Sixth Committee, 8th plenary meeting - General Assembly, 81st session

Good afternoon. I call to order the eighth meeting of the Sixth Committee for the 81st session of the General Assembly. Distinguished delegates, this afternoon, the Committee will continue its debate on agenda item 84, the rule of law at the national and international levels. Given the length of the list of remaining speakers, it is now expected, as indicated earlier, that the Committee will commence its consideration of agenda item 75 tomorrow. This is criminal accountability of United Nations officials and experts on mission. We will therefore commence continuing with our list, and I would mention that the list is still quite long and I urge you we have mentioned the time limits that we all agreed to to try to keep your statements within those limits our we will continue with agenda item 84 the rule of law and at the national and international levels the first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Senegal, the Minister and Diplomatic Advisor of the President of the Republic of Senegal. You have the floor, sir.

Thank you, Madam Chairperson. Madam Chairperson, the delegation of Senegal would like to align itself with this statement delivered by Cameroon, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Austria, and China, respectively, on behalf of the African Group, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of Friends of the Rule of Law, and the Group of Friends of Global Governance. Having said that, my delegation would like to make the following comments in a national capacity. My delegation would like to thank the UN Secretary-General for his report, A/81/312. stroke 84, which covers the period from 1st of July 2025 to the 30th of July 2026. The objective being to promote and strengthen the rule of law at the national and international level, as well as efforts to strengthen coordination on the rule of law. Madam Chairperson, as the SG rightly points out in his report, and here I quote, "The rule of law is at the heart of the UN Charter and the international legal order." End of quote. The primacy of the law is a necessary precondition if we are to achieve fair, equitable, and peaceful development of human societies. On this note, my delegation would like to recall what the SG said when he emphasized that strengthening the rule of law should help us to bolster the three pillars of the United Nations. This requirement can only be fulfilled if we have a legal and regulatory framework, normative framework, that's effective, which ensures equal access to justice for all, with particular emphasis placed on women, young people, and vulnerable persons. We have reconfirmed our commitment to international sovereignty and to the fact that socioeconomic development is impossible unless there is the rule of law. This is part and parcel of our national strategy. It is part of Senegal's fundamental charter and our socioeconomic development vision. This is helping to institutionalize national dialogue, bringing together all key stakeholders in Senegal so that we can come up with consensus-based solutions to the challenges we face. We are striking an institutional balance. We are bolstering social cohesion, including by combating extremist speech and hate speech. Madam Chairperson, although Progress at the national and international level has been made, without a doubt. The rule of law is still plagued by a number of challenges: the erosion of multilateralism, terrorism, racism, xenophobia, hate speech, and the impact of new technologies, not to mention ongoing violations of international law and efforts to call into question the fundamental norms underpinning the international legal order. This is undermining the robustness of the international order. Therefore, the rule of law must ensure there is no selectivity nor any double standards, inter alia. To achieve this objective, we must ensure we have judges who are competent, independent and have integrity. They must mete out the law and face no reprisals. Madam Chairperson, it is worth recalling the role played by the International Court of Justice, the mission of the ICJ is to contribute to the peaceful settlement of disputes that could result in a disruption to the peace. Senegal recalls the commitment made to uphold the Court's decisions in the Pact for the Future. We call on all Member States and the Security Council in particular to take all necessary measures to ensure full compliance with the compulsory decisions taken by the Court. In a similar vein, we commend the ICC, the International Criminal Court, for the role it plays. It is a complement to national jurisdictions and also helps us to buttress the rule of law at the international level. My delegation would like to reiterate that this court, the ICC, its leadership, its staff, deserve our support and should not be threatened nor sanctioned. We reiterate our call for Member States to accede to the Rome Statute so as to make it universal. Madam Chairperson, turning to the topic of this current session, we'd like to welcome the GA's decision to look at how the rule of law can be strengthened. through work between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission. As the SG's report recalls, the dialogue between these two bodies, the Sixth Committee and the ILC, helps us to strengthen the rule of law at the international level. Member States often seize the opportunity to take the general debate and, in particular, International Law Week to underscore the importance of these interactions, to ensure that the ILC's work is recognized the world over. In light of what States have said, we must ensure that we keep the Commission independent so that it can fulfill its mandate. We welcome the mechanisms that have been forged. They are fueling this cooperation, in particular when the ILC presents its annual report. There are specific issues on which States' commentaries are particularly useful. Also, the systematic transmission of drafts to States for their remarks, in keeping with the ILC's statute, regular briefings organized by the ILC Secretariat, and this for six committee experts. This allows the Special Rapporteurs and Chairs of working groups to engage in an exchange with delegations. There's also the annual briefing on the report of the ILC done by the chairmanship so that we get a taster of the text before the debate begins. The special rapporteurs of the ILC, specifically that working on crimes against humanity, a presentation that took place in January 2026, is an excellent example of this reinforced cooperation. These Practices which have been consolidated over the years have enhanced the quality of the work of both bodies, thereby bolstering the progressive development and codification of international law. On this note, my delegation calls for us to strengthen regular interactive exchanges throughout the year, not only during International Law Week. This through consultations as well. These consultations could bolster the capacity of Member States to submit topics for discussion at the ILC, enhancing discussions at the Commission. Madam Chairperson, targeted discussions between the Sixth Committee and the Special Rapporteurs are an idea worth exploring. In particular, as we could discuss the follow-up that must be taken on certain issues. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Senegal for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Morocco.

Thank you, Madam Chair. At the outset, my delegation would like to congratulate the Secretary-General and thank him for his comprehensive report in document A/81/184 on the promotion and coordination of UN activities in the rule of law at the national and international levels. We stress the importance that the Sixth Committee attaches to the promotion of rule of law. This is the main pillar for multilateralism. We believe that the items on the agenda constructively contribute to promoting this principle, which is indispensable for the maintenance of international peace and security. the quality development of our discussions on this item of an international consensus on the link between the rule of law and sustainable development. In this regard, technical assistance and capacity building provided by the United Nations in coordination with regional organizations remain essential for ensuring and reform in member states. Madam Chair, based on our commitment to the principles of international instruments, especially the UN Charter, Morocco promoted its participation in the international legal framework through a multilateral through participation in multilateralism. We are committed. When we adopted, when we were elected to preside over the PBC and our re-election to the Peace and Security Council at the African Union. We also presented our candidacy to the Security Council 2028-2029. In terms of countering transnational organized crime, we signed on the 25th of October 2025 the UN Convention on Countering Cybercrime as an international legal framework that promotes the mechanisms to share digital evidence to address digital risks and ensure collective security. In terms of the peaceful settlement of conflicts and alternative justice, we joined on the 31st of October 2025 an international convention. As for the protection of the environment, we joined the agreement on the BBNJ. Madam Chair, this international dynamism is also reflected in our national law. We have introduced major reforms to ensure our current laws are in line with international standards. We reformed our criminal justice system. We supported our framework by adopting a new law to promote fair prosecutions and to give premise to international conventions and ensure they are included in our national law. We now refer financial crimes to regular courts to ensure full equality among citizens. The adoption of a law in 2025 is a pillar for ensuring due process for digital prosecutions. In January 2026, we adopted a law on ensuring due process. We also adopted another law on legal professionals. which ensure that women have access to this profession and can equally practice it. We also developed basic principles for professionals. Madam Chair, with regards to our subtopic, the promotion of coordination between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission, we make three remarks. First, international legal committees rely more and more on the work of the International Law Committee. This is why the Committee can take note of the work and should fully play its role and implement its mandate. Two, we welcome this cooperation, and we look forward to its outcomes. Three, dialogue between the Sixth Committee and the Committee on International Law should be promoted by when the report of the committee is given at the right time. And we should ensure more interaction within our organization and providing further support to developing countries so that they are able to make their notes and ensure an equitable representation in major legal committees. Thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Morocco for his statement, and I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Kenya.

Thank you, Madam Chair. My delegation aligns itself with the statement delivered by the distinguished representative of Cameroon on behalf of the African group and wishes to add the following. Kenya thanks the Secretary-General for his report and welcomes the Organization's effort in the promotion and strengthening of the rule of law and the coordination of United Nations rule of law assistance. Madam Chair, it will be recalled that in 2012, under resolution 67/1, the United Nations General Assembly declared that all persons, institutions and entities public and private, including the state itself, are accountable to just, fair and equitable laws and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. The rule of law is a fundamental principle set out in the Charter of the United Nations. It is not A mere statement, but a solemn promise made 80 years ago by our forefathers in the aftermath of the most devastating but needless war. It is through the implementation of and respect for the rule of law by national and international tribunals that we can achieve a just, secure, and peaceful world and avoid recurrence of such atrocious acts. Without the rule of law to govern the conduct of states, no matter their level of economic development, military power, and geopolitical influence, there cannot be peaceful coexistence and harmony in the world. As eloquently put by a great poet, John Donne, "No man is an island, entire of itself. Every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main." Madam Chair, since the promulgation of the Constitution in 2010, Kenya has continued to extend its democratic space, for example, access to justice through affordable dispute resolution mechanisms by establishing small claims courts. In this regard, appreciate the partnership between UNDP and the judiciary of Kenya in providing assistance to the small claims courts and digitization of case management in a bid to increase access to justice and reduce backlogs in Kenyan courts. Madam Chair, as a principle, law must be reliable, predictable and equitable and apply to all people regardless of their background and social status. whatever nationality or internationally, whether nationally or internationally. Kenya is one of the few countries whose constitution does not offer immunity to any person, not even the president for crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide. Kenya practices checks and balances between the three arms of government. Authorities distributed by the constitution to ensure that no single arm of government has the practical ability to exercise unchecked power. Executive powers are limited by the legislature, the judiciary, and independent auditing and review agencies, such as the independent policing oversight authority that oversees and investigates excesses of police. The Commission on Administrative Justice, that is the Office of the Ombudsman, whose role is to investigate public sector maladministration, including delayed service, abuse of power, unfair treatment, and enforces the constitutional right of access to information. The Public Procurement Regulatory Authority, which monitors, assesses, and regulates public procurement and asset disposal system across government agencies, among others. In Kenya, compliance with the rule of law is not an option. All sectors, public, private, and government are bound by the rule of law. The Supreme Court of Kenya has interdicted and made bold decisions against both the government and individuals in upholding constitutional dictates. For example, in 2017, the Supreme Court of Kenya nullified a presidential election where It was found to have violated the electoral laws, and the same was graciously embraced by both the incumbent government and the opposition. The same was also true in March 2022, when the court held that a sitting president lacks the constitutional authority to initiate changes to the constitution through popular initiative. The constitution of Kenya acknowledges international law as a source of law under the government has gone further and domesticated and ratified a number of international instruments through our national laws. This highlights Kenya's engagement in important issues of international law, including actions on climate change, humanitarian intervention, international peace and security, counterterrorism and violent extremism, among others. It is in this regard that in June 2025, under the Treaty Making and Ratification Act, ratified the agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, the BBNJ agreement, meant to promote, among others, the principle of the common heritage of mankind. Madam Chair, there cannot be a rule of law if governments do not promote accountability by all and that people face legal consequences for wrongdoing regardless of their economic power, political influence or status. There must be mechanism to prevent impunity and abuse of power, whether nationally or internationally. In this regard, Kenya has passed the Public Officer Ethics Act, the Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act, and more recently, the Conflict of Interest Act. Similarly, judicial independence ensures that the rule of law will not be eroded by the political pressures in existence at any particular point in time. It is critical in maintaining the rule of law at national and international level. Kenya values and respects judicial decisions rendered by courts and tribunals and encourages all states to protect the independence of courts and tribunals, both domestically and internationally. Kenya believes that institutions such as the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice are vital in ensuring international justice and that all states have equal access to justice and peaceful conflict resolution mechanism. It is therefore in our common good to ensure that they are effective in their mandates and ensure that the very best candidates are elected to the positions within them. It is the more reason that Kenya has presented the candidature of eminent and well-qualified candidates for both the ICJ and ICC courts. It is our conviction that the outstanding candidates presented would no doubt bring to the court new blood and distinguished expertise and experience. As a strong defend of a balanced approach towards both levels of the rule of law, Kenya is fully committed to the effective implementation of its international obligations at the national level, guided by our domestic system and according to our national legislative framework. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Kenya for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Iraq.

Shukran, Sayyidat.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Respecting and upholding rule of law at the national and international levels is one of the most important fundamentals that are the basis for the international community to safeguard its peace and security, achieve economic and social development. It is therefore very important to maintain the balance between the national and international dimensions of rule of law. The efforts to strengthen relations based on the rule of law should be guided by the principle of equality in sovereignty among states in managing the relations among the different states and also safeguarding rule of law principles and for the countries to fulfill their obligations in line with these rules. and to avoid a selective implementation thereof. It is also warning against use of force or threat to use of force in international relations at the peaceful settlement of disputes as two basic pillars of rule of law at the international level. In this regard, we believe that it is very important that the Security Council should not forfeit its role entrusted in the Security Council, according to the UN Charter, in safeguarding international peace and security. Failure of the Council to fulfill this duty allows space for increasing in the level of conflicts and their impact and their catastrophic implications at all levels. The role of the UN and its main agencies and bodies is indispensable to face the current challenges. Here, in particular, we talk about the role of the UN General Assembly, its role in bridging the gaps and to face the violations of international law. when the Security Council fails to do that. At the same time, it is very important to take in consideration the specificities at the national level, the different circumstances of countries, and that no authority should replace the national authorities in safeguarding the rule of law at the national level. It is also -- the role of the Court of Justice is indispensable as the main principal judicial body of the UN. The rules of the ICJ should be respected and its advisory opinions should be taken into consideration in terms of their legal nature. The ICJ helps avert many conflicts. and to avoid individual interpretations that are not in line with international law. Therefore, we do not hesitate to describe ICJ as one of the most important tools in safeguarding the international system that is facing today mounting challenges at all levels. Madam Chair, the human rights and the rule of law are interconnected, reinforcing each other. In this regard, And in terms of security in the Middle East, Iraq reiterates that security in the region will not be achieved unless there is a just and permanent solution for the Palestinian question that ends decades of conflict and strengthens justice. Thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Iraq for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Brazil.

Madam Chair, as this is the first time that I take the floor, let me first congratulate you, Madam Chair, for your election. It is a pleasure to have a woman from Latin America leading the Sixth Committee, the Legal Committee. I would also like to congratulate all other members of the Bureau. Brazil aligns itself to the statement made by Uruguay on behalf of CELAC and would like to add the following points on its national capacity. Madam Chair, dear colleagues, the rule of law is based on a clear and essential premise. No one is above the law. At the national level, it translates into strong democratic institutions, human rights, sustainable development, and access to justice. Internationally, it represents the idea that power must be constrained by law. and that violations of international obligations must entail accountability. These are but manifestations at different levels of the same underlying principle, which is only as strong as our commitment to uphold it. Thus, the active erosion of international rule of law that we are now witnessing happens in parallel with the crisis of democracy. Norms painstakingly built over generations are being challenged, ignored, and at times openly defied. Institutions designed to protect the fundamental legal rules that undergird peaceful coexistence are now under attack. Nationally and internationally, the rule of law falters with the rise of arbitrariness and unilateralism. When states act as compliance with peremptory norms were discretionary, the entire international system is put at grave risk. When those entrusted with the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security become agents of conflict, instability, or blatant disregard for the UN Charter, the rule of law gives way to disorder and lawlessness. Brazil thanks the Secretary-General for the report at hand. It is a matter of concern, however, that recent reports on the rule of law reveal a gradual shift in focus. We note in particular that the section originally focused on the protection of human rights in the context of counterterrorism has increasingly incorporated issues related to organized crime. This shift does not stem from guidance by the Sixth Committee on this topic. Terrorism and organized crime are both grave, but distinct phenomena governed by different legal frameworks and policy considerations. Blurring those legal distinctions could wrongly suggest that policies that ignore such differences are consistent with international law. It also places excessive emphasis on security-oriented approaches at expense of human rights concerns. Ultimately, this kind of legal and political misconception can undermine the effectiveness and legitimacy of both counterterrorism and law enforcement. As a country committed to confronting both of these challenges with the specific approaches each of them requires, we request that future reports restore the clear distinction between these two topics. Brazil commends the UN for its efforts to support national institutions, expand access to justice, and promote compliance with international law. The examples in the report illustrate an important message. One of the most effective ways to strengthen the rule of law is through capacity building and cooperation. Long-lasting commitment to the rule of law is not achieved by brute force, nor by imposition. It is gradually built through respect and solidarity. Madam Chair, I now turn to this year's subtopic of strengthening cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission. As we all know, international law develops through continuous dialogue among legal practitioners. This invisible college of international lawyers, to borrow Oscar Schachter's famous expression, has expanded and become increasingly complex. Much of the work of the ILC draws upon the jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals. They in turn regularly rely on the commission's products. This mutually reinforcing relationship has contributed to greater coherence in the international legal system. Yet, this dialogue is incomplete unless states actively participate in it. That is why the relationship between the Sixth Committee and the ILC is so crucial. Close cooperation between these two bodies helps ensure that the Commission's outputs are not only legally sound, but also politically viable. It is through this dialogue that, one, draft articles can adequately reflect the practice and opinions of states from all regions of the world and from different legal traditions. Two, draft conclusions become relevant and useful to practitioners. And three, draft guidelines are capable of responding to concrete needs and practical challenges faced by states. Brazil, therefore, supports continued efforts to strengthen engagement between the Sixth Committee and the ILC. To that end, we would like to offer three suggestions. First, we welcome a broad interactive discussion on the Commission's program of work. Topic selection and prioritization should be a shared enterprise between the General Assembly and the ILC. Without a sense of joint ownership, it may be difficult for a topic to secure the support it needs for its success. Second, we need to deepen the dialogue on which type of output is better suited for each topic. Throughout the years, the ILC has moved from producing primarily draft articles to developing a wider range of outputs. It is important to build a clear common understanding of the strengths and limitations of each of them. Third, member states would benefit from additional opportunities and sufficient time to provide substantive comments on the commission's work. Meaningful participation requires adequate time for capitals to review increasingly complex legal questions. This is especially relevant for developing states with more limited human and financial resources. Madam Chair, in conclusion, from the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, some of the most important achievements in the law of nations have emerged from the collaboration between the Sixth Committee and the ILC. Yet, the strength of international law depends not only on the quality of the norms we develop, but also on our willingness to uphold them. Defending the international legal system is not the responsibility of courts and legal institutions alone. It is a shared responsibility. It falls upon all of us to uphold its fundamental principles and preserve its integrity. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Brazil for her statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Costa Rica.

Thank you, Madam Chair. And since this is the first time that my delegation takes the floor, I wanted to congratulate you and the rest of the Bureau for your election and the conduct of these works. Senora Presidenta, distinguished...

Madam Chair, distinguished colleagues, Costa Rica aligns itself with the statement made by Uruguay on behalf of CELAC and by the Dominican Republic on behalf of Justice Action Commission. We'd like to reiterate our country's commitment to the rule of law. Costa Rica has relied on law, not force, to safeguard its securities, strengthen its democracy, and promote an international order based on rules, justice, and cooperation. This commitment is reflected in our respect for sovereign equality, the peaceful settlement of disputes, and the protection of human rights. When the rule of law is weakened, lasting peace, inclusive development, and the effective enjoyment of those rights are also put at risk. In this context, our country thanks the Secretary-General for presenting his report A/81/184 on strengthening and coordinating United Nations rule of law activities. We agree that the rule of law lies at the heart of the Charter of the United Nations, and we also underscore the importance of advancing it through the sustained commitment of States while preserving the organization's capacity to support their efforts in the face of current challenges. Based on the matters raised in the report, please allow me to share four observations. Our first observation, Costa Rica shares the importance the report places on dialogue between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission. Government comments on the Commission's drafts Texts and statements by delegations in the Sixth Committee allow the Commission to consider state practice, opinio juris and the concerns of states, with a view to reflecting all regions and taking into account the diversity of legal traditions. This dialogue enriches international legal work. Second, at the national level, the rule of law also requires effective access to justice for people. In this regard, we appreciate the efforts of the UN to advance justice that is sensitive and responds to the specific needs of women and girls, and expanding legal aid for those who need it. The experiences described in the report show that bringing justice services closer to communities, providing legal aid and addressing the needs of those who face the greatest obstacles help make such access a reality. Consistent with this approach, Costa Rica's National Development and Public Investment Plan 2027-2030 provides for stronger early detection and timely support for women experiencing violence, particularly in high-risk cases. And we do this through territorial coordination of the mechanisms and local protection mechanisms, and accessible channels through which women can obtain services and access justice. We believe that progress in this area helps to build more equitable and inclusive societies and strengthens trust in justice institutions and the rule of law. Third, effective justice also requires institutions guided by integrity. Costa Rica recognizes that corruption weakens the rule of law. underscoring the importance of transparency and accountability in preventing and combating it. We therefore value the efforts of the United Nations and its Member States to develop national capacities to prevent and combat corruption, as well as to support national efforts to investigate violations of international law and other serious crimes, to promote accountability and address victims' need for justice. Fourth, alongside these efforts at the national level, we must recognize the contribution of international justice. Consistent with its long-standing commitment to rely on law rather than force, Costa Rica highlights the contribution of international courts and tribunals in accordance with their respective mandates to the peaceful settlement of disputes. the interpretation and application of international law, and the fight against impunity for the most serious crimes of concern to the international community. In accordance with their respective mandates, they contribute to the application of international law, accountability, and the consolidation of a rules-based international order. Madam Chair, In closing, Costa Rica reaffirms that the rule of law is strengthened through sustained dialogue between United Nations bodies and Member States, the participation of States in the development of international law, and effective and equal access to justice, especially for those who face the greatest barriers. Advancing gender-responsive justice preventing and combating corruption and ensuring accountability are essential to preserving trust in institutions and, in turn, contributing to an international order governed by law rather than force. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Costa Rica for her statement. I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Thailand.

This is Thailand, first time taking the floor. Let me congratulate you and the Bureau on your election. You can count on Thailand's full support. We align ourselves with the statement delivered by Singapore on behalf of ASEAN and thank the Secretary-General for his comprehensive report. Madam Chair, the rule of law remains the bedrock of peaceful relations among states and is essential to achieving sustainable development, particularly goal 16 of the 2030 agenda. While our discussion here of course focuses on the international dimension, the same commitment must also be reflected at home. Thailand has recently strengthened our domestic legal protections through the Act on Protection and Promotion of the way of life of ethnic groups, which entered into force in September 2025. The act protects the cultural and livelihoods rights of ethnic communities and ensures they have a meaningful voice in decisions that affect their lives. We have also strengthened our domestic mechanisms in implementing international law. In 2025, Thailand convened the first meeting of our National Committee on International Humanitarian Law, which considered establishing a subcommittee to examine specific legal issues, including Thailand's prospective accession to additional IHL instruments. Turning to this year's subtopic, Thailand greatly values the relationship between this committee and the International Law Commission. For nearly 80 years, our two bodies have worked hand in hand to advance the progressive development and codification of international law. The Commission, of course, brings independent technical expertise while the Sixth Committee brings the practical realities and diverse perspectives of member states. At the same time, when respect for international law is increasingly tested, our task is not only to develop the law, but also to make sure that it is understood, implemented, and applied consistently. The credibility of the international legal order depends not only on the rules that we developed, but also on our collective commitment to uphold them in practice. Closer cooperation between the Commission and the Sixth Committee can help bridge this gap between law and practice. We see the value of this partnership clearly in treaty making. The Commission's draft articles on crimes against humanity and on the protection of persons in the event of disasters now provide important basis for the work of conferences of plenipotentiaries. Thailand attaches particular importance to this process. We have been actively engaged in developing the future convention on the protection of persons in the event of disasters including through our role in the preparatory committee and our forthcoming hosting of the Conference of Plenipotentiaries. This year, Madam Chair, the Commission also recommended the elaboration at an appropriate time of a convention based on the draft articles on the immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction. Madam Chair, to strengthen this partnership further, we obviously we need more continuous and substantive dialogue. National jurisprudence and practical feedback provide valuable state practice that can inform the Commission's legal reasoning. Thailand therefore supports more regular interaction between Commission members and six committee delegates, including through informal exchanges during International Law Week and on other appropriate occasions. It is equally important that this cooperation truly reflects the global community. International law draws its legitimacy from diverse legal traditions and geographical realities. Thailand therefore supports strongly the Commission's new working group on cooperation with regional legal bodies, as well as its ongoing dialogue with the Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization, which we are proud to see currently led by a Thai national. True representation also requires greater gender parity in our international legal institutions. Thailand remains committed to championing the equal participation of highly qualified women across international legal institutions, including the International Law Commission. Greater gender parity brings diverse perspectives and experiences that enrich the development and application of international law. Madam Chair, when the Commission listens closely and the Committee engages actively, we surely develop international law that better serves everyone. Thailand attaches particular importance to this dialogue, both to our active engagement in the Sixth Committee and as a country whose nationals have long contributed to international law institutions, including through the service of Dr. Wilawan Manakulatanakun on the International Law Commission. Thailand stands ready to work with all delegations to keep the dialogue between the Sixth Committee and the Commission effective, inclusive, and responsive. Through stronger cooperation, we can help ensure that international law not only continues to develop, but also responds to realities and commands respect in practice, strengthening the rule of law for the international community as a whole. I thank you so much for your kind attention.

I thank the distinguished Permanent Representative of Thailand for his statement. I give the floor now to the distinguished representative of Japan.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Japan aligns with Austria's statement on behalf of the Group of Friends of the Rule of Law. The international order based on international law, emphasized in the UN Charter, is experiencing a period of great instability. The rule of law in the international community cannot be achieved without multilateralism. and the United Nations, as the only truly universal body, has a unique role to play. What we are witnessing today, however, is a reality where international peace and security are threatened and the UN Charter is not being faithfully observed. Faced with this reality, any unilateral attempts to change the status quo by force or coercion, which are against the principles of peaceful settlement of disputes and the prohibition of the threat or use of force, must never be tolerated. We must not allow the international community to become a place where the rule of law force prevails. We must cooperate with one another to confront serious violations of the principles of the Charter. In this context, I would like to highlight the importance of the Friendly Relations Declaration adopted in 1970 after overcoming serious divisions among member states through persistent dialogue. In this declaration, the prohibition on the acquisition of territory resulting from the threat or use of force is reaffirmed. This declaration represents our predecessors' collective wisdom and remains a foundation for the rule of law to this day. Madam Chair, as a sign of its commitment to the peaceful settlement of disputes based on international law, Japan has accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, ICJ, since 1958. Currently, only 75 states accept the ICJ's jurisdiction, through a declaration under Article 36, paragraph 2 of the ICJ Statute. Japan calls for member states who are committed to the rule of law but have not yet done so to make this declaration, which clearly testifies to a strong commitment to the rule of law and proves their truly peace-loving nature. Japan's commitment to the rule of law in the settlement of any disputes is also demonstrated by its consistent support for and its contributions of judges to various international judicial organs, such as the ICJ, the International Criminal Court, ICC, and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, ITLOS. It is important that the independence and security of these institutions are respected so that they can fulfill their roles and functions.

Madam Chair, the rule of law in the.

International community cannot be achieved without common knowledge of international law and networking among government officials and experts. In this regard, Japan launched the Tokyo International Law Seminar in 2023 to provide a training program annually for practitioners in international law for government officials and legal experts from Asia and Africa. The fourth seminar was held this August with more than 80 people in attendance, including 42 government officials from abroad. Japan will continue promoting people-to-people exchanges in this field. Madam Chair, Japan believes that the rule of law based on the UN Charter benefits all nations as envisioned by the founders of the United Nations. Therefore, Japan will continue to cooperate with Member States towards the realization of this far-sighted vision.

I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Japan for his statement, and I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Eritrea.

And I congratulate you on your appointment, as well all members of the Bureau. And you can count on Eritrea's continued support and cooperation. Madam Chair, my delegation aligns itself with the statements delivered by the delegations of Cameroon on behalf of the Africa Group, China on behalf of the Group of Friends of Global Governance, Iran on behalf of NAM, and Cuba on behalf of Group of Like-Minded Countries. I would like to thank the Secretary-General for his report, which was presented pursuant to General Assembly resolution 80/167. Madam Chair, as Eritrea stated during this year's plenary debate of the high-level week of the 81st General Assembly, the emerging world order calls for a renewed emphasis on conflict prevention and a recalibration of how we respond to crises when they arise. It cannot be a zero-sum game marked by domination, exploitation, and coercion. If fairness and justice are to prevail, As essential prerequisites for peace and stability, the multipolar world system should increasingly rely on diplomacy and dialogue to resolve present and future conflicts. For diplomacy and dialogue to succeed, we need stronger and broader international cooperation, stronger international cooperation rooted in respect for the sovereign equality of states and territorial integrity and in full adherence of international law. Eritrea is profoundly committed to promoting mutual respect, complementarity, and regional and international cooperation with a view to strengthening regional and global peace and stability and advancing shared development. We stress the need for strengthened appropriate international, legal, and institutional structures and associated mechanisms for the implementation of these fundamental aspirations. In this regard, the emerging global order will need to be accompanied and reinforced by meaningful structural reforms of the global governance architecture and of international and regional organizations so that they better respond to people's aspirations for justice and the rule of law, respect for national independence and sovereignty, and a new era of genuine partnership, solidarity, and shared prosperity. This is especially fitting as the PGA has themed this year's session, Restoring Trust, Managing Transformation, a United Nations that delivers for all. What is clear is that an effective multilateral system cannot be realized without firm commitment to transparent rules that apply equally to all players, free from selectivity, polarization, or double standards. States that impose coercive unilateral measures as a tool of foreign policy against countries pursuing independent policies, therefore, bear a moral obligation to adhere fully to international law so that they may be seen as credible advocates on matters of the rule of law. Madam Chair, at the national level, the ongoing efforts that are being taken to strengthen the rule of law has been our effort to bring justice closer to the people. We believe that justice should never feel distant from the communities it serves. When Eritrean society has a long tradition of resolving disputes through dialogue, mediation, reconciliation, and the wisdom of respected members of the community. Building on this experience, the Ministry of Justice has been developing a community-centered approach to justice that complements the judicial system. Our experience has taught us that important lesson. Community justice is essential in bringing people to understand one another, resolve their differences through dialogue and persuasion, and restore relationships through trust, while preserving every citizen's right to seek justice through the courts when necessary. This is especially important when those involved must continue to live, work, and share their lives within the same community. It is in this spirit that the Ministry of Justice has introduced community conciliation councils throughout the country, bringing together respected members of the communities to help people find peaceful and mutually acceptable solutions to everyday disputes. The purpose of these councils is not to replace the courts, but to complement them by resolving appropriate disputes within the community and allowing the courts to give greater attention to more complex matters. In the years ahead, the Ministry will continue to strengthen this approach through appropriate legislation, training, and public awareness. Our aim is to build a justice system that protects rights while remaining accessible, trusted, and close to the realities of our people, a system in which justice is not only something delivered by the state, but also something that communities practice in their everyday lives. In conclusion, Eritrea reaffirms its commitment to the rule of law at all levels and extends its hand of friendship and cooperation to all peoples and nations in building a peaceful and just political order. However, we stress that we must formulate appropriate strategies for this mission and remove stale and obstructive frameworks and mechanisms so we can move forward with greater unity and vigor. I thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Eritrea for her statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. You have the floor.

Thank you, members of the Bureau, on your election. Please accept the full support and cooperation of my delegation through the work of these committees. The Lao PDR commends the Secretary-General for his report on strengthening and coordinating United Nations rule of law activities as contained in document A/80/99. We firmly believe that the rule of law is fundamental to the three pillars of the United Nations, namely peace and security, development, and human rights. Upholding the rule of law at both the national and international level is essential for promoting justice, equality, and respect of human rights. as well as advancing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. My delegation is of the view that strengthening the rule of law at the international level is a shared responsibility of all states. In this regard, we underscore the importance of the full respect for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and international laws. Madam Chair, The rule of law remains essential to addressing the global challenges, maintaining international peace and security, and advancing sustainable development. We emphasize the importance of strengthening international cooperation, including through the exchange of experiences, lessons learned, and best practices. Despite the progress made, developing countries continue to face capacity and resource constraints. in strengthening their legal and institutional system. In this regard, we encourage the United Nations and developing partners to continue providing capacity building and technical assistance, particularly to the least developed countries, in accordance with their national priorities and needs, while ensuring national ownership. At this national level, the Law of the People's Republic of China has great importance to strengthening the rule of law and promoting good governance as a sense of foundation for sustainable development. The government continues to strengthen its national legal and institutional frameworks, including through the implementation for the five-year plans on the developments of the new laws and amendment of laws for 2026 to 2030, as well as the adoption and improvements of relevant laws and regulations. These efforts are complemented by ongoing reform aimed at strengthening the effectiveness and professionalism of the justice system, enhancing institutional capacities, and improving access to justice for all. The government has also made continued efforts to enhance public legal awareness and improve access to justice, particularly for vulnerable groups and local communities. Significant progress has been made in strengthening the national legal aid system including through the expansions of legal aid services, capacity buildings for legal professionals and relevant institutions and the promotion of legal awareness and counseling services. The use of digital platform also contributed to improving public access to legal information and assistance. This of what demonstrate the law continue commitments to promoting equal access to justice for all, in line with Sustainable Development Goals 16. In conclusion, the LAPINA reaffirms its commitment to work closely with all member states and United Nations to uphold the rule of law at both the national and international levels, strengthening multilateralism and advance sustainable development. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Lao People's Democratic Republic, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Myanmar. You have the floor.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Madam Chair, congratulations to you and the Bureau for your well-deserved elections. I wish to assure you of our delegation's full support and cooperation for the success of this committee and your leadership. On this agenda, the Secretary-General's report, Strengthening and Coordinating United Nations Rule of Law Activities, lays a prominent foundation for broader discussion in this committee. I thank him for providing information on efforts to promote and strengthen the rule of law at the national and international levels in the report. We also align ourselves with the statements delivered by ASEAN and NAM, respectively. Madam Chair, Myanmar reaffirms its commitment to the rule of law at the national and international levels. The rule of law is indispensable to peace, sustainable development, and the protections of human rights. It requires that all persons, institutions, and entities, including the state itself, be accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced, independently adjudicated and consistent with international human rights standards. At the international level, it requires respect for the Charter of the United Nations, the peaceful settlement of disputes, and the fulfillment in good faith of international obligations. These principles must apply equally to all states. Their credibility depends not only on our reaffirmations of them, but also on our willingness to uphold them in practice. Madam Chair, for the people of Myanmar, the rule of law is not an abstract concept. Its systemic destruction has brought devastating consequences to their lives, freedoms, and future. the military's illegal coup of February 2021 overturned the democratic mandate of the people and deepened a regime where brute end power is placed entirely above the law. Since then, the military has relied on extreme violence and systemic repressions to suppress the population's democratic aspirations. To this day, the junta ramped up violence and repressions through increasingly brutal methods. Arbitrarily arrests and the detentions, torture, extrajudicial killings, attacks affecting civilians and civilian infrastructures, and destructions of homes and communities illustrate the consequences of unchecked power and entrenched impunity. These abuses have contributed to mass displacements and immense humanitarian suffering. Over 8,500 civilians have been killed by the military since the coup, with campaigns marked by a surge in deadly airstrikes targeting residential areas, schools, hospitals, religious sites, and displacement camps. The use of prohibited heavy weaponry, cluster munitions, and emerging tactics like motorized paramotor attacks have heavily increased civilian death tolls, disproportionately affecting women and children. Over 30,000 individuals have been arrested on political grounds, with tens of thousands remaining unjustly detained, including our leader, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Systematic tortures, severe abuse, and thousands of deaths in military custody highlight a total absence of legal safeguards. The violations of codes and legal frameworks to punish political opponents, journalists, human rights defenders, and ordinary citizens must never be confused with the rule of law. Rule by law imposed via coercion and devoid of independent judicial oversight, is the absolute antithesis of justice. No domestic degree can ever excuse international crimes, nor can false claims of sovereignty shield perpetrators from accountability. Moreover, a lawless Myanmar, a product of the illegal military coup and the hunters' corruptions, has transformed into a major hub for illicit drug productions, human trafficking, and cyber scam syndicates, threatening regional and global security. To put it simply, Madam Chair, the rule of law in Myanmar has been dismantled by the military junta. They intentionally eliminated institutional checks on their powers to escape from being held accountable for their atrocities, destroying legal oversight to exploit resources without accountability, and crush the rule of law to ensure complete impunity for its past and present crimes. So what is the toll? The answer is abundantly clear. The people of Myanmar have lost their basic rights, constantly placed in vulnerable settings, the country's economy has collapsed, and the general population faces everyday hardships, justice is by far gone. And this back, the breakdown of the rule of law in Myanmar has severe cross-border and international spillover effects, including regional instability and refugees crisis, transnational crimes, and erosions of global norms. Therefore, restoring the rule of law in Myanmar requires addressing the root cause. In this regard, ending military dictatorship. Accountability is fundamental. The cycle of military impunity must break once and for all. The international community must take the effective action to eliminate these illicit helps. We call for the full support of international justice mechanisms such as the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, or the use of universal jurisdiction to prosecute the perpetrators. At the same time, we also ask the international community to recognize and engage with the democratic stakeholders in Myanmar. The National Unity Government, the Steering Council for Emergence of a Federal Democratic Union, and the allied ethnic resistance organizations together with the people are working hard in unity to build a future federal democratic union rooted in the genuine rule of law. As observed by the Secretary-General, the United Nations has continued to champion the rule of law. So, while this organization is fostering reform measures to rebuild trust in effective multilateralism, I request you to keep Myanmar's agenda alive, as an injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. Thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Myanmar for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Vietnam.

Madam Chair, let me start by congratulating you and members of your Bureau on your election and also to assure you of Vietnam's full support. We thank the Secretary-General for his report and align ourselves with the statements delivered on behalf of ASEAN and the Non-Aligned Movement. Madam Chair, the rule of law safeguards sovereign equality, disciplines power, and enables peaceful cooperation. The credibility of the rule of law at the international level depends on the good faith, consistent, and non-selective interpretation and application of international law. At the international level, the UN Charter and international law remain the foundation for peace, security, and sustainable development. It is therefore imperative that all states uphold both in word and in deed the core principles of international law and the UN Charter, particularly sovereign equality, territorial integrity, non-interference, the prohibition of the threat or use of force, peaceful settlement of disputes, and good faith fulfillment of states' obligations. These principles are equally important at sea. The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea sets the legal framework for all activities in the oceans and seas. We believe that all maritime claims, all conducts at sea, and the resolution of maritime disputes including in the South China Sea, must be in accordance with UNCLOS. Pending the final settlement of disputes, it is critical that parties concerned exercise restraint, manage differences in a responsible manner, and avoid actions that may complicate or escalate the situation. Madam Chair, Vietnam welcomes this year's focus on strengthening cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission. As the General Assembly's expert body, the ILC provides independent legal expertise, while States, through the Sixth Committee, contribute national practice and legal views, which are integral to and decisive in determining next steps on the Commission's reports, draft texts and recommendations. Accordingly, my delegation offers two recommendations. First, dialogue must be timely, substantive, and genuinely two-way. States need adequate time to study the Commission's annual report. Earlier circulation of reports and draft texts, focused questions, and more interactive exchanges would improve responses. States, in turn, should respond fully and promptly to the Commission's requests and share national practice from all regions and legal systems. Silence resulting from limited capacity should not be construed as consent. And that leads me to the second point. Meaningful participation requires capacity. We therefore call for strengthened legal capacity building for effective participation by all States. We call for sustained resources for the UN Programme of Assistance in the teaching, study, dissemination, and wider application of international law, the International Law Seminar in Geneva, and related fellowships to enable better support to developing countries. Madam Chair, the rule of law also guides Vietnam's actions at home. Continuing our legal reform process, we have moved beyond improving individual laws towards comprehensive reforms of lawmaking and implementation. A nationwide review over the past year has examined more than 45,000 legal instruments, identifying thousands for amendment, replacement or repeal to remove overlaps, contradictions, outdated rules and legal impediments to development. We have continued judicial reform and updated core criminal justice as well as fisheries legislation to strengthen measures against crimes as well as IUU fishing. Recent amendments to intellectual property law reinforce the protection of copyright, related rights and other intellectual property rights. We have also expanded legal outreach to citizens and businesses. New national legislation covers the digital technology industry personal data protection, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and digital transformation. The national legal database has been upgraded, and digital platforms are expanding access to legal information, education, and legal aid. Vietnam ratified the UN Convention against Cybercrime, also known as the Hanoi Convention, earlier this year. as the third country to do so. We call for further ratifications to enable its early entry into force. Following the entry into force of the BBNJ Agreement last January, we are working hard towards its full and effective implementation. Madam Chair, an international legal order can command confidence only when its rules are applied consistently, its institutions reflect the diversity of their membership, and sovereign equality is respected in practice. Vietnam will continue to act on these principles at home and uphold them together with our partners internationally. I thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished Permanent Representative of Vietnam for his statement. I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Greece.

Madam President, since this is the first time this delegation takes the floor, we wish to congratulate you for your election as President of the Sixth Committee, as well as the other members of the Bureau, and assure you of our full cooperation and support in the conduct of work of the Committee. Greece aligns itself with the statement made by the European Union and its member states in relation to the rule of law at the national and international levels and wishes to add the following remarks in its national capacity. It wishes also to thank the Secretary General for his report. Madam President, this year's debate on this agenda item is focused according to the United Nations General Assembly resolution 80/167 on the topic, under quote, "Enhancing the rule of law by strengthening the cooperation between the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly and the International Law Commission." The International Law Commission, established in 1947 under the General Assembly Resolution 174, finds its roots in the provision of Article 13, paragraph 1, of the Charter, stating that the General Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification. The ILC, from its work on the law of diplomatic and consular relations and immunities to the law of the sea, the law of treaties, and the law of state responsibility, to name a few of the topics of the work of the commission, has contributed to a large extent to the identification and codification of rules of customary international law. At the same time, it has also contributed to the progressive development of international law by providing to states useful tools regarding its clarification and further development. Through its inquiries to state practice, by attaching particular relevance to treaty practice, and by valuing the importance of decisions of national courts and international courts and tribunals in its treatment of questions of international law, the ILC has maintained close cooperation with member states through the General Assembly while enhancing the rule of law at the national and international levels. Besides, the commentaries of the ILC provide the necessary guidance for the interpretation and application of its text on different and often complex legal topics. Consequently, they have a role to play in respect of the principle of the rule of law in international relations. To this end, As the ILC observes in its report of this year, an a priori limitation cannot be placed on the length of the documentation and research projects relating to its work. This is the case in particular as regards the materials coming from the different legal systems of the world. The ILC emphasized in its last report that the summary records of the Commission constituting crucial travaux preparatoires in the progressive development of international law and its codification, cannot be subject to arbitrary length restrictions. Equally, the ILC underlined that its Yearbook was critical to the understanding of the Commission's work in the progressive development of international law and its codification. Madame President, Before concluding, let me underline on this year's topic on enhancing the rule of law by strengthening the cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the ILC that the General Assembly, following recommendations of the ILC, decided the convening of diplomatic conferences to adopt international instruments on crimes against humanity and on the protection of persons in the event of disasters on the basis of texts of the ILC. It also decided the presence of the Special Rapporteur on the Crimes Against Humanity and the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters as experts during the diplomatic conferences respectively. This is also a step to enhance the rule of law by enhancing the rapporteurs, by enabling the rapporteurs to provide clarifications when requested. We wish to conclude this statement by underlining the importance that Greece attributes to the work of the Commission and to the respect of the rule of law at the international level by participating regularly in the discussions of its topics during the International Law Week held in the framework of the work of the Sixth Committee. In this regard, Greece is confident that Professor Fotini Pazartzis, who is the candidate of Greece for the 2027 elections in the ILC, will significantly contribute, if elected, to the work of the Commission. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Greece for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Angola. You have the floor, Ambassador.

Madam Chair, Angola associates itself with the statement delivered by the Islamic Republic of Iran on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Republic of Cameroon on behalf of the African Group, and thanks the Secretary-General for his report contained in document A/81/184. The rule of law is fundamental to peaceful coexistence among nations, sustainable development, accountable governance, and the protection of human dignity. At the international level, it requires consistent adherence to the Charter of the United Nations and international law, including sovereign equality, territorial integrity, non-interference, peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force. At a time of growing geopolitical tensions and conflict in different regions, Angola stressed that international law cannot be applied selectively. Its credibility depends on equal application of established rules and obligation to all states, regardless of their political, economic, or military power. Violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law Disregard for international obligations and impunity for serious international crimes weaken the multilateral system. Accountability mechanisms must therefore be strengthened, while diplomacy, dialogue and peaceful settlement of disputes must remain the primary instruments for preventing and resolving conflicts. Madam Chair, Angola's own experience demonstrates the importance of dialogue national reconciliation, strong institutional political solutions in consolidating peace and the rule of law. Having emerged from decades of conflict, Angola has progressively strengthened its constitutional, judicial, and administrative institutions, guided by the principle of democratic governance, equality before the law, and respect for fundamental rights. At the national level, Angola continues to stress the capacity of the courts the Attorney General's Office, criminal investigation institutions, and other bodies responsible for the administration of justice, while promoting greater access to justice and legal protections for citizens. Angola remains committed to its international and regional human rights obligations and appreciates the confident place in the country through its election to the Human Rights Council for 2026-2028 term. Our national experience has also shaped Angola's diplomacy. Angola has consistently promoted preventive diplomacy, mediation, and dialogue as essential tools for addressing disputes in Africa. Through initiatives in the Great Lakes region, Central Africa, and other parts of the continent, Angola has sought to contribute to African-led solutions based on a dialogue, respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the peaceful settlement of disputes. We believe that strengthening the rule of law must therefore be closely linked to conflict prevention, peacebuilding and sustainable development. Madam Chair, Angola welcomes the focus on strengthening cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission. The progressive development on codification of international law must benefit from the participation and legal experience of all regions. In this regard, Angola proposes four practical measures. First, strengthen substantive dialogue between the Sixth Committee, the International Law Commission, and the member states throughout the consideration of the topics of international law. Second, promote greater participation of developing countries, particularly African states, so that their legal traditions, regional experience, and state practices are adequately reflected. Third, expand technical assistance and capacity building to enable developing countries to contribute more effectively to the codification and progressive development of international law. Fourth, strengthen the teaching and dissemination of international law through fellowship, training programs, and partnership with universities and national institutions, particularly in developing countries. International cooperation must also be reinforced in addressing terrorism. transnational organized crime, trafficking in persons, piracy, corruption, and illicit financial flows, which undermine institutions and the authority of states. Madam Chair, for Angola, strengthening the rule of law requires more than reaffirming legal principles. It requires their consistent implementation, effective institutions, and genuine international cooperation. We therefore call for a renewed commitment to three principles. equality before international law, consistency in its application, and inclusiveness in its development. Only through the respect of the Charter, dialogue, and effective multilateralism can the international community build a more peaceful, just, and stable international law. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished Permanent Representative of Angola for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Colombia.

Thank you very much, dear Madam Chair. For me and for my country, it's a real honor to see a great Latin American jurist leading our work. Madam Chair, please allow me to also thank the Secretary General for the report on the strengthening and coordination of the activities of the UN focused on the promotion of the rule of law. We particularly welcome how the Secretary-General's report shows that strengthening justice and security institutions, fighting corruption and preventing organized crime are important components of the UN's efforts in the area of the rule of law. For Colombia, the rule of law is a fundamental principle for democratic coexistence, for the maintenance of international relations that are based on clear, predictable rules that are applicable to all. My country is in favour of strengthening its institutions, effective accountability mechanisms, and ensuring that the law is applied effectively. In this regard, we recognize how important it is to strengthen access to justice and the ability of our institutions to respond to different forms of crime, corruption and violence, which are phenomena that affect all of our societies. The rule of law also requires states effectively exercising the functions that the state must exercise, particularly protecting the population, preserving public order and ensuring security. All of these functions must be fulfilled within the framework of the Constitution and any applicable international obligations. Madam Chair, Colombia reaffirms that the rule of law is grounded in the UN Charter and the principles of international law, like other delegations have highlighted. The sovereign equality of states, compliance with international obligations in good faith, the prohibition of the threat to use or the use of force, and the peaceful settlement of disputes are essential components of this legal order. The Charter, therefore, provides a framework for international relations governed by law and not by force. For my delegation, the strengthening of the rule of law requires, above all, legitimacy and respect in the coherent application of existing norms. This involves, like other delegations have already stated, avoiding a selective application of international law. Legal norms must always be respected regardless of the identity of the state involved or the political circumstances of any given case. The credibility of the international system depends largely on its ability to provide common rules and impartial mechanisms to resolve disputes. In this context and in light of the discussions on this agenda item, Colombia recognizes the importance of the work of the International Law Commission as a subsidiary body of the General Assembly. For our country, dialogue between states And the ILC is essential to ensure that it work is able to take account of state practice, opinio juris, and the diversity of different legal traditions, as well as the applicability of each and every one of the products that come out of the commission. Nevertheless, we believe that its work could continue to be strengthened through an agenda that more broadly reflects the realities and perspectives of different regions of the world. The selection of items to be studied and developed by the Commission must involve substantive participation and representation of different legal experiences, as well as different social and regional experiences, and also requires responding to the issues that the international community faces as a whole. Indeed, a process of progressive development of international law that is representative and addresses global challenges will contribute to delivering a international rules-based rule of law that benefits from legitimacy, relevance and acceptance from the whole of the international community. Colombia underscores the importance of the Commission being able to sit in New York. That's something that we've seen delayed due to budgetary reasons. The importance of this is due to the fact that direct interaction between the members of the Commission and member states, which is something that can only happen in New York, could help the Commission to be able to deliver products that are really acceptable and implementable for Member States and that could contribute to us having a more robust international legal order, which of course will lead to more peaceful relationships and strengthening of the rule of law. Madam Chair, I'm getting to the end of my statement and I, to conclude, just want to reaffirm that the rule of law can only be consolidated if the rules are respected in a universal way and if institutions act with legitimacy, impartiality, and efficacy. For Colombia, strengthening the notion of the rule of law means strengthening cooperation between sovereign states based on clear rules. For these reasons, you can certainly count on Colombia. We will always be present in discussions that seek to strengthen the rule of law. Thank you very much.

I thank the distinguished representative of Colombia for her statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Switzerland.

Madam Chairperson, Switzerland would like to thank the Secretary-General for his report on strengthening and coordination of United Nations activities on the rule of law. As the report states, the rule of law lies at the heart of the UN Charter. It creates a framework governing international relations where the law prevails over force. This is a fundamental achievement of our civilization. Today, this international order is under pressure. The most fundamental principles of the Charter are being flagrantly violated. Switzerland reiterates our unswerving support to these principles, respect thereof. We need states to commit to this essential legal order to ensure we have a peaceful world order as enshrined in the UN Charter as a purpose and also in various national constitutions. A key component of the rule of law, apologies, to which Switzerland attaches great importance is the responsibility in cases of violations, in particular the need to guarantee that the perpetrators of international crimes answer for their actions. Given the fact that these crimes persist, independent international criminal justice is vital. It must be effective. We reiterate our unwavering support to the International Criminal Court, a key pillar of the fight against impunity. The ICC should be able to discharge its mandate completely independently and impartially, without any outside interference. Switzerland rejects any measures which compromise these principles. We call on all States to fully uphold their obligation to cooperate with the Court. We encourage other States to cooperate with the Court as well. Moreover, Switzerland attaches particular importance to protection against sexual and gender-based violence. Switzerland is committed to ensuring that the perpetrators of such crimes are held to account in keeping with resolutions 2242, 2331 and 2388, all Security Council resolutions. Switzerland financially supports UNODC, which created a handbook for first responders in instances of sexual and gender-based violence that is linked to terrorism. This tool will strengthen evidence preservation, all the while upholding victim rights, thereby contributing to combating against impunity and protecting human rights. Last but not least, I'd like to make a few comments regarding the sub-theme of this debate. The dialogue between the Sixth Committee, a body that represents states, and the International Law Commission, the ILC, and a body of experts, plays a central role in the progressive development of international law and the codification thereof, thereby contributing to buttressing the rule of law. Switzerland applauds. The Commission's report, which stated that we must look at ways of making this dialogue more effective and more fluid, Switzerland, as the country which hosts the ILC. is unstintingly committed to supporting the ILC and upholding its independence, which is necessary for it to fulfill its mandate. Switzerland recognizes the financial difficulties of the ILC and the impact these difficulties could have on its ability to discharge its mandate. We therefore call on all States to honor their financial obligations to the United Nations and to contribute to tackling the challenges we face. Switzerland further encourages States to constructively cooperate with the ILC, in particular by answering its calls and appeals for contributions regarding States' practice. Switzerland commends the conclusion in the ICJ's report according to which gender parity in institutions is absolutely vital for the rule of law to be upheld. On this note, Switzerland welcomes the fact that a number of female candidates have been nominated for the 2027 elections.

I thank you.

I thank the representative of Switzerland for that statement. I now give the floor to the representative of Jordan. You have the floor, madam.

Thank you, Madam Chair. At the outset, my delegation aligns itself with the statements delivered on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of Friends of the Rule of Law, and the Arab Group. I make the following in my national capacity. Just two weeks ago, His Majesty King Abdullah II posed a question before the General Assembly that goes to the very heart of this agenda item. "If international law can be ignored for decades, what value does it retain, and how can we enforce it if we do not even acknowledge its violations?" Jordan believes that the answer lies in our collective determination to respect and implement the law without selectivity. Madam Chair, the rule of law is the cornerstone of the international order and is closely linked to the three pillars of the United Nations, namely international peace and security, human rights, and sustainable development. This requires full respect for the UN Charter and the established principles of international law, including sovereign equality, the peaceful settlement of disputes, respect for the International Court of Justice and its judgments and advisory opinions, and the prohibition of the threat or use of force. It also requires the consistent application of international law international humanitarian law, humanitarian and ethical standards without discrimination, and the relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolutions 2803 and 2817. Accordingly, The international community is called upon to fulfill its legal and moral responsibilities by compelling Israel to end its unlawful occupation of the occupied Palestinian and Arab territories. and to comply with the implementation of US President Donald Trump's plan and Security Council Resolution 2803, including a ceasefire, the delivery of humanitarian assistance, and the cessation of unlawful measures in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem. Achieving peace will only be possible when Israel respects and complies with international law and ends its unlawful occupation, thereby fulfilling the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people to establish their independent state on their national territory, which remains the only path towards a just and comprehensive peace that ensures security and stability in the region. Madam Chair, As part of efforts to promote respect for international humanitarian law and ensure its global implementation, The Global Initiative to Galvanize Political Commitment to International Humanitarian Law was launched in 2024 at the initiative of Jordan, Brazil, China, France, Kazakhstan, South Africa, and the International Committee of the Red Cross. To date, 120 states have joined the initiative, reflecting broad international support for its objectives. In this context, Jordan will host the High-Level Conference on Humanity in War on 7 December 2026, providing an opportunity for States to reaffirm their collective commitment to international humanitarian law and translate that commitment into practical action. At the national level, Jordan continues to implement comprehensive legislative and judicial reforms aimed at enhancing justice, accountability, and public participation. These reforms include the 2026 Local Administration Law, which expands the participation of local communities and strengthens oversight, as well as the digital transformation of the justice system through the expansion of electronic judicial services and the adoption of authenticated digital identities for official and judicial notifications, thereby improving access to justice and enhancing efficiency and transparency. Madam Chair, in conclusion, Jordan reiterates its commitment to strengthening the rule of law at all levels and emphasizes the need for international community to ensure the implementation of international law without selectivity or discrimination. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Jordan for her statement. And I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Qatar. Sir, you have the floor.

Madam Chair, allow me to thank you again for wisely conducting our work, and we thank the Secretary-General on his report. We seize this opportunity to align ourselves with the statements delivered on behalf of the GCC, the Arab Group, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of Friends of the Rule of Law. Madam Chair, we believe in the close link between the rule of law at the national and international levels, hence the need for dialogue between this committee and the International Law Commission. This is essential to promote the rule of law at the international level. the work of the ILC should be based on the practices of different states and should reflect their opinions. Madam Chair, at the national level, the Ministry of Justice launched its 2025-2030 strategic vision in light of the third strategy for development to ensure a justice system based on transparency. We are also promoting the rule of law in our practices by ensuring they are in line with international standards and by ensuring that our laws are in line with international law. The role of the State of Qatar in terms of the rule of law is reflected in our chairmanship of the Permanent Commission of the International Humanitarian Law. We are the first Arab country to preside over this commission. For the first time, we hosted the conference on countering corruption. In light of the current circumstances, the state of Qatar condemned the violations of our sovereignty and territorial integrity by the Islamic Republic of Iran, and that violated the sovereignty of other neighboring states. These are blatant violations of international law, international humanitarian law, and the UN Charter. We reaffirm the need to comply with Security Council Resolution 2815. 17, including by respecting the rights to navigation. We believe it is important to contain this escalation and give opportunity to diplomacy. This is why we continue to work with our partners to find a common ground to reach a peaceful settlement that ensures sustainable peace in the region. We also strongly condemn the targeting by the Houthis of an electricity power plant in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as well as the targeting of Mecca and Riyadh, and the attempt to target civilians and civilian infrastructures. We stand in full solidarity with the brotherly Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In conclusion, we stress that the rule of law and the respect of law is not something that is just there in the Charter. The credibility of the international justice system is based on the respect of of the international law and on staying away from selectivity and double standards. We reaffirm our commitment to continue promoting the rule of law at the United Nations. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Qatar for his statements. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Romania. So you have the floor.

Can the microphone be given to Romania?

Thank you, Madam Chair. Romania aligns with the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union and its member states and that delivered on behalf of the Group of Friends of the Rule of Law, and would like to add the following remarks in national capacity. We join previous speakers in thanking the Secretary General for his report on strengthening and coordinating United Nations rule of law activities. The report once again highlights the centrality of the rule of law for the UN system and for the dynamic between its three foundational pillars, peace and security, human rights, and sustainable development. It is the red thread that ties these dimensions together and provides the space necessary for coherent outcomes across all thematic initiatives. We welcome this year's subtopic. The work of the Sixth Committee and that of the International Law Commission represent two sides of the same process. The Commission provides the expertise and the rigor of codification and progressive development, while the Committee brings forward the views of States and their political and operational framing. Among the ways in which the dialogue between the ILC and the Sixth Committee can be consolidated, some of which have been highlighted in this year's report, we underscore the participation of special rapporteurs of the ILC to various processes managed within the Committee. A recent illustration in this respect is the first session of the Preparatory Committee for the Conference on Crimes Against Humanity. It is a good example of the two-way positive impact that direct interaction and dialogue between the delegates of the Sixth Committee and members of the ILC can bring to our debates and negotiations, ultimately helping shape decisions and outcomes, and also contributing to understanding the way the dynamics in the room are informed by the work of the ILC and vice versa. Madam Chair, Interdependence is today a fact of international life, and it requires shared rules and reliable mechanisms for collective decision-making. For Romania, the international rule of law is therefore a matter of principle and also a matter of practical interest. It is also a fact that the rule of law is now confronted with unprecedented systemic challenges at the intersection of geopolitical fragmentation, technological disruption, and institutional erosion. While both the causal nexus and the potential counteracting measures are extremely complex, we believe that the following strategic imperatives stand out as we seek solutions. Closing accountability gaps through new institutions and enforcement mechanisms, while also improving the application of existing tools, adapting legal frameworks to emerging technological and hybrid threats, and building inclusive participatory governance architectures that integrate diverse stakeholders and bridge divides. Against this backdrop, we welcome the positive developments outlined in the report on access to justice, institutional consolidation and accountability. Progress in these fields is essential and should be pursued with consistency, especially when the proliferation of violent conflicts is on a steep upward trend. We also welcome the reports highlighting of the contribution brought by recently concluded international conventions, among which the Marine Biodiversity Treaty for areas beyond national jurisdiction, the BBNJ, that extends the scope of the rule of law to areas previously out of reach. These examples of concluded agreements and the ones currently under negotiation covering crimes against humanity and the protection of persons against disasters, once again highlight the enduring relevance of international law and the international community's drive towards improving the framework of rules that ensure predictability and order in multilateral affairs. Notably, both instruments now under negotiation originate in draft articles of the International Law Commission, a tangible illustration of how the commission's work carried forward by the Sixth Committee can translate into binding rules. No discussion on the rule of law would be complete without highlighting the essential contribution of international judicial bodies, among which the International Court of Justice as the UN's principal judicial body and the International Criminal Court as the only permanent international court for criminal accountability for the most heinous acts of violence. We add our voice to those reaffirming our unwavering support for both institutions. To conclude, we once again underscore the enduring relevance of the mutually reinforcing linkages between the rule of law and the fundamental pillars of the UN, peace and security, development, and human rights. We join the call for upholding legal commitments, enhancing cooperation with international courts, and implementing inclusive justice and accountability initiatives at all levels. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Romania for his statement. And I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Georgia. You have the floor.

Thank you, Madam Chair.

the rule of law at the national and international levels are mutually reinforcing. Strong national institutions contribute to respect for international law,

while the stable and predictable international legal order supports national efforts to protect rights and deliver justice. At the international level, the United Nations has a unique responsibility in this regard. The UN Charter provides the foundation of the international legal order, while the General Assembly, the Sixth Committee, the International Law Commission, the International Court of Justice, and other UN bodies contribute within their respective mandates to the codification, progressive development, and implementation of international law. The Sixth Committee, as a primary forum of the General Assembly for the consideration of legal questions, has a particular role to play in this process.

Madam Chair, at the national level, Georgia, it is

central important to the protection of human rights as an integral component of the rule of law. Our national human rights strategies have introduced a human rights based approach to the formulation, implementation, monitoring, and assessment of state policies and programs. In this regard, international mechanisms, including those of the United Nations and the Council of Europe, have made an important contribution. Strengthening the rule of law also requires effective criminal justice systems that protect victims, prevent crime, and ensure accountability.

In 2025, the Prosecution Service of Georgia developed

a victim's guide and thematic guides, which explain procedural rights and available support mechanisms.

Witness and victim coordinators provide information and support throughout criminal proceedings with particular attention to preventing secondary victimization.

Georgia also continues to cooperate with the UNICEF in developing child-friendly justice. Combating corruption and financial crime remains another important element of strengthening the rule of law. In 2025, the specialized anti-corruption capacity of the prosecution service was further strengthened. During the year, 230 public sector and 77 private sector corruption investigations were initiated, while prosecutions and court proceedings continued.

Georgia ranked

56 globally out of 182 countries in the Corruption Perception Index,

continuing to be a regional leader in combating low-level corruption.

Georgia has likewise strengthened its capacity to combat money laundering

and to recover criminal proceeds, including through parallel financial investigations, specialized expertise, and the use of cryptocurrency tracing technology.

International cooperation is indispensably in addressing these increasingly transnational forms of crime. Georgia, therefore, continues to cooperate with foreign counterparts through information exchange, mutual legal assistance, and joint investigation teams, including

with the support of Eurojust.

Georgia ranks first in Eastern Europe and Central Asia out of 15 countries and 52nd globally out of 143 countries in the overall rule of law index.

According to the same index, we also ranked

first regionally in absence of corruption, open government regulatory enforcement, and criminal justice.

Madam Chair, Georgia's commitment to the rule of law also extend to international level, including through efforts to secure

justice and remedies for victims of Russia's aggression against Georgia and its continued illegal occupation.

In the case of Georgia versus Russia, second, the European Court of Human Rights

delivered a historic judgment and established Russia's responsibility for grave human rights violations committed during and after the armed conflict of 2008.

In 2023, it awarded 130 million euros in just satisfaction to victims in Georgia versus Russia. As a fourth case, the court addressed continuing violations arising from the occupation and borderization, and in 2025, to 153 million euro in respect of more than 29,000 victims.

Complementing these proceedings, the International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants in the situation in Georgia against

three suspects for alleged war crimes, while the ICC Trust Fund for Victims has implemented the assistance program supporting affected

victims and communities.

These efforts demonstrate Georgia's commitment to strengthening accountability and upholding the rule of law at the international level.

In conclusion, Georgia reaffirms its commitment to the rule of law at both national and international levels and to the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Georgia for their statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Sri Lanka. You have the floor, madam.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Sri Lanka welcomes this timely consideration of strengthening the rule of law through cooperation between the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly and the International Law Commission. The rule of law at the international level depends not only on legal norms, but also on their continued development, interpretation and implementation. In this regard, the relationship between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission is particularly important. This relationship remains firmly grounded in the views, practice and consent of states. The progressive development and codification of international law must reflect the realities of state practice and the diverse legal perspectives of the international community. Chair, Sri Lanka reaffirms its commitment to the rule of law, both at the national and international levels. At the national level, this is reflected in the application of laws through established legal and judicial institutions, while at the international level, Sri Lanka recognizes the importance of the respect for international law the peaceful settlement of disputes, and the fulfillment of obligations undertaken on international treaties and the Charter of the United Nations. Treaty-making is an expression of sovereign equality, consensus-building, and mutual respect among states. Respect for international law requires renewed commitment to collectively developed agreements and principles. We have sought to demonstrate this commitment. In 2023, Sri Lanka ratified the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and acceded to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. In 2025, we ratified the BBNJ Agreement, welcoming its entry into force in January 2026. Sri Lanka also ratified the United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation in 2024, reaffirming our commitment to the peaceful, effective, and rule-based settlement of international disputes. Sri Lanka has continued to strengthen our domestic legal framework. The Anti-Corruption Act No. 9 of 2023 strengthened the mandate and institutional framework of the Commission to investigate allegations of bribery or corruption, including through measures addressing asset declarations, investigations and the implementation of international anti-corruption commitments. More recently, the Proceeds of Crime Act No. 5 of 2025 established a strengthened legal framework for the identification, restraint, seizure, and forfeiture of proceeds of crime. Chair, in relation to the subtopic of enhancing the rule of law by strengthening the cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission, we wish to highlight the following points. For the cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission to contribute fully to the rule of law, substantive member state engagement with the Commission is required. Greater dissemination and accessibility to the work of the Commission can strengthen its practical value, particularly for developing countries. Capacity building and technical assistance are essential to enabling states particularly developing states, to engage effectively with the work of the Commission and the deliberation of the Sixth Committee. Strengthening national legal expertise and access to relevant resources would allow states to contribute more substantively to the development and progressive development of international law, while also supporting the effective implementation of international legal obligations. Finally, the relationship between the Sixth Committee and the Commission should respect their respective roles, continuing to preserve the distinction between the development of legal expertise and the role of the states in leading the outcomes of the intergovernmental process. We also recognize the contribution of the United Nations Program of Assistance in the teaching, study, dissemination, and wider appreciation of international law. Chair, for Sri Lanka, the rule of law requires that power be exercised within an agreed legal framework and that all states, irrespective of size or circumstances, participate meaningfully in developing and applying international law. We therefore reiterate our commitment to constructive engagement in these processes and to strengthening the rule of law at both national and international level. Thank you, Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Sri Lanka for her statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Oman. You have the floor, sir.

Madam Chair. Allow me at the outset to congratulate you again on assuming the presidency of the Sixth Committee during the current 81st session of the General Assembly. I also congratulate other members of the Bureau, wish you all every success. We align ourselves with the statements delivered on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Arab Group, and the GCC member states. I make the following remarks in my national capacity. The Sultanate of Oman attaches great importance to the rule of law and regards it as a cornerstone in building a state governed by institutions and founded upon justice. The basic law of the state affirms that the rule of law shall be the basis of governance in the state and that the judiciary shall be independent and subject to no authority other than that of the law. These principles reflect the state's firm commitment to the separation of powers, respect for the independence of the judiciary, and the provision of fundamental guarantees for a fair trial. In this regard, we continue to develop our legislative and judicial framework within the context of Oman Vision 2040, in a manner that strengthens the effectiveness of justice institutions, ensures the enforcement of rights, and promotes transparency and accountability. These efforts have helped protect vulnerable groups, combat corruption, and safeguard public funds in line with international standards and with a view to further consolidate the rule of law at the national level. We reaffirm our commitment to the Charter of the UN and the international law, as well as the need to respect state sovereignty and the peaceful settlement of disputes. It supports the pivotal role of the ICJ and calls for enabling the court to carry out its functions independently and effectively, thereby enhancing the confidence of the international community in the mechanisms and instruments of international law. In addressing emerging global challenges that affect the rule of law, including climate change, rapid digital development, cybersecurity, and artificial intelligence, Oman has taken a number of advanced legislative and regulatory measures. In the field of environment and climate change, we ratified the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on the 23rd of September 2024. This, and through this, we reaffirmed our commitment to international efforts aimed at reducing emissions of hydrofluorocarbons. In the digital sphere, we launched a national program for artificial intelligence and advanced digital technologies. as part of Oman Vision 2040. In addition to that, during 2025, a national committee for artificial intelligence was established to develop national policies in this field in accordance with ethical standards and international norms. Work is also underway on a draft cybercrime law designed to strengthen the legal framework for cybersecurity, protect data, and address escalating threats in a manner consistent with relevant international legal frameworks. This reflects our continuing commitment to align our legal system with contemporary challenges and to establishing the rule of law as a fundamental pillar of sustainable development and stability. At the international level, Oman expresses its deep concern over the continuing serious violations of international law and international human rights law in various parts of the world. We reaffirm our steadfast approach of pursuing peaceful and consensual solutions to disputes on the basis of principles and values that support our shared objectives of achieving security and stability for all and advancing economic development and prosperity for our peoples. Accordingly, adherence to the Charter of the United Nations and international law, respect for the sovereignty and independence of states, refraining from the use of force and intervention in the domestic affairs of states, embracing dialogue instead of confrontation, constitute the surest path toward regulating international relations and fostering confidence and constructive cooperation among states. We believe that the rule of law at both national and international levels is an essential element for achieving sustainable development, ensuring human rights, and promoting peace, security, and stability. Oman will continue to support international efforts aimed at building a just and balanced international legal order based on mutual respect and cooperation among peoples and states. Thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of Oman for their statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Ukraine. You have the floor, sir.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Ukraine aligns itself with the statement delivered by the European Union and wishes to add the following remarks in its national capacity. We thank the Secretary-General for his comprehensive report on strengthening and coordinating United Nations rule of law activities. As rightly emphasized in this report, relations among states must be governed by law, not by force. international obligations fulfilled, and the sovereignty and territorial integrity of states respected. Yet today, these principles are under violation violated. Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine is a direct assault on the foundations of the charter based international order. For more than a decade, and with devastating intensity, since February 2022, Russia has sought to change international recognized borders by force. Madam Chair, Respect of the rule of law requires accountability. Justice is not an obstacle to peace. The Nuremberg principles established that those responsible for the gravest international crimes are individually accountable, regardless of their official position. The same principle must apply to Russia's aggression against Ukraine. This war has brought systematic atrocities against civilians in the temporarily occupied territories, mass killings, forced deportations, torture and sexual violence. Ukrainian prisoners of war and unlawfully detained civilians are subjected to torture. These are not isolated incidents, but a deliberate pattern. The temporarily occupied town of Oleshky in the Kherson region is a stark example. Thousands of civilians, including children, are trapped there without adequate water, food, medicine, or electricity, under constant drone attacks and surrounded by minefields. As the occupying power, Russia is obliged under international humanitarian law to meet the basic needs of the population and to facilitate humanitarian relief. Instead, it refuses to open a humanitarian corridor. We call for immediate humanitarian access and the safe evacuation of civilians. Russia also continues deliberate attacks on Ukraine's energy infrastructure, leaving millions without heating, electricity and water. With winter approaching, these attacks pose an even greater threat to civilian lives. And here, I would like to ask all the delegates here to imagine, at least for one minute, your capitals and people living without electricity, without heat, without access to public transportation, water, hiding from the missiles and drones. You will call it humanitarian disaster in that moment, and you will do everything possible to help them. But this is the reality that we are going through now. At the root of all these crimes lies the crime of aggression itself. To close the existing jurisdictional gap, on 25th June 2025, Ukraine and the Council of Europe signed the agreement on the establishment of the special tribunal for the crime of aggression against Ukraine. The Tribunal complements the work of the International Criminal Court and national jurisdictions. Ukrainian prosecutors and courts are investigating and prosecuting war crimes and crimes against humanity. More than 296,000 criminal cases connected to Russia's aggression have been registered. We also cooperate closely with the International Criminal Court. Among the most egregious crimes before the court is unlawful deportation, forcible transfer of Ukrainian children for which it issued arrest warrants in March 2023 against the Russian President and his so-called Commissioner for Children's Rights. Together with the International Coalition for the Return of Ukrainian Children, Ukraine will not stop until every child is brought home. Accountability must also mean justice for victims. Ukraine and our partners have established the International Compensation Mechanism including the register of damage, so those harmed by Russia's aggression can file claims and receive reparations. Madam Chair, Ukraine respects international courts and tribunals as the indispensable pillars of the rule of law. Orders of the International Court of Justice, including orders on provisional measures, are legally binding. They must be implemented, not cynically ignored. Yet, this is exactly what Russia is doing. On 16 March 2022, in the case concerning allegations of genocide, the Court ordered Russia to immediately suspend its military operations against Ukraine. More than four and a half years later, Russia has not only failed to comply, but has intensified its war. Madam Chair, Ukraine remains firmly committed to strengthening the rule of law, including on our path towards membership in the European Union. And we also continue to cooperate with Member States to defend international order, in which disputes are settled peacefully, international law is fully respected, victims have access to justice, and no state, no state, regardless of its power, stands above the law. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Ukraine for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Nepal. You have the floor, sir.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Nepal Alliance itself with a statement delivered on behalf of the non-aligned movement and wishes to add the following in its capacity. Madam Chair, the rule of law is the cornerstone of peaceful societies, democratic governance, human dignity and a just rule-based international order. It ensures that law prevails over arbitrary power, rights over privilege and justice over impunity. On a domestic front, it protects people's fundamental freedom, extends accountable institutions, and fosters law and order. In the community of nations, it safeguards sovereign equality, prevents threat or use of force, promotes peaceful resolution of disputes, and extends multilateral cooperation. The rule of law must therefore be universal in its application, consistent in its enforcement, and impartial for all. For a democracy like ours, the rule of law is not merely a legal principle. It is a democratic culture, a development imperative, and a foundation for peaceful coexistence, harmony, and prosperity. We therefore reaffirm the enduring relevance of 1970 declaration on principles of international law concerning friendly relations and cooperation, and 2012 declaration on the rule of law, which provide strong foundations for interstate relations, cooperation, and international law. Madam Chair, Nepal's commitment to the rule of law is firmly anchored in its constitution reflecting our people's belief in the ideals of democracy, inclusion, justice, and good governance. Our constitutional framework guarantees fundamental rights, equality before the law, independent judiciary, separation and balance of power, constitutionalism, freedom of expression, and inclusive democratic governance. Independent constitutional bodies, judicial oversight, and legal safeguards reinforce transparency, accountability, and protection against injustice or discrimination. Our journey of democratic transformation and nationally-won and led peace process demonstrates that lasting peace requires not only the cessation of conflict, but also justice, inclusion, accountable institutions, and public trust. Following the youth-led JNJP movement last year and the holding of a free, fair, transparent, and inclusive general elections earlier in March, Nepal's government has prioritized institutional reforms, fostering economic digital transformation, improving public service delivery, and strengthening transparency and accountability. We recognize that the legitimacy of democratic institutions ultimately rests on their ability to deliver justice, protect equal rights, and respond to people's aspirations. The true testament of rule of law emanates not from the existence of laws, but from their equal application and tangible impact on people's lives. Madam Chair, today, the international rule of law is under profound distance. Geopolitical rivalries, protracted conflicts, non-fulfillment of international obligations, and growing disregard for established legal norms and international law are weakening trust in multilateralism and multilateral institutions. The UN itself is facing pressures from within and without. Against this backdrop, Madam Chair, let me underscore five priorities for action. First, we must reaffirm the primacy of the UN Charter and rule-based international system. sovereign equality, territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference, prohibition of the threat or use of force, and peaceful settlement of disputes must guide international relations without exception or selectivity. Second, international obligation must be fulfilled in good faith. Selective interpretation and inconsistent application of international law undermines credibility and weakens the foundations of multilateral cooperation. We must ensure full respect for international law, including IHL and IHRL, particularly the protection of civilians and civilian infrastructure during armed conflicts. Third, we recognize the indispensable contribution of the international legal mechanisms, including International Court of Justice and International Law Commission, to the progressive development, codification, and application of international law. Justice must remain accessible, credible, and impartial, while impunity must never become a norm of international relations. Fourth, we need a more inclusive and representative multilateral system that empowers all nations, especially the most vulnerable, to participate meaningfully in shaping and upholding global norms and principles. For developing countries, particularly LDCs and LLDCs, enhanced technical assistance, legal capacity building, and institutional support are essential. Fifth, strengthening accountability mechanism is essential. so that violations do not go unanswered and impunity does not take root. In closing, Madam Chair, the rule of law at national and international levels is mutually reinforcing. Strong domestic institutions contribute to international stability, while a fair, just, and inclusive international order is fundamental to safeguarding peace, sustainable development, and human rights. Such a synergistic relationship is central to achieving SDG 16. and advancing all three pillars of the United Nations. Nepal remains firmly committed to strengthening the rule of law at home and upholding international law in its external engagements. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Nepal for his statement. I now give the floor to the representative of Afghanistan. You have the floor, sir.

Thank you, Madam Chair. Afghanistan Alliance's statement with the statement delivered by the Non-Aligned Movement and will deliver the following statement at our national capacity. Madam Chair, Afghanistan welcomes the Secretary-General's report and its central message. The exercise of power must be subject to law. Respect for international obligations, equal protection under the law, and accountable institutions are indispensable to peace and development. Five years after their forcible takeover, the Taliban have suspended the application of Afghanistan's constitution and governed through fear, coercion, and intimidation, misusing and distorting Islamic law. They have dismantled legal and judicial safeguards and imposed their authority through discriminatory decrees. Women have been excluded from judicial roles, while restrictions on their education, employment, and movement undermine equality before the law and access to justice. Arbitrary detention, torture and reprisals, including targeted killings of former officials and security personnel, expose the consequences of unchecked power and the absence of justice and rule of law. Reports of summary and public executions, corporal punishment, arbitrary detention of women and girls, and sexual abuse underscore the urgency of independent scrutiny, protection and accountability. The rule of law requires legitimate and accountable government. It goes beyond the issuance of decrees and existence of courts. Those exercising power must themselves be bound by law. Every person must enjoy equal protection and access to independent institutions capable of addressing grievances and providing effective remedies. Afghanistan's international obligation remain binding regardless who exercises control. Madam Chair, we highlight three priorities. First, restoring the rule of law, justice and accountability and achieving lasting peace and stability require legitimate, representative and accountable governance. This must be pushed through an Afghan-led, Afghan-owned political process, supported and facilitated by the United Nations. with the participation of women, civil society, democratic forces, and other credible Afghan stakeholders. The Taliban must reverse discriminatory measures, respect due process, and allow independent monitoring. Judges, lawyers, and prosecutors, and human rights defenders must be protected. Women must enjoy equal access to justice and participate fully in its administration. international engagement must support these objectives and be tied to measurable, independently verified improvements in human rights. It must not normalize and institutionalize discrimination or entrench governance through coercion. Second, Mechanisms for monitoring, reporting and accountability must be strengthened. We welcome the report's reference to the Independent Investigative Mechanism for Afghanistan and call for adequate resources for its effective functioning. Evidence must be preserved, victims and witnesses protected, and cooperation with the International Criminal Court strengthened. We support codifying gender apartheid as a crime against humanity and using all available legal mechanisms to end impunity. Accountability must uphold victims' rights to justice and redress and help prevent the recurrence of violations. Third, international law must be upheld consistently and without selectivity. Disputes must be resolved peacefully in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations. Counterterrorism cannot justify unlawful attacks on civilians or violations of Afghanistan's territorial integrity. States must uphold the principle of non-refoulement and protect Afghans at risk of persecution. Madam Chair, in conclusion, control over territory does not confer legitimacy. Afghanistan's future must be built on legitimate government grounded in the people's will, committed to its domestic and international obligations, and supported by independent institutions that uphold justice and equal rights. The rule of law must protect people from the arbitrary exercise of power and provide the foundation for lasting peace. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Afghanistan for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Paraguay. You have the floor, Madam.

Thank you very much, Madam Chair. Paraguay aligns itself with the statement made by the delegation of Uruguay on behalf of the member countries of CELAC and by the delegation of Austria on behalf of the Group of Friends of the Rule of Law. We're grateful to have an opportunity now to make a few comments in our national capacity. The world today poses persistent challenges, often worsened by technological progress, those dynamics and changes that our societies face, such as new threats like terrorism and transnational organized crime. This is why, for Paraguay, the United Nations is more relevant today than ever and remains the only global forum in which all countries in the world are represented. Multilateralism and the rules-based system must have the United Nations at their heart, and member states must ensure that the organization is efficient and effective in achieving its goals. Only the rule of law on both the national and international levels, in addition to good faith between nations and international cooperation, can give a sustained response to global problems. In this regard, we appreciate efforts made continuously by the United Nations to promote the rule of law. And on this, we thank the Secretary General for his report on the strengthening and coordination of these activities contained in document A/80/184. We particularly underscore the support provided by the organization to Paraguay in the process to draft the national policy to counter organized crime, which is mentioned in the Secretary General's report. On that, our country recognizes and appreciates the work of the UNODC, which is contributing to the strengthening of national capacities to tackle narcotics, to combat transnational organized crime, to fight against corruption and economic crimes, and to strengthen the prevention of crime and the strengthening of criminal justice. Indeed, the rule of law and the strengthening of our institutions are pillars of our national development plan, which is focused on strengthening the efficiency of the state, improving security in its different dimensions, and promoting the participation of citizens in the political life of the country, guaranteeing legal certainty, and strengthening the multilateral system. Madam Chair, our delegation recalls the staunch commitment of the international community to the consolidation of an international system that guarantees just and equitable conditions for all states without distinction based on their size or their level of development. We recognize that for so many regions, the rule of law and international law remain challenges with high costs incurred by conflicts that lead to inequities and that limit development. Given all of the above, we reiterate our firm will to continue to drive forward the strengthening of the rule of law, both nationally and internationally. It is necessary to ensure that all States can participate in equal conditions, thus contributing to building an international legal system that is inclusive and equitable for all. Thank you very much.

The Chair, I thank the distinguished representative of Paraguay for her statement, and I give the floor now to the distinguished representative of Ecuador. Madam, you have the floor.

We thank the Secretary-General for his report. Ecuador reaffirms that the rule of law is a fundamental pillar for democracy, peace and development. like our President described to the General Assembly, we cannot allow fear or crime to have more authority than the law. This is why the Ecuadorian Government is working to beef up our institutions, to combat corruption and to consolidate firm legal frameworks to ensure that organized crime does not erode the rule of law. The international community also faces the challenge of creating appropriate mechanisms to respond to the current reality where institutional back-siding, global impunity, and stumbling blocks to the rule of law directly threaten international peace and security. In this regard, Ecuador recognizes the contributions of the International Court of Justice to the peaceful settlement of disputes and the strengthening of trust in international law. Respect for its rulings and advisory opinions is essential to uphold international peace and security, as well as the sovereign equality of states and the non-interference in internal affairs. Madam Chair, my country agrees that equality, non-discrimination, and equitable access to justice are essential requirements for the rule of law to be upheld. Ecuador transposes this commitment into concrete actions, having achieved an historic milestone, reaching 43% of female representation in our National Assembly. What's more, we understand that the rule of law requires specific tools and effective tools to counter impunity. We underscored the joint parliamentary declaration signed up to by Ecuador and Colombia on the 1st of October last in Madrid. This instrument promotes enhance coordination between both countries in order to drive forward legal tools and mechanisms that enable us to tackle criminal structures that operate across borders. Madam Chair, we see unacceptable asymmetry in the way that crime networks cooperate amongst themselves, often better than states. The international rule of law must not be bogged down in abstract speeches. For the rule of law to really prevail over impunity, Ecuador supports defending the international order, and this requires adopting urgently three global tools. First, an agile and coordinated financial mechanism to trace and freeze illicit capital flows. Second, transnational operational platforms that enable the real-time exchange of police intelligence information. Third, preventing the impact of organized crime on peace and dealing with this within the UN 80 initiative and ensure that it's included. It's necessary to authorize action based on the firm conviction that no state can safeguard their domestic legal order alone in response to global threats that respect no borders or the law. And we are committed to work in this direction. Thank you very much.

The Chair thanks the distinguished representative of Ecuador for her statement. And I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Saudi Arabia. Madam, you have the floor.

Thank you, Madam Chairperson. First and foremost, I would like to thank you for steering this plenary session so deftly. Madam Chairperson, we stand convinced that the rule of law is a fundamental pillar, key to achieving justice, protecting rights and strengthening trust in institutions. As part of our 2030 vision, we've continued to develop our judicial system so as to promote the values of justice and transparency, to enhance the efficiency of judicial services, and to facilitate access thereto. On this note, the Kingdom attaches particular importance to the digital transformation of our judicial system, as well as to the broadening of e-justice services. The parties to proceedings can therefore access judicial services, conduct pleadings and exchange memos and other documents electronically in full respect for judicial safeguards and the rights of parties. We are also using modern technologies so as to bolster the efficiency of the system and to facilitate access to justice. Madam Chairperson, we've taken good note of the SG's report on the rule of law at the national and international levels. Regarding this subtopic, for this year, that is, the relationship between the Sixth Committee and the ILC, we must factor in the practices and views of States, all the while respecting State sovereignty, so as to enhance legal certainty and consensus. We reiterate our principled position and our unstinting support for the brotherly Palestinian people and their inalienable and legitimate national rights. first and foremost, the right to self-determination and the establishment of an independent and sovereign Palestinian state within 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital. Furthermore, the Kingdom reiterates its support for efforts aimed at putting an end to the Israeli occupation so as to achieve a just, lasting and comprehensive peace underpinned by the two-state solution, as well as relevant United Nations resolutions. in addition to the New York Declaration and the Arab Peace Initiative. Madam Chairperson, maritime security and the security of international waterways, as well as the freedom of navigation, all of the above are a fundamental pillar of regional and international security and stability. We would like to underscore the importance of ensuring the freedom of navigation in particular in the Strait of Hormuz, in the Bab al-Mandeb Strait, and in the Red Sea, in accordance with international law and relevant UN resolutions. We vigorously condemn the latest Houthi terrorist militia attacks against civilians and civilian and economic objects in Saudi Arabia, as well as repeated attacks on our cities, not to mention the fact that our vessels have been targeted in the south of the Red Sea and the Bab al-Mandeb Strait. We would like to reaffirm our inherent right to defend our territory, our resources and our sovereignty, as well as the safety of our citizens and all those residing on our territory. We will take all necessary measures to protect our security in keeping with international law. By way of conclusion, we'd like to reaffirm our commitment to strengthening the rule of law at both the national and the international levels, as well as to promoting the principles enshrined in the Charter. We call for respect for international law, as well as its consistent and non-selective application, in addition to the strengthening of multilateral cooperation, all the while highlighting the importance of the principle of sovereignty, so as to contribute to achieving justice and upholding international peace and security.

I thank you for your intervention. I now give the floor to the representative of Togo. You have the floor, sir.

Thank you, Madam Chair. My delegation thanks the Secretary-General for his report, and we align ourselves with the statements made by the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran on behalf of NAM, as well as the one by the representative of Cameroon on behalf of the Group of African States, and we wish to make the following comments in our national capacity. Madam Chair, Togo welcomes the review of this issue, which is key part of collective action for peace justice and sustainable development and we welcome the sub theme in resolution 80/167 my delegation welcomes the assistance that the organization provides to states who request it and underscores this support must respect national ownership and the priorities of the beneficiary states while the organization is Entering its ninth decade in a context of erosion of confidence in multilateralism, the promotion of the rule of law remains essential for sustainable development, for the elimination of poverty and for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Madam Chair, the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission are complementary pillars of the mission entrusted to the General Assembly by Article 13 of the Charter, the progressive development of international law and its codification, the quality of that dialogue conditions the legitimacy and efficacy of the norms stemming from that. This cooperation can be strengthened through more interactive exchanges, especially during International Law Week, through better taking account of the observations of states and more resolute follow-up of the activities sent to the Sixth Committee, and with realistic timeframes for submissions, bearing in mind the limited capacities of some developing countries. Togo also advocates for this work to reflect the diversity of different legal systems and the practices of states of all regions, especially Africa, respecting multilingualism and strengthening the UN Assistance Programme for International Law. Madam Chair, On a national level, Togo is continuing to implement the Constitution of the 6th of May 2024, setting up the Fifth Republic and parliamentary regime based on the responsibility of the government, the government rather being accountable to the National Assembly. Its architecture is now in place. The Senate was set up in March 2025. We now have a bicameral system. The president of the council took office on the 3rd of May 2025, and municipal elections in 2025 strengthened the decentralization and local democracy. In the area of justice, the government is pursuing reform, seeking to make justice more accessible, quicker, and more transparent, aside from the reform of the status of justice Commissioners, a digital project for making justice decisions accessible online was presented to the Council of Ministers on 6 October 2026 to strengthen legal certainty and citizens' access to justice. Those efforts are also coupled with modernisation of the justice system, specialisation of courts in trade and development of legal aid for the most vulnerable individuals in terms of human rights and good governance. Togo is engaging in boosting human rights and true to our tradition of dialogue, we remain committed to the peaceful settlements of disputes in Africa, especially through mediation with the African Union, the President of the Council, and the President of the Council rather in the Great Lakes region. Madam Chair, on an international level, my country is concerned about the question of multilateralism. It's important for the law to prevail over power. And we have four demands that must guide our action in this regard. First, respect for the sovereign equality of states and the principle of non-interference in internal affairs. Two, extensive interpretations of international law justifying external interventions as well as selective approaches and double standard practices, especially in international criminal justice, must be prohibited. No state should be able to be above international obligations. Third, actual access to international dispute settlement mechanisms must be ensured for states with limited resources, especially by strengthening the special Trust Fund of the Secretary-General for the International Court of Justice. Fourth, international cooperation, including technical and financial support from the United Nations, must be strengthened to help States to consolidate their legal systems, fight against corruption, and to promote transparent governance. By way of conclusion, Togo reaffirms that the rule of law must be a universal principle and not a selective concept or an instrumentalized concept. Respect for international law Enhanced dialogue between the bodies tasked with its development and consolidation of national institutions are the foundations of a more just international order and of lasting peace. Thank you very much for your kind attention.

I thank the distinguished representative of Togo for his statements, and I give the floor now to the distinguished representative of Cyprus. You have the floor, sir.

Thank you, Mr. Chair. Cyprus aligns itself with the statement delivered by the representative of the European Union on behalf of the EU and its member states and wishes to offer the following additional remarks in its national capacity. We thank the Secretary General for his report on strengthening and coordinating United Nations rule of law activities. Cyprus attaches the highest importance to the promotion and strengthening of the rule of law, both at the national and international level. At a time when the international legal order is under increasing pressure, upholding the rule of law means ensuring that international law is respected and applied consistently, and that relations among states are governed by law rather than by power. As the President of the Republic of Cyprus reaffirmed before this General Assembly only a few days ago, the Charter of the United Nations must remain our compass, irrespective of power, size, or leverage. Respect of a state's sovereignty, political independence, and territorial integrity are fundamental principles of international law. The prohibition of the use and the threat of use of force against the territorial integrity and independence of a state is a peremptory norm embodied in the UN Charter. To us, all are core elements of an international legal order founded on the rule of law and must apply uniformly and consistently regardless of the size, power, or influence of any state. Mr. Chair, international law and the UN Charter cannot be applied selectively, nor can the sovereignty and territorial integrity of a state become less deserving of protection because of the passage of time. Cyprus speaks from experience. 52 years after the illegal Turkish invasion, more than one third of the territory of the Republic of Cyprus remains under military occupation. Thousands of forcibly displaced persons and their descendants continue to be prevented from returning to their homes. while fundamental human rights continue to be violated despite final and binding judgments by international courts holding Turkey responsible for continuing human rights violations in both disregard by the violating state not only of its duty to abide by the court's judgment, but also of its international obligations under binding rules of customary international law to cease such continuing violations. For Cyprus, this experience not only supports our conviction that respect for international law must be universal and consistent, it is also a stark reminder that the rule of law at the international level requires also respect for individual rights and full compliance with binding judicial decisions. Mr. Chair, Cyprus has consistently supported the work of the International Law Commission and continues to attach great importance to its contribution to the codification and progressive development of international law. The Commission and the Sixth Committee perform distinct but complementary functions. The Commission's expert work benefits from the practice, legal views and observations of States, while the Sixth Committee provides the principal intergovernmental forum in which Member States consider the Commission's work and determine the appropriate follow-up. For this relationship to remain effective, sustained and substantive engagement by Member States is essential. Recent developments demonstrate the practical value of this interaction. Cyprus supported the decision to proceed towards the elaboration of a legally binding convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity based on the draft articles prepared by the International Law Commission. We have considered those draft articles to constitute a sound and balanced basis for the negotiations. We have likewise welcomed the process towards a legally binding instrument on the protection of persons in the event of disasters, based on the draft articles adopted by the Commission in 2016, which Cyprus has also regarded as a sound and balanced basis for the negotiations. Mr. Chair, at the national level, Cyprus remains committed to a legal order founded on democracy, the separation of powers, judicial independence, and respect for human rights. We continue our efforts to enhance the efficiency and transparency of the justice system, strengthen access to justice and accountability, and reinforce the framework for the prevention and combating of corruption. These remain central elements of our national commitment to the rule of law. At the international level, our, our commitment is equally clear, Cyprus will continue to support the peaceful settlement of disputes, the effective implementation of international obligations, and the consistent application of international law. Cyprus reiterates its steadfast support for the International Court of Justice and its central role in the peaceful settlement of international disputes. Full and effective compliance with its judgment is essential to safeguard the authority of the court and the credibility of international legal order. We also reaffirm our support for the International Criminal Court as an independent and impartial judicial institution and for its essential role in combating impunity for the most serious crimes of concern to the international community. Cyprus continues to advocate for the universality and integrity of the Rome Statute and for the full implementation of its provisions. Mr. Chair, the rule of law ultimately depends not only on the existence of rules, but on their consistent application, implementation and observance. Thank you, Mr. Chair.

Distinguished delegates, the.

Distinguished representative of Cyprus was the last speaker on my list for this agenda item this afternoon. It is my understanding that the delegation of China would like to exercise the right of reply, but before I give China the floor, I'd like to recall that in keeping with paras 9 and 10 of Annex 5 of the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly, the number of statements in exercise of a right of reply for any delegations in a given session is limited to two. The first intervention should be 10 minutes maximum, and the second, 5 minutes maximum. I now invite delegations exercising their right of reply to be as succinct as possible, as well as to meticulously stick to this time limit. I now give the floor to the distinguished delegate of China. You have the floor, sir.

Chair, in response to the statement made by the Philippines this morning, China will exercise its right of reply. The UN is not the appropriate forum for discussing the South China Sea issue. However, China deems it necessary to respond firmly to the erroneous assertions raised. China's position on the South China Sea arbitration case is consistent and clear. The Philippines' unilateral initiation of the so-called arbitration violates fundamental principles of international law, such as state consent and pacta sunt servanda, and violates international law, including UNCLOS. arbitral tribunal exceeded its jurisdiction and rendered an award in disregard of the law. The award is illegal, null and void. China neither accepts nor recognizes the award and opposes and rejects any claims or actions based on the award. China's territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea are not affected by this award under any circumstances. There is no point in hyping up the 10th anniversary of the award. The only role this award has played is to serve as a tool for the Philippines to expand its territorial and maritime claims exacerbate regional tensions and become a stumbling block to China-Philippines relations and peace and stability in the region. On territorial and maritime issues, China does not accept any imposed solution to disputes and has consistently advocated resolving disputes in the South China Sea through negotiations and consultations with the relevant parties based on respecting historical facts. China will continue to work with ASEAN countries to jointly safeguard peace and stability in the South China Sea. Thank you, Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of China. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the State of Palestine. You have the floor, madam.

Thank you, Madam Chair. I am taking the floor in response to the Orwellian statement delivered by the Israeli delegate on the rule of law and Israel's so-called commitment to the rule of law. We do live in a parallel world where there is international law and then there is a fictitious and mythical Israeli rule of law. In this mythical world of law, as exuberantly described by the Israeli delegate, genocidies and criminals dress up as victims, echo that they are the most humane of all, that they are the true law abiding, and that they are driven by the most noble of values of humanity, morality, legality, and democracy, a world that is a figment of Israeli imagination. But in the real world, the world of international law, however, Israel has never been nor is a state committed to the rule of law. It is a state committed to genocides, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, to aggression and mass killing. Israel is a state that is standing trial for genocide before the world's court, the same world court that has stated in an authoritative advisory opinion that Israel is violating the basic fundamental of international law and the foundations of relations among nations. Israel is committing the most sustained campaign of child massacre in human history, killing over 21,000 children, and is listed on the UN list of shame of serial violators of children's rights. Israel oversees slaughterhouses where children, women, and men are systematically raped and sexually assaulted, and is also listed in the UN list of shame of states responsible for patterns of rape or other forms of sexual violence in situations of armed conflict. The Israeli army, which the Israeli delegate described as strictly adhere to international law, is the leading engine of mass death and destruction in our region. The same region the Israeli delegate attacked and called, between quotes, an ocean of undemocratic values. The usual racist trope. But the irony is that the Israeli delegate represents an apartheid regime that is subjugating millions of people on the basis of faith, nationality, and color. Israel is an apartheid regime in the heart of the Middle East, a genocidal state in the heart of the Middle East, whose unchecked criminality has haunted the region and its people for years. bombing the countries of the region, stealing their lands, killing its children, and destroying every prospect of peace, all to maintain its supremacy. Israel is the furthest from any democracy anyone can get. In Israel's mythical world, the more crimes it commits, the more confident its representatives feel to declare their non-existent commitment to the rule of law. The fact that the Israeli representative can come here to lecture the rest of the world while representing a state committing genocide is a demonstration of the impunity Israel enjoys. But the reality of Israel's criminality and oppression is stronger than their propaganda. The reality is that Israel is a settler colonial, ethnocratic project that is sustained by terror, that is sustained by illegal occupation, by racist and religious ideology of supremacy. It is sustained by racial segregation and apartheid, by colonization, by land theft, and settlement building and expansion. It is sustained by settler terror, paid for and sponsored and sanctioned by the state. It is a project that is bent on exterminating the indigenous people of the land, erasing them from history and geography, and committing the most sadistic organized barbarism in modern history, a truly deranged vision of hell. This is Israel's commitment to the rule of law. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of the State of Palestine. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran. You have the floor, sir.

Thank you, Madam Chair. I am obliged to exercise our right of reply. And as we mentioned yesterday, on 28 February 2026, my country was subjected to an unprovoked, premeditated aggression that claimed lives of thousands of our people, including women and children. The aggression against my country was facilitated through the territory of certain countries in the region, all while at the international plane, international law imposes an independent obligation upon every state not to allow their territories to be used for acts contrary to the rights of other states, as confirmed by the International Court of Justice in several important cases. More specifically, Article 3, sub-paragraph f, of annex to General Assembly Resolution 3314 expressly identified as an act of aggression the action of a state in allowing territory placed at another state's disposal to be used to perpetrate aggression against a third state. Likewise, aid and assistance to aggressors is not an act of neutrality. The legal consequences cannot be evaded. All such violations entail international responsibility. The states that place their territory, aerospace, bases, or facilities at the disposal of aggressors cannot simply disclaim responsibility for their conduct. Iran, as a victim of a blatant aggression facilitated in the region, had every right to defend itself. And Iran's responses were an exercise of its inherent right of self-defense under Article 51 of the UN Charter and in accordance with international law, including international humanitarian law. Iran, like always, remains committed to good neighborliness, but good neighborliness cannot be a one-sided commitment. We expect all the states to translate this commitment to this principle into concrete conduct, and thus refrain from any support or facilitation of aggression against Iran. As for the Strait of Hormuz, over decades, Islamic Republic of Iran, as a responsible state, has continuously upheld the freedom of navigation, as well as the safety and security of maritime navigation, and has actualized them in marine areas. This is an irrefutable fact. The Strait of Hormuz has undergone a fundamental change of circumstances resulting from the aggression against my country. The aggressors use of the Strait of Hormuz and the maritime space to commit attacks against Iran And to supply military bases placed at their disposal in the region has turned the Strait of Hormuz into a battlefield. Evidently, under the Law of the Sea, passage through such straits must have due respect for the sovereignty of the coastal states of the strait in such a manner that passage does not threaten the security and sovereignty of those coastal states. And I have to reiterate once again, regarding the regime of passage through the Strait of Hormuz, we emphasize our established legal position that, given Iran has not ratified the UNCLOS, Iran considers itself bound only by those provisions that it considers part of customary international law. I thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Philippines. You have the floor, madam.

Thank you, Madam Chair. The Philippines exercises its right of reply to the statement made by the delegation of China concerning the 2016 South China Sea arbitral award. The Philippines rejects China's characterization of the arbitration and its outcome. First, On state consent, by becoming parties to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, both the Philippines and China consented to its dispute settlement framework, including compulsory procedures entailing binding decisions under Part 15. The convention does not require separate consent to each arbitration instituted in accordance with its provisions, and China's non-participation in the proceedings did not deprive the tribunal of jurisdiction. Second, on jurisdiction, the tribunal carefully examined the scope of the dispute submitted to it, including China's declaration under Article 298 of UNCLOS. The tribunal determined that the matters over which it exercised jurisdiction concerned the interpretation and application of the convention, and it did not require to decide questions of territorial sovereignty or delimit any maritime boundary. The tribunal thus acted within the jurisdiction conferred upon it by UNCLOS. Third, under Article 296 of UNCLOS and Article 11 of Annex VII, the award is final and binding on the parties, and China's continued rejection of the award has no bearing on its legal force. The award neither expanded Philippine territory nor created new maritime entitlements for us. Rather, it clarified the rights and obligations of the parties under UNCLOS, including the limits of maritime claims based on purported historic rights. As we mark the 10th anniversary of the war this year, we recall its resounding affirmation of UNCLOS and its dispute settlement mechanisms. Judicial decisions and arbitral awards rendered under the convention have significance beyond the parties to a particular dispute. By clarifying international law, they strengthen legal certainty, guide state conduct, and contribute to the peaceful and predictable governance of the ocean. Yet, notwithstanding the tribunal's findings overwhelmingly in favor of the Philippines, serious incidents continue to occur in the South China Sea, including infringements upon Philippine sovereignty, sovereign rights, and jurisdiction. These developments underscore the continuing importance of respect for international law and the peaceful settlement of disputes. The 10 years have not diminished the award's significance. The passage of time cannot extinguish rights under international law or relieve states of their treaty obligations. The Philippines remains committed to dialogue, diplomacy, and the peaceful settle of disputes. But dialogue must proceed on the basis of international law, including UNCLOS, and with full respect for legally binding decisions. The Philippines will continue to uphold the 2016 arbitral award as an integral part of the international legal order governing the seas. Thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of the Philippines. And it is my understanding that the delegation of China would like to exercise the right of reply for the second time. You have the floor, sir.

Chair, China reiterates that the South China Sea arbitral award is illegal, null and void, a negative example of international maritime law and governance. First, the arbitral tribunal had no jurisdiction over the matters. The essence of the dispute concerns territorial sovereignty and maritime delimitation, therefore, do not fall within the scope of the UNCLOS, since maritime delimitation was excluded from compulsory dispute settlement procedures by China's 2006 declaration made pursuant to Article 298 of the Convention. Moreover, China and the Philippines had reached a consensus to resolve relevant disputes through negotiations and consultations. Therefore, the arbitral tribunal simply had no jurisdiction over the matters in question. The Philippines claims the award clarified maritime rights and entitlements in the South China Sea. But isn't that precisely the issue that maritime delimitation is intended to resolve? Since questions of maritime delimitation had already been excluded from arbitration procedures by China's declaration, the tribunal's purported clarification of maritime rights and entitlements in the South China Sea constituted a clear overreach of its jurisdiction. How could the so-called award possibly be regarded as lawful and valid? Second, the so-called award seriously contravenes both the Convention and general state practice. For example, the award misinterprets Article 121 of the Convention concerning the criteria for determining the status of islands. It arbitrarily concluded that none of the islands and reefs in the South China Sea are entitled to claim an exclusive economic zone or continental shelf. If this standard were applied universally, many islands and reefs belonging to other countries would likewise be unable to generate maritime entitlements. The tribunal's conclusion is therefore fundamentally flawed and absurd. Furthermore, the award asserted that the EEZ regime has superseded historic rights. In reality, multiple provisions of the convention itself refer to historic bays and historic titles, and nowhere does the convention negate historic rights. The UN Secretariat has also issued memoranda on historic waters and studies on historic bays. In addition, many states maintain practices recognizing historic rights and traditional fishing rights. The award therefore seriously violates the Convention and departs markedly from customary international law. Under such circumstances, how could it possibly be regarded as lawful and valid? The South China Sea arbitration case was a political provocation disguised in legal garb. China's opposition to and non-acceptance of the arbitration case is not only aimed at safeguarding its own rights and interests, but also at upholding the international maritime order and international rule of law of the sea. China urges the Philippines to cease using multilateral platforms to hype up the issue, abandon attempts to invoke the arbitration case as a pretext for political maneuvering, and return as soon as possible to the proper track of resolving differences through bilateral negotiations, consultations. China also calls on the Philippines to pragmatically manage and handle disputes in the South China Sea.

I thank China, and I see that Philippines would like to exercise its right of reply for the second time. You have the floor, madam.

Briefly, Madam Chair, the Philippines has listened carefully to China's invocation of state consent, pacta sunt servanda, and the integrity of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. These are principles to which the Philippines is also committed. Their authority, however, rests not merely in invocation, but in their faithful observance. China voluntarily became a party to UNCLOS and accepted its dispute settlement framework. The tribunal constituted under the convention examined its jurisdiction and rendered an award that is final and binding on both parties. We invite China to reexamine the award. The UNCLOS is the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carried out. We invite China to reconsider their claims of customary law and general law outside of the UNCLOS framework. A state cannot invoke the authority of a treaty to advance its rights while simultaneously rejecting the obligations arising from the same treaty. Nor can this agreement with an arbitral decision diminish its legal force and validity. The Philippines shares the commitment to peace, stability, and equitable maritime order. And these objectives are best served by consistent respect for international law, including the binding decisions rendered pursuant to it. Thank you, Madam Chair.

I thank the distinguished representative of the Philippines. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Israel. You have the floor, sir.

In the interest of time, we will not stoop to the low level of those that baselessly accuse us of heinous crimes in order to disguise their own blatant and systematic violations of international law and human rights. If the Palestinians have any complaints about the war in Gaza, they should feel free to forward them to Hamas. Hamas initiated the war in Gaza, and they are the one who must be held accountable for their actions. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of Israel. And it is my understanding that the delegation of the State of Palestine would like to exercise the right of reply for the second time. You have the floor, madam.

Thank you, Madam Chair. It is incredibly reasonable to listen to the Israeli delegate talk about their responsibility and whose responsibility it is for their own crimes that they are committing in Gaza and in Palestine for over 80 years. Just in the morning, they were talking about their commitment to the rule of law and their adherence to international law. And the International Court of Justice is very clear that Israel has violated international law. And just now, the Israeli delegate, instead of taking responsibility for their violations as stated by the International Court of Justice, of which they claim to respect. He is shifting blames. Israel is the illegal occupant. Israel is responsible for its crimes, and Israel should be held accountable for its crimes. And instead of checking themselves and taking responsibility for their crimes, they are absolving themselves of the international legal obligations that they claimed to respect earlier in the morning. Thank you.

I thank the distinguished representative of the State of Palestine. There are no more requests in the exercise of the right of reply. Therefore, the Sixth Committee will continue and conclude its debate on item 84, the rule of law at the national and international levels, at its next meeting, which will be held tomorrow morning at 10:00 a.m., following which will commence its consideration of agenda item 77 criminal accountability of UN officials and experts on mission before I adjourn this meeting I would like to thank the interpreter the interpreters once again who extended their services thank you very much the meeting stands adjourned