Sixth Committee, 6th plenary meeting - General Assembly, 81st session

Good afternoon. I call to order the sixth meeting of the Sixth Committee for the 81st session of the General Assembly. Distinguished delegates, this afternoon the Committee will first continue with agenda item 112, measures to eliminate international terrorism, after which we will take up the consideration of agenda item 139, programme planning, and then, in accordance with our programme of work, commence our consideration of agenda item 84, the rule of law at the national and international levels. As just announced, we continue with the consideration of agenda item 112. We concluded the debate on the agenda item at our last meeting, which was held this morning. At the end of the meeting, I announced that this year, Mr. David Izquierdo of Spain will coordinate the draft resolution on agenda item 112, measures to eliminate international terrorism. As agreed at our first meeting, we will provide the coordinators assigned to each agenda item the opportunity to take the floor to give a brief indication of their plans and, if possible, to already introduce the initial draft of their proposals for draft resolutions, where applicable. As such, I ask Mr. Izquierdo to take the floor on this agenda item. You have the floor.

Madam Chair, thank you very much for giving me the floor. Madam Chair, distinguished delegates, I have the honor to have been appointed by the Bureau of the Sixth Committee to, on their behalf, coordinate the informal consultations on the draft resolution relating to the agenda item entitled "Measures to eliminate international terrorism" during the 81st session of this General Assembly. I would like to thank the Bureau for the trust that they have placed in me, and I hope that I will enjoy the support and flexibility of delegations throughout our work. Madam Chair, I have taken note of the opinions expressed by delegations during the extensive debate on this agenda item, and I look forward to the exchange of views during the consultations to negotiate the draft resolution. Regarding the plans that I have for the task entrusted to me by the Bureau, I intend to, as soon as possible, circulate a preliminary draft resolution, a zero draft, for delegations' consideration. This zero draft will be based on the updated text of resolution 80/171, which was approved by the General Assembly on 15 December 2025. In the coming days, I will inform delegations of the date, the time and the place of the first round of informal consultations. Thank you very much, Madam Chair.

Thank you. I encourage the coordinator to use the e-sponsorship module in the e-delegate portal for the circulation of the draft resolution as early as possible and to submit it for processing in good time. Thank you once again for agreeing to serve as the coordinator. Distinguished delegates, we shall now turn to agenda item 139, program planning. This item has been allocated to all committees on an annual basis since the 64th session of the General Assembly. There are no speakers inscribed on the list of speakers. Are there any requests for the floor? I see none. We have thus concluded our consideration of agenda item 139, program planning. Distinguished delegates, in accordance with the program of work, the Sixth Committee will now commence its consideration of agenda item 84, the rule of law at the national and international levels. I draw your attention to the 2026 report of the Secretary-General on strengthening and coordinating United Nations rule of law activities, contained in document A/81/184. This report is available on the website of the Sixth Committee. Before opening the floor for the debate on the item, I wish to inform you that the Deputy Secretary-General, Ms. Amina J. Mohammed, cannot be with us this week, as she is presently away from headquarters. We will provide her with an opportunity to address the Sixth Committee later in the session. Let us now commence the debate on the agenda item. Permit me to recall once again the decision taken at our first meeting that statements delivered in a national capacity should be limited to seven minutes, while statements by groups of States will be limited to 12 minutes. Delegations are strongly encouraged to adhere to the time limits. The first speaker on my list for this afternoon is the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran on behalf of NAM. You have the floor, sir.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Madam Chair, I have the honor to speak on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. The Non-Aligned Movement has diligently followed this item and believes that respect for the rule of law at the national and international levels is essential to maintaining international peace and security as well as achieving socioeconomic development. The Non-Aligned Movement reiterates its position that it is indispensable in maintaining balance in the development of the national and international dimensions of the rule of law. We continue to believe that from the international scope, the rule of law requires more meticulous attention by the organization. The Charter of the United Nations and the principles enshrined therein provide normative guidance as to the basis of the rule of law at the international levels. In this context, the Non-Aligned Movement believes that the following elements are essential in fostering international relations based on the rule of law. The principle of sovereign equality of the states, inter alia, entails that all states have equal opportunity to participate in lawmaking processes at the international levels. All the states should equally respect and comply with their obligations under treaty as well as customary international law. Also, selective application of international law must be avoided. The legitimate and legal rights of the states under international law must be respected by all, and the principle of the prohibition of the threat or use of force in international relations of the states and peaceful settlement of disputes should constitute the cornerstone of the rule of law at the international level. In this regard, it is essential that Member States remain committed to a rule-based regime in the conduct of their respective relations with other Member States. Madam Chair, the Movement re-emphasizes that the principles and rules of international law are indispensable in preserving and strengthening the rule of law at the international level. Therefore, the Member States of the United Nations should renew their pledge to uphold, preserve and promote the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and international law with the purpose of further advancing towards the achievement of full respect of international law. The movement recognizes the important contribution of the International Law Commission to the progressive development and codification of international law and supports continued efforts to strengthen cooperation and dialogue between the Commission and the Sixth Committee within their respective mandates. Such cooperation should facilitate meaningful consideration by member states of the works of the Commission and ensure that the views and practices of states, as well as the diversity of their legal systems and traditions, are duly taken into account. The movement further emphasizes the importance of the full and effective participation of all member states consistent with the principle of sovereign equality of states in the progressive development and codification of international law. The movement recognizes the serious danger and threat posed by the actions and measures which seek to undermine international law and international legal instruments. In this regard, the movement strongly encourages member states to identify and pursue measures that may contribute towards achieving a peaceful and prosperous world, as well as a just and equitable world order based on the UN Charter and international law. The movement also encourages the states to resort to peaceful settlement of disputes through mechanisms and tools established under international law. We also call upon the General Assembly and the Security Council to utilize the right conferred to them under Article 96 of the Charter of the United Nations to request advisory opinions on any legal question from the International Court of Justice whenever appropriate. extend our appreciation to the Secretary-General for his report contained in document A/81/184, entitled "Strengthening and coordinating the United Nations rule of law activities." The NAM members also reiterate that human rights, the rule of law, and democracy are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. All the states should fulfill their obligations to promote the universal respect for and observance and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all in accordance with the charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other instruments relating to human rights and international law. While underlining the importance of freedom of opinion and expression under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the movement emphasizes that in exercising such freedom, Morality, public order, and the rights and freedoms of others must be recognized and respected as apparent under Article 29 of the Declaration. As freedom of expression is not absolute, its exercise should be carried out with responsibilities in accordance with the relevant international human rights law and instruments. The NAM members remain concerned with the application of unilateral measures and stress upon their negative impact on the rule of international law, as well as on international relations. No state or group of states have the authority to deprive other states of their legal rights for political consideration. The implementation of generally recognized principles of international law and the fulfillment in good faith of international obligations should guide international action of states. In this regard, the NAM reiterates that the states should refrain from practice of selectivity in international relations and impose their will on other states, including through unilateral coercive measures in violation of international law. The Non-Aligned Movement underlines that close cooperation and coordination among all principal organs of the United Nations is highly indispensable in order to enable the organization to remain relevant and capable of meeting existing, new and emerging threats as well as challenges. Nonetheless, the Movement reiterates its concern over the continuing encroachment by the Security Council on the functions and powers of the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council by taking up issues which fall within the competence of the latter organs. The use of the veto power by the Security Council is the main factor that encroaches on the competence of the principal organs of the United Nations. Therefore, the use of veto should be curtailed with a view to its eventual elimination. The Security Council should fully comply with international law and the United Nations Charter. Madam Chair, the General Assembly must play a leading role in promoting and coordinating efforts towards strengthening the rule of law. However, the international community must avoid replacing national authorities with the task of establishing or strengthening the rule of law at the national level, and instead should only provide them with necessary support at their request. The Movement recognizes the importance of national ownership in rule of law activities and underlines the importance of strengthening the national capacities of member states in the domestic implementation of their respective international obligations, including through enhanced technical assistance and capacity building. The Movement reiterates the need for those activities to be undertaken at the request of interested recipient governments, strictly within the respective mandates of the United Nations funds and programs. It is also necessary to take into account the customs as well as the national political and socioeconomic realities to prevent the imposition of pre-established models upon member states that would hinder the resolution of existing problems in each country. The movement underlines that the rule of law at the national and international levels is essential for the promotion of peace, justice, and strong institutions in line with goal 16 of the sustainable development goals SDG 16 the movement views SDG 16 as promoting the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensuring equal access to justice for all in this regard the movement reaffirms its commitment to strengthening the rule of law to achieve these objectives regarding the rule of rule of law unit the movement reiterates that appropriate mechanism should be established for member states to stay abreast of the unit's work as well as to ensure regular interaction between the latter and the General Assembly. In this regard, we would like to emphasize that there is no single agreed upon definition of the rule of law. This fact should be taken into account in the preparation of reports, which should be objective, neutral, and balanced. And at the time of collecting, classifying, and evaluating the quality of data on issues which are directly or indirectly related to the rule of law. The data gathering activities of UN bodies must not lead to a unilateral formulation of rule of law indicators and ranking of countries in any manner. Those indicators of rule of law which have not been agreed upon by member states in an open and transparent discussion and consultations are not acceptable. Madam Chair, the Non-Aligned Movement condemns any attempt to destabilize democratic and constitutional order in any NAM member state. The Non-Aligned Movement condemns Israel's continuing military occupation of the Palestinian territory in breach of international law and UN resolutions. The Non-Aligned Movement condemns the continuing brutal Israeli military campaign against the defenseless Palestinian people, particularly in the Gaza Strip, by which the occupying power has continued to commit grave human rights violations and reported war crimes and crimes against humanity, including by use of excessive, indiscriminate force that over the years has killed and injured thousands of Palestinian civilians. including children, inter alia, as a result of extrajudicial executions, as reported inter alia by the Independent Commission of Inquiry of the Human Rights Council and the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967. The Non-Aligned Movement deplores the killing of over 71,000 of Palestinians in the Gaza Strip period between October 2023 and July 2026, over 70% of whom were children and women, and the wounding and maiming of over 143,000 Palestinian children, women, and men in bombardment by air, land, and sea by the Israeli occupying forces, as well as ongoing attacks by occupying forces and settlers in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, that killed over 1,300 Palestinians, including at least 235 children, and wounded more than 7,000 people in the same period. The Non-Aligned Movement condemns Israel's inhuman siege in Gaza, which constitutes mass collective punishment of the population, and which continues to impede humanitarian access and the entry of food, water, medicine, fuel, and other essential supplies, thereby resulting in devastating living and socio-economic conditions. The Non-Aligned Movement expresses grave concern about famine and the catastrophic humanitarian crisis, including widespread hunger and malnutrition, and rampant spread of illness and disease, gravely impacting the most vulnerable in the population, especially children, elderly persons, and sick and wounded persons, caused by the Israeli siege, in addition to the immense loss of life and injury suffered by the Palestinian civilian population as a result of the Israeli aggression. The Non-Aligned Movement demanded the complete lifting of this illegal blockade, a halt to the use of starvation as a weapon of war, and a scrupulous respect by Israel as the occupying power of its obligations under international law, including humanitarian and human rights law and the relevant resolutions. The Non-Aligned Movement expresses its deep regret that June 26 marked the passage of 59 years since the onset of Israel's foreign occupation of Palestinian and other Arab lands in 1967. and reflected on other solemn anniversaries, including the 77th anniversary of the 1948 Nakba that befell the Palestinian people, and which continues to this day, and called for the exertion and intensification of all necessary efforts to bring an end to this injustice and advance a peaceful and just solution. The Non-Aligned Movement also expresses its deep regret that the Palestinian people have continuously suffered under the brutal Israeli military occupation of their land and continue to be denied their fundamental human rights, including the right to self-determination. The NAM reiterates its position, welcoming the General Assembly's adoption of Resolution 67/19 on 29th November 2012, which inter alia accorded Palestine with the status of non-member observer state in the United Nations, reflecting the international community's long-standing principled support for the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people. including self-determination, independence, and for the two-state solution based on the pre-1967 borders in accordance with international law, including relevant United Nations resolutions. The movement reaffirms the significance of this political and legal achievement for the Palestinian people and the government of the State of Palestine. while also reaffirming its support for the State of Palestine in order to ensure its rightful place in the community of nations, including the achievement of its admission to membership in the United Nations in fulfillment of the application for full membership submitted by President Mahmoud Abbas on 23 September 2011, which remains pending before the Security Council. In this connection, the Non-Aligned Movement strongly welcomes the important step taken, including by several members of the Movement, in extending official recognition to the state of Palestine on the basis of the 1967 borders, the recognition extended by several European countries in 2024, and the continuing calls for recognition by numerous European parliaments. The Non-Aligned Movement considers that such recognition constitutes a significant contribution to sustaining momentum towards the ultimate realization of independence. The Non-Aligned Movement deplores the ongoing Israeli intransigence and illegal policies of the occupying power that greatly undermine the realization of a just, last, and comprehensive peaceful solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, including ongoing attempts to destroy and thwart the two-state solution. The Non-Aligned Movement welcomes the call by the General Assembly in its resolution ES/24 of 18 September 2024, entitled "Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the legal consequences arising from Israel's policies and practices in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, and from the illegality of Israel's continued presence in the occupied Palestinian territory, for the convening of an international conference under the auspices of the Assembly and co-chaired by France and Saudi Arabia. for the implementation of the United Nations resolutions pertaining to the question of Palestine and the two-state solution for the achievement of a just, lasting, and comprehensive peace in the Middle East. The Non-Aligned Movement also stresses the importance of the efforts undertaken in the context of the International Conference for the Implementation of the Resolutions Pertaining to the Peaceful Settlement of the Question of Palestine and the Two-State Solution, as well as the efforts of the Global Alliance for the Two-State Solution. The Non-Aligned Movement urges that due priority should continue to be given to promoting knowledge of respect for and observance of states parties obligations assumed under international humanitarian law instrument, in particular those of four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their 1977 protocols, and encouraged states that have not yet done so to consider ratifying or acceding to the two 1977 additional protocols. In this regard, while taking into account the magnitude and persistence of the violations and breaches of international law, including international humanitarian law, being committed by Israel, the occupying power, in the occupied Palestinian territory, the Non-Aligned Movement welcomes the most recent declaration adopted by the High Contracting Parties on 17 December 2014, which inter alia called once again on Israel, the occupying power, to fully and effectively respect the Fourth Geneva Convention in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem. and which emphasized that all serious violations of international humanitarian law must be investigated and that all those responsible should be brought to justice. The Non-Aligned Movement reiterates their demand that Israel, the occupying power, immediately cease all such violations of international law, including international humanitarian and human rights law, and fully abide by its obligations, including under the Fourth Geneva Convention. The members of the Non-Aligned Movement that are party to the Rome Statute also affirmed the importance of the International Criminal Court, ICC, for addressing reported war crimes and crimes against humanity being committed by Israel against the Palestinian people, and emphasized the centrality of justice in bringing an end to such crimes and impunity. The Non-Aligned Movement echoes the call by the UN Special Procedures mandate holders of 16 November 2023 of the obligation by the international community to prevent the risk of genocide in the Gaza Strip and take all measures to put an end to that, including by ensuring the immediate implementation of the ICJ provisional measures orders of 26 January 2024, 28 March 2024, and 24 May 2024. Non-member states once again reiterate their call for the continued provision of the needed humanitarian and socio-economic assistance to the Palestinian people, including the Palestinian refugees. The movement reaffirms the continued indispensability of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, UNRWA, along with other United Nations agencies and international organizations in alleviating their plight, and urges the international community to support the agency with sufficient and predictable funding without blocking its humanitarian work. NAM rejects any attempt by Israel to sideline UNRWA as this poses a threat to its humanitarian role in accordance with its General Assembly mandate. The Movement reiterates its call for collective international efforts to uphold international law to bring an end to the historic and grave injustice against the Palestinian people. The Non-Aligned Movement calls upon all parties to international armed conflict to redouble their efforts to comply with their obligations under international humanitarian law, including the principles of precautions against the effects of attacks, proportionality, and distinction, by inter alia prohibiting the targeting of civilian populations, civilian objects, and certain special property during an armed conflict. and obliging parties to any conflict to ensure general protection against dangers arising from military operations for civilian installations, hospitals, means of transportation, and relief materials and distribution of such relief materials. The Non-Aligned Movement reiterates the movement's condemnation of the increasing attacks on the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and urge the governments of UN member states to ensure respect for the protection of the personnel of humanitarian organizations in conformity with the relevant international law. Humanitarian agencies and their personnel must respect international humanitarian law and the laws of countries they work in and the guiding principles of humanitarian assistance set forth in the General Assembly resolution 46/182 and its annex and non-interference, as well as cultural, religious, and other values of the population in the countries where they operate. Finally, Madam Chair. We encourage Member States to continue their efforts to construct an agreeable subtopic for the debate in the next session, as well as for the report of the Secretary General. That was statement by NAMM. We will deliver a statement national capacity at a later station. Thank you so much.

I thank the distinguished representative of Iran for the statement delivered on behalf of NAM. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Cameroon on behalf of the African Group.

Madam Chair, I have the honour to deliver a statement on behalf of the African Group. The African Group reaffirms its commitment to the rule of law at the national and international level, and it is pleased that this item is once again included on our agenda. The African Group thanks the Secretary-General for his report contained in document A/81/184, which provides information on efforts to promote and strengthen the rule of law at the national and international levels, as well as on the coordination of United Nations rule of law assistance. Madam Chair. The African Group reaffirms that the rule of law at both the national and international levels remains indispensable to the maintenance of international peace and security, the promotion of justice, equality and sustainable development, and the protection and promotion of human rights. At a time of growing geopolitical tension, protracted conflict, widening global inequalities, and increasing pressure on the multilateral system, respect for international law and its consistent and non-selective application are more important than ever. The African group remains concerned that structural inequalities within the international system continue to limit the effective and meaningful participation of developing countries, including African countries, in international legal and decision-making processes. Limited financial and technical capacity, unequal access to expertise and information, and persistent institutional imbalance can undermine the ability of state to fully contribute to the development, interpretation, and implementation of international law. The African group therefore stresses the need to address the structural barriers as an essential component of centering the rule of law at the international level. A rule-based international order can only be legitimate, credible and effective when it is grounded in equality among states, inclusivity, accountability and the consistent application of international law. Strengthening the capacity of developing countries and ensuring their full and meaningful participation should therefore remain a priority in advancing a more representative, equitable and effective international legal order. In this context, All states, regardless of size, military capability, or economic status, must have an equal voice in shaping the norms and rules that govern the global community. Through such inclusive participation, we can create an international legal order that reflects the shared values and aspirations of all nations. Madam Chair. Building and sustaining trust among state institution and the people is essential to strengthening the legitimacy of governance and reinforcing the social contract at all level. Reinforcing the social contract become a responsive and transparent way to approach this. Madam Chair, the African group reaffirmed the principle of sovereign equality and expressed concern over instances of foreign interference in the affair of developing countries. Such interference undermines the independence of states, erodes trust amongst them, and is inconsistent with the rule of law and the principle of sovereign equality and non-intervention. The group particularly stresses that no state should invoke expansive interpretation of international law to justify such interference. Madam Chair, the African group is also concerned about the profound challenges that the world is facing at the time of selective sensitivity, weakening of future regimes and international organization, obstruction of reforms, exacerbated double standard, heightening geopolitical tension, protracted conflict, growing humanitarian crisis, and widening global inequalities. The rule of law cannot be sustained where legal obligation and invoke selectively or where compliance with international law is conditioned by political consideration. These challenges call for a renewed commitment to multilateralism, the rule of law, and the full and consistent implementation of the United Nations Charter and international law. To conclude, African member states are also pursuing their effort within the framework of the African Union to consolidate the rule of law through regional normative and institutional instruments and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, such as the African Governance Architecture. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Cameroon for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of China, speaking on behalf of the Group of Friends of Global Governance. You have the floor.

Chair, I have the honour to deliver this joint statement on behalf of the Group of Friends of Global Governance. Rule of law is the hallmark of the progress of human civilizations. It provides an essential legal safeguard around which not only the societies are built, but also international order takes shape. 81 years ago, the United Nations rose from the ruins of World War II, embodying humans' shared hopes for peace and development. The UN Charter opens with a solemn determination to save the succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lives has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security. This year also marks the 80th anniversary of the conclusion of the Nuremberg trial and the opening of the Tokyo trial. Together, they helped establish fundamental principles of international justice for international crimes such as war crimes and aggression. They also strengthened the legal and moral foundations of the post-war international order. More than 80 decades on, the international order is once again confronted with turbulence and instability. Regional conflicts continue to flare up. Unilateralism and power politics are on the rise, while our global race is gathering momentum and posing growing risks. The rule of law at the international level is under serious strain and the risks undermining global peace and security. Against this backdrop, we wish to make the following proposals. First, uphold the authority of the UN Charter and the international rule of law. The foundation of the international rule of law lies in faithful adherence to the purposes and the principles of the UN Charter. The confrontations and injustices we see in the world today are not because the Charter has become outdated. but because its purposes and principles have not been effectively upheld and implemented. All parties should defend the authority and integrity of international law and jointly uphold the international order based on international law. Second, uphold sovereign equality and ensure the equal and uniform application of international rules. Sovereign equality is a cornerstone of modern international relations. The sovereignty and dignity of all countries, large or small, strong or weak, rich or poor, must be respected. Equal and uniform application of international rules is an essential requirement of sovereign equality. All states enjoy equal rights and bear equal obligations under international law. We firmly reject double standards and selective application. We also reaffirm in this regard that states should refrain from promulgating and applying unilateral economic, financial or trade measures that are inconsistent with international law and the UN Charter. and that impede the full realization of the economic and social development, particularly in developing countries. Third, uphold the peace settlement of disputes and oppose the use of force in international relations. States have the right to choose the means for settling their disputes. We call for the peaceful settlement of disputes, including border dispute, through peaceful means of their own choices as set out in Article 33 of the UN Charter and with full respect for the principle of consent of states and oppose the threat or use of force in international relations. In this regard, we take note of the Security Council unanimous adoption of Resolution 2788 last year. We also note the establishment and operation of the International Organization for Mediation which provides a new platform for the peaceful settlement of international disputes and support efforts by various actors in resolving disputes across regions through active mediation. Fourth, strengthen governance in new frontiers to meet the needs of our times. A new round of technological revolution is advancing rapidly and humanity is pushing into new frontiers International law must keep pace and provide guidance for their governance. All parties should strengthen global governance in emerging areas such as cyberspace, outer space, the deep sea, the polar regions, and artificial intelligence, with a view to preventing them from becoming yet another source for rivalry, but rather promote cooperation in these new avenues. Chair, this year's subtopic is enhancing the rule of law by strengthening the cooperation between the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly and the International Law Commission. We support closer interaction and exchanges between the Sixth Committee and the ILC, with a view to advancing the progressive development of international law and its codification. We look to the ILC to remain focused on its mandate, listen carefully to member states, and give due weight to their views. Its work should better serve the practical needs of the international community. Particular attention should be given to the voices of the global south and to the state practice of developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. the ILC should maintain and consolidate its longstanding formal consultative relationship with key regional legal committees. This will help ensure that the ILC's work reflects the main form of civilization and of principal legal systems of the world. Chair, the Group of Friends of Global Governance stands ready to work with all parties to uphold the international system with the United Nations at its core, the international order based on the international law, and the basic norms governing international relations based on the purpose and principles of the UN Charter. Together, we are committed to advancing the rule of law at both the national and international levels, promoting fairness and justice, and building a better world. I thank you, Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of China for his statement. And I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Austria on behalf of the Group of Friends of the Rule of Law. You have the floor, sir.

Chair, it is an honor to deliver this statement on behalf of over 50 members from all regional groups of the Group of Friends of the Rule of Law. The Group of Friends would like to thank the Secretary-General for his latest report on strengthening and coordinating United Nations rule of law activities, contained in A/81/184. We are also grateful to the Secretary-General for continuously placing a high priority on the rule of law as a matter of system-wide policy coordination.

Chair.

To quote the concluding observation of the Secretary General, "Binding legal norms applied universally and independently of power are the only durable foundation of international peace." The Group of Friends could not agree more. The rule of law at the international level means that international law applies to all states, no matter their size or influence, that laws agreed by all are not only for some, but for all. Sovereign equality means that no state is more equal. Today, much of the erosion of trust that we feel, this feeling that multilateralism itself is under pressure, is the result of violations of international law by some states. Without confidence that agreed rights and obligations will be honored, predictability and trust diminish. It is this mistrust that breeds conflict. That is why the rule of law is in the interest of all states, and that is why the work of international courts and tribunals, in particular the International Court of Justice, is so important. As the Court marks its 80th anniversary this year, we emphasize our appreciation for the Court's work. Decisions of the ICJ are binding on the parties to a case and must be complied with. We also recall the ICJ's contributions on legal questions through its advisory opinions. We call on all States to settle their disputes by peaceful means in accordance with the UN Charter. Despite the current challenges, the latest report by the Secretary-General again contains an impressive snapshot of the indispensable work of the United Nations in promoting and strengthening the rule of law both nationally and internationally. The report underscores the achievements in the codification and development of international instruments, as well as the high level of judicial activity of international and hybrid courts and tribunals, reflecting the UN's unwavering commitment to legal accountability, international justice, and the rule of law. The recent adoption and the entry into force of multilateral treaties such as the Agreement on Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, as well as the two codification conferences to be held in the coming years, clearly show that states rely on international law and multilateralism to regulate their relations and approach new developments and challenges together. The achievements in the progressive development of international law and its codification are also the result of a fruitful dialogue between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission. The interactive dialogue during International Law Week is one successful example to strengthen this dialogue in a more informal setting on which we could further build throughout the year. Chair, the over 50 members of the Group of Friends will continue to stress and give utmost priority to the rule of law. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Austria for his statement. And I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Uruguay, speaking on behalf of CELAC.

Presidenta.

Madam Chair, I have the honour to speak on behalf of the 33 member states of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, CELAC. We take this opportunity to reaffirm our region's commitment to the rule of law at the national and international levels, to the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, and to respect for international law. Our region attaches particular importance to respect for the sovereign equality of states, territorial integrity and political independence, the self-determination of peoples, non-interference in the internal affairs of states, the prohibition of the threat or use of force, and the peaceful settlement of international disputes. At the international level, the rule of law requires that international norms be respected in good faith and applied in an objective, impartial and non-selective manner. These principles must apply equally to all States and international organizations, including the United Nations and its principal organs. Mr. Chair, Madam Chair, We recognize that the national and international dimensions of the rule of law are closely linked and mutually reinforcing. Effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions, independent and impartial judicial systems, effective access to justice, and full respect for human rights are essential to building peaceful, just, and inclusive societies. Likewise, we reaffirm that the rule of law, human rights and sustainable development are mutually reinforcing. Effective access to justice for all is indispensable to combating inequality, discrimination and exclusion. Our region also emphasizes the importance of the progressive development and codification of international law. In this context, we value the work of the International Law Commission and the need to further strengthen its cooperation. and dialogue with the Sixth Committee. Substantive interaction between the two bodies promotes the coherent development of international law and the consolidation of the international legal order. In this regard, considering the commitment expressed by CELAC in 2015 and taking into account the work carried out by the International Law Commission in various areas, We wish to reiterate our readiness to cooperate with the Commission through the study and analysis of the draft articles it has prepared, with a view to contributing to the progressive development and codification of international law in those cases where the Sixth Committee decides to proceed in that direction. This constitutes a demonstration of States' commitment to the promotion of and respect for the rule of law. In the face of current challenges, we reiterate the need to strengthen multilateralism with the United Nations at its core, on the basis of respect for international law and the fulfilment in good faith of international obligations. The Member States of the Community will continue to contribute through dialogue, cooperation and solidarity to strengthening the rule of law and an international order grounded in the principles of the Charter of the United Nations. Thank you very much.

I thank the distinguished representative of Uruguay for the statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the European Union.

Thank you, Chair. I have the honour to speak on behalf of the European Union and its member states. The candidate countries North Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova, Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as Monaco and San Marino, align themselves with this statement. We thank the Secretary General for the annual report, which together with this debate offers a valuable opportunity to reflect on the rule of law at both the national and international level, two dimensions that are equally important and closely linked. We meet at a time of growing geopolitical fragmentation and serious violations of international law. The European Union and its member states remain steadfast in their commitment to a multilateral system rooted in international law and the rule of law, with the United Nations at its core, which is essential to peace and security, sustainable development, and the protection of human rights for all. Ensuring respect for the rule of law is a continuous exercise. The rule of law cannot be taken for granted. and can be threatened anywhere, including in long-standing established democracies. Independent global monitoring points in a worrying direction. The most recent edition of the World Justice Project's Rule of Law Index found that performance declined in roughly two-thirds of the countries it surveys worldwide. For the European Union, the rule of law is a founding value and is enshrined in Article 2 of the Treaty on the European Union. Through the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, it has developed into a legally binding and justiciable principle within our own legal order. It also guides the European Union's external action pursuant to Article 21 of the Treaty of the European Union, which commits us to advancing the rule of law and the respect for the UN Charter and international law in the wider world. As such, it is also one of the fundamentals for accession to the European Union, but once again, Ensuring respect for the rule of law is a continuous exercise, also for us and all EU Member States. The EU 2026 Rule of Law Report, published in July, once again assessed the justice system, anti-corruption framework, media pluralism and freedom, and checks and balances across all EU Member States. It found continued progress in many EU Member States, alongside persistent challenges. This is why we promote, monitor and protect the rule of law across every EU Member State continuously, through different mechanisms that form part of the EU rule of law toolbox. And we continue to strengthen our response through peer-to-peer dialogue among Member States, the protection of the EU's financial interests, and where necessary, through infringement procedures and budget conditionality. We also continuously update our tools. Most recently, our new anti-corruption directive, in force since last May, which establishes a modern harmonised framework to prevent, detect and sanction corruption across the Union. Chair, ensuring the rule of law also means ensuring accountability at both the national and international level. We welcome the report's overview of the range of national accountability efforts underway with United Nations support. To name a few, the strengthened investigative capacity and mobile courts addressing serious crimes in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the training of prosecutors and investigators on the documentation of war crimes in Ukraine, the continued efforts to hold accountable those responsible for crimes against UN peacekeepers pursuant to Security Council Resolution 2589 of 2021. We welcome the Security Council's recent unanimous adoption of Resolution 2823, co-sponsored by a record-breaking 153 member states, calling on accountability for crimes committed against UN peacekeepers. At the international level, we reaffirm our support for the International Court of Justice, which marks its 80th anniversary this year. And we recall that its orders and judgments are binding on the parties to the dispute and must be implemented in full. We also value the court's contribution to international law through its advisory opinions. These opinions rest on rigorous legal assessment, independent of the political context that may have triggered the request, and can helpfully guide states in taking effective actions in the fields they address. In this respect, we regret that last year consensus could not be found on a subtopic dedicated to the role of the court in strengthening the rule of law. and we hope this valuable discussion can be taken forward at a future session. We stand ready to engage constructively this year to identify a subtopic for next year. We equally reaffirm our unwavering support for the International Criminal Court, our commitment to the Rome Statute, and to preserving its independence and integrity. We condemn attacks or threats against the court, its elected officials, personnel, and those cooperating with it, including civil society representatives. And we call for the withdrawal of any sanctions against its elected officials. We also support the other international courts, tribunals, and accountability mechanisms mentioned in the report in completing their workload and the need to preserve their legacy for future generations. Ensuring accountability may also require new instruments, such as the ones within the Council of Europe framework. We refer to the Register of Damage for Ukraine, the International Claims Commission for Ukraine, and the Special Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine. We encourage the broadest possible support for these efforts, which are open to all States. Chair, finally, on this year's subtopic, as the report describes, the dialogue between the International Law Commission and this Committee is central. through the Commission's briefing to delegates, its response to our rule of law resolutions, and its practice of transmitting draft provisions to governments for comments. Indeed, such a dialogue helps ensure that the Commission's work reflects the opinion views from all regions, as well as the practices of states, which ultimately are responsible for determining the practical consequences and form that the ILC's work should have. We also welcome other direct engagements, such as the participation of the former Special Rapporteur on Crimes Against Humanity as an expert in the first session of the Preparatory Committee last January. We nonetheless see ample scope to increase this interaction through a more structured, regular and active dialogue. One step could be to restructure the International Law Week, allocating more time to informal exchanges with the members of the Commission. so that all delegation can engage both on its ongoing work and final products and those selection of topics for its long-term program of work. We also need sufficient time to discuss and take informed positions on the resources necessary for the Commission to fulfill its important mandate. To conclude, the rule of law is essential for the functioning of our societies, economies, and the international order. It is the foundation on which the European Union stands firm in a world where the international legal order, respect for the fundamental rights and democratic systems are increasingly under pressure. The rule of law is inseparable from the sustainable development goals, including notably goal 16, and from the commitments we have taken with the Pact for the Future. The European Union and its Member States remain committed to working with the United Nations and all Member States to strengthen the rule of law in our Union, in our neighborhood and globally. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of the European Union for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Cuba on behalf of a group of States.

Thank you very much, Madam Chair. I have the honour to deliver this statement on behalf of a like-minded group of States comprising Belarus, Burundi, China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Mali, Nicaragua, Niger, the Russian Federation, Uganda, and my own country, Cuba. The Charter of the United Nations was established as a framework to promote the rule of law at the international level, founded upon respect for sovereignty and the fundamental principles and obligations set forth therein. The United Nations remains a central and indispensable forum for upholding and advancing the rule of law at the global level through dialogue, cooperation and consensus building among States. in accordance with international law. At the present juncture, where the rule of law is being unprecedentedly weakened by certain actors that promote unilateralism in theory and practice, adherence to the UN Charter and its principles and performing obligations assumed thereunder in good faith remains not an option, but a must. In this regard, we wish to emphasize the enduring importance of the Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations. which sets out the fundamental principles governing relations among States and provides guidance thereon, including the principles of sovereign equality, non-interference, the prohibition of the threat or use of force, the peaceful settlement of disputes, and the fulfilment in good faith of obligations under the Charter and international law. Madam Chair, the current UN-centered international architecture continues to face a multifaceted crisis, which manifests itself in global fragmentation, polarization, credibility gaps, declining trust, increased resort to unilateralism, and the weakening of international cooperation in solving international problems of various character aspired to in the UN Charter. In this context, we reiterate our serious concern at continued attempts aimed at replacing the basic tenets enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations with a so-called "rules-based order" that remains unclear and has not been negotiated, discussed or accepted by the membership of the United Nations. We further express our concern regarding attempts to undermine international law, weaken the intergovernmental character of the Organization, erode sovereign equality, and legitimize unilateralism, coercion, interference, and domination, or otherwise aim to normalize threat and use of force, blockade, and other forms of gross violation of international law, especially against members of our group. The foregoing is not mere speculation, but a reality that is exacting a heavy toll upon human beings. The recent developments prove in concrete terms the growing gap between the universally recognized principles and obligations under international law and their implementation as well as the serious consequences of impunity selectivity and disregard for the Charter of the United Nations in Palestine The continued commission of grave violations and egregious crimes against the Palestinian people by Israel, including killings, displacement, and the obstruction of essential humanitarian assistance, has remained unabated, leaving more than 75,000 people dead and injured, including women and children, and millions displaced. In Cuba, The continued imposition of the unilateral economic, commercial and financial blockade against the country by the United States has led to a serious humanitarian situation, severely affecting the Cuban people's access to essential goods, services and resources. Likewise, the heinous, blatant attacks perpetrated by the United States and Israel against the Islamic Republic of Iran since February 2026 have killed and injured thousands of people, including 168 children and teachers in an elementary school in Minab city in the south of Iran. The remains of Macon Nasiri, a seven-year-old schoolboy who was killed in this ruthless attack, were never recovered. We strongly condemn all such gross violations and egregious crimes perpetrated against members of our group and underline that these represent a clear manifestation of the grave challenges confronting the rule of law at the international level and constitute a flagrant violation of the very purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. In the light of the aforementioned, it is imperative to transpose the principles of the UN Charter into practice and thus to seek accountability and an end to impunity for such gross violations of international law. to promote compliance with the prohibition of the threat or use of force, take appropriate steps to eradicate colonialism and neocolonial practices, and pursue the reform of global governance structures. Madam Chair, to conclude, we wish to underline that the world is undergoing profound transformations, marked by the emergence and consolidation of new centers of power in the Global South. which play an ever-increasing role in international relations and the promotion of the rule of law at the international level. We emphasize that this historical trend reflects the legitimate aspiration of peoples and nations to participate on an equal footing in global decision-making, to pursue their own paths of development in accordance with their legal, political, cultural, and social specificity, cities, and to contribute to international peace, security, and prosperity without subordination, coercion, or exclusion. Thank you very much.

I thank the distinguished representative of Cuba for his statement. Next, I have a former chair of this committee, the distinguished Permanent Representative of Singapore, speaking on behalf of ASEAN. You have the floor, sir.

Thank you very much, Madam Chair. Let me begin by expressing my congratulations to you on your election. Indeed, I am delivering this statement on behalf of the 11 member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, comprising Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vietnam, and my own country, Singapore. We as ASEAN reaffirm our unwavering commitment to upholding multilateralism, as well as the rule of law and a rules-based international order in responding to increasingly complex global challenges. ASEAN thanks the Secretary-General for his report on strengthening and coordinating UN rule of law activities. The report highlights the work of the UN in strengthening and coordinating rule of law activities at national and international levels, as well as the UN's support to its Member States in promoting rule of law activities globally. The report underscores that the rule of law lies at the heart of the international legal order and is central to the three pillars of the UN, namely international peace and security, human rights and sustainable development. ASEAN shares the Secretary-General's observation that respecting the rule of law is not a mere aspiration of the UN Charter, but a commitment, a commitment embedded in its purposes, principles and provisions. Madam Chair, today the rule of law among nations is being tested on almost all fronts. It has never been more urgent to uphold it. For ASEAN, the rule of law is embedded in our very foundations. ASEAN has embraced and continues to promote the rule of law in all its aspects. We affirm our commitment to peace and security, good governance, and the promotion and protection of human rights, enshrined as fundamental principles and purposes of the ASEAN Charter. Madam Chair, as a rules-based As an intergovernmental organization, ASEAN has long been committed to stability and security in the region. Important treaties, declarations, and instruments have paved the way for our success, including ASEAN's founding document, and I'll identify a few of them, namely the ASEAN Declaration, also known as the Bangkok Declaration of 1967, which is the ASEAN Charter and which entered into force in 2008, the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia of 1976, the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapons Free Zone of 1995, the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea of 2002, the Declaration of the East Asia Summit on the Principles for Mutually Beneficial Relations of 2011, the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration of 2012, together with the Phnom Penh Statement on its adoption, and the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific of 2019. ASEAN Member States continue to work with China towards the conclusion of an effective and substantive code of conduct in the South China Sea that is in accordance with international law, including the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Madam Chair, this year marks the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, which remains the foundational code of conduct for interstate relations in our region and a cornerstone for regional peace and stability. ASEAN expresses our appreciation for the adoption by consensus on the 4th of September 2026 of General Assembly Resolution 80/311, which welcomed the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the TAC, or the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, and recognizes its enduring contributions to peace, stability, and cooperation in Southeast Asia. With 62 high contracting parties, including states from regions beyond Southeast Asia, the treaty has demonstrated its growing significance as a framework for peaceful relations, mutual respect, and cooperation. We encourage all high contracting parties to reaffirm their commitment to the purposes and principles of the treaty and to fulfill their obligations under the treaty. Madam Chair, ASEAN welcomes the subtopic for this year's debate, which is enhancing the rule of law by strengthening the cooperation between the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly and the International Law Commission. ASEAN values the dialogue between the Sixth Committee and the Commission. This dialogue ensures that the Commission grounds its work in the practice of states and opinio juris from all regions and is informed by diverse legal traditions. ASEAN has contributed and looks forward to continuing its contribution to the work of the Commission, including through members from our own region in the ILC. We also support the continuation of briefings and exchanges of views between the Commission's Special Rapporteurs and six committee delegates. ASEAN underscores the importance of developing countries participating meaningfully in this dialogue. The rule of law at the international level is strengthened when international law and the institutions that interpret and develop it reflect the perspective of all regions, including our own sub-region of Southeast Asia. It has been 50 years, Madam Chair, since a judge from Southeast Asia served on the International Court of Justice. Judge Cesar Bengzon of the Philippines, whose term ended in 1976, remains the only International Court of Justice judge from our region of Southeast Asia. If elected, Ambassador Rina Lee of Singapore will be the first woman from Southeast Asia to serve on the Court, if elected. Madam Chair, ASEAN reaffirms the importance of upholding international law, including the UN Charter and UNCLOS. In this connection, ASEAN welcomes Cambodia's ratification of UNCLOS on the 6th of February 2026, with which all ASEAN members are now parties to the convention. We reaffirm the importance of protecting and preserving the integrity of UNCLOS as the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carried out. We further reaffirmed the importance of the navigational rights and freedoms enshrined in UNCLOS, including the right of transit passage in straits used for international navigation, the protection of the marine environment, and the safety of navigation and life at sea. ASEAN reiterates our shared commitment to maintaining and promoting peace, security and stability in the region, as well as to the peaceful settlement of disputes, including full respect for legal and diplomatic processes without resorting to the threat or use of force in accordance with the universally recognized principles of international law, including UNCLOS. ASEAN is of the view that capacity building remains critical for the promotion of the rule of law as well as for the purpose of ensuring effective, inclusive, and accountable justice institutions. In this connection, we welcome and look forward to the continued support of the United Nations in carrying out activities under the UN program of assistance in the teaching, study, dissemination, and wider appreciation of international law. ASEAN particularly welcomes the continued organization of the regional course in international law for Asia Pacific in Bangkok, Thailand, as an important contribution to strengthening our regional capacity and to broadening access to knowledge of international law. ASEAN continues to strengthen legal cooperation within our region in support of the rule of law, justice, and a rules-based ASEAN. On the 14th of November 2025, the ASEAN Treaty on Extradition was signed in Manila, the Philippines. Upon its entry into force, the treaty will enhance regional cooperation to combat transnational crime and strengthen the rule of law and justice in our region. Looking ahead, ASEAN's commitment to the rule of law is written into our long-term vision. The ASEAN Political Security Community Strategic Plan envisions a peaceful, stable, and secure region based on the fundamental principles enshrined in the ASEAN Charter, the UN Charter, and international law. It also seeks to enable ASEAN to contribute towards a rules-based order anchored in international law amidst geopolitical tensions and rivalries, and to be a contributor to the maintenance of international peace and security through upholding the rules-based multilateral system and international law. Madam Chair, let me say in conclusion that the rule of law is how 11 diverse nations have pursued our common desire to live in a region of lasting peace, security, and stability. sustained economic growth, shared prosperity and social progress. ASEAN reaffirms its commitment to good governance, accessible institutions, transparency and accountability. ASEAN strongly believes that this approach will further promote respect for the rule of law at the national and international levels, which will contribute to greater socio-economic development, peace, justice and prosperity for all. Thank you very much, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Singapore for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Dominican Republic. You have the floor, sir.

Thank you, Madam Chair. I have the honor to deliver this statement on behalf of the Justice Action Coalition, a multi-stakeholder, cross-regional group that includes 19 countries and 24 organizations committed to advancing the rule of law and equal access to justice for all. I deliver this statement with regard for the work of the International Law Commission, and I welcome the opportunity to reflect on how the Sixth Committee and the Commission can work more closely together. 78 years after the establishment, the International Law Commission remains one of the principal engines of the progressive development and codification of international law. Yet, the strength of the International Law Commission and the rule of law it helps to sustain depends not only on the existence of substantive law, but on how those rules are implemented in practice and whether people can know, use, and shape the law that impacts their everyday lives. Madam Chair, international law is advancing through national justice systems, which include institutions, civil society organizations, and communities. In turn, everyday justice problems that people experience, such as dispute over land and housing, family and interpersonal conflicts, or barriers to economic, political, and social inclusion are shaped by the same principles of legality, fairness, and accountability. Access to justice for all requires to measure success not only by the existence of substantive law, but also by whether ordinary people can access fair and effective remedies. This is not a parallel agenda to the work of this committee and the commission. It is necessary condition for the rule of law to be meaningful in practice and credible in nature at all levels. Strengthening the cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission is an opportunity to ensure that the work of the International Law Commission find resonance in courtrooms, alternative dispute resolutions, community justice mechanisms and administrative offices around the world. The Justice Action Coalition therefore welcomes the efforts to deepen dialogue between the Commission and this Committee, including through the report of the Chair of the Commission, informal exchanges with the Special Rapporteurs, and engagement of Member States with the Commission's work throughout the year and not only during the annual debate. Madam Chair, The Justice Action Coalition believes that the rule of law is strengthened when international law and national justice systems are understood as mutually reinforcing. International law does not operate in the abstract. It is interpreted, implemented, and given effect through national institutions, courts, administrative bodies, civil society organizations, and communities. At the same time, strong, accessible domestic legal systems contribute to the credibility and resilience of the international rule of law. The connection, therefore, runs in both directions. In closer attention to the realities in which international law operates can help ensure that the progressive development and codification of international law remains responsive to the people and institutions it ultimately serves. We see an opportunity to strengthen this connection by bringing the experience of domestic justice systems into dialogue with the work of the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission. Examining the everyday justice challenges experienced by individuals and communities, as well as the barriers faced by courts and justice service providers, can provide valuable perspective on how international legal norms are interpreted and implemented in practice. Likewise, developments in international law can help inform national efforts to strengthen access to justice. We therefore encourage continued engagement between the Commission, member states, and those working at the domestic level to ensure that the development of international law is informed by the realities in which it operates. This connection will also become increasingly important as justice systems respond to new and evolving challenges, including the use of artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies. As new technologies are increasingly used by courts, public administrations, and other justice institutions, questions of accountability, transparency, non-discrimination, and due process are becoming increasingly important. These questions will need to be addressed through assisting legal frameworks, national practices, and international cooperation. The Justice Action Coalition's thematic track on AI and emerging technologies, co-led by the Dominican Republic and the World Bank, provides one example of how experiences from justice system can contribute to the broader conversations. The track brings together governments, judiciaries, civil society, academia, and technical experts to share experiences and identify safeguards that can help ensure that innovation strengthens rather than undermines the rule of law, democracy, and the public interest. Madam Chair, The Justice Action Coalition therefore sees value in continuing to strengthen the dialogue between the national and international dimensions of the rule of law. As the international community considers the progressive development on codification of international law, it is important that this work remains connected to the institutions and people through which international law is implemented and experienced. We stand ready to contribute the perspectives and evidence emerging from the work across justice systems, including on new challenges such as AI and emerging technologies, to support this connection. 81 years after the founding of the United Nations, the relationship between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission remains central to ensuring that international law keeps pace with the needs of people and the challenges of our time. The Justice Action Coalition remains committed to supporting this cooperation and to ensuring that access to justice remains central to the rule of law at both the national and international levels. I thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of the Dominican Republic for his statement on behalf of the Justice Action Coalition. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Bahrain on behalf of the GCC.

Madam Chair, it's my.

Honor to make this statement on behalf of the Islamic Gulf Cooperation Council. That is the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, and my country, Bahrain. We congratulate you and members of the Bureau and we fully believe in your ability to skillfully lead the work of our committee. We also support the statement of Vietnam and the Arab Group. Madam Chair, the GCC countries believe that rule of law at the national and international levels are a cornerstone for international peace and security, for bringing about justice, sustainable development, and promoting human rights. If you take a note of the SG's report, A/81/184 on strengthening UN rule of law activities, this report highlights the need to strengthen cooperation and coordination between the UN and member states when it comes to rule of law. It is crucial to respect the principles of the UN Charter and of international law, starting with respect for state sovereignty and their territorial integrity, noninterference in their internal affairs, and refraining from the use or threat of force, as well as peaceful dispute settlement. It's important to honor international commitments in good faith and to carry out the rules of international law in a uniform, non-selective way in order to strengthen trust in the international legal order, in order to bring about rule of law at the international level. We have placed great importance on strengthening dialogue and interaction between the Sixth Committee and the ILC, allowing for the progressive development of international law and its codification. This strengthens the participation of member states on an equal footing and allows us to take into account the diversity of legal systems and legislative frameworks on the national level. It's important for the views of states to be taken into account in the examination of the outcome of the ILC. The GCC countries continue our efforts to guarantee integration in the legal legislative frameworks when we're using tools such as AI in our legal legislative work, which helps us to increase effectiveness of justice and improve access to justice. With regard to our common action, the GCC states have inaugurated a platform for GCC legislation, which has allowed us to examine our various legislations on the national level. And this is a, unified electronic frame of reference to exchange expertise and to guarantee coordination between the countries of the GCC. We will continue to strengthen our institutions and legislative frameworks on the national level to guarantee rule of law and to attain the SDGs, especially SDG 16, peace, justice, and effective institutions. Madam Chair. Enshrining rule of law on the international level requires respecting the provisions of international law as well as the goals and principles of the UN Charter. We uphold in good faith our international commitments and refrain from any actions that could compromise the sovereignty of states, their security, or their territorial integrity. We condemn in the strongest terms the unjust aggression of Iran against countries of the GCC as well as Jordan. which attack civilian infrastructure using missiles and drones, which is a grave violation of state sovereignty and a flagrant violation of international law and the UN Charter, especially the principle of good neighborliness. GCC countries fully hold Iran responsible for its actions and their consequences. The GCC countries underscore the importance of respecting Security Council resolutions, as well as the UN Charter and international law, because this is the crucial pillar for international peace and security, for strengthening the rule of law at the international level, especially as the resolution 2817 of 2026, which was co-sponsored by 136 member states. resolution affirms that Iran's aggression constitutes a violation of the sovereignty of states and of international law and the UN Charter, and also is a threat to international peace and security, including the Iranian threats and measures aiming at shutting down the Strait of Hormuz or hindering international navigation, as well as threatening maritime security in Bab al-Mandab. We also want to fully uphold resolution 2817 and implement it with all of its provisions. So we try to the press statement that is SC/16458 of September 18, 2026, which condemns the Houthi attacks on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as well as the attacks and threats against commercial navigation in the Red Sea and Bab al-Mundab. The countries of the GCC underscore the importance of guaranteeing peace and security in maritime and international navigation, as well as the right of passage and transit through international waters. In light of attacks on commercial ships and against freedom of navigation in accordance with international law, it is therefore important to strengthen regional security and stability, as well as international security and stability. We choose good neighborly relations and diplomacy as the means of resolving disputes to guarantee peace and stability throughout the region. In closing, the GCC countries reaffirm their commitment to strengthening rule of law at the international and national levels, and we will continue to contribute to bolstering multilateral legal cooperation to maintain peace and security, as well as to bring about justice, international and sustainable development. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Bahrain for her statement. And I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Finland on behalf of the Nordic countries. You have the floor.

Thank you, Chair. I indeed have the honor to speak on behalf of the Nordic countries, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and my own country, Finland. The Nordic countries thank the Secretary-General for his report on strengthening and coordinating United Nations rule of law activities. We welcome this year's focus on enhancing the rule of law through strengthening the cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission. In his report, the Secretary-General recalls that the United Nations was founded on the premise that binding legal norms applied universally and independently of power are the only durable foundation of international peace. This observation goes to the heart of our discussion today. Effective international law depends not only on legal norms themselves, but also on the institutions that develop, clarify, and uphold them. Chair, the rule of law at the international level requires a stable, predictable, and universally applicable legal framework. The charter entrusted the General Assembly with promoting the progressive development and codification of international law. Since the establishment of the International Law Commission by the General Assembly in 1947, And throughout the history of the Sixth Committee as the principal legal forum of the General Assembly, the two bodies have worked in close partnership to advance that mandate. Over nearly eight decades, their interaction has contributed significantly to the development of modern international legal order. The Nordic countries reaffirm their strong support for the International Law Commission and its indispensable role in the progressive development and codification of international law. The Commission's work has helped bring greater clarity, coherence and predictability to international law, thereby strengthening one of the fundamental pillars of the international rule of law. Over decades, the Commission's work has formed the basis for some of the most significant developments in international law. Its contributions helped pay way for the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, while its articles on responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts continue to serve as an authoritative point of reference for states, international courts, and tribunals. The Commission has also made important contributions to the development of international criminal law, including work leading to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. This year, the Commission reached important milestones through the adoption on the second reading of the draft of articles on immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction and the draft conclusions on general principles of law. These achievements demonstrate the Commission's continued ability to address both longstanding and contemporary questions of international law. At the same time, we welcome the inclusion of new and timely topics, such as due diligence in international law, compensation for the damage caused by internationally wrongful acts, and obligations erga omnes, which reflect the Commission's continuing contribution to international legal order. Chair, we are pleased that the Commission has been able to meet this year under substantially normal working conditions. Ensuring that the Commission is provided with sufficient time to fulfill its mandate is essential for maintaining the quality and continuity of the Commission's work. The Nordic countries believe that the cooperation between the International Law Commission and the Sixth Committee is itself an important contribution to the international rule of law. The respective roles of the two bodies are distinct but complementary. The Commission contributes independent legal expertise and analysis. The Sixth Committee provides a forum through which all member states may engage with that work, contribute their perspectives, and help ensure that the progressive development of international law remains firmly grounded in state practice. Together, they help strengthen both the quality and the legitimacy of international law. We welcome efforts to further strengthen dialogue between the Commission and the Sixth Committee. We also encourage all delegations to continue providing substantive and timely comments on the Commission's work, both during the debates in the Sixth Committee and through written observations. The Nordic countries also reiterate the importance of ensuring that the Commission is provided with adequate resources and working conditions to carry out its mandate effectively. Providing the Commission with the means necessary to perform its work is an investment in the continued strength and credibility of the international legal order. Chair, at a time when respect for international law faces significant challenges, strengthening the institutions that sustain the international rule of law is more important than ever. The rule of law is not sustained by legal texts alone. It depends on institutions that facilitate dialogue and enable law to evolve through cooperation. The partnership between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission is one such institution, and the Nordic countries remain firmly committed to supporting both bodies in the fulfilment of their mandates. We would also like to reiterate our unwavering support for the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, as the dedicated officials who serve within them. International courts and tribunals play an instrumental role in upholding the rule of law at the international level. Their independence and impartiality remain essential pillars of the rule of law. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Finland for her statement, and I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Canada, speaking on behalf of CAHNS.

Thank you, Chair. I have the honour today of speaking on behalf of Australia, New Zealand, and my own country, Canada, together, CAHNS. We would like to thank the Secretariat for the report, Strengthening and Coordinating United Nations Rule of Law Activities, and to congratulate the involved staff for the many successes summarized therein. The United Nations efforts to promote and strengthen the rule of law at the national and international levels continue to have a significant impact in dozens of Member States spanning diverse regions. hands, strongly supports the UN's efforts, particularly those in support of women and girls, children, refugees and migrants, as well as victims and witnesses, and we consider this support to be appropriately highlighted in the report. The rule of law depends on fair, impartial and effective legal systems, courts and remedies. as these are the individual's main recourse against the arbitrary exercise of power. Strong institutions at the national level are key to transparent and democratic governance. These in turn contribute directly to the protection and promotion of human rights and to maintaining international peace and security. Clear, fair and predictable rules also play a key role in supporting economic growth and poverty reduction. Creativity, investment and entrepreneurship reach their full potential when individuals and companies have confidence that the rule of law applies to all. The subtopic of today's debate is: enhancing the rule of law by strengthening the cooperation between the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly and the International Law Commission. Cairns countries concur that the UN system has provided an indispensable architecture for the progressive development and codification of international law. with the International Law Commission celebrating its 80th anniversary next year. We encourage enhanced cooperation with the ILC, including through guiding questions that can support focused and constructive exchanges with ILC members and special rapporteurs. As with national capacity building, The continual refinement of the norms that states apply to govern their relations is a key enabler of economic activity and international comity.

Chair, national capacity building and development and codification initiatives are important and necessary, but they are not sufficient to ensure

respect for the rule of law at the international level.

Equality before the law and the certainty of accountability for violations are bulwarks against regression on democratic norms, including those related to the independence of judicial institutions, corruption, and human rights violations. CAHNS countries call for a renewal of our collective commitment to the rule of law, with an emphasis on respect for international law. The United Nations Charter, the Geneva Conventions, and other treaties and norms are cornerstones in our commitment to maintain international peace and security. When respected, they create the space within which we can foster growth and prosperity. CANZ countries are committed to promoting and strengthening the rule of law during armed conflict. We support the Declaration on the Protection of Humanitarian Personnel and the International Committee of the Red Cross's Global IHL Initiative, concluding this December with a high-level Humanity in War conference to renew commitment to upholding international humanitarian law. We reaffirm our strong support for the International Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations and for the International Criminal Court, an essential mechanism in the fight against impunity for the most serious international crimes. CANZ countries now and always support the Secretary-General's repeated calls for all member states to promote and adhere to the rule of law within their own borders and internationally. CANZ is committed to working with all member states within the United Nations system and civil society to uphold the rule of law and put its substantive elements, including equality under the law and accountability, back at the centre of our discourse. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Canada for her statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Latvia on behalf of three Baltic states.

Madam Chair, I have the honor to address the Sixth Committee on behalf of the three Baltic States, Estonia, Lithuania, and my own country, Latvia. And the Baltic States align with the statement delivered by European Union on behalf of its member states. We would like to thank the Secretary General for his comprehensive report on strengthening and coordinating United Nations rule of law activities. Within the context of the present debate, we particularly note the acknowledgement in the report of the urgent need for robust legal frameworks, inclusive access to justice, enhanced security for all, and the important role of the International Law Commission in the advancement and codification of international law standards. In this regard, we wish to underscore two key points. Firstly, the importance of the rule of law for the maintenance of peace and security. Upholding the rule of law remains one of the most important pillars of just and secure world. At the national or international level, it provides the framework through which rights are protected, responsibilities are defined, and disputes are resolved through peaceful means rather than force and aggression. For the Baltic states, the rule of law and rules-based international order are more than mere concepts. They have safeguarded and preserved our international legal personality through state continuity. The rule of law is integral part of any efficiency functionating democracy society. Effective legal systems and strong judicial institutions Access to independent, impartial courts and educators, as well as fair procedures, are essential for safeguarding individuals' human rights and fundamental freedoms and ensuring that justice is accessible to all. Any internal or external threat, pressure, intimidation, or interference towards judiciary is unacceptable. Transparency to fight against corruption and respect for media freedom and civic space are equally important for maintaining trust in democracy, democratic institutions. In this way, the rule of law extends beyond purely legal concepts, serving as cornerstone for good governance and fostering inclusive, resilient, and prosperous societies, built on accountability, equality, and public trust. Nevertheless, in order for the rule of law to deliver lasting results, It must be strengthened comprehensively, both on the national and international levels. Beyond improving the capacity of domestic institutions, this requires reinforcement of the international legal order, promoting accountability for violations of international law, and continuing the fight against impunity. A strong and effective multilateral system grounded in international law provides the foundation for the states to resolve disputes peacefully, uphold their legal obligations, and respect for justice worldwide. Against this backdrop, we would like to highlight our second point, the importance of international judicial and expert bodies. We reaffirm the indispensable role of international courts in upholding the rule of law. Supporting these institutions, as well as other international accountability mechanisms, is essential to preserving a world where justice and the rule of law can continue to prevail. We further emphasize the continued contributions of the International Law Commission in progressive development and codification of international law. In this regard, We note with appreciation the previous engagement between the Commission and the Sixth Committee on such topics as compensation for the damage caused by internationally wrongful acts and the draft articles on prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity. We support further strengthening the dialogue between International Law Commission and the Sixth Committee to enhance the effectiveness of international law. Such cooperation should be practical and substantive, including through timely and focused comments by member states on issues identified by the commission, meaningful exchanges between the commission and the Sixth Committee, and effective consideration of commission's outputs. This interaction is essential to ensure that the progressive development and codification of international law remains responsive to contemporary legal challenges. In closing, national and international dimensions of the rule of law are closely interconnected. While national institutions deliver justice at home, the international legal system safeguards accountability and facilitates cooperation between states. Supported by the work of International Law Commission, together, these efforts strengthened rules-based international order. We, the international community must reframe our commitment to a world in which the norms and principles enshrined in the UN Charter are upheld, impunity is efficiently addressed, and the rule of law remains the cornerstone of lasting peace and security. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Latvia for her statement, and I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the United Kingdom. You have the floor.

Thank you, Chair. We would like to thank the Secretary-General for his report. Upholding and promoting the rule of law, both at home and abroad, is a priority for the UK. As our Prime Minister made clear at the UN General Assembly, the United Kingdom will proudly stand up for our values and the rule of law. We remain a strong supporter of the United Nations, the UN Charter, and the Group of Friends on the Rule of Law. The rule of law is the cornerstone of any just and prosperous society. Not only does it play a vital role in sustaining peace by helping to address the root causes of conflict and insecurity, it is also fundamental to economic growth, enhanced security, and sustainable development. The rule of law creates the stability and legal certainty needed for investment and innovation. Chair. The UK Foreign Secretary, Ed Miliband, stated that we face a period of growing instability and increasing threats to international law and democracy. At such a time, the rule of law is more important than ever. We will continue to promote these values globally and do so in three ways. Firstly, through multilateral cooperation, secondly, by supporting the development of international law, and thirdly, by promoting accountability. Firstly, a multilateral cooperation. In times of crisis and global uncertainty, the rule of law is our anchor. It holds the international system steady and enables our multilateral institutions to function effectively. It underpins the legitimacy of multilateral action, giving those actions credibility and authority. Without it, multilateralism becomes fragmented and politicized. We stand firm in our commitment to institutions that defend the international rule of law and which tackle shared problems that threaten the resilience of the international system. Institutions such as the International Court of Justice are vital in ensuring that all states have equal access to justice and peaceful means to resolve conflict. To ensure they remain relevant and effective, it is essential that we see the very best candidates taking up positions within them. That is why we are delighted to support Professor Dapo Akande's candidacy for the ICJ. He is an outstanding candidate who will bring to the Court a distinguished record of expertise as well as global and independent perspective. Chair, it is important that everyone is able to contribute to the international rule of law and the institutions that uphold it. This is why the UK was pleased to contribute over 140,000 pounds this year to the UN program of assistance, as well as the ICJ Judicial Fellowship, among others. Multilateralism and the rule of law reinforce one another as foundations of the international system. Addressing challenges to both requires an approach that promotes inclusive participation and fosters dialogue and diplomacy. This is why we welcome the UN80 reform initiative as a critical opportunity to refocus the organization and bolster the UN's impact. UN80 should result in a UN that is more efficient, effective, and coherent, a UN that is better able to support government to tackle the key challenges we face today. Secondly, the UK continues to play a leading role in shaping international legal discourse. For instance, the UK strongly supports the International Law Commission, as well as the dialogue with the Sixth Committee. We therefore contributed to the Trust on Foreign Systems for Special Rapporteurs to enable them to continue their work. We're also pleased to chair the steering committee for the London Conference on International Law. The fourth conference was held in London last week, bringing together a global audience of international law experts from government, private practice, academia, and civil society to discuss current challenges. Chair, the UK takes a proactive approach to defending the international rules that underpin security and prosperity. For example, through our leadership on freedom of navigation in the Strait of Hormuz to strengthen the international legal framework on which security and economic prosperity depend. Finally, we're committed to supporting accountability for the most serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. The UK remains a strong supporter of the International Criminal Court and its independent role in upholding in holding perpetrators to account and achieving justice for victims. Accountability for the most serious international crimes has never been more important. The rule of law is not simply a principle, it is a priority. It is essential to sustaining peace, protecting human rights and building prosperous and resilient societies. Thank you, Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of the United Kingdom for her statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Portugal.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Portugal aligns itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union and its member states and would like to offer a few additional remarks in its national capacity. Madam Chair, the relationship between the Sixth Committee and International Law Commission is particularly important for developing, clarifying and strengthening the rule of law. These are two of the main international multilateral fora for discussing, preserving and advancing international law and ensuring respect for it. the Sixth Committee as the legal committee of the General Assembly of the United Nations, and the International Law Commission, for its part, given its valuable contribution to the progressive development and codification of international law. It is therefore only logical that the international community seek strengthening the interaction between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission. Madam Chair, As reflected in the individual and joint statements delivered in the past, this relationship can be further improved through genuine, continuous dialogue. Accordingly, effective interaction at the different stages of the Commission's work can contribute both to the quality of its work and to its consideration by the General Assembly. There is scope for further promotion of substantive exchanges between delegations and members of the Commission, whether in the context of the International Law Week or elsewhere. Such changes should allow States to engage more deeply with the Commission's ongoing work and final products, as well as with the selection of topics for its future programme of work. Portugal, therefore, welcomes the Commission's recent initiatives to hold a remote session to present its final report and to have the Special Rapporteurs prepare summaries of their topics with key takeaways. Every effort aimed at making it easier for delegations to interact with and be involved with the Commission's work is commendable. Madame Chair, while much remains to be done to promote dialogue between the Sixth Commission and the International Law Commission, Member States also have an important role to play. Timely and substantive responses to the Commission's request for comments and information are essential to ensure that its work reflects a broad range of views and state practice. Although all states share the same responsibility to participate in and actively contribute to the development and clarification of international law, such participation may be severely hindered by differences in their capacities. This is an important obstacle that everyone should bear in mind when designing and implementing policies to improve the relationship between the Sixth Committee and international law. In this respect, Portugal is of the view that capacity building is key for the enhancement of the interaction of the ILC with the broad UN membership and acknowledges the important contributions for that purpose of the program of assistance and the UN regional courses, the ILC seminar, and other capacity building activities that our country has in many instances supported. I thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Portugal for her statement and give the floor to the distinguished representative of Gambia.

Thank you, Chair. The Gambia aligns with the statement delivered by the distinguished representative of Iran, speaking on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, Cameroon, speaking on behalf of the African Group, as well as the statement delivered by China on behalf of the Group of Friends of Global Governance. And we wish to make the following statement in our national capacity. Since its incorporation into this committee's program of work, the agenda on the rule of law at the national and international levels has stood as a vital and robust global consultative process. bringing together member states under a common vision, a vision that multilateralism, political stability and human dignity cannot exist in the absence of rules that should govern the relationship between states. Central to these ideals is the respect for the sanctity of the rule of law. As the international community confronts significant challenges, there has never been a more important moment for us all to reaffirm our shared commitment to international rule of law. Chair, The Gambia believes that the respect for the rule of law is the foundation upon which the pillars of the United Nations rest, and therefore its adherence must remain at the heart of the international legal order. We recognize that the Charter is an integral part of this principle, ensuring the primacy of international law and a rule-based international order. Our commitment to the rule of law as a country is grounded in our own national experience and the ability of international law to complement the pillars of justice, accountability, and sustainable peace. We reaffirm our principal position that the principles of the UN Charter must be applied consistently and exercised in good faith. We consider the rule of law as essential for the establishment of justice and as a cornerstone for the peaceful coexistence of states as stipulated in the 2012 High-Level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Rule of Law. Chair, critical to the rule of law is the respect and promotion of human rights. As we commemorate 60 years this year since the adoption of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the two foundational treaties that converted the aspirations of the 1948 Universal Declaration on Human Rights into binding law. The Gambia uses this occasion to commit to human rights principles, appreciating it as intrinsic to the rule of law in the attainment of international peace and security and in achieving international cooperation for human development. At a domestic level, we have been on a remarkable democratic transition, we have witnessed two cycles of peaceful presidential legislative and local government elections, build new institutions, enacted legislations in accordance with international standards, and in partnership with ECOWAS, on the verge of operationalizing a hybrid tribunal, the Special Tribunal for the Gambia. We are proud of these immediate gains under this framework in the establishment of a unique justice and criminal accountability mechanism. In 2025, we have also subjected our records for review and assessment of our commitment to protecting human rights to international human rights bodies, such as the United Nations Human Rights Council, by virtue of its universal periodic review. This highlights the country's unwavering commitment to upholding the rights, principles, and objectives stated in our international and regional human rights instruments. Chair, intrinsic to a just and stable society is the respect for humanitarian principles. The Gambia reiterates that States must renew their commitment to the Geneva Conventions and uphold the principle that humanity must prevail in war. It is a collective responsibility that humanitarian personnel who dedicate their precious lives to assist civilian populations during times of conflict will themselves be also protected. Chair, the Refugee Convention remains a foundational international commitment to human dignity and the protection of those fleeing persecution. And as we mark 75 years since the adoption of the Refugee Convention, we continue to call for an essential framework for upholding the rights and dignity of refugees and for ensuring that international protection remains available to those who need it the most. In this context, honouring the legacy and obligations of the Convention also requires continuing the progressive development of international law. African states have led the way on these two instruments that recognize the reality of displacement in the 21st century, such as the AU Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa, which ensures protection for internally displaced persons and addresses root causes of displacement. We invite all member states to adopt and fulfill similar commitments and to work together in true solidarity to uphold the promise of the 1951 Convention in the full spirit of shared humanity in which it was adopted. Chair, peace and security are vital pillars to the rule of law. We commend the partnership between the United Nations and the African Union in this regard, and as a result, we welcome the outcome document convened this year on the deliberations of both institutions. We believe that this engagement will encourage closer alignment between the plans of action and effective implementation in the peace and security conflict management strategies of both institutions. As mentioned by many countries, The Gambia attaches high importance to the ILC's work to assist the United Nations General Assembly in the progressive development of international law and its codification in accordance with the ILC's statute. We continue to call for more sustained support towards the ILC's work, and we continue to also call for an inclusive state practice, precedents, doctrines, and representative nature of the principal legal system of the world in the work of the ILC as required by its statute. This, we believe, will enhance legitimacy of the work of the ILC and ensure the global acceptance of its work. We also encourage the ILC to continue to look at new development of international law with the view to addressing critical gaps. To conclude, the Gambia believes that the foundation of the adherence to the rule of law is premised on the respect for the UN Charter and its principles, and we will continue to work with all member states in the renewal of this call and spirit. I thank you.

The distinguished representative of Gambia for her statement, and I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Malaysia.

Madam Chair, Malaysia assigns itself with the statements presented by the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of Friends of Global Governance and the ASEAN. Additionally, we would like to take this opportunity to deliver a statement in our national capacity. Malaysia expresses its appreciation to the Secretary-General for his report on the rule of law at the national and international levels, contained in document A/81/184, which provides a comprehensive overview of United Nations activities in promoting the rule of law and underscores the importance of strengthening cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission in advancing the rule of law at the international level. Malaysia also takes note of General Assembly resolution 80/167, which invites member states to focus their comments on the subtopic, enhancing the rule of law by strengthening the cooperation between the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly and the ILC. Madam Chair, Malaysia reaffirm its longstanding commitment to the promotion and strengthening of the rule of law at both the national and international levels. We view that closer cooperation between the CIS Committee and the ILC serves as an important means of advancing this shared objective. For this purpose, we recognize that the CIS Committee and the ILC perform distinct, yet complementary functions. While the Sixth Committee serves as the principal intergovernmental forum for the consideration of legal issues within the General Assembly, the ILC contributes in its capacity as an independent body of experts to the progressive development and codification of international law. With respect to the ILC's methodology, Malaysia underscores the importance of ensuring that its work continues to be informed by relevant and representative state practice and opinio juris from all regions of the world. Such consideration should reflect the diversity of legal systems and the different circumstances in which states develop and apply international law. At the same time, the assessment of state practice and opinio juris should remain a matter for the ILC's independent legal analysis. On inclusiveness, the participation of member states should not be limited to the opportunity to submit comments, but should be meaningfully reflected, where appropriate, in the ILC's consideration of relevant legal issues. In this regard, the views and practices of states from different regions and legal traditions should be given due consideration, thereby enhancing the representative character, acceptance and practical relevance of the ILC's outputs. Madam Chair. As regards Member States' participation, Malaysia emphasizes the importance of facilitating timely and informed engagement throughout the ILC's consideration of a topic. ILC reports, draft texts, questionnaires and other relevant materials should, where practicable, be made available sufficiently in advance to enable governments to undertake the necessary national consultations and formulate considered views. Malaysia also supports more focused requests for information on State practice, national legislation and the views of governments, where appropriate, to facilitate more substantive engagement between Member States and the ILC. Malaysia also considered that greater attention should be given to strengthening the existing feedback mechanism between the Sixth Committee and the ILC. In this regard, views, comments and observations expressed by Member States during the Sixth Committee's consideration of the ILC work could, where appropriate, be given due consideration by the ILC in its subsequent work on relevant topics. Such mutual responsiveness would further enhance the interaction between the intergovernmental and expert dimensions of the codification and progressive development of international law. Concerning the ILC's outputs, Cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the ILC should contribute to enhancing their clarity, coherence and practical utility. Clear identification of whether an outcome reflects the codification of existing international law or its progressive development would assist States in appreciating the legal nature and significance of the ILC's work without prejudging the legal effect of any outcome. Finally, Malaysia underscores that any efforts to strengthen cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the ILC should preserve the independence and expert character of the ILC. Enhanced engagement should facilitate meaningful dialogue and exchange of views while allowing the ILC to continue to undertake its legal independently. In this regard, Malaysia supports a strengthened and constructive interaction between the two bodies that enables the views of Member States to inform the ILC's work while respecting the established institutional framework governing their respective roles. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Malaysia for her statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Malta.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Malta aligns its statement with that delivered by the European Union. As we continue to face increased threats to the international legal order, including grave violations of the UN Charter and the fundamental rules and principles of international law, Malta takes this opportunity to reaffirm its long-standing commitment to upholding the rule of law and thanks the Secretary-General for his report on the topic. For Malta, the rule of law is not merely a concept, nor is it a matter of choice or convenience. It is a fundamental responsibility of every state and a necessary foundation for peaceful societies and strong international relations. Its value, however, lies not only in the rules themselves, but in our willingness to uphold them in practice. It remains indispensable at a time when respect for international law, including the UN Charter, is under sustained pressure. This requires a commitment that extends across all levels of governance and recognizes the mutually reinforcing nature of the rule of law at the national and international levels. Respect for international law must be reflected in national practice, as strong national institutions and adherence to the rule of law strengthen the international legal order as a whole. This connection also underscores the importance of the processes through which international law is developed and applied. Malta welcomes the focus of the Secretary-General's report on strengthening dialogue between States and the International Law Commission. The Commission's contribution to the progressive development and codification of international law, alongside the role of international courts and tribunals in interpreting and applying it, is central to a functioning international legal order. Chair, the relationship between the United Nations and the rule of law is fundamental. Malta welcomes the work of the UN in advancing accountability, access to justice and effective institutions, as reflected in the report. In this regard, the non-selective application of international law is essential to its credibility and authority. For Malta, this is particularly important. As a small state, we depend on an international system in which sovereign equality, agreed rules, and strong multilateral institutions prevail over unilateral action and the arbitrary exercise of power. The international rule of law provides the framework that allows every state, regardless of its size or influence, to exercise its rights, discharge its responsibilities, and have its interests protected by law. Malta, therefore, calls on all states to reaffirm their commitment to the rule of law through action. Our international legal order can only remain credible and effective if we uphold the rules we have agreed upon, respect the institutions that we have established, settle disputes peacefully, and apply the law consistently and without selectivity. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Malta for her statement. And I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Libya on behalf of the Arab Group.

In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Most Gracious, it is my honor to deliver this statement on behalf of the Arab Group. The Arab Group would like to emphasize that the rule of law is the cornerstone of ensuring freedom, justice, dignity, and equality, and is an essential pillar in the promotion of international peace and security in accordance with the provisions of Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations, which stipulates that international disputes must be settled by peaceful means in accordance with the principles of justice and international law. It also contributes to the achievement of sustainable development and the protection of economic, social and political rights, in line with Article 55, paragraph 3 of the Charter, which makes it incumbent upon the UN to promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. The establishment of the principle of the rule of law at the national and international levels requires respect for the obligations arising from Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Charter. This paragraph obliges States to implement their international obligations in good faith and to ensure that the sovereign equality of States is not violated. The group also stresses the importance of the central role of the United Nations in supporting national capacities to promote justice and accountability in accordance with the annual resolutions of the General Assembly on the rule of law. In light of the above, the Arab group would like to emphasize the following points. The Arab group reiterates its call for an immediate cessation of the genocidal war on the Gaza Strip and an end to the illegal occupation of the State of Palestine. The group strongly condemns the ongoing violations by the Israeli occupying power of the rule of law and the decisions of the International Court of Justice. We condemn the occupying power's systemic destruction, deliberate starvation, forced displacement, the use of sexual violence and rape as a weapon of war, settlement annexation, apartheid and terrorism, including settler terrorism supported and coordinated by the Israeli occupation authorities. The Arab Group reiterates its call for an end to the Israeli aggression against Lebanon and the withdrawal of the occupying forces from the areas it occupies in Lebanon, and its support for the Lebanese state in extending its sovereignty and control over the entire Lebanese territory, including the unilateral, including matters of the limitation of arms in the hands of the state and the disarmament of all non-state actors. We also condemn in the strongest of terms the ongoing Israeli violations and aggressions against the Syrian Arab Republic, foremost among them the incursions into Syria's territory since the 8th of December 2024, the arrests and the abductions targeting civilians, including children, as well as air strikes, illegal entry of occupying forces into its territories, settler expansion and attacks on Lebanon from Syrian territory. The group stresses that these practices constitute a violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Syria and demands their immediate cessation, the complete and immediate withdrawal of the occupying forces from all territories into which they have incurred since that date, and full compliance with the 1974 disengagement agreement. The Group further calls for the full implementation of the relevant Security Council resolutions, in particular Resolution 497 of 1981, as well as the complete withdrawal from the occupied Syrian Golan. We affirm that the right to self-determination of the Palestinian people is one of the jus cogens of the international law, and that the recognition of the State of Palestine is the right of the Palestinian people and a duty of the international community. We warn that the threat to withdraw recognition of the State of Palestine is a violation of international obligations towards achieving a just, lasting, and comprehensive peace in the Middle East. We condemn the repeated attacks on Islamic and Christian holy sites, the attempts of the illegal Israeli occupation to change the historical and legal status quo in Al-Quds Al-Sharif and other violations and crimes, including the Israeli escalation in Al-Aqsa Mosque, Al-Haram Al-Sharif. In particular, the repeated incursions by settlers, including the ministers of the occupation authorities, under the protection of the occupying forces and the accompanying provocative practices, including the raising of the occupation flag inside the courtyards of the mosque. We condemn the discriminatory restrictions imposed by the occupying authorities on access to the old city and places of worship, and the systemic measures aimed at changing the historical, legal, and demographic character of the occupied East Jerusalem, and undermining the sanctity of its Islamic and Christian holy sites. We affirm that the Israeli entity has no sovereignty over occupied Jerusalem or its Islamic and Christian holy sites. We affirm that places of worship must be respected. We affirm that Al-Aqsa Mosque, with its entire area of 144 dunams is a place of worship for Muslims, and that Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Al-Aqsa Mosque Affairs Department of the Jordanian Ministry of Endowments, Islamic Affairs, and the Holy Places is the exclusive body that is entitled to manage Al-Aqsa matters. We appreciate the efforts made by His Majesty King Mohammed VI of the Kingdom of Morocco in his capacity as the Chairman of Al-Quds Committee to defend Al-Quds Al-Sharif, in particular through the initiatives and projects carried out by the Bayt Mal Al-Quds Al-Sharif Agency, the executive arm of the Committee, aimed at preserving the legal and historical status of Al-Quds Al-Sharif, protecting its identity, and supporting the steadfastness of its people. We condemn the decision of the Israeli occupation authorities to annex areas for the implementation of its plan E1 and the issuance of tenders for the construction of 1,234 settlement units as a step that represents the separation of the West Bank and the isolation of the city of Jerusalem from its natural geographical and Palestinian population extension. The Palestinian territory is a single geographical, political, and territorial unit in the West Bank, including Al-Quds al-Sharif and the Gaza Strip. We value the positions of all states that have refused such plans for annexation and such amputation of the West Bank. We call for the respect of the unity and integrity of the territory of the State of Palestine, and we reject all attempts to separate any part of the occupied Palestinian territory or impose new categorical political, security, or administrative realities on Palestinian territory. We stress the need to enable the government of the State of Palestine to assume its full responsibilities and powers over the entire occupied Palestinian territory. We recall that sovereignty is Palestinian and that the occupation has no sovereignty over any part of the occupied Palestinian territory, including Al-Quds Al-Sharif. We know the central importance of the UNRWA as an irreplaceable UN mechanism. We reject all attempts to undermine its legal mechanisms and warn of the dangers posed by the targeting of Palestinian refugee camps in the occupied Palestinian territory, including the destruction and forced displacement currently underway, as this is an international violation and an attempt to prolong the suffering of Palestinian refugees. We also warn of We remind of the importance of the resolution concerning the importance of the protection of humanitarian personnel and the condemnation of violations of UNRWA's rights, as this is a clear violation of Article 100 of the UN Charter, which stipulates that UN personnel are completely independent and should be inviolable. We also warn of UNRWA's designation by the Israeli occupation authorities as a terrorist organization and the consequences of the targeting of the agency's headquarters by the occupying authorities, which violates the principle of functional immunity of the United Nations as stipulated in the 1946 Convention of the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations. We emphasize the seriousness of the ongoing aggression by Israeli occupying forces against the Palestinian people and the subsequent repercussions on regional and international security and stability, as well as the consequences of the flagrant violation of international law, including international humanitarian law and human rights and relevant resolutions of international legitimacy and advisory opinions, and the precautionary measures issued by the Court of Justice for all efforts aimed at the establishment of the two-state solution. We highlight the continued violation by the unlawful Israeli occupying authorities of resolutions of the International Court of Justice and the Security Council resolution and General Assembly resolutions including 242 338 and 2334 and the 2004 advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the legal consequences of the construction of the wall These constitute violations of the principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by force enshrined in Article 2 of the Charter and the violation of the principle of respect for the rule of international law. Mr. Chair, the Arab Group stresses the need to hold the occupying power accountable for all its crimes against the Palestinian people, including before the International Court of Justice and other relevant legal mechanisms. The Arab Group stresses that accountability is an integral part of the concept of the rule of international law. We also emphasize that the ongoing case before the International Court of Justice commenced by South Africa against the occupying power under the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide constitutes a real test of the ability of the international legal system to enforce justice and prevent impunity. The Arab Group warns that any attempts to displace Palestinians will be faced decisively, as this is a clear crime under the Fourth Geneva Convention. The occupying power must uphold its responsibility and refrain from such crimes, as such crimes drag the entire region to a vortex of violence. And we emphasize that the consequences will exceed our region and spill over onto other regions. The Arab Group urges the International Criminal Court to expedite the completion of a criminal investigation into war crimes and crimes against humanity, and to issue new arrest warrants against officials of the authorities that have committed crimes against defenseless Palestinian people, including settlement and annexation, genocide, and aggression against Gaza. killing civilians, doctors, journalists, paramedics, and defense personnel, and finally, the forcible displacement of Palestinians. Mr. President, the Arab Group condemns and abhors in the strongest of terms the repeated Iranian aggressions against the territories of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the United Arab Emirates, the Kingdom of Bahrain, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Sultanate of Oman, the State of Qatar, the State of Kuwait, and the Republic of Iraq using missiles and drones in flagrant violation of the sovereignty of states and in flagrant violation of the rules of international law and the Charter of the United Nations the group holds the Islamic Republic of Iran fully responsible for such violations we remind the group that the Security Council previously adopted its resolution 2817 of 2026 which was sponsored by 136 countries which condemned in the strongest of terms Iran's illegal and flagrant aggressions and recognized that such missile and drone attacks constitute a violation of the sovereignty of Arab states, a grave violation of international law and the Charter of the United Nations, and a threat to international peace and security. And this includes Iranian actions and threats aimed at closing the Strait of Hormuz and threatening maritime security in Bab al-Mandab Strait. This impedes legitimate passage and the freedom of navigation, and any attempt by Iran to impede the legitimate passage and freedom of navigation constitutes an internationally unlawful act and constitutes a threat to the security of sea lanes and the freedom and security of international energy. We emphasize the Arab states' right to defend themselves and their means of transport in accordance with international law. The group stresses its full support for the right of the affected Arab states to resort to relevant international and regional institutions and to take all available legal and diplomatic means to hold Iran accountable for these violations and ensure reparation for the damages caused by them. The group also stresses that accountability is a key pillar of the rule of international law. We stress that the Islamic Republic of Iran bears full responsibility for its illegal and unjustified attacks against Arab states. The group calls on Iran to comply with its international obligations under Security Council Resolution 2817. Respecting Security Council resolutions is not an optional matter, but part and parcel of international law, and Violating them undermines a key pillar of international peace and security. This undermines the institutions of international law and undermines national and international rule of law. The Arab group recalls that respect for the rule of international law is the true guarantee for the maintenance of international peace and security, and the double standards in the application of the law undermine the legitimacy of the multilateral system. It also warns against attempts to politicize international humanitarian law or to use it as a tool to justify aggression in violation of the principle of equality in the application of law. In conclusion, we emphasize that the rule of law is not a theoretical principle, but a legal and moral obligation. And international inability to protect civilians in Gaza and Lebanon represents a collective failure on the part of the international community to implement its obligations under Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions, which calls upon States to respect conventions at all circumstances. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Libya for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Belarus.

Madam Chair, ladies and gentlemen, the Republic of Belarus lines itself with the statement by Iran and China, as well as Cuba, on behalf of the corresponding groups of states, in its national capacity, we make the following comments. We fully agree with the need to universally ensure and uphold rule of law on the national and international levels. This is the foundation of peace and fruitful cooperation between states. We believe that strict adherence to the principle of rule of law will help to strengthen sovereign equality of states, ensure lawfulness and predictability in their behavior, enhance trust between peoples, as well as facilitate sustainable development as the prerequisite for the implementation of the UN's goals. We thank the Secretary-General for presenting the report on strengthening and coordinating UN rule of law activities. We support the central assertion in this report that the UN plays a key role in the process of development and codification of international law. The Republic of Belarus has consistently favored and supported the functioning of the international legal system based upon the UN Charter. We support its unshakable foundations of international law, including the respect for sovereign equality of states and non-interference in their internal affairs. An international legal order based upon the UN Charter remains relevant and its cornerstone principles are fully applicable to traditional as well as new domains. We fundamentally reject the attempts by certain states or groups of states to promote a so-called rules-based world order. This kind of doctrine leads to ideological confrontation and exacerbates tensions in international relations. We firmly condemn The selective application of international law for short-term political gain, the imposition of unilateral coercive measures, and contravention of the UN Security Council runs counter to the idea of rule of law. These actions undermine the UN Charter and violate the security and well-being of citizens, limiting their access to employment, healthcare, and social services. To ensure strict compliance with international obligations, the relevant UN bodies and organizations ought to focus on eliminating the practice of illegal coercive measures, politicizing human rights issues, and the arbitrary interpretation of universal norms of international law for the benefit of a select few states. We believe that undermining sovereignty through unilateral measures will inevitably lead to the emergence of long-term drivers of global and regional instability. We believe it's unacceptable to arbitrarily expand the competencies of international judicial institutions, including the ICC. International law is based on the principle of sovereign equality. Recognition of the jurisdiction of international courts must be based upon the freely expressed consent of states in accordance with the applicable norms of international law. Hence, the Republic of Belarus categorically rejects the unjustified and contrived expansion of the jurisdiction of international courts without regard for the fundamental principles of international justice, including consent, reciprocity, and equality of parties. We underscore that selective approaches and double standards are unacceptable when states implement their international legal obligations. Rule of law requires that every state voluntarily complies with their obligations with due regard for the principles enshrined in the UN Charter. We're forced to note that today there is an increasingly acute deficit of global governance. Protectionism and intimidation from certain states are undermining multilateral cooperation and the authority of international law. It is international law that remains the universal mechanism that allows for ensuring a just world order based upon the principles of mutually beneficial partnership. Distinguished participants, we underscore that increasing the authority of international law is in the interest of the entire international community. We are convinced that to further develop and improve international law, we need to strengthen cooperation between the Sixth Committee of the UN General Assembly as the main legal body of the UN and the International Law Commission, which is the leading body of experts on international law. It is important to develop a range of new formats for cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the ILC, in particular with regard to monitoring reports, statements and proposals by delegations of States in the Sixth Committee concerning the various draft documents developed by the ILC. taking into account views expressed during the work of the Committee, would significantly accelerate work on documentation with regard to which we have long struggled to reach a mutual understanding. We also need to strengthen cooperation between rapporteurs of the Sixth Committee and ILC and State delegations. By the next session, we would like to receive the report of the Secretariat on new proposals with regard to increasing effectiveness of cooperation between the ILC and the Sixth Committee when it comes to developing international law. We also point out that States have considerable need for technical assistance from the UN with regard to implementation of norms of international law, first and foremost for key international treaties, as well as the organization of outreach activities, strengthening coordination of the positions of academic circles and legal practitioners, including during the UN International Law Week. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Belarus for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of South Africa.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Madam Chair, South Africa aligns with the statements delivered by Cameroon on behalf of the African Group, Iran on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, and Austria, on behalf of the Group of Friends of the Rule of Law. At the outset, we wish to express our appreciation to the Secretary-General for his report. In particular, my delegation would like to express its gratitude for the support given by the United Nations in respect of the launch of the Nelson Mandela Rules Training Academy, which is aimed at promoting and strengthening compliance of prison management with the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, popularly referred to as the Nelson Mandela Rules. Madam Chair, in resolution A/80/167, states were invited to focus their comments during this 81st session of the Sixth Committee on the subtopic enhancing the rule of law by strengthening the cooperation between the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly and the International Law Commission. The interplay between the Sixth Committee in which the realities of states are expressed and the International Law Commission where international law is developed and codified is essential. Law which is not grounded in reality runs the risk of falling into desuetude. South Africa strongly supports the continued engagement and, where possible, would advocate for increased engagement between the Sixth Committee and the ILC to further enhance the rule of law. Strengthening cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the ILC requires more structured dialogue, active follow-up on draft articles and other ILC products, and flexible working methods. This can be done by maintaining and, where possible, creating more structured and substantive interactions between ILC members and state representatives during International Law Week, maintaining the allocated specific guaranteed time in the six committees' programme of work for in-depth feedback on individual ILC topics rather than rushed, generalised overviews. The clustered consideration of the ILC report affords States this opportunity. The interactive debates, panel discussions and dedicated questions and answer sessions with the Chair and other members of the ILC is critical in maintaining the collaboration. The briefing by the ILC to the Sixth Committee before the session is also a great way of strengthening cooperation and should be maintained. Madam Chair, at a national level, Before each session of the Sixth Committee, South Africa requests engagement with at least one member of the ILC to have an in-depth discussion on some of the issues on the ILC agenda in our preparation for the Sixth Committee session. This has helped the legal advisors in our foreign ministry and missions to have an in-depth understanding of the issues and thereby prepare South Africa's engagement on ILC issues. Recently, Professor Martins Paparinskis of Latvia has availed himself for this task on more than one occasion, which we greatly appreciate. At a regional level, in preparation for the sixth committee session, the African group has a standing agenda item during our preparatory meetings for a briefing and engagement with the African members of the ILC. This collaboration has continued for years now and has contributed greatly not only to the Group's better understanding of some complex topics the ILC has grappled with, but also to the development of the Group's positions on those topics. For this, my delegation expresses gratitude to Professors Charles Jalloh of Sierra Leone and Louis Savadogo of Burkina Faso for their consistent availability to brief and engage our Group on ILC matters. Their contribution is critical for our group's engagement on ILC topics, and that collaboration contributes to the enhancement of the rule of law. Similarly, the close collaboration between the African Union Commission on International Law, AUCIL, and the ILC, as formalized by the AUCIL statute, ensures promotion of international law, particularly on the African continent. In this regard, we look forward to robust discussions later this month when the report of the ILC will be considered. Madam Chair, South Africa's history is one in which the rule of law was flouted. Upon becoming a democratic state, South Africa therefore ensured that going forward, it would be a country firmly established in the rule of law and expressly provided for by our constitution. From a constitutional perspective, South Africa values the primacy of the rule of law. We also know all too well that securing a strong rule of law requires constantly drawing attention to it, but also calling violations thereof. Equally, compliance with the rule of law in international sphere is critical. Adherence to the rule of law grounded in international law is fundamental to South Africa's values. The central role of the United Nations system and its judicial institutions in the maintenance of international peace and security cannot be overstated. The international rule of law serves as a manner to level the playing field in an asymmetrical global order. Regrettably, recent events indicate that the world is moving from a rules and value-based international system of cooperation between states to one increasingly dominated by power, material interests and conflict. We are seeing a tendency towards violating established rules on the prohibition on the threat or use of force, the rules of the conduct of warfare by both states and non-state actors, the violation of state sovereignty, the rules of the multilateral trade system, sanctions being imposed on international legal institutions and personalities, Sadly, the list goes on. These actions are contributing to the erosion of the rule of law, the bulwark of an international order. Madam Chair, the rule of law contributes to reality and smooth functioning of political and economic processes. It is fundamental to international cooperation and ensures global stability. Global stability is felt starkly on the local level. As we have been witnessing very recently, geopolitical conflicts impact on trade, which increases oil and gas prices and ultimately increases inflation and domestic costs. In conclusion, Madam Chair, ensuring adherence to international law and rules-based international order and calling out violations thereof remains a priority for South Africa. If not only ensures stability of an international global order, but it ultimately benefits people at the local level. I thank you, ma'am.

I thank the distinguished representative of South Africa for the statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of India.

Thank you. Thank you, Madam Chair. India thanks the Secretary-General for his report, contained in document A/81/184, on strengthening and coordinating United Nations rule of law activities. We welcome the continued efforts to promote a coherent and coordinated approach across United Nations systems, while respecting the diverse legal traditions and constitutional frameworks of Member States. India attaches equal importance to the rule of law at the national and international levels. At the national level, the rule of law is anchored in our constitution and is reflected in the continuing endeavor to ensure equality before the law, access to justice, accountable governance, and effective administration of justice. India has continued to strengthen its legal and institutional framework to respond to the contemporary challenges. The implementation of the three new criminal laws introduced in 2024 has been accompanied by the capacity building and institutional measures involving the police, the prosecution, and the judiciary. These efforts are directed towards making the criminal justice system more accessible, efficient, and responsive to the needs of the citizen. India has also continued to develop legal frameworks for the digital age by notifying the digital personal data protection rules in 2025 represents an important step towards operationalizing a framework for the production of personal data while facilitating lawful and responsible use of digital technologies. At the international level, the rule of law is found upon the Charter of the United Nations, the sovereign equality of states, and the fulfillment in good faith of international obligations. A credible international legal order requires not only the development of international norms, but also their consistent, transparent, and equitable application. Madam Chair, India also recognizes the effectiveness of the international rule of law ultimately depends upon implementation. International norms must be translated into meaningful cooperation, institutional capacity, and practical outcomes at the national and international levels. The UN can contribute to this objective by facilitating capacity building, sharing of best practices and greater cooperation among its legal bodies and Member States. India has consistently called for reforms of global governance institutions to reflect contemporary realities. A more representative and inclusive international system including the UNSC, is essential for strengthening confidence in multilateralism and ensuring that the international legal order enjoys broad legitimacy. The rule of law at the international level cannot be strengthened without strengthening the institutions through which international law is developed, interpreted and implemented. India, therefore, reiterates its commitment to constructive engagement with the Sixth Committee, the International Law Commission and other relevant United Nations bodies in advancing a more representative, coherent and effective international legal order. India remains committed to upholding the rule of law at the national and international level and to working with all Member States towards a multilateral system founded upon the principles of the Charter, sovereign equality, cooperation and respect for international law. Thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of India for his statement. The distinguished representative of India was the last speaker from the list for this agenda item this afternoon. It is my understanding that the delegation of Israel wishes to exercise the right of reply. You have the floor.

Thank you, Madam Chair. I am compelled to exercise my right of reply at this time. I must react to the baseless accusations weaponized against my country and blatant attempts to politicize another crucial item on the agenda of the Sixth Committee. It is astonishing how a statement on behalf of a very large group of Member States, like the Non-Aligned Movement, is being hijacked by the most determined proliferator of terrorism and destruction in the world today, The Iranian regime. The fact that more than 120 countries hide behind this radical, fundamentalist regime and allow them to freely abuse the group's speaking of time on the topic of the rule of law speaks volumes. This is not only our opinion. It is the opinion of at least 136 member states that co-sponsor Security Council Resolution 2817 condemning in the strongest terms the egregious attack by the Iranian regime against the other countries in the region. If this wasn't enough, more than 60% of the countries in NAM that were represented today by the Iranian regime were co-sponsor of this Security Council resolution. this very regime tortured and slaughtered over 70,000 of its own people for the crime of speaking up against the Iranian tyranny. The desperate attempt by the courageous Iranian protesters to reclaim basic human rights and to uphold rule of law ended in bodies, bullets, and blood. Nam states, When you give Iran free rein to do whatever they want with your statement, you betray the Iranian people who are suffocating under brutal oppression. I will not even begin to react to the baseless accusations that were raised by the Arab group. Madam Chair, what a fitting time to be having this discussion. Today is October 7. Today we commemorate the third anniversary of the terrible slaughter of over 1,200 innocent Israeli civilians, men, women, children, and the elderly. Full families were tortured, murdered, and burned alive in their homes. The Hamas terrorists livestreams their atrocities on the social media, taking sick pride in the horrors they're committed. They sang, danced, and laughed, as they perpetrated the most heinous crimes. We will never forget those we lost, and we will always remember that upholding the rule of law includes bringing justice to the victims and protecting innocents from this evil in the future. It is a shame that there are still some in this room that have never unequivocally condemned the October 7th massacre and mourn its innocent civilians. but we will never forget them we will never forget the Kadem Simanto family from Kibbutz Nir Oz Johnny and Tamar embraced their children Omer Arbel and Shachar while being burned to ashes in their home by Hamas terrorists we will never forget seven-month-old Kfir and four years old Ariel Bibas who were in the arms of their heroic mother Shiri when they were all taken hostage, tortured, and later brutally murdered by Hamas. We will never forget all those who were slaughtered, sexually assaulted, and raped during the Nova Festival, as well as those who were tortured to death and had their bodies desecrated. If I could, I would tell the stories of all the innocent civilians that were taken from us on that day. If you want to blame someone for these war crimes, blame Hamas. If you want to blame someone for the destruction in Gaza, blame Hamas. If you want to blame someone for genocidal intent, blame Hamas, who swore to repeat the October 7th massacre again and again until the annihilation of the State of Israel, together with their sponsor, the Iranian Supreme Leader, who celebrated the October 7th massacre and called it a great service to humanity. These are the ones you enable. These are the ones who shamefully took the floor on your behalf on this item and earlier item today to attack my country on the very date of October 7th. Soon, we will exhaust this discussion for today. When you go home, see your loved ones, and hug your children, look in the mirror before you go to sleep, think about who you selected to represent you today, and who you choose to support. Thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Israel. It is my understanding that the delegation of the Islamic Republic of Iran wishes to exercise the right of reply. You have the floor.

Thank you so much, Madam Chair. We see no merit in responding to the baseless and unfounded fabrications of the Israeli regime. I remember from 2023, in every sixth committee, this delegation of the Israeli regime tries to whitewash the horrendous crime and the bloodshed that they pursued in Palestine and elsewhere. And unfortunately, due to inaction of the international community, every year we meet here, we see more crimes, more genocide, more war crimes, more crimes against humanity being committed and perpetrated and continue to be committed and perpetrated by the Israeli regime. And since 7 October 2023 until today, 7 October 2026, if you look at the numbers of people killed in the region, at least there is 70 or 75 person killed every day in the brutal hands of the Israeli regime. Now they're just trying to play victim. And of course, we know that the world even doesn't even listen to their fabrications. They know who is the genocide and genocider and the war criminals. And they are actually the officials of the Israeli regime who are under arrest warrant by the international institutions, and they will be held account under international law, that's for sure. If you want to name the people who have been killed in the brutal hands of the Israeli regime, I don't think we will ever finish the Sixth Committee this year. 75,000 of people and more in Palestine, thousands of people in my country, thousands of people in other countries. This genocidal apartheid regime has no agenda other than occupation, killing, discrimination, and forcible displacement of people. It's quite clear for everyone. The mens rea of the Israeli criminals in perpetrating terrorism is evident. Madam Chair, it is known to all that the racist Israeli regime perpetrate racist terrorism and aggression on the basis of hatred and supremacism. in tandem with the mindset to actively commit genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The relevant UN special committee documented unprecedented destruction of civilian infrastructure and extraordinary high death tolls in Gaza perpetrated by the Israeli regime by use of AI-assisted targeting. They are using technology to make sure that whoever, whether children, whether women, whether elderly, whether sick, whether wounded, whether orphaned people, children, they are killed. This is the very policy and practice of terrorism of the Israeli regime. And before using these words against others, the Israeli regime shall be held to account for all its crimes in the region. As this pattern has not been confined to Palestine, Iranian civilians have also been killed in Israeli regime attacks, including children and members of the same families. In one brutal attack, they killed 16 members of a family. The reason being that one member of that family were just a university professor. The Israeli regime is a serious threat to the international peace and security. And I'm sure that the world is coming to understand this fact, that they are a serious threat to the international peace and security. Everywhere they are, you see killings, bloodshed, and torture. As for the, I see no reason to continue this exchange. We do not even believe that they deserve any exchange. We do not recognize the Israeli regime. But what we understand is that this regime is a child killing machine. Look at the numbers of people killed in our country, a considerable portion of which are children, and also in Palestine and elsewhere. And as we mentioned before, child killing is a true designation for the Israeli regime. As for a statement of Delegations, in relation to my country, I have to mention that there is a fundamental fact and a fundamental law to apply thereon, which cannot be obscured by political rhetoric. On 28th February 2026, Madam Chair, we were subjected to an act of aggression by the United States and its genocidal culprit, the Israeli terrorist regime. And the horrific extent of the brutality they demonstrated are well documented, including in a report contained in document A/AD/720. Unfortunately, such aggression was enabled and facilitated through the territory of certain countries in the region, all in violation of the provisions of international law that prohibits the states from allowing their territory to be used for aggression against third states. And this same conduct also entails international responsibility under law of a state responsibility as this also constitutes an aid and assistance to the aggressors. And the ILC commentary points to the fact that the obligation not to use force is also breached by permitting one's territory to be used by another state to conduct an act of aggression or armed attacks against a third state, reflecting the fundamental principle that a state cannot do by another what it cannot do by itself. As such, we reject all baseless accusation against my country. We underline that measures taken by Iran in response to the aggression against my country have been in exercise of our inherent right of self-defense under Article 51 of the UN Charter, in accordance with international law, including international humanitarian law. As for the Strait of Hormuz, I have to mention that over decades, the Islamic Republic of Iran, as a responsible member, has continuously upheld the freedom of navigation, as well as the safety and security of maritime navigation. We remain committed to that commitment we have already demonstrated. But the situation in the Strait of Hormuz is a direct result of the acts of aggression against my country. And no assessment could be provided apart from the fact that we have been subjected to an act of aggression. As to the legal regime of passage through the Strait of Hormuz, from a legal standpoint, we must once again emphasize our established legal position. Given that Iran has not ratified the convention, Iran considers itself bound only by those provisions that it considers part of customary international law. Our position has not changed. It has been reflected in different fora, and for the sake of brevity, I'll stop here. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Iran. I have a request from the delegation of the State of Palestine to exercise the right of reply. You have the floor.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Feeling isolated in the international arena and condemned by the majority of the world, the Israeli delegate addressed his statement to members of NAM, and as a member of NAM, I feel obliged to exercise our right of reply. It is expected that the Israeli delegate, when confronted with the barbarity and the criminality of his government and of his state and the genocide that they are committing, that they will resort to aspersions and they will resort to attacks on the majority, the overwhelming majority of the and the overwhelming majority of delegations. And of course, not long time ago, his Prime Minister stood in the General Assembly and referred to delegations as moral cowards. His Prime Minister referred to the majority of the delegations as moral cowards. So it's only expected that he will come here, he will yell and he will shout and he will intimidate delegations, hoping to silence delegations. But this is not going to yield to any results because everyone in the majority of the international community is aware of the crimes that they are committing. He has no respect for the sanctity of this room, and he has no respect for delegations. And we hope, as a chair, that you will take some actions. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Palestine. I see no further requests for the floor. That was the last speaker for this agenda item this afternoon. The Sixth Committee will continue its debate on agenda item 84, the rule of law at the national and international levels, at 10 a.m. tomorrow morning. The meeting is adjourned.