95,"end":9683.11},{"text":"the","start":9683.11,"end":9683.19},{"text":"text","start":9683.19,"end":9683.51},{"text":"in","start":9683.51,"end":9683.63},{"text":"question.","start":9683.63,"end":9684.23}]},{"text":"Secondly, we do have questions about draft conclusions number 4 and 5.","start":9686.23,"end":9693.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Secondly,","start":9686.23,"end":9686.79},{"text":"we","start":9688.39,"end":9688.79},{"text":"do","start":9688.87,"end":9689.19},{"text":"have","start":9689.19,"end":9689.51},{"text":"questions","start":9689.51,"end":9690.23},{"text":"about","start":9690.23,"end":9690.47},{"text":"draft","start":9690.47,"end":9690.83},{"text":"conclusions","start":9690.83,"end":9691.67},{"text":"number","start":9691.67,"end":9692.23},{"text":"4","start":9692.23,"end":9692.51},{"text":"and","start":9692.51,"end":9692.63},{"text":"5.","start":9692.63,"end":9693.11}]},{"text":"We wonder, on the one hand, whether these draft conclusions, which have as their common denominator the identification of the intention of states to conclude or not to conclude a non-binding instrument, whether these draft conclusions could not be merged.","start":9695.03,"end":9712.55,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9695.03,"end":9695.11},{"text":"wonder,","start":9695.11,"end":9695.59},{"text":"on","start":9695.59,"end":9695.91},{"text":"the","start":9696.55,"end":9696.67},{"text":"one","start":9696.67,"end":9696.87},{"text":"hand,","start":9696.87,"end":9697.23},{"text":"whether","start":9697.23,"end":9697.63},{"text":"these","start":9697.63,"end":9697.99},{"text":"draft","start":9697.99,"end":9698.55},{"text":"conclusions,","start":9698.55,"end":9699.35},{"text":"which","start":9699.67,"end":9699.99},{"text":"have","start":9699.99,"end":9700.39},{"text":"as","start":9700.39,"end":9700.55},{"text":"their","start":9700.55,"end":9700.71},{"text":"common","start":9700.71,"end":9701.19},{"text":"denominator","start":9701.19,"end":9702.15},{"text":"the","start":9702.15,"end":9702.27},{"text":"identification","start":9702.39,"end":9703.19},{"text":"of","start":9703.19,"end":9703.35},{"text":"the","start":9703.35,"end":9703.47},{"text":"intention","start":9703.47,"end":9704.07},{"text":"of","start":9704.07,"end":9704.23},{"text":"states","start":9704.23,"end":9704.71},{"text":"to","start":9705.03,"end":9705.15},{"text":"conclude","start":9705.15,"end":9705.83},{"text":"or","start":9706.07,"end":9706.15},{"text":"not","start":9706.15,"end":9706.43},{"text":"to","start":9706.43,"end":9706.55},{"text":"conclude","start":9706.55,"end":9707.15},{"text":"a","start":9707.15,"end":9707.19},{"text":"non-binding","start":9707.19,"end":9707.83},{"text":"instrument,","start":9707.83,"end":9708.39},{"text":"whether","start":9709.27,"end":9709.67},{"text":"these","start":9709.75,"end":9710.15},{"text":"draft","start":9710.55,"end":9710.99},{"text":"conclusions","start":9710.99,"end":9711.51},{"text":"could","start":9711.51,"end":9711.71},{"text":"not","start":9711.71,"end":9711.91},{"text":"be","start":9711.91,"end":9712.03},{"text":"merged.","start":9712.03,"end":9712.55}]},{"text":"On the other hand, it seems important to us to clarify the criteria for concluding whether a text is binding or non-binding.","start":9714.07,"end":9723.51,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":9714.07,"end":9714.23},{"text":"the","start":9714.23,"end":9714.35},{"text":"other","start":9714.35,"end":9714.55},{"text":"hand,","start":9714.55,"end":9715.11},{"text":"it","start":9715.11,"end":9715.43},{"text":"seems","start":9715.43,"end":9715.83},{"text":"important","start":9715.83,"end":9716.59},{"text":"to","start":9716.59,"end":9716.71},{"text":"us","start":9716.71,"end":9716.95},{"text":"to","start":9716.95,"end":9717.03},{"text":"clarify","start":9717.03,"end":9717.75},{"text":"the","start":9717.75,"end":9717.87},{"text":"criteria","start":9717.87,"end":9718.71},{"text":"for","start":9719.11,"end":9719.35},{"text":"concluding","start":9719.35,"end":9720.15},{"text":"whether","start":9720.23,"end":9720.79},{"text":"a","start":9720.95,"end":9720.99},{"text":"text","start":9720.99,"end":9721.59},{"text":"is","start":9721.59,"end":9721.83},{"text":"binding","start":9721.83,"end":9722.47},{"text":"or","start":9722.47,"end":9722.71},{"text":"non-binding.","start":9722.71,"end":9723.51}]},{"text":"In this sense, it is certain that the presence of a clause indicating that the text does not create any rights or obligations under international law is a sign of its non-binding nature.","start":9725.31,"end":9738.03,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9725.31,"end":9725.55},{"text":"this","start":9725.55,"end":9725.83},{"text":"sense,","start":9725.83,"end":9726.35},{"text":"it","start":9726.75,"end":9726.91},{"text":"is","start":9726.91,"end":9727.03},{"text":"certain","start":9727.03,"end":9727.55},{"text":"that","start":9727.87,"end":9727.99},{"text":"the","start":9727.99,"end":9728.07},{"text":"presence","start":9728.07,"end":9728.51},{"text":"of","start":9728.51,"end":9728.75},{"text":"a","start":9728.75,"end":9728.83},{"text":"clause","start":9728.83,"end":9729.63},{"text":"indicating","start":9729.63,"end":9730.59},{"text":"that","start":9730.67,"end":9730.83},{"text":"the","start":9730.83,"end":9730.95},{"text":"text","start":9730.95,"end":9731.39},{"text":"does","start":9731.39,"end":9731.63},{"text":"not","start":9731.63,"end":9731.87},{"text":"create","start":9731.87,"end":9732.35},{"text":"any","start":9732.43,"end":9732.75},{"text":"rights","start":9732.75,"end":9733.15},{"text":"or","start":9733.15,"end":9733.39},{"text":"obligations","start":9733.39,"end":9734.11},{"text":"under","start":9734.11,"end":9734.43},{"text":"international","start":9734.43,"end":9735.19},{"text":"law","start":9735.19,"end":9735.31},{"text":"is","start":9735.63,"end":9735.83},{"text":"a","start":9735.83,"end":9735.87},{"text":"sign","start":9735.87,"end":9736.43},{"text":"of","start":9736.51,"end":9736.67},{"text":"its","start":9736.67,"end":9736.91},{"text":"non-binding","start":9736.91,"end":9737.59},{"text":"nature.","start":9737.59,"end":9738.03}]},{"text":"In this respect, the expression \"normally sufficient to identify\" used in draft conclusion 5 is questionable.","start":9739.47,"end":9748.83,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9739.47,"end":9739.59},{"text":"this","start":9739.59,"end":9739.79},{"text":"respect,","start":9739.79,"end":9740.35},{"text":"the","start":9741.15,"end":9741.35},{"text":"expression","start":9741.35,"end":9742.31},{"text":"\"normally","start":9742.31,"end":9742.75},{"text":"sufficient","start":9742.75,"end":9743.31},{"text":"to","start":9743.31,"end":9743.39},{"text":"identify\"","start":9743.39,"end":9744.19},{"text":"used","start":9745.07,"end":9745.47},{"text":"in","start":9745.47,"end":9745.63},{"text":"draft","start":9745.63,"end":9745.91},{"text":"conclusion","start":9745.91,"end":9746.67},{"text":"5","start":9746.83,"end":9747.47},{"text":"is","start":9747.71,"end":9748.19},{"text":"questionable.","start":9748.19,"end":9748.83}]},{"text":"because it seems to confer a very weak scope on this marker of the signatory's intention.","start":9749.99,"end":9756.67,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"because","start":9749.99,"end":9750.51},{"text":"it","start":9750.51,"end":9750.83},{"text":"seems","start":9750.83,"end":9751.39},{"text":"to","start":9751.39,"end":9751.71},{"text":"confer","start":9751.71,"end":9752.55},{"text":"a","start":9752.55,"end":9752.59},{"text":"very","start":9752.59,"end":9752.99},{"text":"weak","start":9752.99,"end":9753.55},{"text":"scope","start":9753.55,"end":9754.19},{"text":"on","start":9754.19,"end":9754.39},{"text":"this","start":9754.39,"end":9754.59},{"text":"marker","start":9754.59,"end":9755.15},{"text":"of","start":9755.15,"end":9755.31},{"text":"the","start":9755.31,"end":9755.39},{"text":"signatory's","start":9755.39,"end":9756.03},{"text":"intention.","start":9756.03,"end":9756.67}]},{"text":"This expression could usefully be replaced by the more affirmative words \"makes it possible to identify\", which would make it possible to enhance the importance given to the intention expressed by the signatories of this clause.","start":9758.19,"end":9773.47,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":9758.19,"end":9758.35},{"text":"expression","start":9758.35,"end":9758.91},{"text":"could","start":9758.91,"end":9759.15},{"text":"usefully","start":9759.15,"end":9759.71},{"text":"be","start":9759.71,"end":9759.83},{"text":"replaced","start":9759.83,"end":9760.59},{"text":"by","start":9760.59,"end":9760.99},{"text":"the","start":9761.07,"end":9761.35},{"text":"more","start":9761.39,"end":9761.87},{"text":"affirmative","start":9761.87,"end":9762.83},{"text":"words","start":9762.91,"end":9763.39},{"text":"\"makes","start":9763.39,"end":9763.87},{"text":"it","start":9763.87,"end":9763.99},{"text":"possible","start":9763.99,"end":9764.43},{"text":"to","start":9764.43,"end":9764.67},{"text":"identify\",","start":9764.67,"end":9765.47},{"text":"which","start":9765.71,"end":9766.19},{"text":"would","start":9766.19,"end":9766.43},{"text":"make","start":9766.51,"end":9766.91},{"text":"it","start":9766.91,"end":9766.99},{"text":"possible","start":9766.99,"end":9767.47},{"text":"to","start":9767.47,"end":9767.71},{"text":"enhance","start":9767.75,"end":9768.43},{"text":"the","start":9768.43,"end":9768.55},{"text":"importance","start":9768.55,"end":9769.23},{"text":"given","start":9769.31,"end":9769.79},{"text":"to","start":9769.79,"end":9770.03},{"text":"the","start":9770.03,"end":9770.23},{"text":"intention","start":9770.23,"end":9770.91},{"text":"expressed","start":9770.91,"end":9771.47},{"text":"by","start":9771.47,"end":9771.63},{"text":"the","start":9771.63,"end":9771.75},{"text":"signatories","start":9771.75,"end":9772.59},{"text":"of","start":9772.59,"end":9772.71},{"text":"this","start":9772.71,"end":9772.91},{"text":"clause.","start":9772.91,"end":9773.47}]},{"text":"this without prejudice to the very exceptional possibility that the instrument, by its form, content, or any other relevant element, may ultimately be considered binding if this is indeed the dominant intention of its signatories.","start":9775.27,"end":9791.67,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"this","start":9775.27,"end":9775.51},{"text":"without","start":9775.51,"end":9775.83},{"text":"prejudice","start":9775.83,"end":9776.39},{"text":"to","start":9776.39,"end":9776.55},{"text":"the","start":9776.55,"end":9776.71},{"text":"very","start":9776.71,"end":9777.15},{"text":"exceptional","start":9777.15,"end":9777.83},{"text":"possibility","start":9777.83,"end":9778.55},{"text":"that","start":9778.87,"end":9779.11},{"text":"the","start":9779.11,"end":9779.23},{"text":"instrument,","start":9779.23,"end":9779.91},{"text":"by","start":9780.23,"end":9780.43},{"text":"its","start":9780.43,"end":9780.55},{"text":"form,","start":9780.55,"end":9781.03},{"text":"content,","start":9781.19,"end":9781.91},{"text":"or","start":9782.15,"end":9782.43},{"text":"any","start":9782.43,"end":9782.71},{"text":"other","start":9782.71,"end":9783.27},{"text":"relevant","start":9783.27,"end":9783.67},{"text":"element,","start":9783.67,"end":9784.15},{"text":"may","start":9784.47,"end":9785.03},{"text":"ultimately","start":9785.11,"end":9785.91},{"text":"be","start":9785.91,"end":9786.23},{"text":"considered","start":9786.23,"end":9786.87},{"text":"binding","start":9786.87,"end":9787.43},{"text":"if","start":9787.91,"end":9788.23},{"text":"this","start":9788.23,"end":9788.55},{"text":"is","start":9788.55,"end":9788.71},{"text":"indeed","start":9788.71,"end":9789.35},{"text":"the","start":9789.35,"end":9789.55},{"text":"dominant","start":9789.67,"end":9790.15},{"text":"intention","start":9790.15,"end":9790.63},{"text":"of","start":9790.63,"end":9790.79},{"text":"its","start":9790.79,"end":9790.99},{"text":"signatories.","start":9790.99,"end":9791.67}]},{"text":"I would like to again thank the Special Rapporteur for his work on the subject, and I express the hope that he will be able to bring his study, which is of major importance for State practice, to its conclusion.","start":9794.63,"end":9806.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9794.63,"end":9794.64},{"text":"would","start":9794.63,"end":9794.87},{"text":"like","start":9794.87,"end":9795.11},{"text":"to","start":9795.11,"end":9795.27},{"text":"again","start":9795.27,"end":9795.67},{"text":"thank","start":9795.67,"end":9795.91},{"text":"the","start":9795.91,"end":9796.03},{"text":"Special","start":9796.03,"end":9796.55},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":9796.95,"end":9797.59},{"text":"for","start":9797.59,"end":9797.75},{"text":"his","start":9797.75,"end":9797.91},{"text":"work","start":9797.91,"end":9798.23},{"text":"on","start":9798.23,"end":9798.39},{"text":"the","start":9798.39,"end":9798.51},{"text":"subject,","start":9798.51,"end":9799.11},{"text":"and","start":9799.11,"end":9799.35},{"text":"I","start":9799.35,"end":9799.47},{"text":"express","start":9799.47,"end":9799.87},{"text":"the","start":9799.87,"end":9799.95},{"text":"hope","start":9799.95,"end":9800.23},{"text":"that","start":9800.55,"end":9800.79},{"text":"he","start":9800.79,"end":9801.03},{"text":"will","start":9801.03,"end":9801.19},{"text":"be","start":9801.19,"end":9801.35},{"text":"able","start":9801.35,"end":9801.75},{"text":"to","start":9801.75,"end":9801.91},{"text":"bring","start":9801.91,"end":9802.19},{"text":"his","start":9802.19,"end":9802.35},{"text":"study,","start":9802.35,"end":9802.75},{"text":"which","start":9802.75,"end":9802.99},{"text":"is","start":9802.99,"end":9803.11},{"text":"of","start":9803.11,"end":9803.27},{"text":"major","start":9803.27,"end":9803.75},{"text":"importance","start":9803.75,"end":9804.23},{"text":"for","start":9804.23,"end":9804.35},{"text":"State","start":9804.35,"end":9804.67},{"text":"practice,","start":9804.67,"end":9805.27},{"text":"to","start":9805.27,"end":9805.43},{"text":"its","start":9805.43,"end":9805.59},{"text":"conclusion.","start":9805.59,"end":9806.23}]},{"text":"Chair, turning now to the subject of prevention and suppression of piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":9809.43,"end":9817.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":9809.43,"end":9809.83},{"text":"turning","start":9810.63,"end":9811.03},{"text":"now","start":9811.03,"end":9811.27},{"text":"to","start":9811.27,"end":9811.51},{"text":"the","start":9811.51,"end":9811.67},{"text":"subject","start":9811.67,"end":9812.15},{"text":"of","start":9812.15,"end":9812.39},{"text":"prevention","start":9812.39,"end":9813.11},{"text":"and","start":9813.19,"end":9813.59},{"text":"suppression","start":9813.59,"end":9814.39},{"text":"of","start":9814.47,"end":9814.87},{"text":"piracy","start":9814.87,"end":9815.51},{"text":"and","start":9815.51,"end":9815.75},{"text":"armed","start":9815.75,"end":9816.07},{"text":"robbery","start":9816.07,"end":9816.47},{"text":"at","start":9816.47,"end":9816.59},{"text":"sea.","start":9816.59,"end":9817.11}]},{"text":"Here, France thanks the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Louis Savadogo, for his first report and congratulates him on the work accomplished on this subject, which is of major importance to States in the face of the evolution of maritime crime.","start":9818.27,"end":9833.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Here,","start":9818.27,"end":9818.91},{"text":"France","start":9819.23,"end":9819.79},{"text":"thanks","start":9819.79,"end":9820.35},{"text":"the","start":9820.35,"end":9820.47},{"text":"Special","start":9820.47,"end":9820.91},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":9820.91,"end":9821.35},{"text":"Mr.","start":9821.35,"end":9821.67},{"text":"Louis","start":9821.67,"end":9821.91},{"text":"Savadogo,","start":9821.91,"end":9822.75},{"text":"for","start":9822.75,"end":9822.91},{"text":"his","start":9822.91,"end":9823.07},{"text":"first","start":9823.07,"end":9823.31},{"text":"report","start":9823.31,"end":9823.87},{"text":"and","start":9823.87,"end":9824.11},{"text":"congratulates","start":9824.11,"end":9825.07},{"text":"him","start":9825.47,"end":9825.87},{"text":"on","start":9825.87,"end":9826.03},{"text":"the","start":9826.03,"end":9826.11},{"text":"work","start":9826.11,"end":9826.35},{"text":"accomplished","start":9826.35,"end":9826.99},{"text":"on","start":9826.99,"end":9827.07},{"text":"this","start":9827.07,"end":9827.27},{"text":"subject,","start":9827.27,"end":9827.71},{"text":"which","start":9827.95,"end":9828.19},{"text":"is","start":9828.19,"end":9828.27},{"text":"of","start":9828.27,"end":9828.35},{"text":"major","start":9828.35,"end":9828.63},{"text":"importance","start":9828.63,"end":9829.19},{"text":"to","start":9829.31,"end":9829.55},{"text":"States","start":9829.95,"end":9830.35},{"text":"in","start":9830.35,"end":9830.67},{"text":"the","start":9830.67,"end":9830.79},{"text":"face","start":9830.79,"end":9831.15},{"text":"of","start":9831.19,"end":9831.39},{"text":"the","start":9831.47,"end":9831.59},{"text":"evolution","start":9831.79,"end":9832.31},{"text":"of","start":9832.31,"end":9832.43},{"text":"maritime","start":9832.43,"end":9832.91},{"text":"crime.","start":9832.91,"end":9833.31}]},{"text":"France took note of the referral to the Drafting Committee of draft articles 5 to 14.","start":9834.75,"end":9841.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"France","start":9834.75,"end":9835.31},{"text":"took","start":9835.31,"end":9835.71},{"text":"note","start":9835.95,"end":9836.51},{"text":"of","start":9836.67,"end":9837.07},{"text":"the","start":9837.39,"end":9837.59},{"text":"referral","start":9837.71,"end":9838.35},{"text":"to","start":9838.35,"end":9838.51},{"text":"the","start":9838.51,"end":9838.59},{"text":"Drafting","start":9838.59,"end":9839.07},{"text":"Committee","start":9839.07,"end":9839.63},{"text":"of","start":9839.63,"end":9839.75},{"text":"draft","start":9839.75,"end":9840.11},{"text":"articles","start":9840.11,"end":9840.59},{"text":"5","start":9840.59,"end":9840.99},{"text":"to","start":9840.99,"end":9841.15},{"text":"14.","start":9841.15,"end":9841.71}]},{"text":"It also took note of the progress report submitted by the Chair of the Drafting Committee on draft articles 3 bis, 4 bis, 5, 5 bis, 5 ter and 5 quater, provisionally adopted by the Committee.","start":9843.35,"end":9859.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":9843.35,"end":9843.51},{"text":"also","start":9843.51,"end":9843.83},{"text":"took","start":9843.83,"end":9844.31},{"text":"note","start":9844.31,"end":9844.71},{"text":"of","start":9844.71,"end":9844.87},{"text":"the","start":9844.87,"end":9844.95},{"text":"progress","start":9845.35,"end":9845.83},{"text":"report","start":9845.83,"end":9846.19},{"text":"submitted","start":9846.19,"end":9846.63},{"text":"by","start":9846.63,"end":9846.95},{"text":"the","start":9846.95,"end":9847.11},{"text":"Chair","start":9847.19,"end":9847.55},{"text":"of","start":9847.55,"end":9847.67},{"text":"the","start":9847.67,"end":9847.75},{"text":"Drafting","start":9847.75,"end":9848.15},{"text":"Committee","start":9848.15,"end":9848.71},{"text":"on","start":9848.71,"end":9848.91},{"text":"draft","start":9848.91,"end":9849.27},{"text":"articles","start":9849.27,"end":9849.99},{"text":"3","start":9850.07,"end":9850.39},{"text":"bis,","start":9850.39,"end":9850.87},{"text":"4","start":9850.87,"end":9851.35},{"text":"bis,","start":9851.35,"end":9851.75},{"text":"5,","start":9852.15,"end":9852.63},{"text":"5","start":9852.95,"end":9853.27},{"text":"bis,","start":9853.27,"end":9853.67},{"text":"5","start":9854.55,"end":9854.87},{"text":"ter","start":9854.87,"end":9855.35},{"text":"and","start":9856.07,"end":9856.23},{"text":"5","start":9856.23,"end":9856.55},{"text":"quater,","start":9856.55,"end":9857.27},{"text":"provisionally","start":9857.51,"end":9858.15},{"text":"adopted","start":9858.15,"end":9858.63},{"text":"by","start":9858.63,"end":9858.79},{"text":"the","start":9858.79,"end":9858.87},{"text":"Committee.","start":9858.87,"end":9859.27}]},{"text":"My delegation will make a few brief comments.","start":9861.59,"end":9865.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":9861.59,"end":9862.07},{"text":"delegation","start":9862.31,"end":9863.11},{"text":"will","start":9863.11,"end":9863.43},{"text":"make","start":9863.43,"end":9863.83},{"text":"a","start":9863.83,"end":9863.87},{"text":"few","start":9864.07,"end":9864.31},{"text":"brief","start":9864.31,"end":9864.55},{"text":"comments.","start":9864.55,"end":9865.11}]},{"text":"At the outset, we would like to reiterate that the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea must remain our common frame of reference for all matters relating to the seas and oceans.","start":9866.99,"end":9877.47,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":9866.99,"end":9867.03},{"text":"the","start":9867.03,"end":9867.11},{"text":"outset,","start":9867.11,"end":9867.71},{"text":"we","start":9867.87,"end":9868.19},{"text":"would","start":9868.19,"end":9868.35},{"text":"like","start":9868.35,"end":9868.63},{"text":"to","start":9868.63,"end":9868.71},{"text":"reiterate","start":9868.71,"end":9869.55},{"text":"that","start":9869.55,"end":9869.71},{"text":"the","start":9869.71,"end":9869.79},{"text":"United","start":9869.79,"end":9870.23},{"text":"Nations","start":9870.23,"end":9870.51},{"text":"Convention","start":9870.51,"end":9871.03},{"text":"on","start":9871.03,"end":9871.15},{"text":"the","start":9871.15,"end":9871.23},{"text":"Law","start":9871.23,"end":9871.35},{"text":"of","start":9871.35,"end":9871.47},{"text":"the","start":9871.47,"end":9871.59},{"text":"Sea","start":9871.59,"end":9872.11},{"text":"must","start":9872.43,"end":9872.75},{"text":"remain","start":9872.75,"end":9873.23},{"text":"our","start":9873.23,"end":9873.35},{"text":"common","start":9873.39,"end":9873.71},{"text":"frame","start":9873.71,"end":9874.03},{"text":"of","start":9874.03,"end":9874.11},{"text":"reference","start":9874.11,"end":9874.59},{"text":"for","start":9874.59,"end":9874.75},{"text":"all","start":9874.75,"end":9874.99},{"text":"matters","start":9874.99,"end":9875.71},{"text":"relating","start":9875.87,"end":9876.39},{"text":"to","start":9876.39,"end":9876.51},{"text":"the","start":9876.51,"end":9876.59},{"text":"seas","start":9876.59,"end":9876.91},{"text":"and","start":9876.91,"end":9877.03},{"text":"oceans.","start":9877.03,"end":9877.47}]},{"text":"My delegation is therefore committed to ensuring that the work on the prevention and suppression of piracy and armed robbery at sea should be based, in the first instance, on its provisions.","start":9878.83,"end":9891.55,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":9878.83,"end":9878.99},{"text":"delegation","start":9878.99,"end":9879.63},{"text":"is","start":9879.87,"end":9880.19},{"text":"therefore","start":9880.19,"end":9880.67},{"text":"committed","start":9880.67,"end":9881.39},{"text":"to","start":9881.95,"end":9882.11},{"text":"ensuring","start":9882.11,"end":9882.75},{"text":"that","start":9882.75,"end":9882.87},{"text":"the","start":9882.87,"end":9882.99},{"text":"work","start":9882.99,"end":9883.31},{"text":"on","start":9883.31,"end":9883.47},{"text":"the","start":9883.47,"end":9883.59},{"text":"prevention","start":9883.59,"end":9884.27},{"text":"and","start":9884.27,"end":9884.51},{"text":"suppression","start":9884.51,"end":9884.99},{"text":"of","start":9884.99,"end":9885.07},{"text":"piracy","start":9885.07,"end":9885.79},{"text":"and","start":9886.11,"end":9886.27},{"text":"armed","start":9886.27,"end":9886.59},{"text":"robbery","start":9886.59,"end":9887.15},{"text":"at","start":9887.15,"end":9887.55},{"text":"sea","start":9887.55,"end":9888.11},{"text":"should","start":9888.27,"end":9888.67},{"text":"be","start":9888.67,"end":9888.75},{"text":"based,","start":9888.75,"end":9889.31},{"text":"in","start":9889.31,"end":9889.47},{"text":"the","start":9889.47,"end":9889.55},{"text":"first","start":9889.55,"end":9889.79},{"text":"instance,","start":9889.79,"end":9890.43},{"text":"on","start":9890.43,"end":9890.67},{"text":"its","start":9890.67,"end":9890.83},{"text":"provisions.","start":9890.83,"end":9891.55}]},{"text":"We must also emphasize the need to ensure a clear distinction between piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":9892.91,"end":9901.47,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9892.91,"end":9892.99},{"text":"must","start":9892.99,"end":9893.23},{"text":"also","start":9893.23,"end":9893.51},{"text":"emphasize","start":9893.51,"end":9894.35},{"text":"the","start":9894.35,"end":9894.51},{"text":"need","start":9894.51,"end":9894.87},{"text":"to","start":9894.87,"end":9895.15},{"text":"ensure","start":9895.23,"end":9895.95},{"text":"a","start":9896.43,"end":9896.47},{"text":"clear","start":9896.47,"end":9896.91},{"text":"distinction","start":9896.91,"end":9897.71},{"text":"between","start":9898.03,"end":9898.51},{"text":"piracy","start":9898.51,"end":9899.39},{"text":"and","start":9899.63,"end":9899.95},{"text":"armed","start":9899.95,"end":9900.27},{"text":"robbery","start":9900.27,"end":9900.91},{"text":"at","start":9900.91,"end":9901.03},{"text":"sea.","start":9901.03,"end":9901.47}]},{"text":"Even if it is right to recognize a similarity of consistency between these two offenses, as stated in the report, they each obey specific regimes.","start":9902.67,"end":9914.27,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Even","start":9902.67,"end":9903.15},{"text":"if","start":9903.23,"end":9903.43},{"text":"it","start":9903.43,"end":9903.55},{"text":"is","start":9903.55,"end":9903.79},{"text":"right","start":9903.79,"end":9904.23},{"text":"to","start":9904.23,"end":9904.31},{"text":"recognize","start":9904.31,"end":9905.27},{"text":"a","start":9905.27,"end":9905.31},{"text":"similarity","start":9905.39,"end":9906.35},{"text":"of","start":9906.43,"end":9906.75},{"text":"consistency","start":9906.75,"end":9907.79},{"text":"between","start":9909.47,"end":9909.95},{"text":"these","start":9909.95,"end":9910.19},{"text":"two","start":9910.19,"end":9910.43},{"text":"offenses,","start":9910.43,"end":9910.99},{"text":"as","start":9910.99,"end":9911.11},{"text":"stated","start":9911.11,"end":9911.47},{"text":"in","start":9911.47,"end":9911.55},{"text":"the","start":9911.55,"end":9911.71},{"text":"report,","start":9911.71,"end":9912.19},{"text":"they","start":9912.19,"end":9912.43},{"text":"each","start":9912.43,"end":9912.75},{"text":"obey","start":9912.75,"end":9913.15},{"text":"specific","start":9913.15,"end":9913.63},{"text":"regimes.","start":9913.63,"end":9914.27}]},{"text":"My delegation therefore invites the Commission to be particularly rigorous on this point and is satisfied that the Special Rapporteur has listened to this need.","start":9915.23,"end":9926.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":9915.23,"end":9915.47},{"text":"delegation","start":9915.47,"end":9916.11},{"text":"therefore","start":9916.11,"end":9916.99},{"text":"invites","start":9916.99,"end":9917.55},{"text":"the","start":9917.55,"end":9917.67},{"text":"Commission","start":9917.67,"end":9918.43},{"text":"to","start":9918.59,"end":9918.75},{"text":"be","start":9918.75,"end":9918.91},{"text":"particularly","start":9918.91,"end":9919.79},{"text":"rigorous","start":9919.79,"end":9920.27},{"text":"on","start":9920.27,"end":9920.39},{"text":"this","start":9920.39,"end":9920.59},{"text":"point","start":9920.59,"end":9921.15},{"text":"and","start":9921.15,"end":9921.31},{"text":"is","start":9921.31,"end":9921.43},{"text":"satisfied","start":9921.43,"end":9922.23},{"text":"that","start":9922.23,"end":9922.35},{"text":"the","start":9922.35,"end":9922.43},{"text":"Special","start":9922.43,"end":9922.83},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":9922.83,"end":9923.55},{"text":"has","start":9923.55,"end":9924.11},{"text":"listened","start":9925.23,"end":9925.67},{"text":"to","start":9925.67,"end":9925.79},{"text":"this","start":9925.79,"end":9925.95},{"text":"need.","start":9925.95,"end":9926.35}]},{"text":"France also notes with satisfaction the extension of the normative corpus of the draft articles on unmanned aircraft, maritime drones and the fraudulent capture of data from navigation software, as set out in draft article 5.","start":9927.67,"end":9946.03,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"France","start":9927.67,"end":9928.11},{"text":"also","start":9928.59,"end":9928.91},{"text":"notes","start":9928.91,"end":9929.23},{"text":"with","start":9929.23,"end":9929.39},{"text":"satisfaction","start":9929.39,"end":9930.27},{"text":"the","start":9930.35,"end":9930.43},{"text":"extension","start":9930.43,"end":9931.31},{"text":"of","start":9931.31,"end":9931.55},{"text":"the","start":9931.55,"end":9931.63},{"text":"normative","start":9931.63,"end":9932.15},{"text":"corpus","start":9932.15,"end":9932.75},{"text":"of","start":9933.39,"end":9933.79},{"text":"the","start":9934.03,"end":9934.19},{"text":"draft","start":9934.35,"end":9934.91},{"text":"articles","start":9934.91,"end":9935.39},{"text":"on","start":9935.39,"end":9935.71},{"text":"unmanned","start":9935.71,"end":9936.35},{"text":"aircraft,","start":9936.87,"end":9937.31},{"text":"maritime","start":9937.31,"end":9937.87},{"text":"drones","start":9938.59,"end":9939.15},{"text":"and","start":9939.15,"end":9939.31},{"text":"the","start":9939.31,"end":9939.39},{"text":"fraudulent","start":9939.39,"end":9940.19},{"text":"capture","start":9940.19,"end":9940.91},{"text":"of","start":9940.91,"end":9941.07},{"text":"data","start":9941.15,"end":9941.71},{"text":"from","start":9941.71,"end":9941.95},{"text":"navigation","start":9941.95,"end":9942.67},{"text":"software,","start":9942.67,"end":9943.63},{"text":"as","start":9943.95,"end":9944.15},{"text":"set","start":9944.15,"end":9944.51},{"text":"out","start":9944.51,"end":9944.75},{"text":"in","start":9944.75,"end":9944.87},{"text":"draft","start":9944.87,"end":9945.15},{"text":"article","start":9945.15,"end":9945.55},{"text":"5.","start":9945.55,"end":9946.03}]},{"text":"My delegation recognizes this need in the face of technological developments and considers it important to define the terms broadly enough to include future technological developments.","start":9947.23,"end":9960.99,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":9947.23,"end":9947.47},{"text":"delegation","start":9947.47,"end":9948.27},{"text":"recognizes","start":9948.27,"end":9949.23},{"text":"this","start":9949.23,"end":9949.55},{"text":"need","start":9949.55,"end":9949.95},{"text":"in","start":9949.95,"end":9950.15},{"text":"the","start":9950.15,"end":9950.23},{"text":"face","start":9950.23,"end":9950.55},{"text":"of","start":9950.55,"end":9950.67},{"text":"technological","start":9950.67,"end":9951.31},{"text":"developments","start":9951.31,"end":9952.19},{"text":"and","start":9952.67,"end":9952.91},{"text":"considers","start":9952.91,"end":9953.47},{"text":"it","start":9953.47,"end":9953.71},{"text":"important","start":9953.71,"end":9954.47},{"text":"to","start":9954.51,"end":9954.75},{"text":"define","start":9954.75,"end":9955.55},{"text":"the","start":9955.55,"end":9955.83},{"text":"terms","start":9955.87,"end":9956.43},{"text":"broadly","start":9956.43,"end":9956.87},{"text":"enough","start":9956.87,"end":9957.39},{"text":"to","start":9957.87,"end":9958.19},{"text":"include","start":9958.27,"end":9959.07},{"text":"future","start":9959.07,"end":9959.63},{"text":"technological","start":9959.63,"end":9960.35},{"text":"developments.","start":9960.35,"end":9960.99}]},{"text":"In this context, we regret the Drafting Committee's proposal to remove from the draft article any reference to maritime cybercrime, which is a growing problem.","start":9962.39,"end":9973.11,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9962.39,"end":9962.55},{"text":"this","start":9962.55,"end":9962.79},{"text":"context,","start":9962.79,"end":9963.51},{"text":"we","start":9963.51,"end":9964.15},{"text":"regret","start":9964.15,"end":9965.11},{"text":"the","start":9965.11,"end":9965.31},{"text":"Drafting","start":9965.31,"end":9965.67},{"text":"Committee's","start":9965.67,"end":9966.07},{"text":"proposal","start":9966.07,"end":9966.55},{"text":"to","start":9966.55,"end":9966.87},{"text":"remove","start":9966.95,"end":9967.71},{"text":"from","start":9967.71,"end":9967.91},{"text":"the","start":9967.91,"end":9967.99},{"text":"draft","start":9967.99,"end":9968.31},{"text":"article","start":9968.31,"end":9968.71},{"text":"any","start":9968.71,"end":9969.03},{"text":"reference","start":9969.03,"end":9969.51},{"text":"to","start":9969.51,"end":9969.63},{"text":"maritime","start":9969.63,"end":9970.15},{"text":"cybercrime,","start":9970.15,"end":9971.03},{"text":"which","start":9971.35,"end":9971.75},{"text":"is","start":9971.75,"end":9972.15},{"text":"a","start":9972.23,"end":9972.27},{"text":"growing","start":9972.27,"end":9972.63},{"text":"problem.","start":9972.63,"end":9973.11}]},{"text":"Draft Article 7 on pursuit in the territorial sea is likely to call into question the balance enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.","start":9974.71,"end":9986.15,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Draft","start":9974.71,"end":9975.19},{"text":"Article","start":9975.19,"end":9975.51},{"text":"7","start":9975.51,"end":9976.07},{"text":"on","start":9976.39,"end":9976.63},{"text":"pursuit","start":9976.63,"end":9977.35},{"text":"in","start":9977.35,"end":9977.55},{"text":"the","start":9977.55,"end":9977.63},{"text":"territorial","start":9977.63,"end":9978.23},{"text":"sea","start":9978.23,"end":9978.87},{"text":"is","start":9979.19,"end":9979.59},{"text":"likely","start":9979.59,"end":9980.15},{"text":"to","start":9980.15,"end":9980.39},{"text":"call","start":9980.39,"end":9980.79},{"text":"into","start":9980.79,"end":9981.07},{"text":"question","start":9981.07,"end":9981.75},{"text":"the","start":9981.75,"end":9981.95},{"text":"balance","start":9981.95,"end":9982.67},{"text":"enshrined","start":9982.67,"end":9983.31},{"text":"in","start":9983.31,"end":9983.47},{"text":"the","start":9983.47,"end":9983.55},{"text":"United","start":9983.55,"end":9983.99},{"text":"Nations","start":9983.99,"end":9984.31},{"text":"Convention","start":9984.31,"end":9985.03},{"text":"on","start":9985.03,"end":9985.11},{"text":"the","start":9985.11,"end":9985.23},{"text":"Law","start":9985.23,"end":9985.39},{"text":"of","start":9985.39,"end":9985.51},{"text":"the","start":9985.51,"end":9985.63},{"text":"Sea.","start":9985.63,"end":9986.15}]},{"text":"It is therefore essential to insist on the subordination of the continuity of the pursuit in the territorial sea to the express consent of the coastal State, while at the same time considering the means of implementing such consent.","start":9987.27,"end":10001.91,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":9987.27,"end":9987.35},{"text":"is","start":9987.35,"end":9987.47},{"text":"therefore","start":9987.47,"end":9987.83},{"text":"essential","start":9987.83,"end":9988.39},{"text":"to","start":9988.39,"end":9988.55},{"text":"insist","start":9988.55,"end":9989.43},{"text":"on","start":9989.43,"end":9989.59},{"text":"the","start":9989.59,"end":9989.71},{"text":"subordination","start":9989.75,"end":9990.71},{"text":"of","start":9990.71,"end":9990.87},{"text":"the","start":9990.87,"end":9990.99},{"text":"continuity","start":9990.99,"end":9992.07},{"text":"of","start":9992.07,"end":9992.23},{"text":"the","start":9992.23,"end":9992.35},{"text":"pursuit","start":9992.35,"end":9992.95},{"text":"in","start":9992.95,"end":9993.15},{"text":"the","start":9993.15,"end":9993.23},{"text":"territorial","start":9993.23,"end":9993.87},{"text":"sea","start":9993.87,"end":9994.23},{"text":"to","start":9994.23,"end":9994.39},{"text":"the","start":9994.39,"end":9994.51},{"text":"express","start":9994.51,"end":9995.03},{"text":"consent","start":9995.03,"end":9995.59},{"text":"of","start":9995.59,"end":9995.67},{"text":"the","start":9995.67,"end":9995.79},{"text":"coastal","start":9995.79,"end":9996.19},{"text":"State,","start":9996.19,"end":9996.63},{"text":"while","start":9997.31,"end":9997.75},{"text":"at","start":9997.75,"end":9997.83},{"text":"the","start":9997.83,"end":9997.95},{"text":"same","start":9997.95,"end":9998.23},{"text":"time","start":9998.23,"end":9998.79},{"text":"considering","start":9999.11,"end":9999.83},{"text":"the","start":9999.83,"end":9999.91},{"text":"means","start":9999.91,"end":10000.35},{"text":"of","start":10000.35,"end":10000.47},{"text":"implementing","start":10000.47,"end":10001.07},{"text":"such","start":10001.07,"end":10001.27},{"text":"consent.","start":10001.27,"end":10001.91}]},{"text":"My delegation is also concerned about a possible interpretation according to which defensive armaments of merchant ships could carry out such pursuits and seizures in opposition to Article 107 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.","start":10003.03,"end":10020.03,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":10003.03,"end":10003.19},{"text":"delegation","start":10003.19,"end":10003.91},{"text":"is","start":10004.07,"end":10004.39},{"text":"also","start":10004.39,"end":10004.67},{"text":"concerned","start":10004.67,"end":10005.51},{"text":"about","start":10005.59,"end":10006.07},{"text":"a","start":10006.07,"end":10006.15},{"text":"possible","start":10006.15,"end":10006.71},{"text":"interpretation","start":10006.71,"end":10007.59},{"text":"according","start":10007.59,"end":10008.07},{"text":"to","start":10008.07,"end":10008.19},{"text":"which","start":10008.19,"end":10008.63},{"text":"defensive","start":10008.63,"end":10009.35},{"text":"armaments","start":10009.35,"end":10009.91},{"text":"of","start":10009.91,"end":10010.15},{"text":"merchant","start":10010.15,"end":10010.63},{"text":"ships","start":10010.63,"end":10011.11},{"text":"could","start":10011.11,"end":10011.31},{"text":"carry","start":10011.31,"end":10011.67},{"text":"out","start":10011.67,"end":10011.87},{"text":"such","start":10011.87,"end":10012.15},{"text":"pursuits","start":10012.15,"end":10012.67},{"text":"and","start":10012.67,"end":10012.83},{"text":"seizures","start":10012.83,"end":10013.43},{"text":"in","start":10013.87,"end":10014.11},{"text":"opposition","start":10014.11,"end":10014.75},{"text":"to","start":10014.99,"end":10015.23},{"text":"Article","start":10015.23,"end":10015.79},{"text":"107","start":10015.79,"end":10016.43},{"text":"of","start":10016.43,"end":10016.59},{"text":"the","start":10016.59,"end":10016.67},{"text":"United","start":10016.67,"end":10017.43},{"text":"Nations","start":10017.47,"end":10018.71},{"text":"Convention","start":10018.71,"end":10019.15},{"text":"on","start":10019.15,"end":10019.23},{"text":"the","start":10019.23,"end":10019.35},{"text":"Law","start":10019.35,"end":10019.51},{"text":"of","start":10019.51,"end":10019.59},{"text":"the","start":10019.59,"end":10019.67},{"text":"Sea.","start":10019.67,"end":10020.03}]},{"text":"More generally, we note that draft Article 9 is incompatible in principle with Article 107 of the Convention, which excludes the possibility for private actors to carry out seizures for piracy.","start":10021.31,"end":10036.47,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"More","start":10021.31,"end":10021.55},{"text":"generally,","start":10021.55,"end":10022.19},{"text":"we","start":10023.39,"end":10023.63},{"text":"note","start":10023.63,"end":10023.95},{"text":"that","start":10023.95,"end":10024.11},{"text":"draft","start":10024.11,"end":10024.59},{"text":"Article","start":10024.59,"end":10024.99},{"text":"9","start":10024.99,"end":10025.63},{"text":"is","start":10025.79,"end":10026.11},{"text":"incompatible","start":10026.11,"end":10026.99},{"text":"in","start":10026.99,"end":10027.15},{"text":"principle","start":10027.15,"end":10027.63},{"text":"with","start":10027.63,"end":10027.87},{"text":"Article","start":10027.87,"end":10028.27},{"text":"107","start":10028.27,"end":10028.79},{"text":"of","start":10028.79,"end":10028.91},{"text":"the","start":10028.91,"end":10028.99},{"text":"Convention,","start":10028.99,"end":10029.63},{"text":"which","start":10030.23,"end":10030.59},{"text":"excludes","start":10030.59,"end":10031.55},{"text":"the","start":10031.71,"end":10031.83},{"text":"possibility","start":10031.83,"end":10032.51},{"text":"for","start":10032.51,"end":10032.67},{"text":"private","start":10032.67,"end":10033.23},{"text":"actors","start":10033.23,"end":10033.79},{"text":"to","start":10033.79,"end":10034.11},{"text":"carry","start":10034.11,"end":10034.67},{"text":"out","start":10034.83,"end":10035.15},{"text":"seizures","start":10035.23,"end":10035.79},{"text":"for","start":10035.79,"end":10035.95},{"text":"piracy.","start":10035.95,"end":10036.47}]},{"text":"It also noted the need to deepen and clarify the relationship between the national law applicable to the operations carried out, including in relation to draft article 11, which seemed to adopt a different direction.","start":10038.11,"end":10053.11,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":10038.11,"end":10038.15},{"text":"also","start":10038.15,"end":10038.63},{"text":"noted","start":10038.63,"end":10039.15},{"text":"the","start":10039.15,"end":10039.27},{"text":"need","start":10039.27,"end":10039.55},{"text":"to","start":10039.55,"end":10039.67},{"text":"deepen","start":10039.67,"end":10040.23},{"text":"and","start":10040.23,"end":10040.47},{"text":"clarify","start":10040.47,"end":10041.19},{"text":"the","start":10041.19,"end":10041.31},{"text":"relationship","start":10041.31,"end":10041.95},{"text":"between","start":10041.95,"end":10042.31},{"text":"the","start":10042.31,"end":10042.47},{"text":"national","start":10042.47,"end":10043.51},{"text":"law","start":10043.51,"end":10043.59},{"text":"applicable","start":10043.59,"end":10044.39},{"text":"to","start":10044.63,"end":10044.87},{"text":"the","start":10044.87,"end":10044.99},{"text":"operations","start":10045.03,"end":10045.67},{"text":"carried","start":10045.67,"end":10046.15},{"text":"out,","start":10046.15,"end":10046.47},{"text":"including","start":10046.47,"end":10047.27},{"text":"in","start":10047.27,"end":10047.39},{"text":"relation","start":10047.39,"end":10047.87},{"text":"to","start":10047.87,"end":10047.95},{"text":"draft","start":10047.95,"end":10048.31},{"text":"article","start":10048.31,"end":10048.79},{"text":"11,","start":10048.79,"end":10049.51},{"text":"which","start":10049.95,"end":10050.39},{"text":"seemed","start":10050.39,"end":10050.79},{"text":"to","start":10050.79,"end":10051.63},{"text":"adopt","start":10051.63,"end":10051.95},{"text":"a","start":10051.95,"end":10051.99},{"text":"different","start":10051.99,"end":10052.43},{"text":"direction.","start":10052.47,"end":10053.11}]},{"text":"And lastly, France noted with satisfaction the addition of a draft article on assistance measures and the obligation to provide assistance to victims of acts of piracy or armed robbery at sea.","start":10055.11,"end":10066.63,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":10055.11,"end":10055.27},{"text":"lastly,","start":10055.27,"end":10055.83},{"text":"France","start":10056.07,"end":10056.55},{"text":"noted","start":10056.55,"end":10056.95},{"text":"with","start":10056.95,"end":10057.11},{"text":"satisfaction","start":10057.11,"end":10057.91},{"text":"the","start":10057.91,"end":10058.03},{"text":"addition","start":10058.03,"end":10058.39},{"text":"of","start":10058.39,"end":10058.47},{"text":"a","start":10058.47,"end":10058.55},{"text":"draft","start":10058.55,"end":10058.95},{"text":"article","start":10058.95,"end":10059.43},{"text":"on","start":10059.43,"end":10059.55},{"text":"assistance","start":10059.55,"end":10060.07},{"text":"measures","start":10060.07,"end":10060.63},{"text":"and","start":10060.63,"end":10060.83},{"text":"the","start":10060.83,"end":10060.91},{"text":"obligation","start":10060.95,"end":10061.51},{"text":"to","start":10061.51,"end":10061.59},{"text":"provide","start":10061.59,"end":10062.03},{"text":"assistance","start":10062.03,"end":10062.71},{"text":"to","start":10062.71,"end":10062.87},{"text":"victims","start":10062.87,"end":10063.51},{"text":"of","start":10063.51,"end":10063.75},{"text":"acts","start":10063.75,"end":10064.07},{"text":"of","start":10064.07,"end":10064.23},{"text":"piracy","start":10064.23,"end":10064.79},{"text":"or","start":10065.03,"end":10065.27},{"text":"armed","start":10065.27,"end":10065.59},{"text":"robbery","start":10065.59,"end":10065.99},{"text":"at","start":10065.99,"end":10066.11},{"text":"sea.","start":10066.11,"end":10066.63}]},{"text":"reflecting the importance attached to the considerations of humanity that must be observed in such situations.","start":10067.51,"end":10073.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"reflecting","start":10067.51,"end":10068.23},{"text":"the","start":10068.23,"end":10068.31},{"text":"importance","start":10068.31,"end":10068.91},{"text":"attached","start":10068.91,"end":10069.51},{"text":"to","start":10069.51,"end":10069.63},{"text":"the","start":10069.63,"end":10069.83},{"text":"considerations","start":10069.83,"end":10070.59},{"text":"of","start":10070.59,"end":10070.75},{"text":"humanity","start":10070.75,"end":10071.47},{"text":"that","start":10071.47,"end":10071.71},{"text":"must","start":10071.71,"end":10072.03},{"text":"be","start":10072.03,"end":10072.15},{"text":"observed","start":10072.15,"end":10072.59},{"text":"in","start":10072.59,"end":10072.67},{"text":"such","start":10072.67,"end":10072.91},{"text":"situations.","start":10072.91,"end":10073.79}]},{"text":"On the other hand, I questioned the reference to the authorization to be obtained from the territorial sovereign to carry out such rescue and assistance operations, and noted the need to distinguish more clearly between the different dimensions covered by the draft article.","start":10077.39,"end":10093.07,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":10077.39,"end":10077.55},{"text":"the","start":10077.55,"end":10077.67},{"text":"other","start":10077.67,"end":10077.83},{"text":"hand,","start":10077.83,"end":10078.35},{"text":"I","start":10078.43,"end":10078.59},{"text":"questioned","start":10078.59,"end":10078.99},{"text":"the","start":10078.99,"end":10079.07},{"text":"reference","start":10079.07,"end":10079.55},{"text":"to","start":10079.55,"end":10079.71},{"text":"the","start":10079.71,"end":10079.83},{"text":"authorization","start":10079.87,"end":10080.59},{"text":"to","start":10080.59,"end":10080.71},{"text":"be","start":10080.71,"end":10080.91},{"text":"obtained","start":10080.91,"end":10081.63},{"text":"from","start":10081.63,"end":10081.87},{"text":"the","start":10081.87,"end":10082.03},{"text":"territorial","start":10082.11,"end":10082.91},{"text":"sovereign","start":10082.91,"end":10083.71},{"text":"to","start":10083.95,"end":10084.03},{"text":"carry","start":10084.03,"end":10084.35},{"text":"out","start":10084.35,"end":10084.59},{"text":"such","start":10084.59,"end":10084.75},{"text":"rescue","start":10084.75,"end":10085.31},{"text":"and","start":10085.31,"end":10085.51},{"text":"assistance","start":10085.51,"end":10086.11},{"text":"operations,","start":10086.11,"end":10086.75},{"text":"and","start":10086.75,"end":10087.03},{"text":"noted","start":10087.03,"end":10087.39},{"text":"the","start":10087.39,"end":10087.47},{"text":"need","start":10087.47,"end":10087.91},{"text":"to","start":10087.91,"end":10088.19},{"text":"distinguish","start":10088.19,"end":10088.83},{"text":"more","start":10088.83,"end":10089.07},{"text":"clearly","start":10089.07,"end":10089.63},{"text":"between","start":10089.87,"end":10090.27},{"text":"the","start":10090.27,"end":10090.39},{"text":"different","start":10090.39,"end":10090.87},{"text":"dimensions","start":10090.87,"end":10091.63},{"text":"covered","start":10091.63,"end":10092.03},{"text":"by","start":10092.03,"end":10092.19},{"text":"the","start":10092.19,"end":10092.31},{"text":"draft","start":10092.31,"end":10092.59},{"text":"article.","start":10092.59,"end":10093.07}]},{"text":"In conclusion, I would like to thank Mr. Louis Savadogo and assure him of France's support in making progress on this essential issue for the international 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the subject of due diligence in international law, my delegation would like to thank the Special Rapporteur, Ms. Penelope Writings.","start":10105.19,"end":10113.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":10105.19,"end":10105.43},{"text":"the","start":10105.43,"end":10105.51},{"text":"subject","start":10105.51,"end":10106.07},{"text":"of","start":10106.15,"end":10106.55},{"text":"due","start":10106.95,"end":10107.35},{"text":"diligence","start":10107.35,"end":10107.87},{"text":"in","start":10107.87,"end":10107.99},{"text":"international","start":10107.99,"end":10108.67},{"text":"law,","start":10108.67,"end":10108.87},{"text":"my","start":10108.87,"end":10109.19},{"text":"delegation","start":10109.19,"end":10109.75},{"text":"would","start":10109.75,"end":10109.91},{"text":"like","start":10109.91,"end":10110.07},{"text":"to","start":10110.07,"end":10110.23},{"text":"thank","start":10110.23,"end":10110.55},{"text":"the","start":10110.55,"end":10110.63},{"text":"Special","start":10110.63,"end":10111.11},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":10111.11,"end":10111.79},{"text":"Ms.","start":10111.79,"end":10112.39},{"text":"Penelope","start":10112.39,"end":10112.87},{"text":"Writings.","start":10112.87,"end":10113.43}]},{"text":"France will follow with interest the Commission's work on this issue, which permeates many branches of international law.","start":10115.59,"end":10122.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"France","start":10115.59,"end":10115.99},{"text":"will","start":10115.99,"end":10116.23},{"text":"follow","start":10116.23,"end":10116.55},{"text":"with","start":10116.55,"end":10116.79},{"text":"interest","start":10116.79,"end":10117.23},{"text":"the","start":10117.23,"end":10117.31},{"text":"Commission's","start":10117.31,"end":10117.83},{"text":"work","start":10117.83,"end":10118.11},{"text":"on","start":10118.11,"end":10118.19},{"text":"this","start":10118.19,"end":10118.39},{"text":"issue,","start":10118.39,"end":10118.79},{"text":"which","start":10119.51,"end":10120.07},{"text":"permeates","start":10120.07,"end":10120.79},{"text":"many","start":10120.79,"end":10121.59},{"text":"branches","start":10121.59,"end":10122.07},{"text":"of","start":10122.07,"end":10122.15},{"text":"international","start":10122.15,"end":10122.75},{"text":"law.","start":10122.75,"end":10122.95}]},{"text":"The principle of due diligence has undergone significant developments in recent years, both in environmental law and cyber matters, to name just two examples.","start":10124.03,"end":10134.67,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10124.03,"end":10124.07},{"text":"principle","start":10124.07,"end":10124.59},{"text":"of","start":10124.59,"end":10124.75},{"text":"due","start":10124.75,"end":10125.07},{"text":"diligence","start":10125.07,"end":10126.03},{"text":"has","start":10126.11,"end":10126.59},{"text":"undergone","start":10126.59,"end":10127.71},{"text":"significant","start":10127.71,"end":10128.51},{"text":"developments","start":10128.51,"end":10129.15},{"text":"in","start":10129.15,"end":10129.27},{"text":"recent","start":10129.27,"end":10129.67},{"text":"years,","start":10129.67,"end":10130.11},{"text":"both","start":10130.11,"end":10130.51},{"text":"in","start":10130.51,"end":10130.59},{"text":"environmental","start":10130.59,"end":10131.47},{"text":"law","start":10131.47,"end":10131.71},{"text":"and","start":10131.71,"end":10131.99},{"text":"cyber","start":10131.99,"end":10132.51},{"text":"matters,","start":10132.51,"end":10133.07},{"text":"to","start":10133.07,"end":10133.47},{"text":"name","start":10133.47,"end":10133.71},{"text":"just","start":10133.71,"end":10133.91},{"text":"two","start":10133.91,"end":10134.07},{"text":"examples.","start":10134.07,"end":10134.67}]},{"text":"The topic also raises a number of policy issues on which the Commission's guidance will be useful, including whether due diligence is a standard of conduct related to the implementation of primary obligations, or whether it is a general obligation of responsible conduct.","start":10135.95,"end":10155.67,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10135.95,"end":10136.07},{"text":"topic","start":10136.11,"end":10136.51},{"text":"also","start":10136.51,"end":10137.07},{"text":"raises","start":10137.07,"end":10137.67},{"text":"a","start":10137.67,"end":10137.71},{"text":"number","start":10137.71,"end":10138.11},{"text":"of","start":10138.11,"end":10138.19},{"text":"policy","start":10138.19,"end":10138.67},{"text":"issues","start":10138.67,"end":10139.15},{"text":"on","start":10139.15,"end":10139.35},{"text":"which","start":10139.35,"end":10139.79},{"text":"the","start":10139.79,"end":10139.99},{"text":"Commission's","start":10139.99,"end":10140.59},{"text":"guidance","start":10140.59,"end":10141.15},{"text":"will","start":10141.15,"end":10141.31},{"text":"be","start":10141.31,"end":10141.47},{"text":"useful,","start":10141.47,"end":10142.11},{"text":"including","start":10142.11,"end":10142.99},{"text":"whether","start":10143.31,"end":10143.95},{"text":"due","start":10144.03,"end":10144.43},{"text":"diligence","start":10144.43,"end":10145.07},{"text":"is","start":10145.07,"end":10145.39},{"text":"a","start":10145.39,"end":10145.43},{"text":"standard","start":10145.43,"end":10146.03},{"text":"of","start":10146.03,"end":10146.27},{"text":"conduct","start":10146.27,"end":10146.99},{"text":"related","start":10146.99,"end":10147.83},{"text":"to","start":10147.83,"end":10148.19},{"text":"the","start":10148.19,"end":10148.27},{"text":"implementation","start":10148.27,"end":10149.23},{"text":"of","start":10149.23,"end":10149.31},{"text":"primary","start":10149.31,"end":10149.79},{"text":"obligations,","start":10149.79,"end":10150.59},{"text":"or","start":10151.43,"end":10151.67},{"text":"whether","start":10151.75,"end":10152.31},{"text":"it","start":10152.31,"end":10152.47},{"text":"is","start":10152.47,"end":10152.71},{"text":"a","start":10152.79,"end":10152.83},{"text":"general","start":10152.83,"end":10153.35},{"text":"obligation","start":10153.35,"end":10154.15},{"text":"of","start":10154.15,"end":10154.39},{"text":"responsible","start":10154.39,"end":10154.95},{"text":"conduct.","start":10154.95,"end":10155.67}]},{"text":"My delegation has taken note of the Commission's request for information from States on this subject and will certainly respond in due course.","start":10156.91,"end":10164.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":10156.91,"end":10157.03},{"text":"delegation","start":10157.03,"end":10157.55},{"text":"has","start":10157.55,"end":10157.67},{"text":"taken","start":10157.67,"end":10158.15},{"text":"note","start":10158.15,"end":10158.39},{"text":"of","start":10158.39,"end":10158.47},{"text":"the","start":10158.47,"end":10158.59},{"text":"Commission's","start":10158.59,"end":10159.07},{"text":"request","start":10159.07,"end":10159.51},{"text":"for","start":10159.51,"end":10159.63},{"text":"information","start":10159.63,"end":10160.47},{"text":"from","start":10160.47,"end":10160.79},{"text":"States","start":10160.79,"end":10161.11},{"text":"on","start":10161.11,"end":10161.19},{"text":"this","start":10161.19,"end":10161.35},{"text":"subject","start":10161.35,"end":10161.79},{"text":"and","start":10162.23,"end":10162.51},{"text":"will","start":10162.51,"end":10162.63},{"text":"certainly","start":10162.63,"end":10163.11},{"text":"respond","start":10163.11,"end":10163.67},{"text":"in","start":10163.67,"end":10163.79},{"text":"due","start":10163.79,"end":10163.99},{"text":"course.","start":10163.99,"end":10164.39}]},{"text":"And finally, on the subject of compensation for damage caused by an internationally wrongful act, my delegation has taken note of the discussions held in the Commission during this session And thanks to Special Rapporteur, Mr. Martyns Pāperins, for his first report on the subject.","start":10165.95,"end":10185.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":10165.95,"end":10166.07},{"text":"finally,","start":10166.07,"end":10166.63},{"text":"on","start":10167.03,"end":10167.27},{"text":"the","start":10167.27,"end":10167.39},{"text":"subject","start":10167.39,"end":10167.95},{"text":"of","start":10167.95,"end":10168.15},{"text":"compensation","start":10168.15,"end":10168.95},{"text":"for","start":10168.95,"end":10169.19},{"text":"damage","start":10169.19,"end":10169.67},{"text":"caused","start":10169.67,"end":10170.31},{"text":"by","start":10170.31,"end":10170.63},{"text":"an","start":10170.63,"end":10170.71},{"text":"internationally","start":10170.71,"end":10171.67},{"text":"wrongful","start":10171.67,"end":10172.15},{"text":"act,","start":10172.15,"end":10172.63},{"text":"my","start":10173.51,"end":10173.67},{"text":"delegation","start":10173.67,"end":10174.23},{"text":"has","start":10174.23,"end":10174.47},{"text":"taken","start":10174.47,"end":10174.95},{"text":"note","start":10174.95,"end":10175.19},{"text":"of","start":10175.19,"end":10175.27},{"text":"the","start":10175.27,"end":10175.39},{"text":"discussions","start":10175.39,"end":10175.99},{"text":"held","start":10175.99,"end":10176.31},{"text":"in","start":10176.31,"end":10176.55},{"text":"the","start":10176.55,"end":10176.63},{"text":"Commission","start":10176.63,"end":10177.27},{"text":"during","start":10177.27,"end":10177.59},{"text":"this","start":10177.59,"end":10177.83},{"text":"session","start":10177.83,"end":10178.23},{"text":"And","start":10179.07,"end":10179.19},{"text":"thanks","start":10179.19,"end":10179.51},{"text":"to","start":10179.51,"end":10179.59},{"text":"Special","start":10179.59,"end":10179.95},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":10179.95,"end":10180.67},{"text":"Mr.","start":10180.67,"end":10181.15},{"text":"Martyns","start":10181.63,"end":10182.27},{"text":"Pāperins,","start":10182.27,"end":10182.67},{"text":"for","start":10182.99,"end":10183.47},{"text":"his","start":10183.47,"end":10183.71},{"text":"first","start":10183.71,"end":10184.03},{"text":"report","start":10184.03,"end":10184.59},{"text":"on","start":10184.59,"end":10184.83},{"text":"the","start":10184.83,"end":10184.95},{"text":"subject.","start":10184.95,"end":10185.47}]},{"text":"This is a subject of major importance for States because it is a fundamental principle of international law that any internationally wrongful act must be remedied.","start":10186.59,"end":10197.39,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":10186.59,"end":10187.23},{"text":"is","start":10187.23,"end":10187.43},{"text":"a","start":10187.43,"end":10187.47},{"text":"subject","start":10187.47,"end":10187.99},{"text":"of","start":10187.99,"end":10188.11},{"text":"major","start":10188.11,"end":10188.55},{"text":"importance","start":10188.55,"end":10188.99},{"text":"for","start":10188.99,"end":10189.11},{"text":"States","start":10189.11,"end":10189.71},{"text":"because","start":10189.71,"end":10190.11},{"text":"it","start":10190.11,"end":10190.31},{"text":"is","start":10190.31,"end":10190.51},{"text":"a","start":10190.51,"end":10190.67},{"text":"fundamental","start":10190.67,"end":10191.31},{"text":"principle","start":10191.31,"end":10191.75},{"text":"of","start":10191.75,"end":10191.87},{"text":"international","start":10191.87,"end":10192.79},{"text":"law","start":10192.79,"end":10192.91},{"text":"that","start":10192.91,"end":10193.23},{"text":"any","start":10193.47,"end":10193.87},{"text":"internationally","start":10193.87,"end":10194.75},{"text":"wrongful","start":10194.75,"end":10195.47},{"text":"act","start":10195.47,"end":10195.95},{"text":"must","start":10196.03,"end":10196.59},{"text":"be","start":10196.59,"end":10196.83},{"text":"remedied.","start":10196.83,"end":10197.39}]},{"text":"We therefore encourage the Commission to clarify the rules on compensation.","start":10199.07,"end":10203.71,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10199.07,"end":10199.23},{"text":"therefore","start":10199.23,"end":10199.59},{"text":"encourage","start":10199.59,"end":10200.19},{"text":"the","start":10200.19,"end":10200.27},{"text":"Commission","start":10200.27,"end":10200.67},{"text":"to","start":10200.67,"end":10200.83},{"text":"clarify","start":10200.83,"end":10201.55},{"text":"the","start":10201.55,"end":10201.71},{"text":"rules","start":10201.71,"end":10202.35},{"text":"on","start":10202.43,"end":10202.67},{"text":"compensation.","start":10202.67,"end":10203.71}]},{"text":"which is one of the modalities of compensation.","start":10204.35,"end":10208.87,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"which","start":10204.35,"end":10204.95},{"text":"is","start":10204.95,"end":10205.27},{"text":"one","start":10205.27,"end":10205.83},{"text":"of","start":10206.63,"end":10207.11},{"text":"the","start":10207.11,"end":10207.23},{"text":"modalities","start":10207.23,"end":10207.83},{"text":"of","start":10207.83,"end":10208.15},{"text":"compensation.","start":10208.15,"end":10208.87}]},{"text":"At the same time, on this sensitive subject, we encourage the Commission to define precisely the scope of its work, which must be based on, first of all, on customary international law, as already codified in the draft articles on the responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts.","start":10210.55,"end":10231.19,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":10210.55,"end":10210.63},{"text":"the","start":10210.63,"end":10210.75},{"text":"same","start":10210.75,"end":10210.95},{"text":"time,","start":10210.95,"end":10211.47},{"text":"on","start":10211.47,"end":10211.55},{"text":"this","start":10211.55,"end":10211.79},{"text":"sensitive","start":10211.79,"end":10212.23},{"text":"subject,","start":10212.23,"end":10212.79},{"text":"we","start":10212.79,"end":10212.99},{"text":"encourage","start":10212.99,"end":10213.75},{"text":"the","start":10213.83,"end":10214.11},{"text":"Commission","start":10214.11,"end":10214.71},{"text":"to","start":10214.71,"end":10214.91},{"text":"define","start":10214.91,"end":10215.51},{"text":"precisely","start":10215.51,"end":10216.23},{"text":"the","start":10216.23,"end":10216.39},{"text":"scope","start":10216.39,"end":10216.79},{"text":"of","start":10216.79,"end":10216.87},{"text":"its","start":10216.87,"end":10217.03},{"text":"work,","start":10217.03,"end":10217.43},{"text":"which","start":10217.87,"end":10218.39},{"text":"must","start":10218.39,"end":10218.71},{"text":"be","start":10218.71,"end":10218.87},{"text":"based","start":10218.87,"end":10219.43},{"text":"on,","start":10219.43,"end":10219.67},{"text":"first","start":10219.67,"end":10220.19},{"text":"of","start":10220.19,"end":10220.31},{"text":"all,","start":10220.31,"end":10220.63},{"text":"on","start":10221.03,"end":10221.27},{"text":"customary","start":10221.27,"end":10221.99},{"text":"international","start":10221.99,"end":10222.75},{"text":"law,","start":10222.75,"end":10222.95},{"text":"as","start":10223.75,"end":10224.23},{"text":"already","start":10224.39,"end":10225.11},{"text":"codified","start":10225.43,"end":10226.15},{"text":"in","start":10226.15,"end":10226.39},{"text":"the","start":10226.39,"end":10226.51},{"text":"draft","start":10226.51,"end":10227.03},{"text":"articles","start":10227.03,"end":10227.59},{"text":"on","start":10227.67,"end":10227.91},{"text":"the","start":10227.91,"end":10227.99},{"text":"responsibility","start":10227.99,"end":10228.87},{"text":"of","start":10228.87,"end":10229.03},{"text":"states","start":10229.03,"end":10229.43},{"text":"for","start":10229.43,"end":10229.59},{"text":"internationally","start":10229.59,"end":10230.27},{"text":"wrongful","start":10230.27,"end":10230.71},{"text":"acts.","start":10230.71,"end":10231.19}]},{"text":"In particular, the Commission should focus its work on article 36 of those draft articles, which lays down the principle that the State responsible for the international wrongful act is obliged to compensate for the damage caused by that act to the extent that this damage is not compensated by restitution.","start":10233.35,"end":10254.07,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":10233.35,"end":10233.39},{"text":"particular,","start":10233.39,"end":10233.99},{"text":"the","start":10233.99,"end":10234.11},{"text":"Commission","start":10234.11,"end":10234.87},{"text":"should","start":10235.03,"end":10235.43},{"text":"focus","start":10235.43,"end":10235.91},{"text":"its","start":10235.91,"end":10236.31},{"text":"work","start":10236.31,"end":10236.79},{"text":"on","start":10236.79,"end":10237.11},{"text":"article","start":10237.11,"end":10237.59},{"text":"36","start":10237.59,"end":10238.55},{"text":"of","start":10238.59,"end":10238.71},{"text":"those","start":10238.71,"end":10239.03},{"text":"draft","start":10239.03,"end":10239.35},{"text":"articles,","start":10239.35,"end":10239.91},{"text":"which","start":10240.27,"end":10240.87},{"text":"lays","start":10241.43,"end":10241.83},{"text":"down","start":10241.83,"end":10242.07},{"text":"the","start":10242.07,"end":10242.23},{"text":"principle","start":10242.23,"end":10242.87},{"text":"that","start":10242.87,"end":10243.19},{"text":"the","start":10243.43,"end":10243.55},{"text":"State","start":10243.55,"end":10243.99},{"text":"responsible","start":10243.99,"end":10244.71},{"text":"for","start":10244.71,"end":10244.87},{"text":"the","start":10244.87,"end":10244.99},{"text":"international","start":10244.99,"end":10245.67},{"text":"wrongful","start":10245.67,"end":10246.15},{"text":"act","start":10246.15,"end":10246.55},{"text":"is","start":10246.55,"end":10246.79},{"text":"obliged","start":10246.79,"end":10247.51},{"text":"to","start":10247.51,"end":10247.63},{"text":"compensate","start":10247.63,"end":10248.23},{"text":"for","start":10248.23,"end":10248.39},{"text":"the","start":10248.39,"end":10248.51},{"text":"damage","start":10248.51,"end":10249.03},{"text":"caused","start":10249.27,"end":10249.59},{"text":"by","start":10249.59,"end":10249.75},{"text":"that","start":10249.75,"end":10249.99},{"text":"act","start":10249.99,"end":10250.31},{"text":"to","start":10250.47,"end":10250.63},{"text":"the","start":10250.63,"end":10250.71},{"text":"extent","start":10250.71,"end":10251.35},{"text":"that","start":10251.35,"end":10251.47},{"text":"this","start":10251.47,"end":10251.67},{"text":"damage","start":10251.67,"end":10251.99},{"text":"is","start":10251.99,"end":10252.31},{"text":"not","start":10252.31,"end":10252.63},{"text":"compensated","start":10252.63,"end":10253.19},{"text":"by","start":10253.19,"end":10253.35},{"text":"restitution.","start":10253.35,"end":10254.07}]},{"text":"This subject is an opportunity for the Commission to specify the rules by which compensation can be implemented as a modality of reparation, and not to revisit the substantive rules such as attribution of temporality of international liability law.","start":10255.19,"end":10273.15,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. 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Chair, I thank you.","start":10274.27,"end":10277.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":10274.27,"end":10274.75},{"text":"Chair,","start":10274.75,"end":10274.91},{"text":"I","start":10275.71,"end":10275.79},{"text":"thank","start":10275.83,"end":10276.11},{"text":"you.","start":10277.75,"end":10277.83}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"FRA","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"France"}},{"statement_number":46,"start":10278.59,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=2:51:19","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of France for his 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They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":10387.67,"end":10388.07},{"text":"I","start":10388.07,"end":10388.31},{"text":"turn","start":10388.31,"end":10388.75},{"text":"now","start":10388.75,"end":10388.95},{"text":"to","start":10388.95,"end":10389.11},{"text":"chapter","start":10389.11,"end":10389.55},{"text":"10","start":10389.55,"end":10389.71},{"text":"of","start":10389.71,"end":10389.79},{"text":"the","start":10389.79,"end":10389.87},{"text":"Commission's","start":10389.87,"end":10390.35},{"text":"annual","start":10390.35,"end":10390.55},{"text":"report","start":10390.55,"end":10390.95},{"text":"concerning","start":10390.95,"end":10391.43},{"text":"the","start":10391.43,"end":10391.51},{"text":"prevention","start":10391.51,"end":10392.03},{"text":"and","start":10392.03,"end":10392.15},{"text":"repression","start":10392.15,"end":10392.71},{"text":"of","start":10392.71,"end":10392.79},{"text":"piracy","start":10392.79,"end":10393.83},{"text":"and","start":10394.11,"end":10394.31},{"text":"armed","start":10394.31,"end":10394.63},{"text":"robbery","start":10394.63,"end":10395.11},{"text":"at","start":10395.43,"end":10395.67},{"text":"sea.","start":10395.67,"end":10396.07}]},{"text":"The United Kingdom thanks the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Luis Salvador, for his first report and welcomes the progress made during the Commission's 77th session.","start":10396.99,"end":10407.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10396.99,"end":10397.03},{"text":"United","start":10397.03,"end":10397.51},{"text":"Kingdom","start":10397.51,"end":10397.87},{"text":"thanks","start":10397.87,"end":10398.35},{"text":"the","start":10398.35,"end":10398.47},{"text":"Special","start":10398.47,"end":10398.79},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":10398.79,"end":10399.31},{"text":"Mr.","start":10399.31,"end":10399.59},{"text":"Luis","start":10399.59,"end":10399.83},{"text":"Salvador,","start":10399.83,"end":10400.51},{"text":"for","start":10401.07,"end":10401.23},{"text":"his","start":10401.99,"end":10402.27},{"text":"first","start":10402.27,"end":10402.59},{"text":"report","start":10402.59,"end":10403.15},{"text":"and","start":10403.31,"end":10403.47},{"text":"welcomes","start":10403.47,"end":10403.83},{"text":"the","start":10403.83,"end":10403.91},{"text":"progress","start":10403.91,"end":10404.43},{"text":"made","start":10404.43,"end":10404.79},{"text":"during","start":10404.79,"end":10405.03},{"text":"the","start":10405.03,"end":10405.11},{"text":"Commission's","start":10405.11,"end":10405.75},{"text":"77th","start":10405.75,"end":10406.51},{"text":"session.","start":10406.67,"end":10407.31}]},{"text":"The United Kingdom continues to regard this topic as a valuable contribution to the clarification and implementation of the existing international legal framework.","start":10408.03,"end":10416.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10408.03,"end":10408.11},{"text":"United","start":10408.11,"end":10408.87},{"text":"Kingdom","start":10408.87,"end":10409.23},{"text":"continues","start":10409.23,"end":10409.71},{"text":"to","start":10409.71,"end":10409.83},{"text":"regard","start":10409.83,"end":10410.23},{"text":"this","start":10410.23,"end":10410.39},{"text":"topic","start":10410.39,"end":10410.75},{"text":"as","start":10410.75,"end":10410.83},{"text":"a","start":10410.83,"end":10410.91},{"text":"valuable","start":10410.91,"end":10411.39},{"text":"contribution","start":10411.39,"end":10411.95},{"text":"to","start":10411.95,"end":10412.03},{"text":"the","start":10412.03,"end":10412.15},{"text":"clarification","start":10412.19,"end":10412.95},{"text":"and","start":10412.95,"end":10413.07},{"text":"implementation","start":10413.07,"end":10413.99},{"text":"of","start":10413.99,"end":10414.11},{"text":"the","start":10414.11,"end":10414.23},{"text":"existing","start":10414.23,"end":10414.91},{"text":"international","start":10415.39,"end":10416.03},{"text":"legal","start":10416.03,"end":10416.27},{"text":"framework.","start":10416.27,"end":10416.91}]},{"text":"We share the Commission's We welcome the Commission grounding their work firmly in state practice and existing international law, in particular the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.","start":10417.39,"end":10428.67,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10417.39,"end":10417.59},{"text":"share","start":10417.59,"end":10417.95},{"text":"the","start":10417.95,"end":10418.07},{"text":"Commission's","start":10418.07,"end":10418.83},{"text":"We","start":10419.39,"end":10419.79},{"text":"welcome","start":10420.51,"end":10420.99},{"text":"the","start":10420.99,"end":10421.07},{"text":"Commission","start":10421.07,"end":10421.51},{"text":"grounding","start":10421.51,"end":10421.95},{"text":"their","start":10421.95,"end":10422.07},{"text":"work","start":10422.07,"end":10422.43},{"text":"firmly","start":10422.43,"end":10422.79},{"text":"in","start":10422.79,"end":10422.87},{"text":"state","start":10422.87,"end":10423.11},{"text":"practice","start":10423.11,"end":10423.71},{"text":"and","start":10423.95,"end":10424.11},{"text":"existing","start":10424.11,"end":10424.51},{"text":"international","start":10424.51,"end":10425.35},{"text":"law,","start":10425.35,"end":10425.43},{"text":"in","start":10425.63,"end":10425.79},{"text":"particular","start":10425.79,"end":10426.43},{"text":"the","start":10426.43,"end":10426.51},{"text":"United","start":10426.51,"end":10426.79},{"text":"Nations","start":10426.79,"end":10427.15},{"text":"Convention","start":10427.15,"end":10427.63},{"text":"on","start":10427.63,"end":10427.71},{"text":"the","start":10427.71,"end":10427.83},{"text":"Law","start":10427.83,"end":10428.03},{"text":"of","start":10428.03,"end":10428.11},{"text":"the","start":10428.11,"end":10428.23},{"text":"Sea.","start":10428.23,"end":10428.67}]},{"text":"We also welcome its focus on practical cooperation and addressing operational challenges.","start":10429.31,"end":10434.99,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10429.31,"end":10429.55},{"text":"also","start":10429.55,"end":10429.95},{"text":"welcome","start":10429.95,"end":10430.39},{"text":"its","start":10430.39,"end":10430.51},{"text":"focus","start":10430.51,"end":10431.07},{"text":"on","start":10431.23,"end":10431.39},{"text":"practical","start":10431.39,"end":10432.11},{"text":"cooperation","start":10432.11,"end":10432.99},{"text":"and","start":10432.99,"end":10433.23},{"text":"addressing","start":10433.23,"end":10433.59},{"text":"operational","start":10433.59,"end":10434.27},{"text":"challenges.","start":10434.27,"end":10434.99}]},{"text":"We make two brief observations on points which the United Kingdom sees as important.","start":10436.43,"end":10441.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10436.43,"end":10436.59},{"text":"make","start":10436.59,"end":10436.83},{"text":"two","start":10436.83,"end":10437.15},{"text":"brief","start":10437.15,"end":10437.55},{"text":"observations","start":10437.55,"end":10438.27},{"text":"on","start":10438.27,"end":10438.39},{"text":"points","start":10438.43,"end":10438.99},{"text":"which","start":10439.19,"end":10439.39},{"text":"the","start":10439.39,"end":10439.47},{"text":"United","start":10439.51,"end":10439.95},{"text":"Kingdom","start":10439.95,"end":10440.35},{"text":"sees","start":10440.35,"end":10440.83},{"text":"as","start":10440.83,"end":10441.07},{"text":"important.","start":10441.07,"end":10441.87}]},{"text":"First, As we have often said in this Committee, we encourage the Commission to articulate expressly whether the proposal is for a new treaty, and in any event, to identify where draft provisions reflect existing law and where they constitute progressive development.","start":10442.91,"end":10457.87,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":10442.91,"end":10443.63},{"text":"As","start":10444.19,"end":10444.27},{"text":"we","start":10444.27,"end":10444.39},{"text":"have","start":10444.39,"end":10444.59},{"text":"often","start":10444.59,"end":10444.83},{"text":"said","start":10444.83,"end":10445.07},{"text":"in","start":10445.07,"end":10445.15},{"text":"this","start":10445.15,"end":10445.31},{"text":"Committee,","start":10445.31,"end":10445.87},{"text":"we","start":10446.03,"end":10446.15},{"text":"encourage","start":10446.15,"end":10446.59},{"text":"the","start":10446.59,"end":10446.67},{"text":"Commission","start":10446.67,"end":10447.07},{"text":"to","start":10447.07,"end":10447.23},{"text":"articulate","start":10447.23,"end":10447.83},{"text":"expressly","start":10447.83,"end":10448.51},{"text":"whether","start":10448.51,"end":10448.75},{"text":"the","start":10448.75,"end":10448.83},{"text":"proposal","start":10448.83,"end":10449.31},{"text":"is","start":10449.31,"end":10449.47},{"text":"for","start":10449.47,"end":10449.67},{"text":"a","start":10449.67,"end":10449.71},{"text":"new","start":10449.71,"end":10449.87},{"text":"treaty,","start":10449.87,"end":10450.43},{"text":"and","start":10450.99,"end":10451.19},{"text":"in","start":10451.19,"end":10451.31},{"text":"any","start":10451.31,"end":10451.63},{"text":"event,","start":10451.63,"end":10452.07},{"text":"to","start":10452.07,"end":10452.19},{"text":"identify","start":10452.19,"end":10452.75},{"text":"where","start":10452.75,"end":10453.07},{"text":"draft","start":10453.07,"end":10453.39},{"text":"provisions","start":10453.39,"end":10453.99},{"text":"reflect","start":10453.99,"end":10454.35},{"text":"existing","start":10454.35,"end":10454.91},{"text":"law","start":10454.91,"end":10455.31},{"text":"and","start":10455.55,"end":10455.67},{"text":"where","start":10455.67,"end":10455.95},{"text":"they","start":10455.95,"end":10456.11},{"text":"constitute","start":10456.11,"end":10456.79},{"text":"progressive","start":10456.79,"end":10457.27},{"text":"development.","start":10457.27,"end":10457.87}]},{"text":"Second, we believe it is important to maintain a clear distinction between piracy and armed robbery at sea, which are governed by distinct legal and jurisdictional frameworks.","start":10458.91,"end":10468.59,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at 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UK supports the Commission’s careful and incremental approach on this topic, and we look forward to engaging further as the work 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to the topic of due diligence in international law, the United Kingdom welcomes the first report of Special Rapporteur Ms. Penelope Rydings and commends her on the intellectual rigour of her conceptual 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particularly welcome her inclusion of diverse sources of international law, including references to jurisprudence of regional as well as specialised judicial bodies.","start":10490.99,"end":10499.23,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10490.99,"end":10491.03},{"text":"particularly","start":10491.03,"end":10491.59},{"text":"welcome","start":10491.59,"end":10491.91},{"text":"her","start":10491.91,"end":10492.03},{"text":"inclusion","start":10492.03,"end":10492.51},{"text":"of","start":10492.51,"end":10492.59},{"text":"diverse","start":10492.59,"end":10493.11},{"text":"sources","start":10493.11,"end":10493.51},{"text":"of","start":10493.51,"end":10493.63},{"text":"international","start":10493.63,"end":10494.31},{"text":"law,","start":10494.31,"end":10494.39},{"text":"including","start":10494.39,"end":10494.83},{"text":"references","start":10494.83,"end":10495.39},{"text":"to","start":10495.39,"end":10495.55},{"text":"jurisprudence","start":10495.55,"end":10496.15},{"text":"of","start":10496.15,"end":10496.23},{"text":"regional","start":10496.23,"end":10496.79},{"text":"as","start":10496.79,"end":10496.91},{"text":"well","start":10496.91,"end":10497.11},{"text":"as","start":10497.11,"end":10497.31},{"text":"specialised","start":10497.31,"end":10498.15},{"text":"judicial","start":10498.19,"end":10498.67},{"text":"bodies.","start":10498.67,"end":10499.23}]},{"text":"The United Kingdom tends to view due diligence as being of relevance primarily in the context of obligations of conduct within particular legal frameworks, the most obvious of which being international environmental law.","start":10500.35,"end":10512.19,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10500.35,"end":10500.43},{"text":"United","start":10500.43,"end":10500.83},{"text":"Kingdom","start":10500.83,"end":10501.11},{"text":"tends","start":10501.11,"end":10501.47},{"text":"to","start":10501.47,"end":10501.63},{"text":"view","start":10501.63,"end":10501.95},{"text":"due","start":10501.95,"end":10502.03},{"text":"diligence","start":10502.03,"end":10502.51},{"text":"as","start":10502.51,"end":10502.67},{"text":"being","start":10502.67,"end":10502.99},{"text":"of","start":10502.99,"end":10503.11},{"text":"relevance","start":10503.11,"end":10503.51},{"text":"primarily","start":10503.51,"end":10504.27},{"text":"in","start":10504.27,"end":10504.35},{"text":"the","start":10504.35,"end":10504.43},{"text":"context","start":10504.43,"end":10504.91},{"text":"of","start":10504.91,"end":10504.99},{"text":"obligations","start":10504.99,"end":10505.59},{"text":"of","start":10505.59,"end":10505.71},{"text":"conduct","start":10505.71,"end":10506.35},{"text":"within","start":10506.51,"end":10506.83},{"text":"particular","start":10506.83,"end":10507.47},{"text":"legal","start":10507.47,"end":10507.87},{"text":"frameworks,","start":10507.87,"end":10508.59},{"text":"the","start":10508.99,"end":10509.07},{"text":"most","start":10509.07,"end":10509.35},{"text":"obvious","start":10509.35,"end":10509.71},{"text":"of","start":10509.71,"end":10509.79},{"text":"which","start":10509.79,"end":10510.11},{"text":"being","start":10510.11,"end":10510.35},{"text":"international","start":10510.35,"end":10511.07},{"text":"environmental","start":10511.07,"end":10512.03},{"text":"law.","start":10512.11,"end":10512.19}]},{"text":"We have not generally viewed this concept as extending to the domain of international law outside of those specialised legal frameworks.","start":10512.99,"end":10520.11,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10512.99,"end":10513.15},{"text":"have","start":10513.15,"end":10513.47},{"text":"not","start":10513.47,"end":10513.87},{"text":"generally","start":10514.19,"end":10514.71},{"text":"viewed","start":10514.71,"end":10515.03},{"text":"this","start":10515.03,"end":10515.23},{"text":"concept","start":10515.23,"end":10515.63},{"text":"as","start":10515.63,"end":10515.79},{"text":"extending","start":10515.79,"end":10516.23},{"text":"to","start":10516.23,"end":10516.31},{"text":"the","start":10516.31,"end":10516.39},{"text":"domain","start":10516.39,"end":10516.79},{"text":"of","start":10516.79,"end":10516.87},{"text":"international","start":10516.87,"end":10517.51},{"text":"law","start":10517.51,"end":10517.59},{"text":"outside","start":10517.59,"end":10518.27},{"text":"of","start":10518.27,"end":10518.35},{"text":"those","start":10518.35,"end":10518.55},{"text":"specialised","start":10518.55,"end":10519.15},{"text":"legal","start":10519.15,"end":10519.51},{"text":"frameworks.","start":10519.51,"end":10520.11}]},{"text":"However, we look forward to engaging constructively on this topic, noting the Commission’s request for information, and should follow the Special Rapporteur’s development of her analysis with interest.","start":10520.75,"end":10530.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":10520.75,"end":10521.03},{"text":"we","start":10521.03,"end":10521.15},{"text":"look","start":10521.15,"end":10521.31},{"text":"forward","start":10521.31,"end":10521.59},{"text":"to","start":10521.59,"end":10521.67},{"text":"engaging","start":10521.67,"end":10522.15},{"text":"constructively","start":10522.15,"end":10522.83},{"text":"on","start":10522.83,"end":10522.91},{"text":"this","start":10522.91,"end":10523.07},{"text":"topic,","start":10523.07,"end":10523.47},{"text":"noting","start":10523.71,"end":10523.99},{"text":"the","start":10523.99,"end":10524.11},{"text":"Commission’s","start":10524.11,"end":10524.51},{"text":"request","start":10524.51,"end":10524.91},{"text":"for","start":10524.91,"end":10525.03},{"text":"information,","start":10525.03,"end":10525.71},{"text":"and","start":10525.95,"end":10526.11},{"text":"should","start":10526.11,"end":10526.23},{"text":"follow","start":10526.23,"end":10526.59},{"text":"the","start":10526.59,"end":10526.67},{"text":"Special","start":10526.67,"end":10527.35},{"text":"Rapporteur’s","start":10527.47,"end":10528.11},{"text":"development","start":10528.11,"end":10528.83},{"text":"of","start":10528.83,"end":10528.95},{"text":"her","start":10528.95,"end":10529.07},{"text":"analysis","start":10529.07,"end":10529.63},{"text":"with","start":10529.63,"end":10529.87},{"text":"interest.","start":10529.87,"end":10530.51}]},{"text":"Finally, Chair, turning to compensation for damage caused by internationally wrongful acts, the United Kingdom welcomes the inclusion of this topic and expresses its appreciation to the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Martiņš Pāperinskis, for his first report and the careful thought that has been given to the scope of this topic.","start":10531.47,"end":10549.71,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. 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United Kingdom welcomes the Special Rapporteur’s commitment to indicate where outputs represent codification or progressive development of international law, noting the importance of evidence of consistent state practice and opinio juris when drawing that 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look forward to continued engagement on this topic.","start":10575.95,"end":10579.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10575.95,"end":10576.11},{"text":"look","start":10576.11,"end":10576.35},{"text":"forward","start":10576.35,"end":10576.71},{"text":"to","start":10576.71,"end":10577.07},{"text":"continued","start":10577.07,"end":10577.67},{"text":"engagement","start":10577.67,"end":10578.43},{"text":"on","start":10578.67,"end":10578.83},{"text":"this","start":10578.83,"end":10579.07},{"text":"topic.","start":10579.07,"end":10579.63}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":10580.31,"end":10580.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10580.31,"end":10580.51},{"text":"you,","start":10580.51,"end":10580.59},{"text":"Chair.","start":10580.59,"end":10580.83}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"GBR","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}},{"statement_number":48,"start":10583.79,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=2:56:24","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the United Kingdom for his statement.","start":10583.79,"end":10587.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10583.79,"end":10583.95},{"text":"thank","start":10583.95,"end":10584.31},{"text":"the","start":10584.31,"end":10584.43},{"text":"distinguished","start":10584.43,"end":10584.99},{"text":"representative","start":10584.99,"end":10585.79},{"text":"of","start":10585.79,"end":10585.87},{"text":"the","start":10585.87,"end":10585.95},{"text":"United","start":10585.95,"end":10586.39},{"text":"Kingdom","start":10586.39,"end":10586.83},{"text":"for","start":10586.83,"end":10587.03},{"text":"his","start":10587.03,"end":10587.19},{"text":"statement.","start":10587.19,"end":10587.63}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Portugal.","start":10587.63,"end":10591.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10587.63,"end":10587.71},{"text":"now","start":10587.71,"end":10587.87},{"text":"give","start":10588.35,"end":10588.59},{"text":"the","start":10588.59,"end":10588.67},{"text":"floor","start":10588.67,"end":10588.91},{"text":"to","start":10588.91,"end":10589.07},{"text":"the","start":10589.07,"end":10589.19},{"text":"distinguished","start":10589.67,"end":10590.27},{"text":"representative","start":10590.83,"end":10591.55},{"text":"of","start":10591.55,"end":10591.63},{"text":"Portugal.","start":10591.63,"end":10591.99}]},{"text":"You have the floor, madam.","start":10591.99,"end":10592.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":10591.99,"end":10592.07},{"text":"have","start":10592.07,"end":10592.19},{"text":"the","start":10592.19,"end":10592.27},{"text":"floor,","start":10592.27,"end":10592.43},{"text":"madam.","start":10592.43,"end":10592.75}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":49,"start":10593.07,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=2:56:34","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Portugal aligns itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union and its member states and would like to offer a few additional remarks in its national 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the topic of non-legally binding international agreements, We take note of the Commission's decision to retain the term non-legally binding international agreements, while acknowledging that the use of the term agreement may pose some challenges.","start":10603.31,"end":10617.67,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":10603.31,"end":10603.79},{"text":"the","start":10603.79,"end":10603.87},{"text":"topic","start":10603.87,"end":10604.35},{"text":"of","start":10604.35,"end":10604.43},{"text":"non-legally","start":10604.43,"end":10605.07},{"text":"binding","start":10605.07,"end":10605.55},{"text":"international","start":10605.59,"end":10606.23},{"text":"agreements,","start":10606.23,"end":10606.71},{"text":"We","start":10607.23,"end":10607.35},{"text":"take","start":10607.35,"end":10607.59},{"text":"note","start":10607.59,"end":10607.95},{"text":"of","start":10607.95,"end":10608.07},{"text":"the","start":10608.07,"end":10608.15},{"text":"Commission's","start":10608.15,"end":10608.75},{"text":"decision","start":10608.75,"end":10609.19},{"text":"to","start":10609.19,"end":10609.31},{"text":"retain","start":10609.31,"end":10609.75},{"text":"the","start":10609.75,"end":10609.83},{"text":"term","start":10609.83,"end":10610.11},{"text":"non-legally","start":10610.11,"end":10610.79},{"text":"binding","start":10610.79,"end":10611.19},{"text":"international","start":10611.19,"end":10611.87},{"text":"agreements,","start":10611.87,"end":10612.47},{"text":"while","start":10612.83,"end":10613.15},{"text":"acknowledging","start":10613.15,"end":10613.83},{"text":"that","start":10614.15,"end":10614.47},{"text":"the","start":10614.55,"end":10614.63},{"text":"use","start":10614.63,"end":10614.83},{"text":"of","start":10614.83,"end":10614.95},{"text":"the","start":10614.95,"end":10615.03},{"text":"term","start":10615.03,"end":10615.51},{"text":"agreement","start":10615.59,"end":10616.15},{"text":"may","start":10616.15,"end":10616.39},{"text":"pose","start":10616.39,"end":10616.71},{"text":"some","start":10616.71,"end":10616.95},{"text":"challenges.","start":10616.95,"end":10617.67}]},{"text":"Portugal welcomes the recent trend towards enhanced transparency, including legislative innovations requiring the registration and publication of significant non-legally binding instruments.","start":10618.23,"end":10630.63,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Portugal","start":10618.23,"end":10618.67},{"text":"welcomes","start":10618.67,"end":10619.07},{"text":"the","start":10619.07,"end":10619.15},{"text":"recent","start":10619.15,"end":10619.55},{"text":"trend","start":10619.55,"end":10619.91},{"text":"towards","start":10619.91,"end":10620.55},{"text":"enhanced","start":10620.83,"end":10621.35},{"text":"transparency,","start":10621.51,"end":10622.47},{"text":"including","start":10622.79,"end":10623.27},{"text":"legislative","start":10623.27,"end":10623.99},{"text":"innovations","start":10623.99,"end":10624.79},{"text":"requiring","start":10625.07,"end":10625.75},{"text":"the","start":10625.75,"end":10625.83},{"text":"registration","start":10625.83,"end":10626.63},{"text":"and","start":10626.67,"end":10626.83},{"text":"publication","start":10626.83,"end":10627.59},{"text":"of","start":10627.95,"end":10628.03},{"text":"significant","start":10628.03,"end":10628.87},{"text":"non-legally","start":10629.03,"end":10629.63},{"text":"binding","start":10629.63,"end":10629.99},{"text":"instruments.","start":10629.99,"end":10630.63}]},{"text":"and notice that draft conclusion two preserves the rule and procedures followed by states for drafting and adopting these.","start":10630.95,"end":10640.55,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":10630.95,"end":10631.11},{"text":"notice","start":10631.11,"end":10631.67},{"text":"that","start":10631.91,"end":10632.31},{"text":"draft","start":10632.31,"end":10632.63},{"text":"conclusion","start":10632.63,"end":10633.19},{"text":"two","start":10633.19,"end":10633.51},{"text":"preserves","start":10633.83,"end":10634.47},{"text":"the","start":10634.47,"end":10634.59},{"text":"rule","start":10634.63,"end":10634.95},{"text":"and","start":10635.19,"end":10635.31},{"text":"procedures","start":10635.31,"end":10635.99},{"text":"followed","start":10635.99,"end":10636.55},{"text":"by","start":10636.55,"end":10636.71},{"text":"states","start":10636.87,"end":10637.43},{"text":"for","start":10637.67,"end":10637.83},{"text":"drafting","start":10637.83,"end":10638.47},{"text":"and","start":10638.55,"end":10638.75},{"text":"adopting","start":10638.75,"end":10639.35},{"text":"these.","start":10640.15,"end":10640.55}]},{"text":"We encourage the commission to address in its future work the role of transparency and publicity in the practice relating to these instruments.","start":10641.19,"end":10649.47,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10641.19,"end":10641.39},{"text":"encourage","start":10641.39,"end":10641.91},{"text":"the","start":10641.91,"end":10642.07},{"text":"commission","start":10642.07,"end":10642.55},{"text":"to","start":10642.55,"end":10642.67},{"text":"address","start":10642.67,"end":10643.19},{"text":"in","start":10643.27,"end":10643.43},{"text":"its","start":10643.47,"end":10643.63},{"text":"future","start":10643.63,"end":10644.03},{"text":"work","start":10644.03,"end":10644.39},{"text":"the","start":10644.63,"end":10644.79},{"text":"role","start":10644.79,"end":10645.19},{"text":"of","start":10645.23,"end":10645.35},{"text":"transparency","start":10645.35,"end":10646.11},{"text":"and","start":10646.11,"end":10646.27},{"text":"publicity","start":10646.27,"end":10647.03},{"text":"in","start":10647.35,"end":10647.51},{"text":"the","start":10647.51,"end":10647.59},{"text":"practice","start":10647.59,"end":10648.07},{"text":"relating","start":10648.07,"end":10648.55},{"text":"to","start":10648.55,"end":10648.63},{"text":"these","start":10648.63,"end":10648.87},{"text":"instruments.","start":10648.87,"end":10649.47}]},{"text":"While non-legally binding international instruments do not, as such, create any rights or obligations under international law or constitute a prerequisite of an international legally binding instrument, they may influence treaty, practice, or the development of customary international law.","start":10650.19,"end":10668.63,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":10650.19,"end":10650.55},{"text":"non-legally","start":10650.55,"end":10651.11},{"text":"binding","start":10651.11,"end":10651.59},{"text":"international","start":10651.59,"end":10652.31},{"text":"instruments","start":10652.31,"end":10652.79},{"text":"do","start":10652.79,"end":10652.95},{"text":"not,","start":10652.95,"end":10653.35},{"text":"as","start":10653.35,"end":10653.47},{"text":"such,","start":10653.47,"end":10653.99},{"text":"create","start":10654.47,"end":10654.95},{"text":"any","start":10655.03,"end":10655.31},{"text":"rights","start":10655.31,"end":10655.75},{"text":"or","start":10655.75,"end":10655.95},{"text":"obligations","start":10655.95,"end":10656.63},{"text":"under","start":10656.63,"end":10656.87},{"text":"international","start":10656.87,"end":10657.83},{"text":"law","start":10658.07,"end":10658.15},{"text":"or","start":10658.15,"end":10658.23},{"text":"constitute","start":10658.23,"end":10658.95},{"text":"a","start":10659.11,"end":10659.15},{"text":"prerequisite","start":10659.15,"end":10659.99},{"text":"of","start":10660.43,"end":10660.51},{"text":"an","start":10660.51,"end":10660.63},{"text":"international","start":10660.63,"end":10661.31},{"text":"legally","start":10661.31,"end":10661.67},{"text":"binding","start":10661.67,"end":10662.07},{"text":"instrument,","start":10662.07,"end":10662.63},{"text":"they","start":10662.95,"end":10663.11},{"text":"may","start":10663.11,"end":10663.35},{"text":"influence","start":10663.43,"end":10663.99},{"text":"treaty,","start":10663.99,"end":10664.55},{"text":"practice,","start":10664.79,"end":10665.43},{"text":"or","start":10665.75,"end":10665.91},{"text":"the","start":10665.91,"end":10665.99},{"text":"development","start":10665.99,"end":10666.71},{"text":"of","start":10666.83,"end":10667.03},{"text":"customary","start":10667.11,"end":10667.63},{"text":"international","start":10667.63,"end":10668.55},{"text":"law.","start":10668.55,"end":10668.63}]},{"text":"In this regard, Porto looks forward to the Commission's future work on the possible legal implications of non-legally binding international agreements.","start":10668.95,"end":10677.35,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":10668.95,"end":10669.07},{"text":"this","start":10669.07,"end":10669.27},{"text":"regard,","start":10669.27,"end":10669.75},{"text":"Porto","start":10669.75,"end":10670.07},{"text":"looks","start":10670.07,"end":10670.55},{"text":"forward","start":10670.55,"end":10671.03},{"text":"to","start":10671.43,"end":10671.55},{"text":"the","start":10671.55,"end":10671.67},{"text":"Commission's","start":10671.67,"end":10672.19},{"text":"future","start":10672.19,"end":10672.55},{"text":"work","start":10672.55,"end":10672.87},{"text":"on","start":10673.19,"end":10673.27},{"text":"the","start":10673.27,"end":10673.39},{"text":"possible","start":10673.39,"end":10673.87},{"text":"legal","start":10673.87,"end":10674.11},{"text":"implications","start":10674.11,"end":10674.83},{"text":"of","start":10674.91,"end":10675.03},{"text":"non-legally","start":10675.03,"end":10675.75},{"text":"binding","start":10675.75,"end":10676.15},{"text":"international","start":10676.23,"end":10676.91},{"text":"agreements.","start":10676.91,"end":10677.35}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, regarding the assessment of whether an international instrument is legally binding or not, Portugal welcomes the draft conclusion 4 and 5, notably the recognition that the intention of the participants is decisive, is assessed on case-by-case basis, and is normally identified by an express indication.","start":10678.51,"end":10699.35,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":10678.51,"end":10678.79},{"text":"Chair,","start":10678.79,"end":10679.19},{"text":"regarding","start":10679.59,"end":10680.07},{"text":"the","start":10680.07,"end":10680.15},{"text":"assessment","start":10680.15,"end":10680.83},{"text":"of","start":10680.99,"end":10681.11},{"text":"whether","start":10681.11,"end":10681.67},{"text":"an","start":10681.79,"end":10681.87},{"text":"international","start":10681.87,"end":10682.55},{"text":"instrument","start":10682.55,"end":10683.11},{"text":"is","start":10683.43,"end":10683.59},{"text":"legally","start":10683.59,"end":10683.99},{"text":"binding","start":10683.99,"end":10684.39},{"text":"or","start":10684.39,"end":10684.55},{"text":"not,","start":10684.55,"end":10685.03},{"text":"Portugal","start":10685.03,"end":10685.47},{"text":"welcomes","start":10685.47,"end":10685.87},{"text":"the","start":10685.87,"end":10685.95},{"text":"draft","start":10685.95,"end":10686.23},{"text":"conclusion","start":10686.23,"end":10686.79},{"text":"4","start":10686.79,"end":10686.99},{"text":"and","start":10686.99,"end":10687.11},{"text":"5,","start":10687.11,"end":10687.51},{"text":"notably","start":10687.91,"end":10688.39},{"text":"the","start":10688.39,"end":10688.47},{"text":"recognition","start":10688.47,"end":10689.35},{"text":"that","start":10689.59,"end":10689.79},{"text":"the","start":10689.79,"end":10689.87},{"text":"intention","start":10689.87,"end":10690.39},{"text":"of","start":10690.39,"end":10690.51},{"text":"the","start":10690.51,"end":10690.63},{"text":"participants","start":10690.63,"end":10691.47},{"text":"is","start":10691.75,"end":10691.91},{"text":"decisive,","start":10691.91,"end":10692.63},{"text":"is","start":10693.03,"end":10693.19},{"text":"assessed","start":10693.19,"end":10693.71},{"text":"on","start":10693.91,"end":10694.15},{"text":"case-by-case","start":10694.15,"end":10695.11},{"text":"basis,","start":10695.27,"end":10695.83},{"text":"and","start":10696.15,"end":10696.31},{"text":"is","start":10696.31,"end":10696.47},{"text":"normally","start":10696.47,"end":10696.83},{"text":"identified","start":10696.83,"end":10697.59},{"text":"by","start":10697.59,"end":10697.79},{"text":"an","start":10697.79,"end":10697.95},{"text":"express","start":10697.95,"end":10698.63},{"text":"indication.","start":10698.63,"end":10699.35}]},{"text":"We thus support the Commission's forthcoming work to identify the relevant elements that may establish the intention of the participants to be or not to be legally bound, given that the notion of intention to be bound has long been marked by ambiguity in practice.","start":10699.99,"end":10717.19,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10699.99,"end":10700.15},{"text":"thus","start":10700.15,"end":10700.43},{"text":"support","start":10700.43,"end":10700.91},{"text":"the","start":10700.91,"end":10701.03},{"text":"Commission's","start":10701.03,"end":10701.67},{"text":"forthcoming","start":10701.67,"end":10702.31},{"text":"work","start":10702.31,"end":10702.67},{"text":"to","start":10702.95,"end":10703.11},{"text":"identify","start":10703.11,"end":10703.75},{"text":"the","start":10703.75,"end":10703.83},{"text":"relevant","start":10703.83,"end":10704.31},{"text":"elements","start":10704.31,"end":10704.87},{"text":"that","start":10704.87,"end":10705.11},{"text":"may","start":10705.11,"end":10705.35},{"text":"establish","start":10705.35,"end":10705.99},{"text":"the","start":10706.23,"end":10706.35},{"text":"intention","start":10706.35,"end":10706.87},{"text":"of","start":10706.99,"end":10707.11},{"text":"the","start":10707.11,"end":10707.19},{"text":"participants","start":10707.19,"end":10708.07},{"text":"to","start":10708.39,"end":10708.55},{"text":"be","start":10708.55,"end":10708.79},{"text":"or","start":10708.79,"end":10708.95},{"text":"not","start":10708.95,"end":10709.23},{"text":"to","start":10709.23,"end":10709.31},{"text":"be","start":10709.35,"end":10709.67},{"text":"legally","start":10709.67,"end":10710.07},{"text":"bound,","start":10710.07,"end":10710.47},{"text":"given","start":10710.95,"end":10711.27},{"text":"that","start":10711.27,"end":10711.51},{"text":"the","start":10711.51,"end":10711.63},{"text":"notion","start":10711.63,"end":10712.11},{"text":"of","start":10712.11,"end":10712.23},{"text":"intention","start":10712.23,"end":10712.87},{"text":"to","start":10713.03,"end":10713.15},{"text":"be","start":10713.19,"end":10713.35},{"text":"bound","start":10713.35,"end":10713.75},{"text":"has","start":10714.15,"end":10714.47},{"text":"long","start":10714.47,"end":10714.71},{"text":"been","start":10714.71,"end":10714.95},{"text":"marked","start":10714.95,"end":10715.35},{"text":"by","start":10715.35,"end":10715.59},{"text":"ambiguity","start":10715.59,"end":10716.39},{"text":"in","start":10716.39,"end":10716.55},{"text":"practice.","start":10716.55,"end":10717.19}]},{"text":"The terms used in international legal instruments, the form of designation, and the absence of provisions that are typical for international legally binding instruments may be important aspects in assessing the intention of the participants.","start":10717.59,"end":10732.39,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10717.59,"end":10717.67},{"text":"terms","start":10717.99,"end":10718.35},{"text":"used","start":10718.39,"end":10718.83},{"text":"in","start":10718.87,"end":10719.03},{"text":"international","start":10719.03,"end":10719.75},{"text":"legal","start":10719.75,"end":10720.07},{"text":"instruments,","start":10720.07,"end":10720.83},{"text":"the","start":10721.03,"end":10721.23},{"text":"form","start":10721.23,"end":10721.59},{"text":"of","start":10721.63,"end":10721.83},{"text":"designation,","start":10721.83,"end":10722.63},{"text":"and","start":10722.79,"end":10722.99},{"text":"the","start":10722.99,"end":10723.07},{"text":"absence","start":10723.07,"end":10723.59},{"text":"of","start":10723.59,"end":10723.71},{"text":"provisions","start":10723.71,"end":10724.39},{"text":"that","start":10724.99,"end":10725.31},{"text":"are","start":10725.31,"end":10725.47},{"text":"typical","start":10725.47,"end":10726.03},{"text":"for","start":10726.03,"end":10726.15},{"text":"international","start":10726.15,"end":10726.71},{"text":"legally","start":10726.71,"end":10727.07},{"text":"binding","start":10727.07,"end":10727.43},{"text":"instruments","start":10727.43,"end":10727.95},{"text":"may","start":10727.95,"end":10728.15},{"text":"be","start":10728.15,"end":10728.23},{"text":"important","start":10728.23,"end":10728.83},{"text":"aspects","start":10728.83,"end":10729.55},{"text":"in","start":10729.83,"end":10729.95},{"text":"assessing","start":10729.95,"end":10730.59},{"text":"the","start":10730.75,"end":10730.87},{"text":"intention","start":10730.87,"end":10731.35},{"text":"of","start":10731.35,"end":10731.47},{"text":"the","start":10731.47,"end":10731.55},{"text":"participants.","start":10731.55,"end":10732.39}]},{"text":"We encourage the Commission to take them into account, together with their relative weight, in its future work.","start":10732.91,"end":10739.95,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10732.91,"end":10733.07},{"text":"encourage","start":10733.07,"end":10733.55},{"text":"the","start":10733.55,"end":10733.63},{"text":"Commission","start":10733.63,"end":10734.11},{"text":"to","start":10734.11,"end":10734.27},{"text":"take","start":10734.31,"end":10734.51},{"text":"them","start":10734.51,"end":10734.83},{"text":"into","start":10734.83,"end":10735.11},{"text":"account,","start":10735.11,"end":10735.59},{"text":"together","start":10735.59,"end":10736.03},{"text":"with","start":10736.03,"end":10736.15},{"text":"their","start":10736.15,"end":10736.55},{"text":"relative","start":10736.55,"end":10737.07},{"text":"weight,","start":10737.07,"end":10737.39},{"text":"in","start":10738.35,"end":10738.59},{"text":"its","start":10738.59,"end":10738.91},{"text":"future","start":10739.15,"end":10739.55},{"text":"work.","start":10739.55,"end":10739.95}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, I will now turn to the topic prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":10740.43,"end":10746.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":10740.43,"end":10740.75},{"text":"Chair,","start":10740.75,"end":10741.23},{"text":"I","start":10741.63,"end":10741.79},{"text":"will","start":10741.79,"end":10741.95},{"text":"now","start":10741.95,"end":10742.11},{"text":"turn","start":10742.11,"end":10742.43},{"text":"to","start":10742.43,"end":10742.51},{"text":"the","start":10742.51,"end":10742.59},{"text":"topic","start":10742.59,"end":10742.99},{"text":"prevention","start":10742.99,"end":10743.63},{"text":"and","start":10743.75,"end":10743.91},{"text":"repression","start":10743.95,"end":10744.51},{"text":"of","start":10744.71,"end":10744.79},{"text":"piracy","start":10744.91,"end":10745.51},{"text":"and","start":10745.51,"end":10745.67},{"text":"armed","start":10745.71,"end":10745.99},{"text":"robbery","start":10745.99,"end":10746.43},{"text":"at","start":10746.43,"end":10746.59},{"text":"sea.","start":10746.59,"end":10746.99}]},{"text":"Portugal recognizes piracy and armed robbery at sea as persistent challenges to international security, maritime trade, and the rule of law at sea.","start":10747.55,"end":10758.11,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Portugal","start":10747.55,"end":10747.95},{"text":"recognizes","start":10747.95,"end":10748.99},{"text":"piracy","start":10749.39,"end":10749.87},{"text":"and","start":10749.87,"end":10750.03},{"text":"armed","start":10750.03,"end":10750.27},{"text":"robbery","start":10750.43,"end":10750.87},{"text":"at","start":10750.87,"end":10750.95},{"text":"sea","start":10750.95,"end":10751.39},{"text":"as","start":10751.79,"end":10752.03},{"text":"persistent","start":10752.03,"end":10752.75},{"text":"challenges","start":10753.07,"end":10753.79},{"text":"to","start":10753.87,"end":10753.99},{"text":"international","start":10753.99,"end":10754.59},{"text":"security,","start":10754.59,"end":10755.31},{"text":"maritime","start":10755.55,"end":10756.11},{"text":"trade,","start":10756.11,"end":10756.47},{"text":"and","start":10756.75,"end":10756.95},{"text":"the","start":10756.95,"end":10757.03},{"text":"rule","start":10757.03,"end":10757.23},{"text":"of","start":10757.23,"end":10757.31},{"text":"law","start":10757.31,"end":10757.67},{"text":"at","start":10757.67,"end":10757.75},{"text":"sea.","start":10757.75,"end":10758.11}]},{"text":"Their occurrence underscores the need for both a coordinated and a comprehensive response by the international community.","start":10758.59,"end":10766.35,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Their","start":10758.59,"end":10758.83},{"text":"occurrence","start":10758.83,"end":10759.47},{"text":"underscores","start":10759.47,"end":10760.19},{"text":"the","start":10760.19,"end":10760.27},{"text":"need","start":10760.27,"end":10760.59},{"text":"for","start":10760.59,"end":10760.87},{"text":"both","start":10760.87,"end":10761.19},{"text":"a","start":10762.03,"end":10762.07},{"text":"coordinated","start":10762.07,"end":10762.75},{"text":"and","start":10762.83,"end":10763.07},{"text":"a","start":10763.07,"end":10763.15},{"text":"comprehensive","start":10763.15,"end":10764.11},{"text":"response","start":10764.11,"end":10764.75},{"text":"by","start":10764.83,"end":10765.03},{"text":"the","start":10765.03,"end":10765.11},{"text":"international","start":10765.11,"end":10765.67},{"text":"community.","start":10765.67,"end":10766.35}]},{"text":"In this regard, Portugal remains firmly committed to promoting maritime security and has actively participated in several international and regional initiatives.","start":10766.67,"end":10776.43,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":10766.67,"end":10766.75},{"text":"this","start":10766.75,"end":10766.95},{"text":"regard,","start":10766.99,"end":10767.43},{"text":"Portugal","start":10767.51,"end":10767.99},{"text":"remains","start":10767.99,"end":10768.43},{"text":"firmly","start":10768.43,"end":10768.95},{"text":"committed","start":10768.95,"end":10769.43},{"text":"to","start":10769.79,"end":10769.91},{"text":"promoting","start":10769.95,"end":10770.43},{"text":"maritime","start":10770.43,"end":10770.91},{"text":"security","start":10770.91,"end":10771.63},{"text":"and","start":10771.99,"end":10772.15},{"text":"has","start":10772.15,"end":10772.31},{"text":"actively","start":10772.35,"end":10772.83},{"text":"participated","start":10772.83,"end":10773.67},{"text":"in","start":10773.71,"end":10773.87},{"text":"several","start":10773.87,"end":10774.27},{"text":"international","start":10774.27,"end":10774.99},{"text":"and","start":10774.99,"end":10775.19},{"text":"regional","start":10775.19,"end":10775.63},{"text":"initiatives.","start":10775.63,"end":10776.43}]},{"text":"Portugal welcomes the ILC's reliance on the existing international legal framework, particularly the UNCLOS, which remains the cornerstone of the legal regime governing piracy.","start":10777.19,"end":10788.79,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Portugal","start":10777.19,"end":10777.55},{"text":"welcomes","start":10777.55,"end":10777.95},{"text":"the","start":10777.95,"end":10778.07},{"text":"ILC's","start":10778.07,"end":10778.87},{"text":"reliance","start":10779.03,"end":10779.75},{"text":"on","start":10779.99,"end":10780.15},{"text":"the","start":10780.15,"end":10780.23},{"text":"existing","start":10780.23,"end":10780.71},{"text":"international","start":10780.71,"end":10781.43},{"text":"legal","start":10781.43,"end":10781.67},{"text":"framework,","start":10781.67,"end":10782.19},{"text":"particularly","start":10782.47,"end":10783.07},{"text":"the","start":10783.07,"end":10783.15},{"text":"UNCLOS,","start":10783.15,"end":10784.07},{"text":"which","start":10784.23,"end":10784.47},{"text":"remains","start":10784.47,"end":10784.91},{"text":"the","start":10784.91,"end":10784.99},{"text":"cornerstone","start":10785.27,"end":10786.23},{"text":"of","start":10786.51,"end":10786.63},{"text":"the","start":10786.63,"end":10786.71},{"text":"legal","start":10786.71,"end":10787.03},{"text":"regime","start":10787.03,"end":10787.59},{"text":"governing","start":10787.67,"end":10788.23},{"text":"piracy.","start":10788.23,"end":10788.79}]},{"text":"Care should be taken to preserve the coherence and integrity of UNCLOS and to avoid unnecessary duplication of provisions already established under the Convention.","start":10789.35,"end":10799.59,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Care","start":10789.35,"end":10789.63},{"text":"should","start":10789.63,"end":10789.83},{"text":"be","start":10789.83,"end":10789.91},{"text":"taken","start":10789.91,"end":10790.31},{"text":"to","start":10790.31,"end":10790.43},{"text":"preserve","start":10790.43,"end":10790.95},{"text":"the","start":10790.95,"end":10791.03},{"text":"coherence","start":10791.03,"end":10791.67},{"text":"and","start":10791.99,"end":10792.15},{"text":"integrity","start":10792.15,"end":10792.67},{"text":"of","start":10792.67,"end":10792.75},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":10792.75,"end":10793.75},{"text":"and","start":10794.07,"end":10794.27},{"text":"to","start":10794.27,"end":10794.35},{"text":"avoid","start":10794.35,"end":10794.87},{"text":"unnecessary","start":10794.87,"end":10795.59},{"text":"duplication","start":10795.67,"end":10796.35},{"text":"of","start":10796.35,"end":10796.47},{"text":"provisions","start":10796.47,"end":10797.19},{"text":"already","start":10797.43,"end":10797.87},{"text":"established","start":10797.87,"end":10798.55},{"text":"under","start":10798.63,"end":10798.87},{"text":"the","start":10798.87,"end":10798.95},{"text":"Convention.","start":10798.95,"end":10799.59}]},{"text":"Portugal also reiterates the importance of preserving a clear distinction between piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":10800.15,"end":10806.63,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Portugal","start":10800.15,"end":10800.55},{"text":"also","start":10800.55,"end":10800.83},{"text":"reiterates","start":10800.83,"end":10801.47},{"text":"the","start":10801.91,"end":10802.03},{"text":"importance","start":10802.03,"end":10802.59},{"text":"of","start":10802.59,"end":10802.71},{"text":"preserving","start":10802.71,"end":10803.35},{"text":"a","start":10803.43,"end":10803.47},{"text":"clear","start":10803.47,"end":10803.79},{"text":"distinction","start":10803.79,"end":10804.31},{"text":"between","start":10804.31,"end":10804.71},{"text":"piracy","start":10804.71,"end":10805.31},{"text":"and","start":10805.31,"end":10805.51},{"text":"armed","start":10805.51,"end":10805.75},{"text":"robbery","start":10805.75,"end":10806.11},{"text":"at","start":10806.11,"end":10806.19},{"text":"sea.","start":10806.19,"end":10806.63}]},{"text":"Efforts to combat piracy and armed robbery at sea must extend beyond repression alone.","start":10807.35,"end":10812.79,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Efforts","start":10807.35,"end":10807.83},{"text":"to","start":10807.83,"end":10807.91},{"text":"combat","start":10807.91,"end":10808.39},{"text":"piracy","start":10808.39,"end":10808.87},{"text":"and","start":10808.87,"end":10809.07},{"text":"armed","start":10809.07,"end":10809.35},{"text":"robbery","start":10809.35,"end":10809.75},{"text":"at","start":10809.75,"end":10809.91},{"text":"sea","start":10809.91,"end":10810.15},{"text":"must","start":10810.15,"end":10810.47},{"text":"extend","start":10810.47,"end":10811.03},{"text":"beyond","start":10811.03,"end":10811.43},{"text":"repression","start":10811.75,"end":10812.31},{"text":"alone.","start":10812.31,"end":10812.79}]},{"text":"While law enforcement remains indispensable, sustainable solutions require addressing the underlying conditions that may contribute to these crimes.","start":10813.15,"end":10821.51,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":10813.15,"end":10813.55},{"text":"law","start":10813.55,"end":10813.63},{"text":"enforcement","start":10813.63,"end":10814.31},{"text":"remains","start":10814.31,"end":10814.67},{"text":"indispensable,","start":10814.67,"end":10815.59},{"text":"sustainable","start":10815.83,"end":10816.63},{"text":"solutions","start":10816.63,"end":10817.19},{"text":"require","start":10817.19,"end":10817.83},{"text":"addressing","start":10817.83,"end":10818.39},{"text":"the","start":10818.63,"end":10818.75},{"text":"underlying","start":10818.75,"end":10819.27},{"text":"conditions","start":10819.27,"end":10819.83},{"text":"that","start":10819.83,"end":10820.07},{"text":"may","start":10820.07,"end":10820.19},{"text":"contribute","start":10820.19,"end":10820.71},{"text":"to","start":10820.71,"end":10820.79},{"text":"these","start":10820.79,"end":10820.95},{"text":"crimes.","start":10820.95,"end":10821.51}]},{"text":"Prevention and repression should therefore be regarded as mutually reinforcing pillars of any effective strategy.","start":10821.87,"end":10829.27,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Prevention","start":10821.87,"end":10822.47},{"text":"and","start":10822.47,"end":10822.63},{"text":"repression","start":10822.63,"end":10823.27},{"text":"should","start":10823.43,"end":10823.71},{"text":"therefore","start":10823.71,"end":10824.15},{"text":"be","start":10824.15,"end":10824.39},{"text":"regarded","start":10824.39,"end":10825.03},{"text":"as","start":10825.35,"end":10825.51},{"text":"mutually","start":10825.51,"end":10825.95},{"text":"reinforcing","start":10825.95,"end":10826.63},{"text":"pillars","start":10826.63,"end":10827.11},{"text":"of","start":10827.39,"end":10827.59},{"text":"any","start":10827.59,"end":10827.87},{"text":"effective","start":10827.87,"end":10828.39},{"text":"strategy.","start":10828.63,"end":10829.27}]},{"text":"We also appreciate the attention devoted to enforcement, criminal jurisdiction, confiscation, protection of victims and arrested persons, judicial cooperation, prevention, and international and regional cooperation.","start":10829.99,"end":10844.07,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10829.99,"end":10830.15},{"text":"also","start":10830.15,"end":10830.43},{"text":"appreciate","start":10830.43,"end":10831.07},{"text":"the","start":10831.07,"end":10831.15},{"text":"attention","start":10831.15,"end":10831.67},{"text":"devoted","start":10831.67,"end":10832.23},{"text":"to","start":10832.23,"end":10832.35},{"text":"enforcement,","start":10832.47,"end":10833.27},{"text":"criminal","start":10833.67,"end":10834.23},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":10834.23,"end":10834.95},{"text":"confiscation,","start":10835.19,"end":10836.15},{"text":"protection","start":10836.47,"end":10837.19},{"text":"of","start":10837.23,"end":10837.31},{"text":"victims","start":10837.31,"end":10837.83},{"text":"and","start":10837.83,"end":10837.99},{"text":"arrested","start":10837.99,"end":10838.43},{"text":"persons,","start":10838.43,"end":10838.99},{"text":"judicial","start":10839.27,"end":10839.83},{"text":"cooperation,","start":10839.83,"end":10840.63},{"text":"prevention,","start":10840.63,"end":10841.35},{"text":"and","start":10841.75,"end":10841.95},{"text":"international","start":10841.95,"end":10842.63},{"text":"and","start":10842.63,"end":10842.79},{"text":"regional","start":10842.79,"end":10843.27},{"text":"cooperation.","start":10843.27,"end":10844.07}]},{"text":"Effective responses require robust legal frameworks, capacity building, information sharing mechanisms, and operational cooperation among states and relevant organizations.","start":10844.67,"end":10855.99,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Effective","start":10844.67,"end":10845.15},{"text":"responses","start":10845.15,"end":10845.83},{"text":"require","start":10845.91,"end":10846.39},{"text":"robust","start":10846.39,"end":10846.87},{"text":"legal","start":10846.87,"end":10847.19},{"text":"frameworks,","start":10847.19,"end":10847.79},{"text":"capacity","start":10848.15,"end":10848.63},{"text":"building,","start":10848.63,"end":10849.11},{"text":"information","start":10849.35,"end":10850.07},{"text":"sharing","start":10850.15,"end":10850.55},{"text":"mechanisms,","start":10850.55,"end":10851.35},{"text":"and","start":10851.59,"end":10851.79},{"text":"operational","start":10851.79,"end":10852.39},{"text":"cooperation","start":10852.39,"end":10853.11},{"text":"among","start":10853.51,"end":10853.91},{"text":"states","start":10853.91,"end":10854.39},{"text":"and","start":10854.39,"end":10854.55},{"text":"relevant","start":10854.55,"end":10855.11},{"text":"organizations.","start":10855.11,"end":10855.99}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, On the topic of due diligence in international law, for Portugal, it is an implicit component of certain primary obligations, rather than an autonomous obligation.","start":10856.39,"end":10868.99,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":10856.39,"end":10856.67},{"text":"Chair,","start":10856.71,"end":10857.11},{"text":"On","start":10857.63,"end":10857.75},{"text":"the","start":10857.75,"end":10857.87},{"text":"topic","start":10857.87,"end":10858.27},{"text":"of","start":10858.27,"end":10858.35},{"text":"due","start":10858.35,"end":10858.51},{"text":"diligence","start":10858.51,"end":10859.15},{"text":"in","start":10859.27,"end":10859.35},{"text":"international","start":10859.35,"end":10860.35},{"text":"law,","start":10860.35,"end":10860.43},{"text":"for","start":10860.67,"end":10860.91},{"text":"Portugal,","start":10860.91,"end":10861.47},{"text":"it","start":10861.47,"end":10861.63},{"text":"is","start":10861.63,"end":10861.79},{"text":"an","start":10861.79,"end":10862.03},{"text":"implicit","start":10862.03,"end":10862.67},{"text":"component","start":10862.99,"end":10863.63},{"text":"of","start":10863.91,"end":10864.03},{"text":"certain","start":10864.03,"end":10864.67},{"text":"primary","start":10864.67,"end":10865.31},{"text":"obligations,","start":10865.71,"end":10866.51},{"text":"rather","start":10866.75,"end":10867.15},{"text":"than","start":10867.15,"end":10867.47},{"text":"an","start":10867.55,"end":10867.67},{"text":"autonomous","start":10867.67,"end":10868.27},{"text":"obligation.","start":10868.27,"end":10868.99}]},{"text":"The due diligence is also context dependent, and its requirements may vary according to the primary obligations and the relevant factual and legal circumstances.","start":10869.71,"end":10879.63,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10869.71,"end":10869.95},{"text":"due","start":10870.19,"end":10870.59},{"text":"diligence","start":10870.59,"end":10871.15},{"text":"is","start":10871.15,"end":10871.31},{"text":"also","start":10871.31,"end":10871.63},{"text":"context","start":10871.63,"end":10872.19},{"text":"dependent,","start":10872.19,"end":10872.75},{"text":"and","start":10873.07,"end":10873.23},{"text":"its","start":10873.23,"end":10873.47},{"text":"requirements","start":10873.47,"end":10874.11},{"text":"may","start":10874.11,"end":10874.27},{"text":"vary","start":10874.27,"end":10874.83},{"text":"according","start":10874.91,"end":10875.47},{"text":"to","start":10875.47,"end":10875.63},{"text":"the","start":10875.63,"end":10875.71},{"text":"primary","start":10875.71,"end":10876.15},{"text":"obligations","start":10876.15,"end":10876.91},{"text":"and","start":10877.23,"end":10877.43},{"text":"the","start":10877.43,"end":10877.51},{"text":"relevant","start":10877.51,"end":10877.95},{"text":"factual","start":10877.95,"end":10878.39},{"text":"and","start":10878.39,"end":10878.51},{"text":"legal","start":10878.51,"end":10878.83},{"text":"circumstances.","start":10878.83,"end":10879.63}]},{"text":"For this reason, it may be preferable to identify key elements for determining when and how due diligence applies, rather than establishing a rigid catalogue of obligations.","start":10880.31,"end":10891.27,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":10880.31,"end":10880.47},{"text":"this","start":10880.47,"end":10880.63},{"text":"reason,","start":10880.63,"end":10881.03},{"text":"it","start":10881.11,"end":10881.35},{"text":"may","start":10881.35,"end":10881.51},{"text":"be","start":10881.51,"end":10881.83},{"text":"preferable","start":10881.99,"end":10882.63},{"text":"to","start":10882.63,"end":10882.79},{"text":"identify","start":10882.79,"end":10883.43},{"text":"key","start":10883.67,"end":10883.91},{"text":"elements","start":10883.91,"end":10884.31},{"text":"for","start":10884.31,"end":10884.51},{"text":"determining","start":10884.51,"end":10885.11},{"text":"when","start":10885.31,"end":10885.67},{"text":"and","start":10885.67,"end":10885.87},{"text":"how","start":10885.91,"end":10886.31},{"text":"due","start":10886.31,"end":10886.55},{"text":"diligence","start":10886.55,"end":10887.11},{"text":"applies,","start":10887.11,"end":10887.67},{"text":"rather","start":10887.91,"end":10888.31},{"text":"than","start":10888.31,"end":10888.51},{"text":"establishing","start":10888.51,"end":10889.19},{"text":"a","start":10889.19,"end":10889.23},{"text":"rigid","start":10889.23,"end":10889.63},{"text":"catalogue","start":10889.63,"end":10890.11},{"text":"of","start":10890.43,"end":10890.59},{"text":"obligations.","start":10890.59,"end":10891.27}]},{"text":"The content of due diligence may be informed by multiple factors, such as reasonableness, foreseeability, and the risk of harm.","start":10892.51,"end":10901.55,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10892.51,"end":10892.55},{"text":"content","start":10892.55,"end":10893.07},{"text":"of","start":10893.27,"end":10893.39},{"text":"due","start":10893.39,"end":10893.63},{"text":"diligence","start":10893.63,"end":10894.19},{"text":"may","start":10894.19,"end":10894.43},{"text":"be","start":10894.43,"end":10894.75},{"text":"informed","start":10894.75,"end":10895.23},{"text":"by","start":10895.23,"end":10895.39},{"text":"multiple","start":10895.39,"end":10896.11},{"text":"factors,","start":10896.19,"end":10896.79},{"text":"such","start":10896.79,"end":10897.15},{"text":"as","start":10897.15,"end":10897.47},{"text":"reasonableness,","start":10897.87,"end":10898.67},{"text":"foreseeability,","start":10899.07,"end":10900.27},{"text":"and","start":10900.51,"end":10900.67},{"text":"the","start":10900.67,"end":10900.75},{"text":"risk","start":10900.75,"end":10901.03},{"text":"of","start":10901.03,"end":10901.15},{"text":"harm.","start":10901.15,"end":10901.55}]},{"text":"Measures including risk assessment, notification, consultation, information exchange, monitoring, and enforcement may help determine whether the required standard has been met, but they should be treated as contextual indicators rather than a universal checklist.","start":10901.95,"end":10919.63,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"Measures","start":10901.95,"end":10902.51},{"text":"including","start":10902.51,"end":10903.07},{"text":"risk","start":10903.07,"end":10903.39},{"text":"assessment,","start":10903.39,"end":10904.11},{"text":"notification,","start":10904.27,"end":10905.23},{"text":"consultation,","start":10905.23,"end":10906.03},{"text":"information","start":10906.03,"end":10906.67},{"text":"exchange,","start":10906.67,"end":10907.31},{"text":"monitoring,","start":10907.63,"end":10908.31},{"text":"and","start":10908.31,"end":10908.43},{"text":"enforcement","start":10908.43,"end":10909.03},{"text":"may","start":10909.39,"end":10909.55},{"text":"help","start":10909.55,"end":10909.87},{"text":"determine","start":10909.87,"end":10910.43},{"text":"whether","start":10910.83,"end":10911.23},{"text":"the","start":10911.23,"end":10911.35},{"text":"required","start":10911.35,"end":10912.03},{"text":"standard","start":10912.19,"end":10912.75},{"text":"has","start":10912.75,"end":10912.99},{"text":"been","start":10912.99,"end":10913.23},{"text":"met,","start":10913.23,"end":10913.55},{"text":"but","start":10913.87,"end":10914.11},{"text":"they","start":10914.11,"end":10914.35},{"text":"should","start":10914.35,"end":10914.63},{"text":"be","start":10914.63,"end":10914.83},{"text":"treated","start":10914.83,"end":10915.27},{"text":"as","start":10915.55,"end":10915.71},{"text":"contextual","start":10915.71,"end":10916.35},{"text":"indicators","start":10916.35,"end":10916.99},{"text":"rather","start":10917.15,"end":10917.63},{"text":"than","start":10917.87,"end":10918.19},{"text":"a","start":10918.27,"end":10918.31},{"text":"universal","start":10918.31,"end":10918.99},{"text":"checklist.","start":10918.99,"end":10919.63}]},{"text":"As to the form that the Commission’s eventual work might take, there are multiple options on the table.","start":10920.39,"end":10926.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":10920.39,"end":10920.55},{"text":"to","start":10920.55,"end":10920.63},{"text":"the","start":10920.63,"end":10920.75},{"text":"form","start":10920.75,"end":10921.11},{"text":"that","start":10921.11,"end":10921.31},{"text":"the","start":10921.31,"end":10921.39},{"text":"Commission’s","start":10921.39,"end":10921.95},{"text":"eventual","start":10921.95,"end":10922.39},{"text":"work","start":10922.39,"end":10922.79},{"text":"might","start":10923.03,"end":10923.47},{"text":"take,","start":10923.47,"end":10923.83},{"text":"there","start":10924.07,"end":10924.35},{"text":"are","start":10924.35,"end":10924.47},{"text":"multiple","start":10924.47,"end":10925.11},{"text":"options","start":10925.35,"end":10925.99},{"text":"on","start":10926.15,"end":10926.31},{"text":"the","start":10926.31,"end":10926.39},{"text":"table.","start":10926.39,"end":10926.87}]},{"text":"Portugal considers that draft principles could be excessively prescriptive and that draft guidelines could be conceptually more adequate, but we will keep an open mind as the work progresses.","start":10927.11,"end":10939.47,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"Portugal","start":10927.11,"end":10927.51},{"text":"considers","start":10927.51,"end":10928.23},{"text":"that","start":10928.23,"end":10928.55},{"text":"draft","start":10928.87,"end":10929.27},{"text":"principles","start":10929.27,"end":10929.91},{"text":"could","start":10929.91,"end":10930.11},{"text":"be","start":10930.11,"end":10930.27},{"text":"excessively","start":10930.27,"end":10930.95},{"text":"prescriptive","start":10930.95,"end":10931.67},{"text":"and","start":10932.23,"end":10932.39},{"text":"that","start":10932.39,"end":10932.63},{"text":"draft","start":10933.23,"end":10933.59},{"text":"guidelines","start":10933.59,"end":10934.07},{"text":"could","start":10934.07,"end":10934.31},{"text":"be","start":10934.31,"end":10934.43},{"text":"conceptually","start":10934.43,"end":10935.11},{"text":"more","start":10935.11,"end":10935.31},{"text":"adequate,","start":10935.31,"end":10935.99},{"text":"but","start":10936.31,"end":10936.59},{"text":"we","start":10936.59,"end":10936.67},{"text":"will","start":10936.67,"end":10936.87},{"text":"keep","start":10936.87,"end":10937.11},{"text":"an","start":10937.35,"end":10937.51},{"text":"open","start":10937.51,"end":10937.83},{"text":"mind","start":10937.83,"end":10938.19},{"text":"as","start":10938.47,"end":10938.63},{"text":"the","start":10938.63,"end":10938.71},{"text":"work","start":10938.71,"end":10938.99},{"text":"progresses.","start":10938.99,"end":10939.47}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, as to the topic compensation for the damage caused by internationally wrongful acts, Portugal is of the view that Article 36 of the Articles on State Responsibility reflects customary international law.","start":10940.31,"end":10955.79,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":10940.31,"end":10940.55},{"text":"Chair,","start":10940.55,"end":10941.03},{"text":"as","start":10941.11,"end":10941.31},{"text":"to","start":10941.31,"end":10941.43},{"text":"the","start":10941.43,"end":10941.51},{"text":"topic","start":10941.51,"end":10942.03},{"text":"compensation","start":10942.03,"end":10942.71},{"text":"for","start":10942.79,"end":10943.03},{"text":"the","start":10943.03,"end":10943.11},{"text":"damage","start":10943.11,"end":10943.59},{"text":"caused","start":10943.59,"end":10943.95},{"text":"by","start":10943.95,"end":10944.07},{"text":"internationally","start":10944.07,"end":10944.87},{"text":"wrongful","start":10945.43,"end":10945.99},{"text":"acts,","start":10945.99,"end":10946.39},{"text":"Portugal","start":10946.79,"end":10947.35},{"text":"is","start":10947.51,"end":10947.71},{"text":"of","start":10947.71,"end":10947.83},{"text":"the","start":10947.83,"end":10947.95},{"text":"view","start":10947.95,"end":10948.23},{"text":"that","start":10948.23,"end":10948.55},{"text":"Article","start":10948.55,"end":10949.11},{"text":"36","start":10949.11,"end":10949.91},{"text":"of","start":10950.03,"end":10950.23},{"text":"the","start":10950.23,"end":10950.31},{"text":"Articles","start":10950.31,"end":10950.95},{"text":"on","start":10950.95,"end":10951.27},{"text":"State","start":10951.91,"end":10952.39},{"text":"Responsibility","start":10952.39,"end":10953.35},{"text":"reflects","start":10953.59,"end":10954.31},{"text":"customary","start":10954.31,"end":10954.83},{"text":"international","start":10954.83,"end":10955.71},{"text":"law.","start":10955.71,"end":10955.79}]},{"text":"Work on this topic should supplement those articles, but not alter them.","start":10956.31,"end":10960.39,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"Work","start":10956.31,"end":10956.63},{"text":"on","start":10956.63,"end":10956.71},{"text":"this","start":10956.71,"end":10956.87},{"text":"topic","start":10956.87,"end":10957.31},{"text":"should","start":10957.35,"end":10957.63},{"text":"supplement","start":10957.63,"end":10958.19},{"text":"those","start":10958.19,"end":10958.55},{"text":"articles,","start":10958.55,"end":10959.11},{"text":"but","start":10959.11,"end":10959.35},{"text":"not","start":10959.35,"end":10959.67},{"text":"alter","start":10959.67,"end":10960.03},{"text":"them.","start":10960.07,"end":10960.39}]},{"text":"Also, as compensation is one form of reparation and not necessarily the primary one, without prejudice could be appropriate.","start":10960.95,"end":10969.19,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international organizations."}],"words":[{"text":"Also,","start":10960.95,"end":10961.35},{"text":"as","start":10961.43,"end":10961.59},{"text":"compensation","start":10961.59,"end":10962.31},{"text":"is","start":10962.35,"end":10962.51},{"text":"one","start":10962.51,"end":10962.71},{"text":"form","start":10962.71,"end":10963.11},{"text":"of","start":10963.11,"end":10963.27},{"text":"reparation","start":10963.27,"end":10963.99},{"text":"and","start":10964.23,"end":10964.43},{"text":"not","start":10964.43,"end":10964.63},{"text":"necessarily","start":10964.63,"end":10965.35},{"text":"the","start":10965.35,"end":10965.47},{"text":"primary","start":10965.51,"end":10966.15},{"text":"one,","start":10966.15,"end":10966.55},{"text":"without","start":10967.11,"end":10967.51},{"text":"prejudice","start":10967.51,"end":10968.15},{"text":"could","start":10968.15,"end":10968.39},{"text":"be","start":10968.39,"end":10968.55},{"text":"appropriate.","start":10968.55,"end":10969.19}]},{"text":"On scope, portable supports covering both interstate claims and compensation owed to individuals and other entities.","start":10969.87,"end":10978.03,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. 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They debated the study’s scope, its relationship to existing state responsibility rules, and coverage of individuals and international 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we will follow with interest.","start":11025.75,"end":11027.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"which","start":11025.75,"end":11026.03},{"text":"we","start":11026.07,"end":11026.23},{"text":"will","start":11026.23,"end":11026.59},{"text":"follow","start":11026.59,"end":11026.99},{"text":"with","start":11026.99,"end":11027.15},{"text":"interest.","start":11027.23,"end":11027.75}]},{"text":"I thank you, Madam Chair.","start":11028.11,"end":11031.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":11028.11,"end":11028.19},{"text":"thank","start":11028.31,"end":11028.47},{"text":"you,","start":11028.47,"end":11028.55},{"text":"Madam","start":11028.59,"end":11028.91},{"text":"Chair.","start":11030.95,"end":11031.11}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"PRT","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Portugal"}},{"statement_number":50,"start":11032.19,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=3:03:53","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Portugal for her statement.","start":11032.19,"end":11035.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":11032.19,"end":11032.35},{"text":"thank","start":11032.43,"end":11032.75},{"text":"the","start":11032.75,"end":11032.87},{"text":"distinguished","start":11032.91,"end":11033.47},{"text":"representative","start":11033.47,"end":11034.19},{"text":"of","start":11034.19,"end":11034.27},{"text":"Portugal","start":11034.27,"end":11034.75},{"text":"for","start":11034.75,"end":11034.91},{"text":"her","start":11034.91,"end":11035.07},{"text":"statement.","start":11035.07,"end":11035.55}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Malaysia.","start":11035.55,"end":11039.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":11035.55,"end":11035.59},{"text":"now","start":11035.59,"end":11035.79},{"text":"give","start":11035.87,"end":11036.11},{"text":"the","start":11036.11,"end":11036.27},{"text":"floor","start":11036.27,"end":11036.67},{"text":"to","start":11036.67,"end":11036.75},{"text":"the","start":11036.75,"end":11036.91},{"text":"distinguished","start":11036.91,"end":11037.47},{"text":"representative","start":11037.47,"end":11038.19},{"text":"of","start":11038.43,"end":11038.59},{"text":"Malaysia.","start":11038.59,"end":11039.07}]},{"text":"You have the floor, madam.","start":11039.07,"end":11040.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":11039.07,"end":11039.15},{"text":"have","start":11039.15,"end":11039.31},{"text":"the","start":11039.31,"end":11039.43},{"text":"floor,","start":11039.43,"end":11039.63},{"text":"madam.","start":11039.63,"end":11040.03}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}},{"statement_number":51,"start":11043.87,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=3:04:04","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Madam Chair, Malaysia will focus on three topics: prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea, non-legally binding international agreements, and due diligence in international law.","start":11043.87,"end":11053.71,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."},{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."},{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":11043.87,"end":11044.19},{"text":"Chair,","start":11044.19,"end":11044.51},{"text":"Malaysia","start":11044.67,"end":11044.99},{"text":"will","start":11044.99,"end":11045.15},{"text":"focus","start":11045.15,"end":11045.55},{"text":"on","start":11045.55,"end":11045.75},{"text":"three","start":11045.75,"end":11045.95},{"text":"topics:","start":11045.95,"end":11046.43},{"text":"prevention","start":11046.43,"end":11047.07},{"text":"and","start":11047.07,"end":11047.27},{"text":"repression","start":11047.27,"end":11047.79},{"text":"of","start":11047.79,"end":11047.87},{"text":"piracy","start":11047.87,"end":11048.39},{"text":"and","start":11048.39,"end":11048.59},{"text":"armed","start":11048.59,"end":11048.79},{"text":"robbery","start":11048.79,"end":11049.23},{"text":"at","start":11049.23,"end":11049.35},{"text":"sea,","start":11049.35,"end":11049.71},{"text":"non-legally","start":11050.03,"end":11050.51},{"text":"binding","start":11050.51,"end":11050.83},{"text":"international","start":11050.83,"end":11051.35},{"text":"agreements,","start":11051.35,"end":11051.87},{"text":"and","start":11051.87,"end":11052.15},{"text":"due","start":11052.15,"end":11052.43},{"text":"diligence","start":11052.43,"end":11052.87},{"text":"in","start":11052.87,"end":11052.99},{"text":"international","start":11052.99,"end":11053.59},{"text":"law.","start":11053.59,"end":11053.71}]},{"text":"Our full statement will be submitted to the Secretariat for applications on the Sixth Committee website.","start":11054.31,"end":11059.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":11054.31,"end":11054.39},{"text":"full","start":11054.43,"end":11054.59},{"text":"statement","start":11054.59,"end":11054.95},{"text":"will","start":11054.95,"end":11055.07},{"text":"be","start":11055.07,"end":11055.19},{"text":"submitted","start":11055.19,"end":11055.63},{"text":"to","start":11055.63,"end":11055.71},{"text":"the","start":11055.71,"end":11055.79},{"text":"Secretariat","start":11055.79,"end":11056.43},{"text":"for","start":11056.43,"end":11056.59},{"text":"applications","start":11056.59,"end":11057.39},{"text":"on","start":11057.63,"end":11057.79},{"text":"the","start":11057.79,"end":11057.91},{"text":"Sixth","start":11057.91,"end":11058.23},{"text":"Committee","start":11058.23,"end":11058.59},{"text":"website.","start":11058.59,"end":11059.07}]},{"text":"On the topic of prevention and regulation of privacy and armed robbery at sea, Malaysia commends the Special Rapporteur for his first report and offers its observations on draft articles 5 to 14.","start":11059.71,"end":11069.71,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":11059.71,"end":11059.87},{"text":"the","start":11059.87,"end":11059.95},{"text":"topic","start":11059.95,"end":11060.19},{"text":"of","start":11060.19,"end":11060.27},{"text":"prevention","start":11060.27,"end":11060.83},{"text":"and","start":11060.91,"end":11061.03},{"text":"regulation","start":11061.03,"end":11061.47},{"text":"of","start":11061.47,"end":11061.55},{"text":"privacy","start":11061.55,"end":11062.11},{"text":"and","start":11062.11,"end":11062.31},{"text":"armed","start":11062.35,"end":11062.55},{"text":"robbery","start":11062.55,"end":11062.83},{"text":"at","start":11062.83,"end":11062.91},{"text":"sea,","start":11062.91,"end":11063.35},{"text":"Malaysia","start":11063.35,"end":11063.71},{"text":"commends","start":11063.71,"end":11064.23},{"text":"the","start":11064.23,"end":11064.31},{"text":"Special","start":11064.31,"end":11064.67},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":11064.67,"end":11065.15},{"text":"for","start":11065.47,"end":11065.63},{"text":"his","start":11065.63,"end":11065.87},{"text":"first","start":11065.87,"end":11066.11},{"text":"report","start":11066.11,"end":11066.47},{"text":"and","start":11066.47,"end":11066.63},{"text":"offers","start":11066.63,"end":11066.99},{"text":"its","start":11066.99,"end":11067.15},{"text":"observations","start":11067.15,"end":11067.87},{"text":"on","start":11068.03,"end":11068.27},{"text":"draft","start":11068.27,"end":11068.59},{"text":"articles","start":11068.59,"end":11068.99},{"text":"5","start":11068.99,"end":11069.19},{"text":"to","start":11069.19,"end":11069.31},{"text":"14.","start":11069.31,"end":11069.71}]},{"text":"With respect to draft Article 5, Malaysia notes that UNCLOS leans piracy to acts by a ship’s crew, a requirement not clearly met by uncrewed platforms or land-based operators.","start":11070.51,"end":11079.79,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. 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They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Given","start":11086.99,"end":11087.39},{"text":"that","start":11087.39,"end":11087.55},{"text":"piracy","start":11087.55,"end":11087.95},{"text":"attracts","start":11087.95,"end":11088.59},{"text":"universal","start":11089.31,"end":11089.83},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":11089.83,"end":11090.35},{"text":"clarification","start":11090.35,"end":11090.83},{"text":"is","start":11090.83,"end":11090.91},{"text":"needed","start":11090.91,"end":11091.23},{"text":"on","start":11091.23,"end":11091.39},{"text":"its","start":11091.39,"end":11091.55},{"text":"application","start":11091.55,"end":11092.03},{"text":"to","start":11092.03,"end":11092.15},{"text":"such","start":11092.15,"end":11092.43},{"text":"attacks.","start":11092.43,"end":11092.87}]},{"text":"On draft Article 6, while UNCLOS authorizes seizures of private ships, it provides little guidance on the use of force.","start":11093.55,"end":11099.79,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":11093.55,"end":11093.71},{"text":"draft","start":11093.71,"end":11093.99},{"text":"Article","start":11093.99,"end":11094.35},{"text":"6,","start":11094.35,"end":11094.59},{"text":"while","start":11094.59,"end":11094.75},{"text":"UNCLOS","start":11094.75,"end":11095.67},{"text":"authorizes","start":11095.67,"end":11096.07},{"text":"seizures","start":11096.07,"end":11096.35},{"text":"of","start":11096.35,"end":11096.47},{"text":"private","start":11096.47,"end":11096.87},{"text":"ships,","start":11096.91,"end":11097.15},{"text":"it","start":11097.39,"end":11097.51},{"text":"provides","start":11097.51,"end":11097.87},{"text":"little","start":11097.91,"end":11098.11},{"text":"guidance","start":11098.11,"end":11098.63},{"text":"on","start":11098.63,"end":11098.75},{"text":"the","start":11098.75,"end":11098.83},{"text":"use","start":11098.83,"end":11099.11},{"text":"of","start":11099.11,"end":11099.31},{"text":"force.","start":11099.31,"end":11099.79}]},{"text":"Enforcement officers rely on rules of engagement often grounded in principles of self-defence, graduated response, and restraint.","start":11100.11,"end":11107.03,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Enforcement","start":11100.11,"end":11100.87},{"text":"officers","start":11101.15,"end":11101.63},{"text":"rely","start":11101.63,"end":11101.95},{"text":"on","start":11101.95,"end":11102.11},{"text":"rules","start":11102.11,"end":11102.35},{"text":"of","start":11102.35,"end":11102.51},{"text":"engagement","start":11102.51,"end":11103.11},{"text":"often","start":11103.11,"end":11103.39},{"text":"grounded","start":11103.39,"end":11103.71},{"text":"in","start":11103.71,"end":11103.83},{"text":"principles","start":11103.83,"end":11104.31},{"text":"of","start":11104.31,"end":11104.39},{"text":"self-defence,","start":11104.39,"end":11105.15},{"text":"graduated","start":11105.47,"end":11105.99},{"text":"response,","start":11105.99,"end":11106.47},{"text":"and","start":11106.47,"end":11106.59},{"text":"restraint.","start":11106.59,"end":11107.03}]},{"text":"In this regard, Malaysia views maritime operations as fact-specific.","start":11107.15,"end":11110.59,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":11107.15,"end":11107.35},{"text":"this","start":11107.35,"end":11107.55},{"text":"regard,","start":11107.55,"end":11107.83},{"text":"Malaysia","start":11107.83,"end":11108.11},{"text":"views","start":11108.11,"end":11108.43},{"text":"maritime","start":11108.43,"end":11108.87},{"text":"operations","start":11108.87,"end":11109.43},{"text":"as","start":11109.43,"end":11109.63},{"text":"fact-specific.","start":11109.63,"end":11110.59}]},{"text":"Malaysia therefore cautions against rigid prescriptions and favours the core principles of necessity, proportionality, reasonableness, and protection of human rights while preserving operational flexibility.","start":11110.91,"end":11120.75,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":11110.91,"end":11111.19},{"text":"therefore","start":11111.19,"end":11111.47},{"text":"cautions","start":11111.47,"end":11111.95},{"text":"against","start":11111.95,"end":11112.35},{"text":"rigid","start":11112.35,"end":11112.59},{"text":"prescriptions","start":11112.59,"end":11113.31},{"text":"and","start":11113.31,"end":11113.47},{"text":"favours","start":11113.47,"end":11113.87},{"text":"the","start":11113.87,"end":11113.95},{"text":"core","start":11113.95,"end":11114.19},{"text":"principles","start":11114.19,"end":11114.71},{"text":"of","start":11114.71,"end":11114.79},{"text":"necessity,","start":11114.79,"end":11115.39},{"text":"proportionality,","start":11115.71,"end":11116.59},{"text":"reasonableness,","start":11116.59,"end":11117.31},{"text":"and","start":11117.55,"end":11117.79},{"text":"protection","start":11117.79,"end":11118.23},{"text":"of","start":11118.23,"end":11118.35},{"text":"human","start":11118.35,"end":11118.67},{"text":"rights","start":11118.67,"end":11118.91},{"text":"while","start":11118.91,"end":11119.07},{"text":"preserving","start":11119.07,"end":11119.51},{"text":"operational","start":11119.51,"end":11120.11},{"text":"flexibility.","start":11120.11,"end":11120.75}]},{"text":"Draft Article 7, unlike Article 111 of UNCLOS, permits hot pursuit into a third state’s territorial sea with that state’s consent, although the Security Council has authorized exceptions in specific contexts.","start":11121.35,"end":11135.63,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Draft","start":11121.35,"end":11121.63},{"text":"Article","start":11121.63,"end":11121.95},{"text":"7,","start":11121.95,"end":11122.39},{"text":"unlike","start":11122.67,"end":11122.99},{"text":"Article","start":11122.99,"end":11123.51},{"text":"111","start":11125.63,"end":11126.27},{"text":"of","start":11126.27,"end":11126.35},{"text":"UNCLOS,","start":11126.35,"end":11127.43},{"text":"permits","start":11127.43,"end":11127.83},{"text":"hot","start":11127.83,"end":11127.99},{"text":"pursuit","start":11127.99,"end":11128.31},{"text":"into","start":11128.31,"end":11128.59},{"text":"a","start":11128.59,"end":11128.63},{"text":"third","start":11128.67,"end":11128.87},{"text":"state’s","start":11128.87,"end":11129.27},{"text":"territorial","start":11129.79,"end":11130.27},{"text":"sea","start":11130.27,"end":11130.55},{"text":"with","start":11130.55,"end":11130.75},{"text":"that","start":11130.75,"end":11130.91},{"text":"state’s","start":11130.91,"end":11131.19},{"text":"consent,","start":11131.19,"end":11131.75},{"text":"although","start":11132.23,"end":11132.47},{"text":"the","start":11132.47,"end":11132.63},{"text":"Security","start":11132.63,"end":11133.11},{"text":"Council","start":11133.11,"end":11133.47},{"text":"has","start":11133.47,"end":11133.59},{"text":"authorized","start":11133.59,"end":11134.15},{"text":"exceptions","start":11134.15,"end":11134.63},{"text":"in","start":11134.63,"end":11134.75},{"text":"specific","start":11134.75,"end":11135.15},{"text":"contexts.","start":11135.15,"end":11135.63}]},{"text":"Malaysia regards these as exceptional arrangements, not precedents for general application or customary law.","start":11135.99,"end":11141.75,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":11135.99,"end":11136.31},{"text":"regards","start":11136.31,"end":11136.71},{"text":"these","start":11136.71,"end":11137.03},{"text":"as","start":11137.03,"end":11137.11},{"text":"exceptional","start":11137.11,"end":11137.83},{"text":"arrangements,","start":11137.83,"end":11138.51},{"text":"not","start":11138.79,"end":11138.99},{"text":"precedents","start":11138.99,"end":11139.67},{"text":"for","start":11139.67,"end":11139.83},{"text":"general","start":11139.83,"end":11140.19},{"text":"application","start":11140.19,"end":11140.71},{"text":"or","start":11140.87,"end":11141.07},{"text":"customary","start":11141.07,"end":11141.55},{"text":"law.","start":11141.55,"end":11141.75}]},{"text":"Respect for coastal state sovereignty and the distinction between piracy and armed robbery at sea remain paramount.","start":11142.63,"end":11148.43,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Respect","start":11142.63,"end":11142.95},{"text":"for","start":11142.95,"end":11143.07},{"text":"coastal","start":11143.07,"end":11143.43},{"text":"state","start":11143.43,"end":11143.63},{"text":"sovereignty","start":11143.79,"end":11144.35},{"text":"and","start":11144.35,"end":11144.51},{"text":"the","start":11144.51,"end":11144.59},{"text":"distinction","start":11144.59,"end":11145.11},{"text":"between","start":11145.11,"end":11145.39},{"text":"piracy","start":11145.39,"end":11145.87},{"text":"and","start":11145.87,"end":11146.11},{"text":"armed","start":11146.11,"end":11146.39},{"text":"robbery","start":11146.39,"end":11146.83},{"text":"at","start":11146.83,"end":11146.95},{"text":"sea","start":11146.95,"end":11147.35},{"text":"remain","start":11147.63,"end":11147.95},{"text":"paramount.","start":11147.95,"end":11148.43}]},{"text":"Malaysia favours consensus-based mechanisms, including coordinated patrols under negotiated parameters over the general right of pursuit.","start":11148.75,"end":11156.51,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":11148.75,"end":11149.07},{"text":"favours","start":11149.07,"end":11149.55},{"text":"consensus-based","start":11149.55,"end":11150.35},{"text":"mechanisms,","start":11150.35,"end":11151.07},{"text":"including","start":11151.31,"end":11151.87},{"text":"coordinated","start":11151.87,"end":11152.35},{"text":"patrols","start":11152.35,"end":11152.99},{"text":"under","start":11152.99,"end":11153.31},{"text":"negotiated","start":11153.31,"end":11153.79},{"text":"parameters","start":11153.79,"end":11154.43},{"text":"over","start":11154.51,"end":11155.15},{"text":"the","start":11155.23,"end":11155.31},{"text":"general","start":11155.47,"end":11155.83},{"text":"right","start":11155.83,"end":11155.99},{"text":"of","start":11155.99,"end":11156.07},{"text":"pursuit.","start":11156.07,"end":11156.51}]},{"text":"Draft Article 9 confers seizure powers of warships, military aircraft, and authorised government vessels.","start":11157.15,"end":11163.23,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Draft","start":11157.15,"end":11157.47},{"text":"Article","start":11157.47,"end":11157.83},{"text":"9","start":11157.83,"end":11158.03},{"text":"confers","start":11158.03,"end":11158.43},{"text":"seizure","start":11158.43,"end":11158.75},{"text":"powers","start":11158.75,"end":11159.23},{"text":"of","start":11159.23,"end":11159.39},{"text":"warships,","start":11159.39,"end":11159.99},{"text":"military","start":11160.35,"end":11160.91},{"text":"aircraft,","start":11160.91,"end":11161.39},{"text":"and","start":11161.39,"end":11161.59},{"text":"authorised","start":11161.59,"end":11162.23},{"text":"government","start":11162.35,"end":11162.83},{"text":"vessels.","start":11162.83,"end":11163.23}]},{"text":"Malaysia cautions against extending these powers to privately contracted armed security personnel.","start":11163.47,"end":11168.35,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":11163.47,"end":11163.79},{"text":"cautions","start":11163.79,"end":11164.23},{"text":"against","start":11164.23,"end":11164.63},{"text":"extending","start":11164.63,"end":11165.07},{"text":"these","start":11165.07,"end":11165.23},{"text":"powers","start":11165.23,"end":11165.63},{"text":"to","start":11165.63,"end":11165.75},{"text":"privately","start":11165.75,"end":11166.35},{"text":"contracted","start":11166.59,"end":11167.07},{"text":"armed","start":11167.15,"end":11167.35},{"text":"security","start":11167.35,"end":11167.79},{"text":"personnel.","start":11167.79,"end":11168.35}]},{"text":"without clear licensing and accountability safeguards, taking into consideration the risk of abuse.","start":11169.19,"end":11174.07,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"without","start":11169.19,"end":11169.39},{"text":"clear","start":11169.39,"end":11169.71},{"text":"licensing","start":11169.71,"end":11170.31},{"text":"and","start":11170.39,"end":11170.55},{"text":"accountability","start":11170.55,"end":11171.11},{"text":"safeguards,","start":11171.11,"end":11171.59},{"text":"taking","start":11171.59,"end":11171.87},{"text":"into","start":11171.87,"end":11172.07},{"text":"consideration","start":11172.07,"end":11172.79},{"text":"the","start":11172.79,"end":11172.91},{"text":"risk","start":11173.19,"end":11173.47},{"text":"of","start":11173.47,"end":11173.67},{"text":"abuse.","start":11173.67,"end":11174.07}]},{"text":"For draft Article 10, the phrase “participating in this criminal association” poses difficulty because Malaysia’s penal code uses the doctrine of common intentions, conspiracy, and amendments.","start":11174.55,"end":11185.03,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":11174.55,"end":11174.67},{"text":"draft","start":11174.71,"end":11174.95},{"text":"Article","start":11174.95,"end":11175.31},{"text":"10,","start":11175.31,"end":11175.67},{"text":"the","start":11175.67,"end":11175.83},{"text":"phrase","start":11175.83,"end":11176.23},{"text":"“participating","start":11176.23,"end":11177.03},{"text":"in","start":11177.03,"end":11177.23},{"text":"this","start":11177.23,"end":11177.43},{"text":"criminal","start":11177.75,"end":11178.23},{"text":"association”","start":11178.23,"end":11178.95},{"text":"poses","start":11179.19,"end":11179.51},{"text":"difficulty","start":11179.51,"end":11179.99},{"text":"because","start":11179.99,"end":11180.31},{"text":"Malaysia’s","start":11180.31,"end":11180.71},{"text":"penal","start":11180.71,"end":11180.95},{"text":"code","start":11180.95,"end":11181.23},{"text":"uses","start":11181.23,"end":11181.75},{"text":"the","start":11181.99,"end":11182.07},{"text":"doctrine","start":11182.07,"end":11182.55},{"text":"of","start":11182.55,"end":11182.71},{"text":"common","start":11182.71,"end":11182.99},{"text":"intentions,","start":11182.99,"end":11183.55},{"text":"conspiracy,","start":11183.55,"end":11184.31},{"text":"and","start":11184.31,"end":11184.43},{"text":"amendments.","start":11184.43,"end":11185.03}]},{"text":"Hence, Malaysia favours flexibility phrasings to accommodate domestic criminal law framework.","start":11185.43,"end":11190.59,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Hence,","start":11185.43,"end":11185.75},{"text":"Malaysia","start":11185.75,"end":11186.31},{"text":"favours","start":11186.39,"end":11186.79},{"text":"flexibility","start":11186.79,"end":11187.35},{"text":"phrasings","start":11187.35,"end":11187.83},{"text":"to","start":11187.83,"end":11187.95},{"text":"accommodate","start":11187.95,"end":11188.51},{"text":"domestic","start":11189.11,"end":11189.55},{"text":"criminal","start":11189.55,"end":11190.03},{"text":"law","start":11190.03,"end":11190.11},{"text":"framework.","start":11190.11,"end":11190.59}]},{"text":"We also propose replacing the subjective capacity for discernment, standard for minors with a clear minimum age of criminal responsibility, consistent with national regulations and the Convention on the Rights of the Child.","start":11190.87,"end":11204.27,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":11190.87,"end":11191.03},{"text":"also","start":11191.03,"end":11191.27},{"text":"propose","start":11191.27,"end":11191.75},{"text":"replacing","start":11191.75,"end":11192.31},{"text":"the","start":11192.31,"end":11192.55},{"text":"subjective","start":11192.55,"end":11193.11},{"text":"capacity","start":11194.07,"end":11194.55},{"text":"for","start":11194.55,"end":11194.75},{"text":"discernment,","start":11194.75,"end":11195.31},{"text":"standard","start":11195.59,"end":11195.99},{"text":"for","start":11195.99,"end":11196.11},{"text":"minors","start":11196.11,"end":11196.55},{"text":"with","start":11196.55,"end":11196.71},{"text":"a","start":11196.71,"end":11196.75},{"text":"clear","start":11196.75,"end":11197.15},{"text":"minimum","start":11197.15,"end":11197.63},{"text":"age","start":11197.67,"end":11197.99},{"text":"of","start":11197.99,"end":11198.23},{"text":"criminal","start":11199.19,"end":11199.67},{"text":"responsibility,","start":11199.67,"end":11200.47},{"text":"consistent","start":11200.71,"end":11201.31},{"text":"with","start":11201.31,"end":11201.47},{"text":"national","start":11201.47,"end":11201.91},{"text":"regulations","start":11201.91,"end":11202.63},{"text":"and","start":11202.63,"end":11202.75},{"text":"the","start":11202.75,"end":11202.83},{"text":"Convention","start":11202.83,"end":11203.27},{"text":"on","start":11203.27,"end":11203.35},{"text":"the","start":11203.35,"end":11203.43},{"text":"Rights","start":11203.43,"end":11203.83},{"text":"of","start":11203.83,"end":11203.91},{"text":"the","start":11203.91,"end":11203.99},{"text":"Child.","start":11203.99,"end":11204.27}]},{"text":"In respect of draft article 11, Malaysia supports addressing deviations over piracy and armed robbery at sea in separate paragraphs, preserving the distinction between these offences.","start":11204.79,"end":11214.63,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":11204.79,"end":11204.99},{"text":"respect","start":11204.99,"end":11205.39},{"text":"of","start":11205.39,"end":11205.51},{"text":"draft","start":11205.51,"end":11205.79},{"text":"article","start":11205.79,"end":11206.11},{"text":"11,","start":11206.11,"end":11206.63},{"text":"Malaysia","start":11206.87,"end":11207.15},{"text":"supports","start":11207.15,"end":11207.59},{"text":"addressing","start":11207.59,"end":11208.15},{"text":"deviations","start":11208.15,"end":11208.63},{"text":"over","start":11208.63,"end":11208.79},{"text":"piracy","start":11208.79,"end":11209.43},{"text":"and","start":11209.43,"end":11209.59},{"text":"armed","start":11209.59,"end":11209.87},{"text":"robbery","start":11209.87,"end":11210.23},{"text":"at","start":11210.23,"end":11210.31},{"text":"sea","start":11210.31,"end":11210.71},{"text":"in","start":11210.71,"end":11210.87},{"text":"separate","start":11210.87,"end":11211.19},{"text":"paragraphs,","start":11211.19,"end":11211.67},{"text":"preserving","start":11212.19,"end":11212.63},{"text":"the","start":11212.63,"end":11212.75},{"text":"distinction","start":11212.75,"end":11213.31},{"text":"between","start":11213.31,"end":11213.67},{"text":"these","start":11213.67,"end":11213.91},{"text":"offences.","start":11213.91,"end":11214.63}]},{"text":"Malaysia contests against the first legal rule in paragraph 6 as it allows private security of third States to determine the supervising forum, undermining territorial jurisdiction over armed robbery.","start":11214.95,"end":11228.63,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":11214.95,"end":11215.27},{"text":"contests","start":11215.27,"end":11215.75},{"text":"against","start":11215.75,"end":11216.07},{"text":"the","start":11216.07,"end":11216.15},{"text":"first","start":11216.15,"end":11216.47},{"text":"legal","start":11216.47,"end":11216.87},{"text":"rule","start":11216.87,"end":11217.11},{"text":"in","start":11217.11,"end":11217.27},{"text":"paragraph","start":11217.27,"end":11217.63},{"text":"6","start":11217.63,"end":11217.99},{"text":"as","start":11217.99,"end":11218.15},{"text":"it","start":11218.15,"end":11218.31},{"text":"allows","start":11218.31,"end":11218.79},{"text":"private","start":11219.51,"end":11220.03},{"text":"security","start":11220.03,"end":11220.87},{"text":"of","start":11222.07,"end":11222.31},{"text":"third","start":11222.55,"end":11222.79},{"text":"States","start":11222.79,"end":11223.11},{"text":"to","start":11223.11,"end":11223.27},{"text":"determine","start":11223.27,"end":11223.75},{"text":"the","start":11223.75,"end":11223.91},{"text":"supervising","start":11223.91,"end":11224.79},{"text":"forum,","start":11225.11,"end":11225.59},{"text":"undermining","start":11225.67,"end":11226.23},{"text":"territorial","start":11226.23,"end":11226.83},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":11227.11,"end":11227.59},{"text":"over","start":11227.59,"end":11227.91},{"text":"armed","start":11227.91,"end":11228.19},{"text":"robbery.","start":11228.19,"end":11228.63}]},{"text":"Malaysia also questions whether the extradition or prosecution obligation in paragraph 5 as applies to armed robbery at sea as the doctrine of fence is grounded in customary law.","start":11228.87,"end":11238.55,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":11228.87,"end":11229.27},{"text":"also","start":11229.27,"end":11229.51},{"text":"questions","start":11229.51,"end":11229.99},{"text":"whether","start":11229.99,"end":11230.31},{"text":"the","start":11230.31,"end":11230.47},{"text":"extradition","start":11230.63,"end":11231.31},{"text":"or","start":11231.59,"end":11231.79},{"text":"prosecution","start":11231.79,"end":11232.31},{"text":"obligation","start":11232.31,"end":11232.71},{"text":"in","start":11232.71,"end":11232.79},{"text":"paragraph","start":11232.79,"end":11233.23},{"text":"5","start":11233.23,"end":11233.47},{"text":"as","start":11233.47,"end":11233.67},{"text":"applies","start":11233.67,"end":11234.15},{"text":"to","start":11234.15,"end":11234.27},{"text":"armed","start":11234.39,"end":11234.67},{"text":"robbery","start":11234.67,"end":11235.03},{"text":"at","start":11235.27,"end":11235.39},{"text":"sea","start":11235.39,"end":11235.75},{"text":"as","start":11235.75,"end":11235.87},{"text":"the","start":11235.87,"end":11235.99},{"text":"doctrine","start":11235.99,"end":11236.63},{"text":"of","start":11236.79,"end":11236.91},{"text":"fence","start":11236.91,"end":11237.19},{"text":"is","start":11237.19,"end":11237.35},{"text":"grounded","start":11237.35,"end":11237.67},{"text":"in","start":11237.67,"end":11237.83},{"text":"customary","start":11237.83,"end":11238.39},{"text":"law.","start":11238.39,"end":11238.55}]},{"text":"In this regard, Malaysia favours coastal State jurisdiction supported by appropriate extradition or transfer mechanism.","start":11238.95,"end":11244.63,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":11238.95,"end":11239.15},{"text":"this","start":11239.15,"end":11239.35},{"text":"regard,","start":11239.35,"end":11239.71},{"text":"Malaysia","start":11239.71,"end":11240.07},{"text":"favours","start":11240.07,"end":11240.47},{"text":"coastal","start":11240.47,"end":11240.83},{"text":"State","start":11240.83,"end":11241.03},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":11241.03,"end":11241.59},{"text":"supported","start":11241.59,"end":11241.99},{"text":"by","start":11241.99,"end":11242.15},{"text":"appropriate","start":11242.15,"end":11242.67},{"text":"extradition","start":11242.67,"end":11243.27},{"text":"or","start":11243.35,"end":11243.59},{"text":"transfer","start":11243.59,"end":11244.03},{"text":"mechanism.","start":11244.03,"end":11244.63}]},{"text":"Malaysia supports draft Article 12 in principle, subject to national law and procedure.","start":11245.43,"end":11249.91,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":11245.43,"end":11245.83},{"text":"supports","start":11245.83,"end":11246.35},{"text":"draft","start":11246.35,"end":11246.63},{"text":"Article","start":11246.63,"end":11246.95},{"text":"12","start":11246.95,"end":11247.27},{"text":"in","start":11247.27,"end":11247.43},{"text":"principle,","start":11247.43,"end":11247.99},{"text":"subject","start":11247.99,"end":11248.43},{"text":"to","start":11248.43,"end":11248.51},{"text":"national","start":11248.51,"end":11249.15},{"text":"law","start":11249.15,"end":11249.23},{"text":"and","start":11249.27,"end":11249.39},{"text":"procedure.","start":11249.39,"end":11249.91}]},{"text":"It should not require automatic confiscations, new offences or powers beyond domestic law, including confiscations of property merely available to an arrested person.","start":11250.15,"end":11259.75,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":11250.15,"end":11250.27},{"text":"should","start":11250.27,"end":11250.43},{"text":"not","start":11250.43,"end":11250.59},{"text":"require","start":11250.59,"end":11250.91},{"text":"automatic","start":11250.91,"end":11251.55},{"text":"confiscations,","start":11251.55,"end":11252.31},{"text":"new","start":11252.31,"end":11252.51},{"text":"offences","start":11252.51,"end":11253.11},{"text":"or","start":11253.11,"end":11253.23},{"text":"powers","start":11253.23,"end":11253.67},{"text":"beyond","start":11253.67,"end":11254.03},{"text":"domestic","start":11254.03,"end":11254.43},{"text":"law,","start":11254.43,"end":11254.63},{"text":"including","start":11254.95,"end":11255.67},{"text":"confiscations","start":11255.67,"end":11256.55},{"text":"of","start":11256.55,"end":11256.67},{"text":"property","start":11256.67,"end":11257.03},{"text":"merely","start":11257.03,"end":11257.39},{"text":"available","start":11257.39,"end":11257.83},{"text":"to","start":11257.83,"end":11258.03},{"text":"an","start":11258.79,"end":11258.95},{"text":"arrested","start":11258.95,"end":11259.35},{"text":"person.","start":11259.35,"end":11259.75}]},{"text":"Malaysia supports access to financial records provided this does not authorise unrestricted overwrites of domestic law, including bank secrecy safeguards.","start":11260.23,"end":11268.95,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":11260.23,"end":11260.55},{"text":"supports","start":11260.55,"end":11261.03},{"text":"access","start":11261.03,"end":11261.51},{"text":"to","start":11261.51,"end":11261.67},{"text":"financial","start":11261.67,"end":11262.15},{"text":"records","start":11262.15,"end":11262.55},{"text":"provided","start":11262.55,"end":11263.07},{"text":"this","start":11263.07,"end":11263.35},{"text":"does","start":11263.95,"end":11264.15},{"text":"not","start":11264.15,"end":11264.35},{"text":"authorise","start":11264.39,"end":11264.95},{"text":"unrestricted","start":11264.95,"end":11265.51},{"text":"overwrites","start":11265.51,"end":11266.07},{"text":"of","start":11266.07,"end":11266.23},{"text":"domestic","start":11266.23,"end":11266.63},{"text":"law,","start":11266.63,"end":11266.87},{"text":"including","start":11267.19,"end":11267.75},{"text":"bank","start":11267.75,"end":11267.99},{"text":"secrecy","start":11267.99,"end":11268.47},{"text":"safeguards.","start":11268.47,"end":11268.95}]},{"text":"Malaysia support the humanitarian intention of draft article 13, particularly the rescue and protection of victims and seafarers.","start":11269.55,"end":11276.47,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":11269.55,"end":11269.87},{"text":"support","start":11269.87,"end":11270.31},{"text":"the","start":11270.31,"end":11270.39},{"text":"humanitarian","start":11270.39,"end":11271.07},{"text":"intention","start":11271.07,"end":11271.71},{"text":"of","start":11271.71,"end":11271.79},{"text":"draft","start":11271.83,"end":11272.03},{"text":"article","start":11272.03,"end":11272.51},{"text":"13,","start":11272.51,"end":11272.83},{"text":"particularly","start":11272.83,"end":11273.63},{"text":"the","start":11273.87,"end":11273.99},{"text":"rescue","start":11273.99,"end":11274.59},{"text":"and","start":11274.59,"end":11274.75},{"text":"protection","start":11274.75,"end":11275.27},{"text":"of","start":11275.27,"end":11275.43},{"text":"victims","start":11275.43,"end":11275.87},{"text":"and","start":11275.87,"end":11276.03},{"text":"seafarers.","start":11276.03,"end":11276.47}]},{"text":"The requirement of act with all possible speed must account for operational, safety, jurisdictional, and consent consideration.","start":11276.75,"end":11284.03,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11276.75,"end":11276.83},{"text":"requirement","start":11277.15,"end":11277.83},{"text":"of","start":11277.83,"end":11277.95},{"text":"act","start":11278.03,"end":11278.19},{"text":"with","start":11278.19,"end":11278.35},{"text":"all","start":11278.43,"end":11278.59},{"text":"possible","start":11278.59,"end":11278.99},{"text":"speed","start":11278.99,"end":11279.31},{"text":"must","start":11279.63,"end":11279.87},{"text":"account","start":11279.87,"end":11280.27},{"text":"for","start":11280.27,"end":11280.47},{"text":"operational,","start":11280.47,"end":11281.11},{"text":"safety,","start":11281.31,"end":11281.79},{"text":"jurisdictional,","start":11281.79,"end":11282.51},{"text":"and","start":11282.59,"end":11282.87},{"text":"consent","start":11282.87,"end":11283.39},{"text":"consideration.","start":11283.39,"end":11284.03}]},{"text":"Redress, wages, and repatriation should operate through existing domestic law and employment arrangement, including under the Maritime Labour Conventions 2006.","start":11284.35,"end":11294.11,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Redress,","start":11284.35,"end":11284.91},{"text":"wages,","start":11284.91,"end":11285.47},{"text":"and","start":11285.47,"end":11285.67},{"text":"repatriation","start":11285.67,"end":11286.31},{"text":"should","start":11286.51,"end":11286.79},{"text":"operate","start":11286.83,"end":11287.43},{"text":"through","start":11287.43,"end":11287.55},{"text":"existing","start":11287.55,"end":11288.27},{"text":"domestic","start":11288.35,"end":11288.83},{"text":"law","start":11288.83,"end":11289.15},{"text":"and","start":11289.39,"end":11289.59},{"text":"employment","start":11289.59,"end":11290.15},{"text":"arrangement,","start":11290.15,"end":11290.67},{"text":"including","start":11290.67,"end":11291.15},{"text":"under","start":11291.15,"end":11291.39},{"text":"the","start":11291.39,"end":11291.47},{"text":"Maritime","start":11291.47,"end":11291.95},{"text":"Labour","start":11292.35,"end":11292.75},{"text":"Conventions","start":11292.75,"end":11293.27},{"text":"2006.","start":11293.27,"end":11294.11}]},{"text":"Malaysia supports draft article 14 safeguard for arrested persons and fair treatment.","start":11294.51,"end":11298.83,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":11294.51,"end":11294.91},{"text":"supports","start":11294.91,"end":11295.31},{"text":"draft","start":11295.31,"end":11295.63},{"text":"article","start":11295.63,"end":11295.95},{"text":"14","start":11295.95,"end":11296.35},{"text":"safeguard","start":11296.35,"end":11296.83},{"text":"for","start":11296.83,"end":11297.07},{"text":"arrested","start":11297.07,"end":11297.47},{"text":"persons","start":11297.47,"end":11297.95},{"text":"and","start":11297.95,"end":11298.11},{"text":"fair","start":11298.11,"end":11298.31},{"text":"treatment.","start":11298.31,"end":11298.83}]},{"text":"However, the extradition or prosecution obligation must reflect domestic law on jurisdiction, evidence and prosecution.","start":11298.99,"end":11304.99,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":11298.99,"end":11299.35},{"text":"the","start":11299.55,"end":11299.67},{"text":"extradition","start":11299.67,"end":11300.19},{"text":"or","start":11300.19,"end":11300.31},{"text":"prosecution","start":11300.31,"end":11300.95},{"text":"obligation","start":11300.95,"end":11301.43},{"text":"must","start":11301.43,"end":11301.71},{"text":"reflect","start":11301.71,"end":11302.07},{"text":"domestic","start":11302.07,"end":11302.51},{"text":"law","start":11302.51,"end":11302.79},{"text":"on","start":11302.79,"end":11302.91},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":11302.91,"end":11303.47},{"text":"evidence","start":11303.83,"end":11304.23},{"text":"and","start":11304.23,"end":11304.35},{"text":"prosecution.","start":11304.35,"end":11304.99}]},{"text":"Malaysia therefore proposes replacing “shall submit the case without delay” with “shall, in accordance with its domestic law, refer the matter to its competent authority for consideration of prosecution”.","start":11305.15,"end":11315.55,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":11305.15,"end":11305.55},{"text":"therefore","start":11305.55,"end":11305.95},{"text":"proposes","start":11305.95,"end":11306.39},{"text":"replacing","start":11306.39,"end":11306.83},{"text":"“shall","start":11306.83,"end":11307.23},{"text":"submit","start":11307.23,"end":11307.63},{"text":"the","start":11307.63,"end":11307.71},{"text":"case","start":11307.95,"end":11308.27},{"text":"without","start":11308.27,"end":11308.51},{"text":"delay”","start":11308.51,"end":11308.91},{"text":"with","start":11308.91,"end":11309.07},{"text":"“shall,","start":11309.07,"end":11309.47},{"text":"in","start":11309.47,"end":11309.63},{"text":"accordance","start":11309.63,"end":11310.19},{"text":"with","start":11310.19,"end":11310.35},{"text":"its","start":11310.35,"end":11310.51},{"text":"domestic","start":11310.51,"end":11310.95},{"text":"law,","start":11310.99,"end":11311.23},{"text":"refer","start":11311.55,"end":11311.79},{"text":"the","start":11311.79,"end":11311.91},{"text":"matter","start":11311.91,"end":11312.31},{"text":"to","start":11312.31,"end":11312.43},{"text":"its","start":11312.43,"end":11312.59},{"text":"competent","start":11312.59,"end":11313.07},{"text":"authority","start":11313.07,"end":11313.51},{"text":"for","start":11313.51,"end":11313.63},{"text":"consideration","start":11313.63,"end":11314.35},{"text":"of","start":11314.75,"end":11314.87},{"text":"prosecution”.","start":11314.87,"end":11315.55}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, On the topic of non-nuclear binding international agreements, Malaysia congratulates Special Rapporteur for his third report and welcomes its provisional adoption of draft conclusions 1 to 5. and their commentary.","start":11316.19,"end":11329.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":11316.19,"end":11316.51},{"text":"Chair,","start":11316.51,"end":11316.83},{"text":"On","start":11317.15,"end":11317.39},{"text":"the","start":11317.39,"end":11317.47},{"text":"topic","start":11317.47,"end":11317.83},{"text":"of","start":11317.83,"end":11317.95},{"text":"non-nuclear","start":11317.95,"end":11318.51},{"text":"binding","start":11318.51,"end":11318.83},{"text":"international","start":11318.83,"end":11319.39},{"text":"agreements,","start":11319.39,"end":11319.95},{"text":"Malaysia","start":11319.95,"end":11320.67},{"text":"congratulates","start":11321.15,"end":11321.91},{"text":"Special","start":11321.91,"end":11322.23},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":11322.23,"end":11322.83},{"text":"for","start":11322.99,"end":11323.23},{"text":"his","start":11323.23,"end":11323.63},{"text":"third","start":11323.67,"end":11323.87},{"text":"report","start":11323.87,"end":11324.35},{"text":"and","start":11324.35,"end":11324.55},{"text":"welcomes","start":11324.55,"end":11325.23},{"text":"its","start":11325.23,"end":11325.39},{"text":"provisional","start":11325.39,"end":11325.87},{"text":"adoption","start":11325.87,"end":11326.35},{"text":"of","start":11326.35,"end":11326.51},{"text":"draft","start":11326.59,"end":11326.83},{"text":"conclusions","start":11326.83,"end":11327.35},{"text":"1","start":11327.35,"end":11327.63},{"text":"to","start":11327.63,"end":11327.79},{"text":"5.","start":11327.79,"end":11328.19},{"text":"and","start":11328.79,"end":11328.99},{"text":"their","start":11328.99,"end":11329.15},{"text":"commentary.","start":11329.15,"end":11329.83}]},{"text":"Malaysia reaffirms its position that the outcome of these topics must remain non-prescriptive, preserving the informality and sovereign discretion of instruments such as memoranda of understanding and joint declarations.","start":11330.07,"end":11342.79,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":11330.07,"end":11330.39},{"text":"reaffirms","start":11330.39,"end":11330.95},{"text":"its","start":11330.95,"end":11331.19},{"text":"position","start":11331.19,"end":11331.75},{"text":"that","start":11331.75,"end":11331.95},{"text":"the","start":11331.95,"end":11332.03},{"text":"outcome","start":11332.07,"end":11332.55},{"text":"of","start":11332.63,"end":11332.71},{"text":"these","start":11332.79,"end":11333.11},{"text":"topics","start":11333.83,"end":11334.47},{"text":"must","start":11334.47,"end":11334.75},{"text":"remain","start":11334.75,"end":11335.15},{"text":"non-prescriptive,","start":11335.15,"end":11335.99},{"text":"preserving","start":11335.99,"end":11336.47},{"text":"the","start":11336.47,"end":11336.59},{"text":"informality","start":11336.59,"end":11337.43},{"text":"and","start":11337.59,"end":11337.75},{"text":"sovereign","start":11337.75,"end":11338.23},{"text":"discretion","start":11338.23,"end":11338.87},{"text":"of","start":11338.87,"end":11339.03},{"text":"instruments","start":11339.03,"end":11339.63},{"text":"such","start":11339.63,"end":11339.79},{"text":"as","start":11339.83,"end":11339.99},{"text":"memoranda","start":11339.99,"end":11340.55},{"text":"of","start":11340.95,"end":11341.11},{"text":"understanding","start":11341.15,"end":11341.75},{"text":"and","start":11341.75,"end":11341.95},{"text":"joint","start":11341.95,"end":11342.19},{"text":"declarations.","start":11342.19,"end":11342.79}]},{"text":"In relation to the provisionally adopted draft convention, Malaysia wishes to highlight the following points.","start":11343.19,"end":11348.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":11343.19,"end":11343.35},{"text":"relation","start":11343.43,"end":11343.99},{"text":"to","start":11344.07,"end":11344.23},{"text":"the","start":11344.23,"end":11344.31},{"text":"provisionally","start":11344.31,"end":11345.03},{"text":"adopted","start":11345.03,"end":11345.55},{"text":"draft","start":11345.59,"end":11345.87},{"text":"convention,","start":11345.87,"end":11346.47},{"text":"Malaysia","start":11346.47,"end":11346.99},{"text":"wishes","start":11346.99,"end":11347.31},{"text":"to","start":11347.31,"end":11347.39},{"text":"highlight","start":11347.43,"end":11347.79},{"text":"the","start":11347.79,"end":11347.87},{"text":"following","start":11347.87,"end":11348.23},{"text":"points.","start":11348.23,"end":11348.63}]},{"text":"On draft conclusion 1, Malaysia finds the removal of explicit non-prescriptive warning acceptable as a commentary clarifies that the conclusions are indicative and do not establish a rigid legal regime.","start":11349.35,"end":11360.95,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":11349.35,"end":11349.51},{"text":"draft","start":11349.51,"end":11349.91},{"text":"conclusion","start":11349.91,"end":11350.47},{"text":"1,","start":11350.47,"end":11350.79},{"text":"Malaysia","start":11351.03,"end":11351.35},{"text":"finds","start":11351.35,"end":11351.75},{"text":"the","start":11351.75,"end":11351.83},{"text":"removal","start":11351.83,"end":11352.31},{"text":"of","start":11352.31,"end":11352.47},{"text":"explicit","start":11352.47,"end":11353.11},{"text":"non-prescriptive","start":11353.43,"end":11354.35},{"text":"warning","start":11354.35,"end":11354.79},{"text":"acceptable","start":11354.79,"end":11355.35},{"text":"as","start":11355.43,"end":11355.59},{"text":"a","start":11355.59,"end":11355.67},{"text":"commentary","start":11355.67,"end":11356.31},{"text":"clarifies","start":11356.31,"end":11356.83},{"text":"that","start":11356.83,"end":11356.95},{"text":"the","start":11356.95,"end":11357.03},{"text":"conclusions","start":11357.03,"end":11357.71},{"text":"are","start":11357.71,"end":11357.79},{"text":"indicative","start":11357.83,"end":11358.47},{"text":"and","start":11358.47,"end":11358.75},{"text":"do","start":11358.75,"end":11358.95},{"text":"not","start":11358.95,"end":11359.19},{"text":"establish","start":11359.51,"end":11359.99},{"text":"a","start":11359.99,"end":11360.03},{"text":"rigid","start":11360.03,"end":11360.35},{"text":"legal","start":11360.35,"end":11360.63},{"text":"regime.","start":11360.63,"end":11360.95}]},{"text":"Malaysia also welcomes draft conclusion 2, which provides autonomy for Member States’ executive process and safeguards their domestic administrative practices.","start":11361.27,"end":11371.11,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":11361.27,"end":11361.67},{"text":"also","start":11361.67,"end":11361.99},{"text":"welcomes","start":11361.99,"end":11362.51},{"text":"draft","start":11362.51,"end":11362.79},{"text":"conclusion","start":11362.79,"end":11363.43},{"text":"2,","start":11363.43,"end":11363.83},{"text":"which","start":11364.03,"end":11364.31},{"text":"provides","start":11364.31,"end":11364.71},{"text":"autonomy","start":11364.71,"end":11365.19},{"text":"for","start":11365.19,"end":11365.39},{"text":"Member","start":11365.39,"end":11365.75},{"text":"States’","start":11365.75,"end":11366.07},{"text":"executive","start":11366.07,"end":11366.71},{"text":"process","start":11366.71,"end":11367.03},{"text":"and","start":11367.75,"end":11368.07},{"text":"safeguards","start":11368.47,"end":11369.15},{"text":"their","start":11369.15,"end":11369.27},{"text":"domestic","start":11369.27,"end":11369.91},{"text":"administrative","start":11369.91,"end":11370.47},{"text":"practices.","start":11370.47,"end":11371.11}]},{"text":"On draft conclusion 3, paragraph 1, Malaysia accepts the present formulation of the definitions while emphasising that an instrument’s status should not determine its legal status.","start":11371.67,"end":11381.51,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":11371.67,"end":11371.83},{"text":"draft","start":11371.83,"end":11372.11},{"text":"conclusion","start":11372.11,"end":11372.55},{"text":"3,","start":11372.55,"end":11372.87},{"text":"paragraph","start":11372.95,"end":11373.43},{"text":"1,","start":11373.43,"end":11373.75},{"text":"Malaysia","start":11374.07,"end":11374.51},{"text":"accepts","start":11374.51,"end":11374.83},{"text":"the","start":11374.83,"end":11374.95},{"text":"present","start":11374.95,"end":11375.59},{"text":"formulation","start":11375.79,"end":11376.47},{"text":"of","start":11376.55,"end":11376.79},{"text":"the","start":11376.79,"end":11376.91},{"text":"definitions","start":11376.91,"end":11377.55},{"text":"while","start":11377.55,"end":11377.71},{"text":"emphasising","start":11377.71,"end":11378.39},{"text":"that","start":11378.39,"end":11378.63},{"text":"an","start":11378.63,"end":11378.79},{"text":"instrument’s","start":11378.79,"end":11379.39},{"text":"status","start":11379.39,"end":11379.71},{"text":"should","start":11379.71,"end":11379.87},{"text":"not","start":11379.87,"end":11380.11},{"text":"determine","start":11380.11,"end":11380.55},{"text":"its","start":11380.55,"end":11380.71},{"text":"legal","start":11380.71,"end":11381.03},{"text":"status.","start":11381.03,"end":11381.51}]},{"text":"As recalled, paragraph 2, the reference to government organs, territorial units and agencies, Malaysia accepts this formulation only on the understanding that the conclusion remains non-prescriptive and subject to domestic constitutional limits.","start":11381.99,"end":11394.55,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":11381.99,"end":11382.15},{"text":"recalled,","start":11382.15,"end":11382.51},{"text":"paragraph","start":11382.51,"end":11382.95},{"text":"2,","start":11382.95,"end":11383.27},{"text":"the","start":11383.27,"end":11383.35},{"text":"reference","start":11383.35,"end":11383.87},{"text":"to","start":11383.91,"end":11384.07},{"text":"government","start":11384.07,"end":11384.51},{"text":"organs,","start":11384.55,"end":11384.99},{"text":"territorial","start":11384.99,"end":11385.51},{"text":"units","start":11385.51,"end":11385.91},{"text":"and","start":11385.91,"end":11386.23},{"text":"agencies,","start":11386.23,"end":11386.79},{"text":"Malaysia","start":11387.51,"end":11387.83},{"text":"accepts","start":11387.83,"end":11388.27},{"text":"this","start":11388.27,"end":11388.47},{"text":"formulation","start":11388.47,"end":11388.95},{"text":"only","start":11388.95,"end":11389.19},{"text":"on","start":11389.19,"end":11389.35},{"text":"the","start":11389.35,"end":11389.43},{"text":"understanding","start":11389.43,"end":11389.99},{"text":"that","start":11389.99,"end":11390.11},{"text":"the","start":11390.11,"end":11390.19},{"text":"conclusion","start":11390.19,"end":11390.67},{"text":"remains","start":11390.67,"end":11391.07},{"text":"non-prescriptive","start":11391.07,"end":11391.91},{"text":"and","start":11392.31,"end":11392.47},{"text":"subject","start":11392.47,"end":11392.83},{"text":"to","start":11392.83,"end":11392.95},{"text":"domestic","start":11392.95,"end":11393.39},{"text":"constitutional","start":11393.39,"end":11394.15},{"text":"limits.","start":11394.15,"end":11394.55}]},{"text":"Such entity may not be able to reciprocate the rights, remedies and commitments that a sovereign state can provide.","start":11394.95,"end":11400.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":11394.95,"end":11395.23},{"text":"entity","start":11395.27,"end":11395.67},{"text":"may","start":11395.67,"end":11395.75},{"text":"not","start":11395.75,"end":11395.95},{"text":"be","start":11395.95,"end":11396.07},{"text":"able","start":11396.07,"end":11396.39},{"text":"to","start":11396.39,"end":11396.51},{"text":"reciprocate","start":11396.51,"end":11397.11},{"text":"the","start":11397.35,"end":11397.55},{"text":"rights,","start":11397.55,"end":11397.99},{"text":"remedies","start":11397.99,"end":11398.47},{"text":"and","start":11398.47,"end":11398.63},{"text":"commitments","start":11398.63,"end":11399.27},{"text":"that","start":11399.27,"end":11399.39},{"text":"a","start":11399.39,"end":11399.43},{"text":"sovereign","start":11399.43,"end":11399.83},{"text":"state","start":11399.83,"end":11400.07},{"text":"can","start":11400.07,"end":11400.23},{"text":"provide.","start":11400.23,"end":11400.63}]},{"text":"Malaysia views draft conclusion 4 and 5 as complementary.","start":11401.79,"end":11405.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":11401.79,"end":11402.27},{"text":"views","start":11402.27,"end":11402.75},{"text":"draft","start":11402.83,"end":11403.19},{"text":"conclusion","start":11403.19,"end":11403.71},{"text":"4","start":11403.71,"end":11404.03},{"text":"and","start":11404.03,"end":11404.19},{"text":"5","start":11404.19,"end":11404.63},{"text":"as","start":11404.67,"end":11404.83},{"text":"complementary.","start":11404.83,"end":11405.71}]},{"text":"The legal nature of an agreement should be assessed case by case, considering the parties’ intentions and relevant objective indicators.","start":11406.11,"end":11413.31,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11406.11,"end":11406.27},{"text":"legal","start":11406.31,"end":11406.55},{"text":"nature","start":11406.55,"end":11406.83},{"text":"of","start":11406.83,"end":11406.99},{"text":"an","start":11407.03,"end":11407.15},{"text":"agreement","start":11407.15,"end":11407.71},{"text":"should","start":11407.71,"end":11407.91},{"text":"be","start":11407.91,"end":11408.19},{"text":"assessed","start":11408.27,"end":11408.75},{"text":"case","start":11408.75,"end":11409.07},{"text":"by","start":11409.07,"end":11409.23},{"text":"case,","start":11409.23,"end":11409.63},{"text":"considering","start":11410.03,"end":11410.67},{"text":"the","start":11410.67,"end":11410.75},{"text":"parties’","start":11410.75,"end":11411.15},{"text":"intentions","start":11411.15,"end":11411.71},{"text":"and","start":11411.71,"end":11411.87},{"text":"relevant","start":11411.87,"end":11412.27},{"text":"objective","start":11412.27,"end":11412.67},{"text":"indicators.","start":11412.67,"end":11413.31}]},{"text":"Malaysia welcomes the formulation that an expressed non-binding indication is normally sufficient, without making its absence determinative.","start":11413.39,"end":11421.39,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":11413.39,"end":11413.79},{"text":"welcomes","start":11413.79,"end":11414.31},{"text":"the","start":11414.31,"end":11414.43},{"text":"formulation","start":11414.43,"end":11415.07},{"text":"that","start":11415.47,"end":11415.67},{"text":"an","start":11415.67,"end":11415.87},{"text":"expressed","start":11415.87,"end":11416.35},{"text":"non-binding","start":11416.35,"end":11416.83},{"text":"indication","start":11416.83,"end":11417.39},{"text":"is","start":11417.39,"end":11417.55},{"text":"normally","start":11417.79,"end":11418.19},{"text":"sufficient,","start":11418.19,"end":11418.75},{"text":"without","start":11419.07,"end":11419.39},{"text":"making","start":11419.39,"end":11419.79},{"text":"its","start":11419.79,"end":11420.03},{"text":"absence","start":11420.03,"end":11420.59},{"text":"determinative.","start":11420.59,"end":11421.39}]},{"text":"However, the amendments referred to in paragraph 3 of draft conclusion 4 remains to be identified.","start":11421.79,"end":11427.43,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":11421.79,"end":11422.27},{"text":"the","start":11422.27,"end":11422.39},{"text":"amendments","start":11422.39,"end":11423.07},{"text":"referred","start":11423.31,"end":11423.79},{"text":"to","start":11423.79,"end":11423.87},{"text":"in","start":11423.87,"end":11424.03},{"text":"paragraph","start":11424.03,"end":11424.43},{"text":"3","start":11424.55,"end":11424.83},{"text":"of","start":11424.83,"end":11424.99},{"text":"draft","start":11425.03,"end":11425.27},{"text":"conclusion","start":11425.27,"end":11425.71},{"text":"4","start":11425.71,"end":11426.15},{"text":"remains","start":11426.15,"end":11426.51},{"text":"to","start":11426.51,"end":11426.67},{"text":"be","start":11426.67,"end":11426.83},{"text":"identified.","start":11426.83,"end":11427.43}]},{"text":"Clarification is also needed on conflicting indicators in hybrid instruments.","start":11427.79,"end":11431.43,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. 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you, Madam Chair.","start":11487.95,"end":11488.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":11487.95,"end":11488.19},{"text":"you,","start":11488.19,"end":11488.31},{"text":"Madam","start":11488.31,"end":11488.59},{"text":"Chair.","start":11488.59,"end":11488.83}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"MYS","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Malaysia"}},{"statement_number":52,"start":11492.83,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=3:11:33","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Malaysia.","start":11492.83,"end":11495.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":11492.83,"end":11493.07},{"text":"thank","start":11493.07,"end":11493.43},{"text":"the","start":11493.43,"end":11493.55},{"text":"distinguished","start":11493.63,"end":11494.19},{"text":"representative","start":11494.19,"end":11494.91},{"text":"of","start":11494.91,"end":11495.07},{"text":"Malaysia.","start":11495.07,"end":11495.63}]},{"text":"I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Mexico.","start":11495.63,"end":11499.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":11495.63,"end":11495.71},{"text":"now","start":11495.71,"end":11496.03},{"text":"give","start":11496.03,"end":11496.19},{"text":"the","start":11496.19,"end":11496.35},{"text":"floor","start":11496.35,"end":11496.63},{"text":"to","start":11496.63,"end":11496.75},{"text":"the","start":11496.75,"end":11496.91},{"text":"distinguished","start":11496.91,"end":11497.39},{"text":"representative","start":11497.39,"end":11498.19},{"text":"of","start":11498.51,"end":11498.59},{"text":"Mexico.","start":11498.59,"end":11499.15}]},{"text":"You have the floor, sir.","start":11499.15,"end":11500.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":11499.15,"end":11499.27},{"text":"have","start":11499.27,"end":11499.47},{"text":"the","start":11499.47,"end":11499.55},{"text":"floor,","start":11499.55,"end":11499.79},{"text":"sir.","start":11499.79,"end":11500.07}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th 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regard to Chapter IX, Legally Non-binding International Agreements, Mexico recognizes the work of the ILC and thanks the Special Rapporteur and the Drafting Committee for the current version of the five draft conclusions concerning the criteria for identifying legally non-binding international agreements.","start":11517.71,"end":11537.35,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. 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They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":11553.39,"end":11553.79},{"text":"foundation","start":11553.79,"end":11554.39},{"text":"makes","start":11554.39,"end":11554.59},{"text":"it","start":11554.59,"end":11554.71},{"text":"possible","start":11554.71,"end":11555.15},{"text":"to","start":11555.15,"end":11555.27},{"text":"advance","start":11555.27,"end":11555.79},{"text":"in","start":11555.79,"end":11555.95},{"text":"identifying","start":11555.95,"end":11556.59},{"text":"the","start":11556.59,"end":11556.71},{"text":"explicit","start":11556.71,"end":11557.39},{"text":"and","start":11557.39,"end":11557.55},{"text":"implicit","start":11557.55,"end":11558.11},{"text":"elements","start":11558.11,"end":11558.63},{"text":"that","start":11558.63,"end":11558.91},{"text":"determine","start":11559.15,"end":11559.71},{"text":"the","start":11559.71,"end":11559.79},{"text":"binding","start":11559.79,"end":11560.27},{"text":"nature","start":11560.27,"end":11560.71},{"text":"of","start":11560.71,"end":11560.87},{"text":"an","start":11560.87,"end":11560.95},{"text":"instrument,","start":11560.95,"end":11561.55},{"text":"as","start":11561.71,"end":11561.95},{"text":"reflected","start":11561.95,"end":11562.51},{"text":"in","start":11562.51,"end":11562.63},{"text":"draft","start":11562.63,"end":11562.95},{"text":"conclusions","start":11562.95,"end":11563.63},{"text":"4","start":11563.63,"end":11564.03},{"text":"and","start":11564.03,"end":11564.19},{"text":"5.","start":11564.19,"end":11564.75}]},{"text":"As for the next steps, we consider that, before advancing to the possible effects of these agreements, It would be advisable to formulate the draft conclusion on the elements for assessing the intention of States when such intention is not expressly stated.","start":11566.19,"end":11580.19,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":11566.19,"end":11566.51},{"text":"for","start":11566.51,"end":11566.67},{"text":"the","start":11566.67,"end":11566.75},{"text":"next","start":11566.75,"end":11567.15},{"text":"steps,","start":11567.15,"end":11567.63},{"text":"we","start":11567.63,"end":11567.79},{"text":"consider","start":11567.79,"end":11568.27},{"text":"that,","start":11568.27,"end":11568.43},{"text":"before","start":11568.43,"end":11568.83},{"text":"advancing","start":11568.83,"end":11569.39},{"text":"to","start":11569.39,"end":11569.51},{"text":"the","start":11569.51,"end":11569.63},{"text":"possible","start":11569.63,"end":11570.07},{"text":"effects","start":11570.07,"end":11570.39},{"text":"of","start":11570.39,"end":11570.47},{"text":"these","start":11570.47,"end":11570.67},{"text":"agreements,","start":11570.67,"end":11571.39},{"text":"It","start":11571.75,"end":11571.79},{"text":"would","start":11571.79,"end":11571.95},{"text":"be","start":11571.95,"end":11572.11},{"text":"advisable","start":11572.11,"end":11572.67},{"text":"to","start":11572.67,"end":11572.87},{"text":"formulate","start":11572.87,"end":11573.47},{"text":"the","start":11573.47,"end":11573.59},{"text":"draft","start":11573.59,"end":11573.87},{"text":"conclusion","start":11573.87,"end":11574.59},{"text":"on","start":11574.59,"end":11574.79},{"text":"the","start":11574.79,"end":11574.87},{"text":"elements","start":11574.87,"end":11575.47},{"text":"for","start":11575.79,"end":11576.07},{"text":"assessing","start":11576.07,"end":11576.51},{"text":"the","start":11576.51,"end":11576.63},{"text":"intention","start":11576.63,"end":11577.19},{"text":"of","start":11577.19,"end":11577.27},{"text":"States","start":11577.27,"end":11577.67},{"text":"when","start":11577.67,"end":11577.87},{"text":"such","start":11577.87,"end":11578.11},{"text":"intention","start":11578.11,"end":11578.67},{"text":"is","start":11578.67,"end":11578.75},{"text":"not","start":11578.75,"end":11578.99},{"text":"expressly","start":11578.99,"end":11579.55},{"text":"stated.","start":11579.55,"end":11580.19}]},{"text":"Currently, Conclusion 4, paragraph 2, establishes that the intention to confer binding force on an agreement may be expressed explicitly.","start":11581.47,"end":11590.43,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Currently,","start":11581.47,"end":11581.95},{"text":"Conclusion","start":11581.95,"end":11582.51},{"text":"4,","start":11582.51,"end":11582.83},{"text":"paragraph","start":11582.83,"end":11583.39},{"text":"2,","start":11583.39,"end":11583.87},{"text":"establishes","start":11584.35,"end":11585.07},{"text":"that","start":11585.07,"end":11585.23},{"text":"the","start":11585.23,"end":11585.31},{"text":"intention","start":11585.31,"end":11585.99},{"text":"to","start":11585.99,"end":11586.11},{"text":"confer","start":11586.11,"end":11586.59},{"text":"binding","start":11586.59,"end":11587.07},{"text":"force","start":11587.07,"end":11587.47},{"text":"on","start":11587.47,"end":11587.63},{"text":"an","start":11587.63,"end":11587.71},{"text":"agreement","start":11587.71,"end":11588.35},{"text":"may","start":11588.35,"end":11588.51},{"text":"be","start":11588.51,"end":11588.67},{"text":"expressed","start":11588.67,"end":11589.39},{"text":"explicitly.","start":11589.71,"end":11590.43}]},{"text":"However, paragraph 3 of the same conclusion provides that, in the absence of an express indication, various elements that have not yet been determined must be evaluated.","start":11590.43,"end":11599.63,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":11590.43,"end":11590.91},{"text":"paragraph","start":11591.15,"end":11591.71},{"text":"3","start":11591.71,"end":11591.95},{"text":"of","start":11591.95,"end":11592.03},{"text":"the","start":11592.03,"end":11592.11},{"text":"same","start":11592.11,"end":11592.35},{"text":"conclusion","start":11592.35,"end":11592.91},{"text":"provides","start":11592.91,"end":11593.39},{"text":"that,","start":11593.39,"end":11593.71},{"text":"in","start":11593.95,"end":11594.15},{"text":"the","start":11594.15,"end":11594.23},{"text":"absence","start":11594.23,"end":11594.75},{"text":"of","start":11594.75,"end":11594.87},{"text":"an","start":11594.87,"end":11594.95},{"text":"express","start":11594.95,"end":11595.39},{"text":"indication,","start":11595.39,"end":11596.19},{"text":"various","start":11596.39,"end":11596.79},{"text":"elements","start":11596.79,"end":11597.23},{"text":"that","start":11597.23,"end":11597.39},{"text":"have","start":11597.39,"end":11597.55},{"text":"not","start":11597.55,"end":11597.71},{"text":"yet","start":11597.71,"end":11597.87},{"text":"been","start":11597.87,"end":11598.03},{"text":"determined","start":11598.03,"end":11598.51},{"text":"must","start":11598.51,"end":11598.79},{"text":"be","start":11598.79,"end":11598.87},{"text":"evaluated.","start":11598.87,"end":11599.63}]},{"text":"Consequently, we suggest defining these evaluation criteria before addressing the possible legal effects of legally non-binding international agreements.","start":11600.43,"end":11609.63,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Consequently,","start":11600.43,"end":11601.07},{"text":"we","start":11601.07,"end":11601.31},{"text":"suggest","start":11601.31,"end":11601.91},{"text":"defining","start":11601.91,"end":11602.35},{"text":"these","start":11602.35,"end":11602.63},{"text":"evaluation","start":11602.63,"end":11603.31},{"text":"criteria","start":11603.31,"end":11603.95},{"text":"before","start":11604.19,"end":11604.59},{"text":"addressing","start":11604.59,"end":11605.11},{"text":"the","start":11605.11,"end":11605.23},{"text":"possible","start":11605.23,"end":11605.75},{"text":"legal","start":11605.75,"end":11606.03},{"text":"effects","start":11606.03,"end":11606.51},{"text":"of","start":11606.51,"end":11606.59},{"text":"legally","start":11606.59,"end":11607.07},{"text":"non-binding","start":11607.31,"end":11608.11},{"text":"international","start":11608.11,"end":11608.83},{"text":"agreements.","start":11608.83,"end":11609.63}]},{"text":"This will allow progress to be made on a solid basis.","start":11609.95,"end":11613.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":11609.95,"end":11610.23},{"text":"will","start":11610.23,"end":11610.35},{"text":"allow","start":11610.35,"end":11610.67},{"text":"progress","start":11610.67,"end":11611.23},{"text":"to","start":11611.23,"end":11611.31},{"text":"be","start":11611.31,"end":11611.43},{"text":"made","start":11611.43,"end":11611.79},{"text":"on","start":11611.79,"end":11612.11},{"text":"a","start":11612.11,"end":11612.15},{"text":"solid","start":11612.15,"end":11612.55},{"text":"basis.","start":11612.55,"end":11613.15}]},{"text":"Moreover, we agree with the Special Rapporteur that it is appropriate to prioritize the study of the effects of these agreements in relation to other sources of international law before addressing the effects they do not produce.","start":11613.71,"end":11626.43,"topics":[{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. 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trust that the development of this topic will help provide consistent guidance for practice in this 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continue the constructive dialogue.","start":11656.39,"end":11660.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":11656.39,"end":11656.47},{"text":"delegation","start":11656.47,"end":11657.07},{"text":"reiterates","start":11657.07,"end":11657.59},{"text":"its","start":11657.59,"end":11657.75},{"text":"willingness","start":11657.75,"end":11658.23},{"text":"to","start":11658.23,"end":11658.39},{"text":"continue","start":11658.39,"end":11659.03},{"text":"the","start":11659.03,"end":11659.23},{"text":"constructive","start":11659.35,"end":11660.07},{"text":"dialogue.","start":11660.07,"end":11660.63}]},{"text":"Chapter 10 now, prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea.","start":11661.99,"end":11666.99,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Chapter","start":11661.99,"end":11662.47},{"text":"10","start":11662.47,"end":11662.91},{"text":"now,","start":11662.91,"end":11663.03},{"text":"prevention","start":11663.11,"end":11663.67},{"text":"and","start":11663.67,"end":11663.83},{"text":"repression","start":11663.83,"end":11664.31},{"text":"of","start":11664.31,"end":11664.39},{"text":"piracy","start":11664.39,"end":11665.03},{"text":"and","start":11665.03,"end":11665.19},{"text":"armed","start":11665.19,"end":11665.59},{"text":"robbery","start":11665.59,"end":11666.15},{"text":"at","start":11666.15,"end":11666.39},{"text":"sea.","start":11666.39,"end":11666.99}]},{"text":"The topic contributes to strengthening public international law in the field of maritime security for all States.","start":11668.63,"end":11676.35,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11668.63,"end":11668.83},{"text":"topic","start":11669.11,"end":11669.83},{"text":"contributes","start":11670.99,"end":11671.63},{"text":"to","start":11671.63,"end":11671.71},{"text":"strengthening","start":11671.71,"end":11672.35},{"text":"public","start":11672.35,"end":11672.75},{"text":"international","start":11672.75,"end":11673.59},{"text":"law","start":11673.59,"end":11673.71},{"text":"in","start":11673.71,"end":11673.91},{"text":"the","start":11673.91,"end":11673.99},{"text":"field","start":11673.99,"end":11674.27},{"text":"of","start":11674.27,"end":11674.35},{"text":"maritime","start":11674.35,"end":11674.83},{"text":"security","start":11674.83,"end":11675.39},{"text":"for","start":11675.39,"end":11675.55},{"text":"all","start":11675.55,"end":11675.79},{"text":"States.","start":11675.79,"end":11676.35}]},{"text":"The rapid evolution of technology has transformed the manner in which unlawful conduct is committed on the high seas, as well as the response of States to such acts.","start":11677.07,"end":11688.03,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11677.07,"end":11677.19},{"text":"rapid","start":11677.19,"end":11677.47},{"text":"evolution","start":11677.51,"end":11677.99},{"text":"of","start":11677.99,"end":11678.11},{"text":"technology","start":11678.11,"end":11678.75},{"text":"has","start":11678.75,"end":11678.99},{"text":"transformed","start":11678.99,"end":11679.51},{"text":"the","start":11679.51,"end":11679.63},{"text":"manner","start":11679.63,"end":11680.03},{"text":"in","start":11680.03,"end":11680.15},{"text":"which","start":11680.15,"end":11680.51},{"text":"unlawful","start":11682.43,"end":11682.99},{"text":"conduct","start":11682.99,"end":11683.63},{"text":"is","start":11683.63,"end":11683.79},{"text":"committed","start":11683.79,"end":11684.19},{"text":"on","start":11684.19,"end":11684.31},{"text":"the","start":11684.31,"end":11684.39},{"text":"high","start":11684.39,"end":11684.59},{"text":"seas,","start":11684.59,"end":11685.07},{"text":"as","start":11685.39,"end":11685.55},{"text":"well","start":11685.55,"end":11685.71},{"text":"as","start":11685.71,"end":11685.79},{"text":"the","start":11685.79,"end":11685.91},{"text":"response","start":11685.91,"end":11686.39},{"text":"of","start":11686.39,"end":11686.47},{"text":"States","start":11686.47,"end":11686.91},{"text":"to","start":11686.91,"end":11687.11},{"text":"such","start":11687.11,"end":11687.47},{"text":"acts.","start":11687.47,"end":11688.03}]},{"text":"We welcome the design of draft Article 5 and share the concern expressed by other States that the language used should allow an effective response to this evolution and should not limit States' ability to respond, while always keeping in mind the principle of legality and respect for sovereignty.","start":11688.35,"end":11706.71,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":11688.35,"end":11688.55},{"text":"welcome","start":11688.55,"end":11688.91},{"text":"the","start":11688.91,"end":11688.99},{"text":"design","start":11688.99,"end":11689.43},{"text":"of","start":11689.43,"end":11689.55},{"text":"draft","start":11689.55,"end":11690.35},{"text":"Article","start":11690.35,"end":11690.75},{"text":"5","start":11690.75,"end":11691.31},{"text":"and","start":11691.55,"end":11691.71},{"text":"share","start":11691.71,"end":11691.95},{"text":"the","start":11691.95,"end":11692.07},{"text":"concern","start":11692.07,"end":11692.55},{"text":"expressed","start":11692.55,"end":11693.03},{"text":"by","start":11693.03,"end":11693.11},{"text":"other","start":11693.11,"end":11693.31},{"text":"States","start":11693.31,"end":11693.79},{"text":"that","start":11693.79,"end":11693.95},{"text":"the","start":11693.95,"end":11694.03},{"text":"language","start":11694.03,"end":11694.51},{"text":"used","start":11694.51,"end":11695.07},{"text":"should","start":11695.51,"end":11695.75},{"text":"allow","start":11695.75,"end":11696.03},{"text":"an","start":11696.03,"end":11696.15},{"text":"effective","start":11696.15,"end":11696.63},{"text":"response","start":11696.63,"end":11697.27},{"text":"to","start":11697.27,"end":11697.39},{"text":"this","start":11697.39,"end":11697.75},{"text":"evolution","start":11697.79,"end":11698.39},{"text":"and","start":11698.63,"end":11698.75},{"text":"should","start":11698.75,"end":11698.95},{"text":"not","start":11698.95,"end":11699.15},{"text":"limit","start":11699.15,"end":11699.59},{"text":"States'","start":11699.59,"end":11700.07},{"text":"ability","start":11700.07,"end":11700.55},{"text":"to","start":11700.55,"end":11700.75},{"text":"respond,","start":11700.75,"end":11701.51},{"text":"while","start":11701.75,"end":11702.07},{"text":"always","start":11702.07,"end":11702.47},{"text":"keeping","start":11702.47,"end":11702.87},{"text":"in","start":11702.87,"end":11702.95},{"text":"mind","start":11702.95,"end":11703.31},{"text":"the","start":11703.31,"end":11703.43},{"text":"principle","start":11703.43,"end":11703.95},{"text":"of","start":11703.95,"end":11704.07},{"text":"legality","start":11704.07,"end":11704.87},{"text":"and","start":11704.87,"end":11705.27},{"text":"respect","start":11705.27,"end":11705.75},{"text":"for","start":11705.75,"end":11705.99},{"text":"sovereignty.","start":11705.99,"end":11706.71}]},{"text":"On the other hand, we note with concern the wording of draft article 10, which provides that the criminal responsibility of children shall be determined according to their capacity for discernment.","start":11707.59,"end":11719.99,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":11707.59,"end":11707.71},{"text":"the","start":11707.71,"end":11707.79},{"text":"other","start":11707.79,"end":11707.99},{"text":"hand,","start":11707.99,"end":11708.31},{"text":"we","start":11708.87,"end":11709.03},{"text":"note","start":11709.03,"end":11709.23},{"text":"with","start":11709.23,"end":11709.43},{"text":"concern","start":11709.43,"end":11710.11},{"text":"the","start":11710.11,"end":11710.23},{"text":"wording","start":11710.23,"end":11710.71},{"text":"of","start":11710.71,"end":11710.87},{"text":"draft","start":11710.87,"end":11711.27},{"text":"article","start":11711.27,"end":11711.75},{"text":"10,","start":11711.75,"end":11712.23},{"text":"which","start":11712.55,"end":11712.87},{"text":"provides","start":11712.87,"end":11713.43},{"text":"that","start":11713.43,"end":11713.55},{"text":"the","start":11713.55,"end":11713.67},{"text":"criminal","start":11713.67,"end":11714.15},{"text":"responsibility","start":11714.15,"end":11715.23},{"text":"of","start":11715.23,"end":11715.35},{"text":"children","start":11715.35,"end":11715.99},{"text":"shall","start":11716.55,"end":11716.75},{"text":"be","start":11716.75,"end":11716.91},{"text":"determined","start":11716.91,"end":11717.51},{"text":"according","start":11717.51,"end":11717.99},{"text":"to","start":11717.99,"end":11718.11},{"text":"their","start":11718.11,"end":11718.31},{"text":"capacity","start":11718.31,"end":11718.95},{"text":"for","start":11718.95,"end":11719.11},{"text":"discernment.","start":11719.11,"end":11719.99}]},{"text":"This manner of defining the offence places children in a vulnerable position, since there is no objective criterion for determining criminal responsibility.","start":11720.39,"end":11731.79,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":11720.39,"end":11720.63},{"text":"manner","start":11720.63,"end":11721.07},{"text":"of","start":11721.07,"end":11721.19},{"text":"defining","start":11721.19,"end":11721.83},{"text":"the","start":11721.83,"end":11721.95},{"text":"offence","start":11721.99,"end":11722.79},{"text":"places","start":11723.23,"end":11723.79},{"text":"children","start":11723.79,"end":11724.27},{"text":"in","start":11724.27,"end":11724.47},{"text":"a","start":11724.47,"end":11724.51},{"text":"vulnerable","start":11724.51,"end":11725.31},{"text":"position,","start":11725.31,"end":11726.11},{"text":"since","start":11726.91,"end":11727.47},{"text":"there","start":11727.47,"end":11727.63},{"text":"is","start":11727.63,"end":11727.75},{"text":"no","start":11727.75,"end":11728.03},{"text":"objective","start":11728.03,"end":11728.55},{"text":"criterion","start":11728.55,"end":11729.31},{"text":"for","start":11729.31,"end":11729.55},{"text":"determining","start":11729.55,"end":11730.19},{"text":"criminal","start":11730.19,"end":11730.67},{"text":"responsibility.","start":11730.67,"end":11731.79}]},{"text":"Therefore, my country suggests that, in light of General Comment No. 24 of 2019 on the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which addresses children’s rights in the juvenile justice system, The draft articles should clearly establish an appropriate minimum age of criminal responsibility in order to ensure consistency with international human rights law.","start":11732.19,"end":11754.11,"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. They emphasized consistency with UNCLOS and maintaining the distinct legal regimes governing piracy and armed robbery at sea."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":11732.19,"end":11732.75},{"text":"my","start":11733.15,"end":11733.39},{"text":"country","start":11733.39,"end":11733.71},{"text":"suggests","start":11733.71,"end":11734.43},{"text":"that,","start":11734.43,"end":11734.67},{"text":"in","start":11734.67,"end":11734.83},{"text":"light","start":11734.83,"end":11735.07},{"text":"of","start":11735.07,"end":11735.15},{"text":"General","start":11735.15,"end":11735.47},{"text":"Comment","start":11735.47,"end":11735.87},{"text":"No.","start":11735.87,"end":11736.03},{"text":"24","start":11736.03,"end":11736.63},{"text":"of","start":11736.63,"end":11736.71},{"text":"2019","start":11736.71,"end":11737.87},{"text":"on","start":11738.27,"end":11738.39},{"text":"the","start":11738.39,"end":11738.51},{"text":"Convention","start":11738.51,"end":11738.99},{"text":"on","start":11738.99,"end":11739.07},{"text":"the","start":11739.07,"end":11739.19},{"text":"Rights","start":11739.19,"end":11739.43},{"text":"of","start":11739.43,"end":11739.51},{"text":"the","start":11739.51,"end":11739.63},{"text":"Child,","start":11739.63,"end":11740.11},{"text":"which","start":11740.27,"end":11740.51},{"text":"addresses","start":11740.51,"end":11741.15},{"text":"children’s","start":11741.15,"end":11741.79},{"text":"rights","start":11741.79,"end":11742.07},{"text":"in","start":11742.07,"end":11742.19},{"text":"the","start":11742.19,"end":11742.27},{"text":"juvenile","start":11742.27,"end":11742.75},{"text":"justice","start":11742.75,"end":11743.27},{"text":"system,","start":11743.27,"end":11743.71},{"text":"The","start":11744.11,"end":11744.27},{"text":"draft","start":11744.27,"end":11744.67},{"text":"articles","start":11744.67,"end":11745.15},{"text":"should","start":11745.15,"end":11745.39},{"text":"clearly","start":11745.39,"end":11745.87},{"text":"establish","start":11745.87,"end":11746.51},{"text":"an","start":11746.51,"end":11746.59},{"text":"appropriate","start":11746.59,"end":11747.31},{"text":"minimum","start":11747.31,"end":11747.95},{"text":"age","start":11747.95,"end":11748.27},{"text":"of","start":11748.27,"end":11748.43},{"text":"criminal","start":11748.43,"end":11748.83},{"text":"responsibility","start":11748.83,"end":11749.79},{"text":"in","start":11750.03,"end":11750.19},{"text":"order","start":11750.19,"end":11750.43},{"text":"to","start":11750.43,"end":11750.55},{"text":"ensure","start":11750.55,"end":11750.91},{"text":"consistency","start":11750.91,"end":11751.79},{"text":"with","start":11751.79,"end":11751.95},{"text":"international","start":11752.19,"end":11752.91},{"text":"human","start":11752.91,"end":11753.27},{"text":"rights","start":11753.27,"end":11753.55},{"text":"law.","start":11753.55,"end":11754.11}]},{"text":"It is noteworthy that, as part of the report presented by the Special Rapporteur, the practice of certain States, such as the State of Palestine, was not taken into account in the foundational analysis used for the preparation of the draft articles.","start":11756.19,"end":11770.03,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":11756.19,"end":11756.39},{"text":"is","start":11756.39,"end":11756.51},{"text":"noteworthy","start":11756.51,"end":11757.15},{"text":"that,","start":11757.15,"end":11757.51},{"text":"as","start":11757.51,"end":11757.63},{"text":"part","start":11757.63,"end":11757.87},{"text":"of","start":11757.87,"end":11757.95},{"text":"the","start":11757.95,"end":11758.03},{"text":"report","start":11758.03,"end":11758.47},{"text":"presented","start":11758.47,"end":11758.91},{"text":"by","start":11758.91,"end":11759.07},{"text":"the","start":11759.07,"end":11759.19},{"text":"Special","start":11759.19,"end":11759.55},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":11759.55,"end":11760.35},{"text":"the","start":11760.83,"end":11760.95},{"text":"practice","start":11760.95,"end":11761.47},{"text":"of","start":11761.47,"end":11761.55},{"text":"certain","start":11761.55,"end":11761.95},{"text":"States,","start":11761.95,"end":11762.39},{"text":"such","start":11762.39,"end":11762.59},{"text":"as","start":11762.59,"end":11762.83},{"text":"the","start":11763.23,"end":11763.35},{"text":"State","start":11763.35,"end":11763.59},{"text":"of","start":11763.59,"end":11763.67},{"text":"Palestine,","start":11763.67,"end":11764.27},{"text":"was","start":11764.27,"end":11764.43},{"text":"not","start":11764.43,"end":11764.63},{"text":"taken","start":11764.63,"end":11764.99},{"text":"into","start":11764.99,"end":11765.27},{"text":"account","start":11765.27,"end":11765.79},{"text":"in","start":11766.03,"end":11766.23},{"text":"the","start":11766.23,"end":11766.35},{"text":"foundational","start":11766.35,"end":11767.07},{"text":"analysis","start":11767.07,"end":11767.79},{"text":"used","start":11767.79,"end":11768.15},{"text":"for","start":11768.15,"end":11768.27},{"text":"the","start":11768.27,"end":11768.35},{"text":"preparation","start":11768.35,"end":11768.83},{"text":"of","start":11768.83,"end":11768.91},{"text":"the","start":11768.91,"end":11769.03},{"text":"draft","start":11769.03,"end":11769.39},{"text":"articles.","start":11769.39,"end":11770.03}]},{"text":"In this context, we invite the Rapporteur to strengthen his analysis so as to take into consideration all States.","start":11770.47,"end":11777.19,"topics":[{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":11770.47,"end":11770.63},{"text":"this","start":11770.63,"end":11770.79},{"text":"context,","start":11770.79,"end":11771.27},{"text":"we","start":11771.27,"end":11771.39},{"text":"invite","start":11771.39,"end":11771.75},{"text":"the","start":11771.75,"end":11771.83},{"text":"Rapporteur","start":11771.83,"end":11772.47},{"text":"to","start":11772.47,"end":11772.79},{"text":"strengthen","start":11772.79,"end":11773.31},{"text":"his","start":11773.31,"end":11773.51},{"text":"analysis","start":11773.51,"end":11774.23},{"text":"so","start":11774.55,"end":11774.79},{"text":"as","start":11774.79,"end":11774.87},{"text":"to","start":11774.87,"end":11775.07},{"text":"take","start":11775.07,"end":11775.27},{"text":"into","start":11775.27,"end":11775.51},{"text":"consideration","start":11775.51,"end":11776.31},{"text":"all","start":11776.31,"end":11776.55},{"text":"States.","start":11776.55,"end":11777.19}]},{"text":"Due diligence in international law now, and the adoption of the inductive approach by the Special Rapporteur, we feel it's important that the Commission's future work continue to be based on sufficiently representative State practice, relevant opinio juris, and jurisprudence, and that it avoid automatically transferring solutions developed in one area of international law to other contexts with different characteristics.","start":11779.59,"end":11806.55,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."},{"key":"inclusive-international-law","label":"Representativeness in International Law","description":"Speakers called for greater consideration of developing countries, regional jurisprudence, and diverse legal traditions, languages, and scholarship in identifying and codifying international law. They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."}],"words":[{"text":"Due","start":11779.59,"end":11779.83},{"text":"diligence","start":11779.83,"end":11780.47},{"text":"in","start":11780.47,"end":11780.59},{"text":"international","start":11780.59,"end":11781.43},{"text":"law","start":11781.43,"end":11781.51},{"text":"now,","start":11781.51,"end":11781.91},{"text":"and","start":11782.31,"end":11782.55},{"text":"the","start":11782.55,"end":11782.67},{"text":"adoption","start":11784.07,"end":11784.47},{"text":"of","start":11784.47,"end":11784.55},{"text":"the","start":11784.55,"end":11784.67},{"text":"inductive","start":11784.67,"end":11785.19},{"text":"approach","start":11785.19,"end":11785.59},{"text":"by","start":11785.59,"end":11785.75},{"text":"the","start":11785.75,"end":11785.83},{"text":"Special","start":11785.83,"end":11786.19},{"text":"Rapporteur,","start":11786.19,"end":11786.87},{"text":"we","start":11786.87,"end":11787.03},{"text":"feel","start":11787.03,"end":11787.15},{"text":"it's","start":11787.15,"end":11787.43},{"text":"important","start":11787.43,"end":11788.15},{"text":"that","start":11788.39,"end":11788.55},{"text":"the","start":11788.55,"end":11788.67},{"text":"Commission's","start":11788.67,"end":11789.23},{"text":"future","start":11789.23,"end":11789.51},{"text":"work","start":11789.51,"end":11789.71},{"text":"continue","start":11789.71,"end":11790.23},{"text":"to","start":11790.23,"end":11790.35},{"text":"be","start":11790.35,"end":11790.47},{"text":"based","start":11790.47,"end":11790.87},{"text":"on","start":11790.87,"end":11790.95},{"text":"sufficiently","start":11790.95,"end":11791.83},{"text":"representative","start":11792.07,"end":11792.95},{"text":"State","start":11792.95,"end":11793.27},{"text":"practice,","start":11793.27,"end":11793.99},{"text":"relevant","start":11793.99,"end":11794.55},{"text":"opinio","start":11794.55,"end":11795.11},{"text":"juris,","start":11795.11,"end":11795.75},{"text":"and","start":11796.23,"end":11796.43},{"text":"jurisprudence,","start":11796.43,"end":11797.43},{"text":"and","start":11797.59,"end":11797.71},{"text":"that","start":11797.71,"end":11797.91},{"text":"it","start":11797.91,"end":11798.07},{"text":"avoid","start":11798.07,"end":11798.55},{"text":"automatically","start":11798.55,"end":11799.19},{"text":"transferring","start":11799.19,"end":11799.99},{"text":"solutions","start":11799.99,"end":11800.59},{"text":"developed","start":11800.59,"end":11801.03},{"text":"in","start":11801.03,"end":11801.11},{"text":"one","start":11801.11,"end":11801.51},{"text":"area","start":11801.67,"end":11802.03},{"text":"of","start":11802.03,"end":11802.11},{"text":"international","start":11802.11,"end":11802.79},{"text":"law","start":11802.79,"end":11802.95},{"text":"to","start":11802.95,"end":11803.19},{"text":"other","start":11803.19,"end":11803.43},{"text":"contexts","start":11803.43,"end":11804.07},{"text":"with","start":11805.11,"end":11805.31},{"text":"different","start":11805.31,"end":11805.67},{"text":"characteristics.","start":11805.67,"end":11806.55}]},{"text":"At this stage, it would be useful for the ILC to focus on due diligence as a standard of conduct associated with compliance with specific primary rules.","start":11808.23,"end":11817.35,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":11808.23,"end":11808.31},{"text":"this","start":11808.31,"end":11808.43},{"text":"stage,","start":11808.43,"end":11808.75},{"text":"it","start":11808.75,"end":11808.83},{"text":"would","start":11808.83,"end":11808.95},{"text":"be","start":11808.95,"end":11809.07},{"text":"useful","start":11809.07,"end":11809.43},{"text":"for","start":11809.43,"end":11809.59},{"text":"the","start":11809.59,"end":11809.71},{"text":"ILC","start":11809.71,"end":11810.31},{"text":"to","start":11810.31,"end":11810.39},{"text":"focus","start":11810.39,"end":11810.87},{"text":"on","start":11810.87,"end":11811.03},{"text":"due","start":11811.03,"end":11811.27},{"text":"diligence","start":11811.27,"end":11811.95},{"text":"as","start":11811.95,"end":11812.07},{"text":"a","start":11812.07,"end":11812.15},{"text":"standard","start":11812.15,"end":11812.71},{"text":"of","start":11812.99,"end":11813.11},{"text":"conduct","start":11813.11,"end":11813.67},{"text":"associated","start":11813.67,"end":11814.47},{"text":"with","start":11814.47,"end":11814.71},{"text":"compliance","start":11814.95,"end":11815.59},{"text":"with","start":11815.59,"end":11815.75},{"text":"specific","start":11815.75,"end":11816.31},{"text":"primary","start":11816.31,"end":11816.79},{"text":"rules.","start":11816.79,"end":11817.35}]},{"text":"This approach makes it possible to start from an area in which there is greater convergence, while at the same time identifying more precisely the common elements and the particular features that depend on each obligation and legal regime.","start":11817.91,"end":11831.19,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":11817.91,"end":11818.11},{"text":"approach","start":11818.11,"end":11818.47},{"text":"makes","start":11818.47,"end":11818.71},{"text":"it","start":11818.71,"end":11818.83},{"text":"possible","start":11818.83,"end":11819.27},{"text":"to","start":11819.27,"end":11819.35},{"text":"start","start":11819.35,"end":11819.75},{"text":"from","start":11819.75,"end":11819.91},{"text":"an","start":11819.91,"end":11819.99},{"text":"area","start":11819.99,"end":11820.39},{"text":"in","start":11820.39,"end":11820.51},{"text":"which","start":11820.51,"end":11820.79},{"text":"there","start":11820.79,"end":11820.95},{"text":"is","start":11820.95,"end":11821.11},{"text":"greater","start":11821.11,"end":11821.51},{"text":"convergence,","start":11821.51,"end":11822.39},{"text":"while","start":11822.67,"end":11822.95},{"text":"at","start":11822.95,"end":11823.03},{"text":"the","start":11823.03,"end":11823.11},{"text":"same","start":11823.11,"end":11823.35},{"text":"time","start":11823.35,"end":11823.83},{"text":"identifying","start":11824.07,"end":11824.75},{"text":"more","start":11824.75,"end":11824.95},{"text":"precisely","start":11824.95,"end":11825.59},{"text":"the","start":11825.59,"end":11825.75},{"text":"common","start":11825.75,"end":11826.11},{"text":"elements","start":11826.11,"end":11826.59},{"text":"and","start":11826.59,"end":11826.71},{"text":"the","start":11826.71,"end":11826.79},{"text":"particular","start":11826.79,"end":11827.35},{"text":"features","start":11827.35,"end":11827.99},{"text":"that","start":11828.15,"end":11828.39},{"text":"depend","start":11828.39,"end":11828.79},{"text":"on","start":11828.79,"end":11828.95},{"text":"each","start":11828.95,"end":11829.15},{"text":"obligation","start":11829.15,"end":11829.83},{"text":"and","start":11829.83,"end":11830.23},{"text":"legal","start":11830.23,"end":11830.55},{"text":"regime.","start":11830.55,"end":11831.19}]},{"text":"At the same time, we believe that any characterization of due diligence as a general rule of customary international law would require a particularly rigorous analysis of state practice and opinio juris.","start":11832.39,"end":11846.39,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":11832.39,"end":11832.55},{"text":"the","start":11832.55,"end":11832.63},{"text":"same","start":11832.63,"end":11832.91},{"text":"time,","start":11832.91,"end":11833.27},{"text":"we","start":11833.27,"end":11833.43},{"text":"believe","start":11833.43,"end":11833.79},{"text":"that","start":11833.79,"end":11833.99},{"text":"any","start":11833.99,"end":11834.31},{"text":"characterization","start":11834.31,"end":11835.35},{"text":"of","start":11835.35,"end":11835.43},{"text":"due","start":11835.43,"end":11835.67},{"text":"diligence","start":11835.67,"end":11836.35},{"text":"as","start":11836.35,"end":11836.47},{"text":"a","start":11836.47,"end":11836.55},{"text":"general","start":11836.55,"end":11837.03},{"text":"rule","start":11837.03,"end":11837.51},{"text":"of","start":11837.83,"end":11837.99},{"text":"customary","start":11837.99,"end":11838.63},{"text":"international","start":11838.63,"end":11839.87},{"text":"law","start":11839.87,"end":11839.95},{"text":"would","start":11840.39,"end":11840.63},{"text":"require","start":11840.63,"end":11841.23},{"text":"a","start":11841.23,"end":11841.27},{"text":"particularly","start":11841.35,"end":11842.15},{"text":"rigorous","start":11842.15,"end":11842.63},{"text":"analysis","start":11842.63,"end":11843.43},{"text":"of","start":11843.43,"end":11843.59},{"text":"state","start":11843.59,"end":11843.99},{"text":"practice","start":11843.99,"end":11844.71},{"text":"and","start":11844.95,"end":11845.27},{"text":"opinio","start":11845.27,"end":11845.75},{"text":"juris.","start":11845.75,"end":11846.39}]},{"text":"The existence of due diligence obligations in certain areas should not, by itself, lead to the assumption that there is a general obligation applicable uniformly throughout international law.","start":11846.91,"end":11859.39,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11846.91,"end":11847.03},{"text":"existence","start":11847.03,"end":11847.67},{"text":"of","start":11847.67,"end":11847.79},{"text":"due","start":11847.79,"end":11848.03},{"text":"diligence","start":11848.03,"end":11848.67},{"text":"obligations","start":11848.67,"end":11849.31},{"text":"in","start":11849.31,"end":11849.47},{"text":"certain","start":11849.47,"end":11849.95},{"text":"areas","start":11849.95,"end":11850.27},{"text":"should","start":11850.27,"end":11850.59},{"text":"not,","start":11850.59,"end":11850.99},{"text":"by","start":11850.99,"end":11851.23},{"text":"itself,","start":11851.23,"end":11851.87},{"text":"lead","start":11852.83,"end":11853.15},{"text":"to","start":11853.15,"end":11853.31},{"text":"the","start":11853.31,"end":11853.43},{"text":"assumption","start":11853.43,"end":11854.03},{"text":"that","start":11854.03,"end":11854.19},{"text":"there","start":11854.19,"end":11854.39},{"text":"is","start":11854.39,"end":11854.51},{"text":"a","start":11854.51,"end":11854.55},{"text":"general","start":11854.55,"end":11855.03},{"text":"obligation","start":11855.03,"end":11855.67},{"text":"applicable","start":11855.67,"end":11856.19},{"text":"uniformly","start":11856.19,"end":11857.15},{"text":"throughout","start":11857.15,"end":11857.87},{"text":"international","start":11858.19,"end":11859.31},{"text":"law.","start":11859.31,"end":11859.39}]},{"text":"Likewise, it is important to preserve the distinction between the content of primary rules and that of secondary rules concerning State responsibility.","start":11860.75,"end":11869.39,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"Likewise,","start":11860.75,"end":11861.47},{"text":"it","start":11861.47,"end":11861.59},{"text":"is","start":11861.59,"end":11861.71},{"text":"important","start":11861.71,"end":11862.31},{"text":"to","start":11862.31,"end":11862.39},{"text":"preserve","start":11862.43,"end":11862.83},{"text":"the","start":11862.83,"end":11862.95},{"text":"distinction","start":11862.95,"end":11863.55},{"text":"between","start":11863.55,"end":11863.91},{"text":"the","start":11863.91,"end":11864.03},{"text":"content","start":11864.03,"end":11864.59},{"text":"of","start":11864.59,"end":11864.67},{"text":"primary","start":11864.67,"end":11865.15},{"text":"rules","start":11865.15,"end":11865.71},{"text":"and","start":11866.03,"end":11866.23},{"text":"that","start":11866.23,"end":11866.43},{"text":"of","start":11866.43,"end":11866.51},{"text":"secondary","start":11866.51,"end":11867.15},{"text":"rules","start":11867.15,"end":11867.47},{"text":"concerning","start":11867.47,"end":11868.03},{"text":"State","start":11868.03,"end":11868.35},{"text":"responsibility.","start":11868.35,"end":11869.39}]},{"text":"Maintaining this distinction will help ensure that the development of the topic provides clarity without altering categories that are already well established in international law.","start":11869.83,"end":11880.07,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"Maintaining","start":11869.83,"end":11870.43},{"text":"this","start":11870.43,"end":11870.63},{"text":"distinction","start":11870.63,"end":11871.19},{"text":"will","start":11871.19,"end":11871.35},{"text":"help","start":11871.35,"end":11871.55},{"text":"ensure","start":11871.55,"end":11871.99},{"text":"that","start":11871.99,"end":11872.23},{"text":"the","start":11872.23,"end":11872.35},{"text":"development","start":11872.39,"end":11872.91},{"text":"of","start":11872.91,"end":11872.99},{"text":"the","start":11872.99,"end":11873.07},{"text":"topic","start":11873.07,"end":11873.51},{"text":"provides","start":11873.75,"end":11874.23},{"text":"clarity","start":11874.23,"end":11874.79},{"text":"without","start":11874.79,"end":11875.19},{"text":"altering","start":11875.19,"end":11875.55},{"text":"categories","start":11875.55,"end":11876.15},{"text":"that","start":11876.15,"end":11876.31},{"text":"are","start":11876.31,"end":11876.39},{"text":"already","start":11876.39,"end":11876.91},{"text":"well","start":11876.91,"end":11877.07},{"text":"established","start":11877.07,"end":11877.59},{"text":"in","start":11877.59,"end":11877.71},{"text":"international","start":11877.71,"end":11878.71},{"text":"law.","start":11879.99,"end":11880.07}]},{"text":"As regards the form that the outcome of the work could take, Mexico considers that, at the preference stage, it would be preferable to proceed through draft conclusions rather than principles or guidelines.","start":11880.07,"end":11889.83,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":11880.07,"end":11880.15},{"text":"regards","start":11880.15,"end":11880.47},{"text":"the","start":11880.47,"end":11880.63},{"text":"form","start":11880.63,"end":11880.87},{"text":"that","start":11880.87,"end":11881.03},{"text":"the","start":11881.03,"end":11881.11},{"text":"outcome","start":11881.11,"end":11881.43},{"text":"of","start":11881.43,"end":11881.51},{"text":"the","start":11881.51,"end":11881.59},{"text":"work","start":11881.59,"end":11881.87},{"text":"could","start":11881.87,"end":11881.99},{"text":"take,","start":11881.99,"end":11882.39},{"text":"Mexico","start":11882.71,"end":11883.19},{"text":"considers","start":11883.19,"end":11883.67},{"text":"that,","start":11883.67,"end":11883.91},{"text":"at","start":11883.91,"end":11883.99},{"text":"the","start":11883.99,"end":11884.07},{"text":"preference","start":11884.07,"end":11884.51},{"text":"stage,","start":11884.51,"end":11884.91},{"text":"it","start":11884.91,"end":11885.03},{"text":"would","start":11885.03,"end":11885.15},{"text":"be","start":11885.15,"end":11885.27},{"text":"preferable","start":11885.27,"end":11885.75},{"text":"to","start":11885.75,"end":11885.87},{"text":"proceed","start":11885.87,"end":11886.27},{"text":"through","start":11886.27,"end":11886.47},{"text":"draft","start":11886.47,"end":11886.75},{"text":"conclusions","start":11886.75,"end":11887.59},{"text":"rather","start":11887.91,"end":11888.23},{"text":"than","start":11888.23,"end":11888.39},{"text":"principles","start":11888.39,"end":11888.95},{"text":"or","start":11888.95,"end":11889.07},{"text":"guidelines.","start":11889.07,"end":11889.83}]},{"text":"conclusions to help formulate clarifications and promote common understandings regarding due diligence, whereas the elaboration of principles or guidelines could entail general formulations or guidance for State practice that would be premature at this time.","start":11890.31,"end":11906.31,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"conclusions","start":11890.31,"end":11891.07},{"text":"to","start":11891.07,"end":11891.15},{"text":"help","start":11891.15,"end":11891.35},{"text":"formulate","start":11891.35,"end":11891.83},{"text":"clarifications","start":11891.83,"end":11892.79},{"text":"and","start":11892.79,"end":11892.91},{"text":"promote","start":11892.91,"end":11893.35},{"text":"common","start":11893.35,"end":11893.83},{"text":"understandings","start":11893.83,"end":11894.71},{"text":"regarding","start":11894.95,"end":11895.51},{"text":"due","start":11895.55,"end":11895.67},{"text":"diligence,","start":11895.67,"end":11896.31},{"text":"whereas","start":11896.31,"end":11896.79},{"text":"the","start":11897.03,"end":11897.15},{"text":"elaboration","start":11897.15,"end":11897.91},{"text":"of","start":11897.91,"end":11897.99},{"text":"principles","start":11897.99,"end":11898.63},{"text":"or","start":11898.63,"end":11898.75},{"text":"guidelines","start":11898.75,"end":11899.51},{"text":"could","start":11899.75,"end":11899.99},{"text":"entail","start":11899.99,"end":11900.47},{"text":"general","start":11900.47,"end":11900.87},{"text":"formulations","start":11900.87,"end":11901.67},{"text":"or","start":11901.67,"end":11901.91},{"text":"guidance","start":11902.07,"end":11902.63},{"text":"for","start":11902.63,"end":11902.79},{"text":"State","start":11902.79,"end":11903.03},{"text":"practice","start":11903.03,"end":11903.59},{"text":"that","start":11903.59,"end":11903.75},{"text":"would","start":11903.75,"end":11903.99},{"text":"be","start":11903.99,"end":11904.31},{"text":"premature","start":11904.47,"end":11905.19},{"text":"at","start":11905.43,"end":11905.59},{"text":"this","start":11905.59,"end":11905.83},{"text":"time.","start":11905.83,"end":11906.31}]},{"text":"Mexico will continue to participate constructively in this work and will continue to follow closely the development of State practice, which should guide the subsequent stages of the study.","start":11907.19,"end":11917.19,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."}],"words":[{"text":"Mexico","start":11907.19,"end":11907.75},{"text":"will","start":11907.75,"end":11907.91},{"text":"continue","start":11907.91,"end":11908.35},{"text":"to","start":11908.35,"end":11908.47},{"text":"participate","start":11908.47,"end":11909.07},{"text":"constructively","start":11909.07,"end":11909.91},{"text":"in","start":11909.91,"end":11910.07},{"text":"this","start":11910.07,"end":11910.31},{"text":"work","start":11910.31,"end":11910.71},{"text":"and","start":11910.91,"end":11911.03},{"text":"will","start":11911.03,"end":11911.19},{"text":"continue","start":11911.19,"end":11911.67},{"text":"to","start":11911.67,"end":11911.79},{"text":"follow","start":11911.79,"end":11912.07},{"text":"closely","start":11912.07,"end":11912.63},{"text":"the","start":11912.63,"end":11912.75},{"text":"development","start":11912.75,"end":11913.27},{"text":"of","start":11913.27,"end":11913.35},{"text":"State","start":11913.35,"end":11913.59},{"text":"practice,","start":11913.59,"end":11914.23},{"text":"which","start":11914.51,"end":11914.79},{"text":"should","start":11914.79,"end":11915.07},{"text":"guide","start":11915.07,"end":11915.35},{"text":"the","start":11915.35,"end":11915.47},{"text":"subsequent","start":11915.47,"end":11916.03},{"text":"stages","start":11916.03,"end":11916.47},{"text":"of","start":11916.47,"end":11916.55},{"text":"the","start":11916.55,"end":11916.67},{"text":"study.","start":11916.67,"end":11917.19}]},{"text":"Compensation for damage caused by internationally wrongful acts, now.","start":11917.99,"end":11921.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Compensation","start":11917.99,"end":11918.63},{"text":"for","start":11918.63,"end":11918.75},{"text":"damage","start":11918.75,"end":11919.07},{"text":"caused","start":11919.07,"end":11919.35},{"text":"by","start":11919.35,"end":11919.59},{"text":"internationally","start":11919.59,"end":11920.39},{"text":"wrongful","start":11920.39,"end":11920.95},{"text":"acts,","start":11920.95,"end":11921.43},{"text":"now.","start":11921.43,"end":11921.75}]},{"text":"With regard to compensation for damage caused by internationally wrongful acts, the analysis of compensation as provided for in article 36 of the draft articles is essential to ensuring respect for the principle of full reparation.","start":11923.27,"end":11936.71,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. 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Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":11984.55,"end":11985.03},{"text":"Mexico","start":11985.03,"end":11985.51},{"text":"supports","start":11985.51,"end":11985.91},{"text":"the","start":11985.91,"end":11986.07},{"text":"suggestions","start":11986.07,"end":11986.71},{"text":"made","start":11986.71,"end":11986.87},{"text":"by","start":11986.87,"end":11987.07},{"text":"other","start":11987.07,"end":11987.23},{"text":"States","start":11987.23,"end":11987.75},{"text":"that","start":11987.75,"end":11987.99},{"text":"the","start":11987.99,"end":11988.19},{"text":"study","start":11988.55,"end":11989.11},{"text":"should","start":11989.11,"end":11989.35},{"text":"ensure","start":11989.35,"end":11989.91},{"text":"a","start":11989.99,"end":11990.03},{"text":"comparative","start":11990.03,"end":11990.75},{"text":"analysis","start":11990.75,"end":11991.43},{"text":"of","start":11991.43,"end":11991.51},{"text":"precedents","start":11991.51,"end":11992.07},{"text":"from","start":11992.07,"end":11992.23},{"text":"international","start":11992.23,"end":11992.83},{"text":"organizations","start":11992.83,"end":11993.55},{"text":"and","start":11993.55,"end":11993.67},{"text":"courts.","start":11993.67,"end":11994.23}]},{"text":"This practice will help strengthen multilateralism by drawing on information from existing institutions and will therefore reduce divergent approaches in the international arena.","start":11995.11,"end":12006.07,"topics":[{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":11995.11,"end":11995.35},{"text":"practice","start":11995.35,"end":11995.87},{"text":"will","start":11995.87,"end":11995.99},{"text":"help","start":11995.99,"end":11996.15},{"text":"strengthen","start":11996.15,"end":11996.67},{"text":"multilateralism","start":11996.67,"end":11997.59},{"text":"by","start":11997.59,"end":11997.75},{"text":"drawing","start":11997.75,"end":11998.23},{"text":"on","start":11998.47,"end":11998.71},{"text":"information","start":11998.71,"end":11999.47},{"text":"from","start":11999.47,"end":11999.67},{"text":"existing","start":11999.67,"end":12000.23},{"text":"institutions","start":12000.23,"end":12001.19},{"text":"and","start":12001.35,"end":12001.47},{"text":"will","start":12001.47,"end":12001.59},{"text":"therefore","start":12001.59,"end":12002.15},{"text":"reduce","start":12002.31,"end":12002.79},{"text":"divergent","start":12002.79,"end":12003.75},{"text":"approaches","start":12003.75,"end":12004.47},{"text":"in","start":12004.47,"end":12004.79},{"text":"the","start":12004.79,"end":12004.91},{"text":"international","start":12004.91,"end":12005.59},{"text":"arena.","start":12005.59,"end":12006.07}]},{"text":"In addition, with regard to the aforementioned principle of full reparation, From the standpoint of environmental protection and the effective protection of human rights, Mexico considers it highly valuable for the Special Rapporteur to provide for the inclusion of practical mechanisms for the satisfaction of compensation awards.","start":12007.35,"end":12024.59,"topics":[{"key":"wrongful-act-compensation","label":"Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts","description":"Speakers examined rules governing compensation, including causation, valuation of damage, non-material harm, and implementation of awards. 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believe that there are various legal instruments whose applicability depends on the legal nature of each subject of international law.","start":12025.71,"end":12032.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":12025.71,"end":12025.95},{"text":"believe","start":12025.95,"end":12026.23},{"text":"that","start":12026.23,"end":12026.35},{"text":"there","start":12026.35,"end":12026.51},{"text":"are","start":12026.51,"end":12026.59},{"text":"various","start":12026.59,"end":12026.99},{"text":"legal","start":12026.99,"end":12027.31},{"text":"instruments","start":12027.31,"end":12027.83},{"text":"whose","start":12027.83,"end":12028.03},{"text":"applicability","start":12028.07,"end":12028.71},{"text":"depends","start":12028.71,"end":12029.15},{"text":"on","start":12029.15,"end":12029.27},{"text":"the","start":12029.27,"end":12029.35},{"text":"legal","start":12029.35,"end":12029.71},{"text":"nature","start":12029.71,"end":12030.27},{"text":"of","start":12030.43,"end":12030.67},{"text":"each","start":12030.67,"end":12030.91},{"text":"subject","start":12030.91,"end":12031.51},{"text":"of","start":12031.51,"end":12031.59},{"text":"international","start":12031.59,"end":12032.75},{"text":"law.","start":12032.75,"end":12032.83}]},{"text":"My delegation affirms its commitment to the study of international law as an appropriate instrument for the peaceful settlement of disputes and emphasizes that the nature of any formal instrument that may emerge from this topic will be determined once the deliberations have reached the necessary degree of maturity.","start":12033.47,"end":12050.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":12033.47,"end":12033.63},{"text":"delegation","start":12033.63,"end":12034.15},{"text":"affirms","start":12034.15,"end":12034.59},{"text":"its","start":12034.59,"end":12034.79},{"text":"commitment","start":12034.79,"end":12035.27},{"text":"to","start":12035.27,"end":12035.39},{"text":"the","start":12035.39,"end":12035.51},{"text":"study","start":12035.55,"end":12035.95},{"text":"of","start":12035.95,"end":12036.03},{"text":"international","start":12036.03,"end":12036.99},{"text":"law","start":12036.99,"end":12037.07},{"text":"as","start":12037.39,"end":12037.51},{"text":"an","start":12037.51,"end":12037.63},{"text":"appropriate","start":12037.63,"end":12038.11},{"text":"instrument","start":12038.11,"end":12038.67},{"text":"for","start":12038.67,"end":12038.91},{"text":"the","start":12038.91,"end":12038.99},{"text":"peaceful","start":12038.99,"end":12039.43},{"text":"settlement","start":12039.43,"end":12039.87},{"text":"of","start":12039.87,"end":12039.95},{"text":"disputes","start":12039.95,"end":12040.59},{"text":"and","start":12040.83,"end":12040.99},{"text":"emphasizes","start":12040.99,"end":12041.71},{"text":"that","start":12041.71,"end":12041.91},{"text":"the","start":12041.91,"end":12042.03},{"text":"nature","start":12042.03,"end":12042.67},{"text":"of","start":12042.83,"end":12043.07},{"text":"any","start":12043.07,"end":12043.39},{"text":"formal","start":12043.39,"end":12043.79},{"text":"instrument","start":12043.79,"end":12044.35},{"text":"that","start":12044.51,"end":12044.67},{"text":"may","start":12044.67,"end":12044.91},{"text":"emerge","start":12044.91,"end":12045.31},{"text":"from","start":12045.31,"end":12045.51},{"text":"this","start":12045.51,"end":12045.71},{"text":"topic","start":12045.71,"end":12046.03},{"text":"will","start":12046.03,"end":12046.19},{"text":"be","start":12046.19,"end":12046.35},{"text":"determined","start":12046.35,"end":12046.99},{"text":"once","start":12047.15,"end":12047.47},{"text":"the","start":12047.47,"end":12047.59},{"text":"deliberations","start":12047.59,"end":12048.27},{"text":"have","start":12048.27,"end":12048.43},{"text":"reached","start":12048.43,"end":12048.75},{"text":"the","start":12048.75,"end":12048.83},{"text":"necessary","start":12048.83,"end":12049.43},{"text":"degree","start":12049.43,"end":12049.87},{"text":"of","start":12049.87,"end":12050.11},{"text":"maturity.","start":12050.27,"end":12050.99}]},{"text":"Thank you very much, madam.","start":12051.47,"end":12055.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":12051.47,"end":12051.71},{"text":"you","start":12051.71,"end":12051.87},{"text":"very","start":12051.95,"end":12052.15},{"text":"much,","start":12052.15,"end":12052.35},{"text":"madam.","start":12054.59,"end":12055.47}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"MEX","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Mexico"}},{"statement_number":54,"start":12055.71,"pageUrl":"/en/ga/c6/81/35?t=3:20:56","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Mexico for the statement.","start":12055.71,"end":12058.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":12055.71,"end":12055.87},{"text":"thank","start":12055.87,"end":12056.19},{"text":"the","start":12056.19,"end":12056.27},{"text":"distinguished","start":12056.27,"end":12056.83},{"text":"representative","start":12056.83,"end":12057.51},{"text":"of","start":12057.51,"end":12057.63},{"text":"Mexico","start":12057.71,"end":12058.27},{"text":"for","start":12058.27,"end":12058.43},{"text":"the","start":12058.43,"end":12058.51},{"text":"statement.","start":12058.51,"end":12058.95}]},{"text":"Ladies and gentlemen, distinguished delegates, the distinguished representative of Mexico was the last speaker on the list for this afternoon.","start":12059.07,"end":12068.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Ladies","start":12059.07,"end":12059.71},{"text":"and","start":12059.87,"end":12060.03},{"text":"gentlemen,","start":12060.03,"end":12060.59},{"text":"distinguished","start":12060.59,"end":12061.15},{"text":"delegates,","start":12061.15,"end":12061.55},{"text":"the","start":12061.71,"end":12061.83},{"text":"distinguished","start":12061.83,"end":12062.83},{"text":"representative","start":12062.83,"end":12063.47},{"text":"of","start":12063.47,"end":12063.55},{"text":"Mexico","start":12063.55,"end":12064.03},{"text":"was","start":12064.03,"end":12064.35},{"text":"the","start":12064.35,"end":12064.43},{"text":"last","start":12064.43,"end":12065.23},{"text":"speaker","start":12065.55,"end":12066.11},{"text":"on","start":12066.11,"end":12066.31},{"text":"the","start":12066.31,"end":12066.39},{"text":"list","start":12066.39,"end":12066.67},{"text":"for","start":12066.67,"end":12066.83},{"text":"this","start":12066.83,"end":12067.39},{"text":"afternoon.","start":12067.39,"end":12068.19}]},{"text":"The Sixth Committee will meet tomorrow morning again to continue the debate on the third cluster of chapters.","start":12068.43,"end":12077.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":12068.43,"end":12068.55},{"text":"Sixth","start":12068.55,"end":12068.91},{"text":"Committee","start":12068.91,"end":12069.87},{"text":"will","start":12069.87,"end":12070.19},{"text":"meet","start":12070.19,"end":12070.95},{"text":"tomorrow","start":12070.95,"end":12071.55},{"text":"morning","start":12071.55,"end":12072.35},{"text":"again","start":12072.35,"end":12072.83},{"text":"to","start":12072.83,"end":12072.99},{"text":"continue","start":12072.99,"end":12073.63},{"text":"the","start":12073.63,"end":12073.83},{"text":"debate","start":12073.83,"end":12074.59},{"text":"on","start":12074.59,"end":12074.83},{"text":"the","start":12074.83,"end":12074.99},{"text":"third","start":12074.99,"end":12075.27},{"text":"cluster","start":12075.27,"end":12076.03},{"text":"of","start":12076.03,"end":12076.35},{"text":"chapters.","start":12076.43,"end":12077.07}]},{"text":"This meeting is adjourned.","start":12077.07,"end":12078.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":12077.07,"end":12077.31},{"text":"meeting","start":12077.31,"end":12077.63},{"text":"is","start":12077.63,"end":12077.79},{"text":"adjourned.","start":12077.79,"end":12078.27}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"6th Committee","group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":"6th Committee"}}],"topics":[{"key":"piracy-armed-robbery","label":"Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea","description":"Speakers discussed maritime crime prevention and enforcement, including jurisdiction, hot pursuit, private security personnel, emerging technologies, and safeguards for victims and arrested persons. 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They also highlighted practical barriers to participation and access to legal materials, particularly for small states and underrepresented regions."},{"key":"international-law-due-diligence","label":"Due Diligence in International Law","description":"Delegations considered the legal nature, scope, and content of due diligence, including whether it is a context-dependent standard attached to specific obligations or a broader obligation. Discussion emphasized state practice, consent, national capacities, and caution against transferring standards uniformly across legal fields."},{"key":"state-succession-responsibility","label":"State Succession and State Responsibility","description":"Delegations discussed responsibility and reparation for internationally wrongful acts following state succession, including colonial transitions. They assessed the implications of limited state practice, negotiated arrangements, and the Commission’s decision to discontinue work without establishing a general rule."},{"key":"international-law-subsidiary-means","label":"Subsidiary Means for Determining International Law","description":"Delegations examined how judicial decisions, scholarly teachings, expert outputs, and international resolutions help identify international legal rules without becoming independent sources of law. Discussion addressed their evidentiary weight, the absence of generally binding precedent, and the distinction between identifying existing law and creating new obligations."},{"key":"international-organization-disputes","label":"Dispute Settlement Involving International Organizations","description":"Speakers considered guidelines for resolving disputes involving international organizations, particularly claims by private parties. They emphasized balancing functional immunity with accountability, accessible remedies, and due process while respecting state consent and organizations’ legal frameworks."},{"key":"nonbinding-international-agreements","label":"Non-Legally Binding International Agreements","description":"Delegations examined how to distinguish non-binding instruments from treaties, emphasizing participants’ intentions, express clauses, terminology, and contextual indicators. They also considered possible legal implications while seeking to preserve sovereign discretion and avoid imposing new obligations."}]}}