Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 64th session, 1080th meeting General Assembly Date: 8 May 2025 Language: English Transcript: https://transcripts.un.org/es/asset/k1e/k1ev2fwlsa?lang=en Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations. --- COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [35:27]: Good morning, everyone. We can start our session for this morning. Buenos días, distinguidas. Good morning, distinguished delegates. I declare open the 1080th meeting of the Legal Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Distinguished delegates, This morning we will continue our consideration of agenda item 3, general exchange of views. As there is no speaker on the list today, we will suspend our consideration of agenda item 7, future role and methods of the work of the committee, pending the outcome of consultations on matters such as Unispace 4, ATLAS, and organizational matters led by the delegation of India. Then we will continue our consideration of Agenda Item 8, General Exchange of Views on Potential Legal Models for Activities in the Exploration, Exploitation, and Utilization of Space Resources. Time permitting, we will begin our consideration of agenda item 9, general exchange of information and views on legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and remediation, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee. We will then adjourn the plenary meeting. We will adjourn the plenary meeting then so that the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities can hold its second meeting. Following the adjournment of the Working Group meeting, we will then proceed with We will now continue with the discussions on organizational matters led by the delegation of India. There will be no technical presentations this morning, and the schedule of technical presentations is available on the session's webpage and in the daily journal. Are there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule? Mexico [38:23]: Yes. Thank you very much, Chair. The Mexican delegation had understood that we might be able to take the floor under Agenda Item 3, and that apparently we are the first speaker under that item. If you could just clarify the situation to us, we'd be grateful. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [38:50]: That is indeed the plan, says the Chair. We have no speakers on the list under agenda item 7. Perhaps there was an error, but we do have speakers under agenda item 3, which is what we are about to start now. Thank you. So before we continue with our consideration of Agenda Item 3, I would like to give the floor to the Secretariat to provide information on a new document that has just been made available. UNOSA · Secretariat [39:28]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. Um, I just would like to inform the delegates that the new norm paper containing additional text in support of the proposal for the Study Group on the Legal and Policy Aspects of Space Traffic is being made available on the website of this session. It should be available in a few hours. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [39:48]: Thank you. Speaker 6 [39:48]: Thank you very much, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [39:55]: Thank you very much to the Secretariat for the information provided. Distinguished delegates, I would now like to continue our consideration of Agenda Item 3, General Exchange of Views, and I now turn to the list of speakers, and the first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Mexico. You have the floor. Thank you very much. Mexico [40:20]: Once again, thank you very much, Chair. Chair Santiago Ripoll, distinguished delegates, I would like to begin my statement, Chair, by commending you for your work at the helm of the Legal Subcommittee during this second year under your chairmanship. Please know that you can count on my country's support in order to reach a successful conclusion to our work. At this final stage. Equally, Mexico is grateful for and acknowledges the excellent work undertaken by the Secretariat in order to prepare for this session of the subcommittee, including the preparation of all of the substantive documentation. Mexico is of the view that the Legal Subcommittee plays a central role when it comes to the development of international law, the promotion of legal certainty, as well as the sustainability of activities in outer As a founding member of COPUOS and as a state party to the 5 outer space treaties, Mexico reaffirms its commitment to the promotion and development of legal norms and standards, as well as to other non-binding mechanisms and tools that enable the peaceful and sustainable use of space for the benefit of all countries, regardless of their level of development. Mexico underscores its commitment to the effective implementation of the Outer Space Treaty, as well as to the other legal instruments that form the core of international space law. And thus, we underscore the need to ensure that any legislative framework governing the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources be fully compatible with existing international instruments. And here, the Mexican government reaffirms that all activities in outer space must be in line with the principles of cooperation, mutual assistance, shared benefit, and non-appropriation. The legal certainty of activities in outer space will be progressively strengthened to the extent that our subcommittee reaches results. And therefore, we praise the diligent work of the delegates present in this room And those leading the various working groups of the subcommittee. In particular, Mexico welcomes the first zero draft of proposed principles on space resource activities presented by Professor Stephen Freeland. The contents, we believe, provide us with an excellent initial synthesis which appropriately reflects highly relevant principles such as the exclusively peaceful use, non-appropriation, and benefit for all of humankind. For our country, developing space capacity represents not only a strategic strand driving technological growth, but is equally a fundamental tool to promote sustainable development and social inclusion. Through recent initiatives, our country has prioritized the use of small satellites to tackle challenges such as natural disaster management, detecting forest fires, climate monitoring, and protection of critical infrastructure. Given the importance of connectivity and national security, the Mexican government has established a roadmap which will provide for the launch of a Mexican telecommunications satellite in geostationary orbit in 2027. The objective is to broaden access to communication services throughout our national territory in particular for remote communities. These efforts are flanked by institutional reorganization through the establishment of the Mexican Space Program, comprising the Mexican Space Agency as well as the Mexican Satellite System, thus optimizing resources and capacities in order to be able to make coordinated progress in our new projects. At the same time, Mexico is working on a draft outer space law seeking to establish an up-to-date legislative framework that is in line with our international commitments and adapted to the challenges of the new space economy. Mexico underscores that international cooperation led by transparency and mutual assistance is fundamental in guaranteeing that space activities benefit all countries irrespective of their level of development. And thus Mexico recalls that no state on its own has the capacity to fully tackle the current challenges of outer space, and that full respect for the 5 treaties provides the best point of departure to ensure global space governance that is based on equity, cooperation, legal certainty, and the peaceful use of outer space. Thank you very much for your attention, Chair and delegates. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [45:07]: I thank the distinguished representative of Mexico for his statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Portugal. You have the floor. Portugal [45:23]: Thank you very much, Chair. Chair, distinguished representatives, I would like to salute you, Professor Paul Carulla, and wish you all the best in conducting the works of this session, which I'm sure it will be productive. You can count with our delegation's best endeavors in this regard. I would also like to express to the Secretariat our recognition for the excellent work in supporting the current session and the ongoing works. Further to the statements delivered earlier by the distinguished representative of the European Union, which we fully support in all its extension, including in the reference to the current situation in Ukraine, we'd like to convey some additional points in this subcommittee. Chair, Portugal has revised its national space legislation to regulate the licensing of spaceports, thereby helping to facilitate access to space, an issue of particular importance in European territory. The model follows a business approach, always based on the state's responsibility for regulating and licensing private activities, a fundamental principle of international space law. Both Portuguese and English versions of the National Space Law, as revised, can be found on the Portuguese Space and UNOSA websites. Besides a robust legal framework, one of the goals of Portugal's National Space Strategy is a strong focus in capacity development in Earth observation, space education, and international collaboration. As such, in cooperation with UNOSA, the UN-Portugal Outer Space States Fellowship will be launched in the coming months. This is a capacity-building program to promote space activities and partnerships supporting developing countries in the sustainable development of their own national space strategies. This fellowship is designed to continue in subsequent years, also in line with both the objectives of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and UNOSA strategic initiatives 2025-2030. We are all aware of the importance of capacity building, and in the case of this subcommittee, notably of the awareness of and adherence to international space law as the cornerstone of all space activities. Portugal is glad to contribute to the Space Law for New Space Actors project and assist the office in technical advisory missions with the technical participation of national legal experts. Chair, the works of the current session are indeed challenging. Regarding space resources, we'd like to start by again expressing our sorrow on the passing of Ambassador Andrzej Mieczal to the Polish delegation. Ambassador Mieczal was a very respected and cherished member of the space community. Looking ahead of us, a deep recognition to Professor Stephen Freeland for having prepared the initial draft set of recommended principles for space resource activities. We are confident that already this session, both in formal and informal meetings of the working group, tangible progress can be made, especially on part 1, as this is truly a pressing topic that urges to be properly addressed by the international community as a whole, as this is the only way to indeed preserve space. We are also looking forward for the continuity on the informal consultations on the action team on lunar activities, a mechanism that is of fundamental importance as lunar activities become increasingly recurrent by different space actors and different space latitudes. Portugal supports Germany's proposal regarding the kickoff in studying legal and policy aspects of space traffic, and to identify legal and policy aspects related to space traffic coordination and management, taking into account several levels of best practices, norms, and regulations besides the international legal framework, as we believe that the envisaged outcome can be a very useful instrument to support member states addressing space traffic management with both the accuracy and flexibility necessary. And the final words to welcome again the International Institute of Space Law and the European Center for Space Law Annual Space Law Symposium This you regard as an essential principle to minimize conflicts and reduce risk, thus allowing the balanced development of the so-called upon principle of freedom of use and exploration of outer space. I thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [49:50]: Muchas gracias. Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Portugal. Following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative. of Algeria. You have the floor. Algeria [50:03]: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I would like to thank you for your efforts in chairing this committee. We assure you of our full cooperation. We thank Ms. Arti Olam-Aini, the Director of UNOSA, for the excellent preparation for this session. We align ourselves with the statements of the Group of 77 and China and of the African Group. In our national capacity, we'd like to reaffirm the following. First, the United Nations Outer Space Treaties, which Algeria has ratified— of which Algeria has ratified 3 of them— are the basic international framework for space activities. They are necessary, and we urge the legal subcommittee to continue studying them in light of the rapid developments in this field. Second, we reaffirmed the need for unhindered access to outer space and its benefits, with the right of all states to use space technologies without discrimination because they are important in achieving sustainable development. Third, we must reinforce 3, comprehensive governance with commitment of all states to relevant principles and rules to address emerging challenges because of the increasing number of actors in space and space bodies, with the increasing danger of space debris and the threat to sustainability of space activities. 4, continued efforts to develop the sustainability of the space environment and avoiding the weaponization of space with full respect for international law, including the relevant treaties. 5, the necessary— the necessity of establishing a regulatory framework that allows development of space resources with access, equitable and fair access for all states in line with the relevant UN treaties, particularly the 1967 treaty. We believe that the UNOSA and its subsidiary bodies is the most suitable platform for establishing this regulatory framework. We abide by supporting the current negotiations to achieve that objective. And in this respect, on the national level, we have established a task force to study international initiatives on the exploration of the moon. And sixth, we emphasize the importance of cooperation and international coordination in the field of space. So we have held a number of multilateral and bilateral cooperation agreements in order to exchange expertise and build capacities and develop space applications in service of sustainable development. We welcome here the establishment of the permanent headquarters of the African Space Agency, which is a great achievement in order to achieve the 2063 African Development Agenda. Thank you for your attention. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [53:27]: I thank the distinguished representative of Algeria for their statement. We will continue our consideration of Agenda Item 3, General Exchange of Views, tomorrow morning. Distinguished delegates, turning to Agenda Item 7, Future Role and Method of Work of the Comité, I see that there is no speaker on the list under this item. Speaker 14 [53:57]: I am. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [53:58]: Thank you, Mr. President. We have now reached the end of this item, and so we will suspend our consideration of item 7 pending the outcome of consultations on matters such as Unispace 4, ATLAS, and organizational matters led by the delegation of India. Distinguished delegates, I would now like to continue our consideration of agenda item 8. As you know, this is the general exchange of views on potential legal models for activities in the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources. Before we continue our consideration of Agenda Item 8 and the list of speakers under Agenda Item 8, as I announced earlier at the beginning of this session and also yesterday, I would like to inform delegates of the status of nominations for the chair of that working group. We currently have only one nomination for the chair of this working group. That is the working group on legal aspects of space resource activities. And that is Mr. Freeland from Australia. I am not aware of any other nominations. I would like to invite interested delegates to informal consultations that I will hold during lunchtime today, 8th of May, between 1:15 and 2 PM, so between 1:15 and 2 PM in room M6, M6, to discuss, to explore, and to see if any general agreement may emerge on the composition of the Bureau. After the informal consultations during lunchtime, I would suggest that the subcommittee formally take up this matter this afternoon during its consideration of Agenda Item 8. So I now turn to the list of speakers, and, and the first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Brazil. You have the floor. Brazil [56:31]: Mr. Chair, let me first reiterate my country's condolences on the passing of Ambassador André Michelin. His contributions to the nascent discussions on space resource activities and, along with his vice chair, guiding the first working group on this issue under COPUS are invaluable. We extend our sentiments to Ambassador André's family and friends. our Romanian colleagues and COPUS community in general. Mr. Chair, discussion on space resource activities has picked up momentum with the establishment under this subcommittee of the aforementioned working group. We can highlight the International Conference on Space Resources last year, as well other initiatives. In November 24, the Brazilian Space Agency hosted in São José dos Campos, Brazil, the International Workshop on Space Resources: Perspectives for Future Ecosystems. The workshop, organized with the Sekil World Foundation, followed up on the discussions held in South Korea in 2023. We thank UNOOSA and the countries and institutions that participate for their invaluable contributions to the discussions. Mr. Chair, as the debates continue on specific topics and issues, we feel that the group has reached an important juncture with a first draft of recommended principles, for which we thank the Vice Chair, Stephen Freeland. We consider the current draft a very solid for negotiations, and we commend the participating delegations for it. As we have previously stated, the existing international legal framework for space activities is not sufficient to effectively regulate space resource activities as envisioned for the future. The lack of legal certainty and relevant coordination between states can lead to dangerous and possible catastrophic situations. Individual states and groups of states are taking domestic steps to try and fill some of the more glaring legal voids. Brazil has recently adopted a new law on space activities which includes for the first time the concept of space resources. However, these initiatives are no substitute for multilateral negotiated, universally recognized, and preferable legally binding rules. Without a clear and accepted international legal framework on space resource activities, we will continue to tread a dangerous line. In pursuing this objective, the existing rules deal dealing with the management and use of limited resources in international areas, such as in the context of Antarctica, the ocean floor, and the Earth orbits, provide valid examples. Such agreements provide a broad spectrum of possibilities to guide the negotiation for developing a framework for the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resource which is equitable, constructive, and collaborative. Mr. Chair, the principles being discussed in the working group are the first steps towards such a framework consistent with existing international space law. Building upon the first draft, my delegation highlights the need to continue discussions on benefit sharing, taking into account all possible mechanisms and modalities proposed, and data sharing, bearing in mind the need to bridge the information gap between countries whose space programs are in different stages of development. Such discussions must remain consensus-based and inclusive, paying due regard to the needs of all states regardless of their degree of economic and scientific development and including those that do not have the technological capability to independently explore and utilize outer space. Thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [1:01:15]: Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Brazil, for your statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Japan. You have the floor. Japan [1:01:31]: Chair, distinguished delegates, the exploration and utilization of space resources has great potential to benefit humanity and to contribute to sustainable development on a global scale if done in a peaceful, safe, and sustainable manner. Chair, Japan's participation in international space exploration is driven by a commitment to expand human frontiers, to advance the well-being of humanity, and to foster international cooperation. I would like to provide you with a brief overview of the activities we have undertaken recently. To begin, The Japanese startup iSpace is scheduled to make a second attempt to land its Mission 2 lander on the Moon on 6 June. Our hope is for a successful soft landing followed by a technological demonstration of regolith extraction as well as mobility on the lunar surface. Japan has shared the details of the iSpace Mission 2 with UNOOSA and the international community to ensure transparency and in conformity with the provisions set forth in Article 11 of the Outer Space Treaty. Secondly, JAXA is working in partnership with the Indian Space Research Organization, ISRO, to develop the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission, LUPEX. This is a scientific aimed to uncover the presence of water and the potential for resource utilization in the lunar polar region. JAXA will continue its efforts with the aim of launching the lunar probe in 2026 or later. Beyond the Moon, JAXA, in collaboration with NASA, CNES, DLR, and ESA, is developing the Martian Moons Explorer, Exploration MMX spacecraft to be scheduled for launch in 2026. This mission is expected to achieve the world's first sample return from the Martian sphere in 2031. Japan enacted the Space Resources Act in December 2021. This act establishes a national authorization system and rules for the acquisition of space resources for private sector missions, including those of iSpace Mission 2. The act also requires the government to publish the business activity plan on the website of the Cabinet Office of Japan whenever a license to the private sector is issued. In addition to fostering Transparency, the act encourages the government to assist in the establishment of internationally harmonized systems for the exploration and development of space resources in cooperation with other countries and international organizations. Chair, in addition to our national legislation, Japan intends to facilitate, facilitate discussions on orbital debris in the lunar surface in the Artemis Accords signatory working groups. The Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities, as established under the framework of COPUSS, also plays a crucial role in addressing issues related to orbital debris. Last year, Japan submitted possible elements to be considered by the working group for a set of recommended principles for space resource activities. We will continue to contribute to ongoing discussions. In this regard, Japan would like to express our condolences on the passing of the chair of the working group, Mr. Ando Mizou, earlier this year. His expertise made a significant contribution to resolving critical issues in the working group And we were always grateful for his dedication to advancing our work. Finally, Japan acknowledges every effort made to advance international norms in the exploration of outer space and values the significant contribution of the Legal Subcommittee in safeguarding the peaceful exploration and use of outer space. Thank you for your kind attention. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [1:06:05]: Thank you. Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Japan. The next speaker is the distinguished representative of Ukraine. Ukraine [1:06:19]: Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, the delegation of Ukraine welcomes the continued efforts of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities, particularly an excellent work of actual chair Professor Stephen Freeland in advancing the recommended principles for space resource activities, as well as the recent establishment of the Action Team on Lunar Activities Consultation. These initiatives represent valuable progress in shaping a shared understanding of the legal dimension of resource use in outer space. Alongside national, bilateral, and regional developments, These efforts contribute meaningfully toward the development of a comprehensive international framework for the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources. However, significant legal gaps remain, particularly concerning foundational issues such as property rights, benefit-sharing mechanisms, and interoperability. To avoid the emergence of fragmented or de facto first-come, first-served system, we believe that positive national practices, especially in the domain of property rights, should be harmonized through inclusive, transparent, and multilateral legal progress. Existing international governance models offer useful precedent in these regards, including The International Telecommunication Union, which ensures equitable access to radio frequencies and satellite orbits. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which established legal pathway for managing environmental impacts. The Convention on Biological Diversity, which provides guiding principle for conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. And the International Seabed Authority, which offer a structured model for regulated seabed resources activities. Mr. Chair, we believe it is essential to clarify which categories of space resource-related activities may be considered as a failing within the scope of the province of all mankind. For example, the development of interoperable infrastructure for connectivity and sustainable use of celestial environment and protection of extraterrestrial heritage sites. The principle of interoperability, critical for safety, coordination, and long-term sustainability. Also rise important legal and regulatory questions. These include the use of blockchain technologies, autonomous systems, and robotic operations, which are increasingly central to space resource activities. In conclusion, Ukraine believes that any future legal regime governing the exploration and use of space resources must be firmly grounded in international law, foster harmonization of national legal approaches, incorporate the principles of adaptive governance, and align with the overarching objective of preserving outer space for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all humanity. We remain committed to contributing constructively to this dialogue and to work with all delegations toward the current equitable and future-ready legal framework. Thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [1:09:55]: I thank the distinguished representative of Ukraine. The following speaker on my list Is the distinguished representative of the Republic of Korea. You have the floor. Republic of Korea [1:10:08]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. Space resources present new and boundless opportunities for humanity, and to fully realize these possibilities, it is imperative that we as a global community strive to transform them into reality. As we have consistently stated, the Republic of Korea plans to engage in future space resource activities and is actively conducting related research and development. Under the leadership of CASA, national research institutes and private companies are involved in developing necessary technologies, and recently the Korean Society for Space Resources and Energy was formally established to foster cooperation in this field. In addition, in March of this year, the Republic of Korea launched the first international academic journal dedicated to space resources titled Space and Planetary Resources, led by the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources. This English-language journal serves as a comprehensive platform for publishing innovative data, concepts, technologies, and models, as well as research addressing the economic, environmental, legal, and policy aspects of space resource exploration, extraction, processing, and utilization. We hope that these efforts to build a dedicated academic community will contribute to global cooperation and knowledge sharing in the field of space resources. Ultimately, we believe that space resource activities will evolve in ways that benefit all humankind. We also recognize that the development of internationally agreed-upon principles is essential to ensuring that space resource activities are conducted in a responsible and transparent manner that earns the trust of the international community. In this regard, the Republic of Korea reaffirms its full support for the work of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities. The delegation of the Republic of Korea would like to express its deepest condolences on the passing of Ambassador Andrzej Misztal of Poland, who served as the chair of the Working Group. We are sincerely grateful for his tireless dedication and invaluable contributions to the COPUSS community, particularly his leadership of the Space Resources Working Group. We trust that Professor Stephen Freeland, the Vice Chair of the Working Group, will continue to guide these important discussions in a constructive manner. We also wish to express our sincere appreciation for his efforts in preparing the initial draft set of recommended principles for space source activities in advance of this session. The Republic of Korea believes that this draft will serve as a critical foundation for the Working Group's future deliberations. Operations. The Republic of Korea holds the view that the extraction and utilization of space resources does not inherently constitute national appropriation under Article 2 of the Outer Space Treaty. Furthermore, we believe that space resource activities, if conducted in a responsible and transparent manner, can contribute to safe and sustainable space activities. We hope that this perspective will be broadly shared by the international community and duly reflected in the initial set of recommended principles for space resource activities to be developed by the Working Group. The Republic of Korea remains committed to contributing actively to its progress and ensuring that it proceeds effectively in accordance with its work plan and produces meaningful outcomes. Thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [1:13:25]: Thank you very much, distinguished representative of the Republic of Korea, for your statement. The next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of China. China [1:13:44]: Chair, China— the Chinese delegation expresses deepest condolence on the untimely passing of Ambassador Ms. Zhao, the chair of the working group, and thanks him for contributing to the discussion on this topic and to the peaceful use of outer space by humankind. The working group submitted the zero draft early in early March, and by the Vice Chair, we welcome— we welcome the Vice Chair. And this has provided a very good foundation for future work. We are pleased to see the working group to start this discussion to steadily advance its work. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [1:14:23]: Thank you. China [1:14:25]: With regard to the content of the recommended principles, China has submitted two written comments to the working group elaborating its relevant propositions. We will therefore not repeat them here. China stresses that the recommended principles should be based on existing outer space law, focus on interpreting applying them, and clarify the meaning of basic concepts such as basic space resources and space resource activities based on the broad consensus among all parties. And reflect and refine the concept, including space resource activities for peaceful purposes, freedom of exploration and use for the benefit of humankind as a whole, the principle of non-appropriation, strengthening the regulations of non-governmental entities, benefit sharing, and encouraging scientific investigation. Regarding the specific comments on the zero draft of recommended principles, China is ready to conduct in-depth exchanges with all parties in the subsequent consultations. Chair, China will actively support the working group in its follow-up work. Regarding the ways and means of carrying out the work of the working group, China has the following 3 proposals. First, full consideration should be given to the future planning of outer space activities by all countries, focusing on solving urgent practical problems and avoiding the loss of touch with reality. Second, the views and suggestions of all Countries, especially those of developing countries and emerging spacefaring countries, should be widely and fully incorporated. Third, for the concept in the zero draft of recommended principles that go beyond existing outer space law, it is necessary to build broad consensus and deepen research. Thank you, Chair. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [1:16:08]: Muchas gracias, distinguished representative of China. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of Germany. Germany [1:16:20]: Thank you, Chair. Honorable Chair, distinguished delegates, we are deeply saddened by the loss of our dear friend Ambassador André Mistal. We will remember his kindness and his outstanding work and service to COPUS. Germany is committed to continue the work under the work plan under this agenda item, under the able leadership of Professor Friedland as chair, and thanks him for his dedication and availability to take over this important role. The use of resources on celestial bodies could be a key to sustainable space exploration. Materials found in space, such as rocks, oxygen, or metals, may have valuable applications in sustaining life, providing fuel, or building infrastructure. Using them in situ opens up possibilities and reduces costs and negative impacts of transporting materials from Earth to space. With Articles 1 and 2, the Outer Space Treaty has taken a fundamental decision. Outer space and celestial bodies are a global commons beyond national jurisdiction, governed by international law, to which equal and non-discriminatory access is guaranteed. The same applies to resources. Freedom to explore and use them must be balanced against the principle of due regard for the interests of other state parties. The treaty privileges one form of activities, scientific research. Thus, samples of space resources may be taken and to a reasonable extent used for the maintenance of space missions. These activities serve a fundamental objective of the treaty, exploration for the benefit and in the interest of all states, especially as they advance our scientific knowledge. In contrast, exploitation of space resources for purely commercial purposes entails the risk of placing the benefits of one party disproportionately above the interests of others. An international framework developed by COPRUS is therefore needed. We appreciate the Working Group on Space Resources is working as a first step on principles for resource activities permitted under the Outer Space Treaty, namely exploration and use. The draft principles circulated by Professor Freeland on behalf of the Bureau are an excellent excellent basis for our discussion. To manage possible risks associated with activities on celestial bodies, our delegation considers the following points to be important. First, all space resource activities must be conducted in accordance with internationally agreed planetary protection requirements. They should not interfere with scientific investigations into the origin and distribution of life in our solar system. Second, a balance must be struck between exploration and environmental protection. Recognizing the environmental and scientific value of space and celestial bodies, any serious damage to the environment and interference with the opportunity of others, including future generations, to carry out scientific research should be avoided. All necessary measures must be taken to ensure effective protection of the natural environment. An environmental impact assessment prior to activities should therefore be conducted. Also, an international expert body could be established to provide scientific and technical advice and recommendations on these matters. Third, given the potential interference with present or future activities of other parties, consultations are warranted prior to any activity. Information exchange and consultations enable discussion of potential impacts of a proposed action and include information on the status and condition of a space resource reserve. Colleagues, according to its terms of reference, the working group may seek outside expertise. It will be important to solicit feedback on the draft principles from non-governmental stakeholders such as academia, civil society, and the private sector for consideration by member states. Therefore, we welcome that the draft principles have been published in all UN languages on the website. Thank you for your kind attention. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [1:20:56]: Muchas gracias, distinguished representative. Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Germany. I now give the floor to the representative of Australia. Australia [1:21:08]: Thank you, Chair. Distinguished delegates, the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and the United Nations Space Treaties provide the foundation for the peaceful and safe use of outer space, including on the Moon and other celestial bodies. As interest in the Thank you, Mr. Chair. As our exploration of outer space grows, the committee's consensus-based approach to addressing emerging issues is as important as ever. Chair, Australia is a state party to the 5 United Nations space treaties, including the Moon Agreement. Australia is also a founding signatory to the Artemis Accords, which establish a practical set of principles to guide space exploration. Chair, Australia is pleased to contribute to the work of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities, including the development of a set of initial recommended principles. Australia is actively considering its international obligations and commitments, including in the context of future planned activities. This includes an activity that is to be conducted as part of the Trailblazer Lunar Rover Program under the Australian Government's Moon to Mars initiative. The program includes the development, launch, and operation of a foundation services rover carrying technology demonstration instruments that will help study lunar regolith to support humanity's return to the moon and beyond. After almost 18 months of design, in December 2024, it was announced that the Australian consortium ELO2 had been chosen to deliver the rover under the Moon to Mars initiative. ELO2 is made up of more than 20 organisations, from Australian space startups and small businesses to major resources companies, universities, and other research partners. With the growing interest in lunar exploration, it is important that the working group develops principles that provide guidance regarding activities in the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources. In doing so, it is also important that the working group considers the need for such activities to be carried out in accordance with international law and in a safe, sustainable, Rational and peaceful manner. Australia was pleased to receive the draft set of initial recommended principles on 14 March 2025. We thank Mr. Stephen Freeland for for preparing these for consideration by the working group. The recent intersessional meeting of the working group provided a timely opportunity to engage in initial productive discussions, and we look forward to further. Changes during this session. We note some matters which may be of relevance to space resource activities, for example, information sharing and consultation, are currently being considered within the committee. This includes by the Working Group on the Status and Application of the 5 United Nations Treaties on Outer Space and the Action Team on Lunar Activities Consultation, ATLAC. In all our work, it is important that each line of effort complements the others. To this end, Australia supports consultation between the Bureau of the Committee's working groups and the ATAC as appropriate. Australia, through the Australian Space Agency, was pleased to co-host the 30th annual meeting of the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum, APRSAP30, with the Japan Aerospace Space and Exploration Agency and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan in Perth from 26 to 29 November 2024. The theme of the forum, Collaborating to Build a Sustainable and Responsible Regional Space Sector, provided an opportunity to explore several aspects of outer space activities. This included through a space Policy and Law Working Group session entitled Sustainability and Lunar Activities: Opportunities for Coordination and Governance. This session was a valuable opportunity to hear a range of perspectives on lines of effort related to lunar activities. The agency was pleased to moderate the session in support of enhancing information sharing and mutual learning of the practice of space policy and law. And to foster dialogue on issues which may be of relevance to space resource activities. Chair, Australia is of the view that there is a clear operational and practical need to work together in the peaceful use and exploration of outer space. In this regard, we look forward to working with member states on the development of a set of initial recommended principles for activities in the exploration exploitation, and utilization of space resources. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [1:26:19]: Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Australia, for your statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Italy. You have the floor. Italy [1:26:33]: Thank you very much, Mr. Chair. Mr. Chairman, distinguished delegates, Italy welcomes the ongoing discussions on possible legal models for the exploration and use of space resources, including within the framework of the relevant Working Group. From the outset, we reaffirm our belief in the significant potential of space resources utilization for the benefit of all humankind. Italy has consistently supported international efforts to develop a global framework, irrespective of its final form. We would like to express again our deepest condolences for the untimely passing of Ambassador Andrei Mitzal, whose leadership as Chair of the Working Group was deeply valued. We also commend the work of Vice Chair Professor Stephen Freeland in drafting the initial recommendation— recommended principles for space resources activities, which provide a solid basis for building a shared legal understanding. We take this opportunity to support Professor Professor Freeland's candidature as chair of the Working Group, and we strongly recommend that the issue of the Bureau composition of the Group remains separate from and run in parallel to the substantive advancement of its work. While the Working Group's conclusions do not constitute interpretations or amendments of UN space treaties, they are essential in clarifying the principles governing space resource activities. A common understanding will support legal certainty, promote responsible investment, and reduce tensions, particularly as we move towards sustainable human exploration of the Moon and beyond. This field is highly innovative and interdisciplinary, and it requires a coherent legal framework rooted in the UN Outer Space Treaties. In this spirit, Italy recalls its endorsement of the Artemis Accords in 2020, which reaffirmed the principles of the Outer Space Treaty, and introduce new norms for lunar exploration, including on space resource use. To support the Working Group's efforts, Italy has submitted a national contribution in response to the Vice Chair invitation. Okay. This outlines what we consider to be the core principles to include in the initial draft set. These principles primarily restate and clarify existing OST provisions, As the Working Group's draft develops, we will provide further input. Following the intersessional meeting last 24th of April, we understand that the Working Group will focus discussions on the heading outlined in Part 1 of the draft, which reflects a possibly shared understanding of key concepts. At this session, we are ready to contribute to discussions on the content and terminology of the draft according to the structure proposed by the Vice Chair. We note with satisfaction that many of the principles Italy highlighted in its contribution align closely with those proposed by the Vice Chair and could be widely supported by Working Group members. We commend Professor Frieland once again for his dedication and the valuable work accomplished so far. Thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [1:29:35]: I thank the distinguished representative of Italy. for his statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Chile. You have the floor. Chile [1:29:45]: Thank you very much, Chair. Chair, Chile restates that the exploration of space resources must be governed by the principles of international law, in particular of national non-appropriation as enshrined in the Space Treaty, and accordingly we support the need to continue discussions here in COP+ in an inclusive, transparent fashion based on the common interest of humankind. Any future mechanism must ensure the effective participation of developing countries such as our own, ensuring equitable access to shared benefits and as well as transfer of knowledge and technologies. Thank you. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [1:30:25]: Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Chile. Following speaker is the distinguished representative of Malaysia. Malaysia [1:30:36]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. Malaysia notes the need for legal guidance to ensure that space resource activities are carried out in accordance with international law in a safe, sustainable, responsible, transparent, and peaceful manner. Malaysia emphasizes that a regulatory framework should be developed and implemented by before any exploration, exploitation, or utilization of space resources are conducted. Malaysia therefore fully supports the work plan and coordination carried out by the Working Group to ensure the peaceful and sustainable use of outer space, the Moon, and other celestial bodies, including the conduct of space resource activities in accordance with international law for the benefit of all. Malaysia shares the view that the basic principles set forth in the Outer Space Treaty should be applied to space resource activities. Malaysia is also of the view that the set of preliminary principles developed by the Working Group should align with international space law and should not unduly influence for commercial purposes. Malaysia also recognizes that coordination among space actors should be strengthened and effectively governed by the state. Malaysia expresses the view that emerging spacefaring nations should be given fair opportunities to utilize space resources and welcomes international collaboration. The principles of adaptive governance should also be applied so that emerging issues can be gradually addressed based on the ever-evolving of technology and practices. In light of the above, Malaysia encourages member states to voluntarily adopt the regulations developed by the working group to guarantee the preservation of our space from harmful activities. In this regard, Malaysia reaffirms the necessity of good governance to ensure the sustainability of space resources, particularly non-renewable resources and the space environment, while safeguarding the best interests of humanity. Mr. Chair, Malaysia looks forward to contribute in the ongoing discussions and fully supports the efforts of the Working Group under this agenda item. In order to maintain the peaceful use of outer space and foster future cooperation among member states, international organizations, and non-governmental entities. With that, I thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [1:32:53]: Thank you very much to the distinguished representative of Malaysia for your statement. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iran (Islamic Republic of) [1:33:06]: In recent decades, technological advancements in the field of space Space resource exploration and extraction have brought about new perspectives, opportunities, and risks in the outer space domain. These developments necessitate that the exploration, extraction, and utilization of space resources be conducted in a manner that upholds legal, ethical, environmental, and developmental considerations. Iran, emphasizing the values of justice, peace, and Justice, cooperation, welcomes the development of peace, sustainable development, and global responsibility believes that the exploitation of space resources must be carried out within the framework of international space law, ensuring fairness, transparency, and multilateral cooperation. Under Articles 1 and 2 of the Outer Space Treaty, no state, private entity, or individual may claim sovereign or exclusive ownership over celestial bodies or their resources. Which risks triggering conflicts of interest, legal disputes, and heightened political tensions. This trend marginalizes the current framework of the international space law and undermines its effectiveness. In the absence of clear guiding principles and ultimately an effective legal framework to regulate space resources, outer space risks rapidly transforming into a domain of unhealthy competition, rather than international cooperation, further deepening the divide between advanced spacefaring nations and others. The challenges of technological divide among nations is a key issue in the exploitation of space resources. Only a limited number of countries possess technical and economic capabilities to extract space resources, which can lead to monopolization and the exclusion of developing countries from the outer space economic cycle. Iran believes that space resources should be used only for the benefit of those with the capacity to explore and utilize them. Rather, they must be preserved and exploited as the common heritage of mankind, in line with the goals of research, development and the advancement of global equity. International cooperation, the sharing of knowledge and transfer of technology, establishment of regional educational centers, and support for joint research and international projects are among the means that can help reduce disparities in access to space activities and benefits among States. The extraction of space resources, if conducted without scientific and environmental considerations may lead to the destruction of extraterrestrial ecosystems, containment— contamination of celestial bodies, and irreversible changes to the space environment, even affecting Earth's biosphere. The exploitation of space resources must therefore be subject to transparent and comprehensive environmental assessment. Assessments, taking into account potential impacts on both extraterrestrial and terrestrial ecosystems. Any activity resulting in the destruction of the natural resources of celestial bodies shall entail legal liability for the responsible states and space companies. Chair, we express our deepest condolences on the passing of Ambassador Mitzal, the late chair of the relevant working group and fully support the efforts of the working group's vice chair, Professor Friedland, in preparing the draft principles on space resources. We believe that opportunities and challenges concerning the exploration, extraction, and utilization of space resources require the international community to ultimately aim for the adoption of a comprehensive and legally binding international agreement for the governance of space resources. Such an agreement should include transparent mechanisms for reporting, information sharing, and equitable distribution of benefits arising from space resources. At the end, while recognizing that we have yet to reach a comprehensive and legally binding instrument on space resources, we maintain that with appropriate modifications, the principles prepared by the Vice Chair of Working Group may represent a constructive constructive step forward toward this goal. In this spirit, we will continue to actively engage in the discussions of the working group and the current session of the Legal Subcommittee. I thank you, Mr. Chair. Muchas gracias. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [1:38:06]: Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Iran, for your statement. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) [1:38:18]: Thank you very much, Chair. On behalf of the delegation of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, allow me to express my sincerest condolences following the passing of Ambassador Mishta. We recall his efforts here in this committee with great gratitude and affection. Chair, my delegation underscores that COPUOS and its subcommittees are the ideal and legitimate space under international law with the mandate to create, discuss, and establish any proposal that is geared towards regulating all activities for the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources for peaceful purposes, in turn strengthening international cooperation pursuant to the provisions of the Treaty on the Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Utilization of Outer Space, including of the Moon and Other Celestial We would note that in view of the accelerated pace of technological development, we have equally seen a similar increase in the benefits derived from space activity, and therefore there is the urgent need to establish a binding legislative framework which enjoys international legitimacy and recognition on the basis of the principles of space activities such as peaceful use and access to outer space. Space on an equal basis without discrimination and equitably. In this regard, our delegation calls for a close relationship with the Technical Subcommittee in order to ensure that further legislation developed in this area goes hand in hand with the development of these new technologies. Chair, my delegation welcomes the relevant discussions that are underway for the updating and establishment of binding norms within this subcommittee, as this is the most balanced path in order to tackle new challenges humankind faces. We trust that this body will ensure respect for the principles governing space activity and the preservation of the environment of Earth's biosphere, protecting it from the introduction of extraterrestrial material which could be dangerous for its delicate ecosystem. We equally acknowledge the efforts made by the Working Group on Space Resources, which has called on us to recall that international states and organizations do not have any ownership over outer space, the Moon, its subsile, or space resources, and that they only have jurisdiction over objects launched into space— crew, vehicles, equipment, or stations or installations. Chair, we believe it is necessary to study the United Nations outer space treaties as a basis in order to then develop a relevant legal framework to tackle current challenges. We believe that states parties should equally ensure that they have domestic legislation in place that complies with these agreements and the peaceful use of outer space, and in so doing avoid promoting norms and standards that will give rise to the commercialization of outer space, given the repercussions that this can have for our planet, beneficial or not. As such, an updated legal legislative framework based on our current scenario, which will guarantee sustainable ways and means to support space activities, must be achieved through cooperation and consensus among international actors within the subcommittee. Thank you very much, Chair. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [1:41:34]: I thank the distinguished representative of Venezuela for her statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Colombia. Colombia [1:41:47]: Chair, colleagues, good day. Regarding potential legal models for activities in the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources, Colombia wishes to refer to the following 2 points. On the one hand, we would note that any legal model that addresses the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources must be developed in compliance with the principles of non-appropriation and equitable access to outer space. Furthermore, the greatest transparency must be upheld, as well as the inclusion of the largest number of states possible for the sake of equality and representation. Secondly, we underscore the need to consider and analyze the manner in which states in their national jurisdiction have adopted legislation on the exploitation of space resources. To that end, we need recommendations, guidelines, or principles. That will serve to guide the formulation of national legislation in a harmonious manner in respect with the principles and objectives of international space law. Chair, given the increase in commercial activity in space, we here must recall that states are responsible for establishing legislative frameworks to ensure compliance with these treaties. And this includes, inter alia, verifying that such activities uphold the principle of the peaceful use of space and preventing practices that could affect the sustainability of the space environment or international safety and security or sovereignty of states. And therefore, Colombia urges for an open and multilateral dialogue on potential legal models governing the use of space resources based on the principles of international cooperation, non-appropriation, shared benefit, and sustainability. These models must provide legal certainty. They must promote equity among states. And must facilitate the development of new space capacity without jeopardizing the stability of the orbital environment or of the current legal regime. We must consider a flexible but clear and well-defined regulatory framework for the development of commercial activities in outer space and on celestial bodies. In order to facilitate the sustainable and transparent utilization and use of such resources, moreover, we deem it necessary to develop international norms and standards that would penalize the perpetrators of bad practices, be they public or private actors. And finally, I would also like to place emphasis on this. final point, we underscore the need to guarantee compensation. That would mean extending the benefits of commercial activities in order to improve the living conditions of all inhabitants of the world, leaving no one behind. Thank you, Chair. Chair [1:45:34]: I thank the distinguished representative of Colombia. Thank you very much, Mr. President, for his statement. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of Mexico. Mexico [1:45:48]: Thank you very much, Chair. Chair, distinguished delegates, Mexico restates its commitment to the development of an international legal framework to guarantee the sustainable exploration and utilization of The growing participation of state and private actors in the exploration and potential exploitation of the Moon and other celestial bodies underscores the need to further strengthen existing space law principles and to progress towards international coordination mechanisms that will ensure effective application. While the general principles governing exploration are clearly set forth in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. We deem it essential to continue a dialogue on the utilization of space resources based on the principles of cooperation, sustainability, and equity. This dialogue should also take into account the 1979 Moon establishing that the natural resources of the Moon are a common heritage of humankind. The new space economy provides opportunities as well as legal and technical challenges, and against this backdrop, it is essential that states adopt well-balanced approaches to promote technological innovation and development without compromising sustainability or international cooperation. The existence of appropriate regulatory frameworks will facilitate private sector investment based on the principles of responsibility and transparency in keeping with international law and national policies. Mexico underscores that states are under the obligation of establishing continuous mechanisms for authorization and supervision of space activities carried out by private entities so as to ensure that these are carried out in respect for international law. Mexico equally highlights the need to establish multilateral mechanisms to promote cooperation in the utilization of space resources, guaranteeing that the exploitation thereof does not give rise to an adverse impact on the space environment nor on the safety of space operations. Or of celestial bodies. Space debris mitigation, system interoperability, and the definition of security zones are key aspects requiring effective coordination among states and other actors involved. As a country that is committed to the peaceful exploration of space, Mexico has promoted initiatives initiatives that contribute to building capacity in space. And here, the first Mexican moon exploration mission known as Colmena was developed by the National Autonomous University of Mexico. This is an example of technological innovation and sustainability in lunar exploration with the potential of creating new opportunities for international cooperation in this area. Finally, Mexico reaffirms its readiness to participate actively in debates on the governance of space resources by promoting dialogue, essential dialogue fora such as the Working Group on the Legal Aspects for Space Resource Activities here in this subcommittee, as well as in the Action Team on Lunar Activity Consultation, ATLAC, as it is known in English. We believe that these forum— fora serve to promote dialogue and international cooperation with the aim of guaranteeing equitable and sustainable access to outer space for the benefit of all of humankind. Thank you very much, Chair. Chair [1:49:50]: Thank you very much to the distinguished representative of Mexico for your statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Austria. Thank you, Mr. Austria [1:50:00]: Chair. Let me start by reiterating our condolences on the passing of the former chairman of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resources, Ambassador André Michel. He will be truly missed. We would like to thank the Vice Chair of the Working Group, Professor Stephen Freeland, for his continued availability to the group following this tragic loss. Austria greatly appreciates his commitment to ensure that work can continue in line with the multi-year work plan. We would like to express our support for Professor Freeland to become Chair of the Working Group. Austria regards the timely presentation of an initial draft set of recommended principles for space resource activities as an important step forward for the Working Group. We are pleased with this initial draft, which provides an excellent basis for further discussion. Apart from the basic draft principle of compliance with international law, we particularly welcome the inclusion of a draft principle on prioritization of scientific research and investigation, and of a draft principle on sustainability and protection of the environment. We also appreciate the format of the document. That means the splitting of the draft into 2 parts: fundamental concepts and possible additional draft provisions. With regard to the draft principle on coordination, cooperation, and consultation, further alignment with Article 9 of the Outer Space Treaty could be useful. useful. We look forward to constructive discussions in the working group and support the approach of tackling the complexity of the topic step by step. Mr. Chair, as mentioned in previous statements, Austria became the 50th signatory to the Artemis Accords in December last year. This political process, which is fully complementary to the work of COPUOS, also deals with space resource activities on the Moon and other celestial bodies. Austria wishes to emphasize that our participation in the activities under this framework are in full compliance with our international legal obligations, in particular with all 5 United Nations treaties on outer space. In line with the special position that both the Outer Space Treaty, as well as the current version of the initial draft set of recommended principles afford to the scientific investigation of outer space, we would like to highlight the explicit permission of the use of space resources in support of scientific missions pursuant to Article 6 of the Moon Agreement, irrespective of the existence of the international regime foreseen under this agreement. Mr. Chair, the 1979 Moon Agreement continues to be a valuable source of space law for its states parties. We recognize, however, the need to pursue all options for future governance, given the different legal obligations of COPRO's members. We are confident that the concepts of the agreement, in particular on the legal regime for space resources foreseen by Article 11 of the Moon Agreement, are flexible enough to include both states parties and non-states parties into an innovative solution for the governance of space resource activities. Thank you, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [1:53:29]: Muchas gracias. Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Austria, for your statement. We will continue our consideration of agenda item 8, general exchange of views on potential legal models For activities in the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources this afternoon to discuss the composition of the Bureau of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities. Distinguished delegates, As we have no technical presentations this morning, I will shortly adjourn so that the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities can hold its second meeting, followed by discussions on organizational matters. But before doing so, I would like to inform delegates of our schedule of work for this afternoon. We will meet promptly at 3:00 p.m. and we will continue our consideration of Agenda Item 3, General Exchange of Views. I would like to inform delegates that currently there is only one member state that has not submitted its statement of purpose. Thank you. Registered in the list of speakers under this agenda item for this afternoon. And I would therefore like to encourage member states who are ready to deliver their statements this afternoon to reach out to the list of speakers. If there are no further requests from member states at this stage, I propose that We proceed to invite permanent observers to deliver their statements this afternoon under this agenda item so as to efficiently use our time. We have suspended our consideration of Agenda Item 7, Future Role and Method of Work of the Committee, pending, as you know, the outcome of consultations on matters such as Unispace 4, ATLAS, and organizational matters led by the delegation of India. We will continue our consideration of agenda item 8, General Exchange of Views on Potential Legal Models for Activities in the Exploration, Exploitation, and Utilization of Space Resources, this afternoon. Thank you. And in particular to discuss the composition of the Bureau of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities. We will begin our consideration of Agenda Item 9, General Exchange of Information and Views on Legal Mechanisms Relating to Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation Measures, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee. We will then adjourn the plenary meeting so that the Working Group on the Status and Application of the 5 United Nations Treaties on Outer Space can hold its 3rd meeting. There will be no technical presentations this afternoon. I would like to inform delegates I would like to announce that today's informal consultations of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities will be held in Conference Room M3 during lunchtime from 2 PM to 3 PM. The consultation will also be available via the MS Teams link contained in the circular CU/2025/122 of 15 April 2025. Also, during the lunchtime, I will hold informal consultations with interested delegates on the composition of the Bureau of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities from 1:15 to 2 PM. And this will be in Room M6. Room M6. From 1:15 to 2:00 PM to see if general agreement may emerge. And once again, the schedule of the consultations is available on the webpage of the session. I would now like to give the floor to the Secretariat to provide information on side events. UNOSA · Secretariat [1:58:40]: Thank you very much, Mr. Chair. Distinguished delegates, during lunchtime from 1:15 to 2 PM, there will be a side event organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs entitled The Global Space Space Law Project, Supporting Space Nations Through Law and Policy. This event will take place in the press room here in the M Building and via virtual connection, and all delegations are invited. And the schedule of the side events is available on the website of this session. And distinguished delegates, also I would like to inform you that a new non-paper containing additional text In support of proposal for the study group on legal and policy aspects of space traffic has now been made available on the session's website. Thank you very much, Mr. Chair. COPUOS · Chair · Santiago Ripoll [1:59:33]: Muchas gracias. Thank you very much, Secretariat, for the information. Are there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule? I see none. And so. So distinguished delegates, this meeting is adjourned until 3:00 p.m. this afternoon. But I would now like to invite the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities to hold its second meeting. Following the adjournment of this meeting of the Working Group, discussions on organizational matters led by the delegation of India will take place also here in this conference room. Thank you very much. Speaker 50 [2:00:19]: Thank you.