{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k1g/k1gzrronu7","kaltura_id":"1_gzrronu7","title":"UN Security Council Arria-Formula meeting \"Risks and challenges emanating from uncontrolled use of Low Earth Orbit satellites\"","clean_title":"UN Security Council Arria-Formula meeting \"Risks and challenges emanating from uncontrolled use of Low Earth Orbit satellites\"","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7","date":"2025-12-29T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2025-12-29T15:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"02:48:40","category":"Security Council","body":"Security Council","event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":null,"pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7"},"metadata":{"summary":"This Arria-formula meeting focuses on the risks to international peace and security associated with uncontrolled use of Low Earth Orbit satellites. Participants are invited to exchange views on the appropriate ways to collectively deal with these emerging challenges.","description":"\"The late 2010s saw a boom in large-scale commercial use of Low Earth Orbit satellite communication systems (LEO satellites). Major LEO operators, such as SpaceX (Starlink), Amazon Leo (formerly Project Kuiper) and Eutelsat OneWeb, have dominated the market while claiming to offer cost efficiency, faster data transmission and better overall accessibility, especially in remote areas of various countries. However, the emergence of this dual-use technology has brought numerous challenges for the sovereignty of States, space sustainability, international peace and security. LEO operators have been known to transmit signals that bypass national regulatory bodies and go beyond national jurisdictions. Illegally imported LEO terminals have been used to destabilize public order through dissemination of disinformation, manipulation of electoral processes and coordination of anti-government protests from abroad. Despite their declared commercial and civilian nature, these satellites have played a significant role in armed conflicts, including proxy wars. Notably, they have been leveraged to gather intelligence, coordinate military operations, program precision strikes, guide UAVs and organize terrorist attacks. Threats to the use of outer space for peaceful purposes, such as space debris, cannot be discarded either. The International Telecommunication Union has recognized the seriousness of this issue, which is now on the agenda of the World Radiocommunication Conference 2027. This Arria-formula meeting will allow to raise awareness among its members and other participating delegations as well as to receive valuable perspective from non-state actors.\"\nDescription provided by the organizer, the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation.","categories":["Meetings & Events","Security Council","Informal Meetings"],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":["COMMUNICATION SATELLITES","EARTH","SPACE SCIENCES","OUTER SPACE","GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT","INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY"],"corporate_name":[],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"assemblyai-universal-3-5-pro-c6ceab0c-8bb4-4c6d-b458-15848e36cadb","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":2.519,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=3","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"So, colleagues, let's 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low.","start":11.76,"end":24.688,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Важаемые","start":11.76,"end":11.904},{"text":"коллеги,","start":11.953,"end":12.419},{"text":"colleague,","start":14.446,"end":14.912},{"text":"welcome","start":15.717,"end":16.231},{"text":"you","start":16.923,"end":17.036},{"text":"to","start":17.18,"end":17.438},{"text":"Security","start":18.483,"end":18.95},{"text":"Council","start":18.95,"end":19.337},{"text":"Area","start":19.337,"end":19.514},{"text":"Formula","start":19.514,"end":19.918},{"text":"meeting","start":19.918,"end":20.193},{"text":"devoted","start":21.212,"end":21.632},{"text":"to","start":21.697,"end":21.794},{"text":"the","start":21.794,"end":21.923},{"text":"risks","start":21.939,"end":22.263},{"text":"and","start":22.263,"end":22.408},{"text":"challenges","start":22.408,"end":23.12},{"text":"linked","start":23.718,"end":24.122},{"text":"to","start":24.122,"end":24.364},{"text":"the","start":24.364,"end":24.575},{"text":"low.","start":24.591,"end":24.688}]},{"text":"That's the Global North, excuse me, whereas in the less developed states it doesn't exceed 23%.","start":81.086,"end":86.164,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That's","start":81.086,"end":81.263},{"text":"the","start":81.263,"end":81.343},{"text":"Global","start":81.343,"end":81.681},{"text":"North,","start":81.681,"end":81.986},{"text":"excuse","start":82.002,"end":82.372},{"text":"me,","start":82.372,"end":82.532},{"text":"whereas","start":82.548,"end":82.838},{"text":"in","start":83.03,"end":83.079},{"text":"the","start":83.255,"end":83.978},{"text":"less","start":83.978,"end":84.235},{"text":"developed","start":84.235,"end":84.605},{"text":"states","start":84.621,"end":84.975},{"text":"it","start":84.975,"end":85.183},{"text":"doesn't","start":85.183,"end":85.424},{"text":"exceed","start":85.424,"end":85.633},{"text":"23%.","start":85.682,"end":86.164}]},{"text":"And over 2.2 billion people have no access to the 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practice shows that the implementation of such technologies, as well as other advanced technologies, including AI, can be— has certain 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LEO satellites has become an instrument of political pressure, interference into internal affairs, and undermining the constitutional order, and violating the principles of international law and the UN 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this is an attempt to try out a new model of provoking domestic instability for governments that are seen as rogue 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the period from 2022 to '25, there have been many cases of illicit use of the American system Starlink, which has been operating in spite of bans of national regulators of a number of 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very good example is the events in Iran.","start":162.587,"end":165.056,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"A","start":162.587,"end":162.603},{"text":"very","start":162.603,"end":162.796},{"text":"good","start":162.828,"end":162.974},{"text":"example","start":162.974,"end":163.409},{"text":"is","start":163.409,"end":163.522},{"text":"the","start":163.619,"end":163.877},{"text":"events","start":164.184,"end":164.444},{"text":"in","start":164.444,"end":164.546},{"text":"Iran.","start":164.546,"end":165.056}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian 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the 94th meeting of the Radio Regulation Committee of the ITU 23 Thank you.","start":184.872,"end":191.171,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":184.872,"end":185.018},{"text":"the","start":185.018,"end":185.067},{"text":"94th","start":185.067,"end":185.974},{"text":"meeting","start":185.99,"end":186.233},{"text":"of","start":186.33,"end":186.46},{"text":"the","start":186.508,"end":186.654},{"text":"Radio","start":187.958,"end":188.22},{"text":"Regulation","start":188.269,"end":188.777},{"text":"Committee","start":188.777,"end":189.235},{"text":"of","start":189.334,"end":189.432},{"text":"the","start":189.432,"end":189.579},{"text":"ITU","start":189.596,"end":190.038},{"text":"23","start":190.087,"end":190.775},{"text":"Thank","start":191.01,"end":191.123},{"text":"you.","start":191.123,"end":191.171}]},{"text":"On October 27th, 2023, the import of subscription terminals of Starlink to Iran was confirmed as 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provision of the relevant technology to 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year, the same thing happened in June when Iran, in the interest of national security, blocked access to the internet over its territory in connection with the escalation of tensions in the 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the initiative of the leaders— leadership of the production of Starlink Corporation of SpaceX, 20,000 to 30,000 terminals were activated 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the draft includes language on the unacceptability of the illegitimate use of LEO satellites, including for military and technological 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hope for support for these efforts and other efforts from UN member states.","start":471.852,"end":477.327,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":471.852,"end":471.948},{"text":"hope","start":472.88,"end":473.297},{"text":"for","start":473.923,"end":474.036},{"text":"support","start":474.036,"end":474.662},{"text":"for","start":474.662,"end":474.822},{"text":"these","start":474.822,"end":474.951},{"text":"efforts","start":475.047,"end":475.32},{"text":"and","start":475.368,"end":475.465},{"text":"other","start":475.465,"end":475.705},{"text":"efforts","start":475.705,"end":476.107},{"text":"from","start":476.171,"end":476.364},{"text":"UN","start":476.589,"end":476.797},{"text":"member","start":476.846,"end":477.086},{"text":"states.","start":477.086,"end":477.327}]},{"text":"Our goal is to develop at the international level a common understanding of the unacceptable— unacceptability of the illegitimate use of such technology, the importance of seeking ways of reducing risks for 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are ready to cooperate within the General Assembly as well as the UN Committee on Outer Space, and we're also ready to adopt regulatory measures in the ITU for a more specific discussion on the risks and challenges related to such systems, we have invited experts who will make 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of all, I want to give the floor to Alexei Borodin, General Director of the Regional Commonwealth in the area of communication, which brings together the communication administrations of CIS and 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will tell us about the initiatives promoted by the Commonwealth in the area of regulating the technology we're 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They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":1139.469,"end":1140.032},{"text":"their","start":1140.096,"end":1140.273},{"text":"capacity","start":1140.337,"end":1141.06},{"text":"is","start":1141.06,"end":1141.124},{"text":"not","start":1141.172,"end":1141.301},{"text":"able","start":1141.397,"end":1141.703},{"text":"to","start":1141.719,"end":1142.008},{"text":"meet","start":1142.217,"end":1142.442},{"text":"growing","start":1142.444,"end":1142.756},{"text":"needs","start":1142.878,"end":1143.242},{"text":"for","start":1143.26,"end":1143.404},{"text":"broadband","start":1143.517,"end":1144.031},{"text":"internet","start":1144.031,"end":1144.417},{"text":"access,","start":1144.417,"end":1144.738},{"text":"particularly","start":1144.802,"end":1145.284},{"text":"in","start":1145.381,"end":1145.429},{"text":"far-flung","start":1145.525,"end":1145.911},{"text":"and","start":1146.024,"end":1146.184},{"text":"difficult-to-access","start":1146.184,"end":1146.859},{"text":"areas.","start":1147.052,"end":1147.438}]},{"text":"The aim of cooperation in the region today is to develop interstate documents, recommendations, reports, agreements, and so on.","start":1148.113,"end":1154.104,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1148.113,"end":1148.257},{"text":"aim","start":1148.257,"end":1148.386},{"text":"of","start":1148.45,"end":1148.563},{"text":"cooperation","start":1148.579,"end":1148.948},{"text":"in","start":1148.98,"end":1149.061},{"text":"the","start":1149.061,"end":1149.141},{"text":"region","start":1149.141,"end":1149.398},{"text":"today","start":1149.398,"end":1149.784},{"text":"is","start":1149.8,"end":1149.848},{"text":"to","start":1149.896,"end":1150.041},{"text":"develop","start":1150.041,"end":1150.459},{"text":"interstate","start":1150.909,"end":1151.584},{"text":"documents,","start":1151.632,"end":1152.195},{"text":"recommendations,","start":1152.42,"end":1152.689},{"text":"reports,","start":1152.706,"end":1153.076},{"text":"agreements,","start":1153.11,"end":1153.447},{"text":"and","start":1153.464,"end":1153.548},{"text":"so","start":1153.548,"end":1153.953},{"text":"on.","start":1153.969,"end":1154.104}]},{"text":"And these could cover issues such as the formation of anti-monopoly and non-discriminatory conditions to support national operators and to determine the access of foreign systems to the country's markets and the region's markets, given national interests, also establishing fair tax regimes, establishing technical and economic parameters for the provision of services, in particular tariff setting and border crossing issues in the provision of services and the development of direct-to-mobile technologies.","start":1155.958,"end":1190.31,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. 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They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"An","start":1202.722,"end":1202.803},{"text":"important","start":1202.803,"end":1203.29},{"text":"component","start":1203.29,"end":1203.875},{"text":"of","start":1203.875,"end":1204.005},{"text":"this","start":1204.005,"end":1204.102},{"text":"discussion","start":1204.102,"end":1204.719},{"text":"is","start":1205.947,"end":1206.092},{"text":"supporting","start":1206.205,"end":1206.657},{"text":"the","start":1206.689,"end":1206.786},{"text":"development","start":1206.786,"end":1207.351},{"text":"of","start":1207.351,"end":1207.48},{"text":"regional","start":1207.48,"end":1207.884},{"text":"ground-based","start":1207.9,"end":1208.465},{"text":"transit","start":1208.465,"end":1209.03},{"text":"telecoms","start":1209.03,"end":1209.725},{"text":"and","start":1210.629,"end":1210.726},{"text":"the","start":1210.726,"end":1210.822},{"text":"construction","start":1210.822,"end":1211.258},{"text":"of","start":1211.517,"end":1211.662},{"text":"data","start":1211.694,"end":1212.001},{"text":"centers.","start":1212.001,"end":1212.389}]},{"text":"Turning now to the national level, it's important here to note that there is very limited capacity by governments due to the lack of common agreed rules at the global, international, and regional levels.","start":1212.986,"end":1226.686,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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Research Center Second floor strategies from Washington who will talk about low Earth orbit satellites and tell us about their use in various countries in Latin 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have the floor, Mr. Sanchez.","start":1338.578,"end":1339.775,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":1338.578,"end":1338.61},{"text":"have","start":1338.61,"end":1338.82},{"text":"the","start":1338.82,"end":1338.869},{"text":"floor,","start":1338.901,"end":1339.095},{"text":"Mr.","start":1339.112,"end":1339.338},{"text":"Sanchez.","start":1339.387,"end":1339.775}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian Federation","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":8,"start":1343.052,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=1344","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good morning, everyone.","start":1343.052,"end":1343.711,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":1343.052,"end":1343.196},{"text":"morning,","start":1343.196,"end":1343.341},{"text":"everyone.","start":1343.373,"end":1343.711}]},{"text":"It's a great pleasure and honor to talk to you 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Musk?","start":1377.605,"end":1385.627,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1377.605,"end":1377.653},{"text":"fact,","start":1377.765,"end":1378.166},{"text":"earlier","start":1378.311,"end":1378.551},{"text":"this","start":1378.551,"end":1378.728},{"text":"month,","start":1378.728,"end":1379.097},{"text":"the","start":1379.37,"end":1379.514},{"text":"Uruguayan","start":1379.594,"end":1380.011},{"text":"magazine","start":1380.011,"end":1380.461},{"text":"Caras","start":1380.733,"end":1380.942},{"text":"y","start":1380.974,"end":1381.118},{"text":"Caretas","start":1381.118,"end":1381.343},{"text":"published","start":1381.375,"end":1382.145},{"text":"an","start":1382.177,"end":1382.225},{"text":"essay","start":1382.402,"end":1382.61},{"text":"titled","start":1382.739,"end":1383.268},{"text":"Why","start":1383.685,"end":1383.734},{"text":"Do","start":1383.862,"end":1383.942},{"text":"Drug","start":1383.942,"end":1384.119},{"text":"Traffickers","start":1384.183,"end":1384.552},{"text":"Love","start":1384.825,"end":1385.033},{"text":"Elon","start":1385.081,"end":1385.306},{"text":"Musk?","start":1385.306,"end":1385.627}]},{"text":"The essay explains that Musk's Starlink system, and I quote, makes it easier for large drug trafficking organizations to connect to the internet in remote locations and modernize their methods for shipping drugs, end quote.","start":1386.814,"end":1399.665,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1386.814,"end":1386.894},{"text":"essay","start":1386.894,"end":1387.055},{"text":"explains","start":1387.055,"end":1387.6},{"text":"that","start":1387.632,"end":1387.873},{"text":"Musk's","start":1387.873,"end":1388.499},{"text":"Starlink","start":1388.499,"end":1388.836},{"text":"system,","start":1388.836,"end":1389.413},{"text":"and","start":1389.798,"end":1389.862},{"text":"I","start":1389.878,"end":1389.959},{"text":"quote,","start":1389.959,"end":1390.328},{"text":"makes","start":1390.681,"end":1390.921},{"text":"it","start":1390.921,"end":1391.098},{"text":"easier","start":1391.162,"end":1391.467},{"text":"for","start":1391.467,"end":1391.643},{"text":"large","start":1391.708,"end":1391.948},{"text":"drug","start":1392.044,"end":1392.301},{"text":"trafficking","start":1392.349,"end":1392.734},{"text":"organizations","start":1392.863,"end":1393.617},{"text":"to","start":1394.034,"end":1394.098},{"text":"connect","start":1394.13,"end":1394.435},{"text":"to","start":1394.435,"end":1394.467},{"text":"the","start":1394.467,"end":1394.612},{"text":"internet","start":1394.612,"end":1395.141},{"text":"in","start":1395.558,"end":1395.638},{"text":"remote","start":1395.638,"end":1395.895},{"text":"locations","start":1395.895,"end":1396.473},{"text":"and","start":1396.922,"end":1396.986},{"text":"modernize","start":1397.018,"end":1397.435},{"text":"their","start":1397.499,"end":1397.596},{"text":"methods","start":1397.596,"end":1397.949},{"text":"for","start":1397.981,"end":1398.141},{"text":"shipping","start":1398.141,"end":1398.446},{"text":"drugs,","start":1398.446,"end":1398.719},{"text":"end","start":1399.168,"end":1399.232},{"text":"quote.","start":1399.329,"end":1399.665}]},{"text":"The author of the essay goes to explain that Starlink is utilized by drug trafficking entities because it allows for a stable internet connection in rural areas or areas that do not have internet connection or telephone coverage.","start":1400.692,"end":1413.585,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1400.692,"end":1400.756},{"text":"author","start":1400.773,"end":1400.965},{"text":"of","start":1400.965,"end":1401.045},{"text":"the","start":1401.045,"end":1401.142},{"text":"essay","start":1401.174,"end":1401.43},{"text":"goes","start":1401.896,"end":1402.04},{"text":"to","start":1402.056,"end":1402.152},{"text":"explain","start":1402.152,"end":1402.746},{"text":"that","start":1403.035,"end":1403.131},{"text":"Starlink","start":1403.131,"end":1403.677},{"text":"is","start":1403.677,"end":1403.725},{"text":"utilized","start":1403.901,"end":1404.511},{"text":"by","start":1404.559,"end":1404.655},{"text":"drug","start":1404.719,"end":1404.928},{"text":"trafficking","start":1404.944,"end":1405.409},{"text":"entities","start":1405.522,"end":1405.943},{"text":"because","start":1406.331,"end":1406.623},{"text":"it","start":1406.639,"end":1406.72},{"text":"allows","start":1406.72,"end":1406.947},{"text":"for","start":1406.979,"end":1407.222},{"text":"a","start":1407.222,"end":1407.303},{"text":"stable","start":1407.303,"end":1407.691},{"text":"internet","start":1407.789,"end":1408.112},{"text":"connection","start":1408.112,"end":1408.728},{"text":"in","start":1409.149,"end":1409.197},{"text":"rural","start":1409.197,"end":1409.537},{"text":"areas","start":1409.65,"end":1410.023},{"text":"or","start":1410.46,"end":1410.492},{"text":"areas","start":1410.492,"end":1410.832},{"text":"that","start":1410.865,"end":1410.946},{"text":"do","start":1410.946,"end":1411.075},{"text":"not","start":1411.108,"end":1411.302},{"text":"have","start":1411.415,"end":1411.642},{"text":"internet","start":1411.755,"end":1412.079},{"text":"connection","start":1412.079,"end":1412.435},{"text":"or","start":1412.468,"end":1412.727},{"text":"telephone","start":1412.872,"end":1413.261},{"text":"coverage.","start":1413.277,"end":1413.585}]},{"text":"Having a Starlink system allows criminals to coordinate operations in real time, receive alerts, and maintain communication with other nodes of the criminal enterprise.","start":1414.75,"end":1423.081,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Having","start":1414.75,"end":1414.878},{"text":"a","start":1414.878,"end":1414.895},{"text":"Starlink","start":1414.895,"end":1415.249},{"text":"system","start":1415.265,"end":1415.636},{"text":"allows","start":1415.99,"end":1416.2},{"text":"criminals","start":1416.232,"end":1416.57},{"text":"to","start":1416.715,"end":1416.86},{"text":"coordinate","start":1416.877,"end":1417.521},{"text":"operations","start":1417.521,"end":1417.972},{"text":"in","start":1418.069,"end":1418.134},{"text":"real","start":1418.166,"end":1418.472},{"text":"time,","start":1418.472,"end":1418.778},{"text":"receive","start":1419.358,"end":1419.68},{"text":"alerts,","start":1419.68,"end":1420.18},{"text":"and","start":1420.502,"end":1420.583},{"text":"maintain","start":1420.583,"end":1420.873},{"text":"communication","start":1420.889,"end":1421.598},{"text":"with","start":1421.614,"end":1421.743},{"text":"other","start":1421.775,"end":1421.872},{"text":"nodes","start":1421.872,"end":1422.162},{"text":"of","start":1422.194,"end":1422.259},{"text":"the","start":1422.259,"end":1422.355},{"text":"criminal","start":1422.355,"end":1422.678},{"text":"enterprise.","start":1422.678,"end":1423.081}]},{"text":"Next slide, please.","start":1424.103,"end":1424.494,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1424.103,"end":1424.256},{"text":"slide,","start":1424.256,"end":1424.324},{"text":"please.","start":1424.341,"end":1424.494}]},{"text":"There's one new development in particular that concerns me.","start":1427.407,"end":1430.428,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"There's","start":1427.407,"end":1427.587},{"text":"one","start":1427.652,"end":1427.799},{"text":"new","start":1428.077,"end":1428.175},{"text":"development","start":1428.24,"end":1428.648},{"text":"in","start":1428.648,"end":1428.697},{"text":"particular","start":1428.73,"end":1429.203},{"text":"that","start":1429.203,"end":1429.301},{"text":"concerns","start":1429.301,"end":1429.758},{"text":"me.","start":1429.807,"end":1430.428}]},{"text":"In late June, 2025, the Colombian Navy intercepted a narco-submarine, the popular name for a self-propelled semi-submersible or fully submersible vessel which can transport tons of narcotics like cocaine and marijuana.","start":1430.591,"end":1445.096,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1430.591,"end":1430.673},{"text":"late","start":1430.689,"end":1430.869},{"text":"June,","start":1430.918,"end":1431.228},{"text":"2025,","start":1431.41,"end":1432.181},{"text":"the","start":1432.727,"end":1432.887},{"text":"Colombian","start":1432.887,"end":1433.337},{"text":"Navy","start":1433.369,"end":1433.578},{"text":"intercepted","start":1433.594,"end":1434.157},{"text":"a","start":1434.157,"end":1434.189},{"text":"narco-submarine,","start":1434.189,"end":1435.024},{"text":"the","start":1435.699,"end":1435.843},{"text":"popular","start":1435.843,"end":1436.197},{"text":"name","start":1436.245,"end":1436.888},{"text":"for","start":1437.369,"end":1437.434},{"text":"a","start":1437.466,"end":1437.482},{"text":"self-propelled","start":1437.482,"end":1438.317},{"text":"semi-submersible","start":1438.687,"end":1439.602},{"text":"or","start":1439.956,"end":1440.004},{"text":"fully","start":1440.036,"end":1440.293},{"text":"submersible","start":1440.293,"end":1440.904},{"text":"vessel","start":1440.92,"end":1441.37},{"text":"which","start":1441.787,"end":1441.851},{"text":"can","start":1442.028,"end":1442.173},{"text":"transport","start":1442.205,"end":1442.783},{"text":"tons","start":1442.831,"end":1442.976},{"text":"of","start":1443.008,"end":1443.088},{"text":"narcotics","start":1443.088,"end":1443.763},{"text":"like","start":1444.052,"end":1444.133},{"text":"cocaine","start":1444.133,"end":1444.502},{"text":"and","start":1444.518,"end":1444.615},{"text":"marijuana.","start":1444.615,"end":1445.096}]},{"text":"This narco-submarine had a peculiarity: it was uncrewed.","start":1446.526,"end":1449.916,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1446.526,"end":1446.687},{"text":"narco-submarine","start":1446.687,"end":1447.233},{"text":"had","start":1447.57,"end":1447.731},{"text":"a","start":1447.731,"end":1447.747},{"text":"peculiarity:","start":1447.747,"end":1448.358},{"text":"it","start":1449.177,"end":1449.209},{"text":"was","start":1449.209,"end":1449.321},{"text":"uncrewed.","start":1449.418,"end":1449.916}]},{"text":"In other words, the Colombians found a drone narco-submarine.","start":1450.96,"end":1454.703,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1450.96,"end":1451.105},{"text":"other","start":1451.105,"end":1451.249},{"text":"words,","start":1451.281,"end":1451.57},{"text":"the","start":1451.924,"end":1452.004},{"text":"Colombians","start":1452.004,"end":1452.454},{"text":"found","start":1452.566,"end":1452.936},{"text":"a","start":1453.048,"end":1453.064},{"text":"drone","start":1453.354,"end":1453.803},{"text":"narco-submarine.","start":1453.996,"end":1454.703}]},{"text":"The Colombian Navy has released some information about the platform.","start":1455.699,"end":1458.671,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1455.699,"end":1455.779},{"text":"Colombian","start":1455.779,"end":1456.165},{"text":"Navy","start":1456.165,"end":1456.39},{"text":"has","start":1456.743,"end":1456.872},{"text":"released","start":1456.968,"end":1457.097},{"text":"some","start":1457.097,"end":1457.209},{"text":"information","start":1457.209,"end":1457.884},{"text":"about","start":1458.028,"end":1458.189},{"text":"the","start":1458.189,"end":1458.269},{"text":"platform.","start":1458.35,"end":1458.671}]},{"text":"The drone narco-submarine had— can transport up to 1.5 tons of cocaine with an estimated range of 800 miles.","start":1459.236,"end":1466.324,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1459.236,"end":1459.317},{"text":"drone","start":1459.317,"end":1459.544},{"text":"narco-submarine","start":1459.544,"end":1460.175},{"text":"had—","start":1460.369,"end":1460.531},{"text":"can","start":1460.531,"end":1460.66},{"text":"transport","start":1460.758,"end":1461.292},{"text":"up","start":1461.405,"end":1461.502},{"text":"to","start":1461.502,"end":1461.631},{"text":"1.5","start":1461.89,"end":1462.602},{"text":"tons","start":1462.716,"end":1462.894},{"text":"of","start":1462.958,"end":1463.023},{"text":"cocaine","start":1463.023,"end":1463.347},{"text":"with","start":1463.525,"end":1464.172},{"text":"an","start":1464.172,"end":1464.318},{"text":"estimated","start":1464.318,"end":1464.706},{"text":"range","start":1464.738,"end":1465.03},{"text":"of","start":1465.386,"end":1465.515},{"text":"800","start":1465.612,"end":1465.952},{"text":"miles.","start":1465.952,"end":1466.324}]},{"text":"The platform was located, located empty in Tayrona National Park in Colombia's Caribbean waters.","start":1468.6,"end":1474.707,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1468.6,"end":1468.696},{"text":"platform","start":1468.696,"end":1468.969},{"text":"was","start":1468.969,"end":1469.082},{"text":"located,","start":1469.258,"end":1469.564},{"text":"located","start":1469.982,"end":1470.528},{"text":"empty","start":1470.785,"end":1471.091},{"text":"in","start":1471.525,"end":1471.573},{"text":"Tayrona","start":1471.669,"end":1472.023},{"text":"National","start":1472.023,"end":1472.457},{"text":"Park","start":1472.473,"end":1472.666},{"text":"in","start":1473.212,"end":1473.26},{"text":"Colombia's","start":1473.292,"end":1473.678},{"text":"Caribbean","start":1473.694,"end":1474.337},{"text":"waters.","start":1474.401,"end":1474.707}]},{"text":"The drone narco-submarine was equipped with 2 antennas, one external and another one located on the upper deck with fiberglass protection, and a Starlink sat communication system.","start":1475.301,"end":1485.458,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1475.301,"end":1475.751},{"text":"drone","start":1475.767,"end":1475.944},{"text":"narco-submarine","start":1475.944,"end":1476.635},{"text":"was","start":1476.973,"end":1477.037},{"text":"equipped","start":1477.133,"end":1477.391},{"text":"with","start":1477.391,"end":1477.519},{"text":"2","start":1477.6,"end":1477.713},{"text":"antennas,","start":1477.713,"end":1478.215},{"text":"one","start":1478.766,"end":1478.928},{"text":"external","start":1478.928,"end":1479.463},{"text":"and","start":1479.56,"end":1479.706},{"text":"another","start":1479.819,"end":1480.03},{"text":"one","start":1480.063,"end":1480.225},{"text":"located","start":1480.225,"end":1480.678},{"text":"on","start":1480.727,"end":1480.792},{"text":"the","start":1480.792,"end":1480.954},{"text":"upper","start":1480.954,"end":1481.132},{"text":"deck","start":1481.262,"end":1481.537},{"text":"with","start":1481.602,"end":1481.699},{"text":"fiberglass","start":1481.699,"end":1482.234},{"text":"protection,","start":1482.234,"end":1482.704},{"text":"and","start":1483.287,"end":1483.449},{"text":"a","start":1483.449,"end":1483.465},{"text":"Starlink","start":1483.465,"end":1484.114},{"text":"sat","start":1484.292,"end":1484.486},{"text":"communication","start":1484.519,"end":1485.086},{"text":"system.","start":1485.086,"end":1485.458}]},{"text":"According to media reports, the vessel also had 2 cameras to provide real-time imagery to the operator.","start":1486.395,"end":1492.823,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"According","start":1486.395,"end":1486.7},{"text":"to","start":1486.7,"end":1486.797},{"text":"media","start":1486.797,"end":1487.022},{"text":"reports,","start":1487.022,"end":1487.6},{"text":"the","start":1487.986,"end":1488.147},{"text":"vessel","start":1488.147,"end":1488.484},{"text":"also","start":1488.725,"end":1489.03},{"text":"had","start":1489.368,"end":1489.577},{"text":"2","start":1489.753,"end":1489.85},{"text":"cameras","start":1489.914,"end":1490.3},{"text":"to","start":1490.477,"end":1490.525},{"text":"provide","start":1490.573,"end":1490.926},{"text":"real-time","start":1491.216,"end":1491.81},{"text":"imagery","start":1491.858,"end":1492.244},{"text":"to","start":1492.244,"end":1492.341},{"text":"the","start":1492.341,"end":1492.389},{"text":"operator.","start":1492.405,"end":1492.823}]},{"text":"The drone narcosub was the property of the Gulf Clan, or Clan del Golfo, according to the Colombian Navy.","start":1493.851,"end":1499.298,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1493.851,"end":1493.931},{"text":"drone","start":1493.947,"end":1494.14},{"text":"narcosub","start":1494.172,"end":1494.767},{"text":"was","start":1494.992,"end":1495.12},{"text":"the","start":1495.153,"end":1495.233},{"text":"property","start":1495.233,"end":1495.683},{"text":"of","start":1495.795,"end":1495.892},{"text":"the","start":1495.94,"end":1496.02},{"text":"Gulf","start":1496.197,"end":1496.518},{"text":"Clan,","start":1496.518,"end":1496.808},{"text":"or","start":1497.017,"end":1497.081},{"text":"Clan","start":1497.081,"end":1497.322},{"text":"del","start":1497.322,"end":1497.45},{"text":"Golfo,","start":1497.466,"end":1497.756},{"text":"according","start":1498.27,"end":1498.495},{"text":"to","start":1498.527,"end":1498.623},{"text":"the","start":1498.623,"end":1498.688},{"text":"Colombian","start":1498.688,"end":1498.977},{"text":"Navy.","start":1499.009,"end":1499.298}]},{"text":"The service explained that the drone narcosubmarine demonstrates, and I quote, that drug trafficking organizations are migrating toward more sophisticated and difficult to detect means of transportation.","start":1500.359,"end":1512.361,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1500.359,"end":1500.439},{"text":"service","start":1500.439,"end":1500.761},{"text":"explained","start":1500.761,"end":1501.259},{"text":"that","start":1501.5,"end":1501.644},{"text":"the","start":1501.644,"end":1501.725},{"text":"drone","start":1501.725,"end":1501.982},{"text":"narcosubmarine","start":1501.982,"end":1503.235},{"text":"demonstrates,","start":1503.508,"end":1504.231},{"text":"and","start":1504.392,"end":1504.456},{"text":"I","start":1504.472,"end":1504.488},{"text":"quote,","start":1504.617,"end":1504.954},{"text":"that","start":1505.517,"end":1505.678},{"text":"drug","start":1505.678,"end":1506.015},{"text":"trafficking","start":1506.079,"end":1506.385},{"text":"organizations","start":1506.385,"end":1507.092},{"text":"are","start":1507.268,"end":1507.365},{"text":"migrating","start":1507.365,"end":1507.959},{"text":"toward","start":1508.393,"end":1508.699},{"text":"more","start":1508.715,"end":1508.907},{"text":"sophisticated","start":1508.907,"end":1509.759},{"text":"and","start":1510.177,"end":1510.257},{"text":"difficult","start":1510.257,"end":1510.643},{"text":"to","start":1510.643,"end":1510.739},{"text":"detect","start":1510.739,"end":1511.832},{"text":"means","start":1511.366,"end":1511.478},{"text":"of","start":1511.526,"end":1511.607},{"text":"transportation.","start":1511.607,"end":1512.361}]},{"text":"End quote.","start":1512.987,"end":1513.404,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"End","start":1512.987,"end":1513.211},{"text":"quote.","start":1513.211,"end":1513.404}]},{"text":"It is unclear if other Central American and South American drug cartels will want to invest in drone narco-submarines controlled via Starlink or other similar systems, but this— that is a worst-case scenario to keep in 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having a crew allows for more space for cargo.","start":1527.349,"end":1530.382,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Not","start":1527.349,"end":1527.478},{"text":"having","start":1527.51,"end":1527.718},{"text":"a","start":1527.735,"end":1527.831},{"text":"crew","start":1527.831,"end":1528.088},{"text":"allows","start":1528.457,"end":1528.681},{"text":"for","start":1528.778,"end":1528.842},{"text":"more","start":1528.858,"end":1529.05},{"text":"space","start":1529.05,"end":1529.548},{"text":"for","start":1529.821,"end":1529.901},{"text":"cargo.","start":1529.981,"end":1530.382}]},{"text":"Moreover, if the drone narco-sub is intercepted, the cartel operating it does not have to worry about the crew providing sensitive information when they are interrogated by authorities.","start":1531.345,"end":1542.328,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Moreover,","start":1531.345,"end":1531.859},{"text":"if","start":1532.099,"end":1532.228},{"text":"the","start":1532.34,"end":1532.549},{"text":"drone","start":1532.549,"end":1532.838},{"text":"narco-sub","start":1532.966,"end":1533.624},{"text":"is","start":1533.688,"end":1533.736},{"text":"intercepted,","start":1534.009,"end":1534.699},{"text":"the","start":1535.213,"end":1535.293},{"text":"cartel","start":1535.357,"end":1535.71},{"text":"operating","start":1535.774,"end":1536.224},{"text":"it","start":1536.24,"end":1536.336},{"text":"does","start":1536.336,"end":1536.432},{"text":"not","start":1536.561,"end":1536.705},{"text":"have","start":1536.721,"end":1536.866},{"text":"to","start":1536.914,"end":1537.058},{"text":"worry","start":1537.058,"end":1537.219},{"text":"about","start":1537.219,"end":1537.443},{"text":"the","start":1537.443,"end":1537.604},{"text":"crew","start":1537.604,"end":1537.812},{"text":"providing","start":1538.423,"end":1538.792},{"text":"sensitive","start":1538.824,"end":1539.323},{"text":"information","start":1539.612,"end":1540.303},{"text":"when","start":1540.496,"end":1540.56},{"text":"they","start":1540.592,"end":1540.673},{"text":"are","start":1540.673,"end":1540.769},{"text":"interrogated","start":1540.817,"end":1541.444},{"text":"by","start":1541.717,"end":1541.798},{"text":"authorities.","start":1541.798,"end":1542.328}]},{"text":"Next slide.","start":1543.228,"end":1543.726,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1543.228,"end":1543.437},{"text":"slide.","start":1543.437,"end":1543.726}]},{"text":"Here you can see another photo of the drone narco submarine.","start":1545.896,"end":1548.2,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Here","start":1545.896,"end":1546.04},{"text":"you","start":1546.04,"end":1546.137},{"text":"can","start":1546.137,"end":1546.217},{"text":"see","start":1546.217,"end":1546.378},{"text":"another","start":1546.378,"end":1546.603},{"text":"photo","start":1546.603,"end":1547.005},{"text":"of","start":1547.165,"end":1547.213},{"text":"the","start":1547.23,"end":1547.327},{"text":"drone","start":1547.327,"end":1547.472},{"text":"narco","start":1547.505,"end":1547.747},{"text":"submarine.","start":1547.747,"end":1548.2}]},{"text":"And you can more clearly see the Starlink antenna that was used to control this vessel.","start":1548.799,"end":1553.377,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1548.799,"end":1548.912},{"text":"you","start":1548.912,"end":1548.961},{"text":"can","start":1548.961,"end":1549.155},{"text":"more","start":1549.187,"end":1549.316},{"text":"clearly","start":1549.43,"end":1549.769},{"text":"see","start":1549.769,"end":1549.931},{"text":"the","start":1549.947,"end":1550.19},{"text":"Starlink","start":1550.352,"end":1550.837},{"text":"antenna","start":1550.837,"end":1551.42},{"text":"that","start":1551.695,"end":1551.776},{"text":"was","start":1551.776,"end":1551.921},{"text":"used","start":1551.954,"end":1552.132},{"text":"to","start":1552.132,"end":1552.196},{"text":"control","start":1552.196,"end":1552.601},{"text":"this","start":1552.601,"end":1552.746},{"text":"vessel.","start":1552.762,"end":1553.377}]},{"text":"Next slide, please.","start":1554.218,"end":1554.882,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1554.218,"end":1554.413},{"text":"slide,","start":1554.413,"end":1554.623},{"text":"please.","start":1554.688,"end":1554.882}]},{"text":"Now, I will briefly list some other recent cases of Starlink systems being utilized by criminals.","start":1557.602,"end":1562.176,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":1557.602,"end":1557.78},{"text":"I","start":1558.006,"end":1558.071},{"text":"will","start":1558.071,"end":1558.168},{"text":"briefly","start":1558.168,"end":1558.62},{"text":"list","start":1558.717,"end":1558.814},{"text":"some","start":1558.814,"end":1559.137},{"text":"other","start":1559.137,"end":1559.283},{"text":"recent","start":1559.283,"end":1559.622},{"text":"cases","start":1559.622,"end":1559.962},{"text":"of","start":1559.962,"end":1560.026},{"text":"Starlink","start":1560.026,"end":1560.43},{"text":"systems","start":1560.43,"end":1560.883},{"text":"being","start":1560.915,"end":1561.125},{"text":"utilized","start":1561.141,"end":1561.529},{"text":"by","start":1561.562,"end":1561.723},{"text":"criminals.","start":1561.723,"end":1562.176}]},{"text":"In late August 2024, Panama's border security agency, Senafront, carried out a raid against a camp of undocumented migrants as part of Operation Arcángel Miguel.","start":1563.34,"end":1574.274,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1563.34,"end":1563.42},{"text":"late","start":1563.42,"end":1563.647},{"text":"August","start":1563.728,"end":1563.905},{"text":"2024,","start":1563.905,"end":1564.471},{"text":"Panama's","start":1565.06,"end":1565.412},{"text":"border","start":1565.492,"end":1565.717},{"text":"security","start":1565.717,"end":1566.133},{"text":"agency,","start":1566.213,"end":1566.662},{"text":"Senafront,","start":1566.854,"end":1567.495},{"text":"carried","start":1568.04,"end":1568.28},{"text":"out","start":1568.28,"end":1568.393},{"text":"a","start":1568.441,"end":1568.585},{"text":"raid","start":1568.601,"end":1568.905},{"text":"against","start":1569.098,"end":1569.354},{"text":"a","start":1569.354,"end":1569.37},{"text":"camp","start":1570.043,"end":1570.316},{"text":"of","start":1570.316,"end":1570.476},{"text":"undocumented","start":1570.524,"end":1571.389},{"text":"migrants","start":1571.421,"end":1571.998},{"text":"as","start":1572.223,"end":1572.303},{"text":"part","start":1572.383,"end":1572.527},{"text":"of","start":1572.527,"end":1572.591},{"text":"Operation","start":1572.639,"end":1573.312},{"text":"Arcángel","start":1573.505,"end":1573.985},{"text":"Miguel.","start":1573.985,"end":1574.274}]},{"text":"The raid took place in the Darién Gap, which connects Panama and Colombia.","start":1575.347,"end":1578.552,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1575.347,"end":1575.492},{"text":"raid","start":1575.492,"end":1575.636},{"text":"took","start":1575.668,"end":1575.828},{"text":"place","start":1575.908,"end":1576.149},{"text":"in","start":1576.149,"end":1576.229},{"text":"the","start":1576.229,"end":1576.309},{"text":"Darién","start":1576.309,"end":1576.645},{"text":"Gap,","start":1576.71,"end":1577.03},{"text":"which","start":1577.27,"end":1577.399},{"text":"connects","start":1577.495,"end":1577.831},{"text":"Panama","start":1577.831,"end":1578.056},{"text":"and","start":1578.056,"end":1578.152},{"text":"Colombia.","start":1578.152,"end":1578.552}]},{"text":"According to the Panamanian agency, Panamanian authorities, I'm sorry, the Clan del Golfo of Colombia operated this human smuggling operation.","start":1579.434,"end":1588.808,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"According","start":1579.434,"end":1580.283},{"text":"to","start":1580.315,"end":1580.411},{"text":"the","start":1580.411,"end":1580.475},{"text":"Panamanian","start":1580.475,"end":1581.004},{"text":"agency,","start":1581.1,"end":1581.565},{"text":"Panamanian","start":1583.023,"end":1583.985},{"text":"authorities,","start":1583.985,"end":1584.369},{"text":"I'm","start":1584.418,"end":1584.498},{"text":"sorry,","start":1584.498,"end":1584.802},{"text":"the","start":1585.267,"end":1585.347},{"text":"Clan","start":1585.347,"end":1585.523},{"text":"del","start":1585.523,"end":1585.667},{"text":"Golfo","start":1585.683,"end":1586.02},{"text":"of","start":1586.34,"end":1586.453},{"text":"Colombia","start":1586.485,"end":1586.837},{"text":"operated","start":1587.046,"end":1587.446},{"text":"this","start":1587.446,"end":1587.59},{"text":"human","start":1587.671,"end":1587.863},{"text":"smuggling","start":1587.943,"end":1588.296},{"text":"operation.","start":1588.312,"end":1588.808}]},{"text":"At the camp, Authorities found, and I quote, 7 Starlink antenna systems, technology that is presumed to have been used to facilitate illicit activities in the region, end 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slide, please.","start":1602.425,"end":1602.972,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1602.425,"end":1602.554},{"text":"slide,","start":1602.554,"end":1602.747},{"text":"please.","start":1602.763,"end":1602.972}]},{"text":"Meanwhile, illegal gold miners in Brazil, locally called garimpeiros, are using Starlink to communicate with each 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systems in the Nanayo River in the 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slide, please.","start":1620.702,"end":1621.333,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1620.702,"end":1620.832},{"text":"slide,","start":1620.832,"end":1621.058},{"text":"please.","start":1621.123,"end":1621.333}]},{"text":"Moreover, earlier this year in March, the Chilean Carabineros, a law enforcement agency, cracked down on a gang of smugglers from 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to media reports, the criminals used smartphones and Starlink systems to smuggle cigarettes across the Ito Cajón Pass in Chile's Antofagasta 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slide, please.","start":1663.349,"end":1663.883,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1663.349,"end":1663.544},{"text":"slide,","start":1663.544,"end":1663.673},{"text":"please.","start":1663.738,"end":1663.883}]},{"text":"Even prisons designed to keep criminals isolated from the rest of the world are not able to stop smuggling the smuggling of communication technologies like smartphones and Starlink.","start":1666.482,"end":1676.82,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Even","start":1666.482,"end":1666.612},{"text":"prisons","start":1666.645,"end":1667.1},{"text":"designed","start":1667.685,"end":1668.172},{"text":"to","start":1668.172,"end":1668.27},{"text":"keep","start":1668.27,"end":1668.513},{"text":"criminals","start":1668.513,"end":1669.505},{"text":"isolated","start":1669.667,"end":1670.106},{"text":"from","start":1670.122,"end":1670.301},{"text":"the","start":1670.301,"end":1670.382},{"text":"rest","start":1670.382,"end":1670.561},{"text":"of","start":1670.561,"end":1670.675},{"text":"the","start":1670.691,"end":1670.756},{"text":"world","start":1670.788,"end":1671.048},{"text":"are","start":1671.048,"end":1671.292},{"text":"not","start":1671.455,"end":1671.731},{"text":"able","start":1671.91,"end":1672.072},{"text":"to","start":1672.088,"end":1672.218},{"text":"stop","start":1672.235,"end":1672.478},{"text":"smuggling","start":1672.478,"end":1672.95},{"text":"the","start":1673.24,"end":1673.337},{"text":"smuggling","start":1673.337,"end":1673.726},{"text":"of","start":1673.742,"end":1673.839},{"text":"communication","start":1673.839,"end":1674.374},{"text":"technologies","start":1674.406,"end":1674.908},{"text":"like","start":1675.216,"end":1675.362},{"text":"smartphones","start":1675.362,"end":1675.961},{"text":"and","start":1676.188,"end":1676.253},{"text":"Starlink.","start":1676.285,"end":1676.82}]},{"text":"In February 2025, a Starlink communication system was found in a prison in Mexico's Sinaloa state during a raid by police forces.","start":1677.808,"end":1686.701,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1677.808,"end":1677.889},{"text":"February","start":1677.889,"end":1678.213},{"text":"2025,","start":1678.213,"end":1678.877},{"text":"a","start":1679.368,"end":1679.384},{"text":"Starlink","start":1679.416,"end":1679.739},{"text":"communication","start":1679.739,"end":1680.238},{"text":"system","start":1680.238,"end":1680.609},{"text":"was","start":1680.641,"end":1680.77},{"text":"found","start":1680.883,"end":1681.173},{"text":"in","start":1681.511,"end":1681.56},{"text":"a","start":1681.608,"end":1681.624},{"text":"prison","start":1681.753,"end":1682.027},{"text":"in","start":1682.172,"end":1682.253},{"text":"Mexico's","start":1682.253,"end":1682.72},{"text":"Sinaloa","start":1682.72,"end":1683.284},{"text":"state","start":1683.461,"end":1683.735},{"text":"during","start":1683.784,"end":1684.557},{"text":"a","start":1684.59,"end":1684.606},{"text":"raid","start":1684.67,"end":1685.041},{"text":"by","start":1685.315,"end":1685.637},{"text":"police","start":1685.702,"end":1686.217},{"text":"forces.","start":1686.282,"end":1686.701}]},{"text":"Next slide, please.","start":1687.732,"end":1688.345,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1687.732,"end":1687.926},{"text":"slide,","start":1687.926,"end":1688.071},{"text":"please.","start":1688.135,"end":1688.345}]},{"text":"Similarly, in October 2025, a Starlink antenna was seized during a police raid in the Ancón 1 prison in Peru.","start":1691.196,"end":1698.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Similarly,","start":1691.196,"end":1691.584},{"text":"in","start":1692.019,"end":1692.1},{"text":"October","start":1692.1,"end":1692.503},{"text":"2025,","start":1692.503,"end":1693.246},{"text":"a","start":1693.633,"end":1693.649},{"text":"Starlink","start":1693.649,"end":1694.036},{"text":"antenna","start":1694.036,"end":1694.44},{"text":"was","start":1694.585,"end":1694.698},{"text":"seized","start":1694.698,"end":1695.005},{"text":"during","start":1695.005,"end":1695.134},{"text":"a","start":1695.166,"end":1695.182},{"text":"police","start":1695.247,"end":1695.585},{"text":"raid","start":1695.634,"end":1695.86},{"text":"in","start":1695.973,"end":1696.021},{"text":"the","start":1696.053,"end":1696.134},{"text":"Ancón","start":1696.134,"end":1696.586},{"text":"1","start":1696.78,"end":1696.925},{"text":"prison","start":1697.183,"end":1697.635},{"text":"in","start":1697.748,"end":1697.828},{"text":"Peru.","start":1697.828,"end":1698.07}]},{"text":"Next slide, please.","start":1699.51,"end":1700.057,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1699.51,"end":1699.639},{"text":"slide,","start":1699.639,"end":1699.848},{"text":"please.","start":1699.913,"end":1700.057}]},{"text":"Predicting the future is always challenging and difficult.","start":1703.873,"end":1706.095,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Predicting","start":1703.873,"end":1704.211},{"text":"the","start":1704.211,"end":1704.275},{"text":"future","start":1704.275,"end":1704.614},{"text":"is","start":1704.614,"end":1704.726},{"text":"always","start":1704.823,"end":1704.968},{"text":"challenging","start":1705.08,"end":1705.612},{"text":"and","start":1705.628,"end":1705.692},{"text":"difficult.","start":1705.724,"end":1706.095}]},{"text":"However, I will say this: I cover Latin American defense and security issues, including the operations carried out by narco-insurgents, drug traffickers, gangs, smugglers, and individuals engaged in environmental crimes like illegal fishing and illegal mining.","start":1706.529,"end":1720.605,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":1706.529,"end":1706.819},{"text":"I","start":1706.932,"end":1706.948},{"text":"will","start":1706.996,"end":1707.044},{"text":"say","start":1707.044,"end":1707.334},{"text":"this:","start":1707.334,"end":1707.527},{"text":"I","start":1708.445,"end":1708.477},{"text":"cover","start":1708.51,"end":1708.703},{"text":"Latin","start":1708.703,"end":1708.929},{"text":"American","start":1708.929,"end":1709.187},{"text":"defense","start":1709.187,"end":1709.51},{"text":"and","start":1709.51,"end":1709.559},{"text":"security","start":1709.591,"end":1710.043},{"text":"issues,","start":1710.059,"end":1710.365},{"text":"including","start":1711.027,"end":1711.285},{"text":"the","start":1711.285,"end":1711.415},{"text":"operations","start":1711.415,"end":1711.899},{"text":"carried","start":1711.931,"end":1712.318},{"text":"out","start":1712.318,"end":1712.496},{"text":"by","start":1712.496,"end":1712.867},{"text":"narco-insurgents,","start":1712.899,"end":1713.787},{"text":"drug","start":1714.094,"end":1714.271},{"text":"traffickers,","start":1714.271,"end":1714.804},{"text":"gangs,","start":1715.223,"end":1715.562},{"text":"smugglers,","start":1715.869,"end":1716.418},{"text":"and","start":1716.773,"end":1716.837},{"text":"individuals","start":1716.87,"end":1717.354},{"text":"engaged","start":1717.354,"end":1717.886},{"text":"in","start":1717.886,"end":1717.95},{"text":"environmental","start":1718.047,"end":1718.674},{"text":"crimes","start":1718.69,"end":1718.996},{"text":"like","start":1719.173,"end":1719.286},{"text":"illegal","start":1719.286,"end":1719.639},{"text":"fishing","start":1719.655,"end":1719.8},{"text":"and","start":1719.832,"end":1719.897},{"text":"illegal","start":1719.897,"end":1720.315},{"text":"mining.","start":1720.315,"end":1720.605}]},{"text":"One issue or pattern that I have noticed is that criminals and insurgents especially those with strong financial resources, are very open-minded when it comes to adopting new technologies that they can use to carry out their crimes and other activities.","start":1721.586,"end":1735.22,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"One","start":1721.586,"end":1721.65},{"text":"issue","start":1721.859,"end":1722.165},{"text":"or","start":1722.326,"end":1722.487},{"text":"pattern","start":1722.487,"end":1722.857},{"text":"that","start":1723.194,"end":1723.259},{"text":"I","start":1723.259,"end":1723.275},{"text":"have","start":1723.291,"end":1723.5},{"text":"noticed","start":1723.532,"end":1723.87},{"text":"is","start":1723.87,"end":1723.934},{"text":"that","start":1723.934,"end":1724.16},{"text":"criminals","start":1724.16,"end":1724.465},{"text":"and","start":1724.739,"end":1724.803},{"text":"insurgents","start":1724.883,"end":1725.591},{"text":"especially","start":1725.62,"end":1725.96},{"text":"those","start":1725.96,"end":1726.26},{"text":"with","start":1726.26,"end":1726.46},{"text":"strong","start":1726.46,"end":1726.72},{"text":"financial","start":1726.72,"end":1727.02},{"text":"resources,","start":1727.02,"end":1727.77},{"text":"are","start":1727.84,"end":1728.34},{"text":"very","start":1728.34,"end":1728.7},{"text":"open-minded","start":1728.7,"end":1729.38},{"text":"when","start":1729.38,"end":1729.82},{"text":"it","start":1729.82,"end":1729.92},{"text":"comes","start":1729.92,"end":1730.12},{"text":"to","start":1730.12,"end":1730.26},{"text":"adopting","start":1730.26,"end":1730.76},{"text":"new","start":1730.76,"end":1731.22},{"text":"technologies","start":1731.22,"end":1731.96},{"text":"that","start":1731.96,"end":1732.28},{"text":"they","start":1732.28,"end":1733.18},{"text":"can","start":1733.18,"end":1733.36},{"text":"use","start":1733.36,"end":1733.56},{"text":"to","start":1733.56,"end":1733.8},{"text":"carry","start":1733.8,"end":1733.92},{"text":"out","start":1733.92,"end":1734},{"text":"their","start":1734,"end":1734.16},{"text":"crimes","start":1734.16,"end":1734.42},{"text":"and","start":1734.42,"end":1734.58},{"text":"other","start":1734.58,"end":1734.72},{"text":"activities.","start":1734.72,"end":1735.22}]},{"text":"Over the past decade and a half, drug cartels and narco-insurgents have eagerly adopted drones, which are used for surveillance operations and even to transport 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recent years, drug cartels in Mexico, insurgents in Colombia, and even criminal gangs like the Primeiro Comando da Capital in Brazil have developed armed narco drones.","start":1746.84,"end":1756.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1746.84,"end":1747.06},{"text":"recent","start":1747.06,"end":1747.36},{"text":"years,","start":1747.36,"end":1748.02},{"text":"drug","start":1748.02,"end":1748.32},{"text":"cartels","start":1748.32,"end":1748.56},{"text":"in","start":1748.56,"end":1748.74},{"text":"Mexico,","start":1748.74,"end":1749.49},{"text":"insurgents","start":1749.84,"end":1749.94},{"text":"in","start":1749.94,"end":1750.1},{"text":"Colombia,","start":1750.1,"end":1750.5},{"text":"and","start":1750.88,"end":1750.9},{"text":"even","start":1750.9,"end":1751.16},{"text":"criminal","start":1751.16,"end":1751.38},{"text":"gangs","start":1751.38,"end":1751.8},{"text":"like","start":1751.8,"end":1752.02},{"text":"the","start":1752.02,"end":1752.18},{"text":"Primeiro","start":1752.18,"end":1752.48},{"text":"Comando","start":1752.48,"end":1752.74},{"text":"da","start":1752.74,"end":1752.98},{"text":"Capital","start":1752.98,"end":1753.26},{"text":"in","start":1753.26,"end":1753.6},{"text":"Brazil","start":1753.6,"end":1754.12},{"text":"have","start":1754.12,"end":1754.62},{"text":"developed","start":1754.62,"end":1755.14},{"text":"armed","start":1755.26,"end":1755.6},{"text":"narco","start":1755.6,"end":1755.92},{"text":"drones.","start":1755.92,"end":1756.77}]},{"text":"In other words, drones that can carry explosives like grenades, which criminals use to attack each other, attack military personnel, law enforcement agencies, and even to terrorize the civilian population.","start":1756.94,"end":1767.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1756.94,"end":1757.04},{"text":"other","start":1757.04,"end":1757.34},{"text":"words,","start":1757.34,"end":1758.08},{"text":"drones","start":1758.08,"end":1758.22},{"text":"that","start":1758.22,"end":1758.42},{"text":"can","start":1758.42,"end":1758.6},{"text":"carry","start":1758.6,"end":1758.76},{"text":"explosives","start":1758.76,"end":1759.36},{"text":"like","start":1759.36,"end":1759.64},{"text":"grenades,","start":1759.64,"end":1760.14},{"text":"which","start":1760.7,"end":1760.8},{"text":"criminals","start":1760.8,"end":1761.14},{"text":"use","start":1761.14,"end":1761.52},{"text":"to","start":1761.52,"end":1761.76},{"text":"attack","start":1761.76,"end":1762.02},{"text":"each","start":1762.02,"end":1762.26},{"text":"other,","start":1762.26,"end":1762.91},{"text":"attack","start":1763.02,"end":1763.08},{"text":"military","start":1763.08,"end":1763.36},{"text":"personnel,","start":1763.36,"end":1764.06},{"text":"law","start":1764.46,"end":1764.52},{"text":"enforcement","start":1764.52,"end":1764.8},{"text":"agencies,","start":1764.8,"end":1765.5},{"text":"and","start":1765.98,"end":1766.08},{"text":"even","start":1766.08,"end":1766.2},{"text":"to","start":1766.2,"end":1766.38},{"text":"terrorize","start":1766.38,"end":1766.76},{"text":"the","start":1766.76,"end":1766.94},{"text":"civilian","start":1766.94,"end":1767.08},{"text":"population.","start":1767.08,"end":1767.53}]},{"text":"I have no doubt that these lethal narco drones will become more developed in the coming years.","start":1768.66,"end":1773.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1768.66,"end":1768.82},{"text":"have","start":1768.82,"end":1768.98},{"text":"no","start":1768.98,"end":1769.14},{"text":"doubt","start":1769.14,"end":1769.46},{"text":"that","start":1769.46,"end":1769.66},{"text":"these","start":1769.66,"end":1769.86},{"text":"lethal","start":1769.86,"end":1770.38},{"text":"narco","start":1770.38,"end":1770.72},{"text":"drones","start":1770.72,"end":1770.96},{"text":"will","start":1770.96,"end":1771.12},{"text":"become","start":1771.12,"end":1771.4},{"text":"more","start":1771.4,"end":1771.66},{"text":"developed","start":1771.66,"end":1771.96},{"text":"in","start":1771.96,"end":1772.18},{"text":"the","start":1772.18,"end":1772.2},{"text":"coming","start":1772.2,"end":1772.4},{"text":"years.","start":1772.4,"end":1773.05}]},{"text":"I will make the same prediction about Starlink communication systems.","start":1773.72,"end":1777.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1773.72,"end":1774.2},{"text":"will","start":1774.2,"end":1774.34},{"text":"make","start":1774.34,"end":1774.46},{"text":"the","start":1774.46,"end":1774.62},{"text":"same","start":1774.62,"end":1774.78},{"text":"prediction","start":1774.78,"end":1775.24},{"text":"about","start":1775.24,"end":1775.58},{"text":"Starlink","start":1775.58,"end":1775.86},{"text":"communication","start":1775.86,"end":1776.32},{"text":"systems.","start":1776.32,"end":1777.17}]},{"text":"As I have explained in this brief presentation, criminals and insurgents are already using Starlink systems across Latin America.","start":1777.64,"end":1784.12,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":1777.64,"end":1777.76},{"text":"I","start":1777.76,"end":1777.9},{"text":"have","start":1777.9,"end":1778},{"text":"explained","start":1778,"end":1778.44},{"text":"in","start":1778.44,"end":1778.64},{"text":"this","start":1778.64,"end":1778.88},{"text":"brief","start":1778.88,"end":1779.06},{"text":"presentation,","start":1779.06,"end":1779.56},{"text":"criminals","start":1780.5,"end":1780.7},{"text":"and","start":1780.7,"end":1780.92},{"text":"insurgents","start":1780.92,"end":1781.34},{"text":"are","start":1781.34,"end":1781.58},{"text":"already","start":1781.58,"end":1781.92},{"text":"using","start":1781.92,"end":1782.24},{"text":"Starlink","start":1782.24,"end":1782.62},{"text":"systems","start":1782.62,"end":1783},{"text":"across","start":1783,"end":1783.36},{"text":"Latin","start":1783.36,"end":1783.56},{"text":"America.","start":1783.56,"end":1784.12}]},{"text":"I have mentioned the case of a narco— a drone narco submarine in Colombia controlled remotely thanks to Starlink, illegal mining in Brazil and Peru, smugglers between Bolivia and Chile, and Colombia and 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worse, Starlink antennas have also been smuggled into prisons in Mexico and Peru.","start":1798.695,"end":1803.686,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Even","start":1798.695,"end":1798.841},{"text":"worse,","start":1798.873,"end":1799.197},{"text":"Starlink","start":1799.537,"end":1799.942},{"text":"antennas","start":1799.942,"end":1800.346},{"text":"have","start":1800.395,"end":1800.557},{"text":"also","start":1800.557,"end":1800.735},{"text":"been","start":1800.735,"end":1800.913},{"text":"smuggled","start":1800.913,"end":1801.35},{"text":"into","start":1801.366,"end":1801.576},{"text":"prisons","start":1801.608,"end":1801.914},{"text":"in","start":1802.188,"end":1802.268},{"text":"Mexico","start":1802.993,"end":1803.315},{"text":"and","start":1803.315,"end":1803.476},{"text":"Peru.","start":1803.476,"end":1803.686}]},{"text":"Looking to the future, as the price of Starlink antennas decreases, as Starlink technology is more accessible and easier to use, and as new Starlink systems become smaller and even more portable, Latin American drug cartels, narco-insurgents, illegal miners, and other criminals will continue to be eager users of these new and powerful communication systems.","start":1805.087,"end":1826.883,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Looking","start":1805.087,"end":1805.313},{"text":"to","start":1805.313,"end":1805.393},{"text":"the","start":1805.393,"end":1805.49},{"text":"future,","start":1805.49,"end":1805.893},{"text":"as","start":1806.537,"end":1806.634},{"text":"the","start":1806.682,"end":1806.763},{"text":"price","start":1807.085,"end":1807.31},{"text":"of","start":1807.407,"end":1807.439},{"text":"Starlink","start":1807.439,"end":1807.906},{"text":"antennas","start":1807.906,"end":1808.309},{"text":"decreases,","start":1808.374,"end":1808.921},{"text":"as","start":1809.598,"end":1809.662},{"text":"Starlink","start":1809.662,"end":1810.436},{"text":"technology","start":1810.725,"end":1811.225},{"text":"is","start":1811.354,"end":1811.467},{"text":"more","start":1811.499,"end":1811.644},{"text":"accessible","start":1811.644,"end":1812.079},{"text":"and","start":1812.079,"end":1812.192},{"text":"easier","start":1812.24,"end":1812.466},{"text":"to","start":1812.466,"end":1812.627},{"text":"use,","start":1812.692,"end":1812.998},{"text":"and","start":1813.82,"end":1813.917},{"text":"as","start":1813.917,"end":1814.013},{"text":"new","start":1814.223,"end":1814.416},{"text":"Starlink","start":1814.416,"end":1814.868},{"text":"systems","start":1814.868,"end":1815.255},{"text":"become","start":1815.351,"end":1815.593},{"text":"smaller","start":1815.593,"end":1816.028},{"text":"and","start":1816.028,"end":1816.141},{"text":"even","start":1816.19,"end":1816.351},{"text":"more","start":1816.415,"end":1816.528},{"text":"portable,","start":1816.641,"end":1817.028},{"text":"Latin","start":1817.7,"end":1817.941},{"text":"American","start":1817.941,"end":1818.262},{"text":"drug","start":1818.294,"end":1818.471},{"text":"cartels,","start":1818.471,"end":1818.986},{"text":"narco-insurgents,","start":1819.565,"end":1820.384},{"text":"illegal","start":1820.642,"end":1821.044},{"text":"miners,","start":1821.092,"end":1821.478},{"text":"and","start":1821.831,"end":1821.896},{"text":"other","start":1821.912,"end":1822.121},{"text":"criminals","start":1822.137,"end":1822.523},{"text":"will","start":1822.941,"end":1823.021},{"text":"continue","start":1823.037,"end":1823.359},{"text":"to","start":1823.359,"end":1823.504},{"text":"be","start":1823.504,"end":1823.696},{"text":"eager","start":1823.745,"end":1824.002},{"text":"users","start":1824.002,"end":1824.323},{"text":"of","start":1824.484,"end":1824.581},{"text":"these","start":1824.645,"end":1824.774},{"text":"new","start":1824.886,"end":1825.015},{"text":"and","start":1825.529,"end":1825.594},{"text":"powerful","start":1825.69,"end":1825.996},{"text":"communication","start":1825.996,"end":1826.456},{"text":"systems.","start":1826.489,"end":1826.883}]},{"text":"Next slide, please.","start":1827.902,"end":1828.609,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1827.902,"end":1828.083},{"text":"slide,","start":1828.083,"end":1828.329},{"text":"please.","start":1828.379,"end":1828.609}]},{"text":"I will conclude my presentation by showing you 2 final images published by the Colombian Army on December 6th, After the 6th Division carried out an operation against the Rodrigo Calaté faction of the Spark insurgent 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you can see on your screen the light weapons that were seized during the operations.","start":1844.929,"end":1848.78,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":1844.929,"end":1845.009},{"text":"you","start":1845.042,"end":1845.123},{"text":"can","start":1845.123,"end":1845.268},{"text":"see","start":1845.268,"end":1845.333},{"text":"on","start":1845.333,"end":1845.43},{"text":"your","start":1845.43,"end":1845.511},{"text":"screen","start":1845.511,"end":1845.819},{"text":"the","start":1846.239,"end":1846.32},{"text":"light","start":1846.32,"end":1846.466},{"text":"weapons","start":1846.498,"end":1846.87},{"text":"that","start":1847.065,"end":1847.226},{"text":"were","start":1847.226,"end":1847.421},{"text":"seized","start":1847.696,"end":1848.035},{"text":"during","start":1848.035,"end":1848.246},{"text":"the","start":1848.262,"end":1848.343},{"text":"operations.","start":1848.343,"end":1848.78}]},{"text":"Next slide, please.","start":1849.735,"end":1850.349,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1849.735,"end":1849.848},{"text":"slide,","start":1849.848,"end":1850.074},{"text":"please.","start":1850.139,"end":1850.349}]},{"text":"But the Colombian soldiers also seized a huge cache of technology.","start":1853.59,"end":1856.402,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":1853.59,"end":1853.686},{"text":"the","start":1853.686,"end":1853.734},{"text":"Colombian","start":1853.734,"end":1854.023},{"text":"soldiers","start":1854.023,"end":1854.393},{"text":"also","start":1854.57,"end":1854.747},{"text":"seized","start":1854.747,"end":1855.213},{"text":"a","start":1855.229,"end":1855.277},{"text":"huge","start":1855.293,"end":1855.566},{"text":"cache","start":1855.614,"end":1855.855},{"text":"of","start":1855.855,"end":1855.952},{"text":"technology.","start":1855.952,"end":1856.402}]},{"text":"You can see on your screens 2 laptops, 3 smartphones, several USB sticks, and even one commercially available drone.","start":1857.077,"end":1864.388,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":1857.077,"end":1857.157},{"text":"can","start":1857.157,"end":1857.302},{"text":"see","start":1857.302,"end":1857.446},{"text":"on","start":1857.446,"end":1857.495},{"text":"your","start":1857.495,"end":1857.575},{"text":"screens","start":1857.575,"end":1858.009},{"text":"2","start":1858.427,"end":1858.523},{"text":"laptops,","start":1858.523,"end":1859.038},{"text":"3","start":1859.391,"end":1859.568},{"text":"smartphones,","start":1859.584,"end":1860.227},{"text":"several","start":1860.789,"end":1861.191},{"text":"USB","start":1861.191,"end":1861.528},{"text":"sticks,","start":1861.577,"end":1862.059},{"text":"and","start":1862.38,"end":1862.445},{"text":"even","start":1862.477,"end":1862.75},{"text":"one","start":1862.784,"end":1862.915},{"text":"commercially","start":1863.177,"end":1863.651},{"text":"available","start":1863.75,"end":1864.077},{"text":"drone.","start":1864.175,"end":1864.388}]},{"text":"This is all modern technology that can be used, easily transported and utilized in the Colombian jungle to help drug traffickers and insurgents.","start":1864.877,"end":1873.349,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1864.877,"end":1865.215},{"text":"is","start":1865.231,"end":1865.344},{"text":"all","start":1865.682,"end":1865.73},{"text":"modern","start":1865.859,"end":1866.149},{"text":"technology","start":1866.246,"end":1866.713},{"text":"that","start":1867.148,"end":1867.293},{"text":"can","start":1867.293,"end":1867.389},{"text":"be","start":1867.389,"end":1867.486},{"text":"used,","start":1867.631,"end":1867.84},{"text":"easily","start":1868.034,"end":1868.324},{"text":"transported","start":1868.581,"end":1869.177},{"text":"and","start":1869.177,"end":1869.306},{"text":"utilized","start":1869.306,"end":1869.854},{"text":"in","start":1870.305,"end":1870.514},{"text":"the","start":1870.514,"end":1870.611},{"text":"Colombian","start":1870.611,"end":1870.901},{"text":"jungle","start":1870.933,"end":1871.271},{"text":"to","start":1871.577,"end":1871.658},{"text":"help","start":1871.658,"end":1871.899},{"text":"drug","start":1871.899,"end":1872.077},{"text":"traffickers","start":1872.077,"end":1872.511},{"text":"and","start":1872.705,"end":1872.769},{"text":"insurgents.","start":1872.785,"end":1873.349}]},{"text":"I will conclude by repeating myself.","start":1874.14,"end":1875.779,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1874.14,"end":1874.156},{"text":"will","start":1874.252,"end":1874.3},{"text":"conclude","start":1874.3,"end":1874.702},{"text":"by","start":1874.734,"end":1875.007},{"text":"repeating","start":1875.04,"end":1875.345},{"text":"myself.","start":1875.377,"end":1875.779}]},{"text":"I have no doubt that in the coming years, similar military and police raids will result in more photos like this one, but with Starlink communication systems also in the 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slide, please.","start":1886.518,"end":1887.076,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1886.518,"end":1886.65},{"text":"slide,","start":1886.65,"end":1886.813},{"text":"please.","start":1886.863,"end":1887.076}]},{"text":"Thank you very much for your time and the opportunity to talk to you today.","start":1889.258,"end":1891.885,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1889.258,"end":1889.356},{"text":"you","start":1889.356,"end":1889.422},{"text":"very","start":1889.422,"end":1889.601},{"text":"much","start":1889.601,"end":1889.813},{"text":"for","start":1889.813,"end":1889.976},{"text":"your","start":1889.976,"end":1890.156},{"text":"time","start":1890.156,"end":1890.498},{"text":"and","start":1890.564,"end":1890.629},{"text":"the","start":1890.662,"end":1890.711},{"text":"opportunity","start":1890.711,"end":1891.135},{"text":"to","start":1891.2,"end":1891.347},{"text":"talk","start":1891.363,"end":1891.543},{"text":"to","start":1891.543,"end":1891.608},{"text":"you","start":1891.608,"end":1891.706},{"text":"today.","start":1891.706,"end":1891.885}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Alejandro Sanchez Wilder","affiliation":"USA","affiliation_full":"United States of America","group":null,"function":"President"}},{"statement_number":9,"start":1900.974,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=1901","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Alejandro.","start":1900.974,"end":1902.264,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1900.974,"end":1901.232},{"text":"you","start":1901.232,"end":1901.264},{"text":"very","start":1901.264,"end":1901.393},{"text":"much,","start":1901.409,"end":1901.683},{"text":"Alejandro.","start":1901.716,"end":1902.264}]},{"text":"In my statement, I mentioned the fact that one of the states facing attempts to interfere in their internal affairs using Starlink systems was Venezuela.","start":1903.231,"end":1912.064,"topics":[{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in 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today we have an expert from that participating, Maglad Bencomo.","start":1914.506,"end":1919.888,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1914.506,"end":1914.832},{"text":"today","start":1914.832,"end":1915.125},{"text":"we","start":1915.174,"end":1915.305},{"text":"have","start":1915.321,"end":1915.451},{"text":"an","start":1915.484,"end":1915.565},{"text":"expert","start":1915.565,"end":1915.908},{"text":"from","start":1915.908,"end":1916.087},{"text":"that","start":1916.152,"end":1916.495},{"text":"participating,","start":1916.625,"end":1917.098},{"text":"Maglad","start":1918.97,"end":1919.235},{"text":"Bencomo.","start":1919.27,"end":1919.888}]},{"text":"the Director General for Information Technologies, Communications, and Postal Services at the Ministry of Science and Technology, and she's joining us by VTC from 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you have the floor.","start":1928.504,"end":1929.459,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Magaly,","start":1928.504,"end":1928.779},{"text":"you","start":1928.812,"end":1928.892},{"text":"have","start":1928.892,"end":1929.006},{"text":"the","start":1929.038,"end":1929.135},{"text":"floor.","start":1929.135,"end":1929.459}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Alexei Borodin","affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"General Director"}},{"statement_number":10,"start":1934.528,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=1935","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Mr. Facilitator.","start":1934.528,"end":1937.437,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1934.528,"end":1935.417},{"text":"you","start":1935.417,"end":1935.497},{"text":"very","start":1935.497,"end":1935.643},{"text":"much,","start":1935.643,"end":1935.966},{"text":"Mr.","start":1935.982,"end":1936.322},{"text":"Facilitator.","start":1936.386,"end":1937.437}]},{"text":"I'll continue in 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President.","start":1944.929,"end":1950.822,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1944.929,"end":1945.187},{"text":"Bolivarian","start":1945.251,"end":1945.718},{"text":"Republic","start":1945.718,"end":1946.137},{"text":"of","start":1946.137,"end":1946.217},{"text":"Venezuela","start":1946.217,"end":1946.797},{"text":"thanks","start":1946.797,"end":1947.36},{"text":"the","start":1947.425,"end":1947.666},{"text":"Russian","start":1947.811,"end":1948.053},{"text":"Federation","start":1948.053,"end":1948.842},{"text":"Thank","start":1949.649,"end":1950.211},{"text":"you,","start":1950.211,"end":1950.244},{"text":"Mr.","start":1950.388,"end":1950.517},{"text":"President.","start":1950.581,"end":1950.822}]},{"text":"I would like to thank the Secretary-General for organizing this informal meeting of the Security Council to address in an open, inclusive, and transparent manner the uncontrolled use of low Earth— of low-orbit Earth satellites, an issue that we consider to be of utmost importance, especially in the context of the current international situation.","start":1950.87,"end":1971.411,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":1983.441,"end":1983.714},{"text":"Facilitator,","start":1983.762,"end":1984.58},{"text":"Venezuela","start":1985.398,"end":1985.943},{"text":"recognizes","start":1985.943,"end":1986.633},{"text":"that","start":1986.729,"end":1987.05},{"text":"outer","start":1987.291,"end":1987.483},{"text":"space","start":1987.483,"end":1987.98},{"text":"is","start":1988.333,"end":1988.478},{"text":"the","start":1988.494,"end":1988.654},{"text":"common","start":1988.654,"end":1988.911},{"text":"heritage","start":1988.911,"end":1989.28},{"text":"of","start":1989.392,"end":1989.552},{"text":"humankind","start":1989.552,"end":1990.37},{"text":"as","start":1990.739,"end":1990.835},{"text":"established","start":1990.835,"end":1991.573},{"text":"in","start":1991.621,"end":1991.846},{"text":"the","start":1991.878,"end":1992.455},{"text":"1967","start":1992.664,"end":1993.69},{"text":"Outer","start":1993.867,"end":1994.059},{"text":"Space","start":1994.059,"end":1994.444},{"text":"Treaty.","start":1994.444,"end":1994.893}]},{"text":"In that regard, Venezuela notes that its use should benefit all countries without discrimination and respect the right of all states to access the benefits of the exploration and use of space for peaceful purposes.","start":1995.792,"end":2010.985,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1995.792,"end":1995.888},{"text":"that","start":1995.888,"end":1996.096},{"text":"regard,","start":1996.129,"end":1996.706},{"text":"Venezuela","start":1998.15,"end":1999.272},{"text":"notes","start":1999.272,"end":1999.609},{"text":"that","start":1999.657,"end":1999.818},{"text":"its","start":1999.818,"end":2000.042},{"text":"use","start":2000.042,"end":2000.251},{"text":"should","start":2000.475,"end":2000.764},{"text":"benefit","start":2000.764,"end":2001.341},{"text":"all","start":2001.406,"end":2001.454},{"text":"countries","start":2001.646,"end":2002.111},{"text":"without","start":2002.143,"end":2002.464},{"text":"discrimination","start":2002.464,"end":2003.314},{"text":"and","start":2003.651,"end":2003.763},{"text":"respect","start":2003.828,"end":2004.229},{"text":"the","start":2004.229,"end":2004.373},{"text":"right","start":2004.373,"end":2004.63},{"text":"of","start":2004.63,"end":2004.79},{"text":"all","start":2004.854,"end":2004.966},{"text":"states","start":2004.966,"end":2005.72},{"text":"to","start":2005.4,"end":2005.691},{"text":"access","start":2005.82,"end":2006.193},{"text":"the","start":2006.468,"end":2006.598},{"text":"benefits","start":2006.711,"end":2007.261},{"text":"of","start":2007.439,"end":2007.585},{"text":"the","start":2007.698,"end":2007.86},{"text":"exploration","start":2007.86,"end":2008.475},{"text":"and","start":2008.573,"end":2008.751},{"text":"use","start":2008.815,"end":2009.058},{"text":"of","start":2009.058,"end":2009.139},{"text":"space","start":2009.139,"end":2009.447},{"text":"for","start":2009.949,"end":2010.127},{"text":"peaceful","start":2010.127,"end":2010.515},{"text":"purposes.","start":2010.515,"end":2010.985}]},{"text":"This includes the right to develop national technological capabilities for small satellites for use in Earth observation, telecommunications development, disaster management, agriculture, education, and science.","start":2013.74,"end":2029.39,"topics":[{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development Benefits","description":"Alongside the risks, many statements recognized that LEO satellites can expand broadband access, especially in remote, mountainous, island, and underserved areas. 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Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."},{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. 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Facilitator, with the understanding that low Earth orbit satellites are not only related to exclusively technical issues, the delegation of Venezuela wishes to warn about some dangerous trends that are currently underway, which the United Nations could take concerted action on And these negative trends are the 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orbital neocolonialism and power asymmetry that is evident in the unilateral occupation of valuable orbits by space powers and their private corporations.","start":2143.705,"end":2156.998,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":2143.705,"end":2144.427},{"text":"orbital","start":2145.696,"end":2146.065},{"text":"neocolonialism","start":2146.209,"end":2147.462},{"text":"and","start":2147.783,"end":2147.943},{"text":"power","start":2147.943,"end":2148.345},{"text":"asymmetry","start":2148.425,"end":2149.051},{"text":"that","start":2149.87,"end":2149.982},{"text":"is","start":2149.982,"end":2150.191},{"text":"evident","start":2150.191,"end":2150.769},{"text":"in","start":2150.769,"end":2150.897},{"text":"the","start":2150.93,"end":2151.074},{"text":"unilateral","start":2151.074,"end":2151.7},{"text":"occupation","start":2151.877,"end":2152.423},{"text":"of","start":2152.535,"end":2152.615},{"text":"valuable","start":2152.615,"end":2153.065},{"text":"orbits","start":2153.177,"end":2153.659},{"text":"by","start":2153.659,"end":2153.9},{"text":"space","start":2153.9,"end":2154.381},{"text":"powers","start":2154.381,"end":2154.831},{"text":"and","start":2155.248,"end":2155.393},{"text":"their","start":2155.489,"end":2155.617},{"text":"private","start":2155.73,"end":2156.131},{"text":"corporations.","start":2156.147,"end":2156.998}]},{"text":"This behavior reproduces in space the dynamics of domination that we have fought against on Earth.","start":2158.475,"end":2164.383,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2158.475,"end":2158.668},{"text":"behavior","start":2158.86,"end":2159.519},{"text":"reproduces","start":2159.599,"end":2160.225},{"text":"in","start":2160.225,"end":2160.273},{"text":"space","start":2160.321,"end":2160.899},{"text":"the","start":2161.108,"end":2161.285},{"text":"dynamics","start":2161.285,"end":2161.863},{"text":"of","start":2161.863,"end":2161.975},{"text":"domination","start":2162.023,"end":2162.698},{"text":"that","start":2162.73,"end":2162.89},{"text":"we","start":2162.89,"end":2163.051},{"text":"have","start":2163.051,"end":2163.195},{"text":"fought","start":2163.211,"end":2163.613},{"text":"against","start":2163.613,"end":2163.998},{"text":"on","start":2163.998,"end":2164.062},{"text":"Earth.","start":2164.158,"end":2164.383}]},{"text":"The aim is to create a first-come, first-served right that marginalizes emerging states, effectively reducing the sovereign right to access and to use space as enshrined in the 1967 treaty.","start":2165.122,"end":2179.478,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."},{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2165.122,"end":2165.266},{"text":"aim","start":2165.282,"end":2165.411},{"text":"is","start":2165.459,"end":2165.507},{"text":"to","start":2165.539,"end":2165.7},{"text":"create","start":2165.7,"end":2166.262},{"text":"a","start":2166.406,"end":2166.583},{"text":"first-come,","start":2167.209,"end":2167.771},{"text":"first-served","start":2167.787,"end":2168.895},{"text":"right","start":2168.895,"end":2169.297},{"text":"that","start":2169.634,"end":2169.859},{"text":"marginalizes","start":2169.859,"end":2170.806},{"text":"emerging","start":2170.983,"end":2171.449},{"text":"states,","start":2171.497,"end":2171.963},{"text":"effectively","start":2172.605,"end":2173.215},{"text":"reducing","start":2173.247,"end":2173.777},{"text":"the","start":2173.81,"end":2173.954},{"text":"sovereign","start":2173.954,"end":2174.356},{"text":"right","start":2174.356,"end":2174.709},{"text":"to","start":2174.757,"end":2175.03},{"text":"access","start":2175.175,"end":2175.528},{"text":"and","start":2175.656,"end":2175.801},{"text":"to","start":2175.801,"end":2175.961},{"text":"use","start":2175.961,"end":2176.331},{"text":"space","start":2176.379,"end":2176.652},{"text":"as","start":2176.845,"end":2176.957},{"text":"enshrined","start":2177.021,"end":2177.583},{"text":"in","start":2177.664,"end":2177.744},{"text":"the","start":2177.744,"end":2177.824},{"text":"1967","start":2177.824,"end":2178.997},{"text":"treaty.","start":2179.029,"end":2179.478}]},{"text":"This is a situation that seeks to consolidate an exclusionary and hegemonic space power architecture.","start":2180.715,"end":2188.391,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. 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Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"Secondly,","start":2189.483,"end":2189.997},{"text":"there","start":2190.575,"end":2190.704},{"text":"is","start":2190.768,"end":2190.881},{"text":"concern","start":2190.993,"end":2191.555},{"text":"about","start":2191.555,"end":2191.796},{"text":"the","start":2191.796,"end":2191.876},{"text":"growing","start":2191.876,"end":2192.197},{"text":"deployment","start":2192.197,"end":2192.904},{"text":"of","start":2192.984,"end":2193.37},{"text":"unlicensed","start":2193.386,"end":2194.178},{"text":"services","start":2194.21,"end":2194.904},{"text":"with","start":2195.421,"end":2195.84},{"text":"equipment","start":2195.905,"end":2196.599},{"text":"entering","start":2196.696,"end":2197.084},{"text":"any","start":2197.342,"end":2197.536},{"text":"state","start":2197.536,"end":2198.004},{"text":"irregularly","start":2198.004,"end":2198.618},{"text":"and","start":2199.118,"end":2199.457},{"text":"landing","start":2201.378,"end":2201.685},{"text":"signals","start":2201.734,"end":2202.202},{"text":"from","start":2202.202,"end":2202.331},{"text":"megaconstellations","start":2202.444,"end":2203.544},{"text":"without","start":2203.577,"end":2203.981},{"text":"a","start":2203.981,"end":2204.062},{"text":"license","start":2204.062,"end":2204.547},{"text":"granted","start":2204.547,"end":2204.968},{"text":"by","start":2204.968,"end":2205.194},{"text":"telecommunications","start":2205.194,"end":2206.181},{"text":"regulatory","start":2206.229,"end":2206.731},{"text":"bodies.","start":2206.731,"end":2207.103}]},{"text":"And that is in addition to violating national legislation.","start":2208.43,"end":2211.712,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2208.43,"end":2208.51},{"text":"that","start":2208.51,"end":2208.639},{"text":"is","start":2208.639,"end":2208.751},{"text":"in","start":2208.783,"end":2208.88},{"text":"addition","start":2208.88,"end":2209.298},{"text":"to","start":2209.347,"end":2209.588},{"text":"violating","start":2209.588,"end":2210.199},{"text":"national","start":2210.457,"end":2211.02},{"text":"legislation.","start":2211.02,"end":2211.712}]},{"text":"It also poses political, economic, and security risks for states and between them.","start":2211.76,"end":2216.699,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."},{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in domestic affairs. This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2211.76,"end":2211.905},{"text":"also","start":2211.905,"end":2212.243},{"text":"poses","start":2212.243,"end":2212.613},{"text":"political,","start":2212.645,"end":2213.353},{"text":"economic,","start":2213.433,"end":2213.916},{"text":"and","start":2214.012,"end":2214.173},{"text":"security","start":2214.173,"end":2214.865},{"text":"risks","start":2214.897,"end":2215.364},{"text":"for","start":2215.364,"end":2215.493},{"text":"states","start":2215.541,"end":2216.008},{"text":"and","start":2216.008,"end":2216.104},{"text":"between","start":2216.104,"end":2216.555},{"text":"them.","start":2216.587,"end":2216.699}]},{"text":"An example of how these technologies can be used, among other things, to interfere in national electoral processes took place in Venezuela in 2024, as we explained in detail during the side event that took place on the 13th of October, 2025, on the margins of the work of the First Committee of the General Assembly in relation to this same issue.","start":2219.237,"end":2244.465,"topics":[{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in domestic affairs. This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."}],"words":[{"text":"An","start":2219.237,"end":2219.318},{"text":"example","start":2219.318,"end":2219.703},{"text":"of","start":2219.8,"end":2219.864},{"text":"how","start":2219.88,"end":2220.009},{"text":"these","start":2220.057,"end":2220.201},{"text":"technologies","start":2220.282,"end":2220.908},{"text":"can","start":2221.005,"end":2221.23},{"text":"be","start":2221.342,"end":2221.407},{"text":"used,","start":2221.503,"end":2222.033},{"text":"among","start":2222.13,"end":2222.355},{"text":"other","start":2222.531,"end":2222.772},{"text":"things,","start":2222.772,"end":2223.238},{"text":"to","start":2223.897,"end":2224.251},{"text":"interfere","start":2225.359,"end":2226.018},{"text":"in","start":2226.147,"end":2226.291},{"text":"national","start":2226.468,"end":2226.966},{"text":"electoral","start":2226.966,"end":2227.432},{"text":"processes","start":2227.448,"end":2228.059},{"text":"took","start":2229.039,"end":2229.136},{"text":"place","start":2229.2,"end":2229.457},{"text":"in","start":2229.457,"end":2229.537},{"text":"Venezuela","start":2229.537,"end":2230.26},{"text":"in","start":2230.405,"end":2230.55},{"text":"2024,","start":2230.582,"end":2231.482},{"text":"as","start":2232.092,"end":2232.157},{"text":"we","start":2232.253,"end":2232.349},{"text":"explained","start":2232.349,"end":2232.896},{"text":"in","start":2232.896,"end":2232.96},{"text":"detail","start":2232.992,"end":2233.41},{"text":"during","start":2233.474,"end":2233.763},{"text":"the","start":2233.94,"end":2234.133},{"text":"side","start":2234.133,"end":2234.503},{"text":"event","start":2234.503,"end":2234.76},{"text":"that","start":2234.76,"end":2234.92},{"text":"took","start":2234.92,"end":2235.145},{"text":"place","start":2235.161,"end":2235.499},{"text":"on","start":2236.029,"end":2236.254},{"text":"the","start":2236.367,"end":2236.447},{"text":"13th","start":2236.447,"end":2236.929},{"text":"of","start":2236.929,"end":2237.009},{"text":"October,","start":2237.009,"end":2237.395},{"text":"2025,","start":2237.411,"end":2238.423},{"text":"on","start":2238.857,"end":2239.002},{"text":"the","start":2239.002,"end":2239.034},{"text":"margins","start":2239.034,"end":2239.516},{"text":"of","start":2239.564,"end":2239.612},{"text":"the","start":2239.661,"end":2239.805},{"text":"work","start":2239.805,"end":2240.078},{"text":"of","start":2240.078,"end":2240.207},{"text":"the","start":2240.207,"end":2240.255},{"text":"First","start":2240.287,"end":2240.641},{"text":"Committee","start":2240.689,"end":2241.075},{"text":"of","start":2241.091,"end":2241.155},{"text":"the","start":2241.171,"end":2241.251},{"text":"General","start":2241.251,"end":2241.589},{"text":"Assembly","start":2241.589,"end":2242.119},{"text":"in","start":2243.035,"end":2243.067},{"text":"relation","start":2243.067,"end":2243.549},{"text":"to","start":2243.598,"end":2243.726},{"text":"this","start":2243.758,"end":2243.871},{"text":"same","start":2243.919,"end":2244.112},{"text":"issue.","start":2244.176,"end":2244.465}]},{"text":"A third issue is technological dependence and forced strategic vulnerability that results from saturating the radio spectrum and orbits as these constellations perniciously seek to become the only viable providers of global connectivity services.","start":2246.326,"end":2264.664,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. 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They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":2246.326,"end":2246.375},{"text":"third","start":2246.407,"end":2246.711},{"text":"issue","start":2246.711,"end":2247.064},{"text":"is","start":2247.353,"end":2247.578},{"text":"technological","start":2247.77,"end":2248.396},{"text":"dependence","start":2248.476,"end":2249.07},{"text":"and","start":2249.599,"end":2249.984},{"text":"forced","start":2250.321,"end":2250.803},{"text":"strategic","start":2250.803,"end":2251.541},{"text":"vulnerability","start":2251.605,"end":2252.471},{"text":"that","start":2252.567,"end":2252.728},{"text":"results","start":2252.728,"end":2253.225},{"text":"from","start":2253.225,"end":2253.482},{"text":"saturating","start":2253.482,"end":2254.236},{"text":"the","start":2254.332,"end":2254.412},{"text":"radio","start":2254.412,"end":2254.829},{"text":"spectrum","start":2254.829,"end":2255.359},{"text":"and","start":2255.535,"end":2255.712},{"text":"orbits","start":2255.776,"end":2256.273},{"text":"as","start":2256.674,"end":2256.803},{"text":"these","start":2256.835,"end":2257.124},{"text":"constellations","start":2257.156,"end":2258.086},{"text":"perniciously","start":2258.503,"end":2259.241},{"text":"seek","start":2259.241,"end":2259.707},{"text":"to","start":2259.707,"end":2259.819},{"text":"become","start":2259.867,"end":2260.156},{"text":"the","start":2260.509,"end":2260.637},{"text":"only","start":2260.83,"end":2261.135},{"text":"viable","start":2261.873,"end":2262.242},{"text":"providers","start":2262.29,"end":2262.819},{"text":"of","start":2262.851,"end":2262.947},{"text":"global","start":2262.947,"end":2263.3},{"text":"connectivity","start":2263.332,"end":2264.038},{"text":"services.","start":2264.038,"end":2264.664}]},{"text":"This phenomenon of concentration and monopolization leaves states with a strategic dependence on infrastructure controlled from abroad, whose data flows can be monitored, interfered with, or cut off at the behest of outside interests, which poses threats to states' digital autonomy and information security.","start":2265.723,"end":2288.399,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."},{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in domestic affairs. 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Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"Unilateral","start":2360.363,"end":2360.877},{"text":"coercive","start":2360.925,"end":2361.471},{"text":"measures","start":2361.471,"end":2361.776},{"text":"make","start":2362.706,"end":2362.931},{"text":"it","start":2362.947,"end":2363.076},{"text":"difficult","start":2363.076,"end":2363.798},{"text":"to","start":2363.798,"end":2364.071},{"text":"acquire","start":2364.199,"end":2364.616},{"text":"spare","start":2364.616,"end":2364.937},{"text":"parts,","start":2364.937,"end":2365.354},{"text":"mechanisms,","start":2365.483,"end":2366.028},{"text":"and","start":2366.205,"end":2366.301},{"text":"suppliers","start":2366.301,"end":2366.911},{"text":"for","start":2367.104,"end":2367.425},{"text":"the","start":2367.425,"end":2367.569},{"text":"preventive","start":2367.569,"end":2368.067},{"text":"and","start":2368.131,"end":2368.243},{"text":"corrective","start":2368.291,"end":2368.773},{"text":"maintenance","start":2368.773,"end":2369.286},{"text":"of","start":2369.35,"end":2369.447},{"text":"terrestrial","start":2369.447,"end":2369.96},{"text":"control","start":2370.137,"end":2370.442},{"text":"systems","start":2370.57,"end":2371.084},{"text":"and","start":2371.26,"end":2371.356},{"text":"satellite","start":2371.372,"end":2371.918},{"text":"applications,","start":2371.918,"end":2372.688},{"text":"as","start":2373.282,"end":2373.33},{"text":"well","start":2373.427,"end":2373.555},{"text":"as","start":2373.603,"end":2373.699},{"text":"equipment","start":2373.699,"end":2374.245},{"text":"and","start":2374.245,"end":2374.309},{"text":"supplies","start":2374.39,"end":2374.775},{"text":"for","start":2374.871,"end":2374.967},{"text":"the","start":2374.967,"end":2375.064},{"text":"development","start":2375.064,"end":2375.77},{"text":"of","start":2375.834,"end":2375.898},{"text":"technological","start":2375.93,"end":2378.289},{"text":"projects.","start":2376.492,"end":2377.022}]},{"text":"In addition to these negative trends resulting from the effects of low-orbit megaconstellations, there are others such as congestion and collision risks, astronomical interference and light pollution, and asymmetry in access and opportunities that threaten long-term space sustainability.","start":2378.162,"end":2397.733,"topics":[{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."},{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. 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The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"countries,","start":2482.01,"end":2482.174},{"text":"preventing","start":2482.453,"end":2482.913},{"text":"their","start":2483.028,"end":2483.126},{"text":"monopolization","start":2483.126,"end":2484.062},{"text":"by","start":2484.424,"end":2484.67},{"text":"the","start":2484.834,"end":2485.081},{"text":"first","start":2485.081,"end":2485.475},{"text":"actors.","start":2485.475,"end":2485.787}]},{"text":"Mr. Facilitator, in conclusion, while the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is willing to offer its best contribution in these matters, it reaffirms that it will not be a passive spectator to the colonization of low orbits and considers that allowing private entities or a few states to decide the future of the common space environment unilaterally is a recipe for conflict and injustice.","start":2487.65,"end":2514.785,"topics":[{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. 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The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":2487.65,"end":2487.843},{"text":"Facilitator,","start":2487.891,"end":2488.327},{"text":"in","start":2488.81,"end":2488.859},{"text":"conclusion,","start":2488.891,"end":2489.407},{"text":"while","start":2491.631,"end":2491.873},{"text":"the","start":2491.889,"end":2491.97},{"text":"Bolivarian","start":2491.97,"end":2492.421},{"text":"Republic","start":2492.437,"end":2492.856},{"text":"of","start":2492.856,"end":2492.905},{"text":"Venezuela","start":2492.905,"end":2493.55},{"text":"is","start":2493.566,"end":2493.695},{"text":"willing","start":2493.727,"end":2493.937},{"text":"to","start":2494.049,"end":2494.178},{"text":"offer","start":2494.275,"end":2494.597},{"text":"its","start":2494.678,"end":2494.823},{"text":"best","start":2494.936,"end":2495.194},{"text":"contribution","start":2495.242,"end":2495.79},{"text":"in","start":2495.903,"end":2495.984},{"text":"these","start":2495.984,"end":2496.113},{"text":"matters,","start":2496.21,"end":2496.596},{"text":"it","start":2497.13,"end":2497.226},{"text":"reaffirms","start":2497.226,"end":2497.854},{"text":"that","start":2497.886,"end":2498.063},{"text":"it","start":2498.063,"end":2498.144},{"text":"will","start":2498.208,"end":2498.321},{"text":"not","start":2498.369,"end":2498.691},{"text":"be","start":2498.691,"end":2498.836},{"text":"a","start":2498.917,"end":2499.013},{"text":"passive","start":2499.013,"end":2499.432},{"text":"spectator","start":2499.432,"end":2500.204},{"text":"to","start":2500.607,"end":2500.784},{"text":"the","start":2500.784,"end":2501.042},{"text":"colonization","start":2501.09,"end":2501.879},{"text":"of","start":2502.217,"end":2502.507},{"text":"low","start":2502.539,"end":2502.732},{"text":"orbits","start":2502.861,"end":2503.36},{"text":"and","start":2503.827,"end":2503.923},{"text":"considers","start":2503.923,"end":2504.374},{"text":"that","start":2504.487,"end":2504.793},{"text":"allowing","start":2505.05,"end":2505.421},{"text":"private","start":2505.533,"end":2506},{"text":"entities","start":2506,"end":2506.467},{"text":"or","start":2506.564,"end":2506.612},{"text":"a","start":2506.66,"end":2506.837},{"text":"few","start":2506.87,"end":2507.024},{"text":"states","start":2507.101,"end":2509.673},{"text":"to","start":2507.54,"end":2507.588},{"text":"decide","start":2507.652,"end":2508.277},{"text":"the","start":2508.373,"end":2508.614},{"text":"future","start":2508.614,"end":2509.239},{"text":"of","start":2509.64,"end":2509.784},{"text":"the","start":2509.816,"end":2510.04},{"text":"common","start":2510.04,"end":2510.329},{"text":"space","start":2510.377,"end":2510.65},{"text":"environment","start":2510.778,"end":2511.483},{"text":"unilaterally","start":2511.483,"end":2512.269},{"text":"is","start":2512.701,"end":2512.846},{"text":"a","start":2512.846,"end":2512.926},{"text":"recipe","start":2512.926,"end":2513.327},{"text":"for","start":2513.327,"end":2513.487},{"text":"conflict","start":2513.487,"end":2513.968},{"text":"and","start":2513.968,"end":2514.144},{"text":"injustice.","start":2514.144,"end":2514.785}]},{"text":"Space must be a domain of cooperation, not of coercion, of shared sovereignty and not private domination.","start":2515.443,"end":2521.887,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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you very much, Mr. Facilitator.","start":2535.913,"end":2537.52,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2535.913,"end":2536.205},{"text":"you","start":2536.205,"end":2536.237},{"text":"very","start":2536.286,"end":2536.4},{"text":"much,","start":2536.4,"end":2536.676},{"text":"Mr.","start":2536.708,"end":2536.887},{"text":"Facilitator.","start":2536.935,"end":2537.52}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Magaly Bencomo","affiliation":"VEN","affiliation_full":"Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)","group":null,"function":"Director General for Information Technologies, Communications, and Postal Services"}},{"statement_number":11,"start":2539.642,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=2540","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Спасибо, Марголад.","start":2539.642,"end":2540.047,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Спасибо,","start":2539.642,"end":2539.658},{"text":"Марголад.","start":2539.788,"end":2540.047}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"А сейчас я приглад.","start":2540.144,"end":2541.601,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"А","start":2540.144,"end":2540.16},{"text":"сейчас","start":2540.306,"end":2541.245},{"text":"я","start":2541.245,"end":2541.342},{"text":"приглад.","start":2541.342,"end":2541.601}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":2541.909,"end":2542.313,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2541.909,"end":2542.216},{"text":"you.","start":2542.216,"end":2542.313}]},{"text":"Now I'd like to invite Chairman of the Study Group for the Radio Communication Sector International Telecommunication Union expert of the National Research Center for Telecommunication in 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take the floor, who will speak of certain aspects of low Earth orbital system.","start":2559.682,"end":2567.415,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"to","start":2559.682,"end":2559.778},{"text":"take","start":2560.388,"end":2560.581},{"text":"the","start":2560.581,"end":2560.709},{"text":"floor,","start":2560.709,"end":2560.902},{"text":"who","start":2560.95,"end":2561.11},{"text":"will","start":2561.11,"end":2561.158},{"text":"speak","start":2561.158,"end":2561.543},{"text":"of","start":2561.591,"end":2561.816},{"text":"certain","start":2562.153,"end":2562.779},{"text":"aspects","start":2563.372,"end":2564.014},{"text":"of","start":2564.014,"end":2564.19},{"text":"low","start":2565.602,"end":2565.859},{"text":"Earth","start":2566.581,"end":2566.709},{"text":"orbital","start":2566.821,"end":2567.126},{"text":"system.","start":2567.126,"end":2567.415}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian 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the past year, the past year has shown the value of the spectrum, especially the spectrum allocated to mobile satellite service, which can be used for the provision of D2D 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SpaceX company concluded a very significant agreement with EchoStar to the tune of $17 billion.","start":2659.677,"end":2668.947,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2659.677,"end":2659.741},{"text":"SpaceX","start":2659.757,"end":2660.319},{"text":"company","start":2660.319,"end":2660.785},{"text":"concluded","start":2662.07,"end":2662.519},{"text":"a","start":2662.519,"end":2662.535},{"text":"very","start":2662.584,"end":2662.744},{"text":"significant","start":2662.744,"end":2663.773},{"text":"agreement","start":2663.773,"end":2665.283},{"text":"with","start":2665.878,"end":2666.103},{"text":"EchoStar","start":2666.183,"end":2666.858},{"text":"to","start":2667.228,"end":2667.324},{"text":"the","start":2667.324,"end":2667.469},{"text":"tune","start":2667.469,"end":2667.645},{"text":"of","start":2667.645,"end":2667.726},{"text":"$17","start":2667.726,"end":2668.336},{"text":"billion.","start":2668.449,"end":2668.947}]},{"text":"The Spectre, which was purchased by Elon Musk, makes 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entire international regulatory 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introducing global services, satellite operators have to deal with issues of licensing their activity on the territory of different countries.","start":3061.527,"end":3072.565,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3061.527,"end":3061.592},{"text":"introducing","start":3062.186,"end":3062.716},{"text":"global","start":3062.813,"end":3063.134},{"text":"services,","start":3063.166,"end":3063.921},{"text":"satellite","start":3064.982,"end":3065.544},{"text":"operators","start":3065.544,"end":3066.251},{"text":"have","start":3067.311,"end":3067.456},{"text":"to","start":3067.552,"end":3067.745},{"text":"deal","start":3068.693,"end":3068.87},{"text":"with","start":3068.934,"end":3069.047},{"text":"issues","start":3069.095,"end":3069.304},{"text":"of","start":3069.352,"end":3069.513},{"text":"licensing","start":3069.561,"end":3070.027},{"text":"their","start":3070.139,"end":3070.252},{"text":"activity","start":3070.444,"end":3070.91},{"text":"on","start":3071.087,"end":3071.151},{"text":"the","start":3071.167,"end":3071.264},{"text":"territory","start":3071.264,"end":3071.794},{"text":"of","start":3071.81,"end":3071.874},{"text":"different","start":3071.906,"end":3072.212},{"text":"countries.","start":3072.212,"end":3072.565}]},{"text":"In some cases, this has to do with excessive expectations in terms of the provision of communication is a benefit for the country and therefore requirements of compliance with national legislation on basing traffic on land or introducing payment for the use of spectrum and other causes certain misunderstanding from providers of services.","start":3072.629,"end":3104.491,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3072.629,"end":3072.726},{"text":"some","start":3072.726,"end":3072.951},{"text":"cases,","start":3073.015,"end":3073.561},{"text":"this","start":3074.477,"end":3074.638},{"text":"has","start":3074.638,"end":3074.766},{"text":"to","start":3074.863,"end":3074.959},{"text":"do","start":3074.959,"end":3075.04},{"text":"with","start":3075.04,"end":3075.2},{"text":"excessive","start":3075.2,"end":3075.682},{"text":"expectations","start":3075.682,"end":3076.614},{"text":"in","start":3077.289,"end":3077.337},{"text":"terms","start":3077.433,"end":3077.755},{"text":"of","start":3077.755,"end":3077.803},{"text":"the","start":3077.932,"end":3078.173},{"text":"provision","start":3078.558,"end":3078.944},{"text":"of","start":3079.12,"end":3079.265},{"text":"communication","start":3079.442,"end":3080.101},{"text":"is","start":3080.261,"end":3080.309},{"text":"a","start":3080.438,"end":3080.502},{"text":"benefit","start":3080.647,"end":3081.113},{"text":"for","start":3081.129,"end":3081.225},{"text":"the","start":3081.225,"end":3081.306},{"text":"country","start":3081.37,"end":3081.675},{"text":"and","start":3081.707,"end":3081.868},{"text":"therefore","start":3081.868,"end":3082.382},{"text":"requirements","start":3082.832,"end":3083.651},{"text":"of","start":3083.78,"end":3084.101},{"text":"compliance","start":3084.182,"end":3084.664},{"text":"with","start":3084.664,"end":3084.76},{"text":"national","start":3084.76,"end":3085.162},{"text":"legislation","start":3085.13,"end":3085.853},{"text":"on","start":3086.754,"end":3086.98},{"text":"basing","start":3087.881,"end":3088.186},{"text":"traffic","start":3088.299,"end":3088.765},{"text":"on","start":3088.765,"end":3088.942},{"text":"land","start":3088.942,"end":3089.554},{"text":"or","start":3089.843,"end":3089.908},{"text":"introducing","start":3089.908,"end":3090.519},{"text":"payment","start":3090.696,"end":3091.114},{"text":"for","start":3091.114,"end":3091.243},{"text":"the","start":3091.259,"end":3091.42},{"text":"use","start":3091.42,"end":3091.597},{"text":"of","start":3091.597,"end":3091.693},{"text":"spectrum","start":3091.693,"end":3092.353},{"text":"and","start":3093.435,"end":3093.516},{"text":"other","start":3093.678,"end":3093.904},{"text":"causes","start":3097.071,"end":3097.459},{"text":"certain","start":3100.222,"end":3100.578},{"text":"misunderstanding","start":3101.532,"end":3102.308},{"text":"from","start":3102.324,"end":3102.518},{"text":"providers","start":3102.583,"end":3103.86},{"text":"of","start":3103.86,"end":3103.925},{"text":"services.","start":3103.957,"end":3104.491}]},{"text":"In certain cases, states do not allow the use of certain satellites, low Earth orbiting satellites, over their territories.","start":3106.399,"end":3114.925,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3106.399,"end":3106.544},{"text":"certain","start":3106.544,"end":3106.916},{"text":"cases,","start":3106.948,"end":3107.482},{"text":"states","start":3108.015,"end":3108.646},{"text":"do","start":3109.858,"end":3109.955},{"text":"not","start":3109.955,"end":3110.15},{"text":"allow","start":3110.15,"end":3110.369},{"text":"the","start":3110.588,"end":3110.672},{"text":"use","start":3110.756,"end":3110.976},{"text":"of","start":3111.127,"end":3111.245},{"text":"certain","start":3111.35,"end":3111.576},{"text":"satellites,","start":3111.722,"end":3112.547},{"text":"low","start":3112.676,"end":3112.757},{"text":"Earth","start":3113,"end":3113.21},{"text":"orbiting","start":3113.323,"end":3113.695},{"text":"satellites,","start":3113.711,"end":3114.132},{"text":"over","start":3114.148,"end":3114.294},{"text":"their","start":3114.294,"end":3114.52},{"text":"territories.","start":3114.52,"end":3114.925}]},{"text":"However, the reality is such that global operators ignore these bans.","start":3116.13,"end":3123.215,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":3116.13,"end":3116.421},{"text":"the","start":3116.485,"end":3116.631},{"text":"reality","start":3116.631,"end":3117.1},{"text":"is","start":3117.197,"end":3117.262},{"text":"such","start":3117.294,"end":3117.747},{"text":"that","start":3118.103,"end":3118.426},{"text":"global","start":3118.734,"end":3119.219},{"text":"operators","start":3119.381,"end":3120.012},{"text":"ignore","start":3120.303,"end":3120.95},{"text":"these","start":3121.112,"end":3121.387},{"text":"bans.","start":3122.778,"end":3123.215}]},{"text":"This causes several problems.","start":3125.09,"end":3127.104,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3125.09,"end":3125.17},{"text":"causes","start":3125.911,"end":3126.266},{"text":"several","start":3126.266,"end":3126.701},{"text":"problems.","start":3126.717,"end":3127.104}]},{"text":"The first one is restriction of unauthorized— the work of unauthorized land-based Non-geostationary satellite systems and the related issues pertaining to the zone of service, the area of service of such systems, and the relevant regulatory measures.","start":3127.845,"end":3156.215,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3127.845,"end":3128.039},{"text":"first","start":3128.087,"end":3128.361},{"text":"one","start":3128.409,"end":3128.715},{"text":"is","start":3129.054,"end":3129.199},{"text":"restriction","start":3130.827,"end":3131.375},{"text":"of","start":3131.471,"end":3131.616},{"text":"unauthorized—","start":3132.196,"end":3133.115},{"text":"the","start":3133.163,"end":3133.228},{"text":"work","start":3133.324,"end":3133.486},{"text":"of","start":3133.486,"end":3133.571},{"text":"unauthorized","start":3133.74,"end":3134.653},{"text":"land-based","start":3134.755,"end":3135.329},{"text":"Non-geostationary","start":3137.116,"end":3138.197},{"text":"satellite","start":3138.197,"end":3138.811},{"text":"systems","start":3138.811,"end":3139.473},{"text":"and","start":3143.574,"end":3143.8},{"text":"the","start":3143.897,"end":3144.058},{"text":"related","start":3144.058,"end":3144.736},{"text":"issues","start":3145.043,"end":3145.495},{"text":"pertaining","start":3145.592,"end":3145.899},{"text":"to","start":3146.092,"end":3146.366},{"text":"the","start":3146.415,"end":3146.608},{"text":"zone","start":3147.8,"end":3148.074},{"text":"of","start":3148.171,"end":3148.219},{"text":"service,","start":3148.251,"end":3148.783},{"text":"the","start":3149.234,"end":3149.476},{"text":"area","start":3149.798,"end":3150.04},{"text":"of","start":3150.04,"end":3150.136},{"text":"service","start":3150.136,"end":3150.604},{"text":"of","start":3150.604,"end":3150.7},{"text":"such","start":3150.7,"end":3150.894},{"text":"systems,","start":3150.926,"end":3151.49},{"text":"and","start":3151.715,"end":3152.054},{"text":"the","start":3152.537,"end":3152.779},{"text":"relevant","start":3154.229,"end":3154.696},{"text":"regulatory","start":3154.696,"end":3155.569},{"text":"measures.","start":3155.827,"end":3156.215}]},{"text":"This issue will be dealt with under item 1.5 of the World.","start":3158.104,"end":3163.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3158.104,"end":3158.363},{"text":"issue","start":3159.057,"end":3159.267},{"text":"will","start":3159.461,"end":3159.606},{"text":"be","start":3159.622,"end":3159.784},{"text":"dealt","start":3159.8,"end":3160.059},{"text":"with","start":3160.188,"end":3160.317},{"text":"under","start":3160.511,"end":3160.834},{"text":"item","start":3160.85,"end":3161.108},{"text":"1.5","start":3161.157,"end":3162.158},{"text":"of","start":3162.223,"end":3162.449},{"text":"the","start":3162.53,"end":3162.675},{"text":"World.","start":3162.772,"end":3163.03}]},{"text":"Telecommunication Conference of 1927.","start":3164.11,"end":3166.38,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Telecommunication","start":3164.11,"end":3165.011},{"text":"Conference","start":3165.011,"end":3165.446},{"text":"of","start":3165.495,"end":3165.591},{"text":"1927.","start":3165.591,"end":3166.38}]},{"text":"Unfortunately, current experience of legislative practice of the provisions of the radio telecommunication regulations has shown that the problem of unauthorized use of Starlink territories over on the territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which did not give authorization to use this, cannot be resolved not only due to the lack of international norms and rules, but also Due to the position of countries that have registered this system to the ITU and also a country that in fact regulates the satellite operator Starlink.","start":3166.799,"end":3209.84,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Unfortunately,","start":3166.799,"end":3167.572},{"text":"current","start":3168.313,"end":3168.587},{"text":"experience","start":3168.587,"end":3169.489},{"text":"of","start":3169.602,"end":3170.31},{"text":"legislative","start":3171.454,"end":3172.002},{"text":"practice","start":3172.114,"end":3172.565},{"text":"of","start":3172.759,"end":3172.936},{"text":"the","start":3172.936,"end":3173.161},{"text":"provisions","start":3173.21,"end":3173.725},{"text":"of","start":3173.725,"end":3173.854},{"text":"the","start":3173.886,"end":3174.047},{"text":"radio","start":3174.852,"end":3175.158},{"text":"telecommunication","start":3175.158,"end":3176.108},{"text":"regulations","start":3176.14,"end":3176.945},{"text":"has","start":3176.945,"end":3177.074},{"text":"shown","start":3177.187,"end":3177.557},{"text":"that","start":3177.589,"end":3177.686},{"text":"the","start":3177.686,"end":3177.815},{"text":"problem","start":3177.815,"end":3178.153},{"text":"of","start":3178.153,"end":3178.378},{"text":"unauthorized","start":3178.459,"end":3179.36},{"text":"use","start":3179.505,"end":3179.827},{"text":"of","start":3179.827,"end":3179.876},{"text":"Starlink","start":3179.924,"end":3180.326},{"text":"territories","start":3180.326,"end":3180.938},{"text":"over","start":3181.115,"end":3181.309},{"text":"on","start":3181.679,"end":3181.759},{"text":"the","start":3181.759,"end":3181.921},{"text":"territory","start":3181.921,"end":3182.468},{"text":"of","start":3182.565,"end":3182.629},{"text":"the","start":3182.71,"end":3183.033},{"text":"Islamic","start":3183.065,"end":3184.99},{"text":"Republic","start":3185.653,"end":3186.073},{"text":"of","start":3186.073,"end":3186.154},{"text":"Iran,","start":3186.203,"end":3186.526},{"text":"which","start":3186.542,"end":3186.639},{"text":"did","start":3186.639,"end":3186.833},{"text":"not","start":3186.866,"end":3187.205},{"text":"give","start":3187.335,"end":3187.464},{"text":"authorization","start":3187.658,"end":3188.321},{"text":"to","start":3188.321,"end":3188.483},{"text":"use","start":3188.483,"end":3188.726},{"text":"this,","start":3188.726,"end":3188.952},{"text":"cannot","start":3188.968,"end":3189.405},{"text":"be","start":3189.599,"end":3189.777},{"text":"resolved","start":3189.777,"end":3190.262},{"text":"not","start":3190.262,"end":3190.505},{"text":"only","start":3190.505,"end":3190.715},{"text":"due","start":3190.828,"end":3190.99},{"text":"to","start":3190.99,"end":3191.087},{"text":"the","start":3191.135,"end":3191.232},{"text":"lack","start":3191.232,"end":3191.556},{"text":"of","start":3191.556,"end":3191.653},{"text":"international","start":3191.653,"end":3192.141},{"text":"norms","start":3192.141,"end":3192.552},{"text":"and","start":3192.552,"end":3192.724},{"text":"rules,","start":3192.724,"end":3193.032},{"text":"but","start":3193.152,"end":3193.204},{"text":"also","start":3193.204,"end":3193.478},{"text":"Due","start":3193.85,"end":3193.962},{"text":"to","start":3193.962,"end":3194.091},{"text":"the","start":3194.107,"end":3194.285},{"text":"position","start":3194.285,"end":3194.687},{"text":"of","start":3194.687,"end":3194.816},{"text":"countries","start":3194.832,"end":3195.38},{"text":"that","start":3196.218,"end":3196.428},{"text":"have","start":3196.444,"end":3196.766},{"text":"registered","start":3200.408,"end":3200.988},{"text":"this","start":3200.988,"end":3201.1},{"text":"system","start":3201.149,"end":3201.616},{"text":"to","start":3201.616,"end":3201.761},{"text":"the","start":3201.761,"end":3201.842},{"text":"ITU","start":3201.922,"end":3202.309},{"text":"and","start":3202.422,"end":3202.486},{"text":"also","start":3202.567,"end":3202.97},{"text":"a","start":3203.067,"end":3203.212},{"text":"country","start":3203.212,"end":3203.599},{"text":"that","start":3204.599,"end":3204.825},{"text":"in","start":3205.889,"end":3206.05},{"text":"fact","start":3206.05,"end":3206.469},{"text":"regulates","start":3206.598,"end":3207.276},{"text":"the","start":3207.582,"end":3207.776},{"text":"satellite","start":3208.066,"end":3208.792},{"text":"operator","start":3208.856,"end":3209.259},{"text":"Starlink.","start":3209.259,"end":3209.84}]},{"text":"Currently, Starlink has been declared by— in 4 states: Norway, Tonga, Germany, and the United States.","start":3210.05,"end":3218.298,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Currently,","start":3210.05,"end":3210.211},{"text":"Starlink","start":3210.47,"end":3211.214},{"text":"has","start":3212.411,"end":3212.492},{"text":"been","start":3212.67,"end":3212.799},{"text":"declared","start":3213.333,"end":3213.85},{"text":"by—","start":3213.883,"end":3214.125},{"text":"in","start":3214.449,"end":3214.497},{"text":"4","start":3214.594,"end":3214.805},{"text":"states:","start":3214.853,"end":3215.274},{"text":"Norway,","start":3215.727,"end":3216.535},{"text":"Tonga,","start":3216.551,"end":3216.94},{"text":"Germany,","start":3216.956,"end":3217.344},{"text":"and","start":3217.36,"end":3217.457},{"text":"the","start":3217.457,"end":3217.587},{"text":"United","start":3217.587,"end":3217.926},{"text":"States.","start":3217.926,"end":3218.298}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Victor Strelitz","affiliation":"ITU","affiliation_full":"ITU","group":null,"function":"Chairman of the Study Group, ITU Radiocommunication Sector"}},{"statement_number":15,"start":3218.444,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=3219","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Just a quick question.","start":3218.444,"end":3219.107,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Just","start":3218.444,"end":3218.67},{"text":"a","start":3218.67,"end":3218.686},{"text":"quick","start":3218.686,"end":3218.864},{"text":"question.","start":3218.88,"end":3219.107}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":null}},{"statement_number":16,"start":3221.334,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=3222","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"The radio frequency allocation of Starlink, which is used in Iran in an unauthorized way, is declared by the administration, the Communication Administration of Norway, which has no real levers to control the use of this satellite 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over 2 years, at 6 meetings of the Radio Regulation Committee, This topic was examined very carefully, and there was an appeal to the Communication Administration of Norway and the United States to stop such practice, which violates the sovereign rights of the Islamic Republic of 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a second problem arises related to the need to enhance the role of the administration that makes a declaration and member states of the 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Communication Administration of Russia, with the support of a number of other administrations, proposed under item 7 of the agenda of the World Telecommunication Conference to consider the possibility of enhancing the responsibility of the of the administration that makes a declaration on the satellite communication in conditions of global change in the satellite 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current model of regulation Geared towards the World Radio Communication Conference has met various problems due to the very rapid pace of technological 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of focusing only on gradual improvements, the time has come to very seriously examine more radical proposals on transforming the structure of control and processes of 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will make it possible to enhance the effectiveness of the existing normative basis and will contribute to updating the radio communication regulation to keep pace with technological 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you very much.","start":3401.49,"end":3402.863,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3401.49,"end":3402.291},{"text":"you","start":3402.291,"end":3402.389},{"text":"very","start":3402.389,"end":3402.569},{"text":"much.","start":3402.569,"end":3402.863}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Victor Strelitz","affiliation":"ITU","affiliation_full":"ITU","group":null,"function":"Chairman of the Study Group, ITU Radiocommunication Sector"}},{"statement_number":17,"start":3402.993,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=3403","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":3402.993,"end":3403.385,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3402.993,"end":3403.352},{"text":"you.","start":3403.352,"end":3403.385}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":null}},{"statement_number":18,"start":3406.479,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=3407","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Victor.","start":3406.479,"end":3408.022,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3406.479,"end":3407.46},{"text":"you,","start":3407.46,"end":3407.588},{"text":"Victor.","start":3407.604,"end":3408.022}]},{"text":"I want to thank all, all the panelists for their statements.","start":3410.015,"end":3415.995,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3410.015,"end":3410.143},{"text":"want","start":3410.175,"end":3410.304},{"text":"to","start":3410.352,"end":3410.593},{"text":"thank","start":3410.593,"end":3411.139},{"text":"all,","start":3411.22,"end":3411.268},{"text":"all","start":3411.702,"end":3411.83},{"text":"the","start":3412.361,"end":3412.537},{"text":"panelists","start":3413.003,"end":3414.61},{"text":"for","start":3414.61,"end":3414.867},{"text":"their","start":3414.932,"end":3415.125},{"text":"statements.","start":3415.495,"end":3415.995}]},{"text":"Now I want to give the floor first of all to members of the Security Council, and in the order in which they have put their name on the list, the first on my list is Slovenia.","start":3416.059,"end":3426.312,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now","start":3416.059,"end":3416.172},{"text":"I","start":3416.204,"end":3416.22},{"text":"want","start":3416.22,"end":3416.365},{"text":"to","start":3416.365,"end":3416.446},{"text":"give","start":3416.446,"end":3416.607},{"text":"the","start":3416.607,"end":3416.703},{"text":"floor","start":3416.703,"end":3416.945},{"text":"first","start":3416.945,"end":3417.202},{"text":"of","start":3417.202,"end":3417.283},{"text":"all","start":3417.331,"end":3417.38},{"text":"to","start":3417.428,"end":3417.508},{"text":"members","start":3417.508,"end":3417.847},{"text":"of","start":3417.847,"end":3417.927},{"text":"the","start":3417.927,"end":3418.008},{"text":"Security","start":3418.008,"end":3418.442},{"text":"Council,","start":3418.475,"end":3418.909},{"text":"and","start":3419.827,"end":3420.294},{"text":"in","start":3420.713,"end":3420.761},{"text":"the","start":3420.794,"end":3420.874},{"text":"order","start":3420.971,"end":3421.132},{"text":"in","start":3421.132,"end":3421.357},{"text":"which","start":3421.357,"end":3421.502},{"text":"they","start":3421.615,"end":3421.937},{"text":"have","start":3421.937,"end":3422.549},{"text":"put","start":3422.984,"end":3423.145},{"text":"their","start":3423.145,"end":3423.258},{"text":"name","start":3423.628,"end":3423.918},{"text":"on","start":3423.966,"end":3424.079},{"text":"the","start":3424.16,"end":3424.193},{"text":"list,","start":3424.227,"end":3424.513},{"text":"the","start":3424.765,"end":3424.866},{"text":"first","start":3424.866,"end":3425.269},{"text":"on","start":3425.269,"end":3425.37},{"text":"my","start":3425.37,"end":3425.521},{"text":"list","start":3425.521,"end":3425.791},{"text":"is","start":3425.791,"end":3425.841},{"text":"Slovenia.","start":3425.908,"end":3426.312}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian Federation","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":19,"start":3431.229,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=3432","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr. Chairperson, I take note of the statements by the briefers.","start":3431.229,"end":3434.899,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":3431.229,"end":3431.357},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":3431.405,"end":3431.934},{"text":"I","start":3432.751,"end":3432.847},{"text":"take","start":3432.847,"end":3433.072},{"text":"note","start":3433.088,"end":3433.424},{"text":"of","start":3433.472,"end":3433.537},{"text":"the","start":3433.569,"end":3433.649},{"text":"statements","start":3433.649,"end":3434.194},{"text":"by","start":3434.21,"end":3434.354},{"text":"the","start":3434.354,"end":3434.45},{"text":"briefers.","start":3434.45,"end":3434.899}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"The organization of this meeting is a testament to the interconnectedness of communication technologies and emerging technologies with the maintenance of international peace and security.","start":3435.972,"end":3445.187,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3435.972,"end":3436.052},{"text":"organization","start":3436.052,"end":3436.693},{"text":"of","start":3436.693,"end":3436.79},{"text":"this","start":3436.79,"end":3436.902},{"text":"meeting","start":3437.03,"end":3437.302},{"text":"is","start":3437.511,"end":3437.655},{"text":"a","start":3437.655,"end":3437.815},{"text":"testament","start":3437.815,"end":3438.344},{"text":"to","start":3438.376,"end":3438.52},{"text":"the","start":3438.52,"end":3438.6},{"text":"interconnectedness","start":3438.6,"end":3439.498},{"text":"of","start":3439.498,"end":3439.626},{"text":"communication","start":3439.642,"end":3440.267},{"text":"technologies","start":3440.299,"end":3440.876},{"text":"and","start":3440.94,"end":3441.004},{"text":"emerging","start":3441.036,"end":3441.389},{"text":"technologies","start":3441.437,"end":3442.11},{"text":"with","start":3442.703,"end":3442.863},{"text":"the","start":3442.863,"end":3442.959},{"text":"maintenance","start":3442.959,"end":3443.392},{"text":"of","start":3443.504,"end":3443.584},{"text":"international","start":3443.584,"end":3444.193},{"text":"peace","start":3444.209,"end":3444.337},{"text":"and","start":3444.626,"end":3444.706},{"text":"security.","start":3444.706,"end":3445.187}]},{"text":"Nevertheless, Slovenia believes efforts are needed to avoid duplications with discussions about space traffic management, use of space resources, and Space Debris in Vienna, where COPIOS and UNUSA have been extensively addressing these topics.","start":3446.453,"end":3460.181,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Nevertheless,","start":3446.453,"end":3446.901},{"text":"Slovenia","start":3446.966,"end":3447.446},{"text":"believes","start":3447.446,"end":3447.879},{"text":"efforts","start":3447.991,"end":3448.296},{"text":"are","start":3448.296,"end":3448.344},{"text":"needed","start":3448.36,"end":3448.68},{"text":"to","start":3448.776,"end":3448.873},{"text":"avoid","start":3448.873,"end":3449.177},{"text":"duplications","start":3449.177,"end":3449.93},{"text":"with","start":3449.994,"end":3450.155},{"text":"discussions","start":3450.155,"end":3450.796},{"text":"about","start":3451.196,"end":3451.388},{"text":"space","start":3451.437,"end":3451.757},{"text":"traffic","start":3451.757,"end":3452.142},{"text":"management,","start":3452.142,"end":3452.783},{"text":"use","start":3453.199,"end":3453.376},{"text":"of","start":3453.376,"end":3453.488},{"text":"space","start":3453.504,"end":3453.824},{"text":"resources,","start":3453.824,"end":3454.417},{"text":"and","start":3454.545,"end":3456.452},{"text":"Space","start":3454.61,"end":3454.947},{"text":"Debris","start":3454.947,"end":3455.316},{"text":"in","start":3455.766,"end":3455.91},{"text":"Vienna,","start":3455.91,"end":3456.392},{"text":"where","start":3456.552,"end":3456.713},{"text":"COPIOS","start":3456.713,"end":3457.179},{"text":"and","start":3457.211,"end":3457.323},{"text":"UNUSA","start":3457.371,"end":3457.949},{"text":"have","start":3458.078,"end":3458.174},{"text":"been","start":3458.174,"end":3458.27},{"text":"extensively","start":3458.27,"end":3458.977},{"text":"addressing","start":3458.977,"end":3459.426},{"text":"these","start":3459.459,"end":3459.635},{"text":"topics.","start":3459.699,"end":3460.181}]},{"text":"Mr. Chairperson, Slovenia emphasizes that affairs in space, as affairs on Earth, are governed by international law.","start":3461.466,"end":3468.466,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":3461.466,"end":3461.658},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":3461.707,"end":3462.317},{"text":"Slovenia","start":3462.525,"end":3463.136},{"text":"emphasizes","start":3463.152,"end":3463.842},{"text":"that","start":3464.276,"end":3464.452},{"text":"affairs","start":3464.452,"end":3464.725},{"text":"in","start":3464.822,"end":3464.854},{"text":"space,","start":3464.854,"end":3465.271},{"text":"as","start":3465.721,"end":3465.769},{"text":"affairs","start":3465.817,"end":3466.09},{"text":"on","start":3466.186,"end":3466.234},{"text":"Earth,","start":3466.283,"end":3466.491},{"text":"are","start":3467.23,"end":3467.278},{"text":"governed","start":3467.326,"end":3467.647},{"text":"by","start":3467.647,"end":3467.792},{"text":"international","start":3467.792,"end":3468.37},{"text":"law.","start":3468.37,"end":3468.466}]},{"text":"This entails the principle of non-intervention, which among other things includes the prohibition of the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.","start":3469.655,"end":3479.69,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3469.655,"end":3469.815},{"text":"entails","start":3469.815,"end":3470.265},{"text":"the","start":3470.297,"end":3470.377},{"text":"principle","start":3470.377,"end":3470.891},{"text":"of","start":3470.939,"end":3471.035},{"text":"non-intervention,","start":3471.035,"end":3471.79},{"text":"which","start":3472.224,"end":3472.384},{"text":"among","start":3472.384,"end":3472.673},{"text":"other","start":3472.689,"end":3472.866},{"text":"things","start":3472.866,"end":3473.155},{"text":"includes","start":3473.187,"end":3473.556},{"text":"the","start":3473.572,"end":3473.653},{"text":"prohibition","start":3473.653,"end":3474.199},{"text":"of","start":3474.391,"end":3474.488},{"text":"the","start":3474.488,"end":3474.696},{"text":"use","start":3474.696,"end":3474.809},{"text":"of","start":3474.809,"end":3474.873},{"text":"force","start":3474.873,"end":3475.387},{"text":"against","start":3475.515,"end":3475.756},{"text":"the","start":3475.756,"end":3475.82},{"text":"territorial","start":3475.82,"end":3476.398},{"text":"integrity","start":3476.398,"end":3476.928},{"text":"or","start":3476.96,"end":3477.041},{"text":"political","start":3477.041,"end":3477.506},{"text":"independence","start":3477.506,"end":3478.277},{"text":"of","start":3478.727,"end":3478.855},{"text":"any","start":3478.951,"end":3479.096},{"text":"state.","start":3479.272,"end":3479.69}]},{"text":"Slovenia shares the general concern about the dissemination of mis- and disinformation and manipulation of electoral processes.","start":3481.16,"end":3488.714,"topics":[{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in domestic affairs. This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."}],"words":[{"text":"Slovenia","start":3481.16,"end":3481.626},{"text":"shares","start":3481.626,"end":3481.996},{"text":"the","start":3482.269,"end":3482.349},{"text":"general","start":3482.414,"end":3482.639},{"text":"concern","start":3482.735,"end":3483.201},{"text":"about","start":3483.41,"end":3483.635},{"text":"the","start":3483.635,"end":3483.732},{"text":"dissemination","start":3483.78,"end":3484.567},{"text":"of","start":3484.696,"end":3484.809},{"text":"mis-","start":3484.905,"end":3485.114},{"text":"and","start":3485.323,"end":3485.387},{"text":"disinformation","start":3485.403,"end":3486.175},{"text":"and","start":3486.448,"end":3486.512},{"text":"manipulation","start":3486.528,"end":3487.3},{"text":"of","start":3487.654,"end":3487.75},{"text":"electoral","start":3487.75,"end":3488.104},{"text":"processes.","start":3488.2,"end":3488.714}]},{"text":"Especially as democratic processes on the European continent are increasingly being subjected to systematic manipulation.","start":3491.412,"end":3497.131,"topics":[{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in domestic affairs. This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."}],"words":[{"text":"Especially","start":3491.412,"end":3491.623},{"text":"as","start":3491.655,"end":3491.704},{"text":"democratic","start":3491.736,"end":3492.222},{"text":"processes","start":3492.222,"end":3492.757},{"text":"on","start":3492.87,"end":3492.919},{"text":"the","start":3492.951,"end":3493.032},{"text":"European","start":3493.032,"end":3493.486},{"text":"continent","start":3493.518,"end":3494.085},{"text":"are","start":3494.15,"end":3494.199},{"text":"increasingly","start":3494.231,"end":3494.814},{"text":"being","start":3494.814,"end":3495.025},{"text":"subjected","start":3495.074,"end":3495.851},{"text":"to","start":3495.851,"end":3495.949},{"text":"systematic","start":3495.949,"end":3496.581},{"text":"manipulation.","start":3496.581,"end":3497.131}]},{"text":"Double standards should be avoided in this regard, as state-sponsored misinformation and disinformation campaigns represent a markedly earthly affair.","start":3498.58,"end":3506.962,"topics":[{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in domestic affairs. This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."}],"words":[{"text":"Double","start":3498.58,"end":3498.758},{"text":"standards","start":3498.774,"end":3499.309},{"text":"should","start":3499.406,"end":3499.584},{"text":"be","start":3499.584,"end":3499.746},{"text":"avoided","start":3499.746,"end":3500.168},{"text":"in","start":3500.168,"end":3500.216},{"text":"this","start":3500.233,"end":3500.459},{"text":"regard,","start":3500.459,"end":3500.929},{"text":"as","start":3501.124,"end":3501.156},{"text":"state-sponsored","start":3501.156,"end":3502.064},{"text":"misinformation","start":3502.161,"end":3502.955},{"text":"and","start":3503.15,"end":3503.214},{"text":"disinformation","start":3503.312,"end":3503.928},{"text":"campaigns","start":3503.96,"end":3504.495},{"text":"represent","start":3505.013,"end":3505.581},{"text":"a","start":3505.645,"end":3505.662},{"text":"markedly","start":3505.662,"end":3506.229},{"text":"earthly","start":3506.31,"end":3506.44},{"text":"affair.","start":3506.658,"end":3506.962}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"It is counterproductive to any Security Council discussion to point out only a fragment of a much wider issue, and it raises questions about the aim and credibility of such discussions.","start":3508.405,"end":3518.709,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3508.405,"end":3508.485},{"text":"is","start":3508.485,"end":3508.565},{"text":"counterproductive","start":3508.629,"end":3509.494},{"text":"to","start":3509.526,"end":3509.67},{"text":"any","start":3509.687,"end":3509.847},{"text":"Security","start":3509.847,"end":3510.328},{"text":"Council","start":3510.328,"end":3510.648},{"text":"discussion","start":3510.648,"end":3511.177},{"text":"to","start":3511.353,"end":3511.449},{"text":"point","start":3511.449,"end":3511.754},{"text":"out","start":3511.754,"end":3512.074},{"text":"only","start":3512.074,"end":3512.267},{"text":"a","start":3512.267,"end":3512.283},{"text":"fragment","start":3512.331,"end":3512.908},{"text":"of","start":3513.068,"end":3513.148},{"text":"a","start":3513.196,"end":3513.212},{"text":"much","start":3513.228,"end":3513.436},{"text":"wider","start":3513.452,"end":3513.757},{"text":"issue,","start":3513.757,"end":3514.157},{"text":"and","start":3514.654,"end":3514.718},{"text":"it","start":3514.734,"end":3514.814},{"text":"raises","start":3514.814,"end":3515.103},{"text":"questions","start":3515.135,"end":3515.584},{"text":"about","start":3515.696,"end":3515.888},{"text":"the","start":3515.936,"end":3516.032},{"text":"aim","start":3516.161,"end":3516.241},{"text":"and","start":3516.577,"end":3516.641},{"text":"credibility","start":3516.641,"end":3517.266},{"text":"of","start":3517.875,"end":3517.955},{"text":"such","start":3517.955,"end":3518.18},{"text":"discussions.","start":3518.196,"end":3518.709}]},{"text":"Mr. Chairperson, space technologies, including low-Earth orbit satellites, are critical to sustainable development.","start":3519.766,"end":3525.824,"topics":[{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development Benefits","description":"Alongside the risks, many statements recognized that LEO satellites can expand broadband access, especially in remote, mountainous, island, and underserved areas. They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":3519.766,"end":3519.958},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":3520.007,"end":3520.631},{"text":"space","start":3521.08,"end":3521.465},{"text":"technologies,","start":3521.465,"end":3522.074},{"text":"including","start":3522.186,"end":3522.554},{"text":"low-Earth","start":3522.651,"end":3523.035},{"text":"orbit","start":3523.147,"end":3523.388},{"text":"satellites,","start":3523.388,"end":3524.013},{"text":"are","start":3524.045,"end":3524.125},{"text":"critical","start":3524.189,"end":3524.654},{"text":"to","start":3524.67,"end":3524.798},{"text":"sustainable","start":3524.814,"end":3525.295},{"text":"development.","start":3525.311,"end":3525.824}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Multilateral cooperation is vital for ensuring peaceful, sustainable, and equitable use of outer space.","start":3526.737,"end":3533.133,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."},{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Multilateral","start":3526.737,"end":3527.426},{"text":"cooperation","start":3527.634,"end":3528.323},{"text":"is","start":3528.58,"end":3528.724},{"text":"vital","start":3528.74,"end":3529.045},{"text":"for","start":3529.077,"end":3529.237},{"text":"ensuring","start":3529.253,"end":3529.605},{"text":"peaceful,","start":3529.782,"end":3530.166},{"text":"sustainable,","start":3530.375,"end":3531.096},{"text":"and","start":3531.32,"end":3531.384},{"text":"equitable","start":3531.544,"end":3532.009},{"text":"use","start":3532.025,"end":3532.49},{"text":"of","start":3532.378,"end":3532.458},{"text":"outer","start":3532.603,"end":3532.828},{"text":"space.","start":3532.828,"end":3533.133}]},{"text":"At the same time, the growth of space economy and the advent of megaconstellations compel us to reflect on their impacts.","start":3534.354,"end":3541.437,"topics":[{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. 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Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":3690.519,"end":3690.648},{"text":"conclude,","start":3690.664,"end":3691.241},{"text":"we","start":3692.027,"end":3692.092},{"text":"remain","start":3692.124,"end":3692.412},{"text":"concerned","start":3692.509,"end":3692.974},{"text":"about","start":3693.07,"end":3693.327},{"text":"the","start":3693.327,"end":3693.407},{"text":"continued","start":3693.407,"end":3694.065},{"text":"development","start":3694.065,"end":3694.771},{"text":"and","start":3694.851,"end":3694.915},{"text":"testing","start":3694.996,"end":3695.381},{"text":"of","start":3695.557,"end":3695.701},{"text":"anti-satellite","start":3695.814,"end":3696.536},{"text":"weapons","start":3696.536,"end":3696.905},{"text":"and","start":3697.177,"end":3697.242},{"text":"the","start":3697.258,"end":3697.338},{"text":"repeated","start":3697.338,"end":3697.803},{"text":"threats","start":3697.803,"end":3698.204},{"text":"by","start":3698.204,"end":3698.365},{"text":"the","start":3698.365,"end":3698.445},{"text":"Russian","start":3698.445,"end":3698.766},{"text":"Federation","start":3698.766,"end":3699.151},{"text":"to","start":3699.584,"end":3699.68},{"text":"target","start":3699.728,"end":3700.146},{"text":"commercial","start":3700.146,"end":3700.627},{"text":"satellites.","start":3700.627,"end":3701.172}]},{"text":"We underline the importance of addressing such dangerous and highly destabilizing actions promptly, comprehensively, and as part of international efforts to prevent an arms race in outer space.","start":3702.456,"end":3713.205,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. 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next speaker is Guyana.","start":3730.733,"end":3731.811,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3730.733,"end":3730.813},{"text":"next","start":3730.813,"end":3730.958},{"text":"speaker","start":3730.958,"end":3731.232},{"text":"is","start":3731.232,"end":3731.312},{"text":"Guyana.","start":3731.312,"end":3731.811}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian Federation","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":23,"start":3736.245,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=3737","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":3736.245,"end":3736.762,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3736.245,"end":3736.471},{"text":"you,","start":3736.471,"end":3736.552},{"text":"Chair.","start":3736.568,"end":3736.762}]},{"text":"Guyana extends its appreciation to the delegation of the Russian Federation for organizing today's ARIA Formula meeting to discuss the risks and challenges associated with the uncontrolled use of 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thank the briefers for their contributions.","start":3751.887,"end":3754.403,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3751.887,"end":3751.984},{"text":"thank","start":3751.984,"end":3752.224},{"text":"the","start":3752.224,"end":3752.304},{"text":"briefers","start":3752.368,"end":3752.833},{"text":"for","start":3753.025,"end":3753.201},{"text":"their","start":3753.33,"end":3753.57},{"text":"contributions.","start":3753.57,"end":3754.403}]},{"text":"While the General Assembly has recognized the important role that satellites play as critical infrastructure supporting essential functions on Earth, including enabling access to high-speed internet in remote communities, its deliberations have largely focused on the persistent issue of space debris, the proliferation and potential use of offensive space capabilities, and the broader subject of the peaceful use of outer space.","start":3755.429,"end":3782.988,"topics":[{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development 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Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."},{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Another","start":3783.743,"end":3784.112},{"text":"area","start":3784.145,"end":3784.337},{"text":"of","start":3784.385,"end":3784.466},{"text":"focus","start":3784.466,"end":3784.948},{"text":"has","start":3784.948,"end":3785.076},{"text":"been","start":3785.189,"end":3785.317},{"text":"the","start":3785.349,"end":3785.429},{"text":"development","start":3785.429,"end":3786.088},{"text":"and","start":3786.088,"end":3786.233},{"text":"testing","start":3786.233,"end":3786.763},{"text":"of","start":3787.18,"end":3787.277},{"text":"destructive","start":3787.277,"end":3787.967},{"text":"anti-satellite,","start":3788.144,"end":3788.931},{"text":"or","start":3788.963,"end":3789.108},{"text":"ASAT,","start":3789.188,"end":3789.525},{"text":"weapons,","start":3789.605,"end":3790.055},{"text":"which","start":3790.569,"end":3790.698},{"text":"contribute","start":3790.874,"end":3791.453},{"text":"to","start":3791.453,"end":3791.549},{"text":"the","start":3791.613,"end":3791.854},{"text":"challenges","start":3791.854,"end":3792.384},{"text":"faced","start":3792.561,"end":3792.898},{"text":"in","start":3792.898,"end":3792.946},{"text":"the","start":3793.043,"end":3793.251},{"text":"LEO","start":3793.284,"end":3793.605},{"text":"environment.","start":3793.701,"end":3794.424}]},{"text":"Today's discussion calls upon us to broaden our perspective and address not only the technical and safety concerns, but also the pressing issue of legal responsibility and accountability of LEO operators in an increasingly complex environment.","start":3795.147,"end":3811.723,"topics":[{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"Today's","start":3795.147,"end":3795.42},{"text":"discussion","start":3795.42,"end":3795.982},{"text":"calls","start":3796.11,"end":3796.4},{"text":"upon","start":3796.4,"end":3796.544},{"text":"us","start":3796.592,"end":3796.849},{"text":"to","start":3796.913,"end":3797.026},{"text":"broaden","start":3797.138,"end":3797.492},{"text":"our","start":3797.492,"end":3797.636},{"text":"perspective","start":3797.636,"end":3798.407},{"text":"and","start":3798.905,"end":3799.002},{"text":"address","start":3799.002,"end":3799.483},{"text":"not","start":3799.548,"end":3799.676},{"text":"only","start":3799.869,"end":3800.046},{"text":"the","start":3800.046,"end":3800.142},{"text":"technical","start":3800.142,"end":3800.704},{"text":"and","start":3800.704,"end":3800.817},{"text":"safety","start":3800.849,"end":3801.25},{"text":"concerns,","start":3801.25,"end":3801.861},{"text":"but","start":3802.375,"end":3802.551},{"text":"also","start":3802.68,"end":3803.033},{"text":"the","start":3803.033,"end":3803.178},{"text":"pressing","start":3803.178,"end":3803.547},{"text":"issue","start":3803.724,"end":3804.109},{"text":"of","start":3804.286,"end":3804.366},{"text":"legal","start":3804.543,"end":3804.816},{"text":"responsibility","start":3805.025,"end":3805.956},{"text":"and","start":3806.213,"end":3806.39},{"text":"accountability","start":3806.39,"end":3807.241},{"text":"of","start":3807.755,"end":3807.852},{"text":"LEO","start":3808.012,"end":3808.382},{"text":"operators","start":3808.478,"end":3809.169},{"text":"in","start":3809.426,"end":3809.506},{"text":"an","start":3809.506,"end":3809.603},{"text":"increasingly","start":3809.603,"end":3810.374},{"text":"complex","start":3810.406,"end":3811.128},{"text":"environment.","start":3811.145,"end":3811.723}]},{"text":"The concept note for this meeting highlights several critical concerns, including the growing tendency of some LEO operators to transmit signals that circumvent national regulatory frameworks, thereby extending their activities beyond the reach of national jurisdictions.","start":3812.815,"end":3831.572,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3812.815,"end":3812.895},{"text":"concept","start":3812.895,"end":3813.377},{"text":"note","start":3813.377,"end":3813.827},{"text":"for","start":3813.843,"end":3813.923},{"text":"this","start":3813.939,"end":3814.196},{"text":"meeting","start":3814.196,"end":3814.534},{"text":"highlights","start":3814.646,"end":3815.24},{"text":"several","start":3815.24,"end":3815.69},{"text":"critical","start":3815.706,"end":3816.172},{"text":"concerns,","start":3816.188,"end":3816.798},{"text":"including","start":3817.393,"end":3817.842},{"text":"the","start":3817.939,"end":3818.035},{"text":"growing","start":3818.035,"end":3818.324},{"text":"tendency","start":3818.421,"end":3819.047},{"text":"of","start":3819.304,"end":3819.4},{"text":"some","start":3819.4,"end":3819.609},{"text":"LEO","start":3819.882,"end":3820.187},{"text":"operators","start":3820.284,"end":3820.975},{"text":"to","start":3821.505,"end":3821.649},{"text":"transmit","start":3821.649,"end":3822.372},{"text":"signals","start":3822.26,"end":3822.821},{"text":"that","start":3823.014,"end":3823.255},{"text":"circumvent","start":3823.255,"end":3824.09},{"text":"national","start":3824.202,"end":3824.813},{"text":"regulatory","start":3824.925,"end":3825.503},{"text":"frameworks,","start":3825.503,"end":3826.225},{"text":"thereby","start":3826.707,"end":3827.093},{"text":"extending","start":3827.093,"end":3827.638},{"text":"their","start":3827.751,"end":3827.863},{"text":"activities","start":3827.911,"end":3828.682},{"text":"beyond","start":3828.795,"end":3829.357},{"text":"the","start":3829.357,"end":3829.501},{"text":"reach","start":3829.501,"end":3829.726},{"text":"of","start":3829.983,"end":3830.079},{"text":"national","start":3830.143,"end":3830.786},{"text":"jurisdictions.","start":3830.786,"end":3831.572}]},{"text":"It also draws attention to instances where illegally imported LEO terminals have been exploited to undermine public order by disseminating disinformation, manipulating electoral processes, and coordinating anti-government protests abroad.","start":3832.311,"end":3850.198,"topics":[{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in domestic affairs. This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3832.311,"end":3832.407},{"text":"also","start":3832.407,"end":3832.777},{"text":"draws","start":3832.793,"end":3833.194},{"text":"attention","start":3833.194,"end":3833.724},{"text":"to","start":3833.933,"end":3834.029},{"text":"instances","start":3834.174,"end":3834.864},{"text":"where","start":3835.041,"end":3835.297},{"text":"illegally","start":3835.297,"end":3835.779},{"text":"imported","start":3835.779,"end":3836.389},{"text":"LEO","start":3836.582,"end":3836.903},{"text":"terminals","start":3836.903,"end":3837.513},{"text":"have","start":3837.947,"end":3838.252},{"text":"been","start":3838.252,"end":3838.364},{"text":"exploited","start":3838.364,"end":3839.119},{"text":"to","start":3839.488,"end":3839.601},{"text":"undermine","start":3839.697,"end":3840.163},{"text":"public","start":3840.259,"end":3840.692},{"text":"order","start":3840.741,"end":3841.11},{"text":"by","start":3841.463,"end":3841.56},{"text":"disseminating","start":3841.56,"end":3842.33},{"text":"disinformation,","start":3842.362,"end":3843.294},{"text":"manipulating","start":3843.952,"end":3844.642},{"text":"electoral","start":3844.787,"end":3845.301},{"text":"processes,","start":3845.413,"end":3846.104},{"text":"and","start":3846.682,"end":3846.987},{"text":"coordinating","start":3847.083,"end":3847.709},{"text":"anti-government","start":3847.886,"end":3848.849},{"text":"protests","start":3848.849,"end":3849.475},{"text":"abroad.","start":3849.748,"end":3850.198}]},{"text":"These developments underscore the urgent need for effective legal frameworks and robust mechanisms to ensure that LEO operators are held accountable for actions that may compromise the stability and security of states, as well as the responsible and sustainable use of outer space.","start":3851.354,"end":3870.702,"topics":[{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."},{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":3851.354,"end":3851.563},{"text":"developments","start":3851.595,"end":3852.285},{"text":"underscore","start":3852.542,"end":3853.072},{"text":"the","start":3853.201,"end":3853.361},{"text":"urgent","start":3853.361,"end":3853.907},{"text":"need","start":3853.907,"end":3854.292},{"text":"for","start":3854.308,"end":3854.437},{"text":"effective","start":3854.646,"end":3855.208},{"text":"legal","start":3855.208,"end":3855.529},{"text":"frameworks","start":3855.529,"end":3856.235},{"text":"and","start":3856.316,"end":3856.396},{"text":"robust","start":3856.476,"end":3857.151},{"text":"mechanisms","start":3857.456,"end":3858.146},{"text":"to","start":3858.178,"end":3858.291},{"text":"ensure","start":3858.339,"end":3858.772},{"text":"that","start":3858.836,"end":3859.142},{"text":"LEO","start":3859.222,"end":3859.431},{"text":"operators","start":3859.623,"end":3860.233},{"text":"are","start":3860.811,"end":3860.908},{"text":"held","start":3860.908,"end":3861.165},{"text":"accountable","start":3861.165,"end":3861.903},{"text":"for","start":3862.257,"end":3862.578},{"text":"actions","start":3862.578,"end":3863.043},{"text":"that","start":3863.22,"end":3863.477},{"text":"may","start":3863.477,"end":3863.621},{"text":"compromise","start":3863.621,"end":3864.248},{"text":"the","start":3864.28,"end":3864.312},{"text":"stability","start":3864.36,"end":3864.97},{"text":"and","start":3865.468,"end":3865.564},{"text":"security","start":3865.564,"end":3866.19},{"text":"of","start":3866.19,"end":3866.287},{"text":"states,","start":3866.287,"end":3866.849},{"text":"as","start":3867.17,"end":3867.218},{"text":"well","start":3867.33,"end":3867.507},{"text":"as","start":3867.507,"end":3867.619},{"text":"the","start":3867.652,"end":3867.732},{"text":"responsible","start":3867.732,"end":3868.422},{"text":"and","start":3868.454,"end":3868.567},{"text":"sustainable","start":3868.615,"end":3869.241},{"text":"use","start":3869.337,"end":3869.675},{"text":"of","start":3869.739,"end":3869.835},{"text":"outer","start":3869.883,"end":3870.14},{"text":"space.","start":3870.14,"end":3870.702}]},{"text":"Guyana underscores that outer space space is the common heritage of mankind and that states, regardless of size and level of development, must be able to benefit from its potential to positively enhance the lives of their citizens.","start":3871.569,"end":3886.411,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."},{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development Benefits","description":"Alongside the risks, many statements recognized that LEO satellites can expand broadband access, especially in remote, mountainous, island, and underserved areas. They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"Guyana","start":3871.569,"end":3871.874},{"text":"underscores","start":3871.907,"end":3872.597},{"text":"that","start":3872.774,"end":3873.014},{"text":"outer","start":3873.014,"end":3873.207},{"text":"space","start":3873.207,"end":3875.214},{"text":"space","start":3873.32,"end":3873.609},{"text":"is","start":3873.85,"end":3873.962},{"text":"the","start":3873.994,"end":3874.139},{"text":"common","start":3874.139,"end":3874.364},{"text":"heritage","start":3874.46,"end":3875.038},{"text":"of","start":3875.119,"end":3875.247},{"text":"mankind","start":3875.263,"end":3875.89},{"text":"and","start":3876.307,"end":3876.387},{"text":"that","start":3876.404,"end":3876.564},{"text":"states,","start":3876.564,"end":3876.982},{"text":"regardless","start":3877.592,"end":3878.042},{"text":"of","start":3878.106,"end":3878.186},{"text":"size","start":3878.235,"end":3878.701},{"text":"and","start":3878.893,"end":3878.958},{"text":"level","start":3879.054,"end":3879.327},{"text":"of","start":3879.375,"end":3879.472},{"text":"development,","start":3879.472,"end":3880.259},{"text":"must","start":3880.644,"end":3880.853},{"text":"be","start":3880.901,"end":3881.142},{"text":"able","start":3881.142,"end":3881.335},{"text":"to","start":3881.367,"end":3881.511},{"text":"benefit","start":3881.544,"end":3882.106},{"text":"from","start":3882.106,"end":3882.347},{"text":"its","start":3882.363,"end":3882.588},{"text":"potential","start":3882.588,"end":3883.23},{"text":"to","start":3883.23,"end":3883.327},{"text":"positively","start":3883.471,"end":3884.114},{"text":"enhance","start":3884.114,"end":3884.547},{"text":"the","start":3884.997,"end":3885.142},{"text":"lives","start":3885.142,"end":3885.447},{"text":"of","start":3885.559,"end":3885.688},{"text":"their","start":3885.704,"end":3885.816},{"text":"citizens.","start":3885.816,"end":3886.411}]},{"text":"The United Nations should continue to consider the broader perspective of space security to ensure the safe and responsible conduct of space activities, including as it relates to LEO operations.","start":3887.406,"end":3899.678,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."},{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3887.406,"end":3887.487},{"text":"United","start":3887.487,"end":3887.937},{"text":"Nations","start":3887.969,"end":3888.322},{"text":"should","start":3888.354,"end":3888.531},{"text":"continue","start":3888.531,"end":3889.013},{"text":"to","start":3889.013,"end":3889.109},{"text":"consider","start":3889.157,"end":3889.671},{"text":"the","start":3889.671,"end":3889.816},{"text":"broader","start":3889.816,"end":3890.185},{"text":"perspective","start":3890.201,"end":3890.908},{"text":"of","start":3891.422,"end":3891.502},{"text":"space","start":3891.502,"end":3891.904},{"text":"security","start":3891.904,"end":3892.434},{"text":"to","start":3892.563,"end":3892.723},{"text":"ensure","start":3892.723,"end":3893.044},{"text":"the","start":3893.109,"end":3893.189},{"text":"safe","start":3893.189,"end":3893.671},{"text":"and","start":3893.751,"end":3893.816},{"text":"responsible","start":3893.832,"end":3894.442},{"text":"conduct","start":3894.538,"end":3895.02},{"text":"of","start":3895.101,"end":3895.133},{"text":"space","start":3895.133,"end":3895.582},{"text":"activities,","start":3895.598,"end":3896.209},{"text":"including","start":3896.787,"end":3897.333},{"text":"as","start":3897.671,"end":3897.735},{"text":"it","start":3897.831,"end":3897.928},{"text":"relates","start":3897.928,"end":3898.361},{"text":"to","start":3898.49,"end":3898.634},{"text":"LEO","start":3898.715,"end":3899.164},{"text":"operations.","start":3899.052,"end":3899.678}]},{"text":"Unfortunately, most states have not been able to keep up with the accelerating pace of commercial and military expansion of activity in space, putting governments perpetually on the back foot.","start":3900.561,"end":3914.306,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"Unfortunately,","start":3900.561,"end":3901.509},{"text":"most","start":3902.022,"end":3902.424},{"text":"states","start":3902.44,"end":3902.857},{"text":"have","start":3902.97,"end":3903.146},{"text":"not","start":3903.146,"end":3903.403},{"text":"been","start":3903.451,"end":3903.612},{"text":"able","start":3903.612,"end":3903.805},{"text":"to","start":3903.805,"end":3903.997},{"text":"keep","start":3904.013,"end":3904.27},{"text":"up","start":3904.27,"end":3904.431},{"text":"with","start":3904.431,"end":3904.607},{"text":"the","start":3904.607,"end":3904.752},{"text":"accelerating","start":3904.752,"end":3905.442},{"text":"pace","start":3905.619,"end":3905.844},{"text":"of","start":3906.101,"end":3906.165},{"text":"commercial","start":3906.261,"end":3906.888},{"text":"and","start":3907.305,"end":3907.626},{"text":"military","start":3907.626,"end":3908.172},{"text":"expansion","start":3908.268,"end":3908.879},{"text":"of","start":3909.071,"end":3909.152},{"text":"activity","start":3909.152,"end":3909.73},{"text":"in","start":3909.73,"end":3909.778},{"text":"space,","start":3909.89,"end":3910.404},{"text":"putting","start":3911.159,"end":3911.383},{"text":"governments","start":3911.48,"end":3912.122},{"text":"perpetually","start":3912.122,"end":3912.668},{"text":"on","start":3913.005,"end":3913.069},{"text":"the","start":3913.182,"end":3913.423},{"text":"back","start":3913.583,"end":3913.92},{"text":"foot.","start":3913.968,"end":3914.306}]},{"text":"We must therefore use multilateral instruments at our disposal to update regulatory frameworks and promote international regional and inter-regional cooperation to that end.","start":3915.109,"end":3928.159,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3915.109,"end":3915.205},{"text":"must","start":3915.205,"end":3915.43},{"text":"therefore","start":3915.51,"end":3916.056},{"text":"use","start":3916.056,"end":3916.425},{"text":"multilateral","start":3916.939,"end":3917.806},{"text":"instruments","start":3917.983,"end":3918.625},{"text":"at","start":3918.641,"end":3918.802},{"text":"our","start":3918.866,"end":3918.93},{"text":"disposal","start":3918.962,"end":3919.62},{"text":"to","start":3919.62,"end":3920.215},{"text":"update","start":3920.231,"end":3920.696},{"text":"regulatory","start":3920.873,"end":3921.435},{"text":"frameworks","start":3921.435,"end":3922.286},{"text":"and","start":3922.639,"end":3922.735},{"text":"promote","start":3922.735,"end":3923.233},{"text":"international","start":3923.362,"end":3924.148},{"text":"regional","start":3924.566,"end":3925.015},{"text":"and","start":3925.689,"end":3926.026},{"text":"inter-regional","start":3926.026,"end":3926.699},{"text":"cooperation","start":3926.748,"end":3927.437},{"text":"to","start":3927.469,"end":3927.582},{"text":"that","start":3927.63,"end":3927.887},{"text":"end.","start":3928.015,"end":3928.159}]},{"text":"With the increasingly blurred boundaries between private and public sector interests and activities in outer space, it is imperative that states actively collaborate to establish and uphold legal responsibility and accountability of LEO operators.","start":3929.314,"end":3946.929,"topics":[{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. 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orbit.","start":4025.408,"end":4031.285,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":4025.408,"end":4025.617},{"text":"Chair,","start":4025.665,"end":4025.859},{"text":"distinguished","start":4026.148,"end":4026.631},{"text":"colleagues,","start":4026.631,"end":4027.002},{"text":"we","start":4027.34,"end":4027.437},{"text":"thank","start":4027.437,"end":4027.743},{"text":"Russia","start":4027.743,"end":4028.097},{"text":"for","start":4028.161,"end":4028.338},{"text":"convening","start":4028.483,"end":4028.854},{"text":"this","start":4028.886,"end":4029.16},{"text":"ARIA","start":4029.192,"end":4029.449},{"text":"Formula","start":4029.449,"end":4029.788},{"text":"meeting","start":4029.788,"end":4030.142},{"text":"on","start":4030.319,"end":4030.383},{"text":"low","start":4030.48,"end":4030.657},{"text":"Earth","start":4030.738,"end":4030.947},{"text":"orbit.","start":4031.06,"end":4031.285}]},{"text":"Satellite communication systems.","start":4031.48,"end":4032.844,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Satellite","start":4031.48,"end":4031.849},{"text":"communication","start":4031.913,"end":4032.363},{"text":"systems.","start":4032.411,"end":4032.844}]},{"text":"We also welcome the Security Council's growing engagement on emerging technologies and new security challenges.","start":4034.001,"end":4039.268,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4034.001,"end":4034.081},{"text":"also","start":4034.145,"end":4034.386},{"text":"welcome","start":4034.386,"end":4034.627},{"text":"the","start":4034.643,"end":4034.723},{"text":"Security","start":4034.723,"end":4035.012},{"text":"Council's","start":4035.109,"end":4035.462},{"text":"growing","start":4035.526,"end":4035.815},{"text":"engagement","start":4035.928,"end":4036.57},{"text":"on","start":4036.634,"end":4036.682},{"text":"emerging","start":4036.731,"end":4037.1},{"text":"technologies","start":4037.132,"end":4037.742},{"text":"and","start":4038.079,"end":4038.144},{"text":"new","start":4038.256,"end":4038.417},{"text":"security","start":4038.417,"end":4038.818},{"text":"challenges.","start":4038.818,"end":4039.268}]},{"text":"As a member of the Security Council in 2024 and 2025, the Republic of Korea has consistently worked to bring greater attention to the peace and security implications of 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views initially differed on the need for such discussions in the Council, we believe there is now broad recognition of their 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we conclude our term, we are proud to have contributed to this shift.","start":4061.2,"end":4064.818,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4061.2,"end":4061.248},{"text":"we","start":4061.248,"end":4061.394},{"text":"conclude","start":4061.394,"end":4061.784},{"text":"our","start":4061.784,"end":4061.962},{"text":"term,","start":4061.962,"end":4062.254},{"text":"we","start":4062.514,"end":4062.595},{"text":"are","start":4062.611,"end":4062.709},{"text":"proud","start":4062.774,"end":4063.066},{"text":"to","start":4063.163,"end":4063.26},{"text":"have","start":4063.26,"end":4063.39},{"text":"contributed","start":4063.423,"end":4064.104},{"text":"to","start":4064.153,"end":4064.315},{"text":"this","start":4064.315,"end":4064.494},{"text":"shift.","start":4064.623,"end":4064.818}]},{"text":"With that in mind, allow me to highlight 3 points.","start":4065.857,"end":4068.258,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":4065.857,"end":4066.019},{"text":"that","start":4066.019,"end":4066.197},{"text":"in","start":4066.197,"end":4066.262},{"text":"mind,","start":4066.262,"end":4066.668},{"text":"allow","start":4066.993,"end":4067.171},{"text":"me","start":4067.171,"end":4067.317},{"text":"to","start":4067.317,"end":4067.398},{"text":"highlight","start":4067.398,"end":4067.739},{"text":"3","start":4067.788,"end":4067.966},{"text":"points.","start":4067.966,"end":4068.258}]},{"text":"First, we must maintain a balanced perspective on both the opportunities and the risks of LEO satellites.","start":4069.852,"end":4075.507,"topics":[{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development Benefits","description":"Alongside the risks, many statements recognized that LEO satellites can expand broadband access, especially in remote, mountainous, island, and underserved areas. They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."},{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":4069.852,"end":4070.177},{"text":"we","start":4070.34,"end":4070.437},{"text":"must","start":4070.437,"end":4070.681},{"text":"maintain","start":4070.681,"end":4071.12},{"text":"a","start":4071.38,"end":4071.477},{"text":"balanced","start":4071.477,"end":4071.883},{"text":"perspective","start":4071.883,"end":4072.501},{"text":"on","start":4072.761,"end":4072.81},{"text":"both","start":4072.923,"end":4073.151},{"text":"the","start":4073.183,"end":4073.33},{"text":"opportunities","start":4073.33,"end":4073.98},{"text":"and","start":4073.98,"end":4074.077},{"text":"the","start":4074.077,"end":4074.158},{"text":"risks","start":4074.158,"end":4074.548},{"text":"of","start":4074.548,"end":4074.662},{"text":"LEO","start":4074.727,"end":4074.971},{"text":"satellites.","start":4074.971,"end":4075.507}]},{"text":"LEO systems can help narrow the digital divide by offering low-latency, wide-area connectivity and enabling reliable communications even in mountainous, desert, and other remote areas where terrestrial infrastructure is limited.","start":4076.418,"end":4089.932,"topics":[{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development Benefits","description":"Alongside the risks, many statements recognized that LEO satellites can expand broadband access, especially in remote, mountainous, island, and underserved areas. 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They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":4090.912,"end":4090.992},{"text":"can","start":4091.057,"end":4091.137},{"text":"also","start":4091.218,"end":4091.459},{"text":"support","start":4091.459,"end":4091.958},{"text":"more","start":4091.958,"end":4092.152},{"text":"accurate","start":4092.281,"end":4092.699},{"text":"and","start":4092.764,"end":4092.828},{"text":"timely","start":4092.925,"end":4093.295},{"text":"analysis","start":4093.327,"end":4094.052},{"text":"of","start":4094.052,"end":4094.149},{"text":"satellite","start":4094.149,"end":4094.615},{"text":"imagery,","start":4094.615,"end":4094.986},{"text":"contributing","start":4095.646,"end":4096.129},{"text":"to","start":4096.145,"end":4096.242},{"text":"informed","start":4096.242,"end":4096.709},{"text":"decision-making","start":4096.709,"end":4097.401},{"text":"in","start":4097.514,"end":4097.562},{"text":"areas","start":4097.756,"end":4097.965},{"text":"such","start":4098.239,"end":4098.48},{"text":"as","start":4098.48,"end":4098.609},{"text":"climate","start":4099.124,"end":4099.511},{"text":"monitoring","start":4099.511,"end":4099.881},{"text":"and","start":4100.091,"end":4100.155},{"text":"disaster","start":4100.22,"end":4100.786},{"text":"response.","start":4100.82,"end":4101.336}]},{"text":"Next, we should build trust and confidence among states in outer space activities through norms, rules, and principles of responsible behaviors, along with existing international legal frameworks, including the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and the UN Charter.","start":4103.236,"end":4118.782,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Next,","start":4103.236,"end":4103.495},{"text":"we","start":4103.656,"end":4103.753},{"text":"should","start":4103.753,"end":4104.027},{"text":"build","start":4104.124,"end":4104.318},{"text":"trust","start":4104.366,"end":4104.883},{"text":"and","start":4104.947,"end":4105.012},{"text":"confidence","start":4105.109,"end":4105.641},{"text":"among","start":4105.996,"end":4106.174},{"text":"states","start":4106.174,"end":4106.642},{"text":"in","start":4106.803,"end":4106.948},{"text":"outer","start":4106.948,"end":4107.126},{"text":"space","start":4107.126,"end":4107.449},{"text":"activities","start":4107.449,"end":4107.901},{"text":"through","start":4108.175,"end":4108.336},{"text":"norms,","start":4108.336,"end":4108.675},{"text":"rules,","start":4108.901,"end":4109.192},{"text":"and","start":4109.466,"end":4109.531},{"text":"principles","start":4109.628,"end":4110.08},{"text":"of","start":4110.261,"end":4110.357},{"text":"responsible","start":4110.405,"end":4110.935},{"text":"behaviors,","start":4110.983,"end":4111.512},{"text":"along","start":4112.267,"end":4112.523},{"text":"with","start":4112.523,"end":4112.748},{"text":"existing","start":4112.748,"end":4113.197},{"text":"international","start":4113.31,"end":4113.807},{"text":"legal","start":4113.872,"end":4114.16},{"text":"frameworks,","start":4114.176,"end":4114.674},{"text":"including","start":4114.834,"end":4115.204},{"text":"the","start":4115.236,"end":4115.332},{"text":"1967","start":4115.332,"end":4116.407},{"text":"Outer","start":4116.664,"end":4116.841},{"text":"Space","start":4116.841,"end":4117.162},{"text":"Treaty","start":4117.162,"end":4117.418},{"text":"and","start":4118.044,"end":4118.108},{"text":"the","start":4118.124,"end":4118.205},{"text":"UN","start":4118.269,"end":4118.413},{"text":"Charter.","start":4118.51,"end":4118.782}]},{"text":"The dual-use potential of space objects, combined with limited transparency and a tense geopolitical environment, can heighten the risk of misperceptions and miscalculations.","start":4120.131,"end":4130.931,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4120.131,"end":4120.291},{"text":"dual-use","start":4120.291,"end":4120.772},{"text":"potential","start":4120.772,"end":4121.382},{"text":"of","start":4121.479,"end":4121.591},{"text":"space","start":4121.591,"end":4122.008},{"text":"objects,","start":4122.04,"end":4122.425},{"text":"combined","start":4122.682,"end":4123.083},{"text":"with","start":4123.083,"end":4123.228},{"text":"limited","start":4123.324,"end":4123.645},{"text":"transparency","start":4123.645,"end":4124.319},{"text":"and","start":4124.785,"end":4124.849},{"text":"a","start":4124.929,"end":4124.945},{"text":"tense","start":4124.945,"end":4125.234},{"text":"geopolitical","start":4125.491,"end":4126.069},{"text":"environment,","start":4126.069,"end":4126.63},{"text":"can","start":4127.112,"end":4127.32},{"text":"heighten","start":4127.336,"end":4127.802},{"text":"the","start":4127.914,"end":4128.01},{"text":"risk","start":4128.059,"end":4128.38},{"text":"of","start":4128.46,"end":4128.524},{"text":"misperceptions","start":4128.781,"end":4129.567},{"text":"and","start":4129.84,"end":4129.904},{"text":"miscalculations.","start":4129.984,"end":4130.931}]},{"text":"We have repeatedly learned at great cost that legally binding instruments alone do not guarantee security.","start":4132.167,"end":4138.511,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4132.167,"end":4132.311},{"text":"have","start":4132.311,"end":4132.488},{"text":"repeatedly","start":4132.552,"end":4133.018},{"text":"learned","start":4133.114,"end":4133.499},{"text":"at","start":4133.611,"end":4133.772},{"text":"great","start":4133.772,"end":4134.093},{"text":"cost","start":4134.093,"end":4134.622},{"text":"that","start":4135.056,"end":4135.168},{"text":"legally","start":4135.28,"end":4135.585},{"text":"binding","start":4135.617,"end":4135.971},{"text":"instruments","start":4136.099,"end":4136.564},{"text":"alone","start":4136.726,"end":4137.031},{"text":"do","start":4137.144,"end":4137.224},{"text":"not","start":4137.224,"end":4137.498},{"text":"guarantee","start":4137.53,"end":4137.964},{"text":"security.","start":4137.964,"end":4138.511}]},{"text":"In this context, Korea hosted the 24th Annual ROK-UN Joint Conference on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, focusing on space security, this month in New York, to actively engage with the international community in this field.","start":4139.475,"end":4152.864,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4139.475,"end":4139.572},{"text":"this","start":4139.572,"end":4139.781},{"text":"context,","start":4139.797,"end":4140.327},{"text":"Korea","start":4140.44,"end":4140.745},{"text":"hosted","start":4140.745,"end":4141.131},{"text":"the","start":4141.179,"end":4141.388},{"text":"24th","start":4141.388,"end":4142.016},{"text":"Annual","start":4142.128,"end":4142.626},{"text":"ROK-UN","start":4142.626,"end":4143.286},{"text":"Joint","start":4143.398,"end":4143.72},{"text":"Conference","start":4143.72,"end":4144.106},{"text":"on","start":4144.684,"end":4144.749},{"text":"Disarmament","start":4144.91,"end":4145.556},{"text":"and","start":4145.572,"end":4145.637},{"text":"Non-Proliferation,","start":4145.734,"end":4146.526},{"text":"focusing","start":4147.044,"end":4147.415},{"text":"on","start":4147.512,"end":4147.545},{"text":"space","start":4147.545,"end":4147.819},{"text":"security,","start":4147.884,"end":4148.385},{"text":"this","start":4148.499,"end":4148.628},{"text":"month","start":4148.725,"end":4148.984},{"text":"in","start":4148.984,"end":4149.032},{"text":"New","start":4149.129,"end":4149.161},{"text":"York,","start":4149.226,"end":4149.566},{"text":"to","start":4150.018,"end":4150.164},{"text":"actively","start":4150.261,"end":4150.568},{"text":"engage","start":4150.6,"end":4150.988},{"text":"with","start":4151.069,"end":4151.215},{"text":"the","start":4151.328,"end":4151.489},{"text":"international","start":4151.489,"end":4151.974},{"text":"community","start":4151.974,"end":4152.443},{"text":"in","start":4152.443,"end":4152.508},{"text":"this","start":4152.54,"end":4152.67},{"text":"field.","start":4152.67,"end":4152.864}]},{"text":"Korea also welcomes the progress made at the Integrated Paris OEWG and will continue to engage constructively in relevant multilateral discussions.","start":4154.794,"end":4162.845,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Korea","start":4154.794,"end":4155.004},{"text":"also","start":4155.037,"end":4155.264},{"text":"welcomes","start":4155.28,"end":4155.669},{"text":"the","start":4155.864,"end":4155.945},{"text":"progress","start":4155.945,"end":4156.464},{"text":"made","start":4156.496,"end":4156.723},{"text":"at","start":4156.755,"end":4156.853},{"text":"the","start":4156.918,"end":4157.08},{"text":"Integrated","start":4157.08,"end":4157.647},{"text":"Paris","start":4157.647,"end":4157.939},{"text":"OEWG","start":4158.117,"end":4158.701},{"text":"and","start":4159.188,"end":4159.252},{"text":"will","start":4159.334,"end":4159.479},{"text":"continue","start":4159.496,"end":4159.901},{"text":"to","start":4159.901,"end":4159.95},{"text":"engage","start":4159.982,"end":4160.387},{"text":"constructively","start":4160.404,"end":4161.101},{"text":"in","start":4161.295,"end":4161.344},{"text":"relevant","start":4161.458,"end":4161.75},{"text":"multilateral","start":4161.75,"end":4162.491},{"text":"discussions.","start":4162.525,"end":4162.845}]},{"text":"consistent with our view that an approach based on responsible behavior is a pragmatic and realistic way forward to advance space security.","start":4163.678,"end":4171.953,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"consistent","start":4163.678,"end":4164.224},{"text":"with","start":4164.256,"end":4164.369},{"text":"our","start":4164.401,"end":4164.545},{"text":"view","start":4164.578,"end":4164.77},{"text":"that","start":4164.883,"end":4165.044},{"text":"an","start":4165.044,"end":4165.14},{"text":"approach","start":4165.14,"end":4165.509},{"text":"based","start":4165.622,"end":4165.943},{"text":"on","start":4165.943,"end":4166.072},{"text":"responsible","start":4166.168,"end":4166.699},{"text":"behavior","start":4166.731,"end":4167.197},{"text":"is","start":4167.695,"end":4167.759},{"text":"a","start":4167.791,"end":4167.968},{"text":"pragmatic","start":4168.016,"end":4168.691},{"text":"and","start":4168.9,"end":4169.045},{"text":"realistic","start":4169.237,"end":4169.784},{"text":"way","start":4169.8,"end":4169.961},{"text":"forward","start":4170.025,"end":4170.266},{"text":"to","start":4170.668,"end":4170.78},{"text":"advance","start":4170.844,"end":4171.278},{"text":"space","start":4171.278,"end":4171.423},{"text":"security.","start":4171.423,"end":4171.953}]},{"text":"Lastly, we must ensure safety and sustainability of Earth's orbital environment as the number of LEO satellites grows rapidly.","start":4173.335,"end":4180.614,"topics":[{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. 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Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":4210.93,"end":4211.171},{"text":"Chair,","start":4211.235,"end":4211.557},{"text":"before","start":4211.573,"end":4211.83},{"text":"concluding,","start":4211.878,"end":4212.344},{"text":"the","start":4212.922,"end":4213.002},{"text":"Republic","start":4213.002,"end":4213.436},{"text":"of","start":4213.436,"end":4213.565},{"text":"Korea","start":4213.565,"end":4213.902},{"text":"reaffirms","start":4213.902,"end":4214.4},{"text":"its","start":4214.48,"end":4214.625},{"text":"commitment","start":4214.625,"end":4215.155},{"text":"to","start":4215.267,"end":4215.396},{"text":"a","start":4215.412,"end":4215.444},{"text":"secure,","start":4215.444,"end":4215.91},{"text":"safe","start":4216.04,"end":4216.25},{"text":"and","start":4216.46,"end":4216.541},{"text":"sustainable","start":4216.557,"end":4217.253},{"text":"outer","start":4217.431,"end":4217.609},{"text":"space.","start":4217.609,"end":4217.9}]},{"text":"We are dedicated to working with the international community to ensure that space activities contribute to international peace and security, and above all, to the prosperity of all humankind.","start":4218.822,"end":4229.285,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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France.","start":4233.985,"end":4236.107,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4233.985,"end":4234.066},{"text":"next","start":4234.066,"end":4234.307},{"text":"person","start":4234.307,"end":4234.549},{"text":"on","start":4234.549,"end":4234.581},{"text":"my","start":4234.581,"end":4234.71},{"text":"list","start":4234.71,"end":4234.951},{"text":"is","start":4234.951,"end":4235},{"text":"the","start":4235,"end":4235.07},{"text":"representative","start":4235.07,"end":4235.72},{"text":"of","start":4235.72,"end":4235.755},{"text":"France.","start":4235.755,"end":4236.107}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian Federation","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":27,"start":4240.348,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=4241","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"We have been convened by Russia to consider risks and threats in outer 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The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"First","start":4289.49,"end":4289.637},{"text":"of","start":4289.686,"end":4289.833},{"text":"all,","start":4289.833,"end":4289.882},{"text":"I","start":4290.094,"end":4290.274},{"text":"am","start":4290.339,"end":4290.584},{"text":"thinking","start":4290.584,"end":4290.879},{"text":"about","start":4290.911,"end":4291.303},{"text":"the","start":4291.303,"end":4291.401},{"text":"launch","start":4291.401,"end":4291.647},{"text":"of","start":4291.647,"end":4291.712},{"text":"destructive","start":4291.712,"end":4292.186},{"text":"anti-satellite","start":4292.366,"end":4292.856},{"text":"launches,","start":4295.904,"end":4296.082},{"text":"they","start":4296.098,"end":4296.309},{"text":"destroy","start":4296.422,"end":4296.681},{"text":"satellites,","start":4296.697,"end":4297.345},{"text":"produce","start":4297.652,"end":4298.041},{"text":"debris,","start":4298.041,"end":4298.526},{"text":"they","start":4298.623,"end":4298.785},{"text":"degrade","start":4298.785,"end":4299.028},{"text":"satellites","start":4299.028,"end":4299.368},{"text":"in","start":4299.368,"end":4299.497},{"text":"the","start":4299.497,"end":4299.546},{"text":"long","start":4299.546,"end":4299.643},{"text":"term","start":4299.675,"end":4299.869},{"text":"and","start":4299.983,"end":4300.047},{"text":"compromise","start":4300.08,"end":4300.452},{"text":"access","start":4300.501,"end":4300.792},{"text":"to","start":4300.792,"end":4300.889},{"text":"space","start":4300.889,"end":4301.196},{"text":"for","start":4301.196,"end":4301.294},{"text":"all","start":4301.294,"end":4301.391},{"text":"states.","start":4301.391,"end":4301.828}]},{"text":"France has committed to not test these weapons and we encourage other states to do the same.","start":4303.057,"end":4307.775,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"France","start":4303.057,"end":4303.465},{"text":"has","start":4303.465,"end":4303.694},{"text":"committed","start":4303.792,"end":4304.232},{"text":"to","start":4304.281,"end":4304.461},{"text":"not","start":4304.461,"end":4304.951},{"text":"test","start":4304.951,"end":4305.391},{"text":"these","start":4305.44,"end":4305.653},{"text":"weapons","start":4305.751,"end":4306.142},{"text":"and","start":4306.24,"end":4306.306},{"text":"we","start":4306.322,"end":4306.403},{"text":"encourage","start":4306.403,"end":4306.763},{"text":"other","start":4306.763,"end":4306.909},{"text":"states","start":4306.909,"end":4307.154},{"text":"to","start":4307.154,"end":4307.301},{"text":"do","start":4307.301,"end":4307.399},{"text":"the","start":4307.399,"end":4307.481},{"text":"same.","start":4307.481,"end":4307.775}]},{"text":"We are also very worried by the development of anti-satellite weapons in area effect weapons that disseminate a large amount of debris that could cause damage to outer space infrastructure and jeopardize the long-term validity of outer space activity.","start":4309.3,"end":4320.655,"topics":[{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. 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Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"Lastly,","start":4337.426,"end":4337.811},{"text":"satellites","start":4337.827,"end":4338.406},{"text":"and","start":4338.534,"end":4338.695},{"text":"outer","start":4338.775,"end":4338.888},{"text":"space","start":4338.888,"end":4339.209},{"text":"infrastructure","start":4339.418,"end":4340.237},{"text":"are","start":4340.237,"end":4340.317},{"text":"increasingly","start":4340.317,"end":4340.879},{"text":"being","start":4340.879,"end":4341.008},{"text":"targeted","start":4341.056,"end":4341.506},{"text":"by","start":4341.506,"end":4341.682},{"text":"aggressive","start":4341.682,"end":4342.148},{"text":"or","start":4342.148,"end":4342.196},{"text":"ambiguous","start":4342.245,"end":4342.726},{"text":"maneuverings","start":4342.726,"end":4343.337},{"text":"by,","start":4343.369,"end":4343.562},{"text":"for","start":4343.674,"end":4343.754},{"text":"example,","start":4343.754,"end":4344.236},{"text":"for","start":4345.12,"end":4345.553},{"text":"espionage","start":4345.602,"end":4345.955},{"text":"purposes.","start":4346.019,"end":4346.549}]},{"text":"This conduct accentuates the risk of misconduct and escalation.","start":4346.891,"end":4349.813,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4346.891,"end":4347.07},{"text":"conduct","start":4347.07,"end":4347.495},{"text":"accentuates","start":4347.495,"end":4348.066},{"text":"the","start":4348.066,"end":4348.213},{"text":"risk","start":4348.213,"end":4348.523},{"text":"of","start":4348.523,"end":4348.621},{"text":"misconduct","start":4348.621,"end":4349.176},{"text":"and","start":4349.176,"end":4349.29},{"text":"escalation.","start":4349.29,"end":4349.813}]},{"text":"In this context, France reaffirms its support for international space law that should be supplemented with confidence-building and transparency measures, as well as the development of norms for responsible behavior.","start":4351.298,"end":4362.292,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4351.298,"end":4351.363},{"text":"this","start":4351.396,"end":4351.559},{"text":"context,","start":4351.559,"end":4352.114},{"text":"France","start":4352.662,"end":4352.935},{"text":"reaffirms","start":4352.983,"end":4353.481},{"text":"its","start":4353.481,"end":4353.61},{"text":"support","start":4353.61,"end":4354.028},{"text":"for","start":4354.028,"end":4354.221},{"text":"international","start":4354.575,"end":4355.089},{"text":"space","start":4355.089,"end":4355.475},{"text":"law","start":4355.475,"end":4355.587},{"text":"that","start":4355.716,"end":4355.877},{"text":"should","start":4355.877,"end":4356.102},{"text":"be","start":4356.102,"end":4356.198},{"text":"supplemented","start":4356.198,"end":4356.809},{"text":"with","start":4356.825,"end":4356.986},{"text":"confidence-building","start":4357.002,"end":4357.613},{"text":"and","start":4357.661,"end":4357.741},{"text":"transparency","start":4357.741,"end":4358.352},{"text":"measures,","start":4358.352,"end":4358.658},{"text":"as","start":4358.77,"end":4358.899},{"text":"well","start":4358.931,"end":4359.059},{"text":"as","start":4359.236,"end":4359.381},{"text":"the","start":4359.413,"end":4359.493},{"text":"development","start":4359.493,"end":4360.12},{"text":"of","start":4360.281,"end":4360.506},{"text":"norms","start":4360.86,"end":4361.053},{"text":"for","start":4361.053,"end":4361.23},{"text":"responsible","start":4361.23,"end":4361.648},{"text":"behavior.","start":4361.664,"end":4362.292}]},{"text":"Faced with these threats, our first guarantee continues to be respect for the international law regime that applies to outer space, first and foremost the 1967 Treaty which is the cornerstone of that regime.","start":4363.983,"end":4373.742,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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President.","start":4747,"end":4747.08,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4747,"end":4747.02},{"text":"you,","start":4747.02,"end":4747.04},{"text":"Mr.","start":4747.04,"end":4747.06},{"text":"President.","start":4747.06,"end":4747.08}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the ministers, Ms. Penkomo and Mr. Strelitz, and I thank them for their 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The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Greece","start":4752.21,"end":4752.47},{"text":"is","start":4752.47,"end":4752.75},{"text":"committed","start":4752.75,"end":4752.97},{"text":"to","start":4752.97,"end":4753.09},{"text":"promoting","start":4753.09,"end":4753.47},{"text":"the","start":4753.47,"end":4753.65},{"text":"preservation","start":4753.65,"end":4754.09},{"text":"of","start":4754.09,"end":4754.23},{"text":"a","start":4754.23,"end":4754.55},{"text":"safe,","start":4754.55,"end":4755.25},{"text":"stable,","start":4755.29,"end":4755.59},{"text":"secure,","start":4755.59,"end":4756.03},{"text":"and","start":4756.03,"end":4756.03},{"text":"sustainable","start":4756.03,"end":4756.41},{"text":"space","start":4756.41,"end":4756.77},{"text":"environment,","start":4756.77,"end":4757.72},{"text":"and","start":4757.77,"end":4757.81},{"text":"the","start":4757.81,"end":4757.91},{"text":"peaceful","start":4757.91,"end":4758.19},{"text":"use","start":4758.19,"end":4758.449},{"text":"of","start":4758.449,"end":4758.65},{"text":"outer","start":4758.65,"end":4758.83},{"text":"space","start":4758.83,"end":4759.15},{"text":"on","start":4759.15,"end":4759.47},{"text":"an","start":4759.47,"end":4759.69},{"text":"equitable","start":4759.69,"end":4760.17},{"text":"and","start":4760.17,"end":4760.43},{"text":"mutually","start":4760.43,"end":4760.87},{"text":"acceptable","start":4760.87,"end":4761.39},{"text":"basis","start":4761.39,"end":4762.11},{"text":"in","start":4762.11,"end":4762.31},{"text":"accordance","start":4762.31,"end":4762.63},{"text":"with","start":4762.63,"end":4762.81},{"text":"international","start":4762.81,"end":4763.29},{"text":"law.","start":4763.29,"end":4764.49}]},{"text":"We believe that the 5 UN treaties on outer space, in particular the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, as well as the relevant UN General Assembly sets of principles, constitute the cornerstone of international space law, and we attach great importance to their implementation.","start":4764.51,"end":4778.98,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4764.51,"end":4764.59},{"text":"believe","start":4764.59,"end":4764.97},{"text":"that","start":4764.97,"end":4765.15},{"text":"the","start":4765.15,"end":4765.33},{"text":"5","start":4765.33,"end":4765.53},{"text":"UN","start":4765.53,"end":4765.81},{"text":"treaties","start":4765.81,"end":4766.03},{"text":"on","start":4766.03,"end":4766.23},{"text":"outer","start":4766.23,"end":4766.55},{"text":"space,","start":4766.55,"end":4767.1},{"text":"in","start":4767.29,"end":4767.41},{"text":"particular","start":4767.41,"end":4767.93},{"text":"the","start":4767.93,"end":4768.27},{"text":"1967","start":4768.27,"end":4769.13},{"text":"Outer","start":4769.13,"end":4769.61},{"text":"Space","start":4769.61,"end":4769.81},{"text":"Treaty,","start":4769.81,"end":4770.43},{"text":"as","start":4770.44,"end":4770.88},{"text":"well","start":4770.88,"end":4771.12},{"text":"as","start":4771.12,"end":4771.18},{"text":"the","start":4771.18,"end":4771.32},{"text":"relevant","start":4771.32,"end":4771.68},{"text":"UN","start":4771.68,"end":4772.04},{"text":"General","start":4772.04,"end":4772.36},{"text":"Assembly","start":4772.36,"end":4772.76},{"text":"sets","start":4772.76,"end":4772.98},{"text":"of","start":4772.98,"end":4773.2},{"text":"principles,","start":4773.2,"end":4774},{"text":"constitute","start":4774.02,"end":4774.44},{"text":"the","start":4774.44,"end":4774.8},{"text":"cornerstone","start":4774.8,"end":4775.22},{"text":"of","start":4775.22,"end":4775.46},{"text":"international","start":4775.46,"end":4775.82},{"text":"space","start":4775.82,"end":4776.18},{"text":"law,","start":4776.18,"end":4776.7},{"text":"and","start":4776.7,"end":4776.84},{"text":"we","start":4776.84,"end":4777},{"text":"attach","start":4777,"end":4777.24},{"text":"great","start":4777.24,"end":4777.58},{"text":"importance","start":4777.58,"end":4778.02},{"text":"to","start":4778.02,"end":4778.24},{"text":"their","start":4778.24,"end":4778.38},{"text":"implementation.","start":4778.38,"end":4778.98}]},{"text":"Outer space exploration is witnessing unprecedented technological advances, including low-Earth orbit satellite communication systems.","start":4780.04,"end":4787.3,"topics":[{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development Benefits","description":"Alongside the risks, many statements recognized that LEO satellites can expand broadband access, especially in remote, mountainous, island, and underserved areas. They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"Outer","start":4780.04,"end":4780.18},{"text":"space","start":4780.18,"end":4780.44},{"text":"exploration","start":4780.44,"end":4780.96},{"text":"is","start":4780.96,"end":4781.16},{"text":"witnessing","start":4781.16,"end":4781.64},{"text":"unprecedented","start":4781.64,"end":4782.32},{"text":"technological","start":4782.32,"end":4783.06},{"text":"advances,","start":4783.06,"end":4783.94},{"text":"including","start":4783.94,"end":4784.34},{"text":"low-Earth","start":4784.34,"end":4784.86},{"text":"orbit","start":4784.86,"end":4785.2},{"text":"satellite","start":4785.2,"end":4785.64},{"text":"communication","start":4785.64,"end":4786.16},{"text":"systems.","start":4786.16,"end":4787.3}]},{"text":"LEO satellites have proven to offer tangible benefits in various fields, from upholding peace and security to promoting sustainable development.","start":4787.3,"end":4794.14,"topics":[{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development Benefits","description":"Alongside the risks, many statements recognized that LEO satellites can expand broadband access, especially in remote, mountainous, island, and underserved areas. They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"LEO","start":4787.3,"end":4787.4},{"text":"satellites","start":4787.4,"end":4787.9},{"text":"have","start":4787.9,"end":4788.1},{"text":"proven","start":4788.1,"end":4788.38},{"text":"to","start":4788.38,"end":4788.54},{"text":"offer","start":4788.54,"end":4788.72},{"text":"tangible","start":4788.72,"end":4789.08},{"text":"benefits","start":4789.08,"end":4789.62},{"text":"in","start":4789.62,"end":4790},{"text":"various","start":4790,"end":4790.32},{"text":"fields,","start":4790.32,"end":4790.92},{"text":"from","start":4790.92,"end":4791},{"text":"upholding","start":4791,"end":4791.5},{"text":"peace","start":4791.5,"end":4791.64},{"text":"and","start":4791.64,"end":4791.8},{"text":"security","start":4791.8,"end":4792.2},{"text":"to","start":4792.2,"end":4792.38},{"text":"promoting","start":4792.38,"end":4792.78},{"text":"sustainable","start":4792.78,"end":4793.2},{"text":"development.","start":4793.2,"end":4794.14}]},{"text":"We commend the critical support that LEO satellites have provided to enhance Ukraine's defense capabilities against Russia's war of aggression.","start":4794.14,"end":4800.336,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4794.14,"end":4794.28},{"text":"commend","start":4794.28,"end":4794.52},{"text":"the","start":4794.52,"end":4794.68},{"text":"critical","start":4794.68,"end":4794.92},{"text":"support","start":4794.92,"end":4795.28},{"text":"that","start":4795.28,"end":4795.5},{"text":"LEO","start":4795.5,"end":4795.7},{"text":"satellites","start":4795.7,"end":4796.1},{"text":"have","start":4796.1,"end":4796.3},{"text":"provided","start":4796.3,"end":4796.7},{"text":"to","start":4796.7,"end":4796.86},{"text":"enhance","start":4796.86,"end":4797.2},{"text":"Ukraine's","start":4797.2,"end":4797.68},{"text":"defense","start":4797.68,"end":4797.92},{"text":"capabilities","start":4798.04,"end":4798.521},{"text":"against","start":4798.955,"end":4799.34},{"text":"Russia's","start":4799.34,"end":4799.661},{"text":"war","start":4799.661,"end":4799.822},{"text":"of","start":4799.822,"end":4799.918},{"text":"aggression.","start":4799.918,"end":4800.336}]},{"text":"This is crucial in order to defend Ukraine and its civilian population from the unrelenting and systematic Russian attacks, which target critical civilian and energy infrastructure with the aim to paralyse Ukraine's war effort and the morale of its population.","start":4800.721,"end":4813.534,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4800.721,"end":4800.833},{"text":"is","start":4800.882,"end":4800.93},{"text":"crucial","start":4800.962,"end":4801.46},{"text":"in","start":4801.46,"end":4801.54},{"text":"order","start":4801.588,"end":4801.765},{"text":"to","start":4801.765,"end":4801.861},{"text":"defend","start":4801.861,"end":4802.182},{"text":"Ukraine","start":4802.182,"end":4802.535},{"text":"and","start":4803.049,"end":4803.178},{"text":"its","start":4803.226,"end":4803.354},{"text":"civilian","start":4803.354,"end":4803.74},{"text":"population","start":4803.772,"end":4804.334},{"text":"from","start":4804.334,"end":4804.558},{"text":"the","start":4804.575,"end":4804.831},{"text":"unrelenting","start":4805.297,"end":4805.875},{"text":"and","start":4805.875,"end":4805.955},{"text":"systematic","start":4805.955,"end":4806.485},{"text":"Russian","start":4806.485,"end":4806.742},{"text":"attacks,","start":4806.742,"end":4807.144},{"text":"which","start":4807.368,"end":4807.433},{"text":"target","start":4807.625,"end":4807.946},{"text":"critical","start":4807.946,"end":4808.348},{"text":"civilian","start":4808.348,"end":4808.878},{"text":"and","start":4808.91,"end":4808.974},{"text":"energy","start":4809.054,"end":4809.311},{"text":"infrastructure","start":4809.311,"end":4810.355},{"text":"with","start":4810.596,"end":4810.74},{"text":"the","start":4810.756,"end":4810.821},{"text":"aim","start":4810.821,"end":4810.949},{"text":"to","start":4811.061,"end":4811.158},{"text":"paralyse","start":4811.158,"end":4811.527},{"text":"Ukraine's","start":4811.543,"end":4811.896},{"text":"war","start":4811.945,"end":4812.105},{"text":"effort","start":4812.105,"end":4812.378},{"text":"and","start":4812.426,"end":4812.507},{"text":"the","start":4812.507,"end":4812.571},{"text":"morale","start":4812.571,"end":4812.779},{"text":"of","start":4812.779,"end":4812.86},{"text":"its","start":4812.86,"end":4813.004},{"text":"population.","start":4813.004,"end":4813.534}]},{"text":"Nevertheless, LEO satellites pose threats that can compromise space sustainability and the level of trust among space actors.","start":4813.952,"end":4820.438,"topics":[{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Nevertheless,","start":4813.952,"end":4814.53},{"text":"LEO","start":4814.754,"end":4814.867},{"text":"satellites","start":4814.867,"end":4815.493},{"text":"pose","start":4815.493,"end":4815.702},{"text":"threats","start":4815.734,"end":4816.023},{"text":"that","start":4816.44,"end":4816.537},{"text":"can","start":4816.601,"end":4816.745},{"text":"compromise","start":4816.778,"end":4817.388},{"text":"space","start":4817.5,"end":4817.741},{"text":"sustainability","start":4817.741,"end":4818.512},{"text":"and","start":4818.56,"end":4818.64},{"text":"the","start":4818.64,"end":4818.769},{"text":"level","start":4818.769,"end":4819.009},{"text":"of","start":4819.009,"end":4819.154},{"text":"trust","start":4819.17,"end":4819.491},{"text":"among","start":4819.491,"end":4819.732},{"text":"space","start":4819.732,"end":4820.069},{"text":"actors.","start":4820.069,"end":4820.438}]},{"text":"In this context, we recall that the Pact of the Future recognized the need for urgent action to ensure the safe and sustainable use of space for the benefit of all humankind.","start":4821.097,"end":4829.719,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."},{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4821.097,"end":4821.161},{"text":"this","start":4821.177,"end":4821.241},{"text":"context,","start":4821.338,"end":4821.739},{"text":"we","start":4821.819,"end":4821.9},{"text":"recall","start":4821.9,"end":4822.157},{"text":"that","start":4822.157,"end":4822.317},{"text":"the","start":4822.317,"end":4822.462},{"text":"Pact","start":4822.462,"end":4822.654},{"text":"of","start":4822.654,"end":4822.719},{"text":"the","start":4822.719,"end":4822.815},{"text":"Future","start":4822.815,"end":4823.313},{"text":"recognized","start":4823.666,"end":4824.244},{"text":"the","start":4824.244,"end":4824.324},{"text":"need","start":4824.324,"end":4824.533},{"text":"for","start":4824.565,"end":4824.806},{"text":"urgent","start":4824.806,"end":4825.127},{"text":"action","start":4825.127,"end":4825.448},{"text":"to","start":4825.448,"end":4825.544},{"text":"ensure","start":4825.544,"end":4825.898},{"text":"the","start":4825.914,"end":4825.994},{"text":"safe","start":4825.994,"end":4826.347},{"text":"and","start":4826.797,"end":4826.941},{"text":"sustainable","start":4827.054,"end":4827.616},{"text":"use","start":4827.616,"end":4827.792},{"text":"of","start":4827.792,"end":4827.905},{"text":"space","start":4827.921,"end":4828.258},{"text":"for","start":4828.258,"end":4828.403},{"text":"the","start":4828.419,"end":4828.499},{"text":"benefit","start":4828.499,"end":4828.82},{"text":"of","start":4828.82,"end":4828.916},{"text":"all","start":4828.981,"end":4829.077},{"text":"humankind.","start":4829.205,"end":4829.719}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, at this stage, allow me to highlight the following 5 points.","start":4830.329,"end":4834.038,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":4830.329,"end":4830.522},{"text":"Chair,","start":4830.586,"end":4830.907},{"text":"at","start":4831.774,"end":4831.855},{"text":"this","start":4831.855,"end":4831.983},{"text":"stage,","start":4831.983,"end":4832.24},{"text":"allow","start":4832.352,"end":4832.513},{"text":"me","start":4832.513,"end":4832.609},{"text":"to","start":4832.609,"end":4832.722},{"text":"highlight","start":4832.738,"end":4833.075},{"text":"the","start":4833.075,"end":4833.155},{"text":"following","start":4833.155,"end":4833.396},{"text":"5","start":4833.46,"end":4833.685},{"text":"points.","start":4833.717,"end":4834.038}]},{"text":"First, Greece supports the functional approach concerning the definition of outer space.","start":4834.504,"end":4838.422,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":4834.504,"end":4834.841},{"text":"Greece","start":4834.905,"end":4835.082},{"text":"supports","start":4835.082,"end":4835.5},{"text":"the","start":4835.5,"end":4835.66},{"text":"functional","start":4835.66,"end":4836.126},{"text":"approach","start":4836.126,"end":4836.463},{"text":"concerning","start":4836.591,"end":4837.025},{"text":"the","start":4837.089,"end":4837.266},{"text":"definition","start":4837.314,"end":4837.747},{"text":"of","start":4837.747,"end":4837.956},{"text":"outer","start":4837.956,"end":4838.133},{"text":"space.","start":4838.133,"end":4838.422}]},{"text":"According to this approach, an area is considered outer space at any distance from the surface of the Earth, as long as it may be used by space objects.","start":4838.855,"end":4846.884,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"According","start":4838.855,"end":4839.193},{"text":"to","start":4839.193,"end":4839.321},{"text":"this","start":4839.321,"end":4839.385},{"text":"approach,","start":4839.482,"end":4839.787},{"text":"an","start":4840.044,"end":4840.108},{"text":"area","start":4840.284,"end":4840.461},{"text":"is","start":4840.461,"end":4840.509},{"text":"considered","start":4840.606,"end":4840.991},{"text":"outer","start":4841.087,"end":4841.28},{"text":"space","start":4841.28,"end":4841.73},{"text":"at","start":4841.986,"end":4842.147},{"text":"any","start":4842.147,"end":4842.308},{"text":"distance","start":4842.308,"end":4842.629},{"text":"from","start":4842.629,"end":4842.773},{"text":"the","start":4842.853,"end":4842.95},{"text":"surface","start":4842.95,"end":4843.688},{"text":"of","start":4843.688,"end":4843.801},{"text":"the","start":4843.833,"end":4843.913},{"text":"Earth,","start":4843.913,"end":4844.09},{"text":"as","start":4844.475,"end":4844.604},{"text":"long","start":4844.7,"end":4844.845},{"text":"as","start":4844.941,"end":4845.005},{"text":"it","start":4845.053,"end":4845.214},{"text":"may","start":4845.278,"end":4845.519},{"text":"be","start":4845.519,"end":4845.744},{"text":"used","start":4845.744,"end":4845.888},{"text":"by","start":4845.985,"end":4846.081},{"text":"space","start":4846.081,"end":4846.482},{"text":"objects.","start":4846.482,"end":4846.884}]},{"text":"Therefore, Greece firmly believes that LEO operations are governed by international law, including international space law.","start":4847.285,"end":4853.146,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":4847.285,"end":4847.751},{"text":"Greece","start":4847.767,"end":4848.12},{"text":"firmly","start":4848.152,"end":4848.409},{"text":"believes","start":4848.473,"end":4848.859},{"text":"that","start":4848.875,"end":4849.148},{"text":"LEO","start":4849.276,"end":4849.372},{"text":"operations","start":4849.372,"end":4849.983},{"text":"are","start":4850.256,"end":4850.336},{"text":"governed","start":4850.336,"end":4850.657},{"text":"by","start":4850.657,"end":4850.753},{"text":"international","start":4850.753,"end":4851.299},{"text":"law,","start":4851.299,"end":4851.604},{"text":"including","start":4851.62,"end":4852.07},{"text":"international","start":4852.086,"end":4852.6},{"text":"space","start":4852.6,"end":4852.969},{"text":"law.","start":4852.985,"end":4853.146}]},{"text":"Second, we support the establishment of a unified regulatory framework in accordance with international space law in order to address situations where LEO operators do not follow the national legislations.","start":4853.804,"end":4864.562,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."}],"words":[{"text":"Cybersecurity","start":4883.188,"end":4884.023},{"text":"measures,","start":4884.039,"end":4884.392},{"text":"such","start":4884.697,"end":4884.89},{"text":"as","start":4885.002,"end":4885.066},{"text":"encryption,","start":4885.179,"end":4885.741},{"text":"secure","start":4885.837,"end":4886.383},{"text":"authentication,","start":4886.383,"end":4887.073},{"text":"and","start":4887.362,"end":4887.475},{"text":"comprehensive","start":4887.507,"end":4888.133},{"text":"supply","start":4888.133,"end":4888.47},{"text":"chain","start":4888.47,"end":4888.759},{"text":"risk","start":4888.936,"end":4889.177},{"text":"management,","start":4889.177,"end":4889.675},{"text":"can","start":4889.915,"end":4890.06},{"text":"be","start":4890.076,"end":4890.14},{"text":"useful","start":4890.156,"end":4890.542},{"text":"tools","start":4890.558,"end":4890.766},{"text":"to","start":4890.799,"end":4890.959},{"text":"this","start":4890.959,"end":4891.071},{"text":"end.","start":4891.264,"end":4891.328}]},{"text":"The European Union has been active on this field with its directives on cybersecurity and fiscal resilience on critical entities.","start":4892.163,"end":4898.971,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4892.163,"end":4892.308},{"text":"European","start":4892.308,"end":4892.629},{"text":"Union","start":4892.709,"end":4893.014},{"text":"has","start":4893.03,"end":4893.175},{"text":"been","start":4893.271,"end":4893.368},{"text":"active","start":4893.528,"end":4893.833},{"text":"on","start":4893.849,"end":4893.897},{"text":"this","start":4893.93,"end":4894.154},{"text":"field","start":4894.154,"end":4894.379},{"text":"with","start":4894.636,"end":4894.748},{"text":"its","start":4894.748,"end":4894.893},{"text":"directives","start":4894.893,"end":4895.471},{"text":"on","start":4895.615,"end":4895.712},{"text":"cybersecurity","start":4895.712,"end":4896.643},{"text":"and","start":4896.739,"end":4896.804},{"text":"fiscal","start":4896.884,"end":4897.382},{"text":"resilience","start":4897.398,"end":4897.944},{"text":"on","start":4897.944,"end":4898.104},{"text":"critical","start":4898.104,"end":4898.554},{"text":"entities.","start":4898.65,"end":4898.971}]},{"text":"Fourth, We are ready to examine proposals that can clarify the legal responsibility and accountability of LEO operators.","start":4899.854,"end":4907.45,"topics":[{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. 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satellites.","start":4981.12,"end":4994.46,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":4981.12,"end":4981.265},{"text":"the","start":4981.265,"end":4981.33},{"text":"outset,","start":4981.346,"end":4981.83},{"text":"we","start":4981.927,"end":4982.008},{"text":"sincerely","start":4982.024,"end":4982.54},{"text":"thank","start":4982.572,"end":4982.976},{"text":"the","start":4982.976,"end":4983.202},{"text":"Russian","start":4983.202,"end":4983.46},{"text":"Federation","start":4983.46,"end":4983.993},{"text":"for","start":4984.574,"end":4984.751},{"text":"the","start":4984.751,"end":4984.8},{"text":"initiative","start":4984.816,"end":4985.494},{"text":"to","start":4986.188,"end":4986.269},{"text":"hold","start":4986.285,"end":4986.527},{"text":"this","start":4986.527,"end":4986.64},{"text":"important","start":4986.753,"end":4987.06},{"text":"debate","start":4987.06,"end":4987.592},{"text":"on","start":4987.737,"end":4987.833},{"text":"the","start":4988.22,"end":4988.478},{"text":"risks","start":4988.543,"end":4988.946},{"text":"and","start":4989.01,"end":4989.107},{"text":"challenges","start":4989.107,"end":4989.639},{"text":"emanating","start":4989.833,"end":4990.365},{"text":"from","start":4990.478,"end":4990.687},{"text":"the","start":4990.8,"end":4990.913},{"text":"uncontrolled","start":4991.026,"end":4991.623},{"text":"use","start":4991.671,"end":4991.88},{"text":"of","start":4992.413,"end":4992.558},{"text":"low","start":4992.558,"end":4992.654},{"text":"Earth","start":4992.88,"end":4993.106},{"text":"orbit","start":4993.444,"end":4993.702},{"text":"satellites.","start":4993.702,"end":4994.46}]},{"text":"We have listened attentively to the briefings made today.","start":4996.46,"end":5000.037,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4996.46,"end":4996.572},{"text":"have","start":4996.572,"end":4996.75},{"text":"listened","start":4996.798,"end":4997.136},{"text":"attentively","start":4997.152,"end":4997.749},{"text":"to","start":4997.781,"end":4997.926},{"text":"the","start":4997.926,"end":4998.023},{"text":"briefings","start":4998.023,"end":4998.635},{"text":"made","start":4999.538,"end":4999.65},{"text":"today.","start":4999.699,"end":5000.037}]},{"text":"Mr. President, we see this meeting as a necessary response to an international situation in which the leaps of technological innovation intersect with the complexities of international security and the requirements of national sovereignty.","start":5000.682,"end":5015.102,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services 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Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":5000.682,"end":5001.165},{"text":"President,","start":5001.89,"end":5002.422},{"text":"we","start":5002.438,"end":5002.487},{"text":"see","start":5002.535,"end":5002.857},{"text":"this","start":5002.922,"end":5003.051},{"text":"meeting","start":5003.164,"end":5003.47},{"text":"as","start":5003.647,"end":5003.792},{"text":"a","start":5003.889,"end":5003.905},{"text":"necessary","start":5003.905,"end":5004.388},{"text":"response","start":5004.388,"end":5004.823},{"text":"to","start":5005.28,"end":5005.392},{"text":"an","start":5005.392,"end":5005.472},{"text":"international","start":5005.472,"end":5006.017},{"text":"situation","start":5006.017,"end":5006.513},{"text":"in","start":5006.577,"end":5006.658},{"text":"which","start":5006.674,"end":5006.882},{"text":"the","start":5007.058,"end":5007.154},{"text":"leaps","start":5007.154,"end":5007.587},{"text":"of","start":5007.619,"end":5008.164},{"text":"technological","start":5008.18,"end":5008.917},{"text":"innovation","start":5008.981,"end":5009.526},{"text":"intersect","start":5009.702,"end":5010.359},{"text":"with","start":5010.84,"end":5010.984},{"text":"the","start":5010.984,"end":5011.08},{"text":"complexities","start":5011.08,"end":5011.769},{"text":"of","start":5011.881,"end":5011.978},{"text":"international","start":5011.978,"end":5012.474},{"text":"security","start":5012.506,"end":5012.971},{"text":"and","start":5013.163,"end":5013.244},{"text":"the","start":5013.308,"end":5013.34},{"text":"requirements","start":5013.34,"end":5014.045},{"text":"of","start":5014.061,"end":5014.141},{"text":"national","start":5014.189,"end":5014.541},{"text":"sovereignty.","start":5014.541,"end":5015.102}]},{"text":"Algeria's principled position is based on a firm conviction that outer space is a common heritage of humankind.","start":5015.631,"end":5022.954,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Algeria's","start":5015.631,"end":5016.08},{"text":"principled","start":5016.208,"end":5016.737},{"text":"position","start":5016.769,"end":5017.201},{"text":"is","start":5017.746,"end":5017.858},{"text":"based","start":5017.955,"end":5018.371},{"text":"on","start":5018.371,"end":5018.419},{"text":"a","start":5018.467,"end":5018.483},{"text":"firm","start":5018.531,"end":5018.788},{"text":"conviction","start":5018.836,"end":5019.301},{"text":"that","start":5019.413,"end":5019.557},{"text":"outer","start":5019.717,"end":5019.894},{"text":"space","start":5019.894,"end":5020.358},{"text":"is","start":5020.759,"end":5020.903},{"text":"a","start":5021.015,"end":5021.031},{"text":"common","start":5021.095,"end":5021.464},{"text":"heritage","start":5021.48,"end":5022.025},{"text":"of","start":5022.137,"end":5022.265},{"text":"humankind.","start":5022.281,"end":5022.954}]},{"text":"This principle is not just a slogan, but a cornerstone on which the governance of the orbital environment must be based.","start":5023.339,"end":5031.719,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5023.339,"end":5023.515},{"text":"principle","start":5023.579,"end":5024.22},{"text":"is","start":5024.22,"end":5024.268},{"text":"not","start":5024.38,"end":5024.492},{"text":"just","start":5024.541,"end":5024.797},{"text":"a","start":5024.797,"end":5024.861},{"text":"slogan,","start":5024.861,"end":5025.31},{"text":"but","start":5025.822,"end":5026.079},{"text":"a","start":5026.079,"end":5026.095},{"text":"cornerstone","start":5026.207,"end":5026.96},{"text":"on","start":5027.745,"end":5027.793},{"text":"which","start":5027.906,"end":5028.114},{"text":"the","start":5028.466,"end":5028.547},{"text":"governance","start":5028.547,"end":5029.46},{"text":"of","start":5029.732,"end":5029.877},{"text":"the","start":5030.053,"end":5030.133},{"text":"orbital","start":5030.165,"end":5030.582},{"text":"environment","start":5030.63,"end":5031.078},{"text":"must","start":5031.126,"end":5031.351},{"text":"be","start":5031.351,"end":5031.511},{"text":"based.","start":5031.511,"end":5031.719}]},{"text":"To ensure that all nations have access to its benefits.","start":5032.216,"end":5034.942,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":5032.216,"end":5032.265},{"text":"ensure","start":5032.313,"end":5032.665},{"text":"that","start":5032.794,"end":5032.97},{"text":"all","start":5033.098,"end":5033.146},{"text":"nations","start":5033.179,"end":5033.644},{"text":"have","start":5033.74,"end":5033.9},{"text":"access","start":5033.9,"end":5034.237},{"text":"to","start":5034.237,"end":5034.333},{"text":"its","start":5034.333,"end":5034.542},{"text":"benefits.","start":5034.542,"end":5034.942}]},{"text":"From this standpoint, we stress the inadmissibility of low Earth orbit monopoly or imposing de facto practical sovereignty over it by any state or commercial entity.","start":5035.423,"end":5050.32,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. 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They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5050.769,"end":5050.849},{"text":"benefits","start":5050.914,"end":5051.507},{"text":"of","start":5051.795,"end":5051.892},{"text":"space","start":5051.94,"end":5052.244},{"text":"technology","start":5052.357,"end":5052.966},{"text":"must","start":5053.383,"end":5053.896},{"text":"remain","start":5054.04,"end":5054.489},{"text":"exclusively","start":5054.682,"end":5055.532},{"text":"harnessed","start":5055.724,"end":5056.542},{"text":"for","start":5056.911,"end":5057.119},{"text":"the","start":5057.472,"end":5057.568},{"text":"sustainable","start":5057.568,"end":5058.129},{"text":"development","start":5058.129,"end":5058.819},{"text":"and","start":5058.915,"end":5059.059},{"text":"collective","start":5059.092,"end":5059.492},{"text":"security","start":5059.492,"end":5059.989},{"text":"of","start":5060.054,"end":5060.182},{"text":"all","start":5060.214,"end":5060.342},{"text":"peoples,","start":5060.374,"end":5060.743},{"text":"away","start":5061.32,"end":5061.529},{"text":"from","start":5061.801,"end":5061.946},{"text":"the","start":5061.978,"end":5062.122},{"text":"logic","start":5062.122,"end":5062.539},{"text":"of","start":5062.683,"end":5062.828},{"text":"hegemony.","start":5063.004,"end":5063.469}]},{"text":"Mr. President, we are currently faced with a disturbing paradox.","start":5063.886,"end":5068.719,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":5063.886,"end":5064.079},{"text":"President,","start":5064.127,"end":5064.625},{"text":"we","start":5064.705,"end":5064.786},{"text":"are","start":5064.85,"end":5064.898},{"text":"currently","start":5065.01,"end":5065.476},{"text":"faced","start":5065.653,"end":5067.001},{"text":"with","start":5067.098,"end":5067.306},{"text":"a","start":5067.419,"end":5067.435},{"text":"disturbing","start":5067.435,"end":5067.965},{"text":"paradox.","start":5068.077,"end":5068.719}]},{"text":"While serving as a tool to bridge the digital divide and support disaster response, the orbital constellations have real potential to destabilize strategic balances, create dangerous accumulation of space debris, as well as blur the boundaries between civilian and military infrastructure.","start":5069.346,"end":5094.504,"topics":[{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development Benefits","description":"Alongside the risks, many statements recognized that LEO satellites can expand broadband access, especially in remote, mountainous, island, and underserved areas. 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Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":5069.346,"end":5069.619},{"text":"serving","start":5069.619,"end":5070.132},{"text":"as","start":5070.389,"end":5070.454},{"text":"a","start":5070.502,"end":5070.518},{"text":"tool","start":5070.566,"end":5070.983},{"text":"to","start":5071.192,"end":5071.305},{"text":"bridge","start":5071.369,"end":5071.578},{"text":"the","start":5071.77,"end":5071.85},{"text":"digital","start":5071.85,"end":5072.3},{"text":"divide","start":5072.332,"end":5072.91},{"text":"and","start":5073.119,"end":5073.183},{"text":"support","start":5073.28,"end":5073.761},{"text":"disaster","start":5073.761,"end":5074.259},{"text":"response,","start":5074.259,"end":5074.933},{"text":"the","start":5075.527,"end":5075.72},{"text":"orbital","start":5075.849,"end":5076.282},{"text":"constellations","start":5077.133,"end":5077.92},{"text":"have","start":5078.177,"end":5078.402},{"text":"real","start":5078.578,"end":5078.948},{"text":"potential","start":5079.156,"end":5079.895},{"text":"to","start":5080.184,"end":5080.312},{"text":"destabilize","start":5081.565,"end":5082.255},{"text":"strategic","start":5082.689,"end":5083.315},{"text":"balances,","start":5083.331,"end":5083.781},{"text":"create","start":5085.081,"end":5085.756},{"text":"dangerous","start":5085.82,"end":5086.269},{"text":"accumulation","start":5086.382,"end":5087.217},{"text":"of","start":5087.747,"end":5087.843},{"text":"space","start":5087.891,"end":5088.228},{"text":"debris,","start":5088.228,"end":5088.63},{"text":"as","start":5089.757,"end":5089.805},{"text":"well","start":5089.902,"end":5090.031},{"text":"as","start":5090.08,"end":5090.29},{"text":"blur","start":5090.564,"end":5090.839},{"text":"the","start":5091.355,"end":5091.436},{"text":"boundaries","start":5091.436,"end":5091.904},{"text":"between","start":5092.017,"end":5092.502},{"text":"civilian","start":5092.502,"end":5093.132},{"text":"and","start":5093.132,"end":5093.212},{"text":"military","start":5093.293,"end":5093.761},{"text":"infrastructure.","start":5093.794,"end":5094.504}]},{"text":"This poses a threat to international peace and security.","start":5095.408,"end":5098.847,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5095.408,"end":5095.602},{"text":"poses","start":5095.796,"end":5096.183},{"text":"a","start":5096.312,"end":5096.328},{"text":"threat","start":5096.377,"end":5097.087},{"text":"to","start":5097.087,"end":5097.184},{"text":"international","start":5097.184,"end":5097.879},{"text":"peace","start":5097.895,"end":5098.153},{"text":"and","start":5098.153,"end":5098.298},{"text":"security.","start":5098.298,"end":5098.847}]},{"text":"Algeria speaks today from its direct national experience.","start":5100.26,"end":5104.434,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Algeria","start":5100.26,"end":5100.553},{"text":"speaks","start":5100.553,"end":5100.944},{"text":"today","start":5100.944,"end":5101.189},{"text":"from","start":5102.151,"end":5102.379},{"text":"its","start":5102.738,"end":5103.015},{"text":"direct","start":5103.048,"end":5103.472},{"text":"national","start":5103.472,"end":5103.847},{"text":"experience.","start":5103.879,"end":5104.434}]},{"text":"Through our space program implemented by the Algerian Space Agency, we have been able to harness space capabilities in order to ensure the security and safety of the country and to contribute to economic, social, and cultural development, as well as environmental protection and the rational management of natural resources.","start":5107.44,"end":5126.718,"topics":[{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development Benefits","description":"Alongside the risks, many statements recognized that LEO satellites can expand broadband access, especially in remote, mountainous, island, and underserved areas. They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"Through","start":5107.44,"end":5107.633},{"text":"our","start":5107.843,"end":5108.02},{"text":"space","start":5108.02,"end":5108.374},{"text":"program","start":5108.503,"end":5108.857},{"text":"implemented","start":5109.871,"end":5110.58},{"text":"by","start":5110.58,"end":5110.757},{"text":"the","start":5110.757,"end":5110.805},{"text":"Algerian","start":5110.821,"end":5111.401},{"text":"Space","start":5111.401,"end":5111.787},{"text":"Agency,","start":5111.787,"end":5112.254},{"text":"we","start":5113.252,"end":5113.397},{"text":"have","start":5113.397,"end":5113.542},{"text":"been","start":5113.575,"end":5113.8},{"text":"able","start":5113.8,"end":5114.09},{"text":"to","start":5114.202,"end":5114.267},{"text":"harness","start":5114.299,"end":5114.718},{"text":"space","start":5114.718,"end":5115.072},{"text":"capabilities","start":5115.265,"end":5115.877},{"text":"in","start":5115.974,"end":5116.135},{"text":"order","start":5116.135,"end":5116.312},{"text":"to","start":5116.312,"end":5116.377},{"text":"ensure","start":5116.377,"end":5116.785},{"text":"the","start":5116.785,"end":5116.818},{"text":"security","start":5116.818,"end":5117.356},{"text":"and","start":5117.356,"end":5117.454},{"text":"safety","start":5117.454,"end":5117.861},{"text":"of","start":5117.861,"end":5117.959},{"text":"the","start":5117.959,"end":5118.09},{"text":"country","start":5118.09,"end":5118.481},{"text":"and","start":5118.752,"end":5118.865},{"text":"to","start":5118.913,"end":5118.993},{"text":"contribute","start":5118.993,"end":5119.619},{"text":"to","start":5119.619,"end":5119.716},{"text":"economic,","start":5119.716,"end":5120.198},{"text":"social,","start":5120.214,"end":5120.663},{"text":"and","start":5120.679,"end":5120.824},{"text":"cultural","start":5120.824,"end":5121.322},{"text":"development,","start":5121.322,"end":5122.028},{"text":"as","start":5122.35,"end":5122.414},{"text":"well","start":5122.51,"end":5122.687},{"text":"as","start":5122.687,"end":5122.976},{"text":"environmental","start":5123.072,"end":5123.699},{"text":"protection","start":5123.715,"end":5124.261},{"text":"and","start":5124.357,"end":5124.486},{"text":"the","start":5124.518,"end":5124.598},{"text":"rational","start":5124.598,"end":5125.016},{"text":"management","start":5125.016,"end":5125.642},{"text":"of","start":5125.642,"end":5125.722},{"text":"natural","start":5125.738,"end":5126.22},{"text":"resources.","start":5126.22,"end":5126.718}]},{"text":"Based on this experience, we believe that the great promise made by low Earth orbit to African states and developing countries should not obscure the real risks that need to be addressed seriously and comprehensively.","start":5127.585,"end":5145.187,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."},{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Based","start":5127.585,"end":5127.89},{"text":"on","start":5127.906,"end":5128.003},{"text":"this","start":5128.051,"end":5128.115},{"text":"experience,","start":5128.228,"end":5128.758},{"text":"we","start":5129.512,"end":5129.544},{"text":"believe","start":5129.593,"end":5129.962},{"text":"that","start":5130.058,"end":5130.364},{"text":"the","start":5130.396,"end":5130.476},{"text":"great","start":5130.476,"end":5130.845},{"text":"promise","start":5130.877,"end":5131.295},{"text":"made","start":5131.504,"end":5132.082},{"text":"by","start":5132.403,"end":5132.596},{"text":"low","start":5133.19,"end":5133.447},{"text":"Earth","start":5134.089,"end":5134.378},{"text":"orbit","start":5134.957,"end":5135.487},{"text":"to","start":5135.856,"end":5135.968},{"text":"African","start":5136.161,"end":5136.627},{"text":"states","start":5137.317,"end":5137.799},{"text":"and","start":5138.169,"end":5138.329},{"text":"developing","start":5138.329,"end":5138.715},{"text":"countries","start":5138.731,"end":5139.196},{"text":"should","start":5139.293,"end":5139.469},{"text":"not","start":5139.469,"end":5139.775},{"text":"obscure","start":5139.791,"end":5140.144},{"text":"the","start":5140.256,"end":5140.337},{"text":"real","start":5140.337,"end":5140.594},{"text":"risks","start":5140.594,"end":5140.947},{"text":"that","start":5141.14,"end":5141.397},{"text":"need","start":5141.397,"end":5141.557},{"text":"to","start":5141.557,"end":5141.686},{"text":"be","start":5141.718,"end":5141.862},{"text":"addressed","start":5141.862,"end":5142.521},{"text":"seriously","start":5143.5,"end":5144.175},{"text":"and","start":5144.271,"end":5144.448},{"text":"comprehensively.","start":5144.448,"end":5145.187}]},{"text":"In this regard, we would like to highlight 3 main points that are a source of concern given the questions in our debate today.","start":5145.572,"end":5155.052,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5145.572,"end":5145.621},{"text":"this","start":5145.653,"end":5145.781},{"text":"regard,","start":5145.878,"end":5146.296},{"text":"we","start":5147.019,"end":5147.099},{"text":"would","start":5147.099,"end":5147.244},{"text":"like","start":5147.244,"end":5147.437},{"text":"to","start":5147.501,"end":5147.613},{"text":"highlight","start":5147.646,"end":5148.256},{"text":"3","start":5148.771,"end":5148.963},{"text":"main","start":5149.43,"end":5149.719},{"text":"points","start":5149.831,"end":5150.346},{"text":"that","start":5150.635,"end":5150.86},{"text":"are","start":5150.86,"end":5151.133},{"text":"a","start":5151.663,"end":5151.792},{"text":"source","start":5151.84,"end":5152.226},{"text":"of","start":5152.226,"end":5152.29},{"text":"concern","start":5152.322,"end":5152.772},{"text":"given","start":5153.11,"end":5153.367},{"text":"the","start":5153.367,"end":5153.528},{"text":"questions","start":5153.528,"end":5154.058},{"text":"in","start":5154.154,"end":5154.203},{"text":"our","start":5154.251,"end":5154.38},{"text":"debate","start":5154.38,"end":5154.751},{"text":"today.","start":5154.751,"end":5155.052}]},{"text":"First, sovereignty and regulatory authority.","start":5156.892,"end":5159.961,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":5156.892,"end":5156.972},{"text":"sovereignty","start":5156.988,"end":5157.583},{"text":"and","start":5157.84,"end":5158.322},{"text":"regulatory","start":5158.643,"end":5159.27},{"text":"authority.","start":5159.399,"end":5159.961}]},{"text":"The universality of the coverage of LEO constellations does not negate the principle of state sovereignty over their frequencies and Any activity, whatever its character, within the territory of a state must be subject to its regulatory and licensing authority.","start":5160.491,"end":5181.358,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5160.491,"end":5160.732},{"text":"universality","start":5160.732,"end":5161.6},{"text":"of","start":5161.777,"end":5161.857},{"text":"the","start":5161.857,"end":5161.954},{"text":"coverage","start":5161.954,"end":5162.516},{"text":"of","start":5162.661,"end":5162.805},{"text":"LEO","start":5164.348,"end":5164.702},{"text":"constellations","start":5165.087,"end":5165.778},{"text":"does","start":5165.875,"end":5166.02},{"text":"not","start":5166.036,"end":5166.328},{"text":"negate","start":5166.442,"end":5166.865},{"text":"the","start":5166.865,"end":5166.946},{"text":"principle","start":5167.028,"end":5167.597},{"text":"of","start":5167.597,"end":5167.694},{"text":"state","start":5167.694,"end":5167.987},{"text":"sovereignty","start":5167.987,"end":5168.458},{"text":"over","start":5168.718,"end":5168.978},{"text":"their","start":5168.978,"end":5169.206},{"text":"frequencies","start":5169.775,"end":5170.409},{"text":"and","start":5170.669,"end":5171.141},{"text":"Any","start":5171.949,"end":5172.126},{"text":"activity,","start":5172.142,"end":5172.656},{"text":"whatever","start":5173.475,"end":5173.877},{"text":"its","start":5173.877,"end":5174.054},{"text":"character,","start":5174.054,"end":5174.52},{"text":"within","start":5174.6,"end":5174.825},{"text":"the","start":5174.938,"end":5175.018},{"text":"territory","start":5175.083,"end":5175.5},{"text":"of","start":5175.565,"end":5175.661},{"text":"a","start":5175.661,"end":5175.725},{"text":"state","start":5175.725,"end":5176.24},{"text":"must","start":5176.465,"end":5176.947},{"text":"be","start":5176.947,"end":5177.188},{"text":"subject","start":5177.204,"end":5177.863},{"text":"to","start":5178.313,"end":5178.457},{"text":"its","start":5178.474,"end":5178.682},{"text":"regulatory","start":5179.132,"end":5179.743},{"text":"and","start":5180.065,"end":5180.209},{"text":"licensing","start":5180.387,"end":5180.856},{"text":"authority.","start":5180.904,"end":5181.358}]},{"text":"This is a legitimate right to protect its national security and not an impediment to development and innovation.","start":5181.843,"end":5190.24,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5181.843,"end":5182.053},{"text":"is","start":5182.183,"end":5182.231},{"text":"a","start":5182.409,"end":5182.426},{"text":"legitimate","start":5182.49,"end":5183.057},{"text":"right","start":5183.057,"end":5183.38},{"text":"to","start":5183.38,"end":5183.477},{"text":"protect","start":5183.477,"end":5183.947},{"text":"its","start":5183.963,"end":5184.27},{"text":"national","start":5184.27,"end":5184.61},{"text":"security","start":5184.61,"end":5185.225},{"text":"and","start":5186.05,"end":5186.115},{"text":"not","start":5186.147,"end":5186.455},{"text":"an","start":5186.455,"end":5186.552},{"text":"impediment","start":5186.552,"end":5187.377},{"text":"to","start":5187.83,"end":5187.96},{"text":"development","start":5188.656,"end":5189.513},{"text":"and","start":5189.545,"end":5189.61},{"text":"innovation.","start":5189.69,"end":5190.24}]},{"text":"The security implications of dual nature.","start":5192.034,"end":5195.54,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5192.034,"end":5192.114},{"text":"security","start":5192.114,"end":5192.583},{"text":"implications","start":5192.68,"end":5193.31},{"text":"of","start":5193.423,"end":5193.553},{"text":"dual","start":5193.569,"end":5194.134},{"text":"nature.","start":5195.039,"end":5195.54}]},{"text":"We express our deep concern about the transformation of civilian infrastructure into an integral part of military operations, such as the collection of information and controlling drones.","start":5195.605,"end":5209.69,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5195.605,"end":5195.734},{"text":"express","start":5195.734,"end":5196.122},{"text":"our","start":5196.316,"end":5196.494},{"text":"deep","start":5196.494,"end":5196.752},{"text":"concern","start":5196.801,"end":5197.27},{"text":"about","start":5197.682,"end":5197.971},{"text":"the","start":5198.003,"end":5198.1},{"text":"transformation","start":5198.1,"end":5198.934},{"text":"of","start":5198.966,"end":5199.047},{"text":"civilian","start":5199.047,"end":5199.576},{"text":"infrastructure","start":5199.609,"end":5200.427},{"text":"into","start":5201.118,"end":5201.487},{"text":"an","start":5201.615,"end":5201.663},{"text":"integral","start":5201.776,"end":5202.321},{"text":"part","start":5202.338,"end":5202.659},{"text":"of","start":5202.739,"end":5202.819},{"text":"military","start":5202.819,"end":5203.188},{"text":"operations,","start":5203.22,"end":5203.83},{"text":"such","start":5203.863,"end":5204.071},{"text":"as","start":5204.168,"end":5204.312},{"text":"the","start":5204.408,"end":5204.505},{"text":"collection","start":5204.505,"end":5205.051},{"text":"of","start":5205.051,"end":5205.147},{"text":"information","start":5205.147,"end":5205.741},{"text":"and","start":5206.254,"end":5206.832},{"text":"controlling","start":5207.539,"end":5208.165},{"text":"drones.","start":5209.337,"end":5209.69}]},{"text":"This confusion undermines the protection of civilian objects under international humanitarian law and increases the risk of the militarization of outer space, turning it into a theater of hostilities.","start":5209.947,"end":5222.211,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5209.947,"end":5210.188},{"text":"confusion","start":5210.188,"end":5210.798},{"text":"undermines","start":5210.99,"end":5211.456},{"text":"the","start":5211.488,"end":5211.632},{"text":"protection","start":5211.632,"end":5212.162},{"text":"of","start":5212.692,"end":5212.804},{"text":"civilian","start":5212.836,"end":5213.382},{"text":"objects","start":5213.398,"end":5213.816},{"text":"under","start":5213.896,"end":5214.137},{"text":"international","start":5214.137,"end":5214.795},{"text":"humanitarian","start":5214.827,"end":5215.389},{"text":"law","start":5215.421,"end":5215.501},{"text":"and","start":5216.047,"end":5216.127},{"text":"increases","start":5216.207,"end":5216.673},{"text":"the","start":5216.785,"end":5216.93},{"text":"risk","start":5216.93,"end":5217.267},{"text":"of","start":5217.347,"end":5217.476},{"text":"the","start":5217.508,"end":5217.588},{"text":"militarization","start":5217.668,"end":5218.583},{"text":"of","start":5218.631,"end":5218.776},{"text":"outer","start":5218.776,"end":5219.033},{"text":"space,","start":5219.033,"end":5219.466},{"text":"turning","start":5219.98,"end":5220.285},{"text":"it","start":5220.461,"end":5220.718},{"text":"into","start":5220.718,"end":5220.895},{"text":"a","start":5220.895,"end":5220.959},{"text":"theater","start":5220.959,"end":5221.36},{"text":"of","start":5221.441,"end":5221.569},{"text":"hostilities.","start":5221.601,"end":5222.211}]},{"text":"Here, Algeria confirms its support for for the draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space.","start":5222.564,"end":5230.925,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."},{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"Here,","start":5222.564,"end":5222.95},{"text":"Algeria","start":5223.03,"end":5223.528},{"text":"confirms","start":5223.528,"end":5224.057},{"text":"its","start":5224.089,"end":5224.17},{"text":"support","start":5224.17,"end":5224.603},{"text":"for","start":5224.603,"end":5226.594},{"text":"for","start":5224.7,"end":5224.877},{"text":"the","start":5224.877,"end":5224.974},{"text":"draft","start":5224.974,"end":5225.363},{"text":"treaty","start":5225.363,"end":5225.751},{"text":"on","start":5226.252,"end":5226.3},{"text":"the","start":5226.818,"end":5227.077},{"text":"prevention","start":5227.157,"end":5227.772},{"text":"of","start":5228.112,"end":5228.273},{"text":"the","start":5228.855,"end":5229.017},{"text":"placement","start":5229.017,"end":5229.599},{"text":"of","start":5229.664,"end":5229.809},{"text":"weapons","start":5229.809,"end":5230.23},{"text":"in","start":5230.23,"end":5230.327},{"text":"outer","start":5230.375,"end":5230.634},{"text":"space.","start":5230.634,"end":5230.925}]},{"text":"3, and lastly, systematic risks and sustainability of the orbital environment.","start":5232.6,"end":5238.834,"topics":[{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"3,","start":5232.6,"end":5232.889},{"text":"and","start":5233.339,"end":5233.724},{"text":"lastly,","start":5234.383,"end":5234.849},{"text":"systematic","start":5235.219,"end":5235.829},{"text":"risks","start":5235.829,"end":5236.199},{"text":"and","start":5236.472,"end":5236.568},{"text":"sustainability","start":5236.568,"end":5237.259},{"text":"of","start":5237.516,"end":5237.854},{"text":"the","start":5237.854,"end":5237.998},{"text":"orbital","start":5238.015,"end":5238.416},{"text":"environment.","start":5238.416,"end":5238.834}]},{"text":"The current legal system, including the Outer Space Treaty and the ITU regulations, were not designed for an era where we see private companies launching tens of thousands of satellites.","start":5239.204,"end":5251.994,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"Sierra","start":5322.44,"end":5322.713},{"text":"Leone","start":5322.713,"end":5322.922},{"text":"notes","start":5322.938,"end":5323.26},{"text":"the","start":5323.26,"end":5323.308},{"text":"importance","start":5323.34,"end":5323.967},{"text":"of","start":5324.305,"end":5324.385},{"text":"the","start":5324.385,"end":5324.482},{"text":"discussion","start":5324.482,"end":5325.093},{"text":"on","start":5325.447,"end":5325.511},{"text":"the","start":5325.511,"end":5325.543},{"text":"security","start":5325.543,"end":5326.09},{"text":"and","start":5326.09,"end":5326.235},{"text":"governance","start":5326.235,"end":5326.653},{"text":"implications","start":5326.653,"end":5329.001},{"text":"of","start":5329.001,"end":5329.049},{"text":"activity","start":5329.13,"end":5329.628},{"text":"in","start":5329.628,"end":5329.677},{"text":"outer","start":5329.854,"end":5330.014},{"text":"space.","start":5330.014,"end":5330.127}]},{"text":"Space, a global common with direct relevance to sovereignty, sustainability, international peace, and security.","start":5330.27,"end":5338.351,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5379.193,"end":5379.242},{"text":"recent","start":5379.274,"end":5379.826},{"text":"years,","start":5379.826,"end":5379.972},{"text":"LEO","start":5380.735,"end":5381.027},{"text":"has","start":5381.043,"end":5381.189},{"text":"become","start":5381.221,"end":5381.546},{"text":"markedly","start":5381.546,"end":5382},{"text":"more","start":5382.13,"end":5382.39},{"text":"congested","start":5382.682,"end":5383.298},{"text":"with","start":5383.797,"end":5383.877},{"text":"the","start":5383.877,"end":5384.037},{"text":"number","start":5384.037,"end":5384.294},{"text":"of","start":5384.358,"end":5384.503},{"text":"active","start":5384.599,"end":5385},{"text":"satellites","start":5385,"end":5385.706},{"text":"rising","start":5385.803,"end":5386.188},{"text":"sharply","start":5386.204,"end":5386.669},{"text":"and","start":5387.247,"end":5387.327},{"text":"projections","start":5387.424,"end":5388.034},{"text":"indicating","start":5388.146,"end":5388.756},{"text":"further","start":5388.788,"end":5389.109},{"text":"significant","start":5389.109,"end":5389.767},{"text":"growth","start":5389.831,"end":5390.04},{"text":"by","start":5390.537,"end":5390.634},{"text":"2030.","start":5390.698,"end":5391.436}]},{"text":"The International Telecommunication Union filings for satellite networks have also expanded substantially.","start":5392.72,"end":5400.023,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5392.72,"end":5392.784},{"text":"International","start":5392.8,"end":5393.442},{"text":"Telecommunication","start":5393.442,"end":5394.213},{"text":"Union","start":5394.325,"end":5394.694},{"text":"filings","start":5395.352,"end":5395.737},{"text":"for","start":5395.834,"end":5395.914},{"text":"satellite","start":5395.914,"end":5396.732},{"text":"networks","start":5396.813,"end":5397.407},{"text":"have","start":5397.76,"end":5398},{"text":"also","start":5398,"end":5398.225},{"text":"expanded","start":5398.241,"end":5398.867},{"text":"substantially.","start":5399.156,"end":5400.023}]},{"text":"These trends underscore the urgency of strengthening legal, regulatory, and operational frameworks to ensure safe, sustainable, and responsible use of orbital environment with effective participation by all states, including those not yet major space actors.","start":5400.825,"end":5419.096,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":5400.825,"end":5401.034},{"text":"trends","start":5401.13,"end":5401.435},{"text":"underscore","start":5401.772,"end":5402.35},{"text":"the","start":5402.35,"end":5402.494},{"text":"urgency","start":5402.494,"end":5402.992},{"text":"of","start":5402.992,"end":5403.072},{"text":"strengthening","start":5403.072,"end":5403.586},{"text":"legal,","start":5403.634,"end":5403.987},{"text":"regulatory,","start":5404.533,"end":5405.126},{"text":"and","start":5405.383,"end":5405.512},{"text":"operational","start":5405.624,"end":5406.105},{"text":"frameworks","start":5406.121,"end":5406.779},{"text":"to","start":5406.988,"end":5407.084},{"text":"ensure","start":5407.084,"end":5407.662},{"text":"safe,","start":5407.662,"end":5408.128},{"text":"sustainable,","start":5408.465,"end":5409.219},{"text":"and","start":5409.958,"end":5410.134},{"text":"responsible","start":5410.134,"end":5410.969},{"text":"use","start":5411.002,"end":5411.146},{"text":"of","start":5411.483,"end":5411.628},{"text":"orbital","start":5412.383,"end":5412.881},{"text":"environment","start":5412.929,"end":5413.764},{"text":"with","start":5413.828,"end":5414.005},{"text":"effective","start":5414.005,"end":5414.487},{"text":"participation","start":5414.551,"end":5415.274},{"text":"by","start":5415.274,"end":5415.418},{"text":"all","start":5415.579,"end":5415.659},{"text":"states,","start":5415.659,"end":5416.077},{"text":"including","start":5416.542,"end":5416.928},{"text":"those","start":5416.96,"end":5417.249},{"text":"not","start":5417.426,"end":5417.618},{"text":"yet","start":5417.683,"end":5417.956},{"text":"major","start":5417.988,"end":5418.229},{"text":"space","start":5418.229,"end":5418.566},{"text":"actors.","start":5418.791,"end":5419.096}]},{"text":"In this regard, Sierra Leone aligns with calls for a more coherent and agile approach to space governance that supports safety and long-term sustainability.","start":5420.011,"end":5431.061,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5489.283,"end":5489.428},{"text":"are","start":5489.444,"end":5489.605},{"text":"working","start":5489.605,"end":5489.894},{"text":"to","start":5490.006,"end":5490.151},{"text":"expand","start":5490.151,"end":5490.617},{"text":"affordable","start":5490.794,"end":5491.228},{"text":"broadband,","start":5491.292,"end":5491.822},{"text":"close","start":5492.32,"end":5492.561},{"text":"the","start":5492.577,"end":5492.722},{"text":"digital","start":5492.722,"end":5493.14},{"text":"divide,","start":5493.14,"end":5493.59},{"text":"protect","start":5493.622,"end":5494.281},{"text":"critical","start":5494.57,"end":5495.084},{"text":"information","start":5495.084,"end":5495.55},{"text":"infrastructure,","start":5495.55,"end":5496.353},{"text":"and","start":5496.9,"end":5496.98},{"text":"strengthen","start":5496.98,"end":5497.446},{"text":"regulatory","start":5497.51,"end":5498.169},{"text":"and","start":5498.508,"end":5498.685},{"text":"institutional","start":5498.685,"end":5499.588},{"text":"capacity.","start":5499.637,"end":5500.266}]},{"text":"We therefore view cross-border digital services, whether terrestrial or space-based, through 2 complementary lenses, i.e., enabling development and safeguarding sovereignty, security, and the public interest.","start":5502.056,"end":5516.503,"topics":[{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development Benefits","description":"Alongside the risks, many statements recognized that LEO satellites can expand broadband access, especially in remote, mountainous, island, and underserved areas. 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The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5700.454,"end":5700.519},{"text":"third,","start":5700.679,"end":5700.984},{"text":"equity","start":5701.803,"end":5702.268},{"text":"and","start":5702.525,"end":5702.686},{"text":"inclusion","start":5702.686,"end":5703.215},{"text":"to","start":5703.97,"end":5704.066},{"text":"ensure","start":5704.13,"end":5704.532},{"text":"access","start":5704.612,"end":5705.029},{"text":"to","start":5705.029,"end":5705.11},{"text":"spectrum","start":5705.11,"end":5705.848},{"text":"and","start":5705.992,"end":5706.121},{"text":"orbital","start":5706.217,"end":5706.586},{"text":"resources","start":5706.619,"end":5707.084},{"text":"remains","start":5707.116,"end":5707.485},{"text":"fair,","start":5707.582,"end":5707.774},{"text":"predictable,","start":5708.561,"end":5709.331},{"text":"and","start":5709.588,"end":5709.765},{"text":"development","start":5709.765,"end":5710.327},{"text":"sensitivity,","start":5710.327,"end":5711.177},{"text":"including","start":5711.755,"end":5712.14},{"text":"for","start":5712.237,"end":5712.397},{"text":"countries","start":5712.397,"end":5712.863},{"text":"building","start":5713.055,"end":5713.425},{"text":"their","start":5713.537,"end":5713.714},{"text":"own","start":5713.842,"end":5713.986},{"text":"capabilities.","start":5714.083,"end":5714.789}]},{"text":"In closing, Sierra Leone encourages closer coordination among the ITU, relevant UN bodies, and regional organizations so that technical regulations, security concerns, and sovereign regulatory prerogatives are addressed coherently and consistently.","start":5715.527,"end":5733.377,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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The United States is next.","start":5737.9,"end":5739.695,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5737.9,"end":5738.078},{"text":"you.","start":5738.369,"end":5738.45},{"text":"The","start":5738.547,"end":5738.693},{"text":"United","start":5738.693,"end":5739.016},{"text":"States","start":5739.016,"end":5739.307},{"text":"is","start":5739.356,"end":5739.404},{"text":"next.","start":5739.437,"end":5739.695}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian Federation","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":39,"start":5741.05,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=5742","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5741.05,"end":5741.5,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5741.05,"end":5741.162},{"text":"you,","start":5741.162,"end":5741.259},{"text":"Chair.","start":5741.307,"end":5741.5}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"I note the statement of the briefers.","start":5742.272,"end":5743.703,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5742.272,"end":5742.304},{"text":"note","start":5742.304,"end":5742.545},{"text":"the","start":5742.545,"end":5742.626},{"text":"statement","start":5742.626,"end":5743.108},{"text":"of","start":5743.156,"end":5743.237},{"text":"the","start":5743.237,"end":5743.317},{"text":"briefers.","start":5743.317,"end":5743.703}]},{"text":"Colleagues, the world today does not lack for crises.","start":5744.925,"end":5748.608,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Colleagues,","start":5744.925,"end":5745.392},{"text":"the","start":5746.228,"end":5746.341},{"text":"world","start":5746.373,"end":5746.614},{"text":"today","start":5746.614,"end":5746.823},{"text":"does","start":5746.936,"end":5747.08},{"text":"not","start":5747.113,"end":5747.338},{"text":"lack","start":5747.579,"end":5747.772},{"text":"for","start":5747.981,"end":5748.142},{"text":"crises.","start":5748.142,"end":5748.608}]},{"text":"It's unfortunate with so many pressing issues before us that the Russian Federation has chosen to use another ARIA Formula meeting to distract attention from the core issues of peace and security, including Moscow's decision to continue the Russia-Ukraine war.","start":5749.482,"end":5765.34,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":5749.482,"end":5749.646},{"text":"unfortunate","start":5749.712,"end":5750.401},{"text":"with","start":5750.401,"end":5750.565},{"text":"so","start":5750.565,"end":5750.812},{"text":"many","start":5750.812,"end":5751.09},{"text":"pressing","start":5751.107,"end":5751.419},{"text":"issues","start":5751.517,"end":5751.944},{"text":"before","start":5751.944,"end":5752.305},{"text":"us","start":5752.354,"end":5752.797},{"text":"that","start":5753.354,"end":5753.579},{"text":"the","start":5753.579,"end":5753.659},{"text":"Russian","start":5753.659,"end":5753.965},{"text":"Federation","start":5753.997,"end":5754.527},{"text":"has","start":5754.623,"end":5754.688},{"text":"chosen","start":5754.8,"end":5755.089},{"text":"to","start":5755.121,"end":5755.282},{"text":"use","start":5755.282,"end":5755.507},{"text":"another","start":5755.507,"end":5755.86},{"text":"ARIA","start":5756.326,"end":5756.567},{"text":"Formula","start":5756.567,"end":5756.969},{"text":"meeting","start":5756.969,"end":5757.258},{"text":"to","start":5757.612,"end":5757.74},{"text":"distract","start":5757.756,"end":5758.27},{"text":"attention","start":5758.27,"end":5758.704},{"text":"from","start":5758.961,"end":5759.042},{"text":"the","start":5759.058,"end":5759.218},{"text":"core","start":5759.218,"end":5759.411},{"text":"issues","start":5759.524,"end":5759.941},{"text":"of","start":5759.957,"end":5760.07},{"text":"peace","start":5760.166,"end":5760.52},{"text":"and","start":5760.664,"end":5760.729},{"text":"security,","start":5760.745,"end":5761.195},{"text":"including","start":5761.95,"end":5762.384},{"text":"Moscow's","start":5762.432,"end":5762.866},{"text":"decision","start":5762.866,"end":5763.283},{"text":"to","start":5763.637,"end":5763.781},{"text":"continue","start":5763.781,"end":5764.215},{"text":"the","start":5764.215,"end":5764.344},{"text":"Russia-Ukraine","start":5764.344,"end":5765.115},{"text":"war.","start":5765.163,"end":5765.34}]},{"text":"A discussion of communication satellites is better suited for other fora, not the UN Security Council.","start":5766.77,"end":5772.779,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"A","start":5766.77,"end":5766.786},{"text":"discussion","start":5766.834,"end":5767.268},{"text":"of","start":5767.316,"end":5767.364},{"text":"communication","start":5767.477,"end":5768.152},{"text":"satellites","start":5768.152,"end":5768.842},{"text":"is","start":5768.923,"end":5769.067},{"text":"better","start":5769.1,"end":5769.276},{"text":"suited","start":5769.276,"end":5769.63},{"text":"for","start":5769.662,"end":5769.887},{"text":"other","start":5769.887,"end":5770.064},{"text":"fora,","start":5770.064,"end":5770.465},{"text":"not","start":5771.252,"end":5771.686},{"text":"the","start":5771.734,"end":5771.815},{"text":"UN","start":5771.815,"end":5772.072},{"text":"Security","start":5772.072,"end":5772.393},{"text":"Council.","start":5772.393,"end":5772.779}]},{"text":"For the Council to be effective, it should focus on the urgent threats to international peace and 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They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5925.382,"end":5925.462},{"text":"rapid","start":5925.478,"end":5925.85},{"text":"growth","start":5925.946,"end":5926.253},{"text":"of","start":5926.447,"end":5926.544},{"text":"low","start":5926.673,"end":5926.802},{"text":"Earth","start":5926.996,"end":5927.141},{"text":"orbit","start":5927.238,"end":5927.431},{"text":"systems","start":5927.48,"end":5927.948},{"text":"offers","start":5928.158,"end":5928.432},{"text":"major","start":5928.464,"end":5928.739},{"text":"opportunities","start":5928.787,"end":5929.562},{"text":"such","start":5929.852,"end":5930.046},{"text":"as","start":5930.094,"end":5930.239},{"text":"improved","start":5930.239,"end":5930.691},{"text":"global","start":5930.788,"end":5931.095},{"text":"connectivity,","start":5931.127,"end":5931.902},{"text":"but","start":5932.418,"end":5932.58},{"text":"also","start":5932.58,"end":5932.822},{"text":"real","start":5932.822,"end":5933.034},{"text":"risks","start":5933.067,"end":5933.507},{"text":"like","start":5933.8,"end":5933.979},{"text":"orbital","start":5934.11,"end":5934.419},{"text":"crowding.","start":5934.517,"end":5934.908}]},{"text":"This trend is not confined to any one country or region.","start":5935.796,"end":5938.975,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5935.796,"end":5935.86},{"text":"trend","start":5935.956,"end":5936.197},{"text":"is","start":5936.197,"end":5936.261},{"text":"not","start":5936.358,"end":5936.486},{"text":"confined","start":5936.615,"end":5937.225},{"text":"to","start":5937.482,"end":5937.594},{"text":"any","start":5937.642,"end":5937.787},{"text":"one","start":5937.883,"end":5938.028},{"text":"country","start":5938.124,"end":5938.509},{"text":"or","start":5938.525,"end":5938.622},{"text":"region.","start":5938.622,"end":5938.975}]},{"text":"Rather, it is global, with operators worldwide planning large-scale constellations.","start":5939.73,"end":5944.691,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Rather,","start":5939.73,"end":5939.971},{"text":"it","start":5939.987,"end":5940.147},{"text":"is","start":5940.147,"end":5940.195},{"text":"global,","start":5940.292,"end":5940.693},{"text":"with","start":5941.335,"end":5941.448},{"text":"operators","start":5941.448,"end":5941.962},{"text":"worldwide","start":5942.058,"end":5942.764},{"text":"planning","start":5942.941,"end":5943.166},{"text":"large-scale","start":5943.262,"end":5943.712},{"text":"constellations.","start":5943.824,"end":5944.691}]},{"text":"It therefore demands a global conversation.","start":5945.366,"end":5947.501,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5945.366,"end":5945.43},{"text":"therefore","start":5945.51,"end":5945.863},{"text":"demands","start":5945.863,"end":5946.297},{"text":"a","start":5946.473,"end":5946.49},{"text":"global","start":5946.57,"end":5946.891},{"text":"conversation.","start":5946.891,"end":5947.501}]},{"text":"However, we challenge the notion implicit in the Russian Federation's concept note for this meeting that there is a genuine problem of, quote, uncontrolled use, end quote.","start":5948.802,"end":5959.287,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5948.802,"end":5949.299},{"text":"we","start":5949.845,"end":5949.942},{"text":"challenge","start":5949.942,"end":5950.472},{"text":"the","start":5950.52,"end":5950.6},{"text":"notion","start":5950.6,"end":5950.953},{"text":"implicit","start":5951.307,"end":5951.949},{"text":"in","start":5951.949,"end":5951.997},{"text":"the","start":5952.093,"end":5952.141},{"text":"Russian","start":5952.174,"end":5952.447},{"text":"Federation's","start":5952.495,"end":5953.137},{"text":"concept","start":5953.137,"end":5953.571},{"text":"note","start":5953.571,"end":5953.795},{"text":"for","start":5953.795,"end":5953.94},{"text":"this","start":5953.94,"end":5954.004},{"text":"meeting","start":5954.116,"end":5954.486},{"text":"that","start":5954.919,"end":5955.08},{"text":"there","start":5955.08,"end":5955.192},{"text":"is","start":5955.224,"end":5955.289},{"text":"a","start":5955.385,"end":5955.545},{"text":"genuine","start":5955.545,"end":5955.931},{"text":"problem","start":5955.963,"end":5956.38},{"text":"of,","start":5956.509,"end":5956.653},{"text":"quote,","start":5956.766,"end":5957.167},{"text":"uncontrolled","start":5957.472,"end":5958.195},{"text":"use,","start":5958.195,"end":5958.532},{"text":"end","start":5958.757,"end":5958.949},{"text":"quote.","start":5958.998,"end":5959.287}]},{"text":"States are not powerless.","start":5960.218,"end":5961.631,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"States","start":5960.218,"end":5960.619},{"text":"are","start":5960.619,"end":5960.7},{"text":"not","start":5960.7,"end":5961.037},{"text":"powerless.","start":5961.23,"end":5961.631}]},{"text":"Existing multilateral fora, notably the International Telecommunication Union and the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, already help manage shared risks and develop standards for a safe, secure, and sustainable space environment.","start":5962.626,"end":5978.458,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Existing","start":5962.626,"end":5963.092},{"text":"multilateral","start":5963.124,"end":5963.766},{"text":"fora,","start":5963.815,"end":5964.312},{"text":"notably","start":5964.714,"end":5965.163},{"text":"the","start":5965.501,"end":5965.597},{"text":"International","start":5965.597,"end":5966.127},{"text":"Telecommunication","start":5966.159,"end":5967.187},{"text":"Union","start":5967.187,"end":5967.572},{"text":"and","start":5968.07,"end":5968.246},{"text":"the","start":5968.246,"end":5968.391},{"text":"UN","start":5968.391,"end":5968.535},{"text":"Committee","start":5968.648,"end":5969.017},{"text":"on","start":5969.033,"end":5969.129},{"text":"the","start":5969.129,"end":5969.21},{"text":"Peaceful","start":5969.21,"end":5969.579},{"text":"Uses","start":5969.675,"end":5970.012},{"text":"of","start":5970.012,"end":5970.157},{"text":"Outer","start":5970.157,"end":5970.366},{"text":"Space,","start":5970.398,"end":5970.703},{"text":"already","start":5971.297,"end":5971.747},{"text":"help","start":5971.763,"end":5972.116},{"text":"manage","start":5972.26,"end":5972.549},{"text":"shared","start":5972.646,"end":5972.887},{"text":"risks","start":5972.983,"end":5973.384},{"text":"and","start":5973.705,"end":5973.77},{"text":"develop","start":5973.85,"end":5974.251},{"text":"standards","start":5974.251,"end":5974.749},{"text":"for","start":5974.829,"end":5974.91},{"text":"a","start":5974.91,"end":5974.926},{"text":"safe,","start":5974.926,"end":5975.263},{"text":"secure,","start":5975.809,"end":5976.371},{"text":"and","start":5976.596,"end":5976.66},{"text":"sustainable","start":5976.74,"end":5977.399},{"text":"space","start":5977.399,"end":5977.688},{"text":"environment.","start":5977.8,"end":5978.458}]},{"text":"The United Kingdom believes these mechanisms should be strengthened and fully utilized, not bypassed.","start":5979.55,"end":5985.828,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5979.55,"end":5979.582},{"text":"United","start":5979.582,"end":5979.968},{"text":"Kingdom","start":5979.968,"end":5980.337},{"text":"believes","start":5980.369,"end":5980.738},{"text":"these","start":5981.011,"end":5981.22},{"text":"mechanisms","start":5981.252,"end":5981.782},{"text":"should","start":5981.798,"end":5981.975},{"text":"be","start":5981.975,"end":5982.071},{"text":"strengthened","start":5982.071,"end":5982.794},{"text":"and","start":5983.099,"end":5983.163},{"text":"fully","start":5983.323,"end":5983.516},{"text":"utilized,","start":5983.645,"end":5984.271},{"text":"not","start":5984.624,"end":5984.881},{"text":"bypassed.","start":5985.106,"end":5985.828}]},{"text":"We would also stress that satellites across all orbits, commercial or governmental, support a wide range of military and security activities, from defense operations to humanitarian aid, disaster response, and peacekeeping.","start":5986.936,"end":6000.405,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. 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They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5986.936,"end":5987.032},{"text":"would","start":5987.032,"end":5987.193},{"text":"also","start":5987.193,"end":5987.45},{"text":"stress","start":5987.45,"end":5987.803},{"text":"that","start":5988.22,"end":5988.333},{"text":"satellites","start":5988.333,"end":5989.119},{"text":"across","start":5989.119,"end":5989.328},{"text":"all","start":5989.585,"end":5989.633},{"text":"orbits,","start":5989.745,"end":5990.243},{"text":"commercial","start":5990.468,"end":5990.933},{"text":"or","start":5991.11,"end":5991.206},{"text":"governmental,","start":5991.206,"end":5991.848},{"text":"support","start":5992.266,"end":5992.715},{"text":"a","start":5992.715,"end":5992.795},{"text":"wide","start":5992.812,"end":5993.1},{"text":"range","start":5993.133,"end":5993.47},{"text":"of","start":5993.614,"end":5993.743},{"text":"military","start":5993.759,"end":5994.112},{"text":"and","start":5994.112,"end":5994.256},{"text":"security","start":5994.256,"end":5994.706},{"text":"activities,","start":5994.802,"end":5995.348},{"text":"from","start":5996.006,"end":5996.167},{"text":"defense","start":5996.167,"end":5996.664},{"text":"operations","start":5996.664,"end":5997.274},{"text":"to","start":5997.467,"end":5997.595},{"text":"humanitarian","start":5997.611,"end":5998.237},{"text":"aid,","start":5998.334,"end":5998.559},{"text":"disaster","start":5998.831,"end":5999.249},{"text":"response,","start":5999.249,"end":5999.714},{"text":"and","start":5999.779,"end":5999.843},{"text":"peacekeeping.","start":5999.875,"end":6000.405}]},{"text":"It is longstanding and entirely legitimate for states to use commercial space services to meet defense and national security needs.","start":6001.56,"end":6009.876,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6001.56,"end":6001.641},{"text":"is","start":6001.705,"end":6001.817},{"text":"longstanding","start":6001.882,"end":6002.652},{"text":"and","start":6003.086,"end":6003.15},{"text":"entirely","start":6003.166,"end":6003.856},{"text":"legitimate","start":6003.872,"end":6004.418},{"text":"for","start":6004.932,"end":6005.028},{"text":"states","start":6005.028,"end":6005.493},{"text":"to","start":6005.493,"end":6005.638},{"text":"use","start":6005.638,"end":6005.815},{"text":"commercial","start":6005.815,"end":6006.328},{"text":"space","start":6006.376,"end":6006.617},{"text":"services","start":6006.617,"end":6007.147},{"text":"to","start":6007.58,"end":6007.709},{"text":"meet","start":6007.709,"end":6007.966},{"text":"defense","start":6007.966,"end":6008.351},{"text":"and","start":6008.447,"end":6008.544},{"text":"national","start":6008.544,"end":6008.929},{"text":"security","start":6008.929,"end":6009.443},{"text":"needs.","start":6009.443,"end":6009.876}]},{"text":"And we would take issue with the Chair's earlier assertion that such services have had a, quote, destructive effect, end quote, in a conflict provoked entirely by Russians— by the Russian Federation's illegal full-scale invasion of Ukraine.","start":6010.791,"end":6029.23,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. 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Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"States","start":6040.91,"end":6041.376},{"text":"must","start":6041.376,"end":6041.681},{"text":"ensure","start":6041.681,"end":6042.13},{"text":"that","start":6042.162,"end":6042.291},{"text":"their","start":6042.339,"end":6042.532},{"text":"activities","start":6042.58,"end":6043.11},{"text":"in","start":6043.142,"end":6043.286},{"text":"outer","start":6043.286,"end":6043.479},{"text":"space","start":6043.527,"end":6043.864},{"text":"comply","start":6043.864,"end":6044.298},{"text":"with","start":6044.33,"end":6044.442},{"text":"international","start":6044.442,"end":6045.133},{"text":"law,","start":6045.133,"end":6045.342},{"text":"including","start":6045.711,"end":6046.209},{"text":"the","start":6046.209,"end":6046.305},{"text":"Charter","start":6046.337,"end":6046.674},{"text":"of","start":6046.674,"end":6046.771},{"text":"the","start":6046.771,"end":6046.851},{"text":"United","start":6046.851,"end":6047.284},{"text":"Nations,","start":6047.3,"end":6047.766},{"text":"and","start":6048.505,"end":6048.762},{"text":"where","start":6048.922,"end":6049.083},{"text":"those","start":6049.083,"end":6049.211},{"text":"activities","start":6049.308,"end":6049.853},{"text":"are","start":6049.902,"end":6049.95},{"text":"conducted","start":6049.966,"end":6050.528},{"text":"in","start":6050.528,"end":6050.576},{"text":"furtherance","start":6050.672,"end":6051.266},{"text":"of","start":6051.266,"end":6051.347},{"text":"an","start":6051.347,"end":6051.443},{"text":"armed","start":6051.475,"end":6051.7},{"text":"conflict,","start":6051.732,"end":6052.294},{"text":"with","start":6052.695,"end":6052.856},{"text":"international","start":6052.856,"end":6053.402},{"text":"humanitarian","start":6053.402,"end":6054.141},{"text":"law.","start":6054.205,"end":6054.397}]},{"text":"The upcoming open-ended working group on the prevention of an arms race in outer space offers an opportunity to develop new norms to reduce risks of escalation and conflict in space.","start":6055.425,"end":6065.252,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. 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The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6055.425,"end":6055.554},{"text":"upcoming","start":6055.57,"end":6055.939},{"text":"open-ended","start":6056.051,"end":6056.517},{"text":"working","start":6056.613,"end":6056.934},{"text":"group","start":6057.015,"end":6057.272},{"text":"on","start":6057.272,"end":6057.368},{"text":"the","start":6057.368,"end":6057.448},{"text":"prevention","start":6057.448,"end":6057.962},{"text":"of","start":6057.978,"end":6058.026},{"text":"an","start":6058.074,"end":6058.123},{"text":"arms","start":6058.299,"end":6058.444},{"text":"race","start":6058.476,"end":6058.717},{"text":"in","start":6058.717,"end":6058.861},{"text":"outer","start":6058.861,"end":6059.054},{"text":"space","start":6059.102,"end":6059.616},{"text":"offers","start":6060.065,"end":6060.29},{"text":"an","start":6060.322,"end":6060.403},{"text":"opportunity","start":6060.403,"end":6061.013},{"text":"to","start":6061.045,"end":6061.205},{"text":"develop","start":6061.205,"end":6061.591},{"text":"new","start":6061.607,"end":6061.719},{"text":"norms","start":6061.784,"end":6062.137},{"text":"to","start":6062.394,"end":6062.474},{"text":"reduce","start":6062.474,"end":6062.859},{"text":"risks","start":6063.132,"end":6063.518},{"text":"of","start":6063.518,"end":6063.614},{"text":"escalation","start":6063.614,"end":6064.144},{"text":"and","start":6064.256,"end":6064.337},{"text":"conflict","start":6064.337,"end":6064.818},{"text":"in","start":6064.834,"end":6064.963},{"text":"space.","start":6064.963,"end":6065.252}]},{"text":"In closing, we underscore that the United Kingdom remains committed to working with all countries to build a safe, secure, and sustainable space environment for the benefit of all.","start":6066.649,"end":6075.679,"topics":[{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."},{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6066.649,"end":6066.714},{"text":"closing,","start":6066.746,"end":6067.197},{"text":"we","start":6067.229,"end":6067.374},{"text":"underscore","start":6067.39,"end":6067.937},{"text":"that","start":6067.937,"end":6068.05},{"text":"the","start":6068.098,"end":6068.179},{"text":"United","start":6068.179,"end":6068.582},{"text":"Kingdom","start":6068.582,"end":6068.855},{"text":"remains","start":6068.855,"end":6069.29},{"text":"committed","start":6069.322,"end":6069.773},{"text":"to","start":6069.95,"end":6070.031},{"text":"working","start":6070.047,"end":6070.353},{"text":"with","start":6070.353,"end":6070.482},{"text":"all","start":6070.594,"end":6070.643},{"text":"countries","start":6070.771,"end":6071.222},{"text":"to","start":6071.673,"end":6071.786},{"text":"build","start":6071.802,"end":6071.979},{"text":"a","start":6071.979,"end":6071.995},{"text":"safe,","start":6071.995,"end":6072.35},{"text":"secure,","start":6072.559,"end":6072.913},{"text":"and","start":6072.945,"end":6073.042},{"text":"sustainable","start":6073.042,"end":6073.654},{"text":"space","start":6073.654,"end":6073.944},{"text":"environment","start":6073.992,"end":6074.604},{"text":"for","start":6074.797,"end":6074.91},{"text":"the","start":6074.91,"end":6074.958},{"text":"benefit","start":6074.958,"end":6075.377},{"text":"of","start":6075.377,"end":6075.507},{"text":"all.","start":6075.507,"end":6075.679}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":6075.954,"end":6076.609,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6075.954,"end":6076.041},{"text":"thank","start":6076.041,"end":6076.299},{"text":"you.","start":6076.299,"end":6076.609}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"GBR","affiliation_full":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":42,"start":6079.527,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=6080","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":6079.527,"end":6080.252,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6079.527,"end":6080.074},{"text":"you.","start":6080.074,"end":6080.252}]},{"text":"The representative of Somalia is next.","start":6081.685,"end":6083.393,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6081.685,"end":6081.879},{"text":"representative","start":6081.927,"end":6082.41},{"text":"of","start":6082.41,"end":6082.443},{"text":"Somalia","start":6082.443,"end":6082.99},{"text":"is","start":6082.99,"end":6083.039},{"text":"next.","start":6083.135,"end":6083.393}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian Federation","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":43,"start":6084.199,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=6085","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr.","start":6084.199,"end":6084.505,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":6084.199,"end":6084.505}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, at the outset, I wish to express my gratitude to the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation for organizing this meeting to address the multifaceted challenges posed by low Earth orbit satellite systems.","start":6084.585,"end":6104.346,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":6084.585,"end":6085.906},{"text":"at","start":6086.921,"end":6087.002},{"text":"the","start":6087.002,"end":6087.066},{"text":"outset,","start":6087.082,"end":6087.356},{"text":"I","start":6087.485,"end":6087.533},{"text":"wish","start":6087.55,"end":6087.728},{"text":"to","start":6088.232,"end":6088.411},{"text":"express","start":6088.72,"end":6089.223},{"text":"my","start":6089.353,"end":6089.516},{"text":"gratitude","start":6089.516,"end":6090.15},{"text":"to","start":6090.198,"end":6090.296},{"text":"the","start":6090.41,"end":6090.507},{"text":"Permanent","start":6090.507,"end":6090.8},{"text":"Mission","start":6090.913,"end":6091.19},{"text":"of","start":6091.303,"end":6091.401},{"text":"the","start":6091.401,"end":6091.498},{"text":"Russian","start":6091.46,"end":6091.878},{"text":"Federation","start":6091.878,"end":6092.265},{"text":"for","start":6092.603,"end":6092.748},{"text":"organizing","start":6092.844,"end":6093.392},{"text":"this","start":6093.907,"end":6094.084},{"text":"meeting","start":6094.857,"end":6095.163},{"text":"to","start":6096.258,"end":6096.5},{"text":"address","start":6096.564,"end":6096.919},{"text":"the","start":6097.273,"end":6097.466},{"text":"multifaceted","start":6097.998,"end":6099.109},{"text":"challenges","start":6099.205,"end":6099.672},{"text":"posed","start":6099.946,"end":6100.333},{"text":"by","start":6100.333,"end":6100.59},{"text":"low","start":6100.912,"end":6100.993},{"text":"Earth","start":6101.622,"end":6101.815},{"text":"orbit","start":6102.041,"end":6102.669},{"text":"satellite","start":6102.927,"end":6103.637},{"text":"systems.","start":6103.911,"end":6104.346}]},{"text":"We also thank the distinguished previous for their expert contributions to this critical dialogue.","start":6107.522,"end":6116.606,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6107.522,"end":6107.554},{"text":"also","start":6107.602,"end":6107.925},{"text":"thank","start":6107.925,"end":6108.392},{"text":"the","start":6108.473,"end":6108.553},{"text":"distinguished","start":6108.86,"end":6109.832},{"text":"previous","start":6110.334,"end":6110.707},{"text":"for","start":6112.441,"end":6112.571},{"text":"their","start":6112.603,"end":6112.927},{"text":"expert","start":6112.927,"end":6113.284},{"text":"contributions","start":6113.592,"end":6114.37},{"text":"to","start":6115.455,"end":6115.585},{"text":"this","start":6115.601,"end":6115.666},{"text":"critical","start":6115.844,"end":6116.282},{"text":"dialogue.","start":6116.282,"end":6116.606}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, the rapid deployment of LEO megaconstellations offers transformative benefits for global connectivity.","start":6118.446,"end":6130.474,"topics":[{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development Benefits","description":"Alongside the risks, many statements recognized that LEO satellites can expand broadband access, especially in remote, mountainous, island, and underserved areas. They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":6118.446,"end":6118.673},{"text":"Chair,","start":6118.754,"end":6119.046},{"text":"the","start":6120.636,"end":6120.815},{"text":"rapid","start":6121.594,"end":6121.902},{"text":"deployment","start":6122.015,"end":6122.811},{"text":"of","start":6122.811,"end":6122.957},{"text":"LEO","start":6123.07,"end":6123.411},{"text":"megaconstellations","start":6123.736,"end":6125.31},{"text":"offers","start":6126.052,"end":6126.52},{"text":"transformative","start":6126.794,"end":6127.682},{"text":"benefits","start":6128.312,"end":6128.78},{"text":"for","start":6129.199,"end":6129.377},{"text":"global","start":6129.377,"end":6129.845},{"text":"connectivity.","start":6129.861,"end":6130.474}]},{"text":"However, this technological boom is not without cost.","start":6131.862,"end":6136.364,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":6131.862,"end":6132.427},{"text":"this","start":6133.557,"end":6133.751},{"text":"technological","start":6133.896,"end":6134.622},{"text":"boom","start":6134.622,"end":6134.913},{"text":"is","start":6135.364,"end":6135.445},{"text":"not","start":6135.59,"end":6135.815},{"text":"without","start":6135.815,"end":6136.218},{"text":"cost.","start":6136.218,"end":6136.364}]},{"text":"My delegation proposes to highlight the following 3 points.","start":6138.153,"end":6142.313,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":6138.153,"end":6138.202},{"text":"delegation","start":6138.331,"end":6138.863},{"text":"proposes","start":6139.137,"end":6139.669},{"text":"to","start":6140.023,"end":6140.201},{"text":"highlight","start":6140.475,"end":6140.846},{"text":"the","start":6141.071,"end":6141.313},{"text":"following","start":6141.313,"end":6141.619},{"text":"3","start":6141.781,"end":6142.039},{"text":"points.","start":6142.039,"end":6142.313}]},{"text":"First, respect for national legislation and sovereignty.","start":6145.793,"end":6148.96,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":6145.793,"end":6145.957},{"text":"respect","start":6145.973,"end":6146.446},{"text":"for","start":6146.446,"end":6146.642},{"text":"national","start":6146.724,"end":6147.377},{"text":"legislation","start":6147.507,"end":6148.144},{"text":"and","start":6148.34,"end":6148.438},{"text":"sovereignty.","start":6148.438,"end":6148.96}]},{"text":"A primary concern for member states is the intersection of global LEO operations with national jurisdiction.","start":6150.76,"end":6159.321,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":6150.76,"end":6150.792},{"text":"primary","start":6150.856,"end":6151.325},{"text":"concern","start":6151.357,"end":6151.89},{"text":"for","start":6152.472,"end":6152.649},{"text":"member","start":6152.649,"end":6152.973},{"text":"states","start":6152.973,"end":6153.489},{"text":"is","start":6154.426,"end":6154.523},{"text":"the","start":6154.572,"end":6154.653},{"text":"intersection","start":6154.653,"end":6155.363},{"text":"of","start":6155.864,"end":6155.929},{"text":"global","start":6155.961,"end":6156.446},{"text":"LEO","start":6156.446,"end":6156.559},{"text":"operations","start":6156.591,"end":6157.383},{"text":"with","start":6157.899,"end":6158.077},{"text":"national","start":6158.077,"end":6158.756},{"text":"jurisdiction.","start":6158.772,"end":6159.321}]},{"text":"Some LEO operators transmit signals that bypass national regulatory frameworks and operate beyond local legal reach.","start":6162.772,"end":6174.3,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"Some","start":6162.772,"end":6163.063},{"text":"LEO","start":6163.241,"end":6163.581},{"text":"operators","start":6164.05,"end":6164.681},{"text":"transmit","start":6165.134,"end":6165.845},{"text":"signals","start":6165.862,"end":6166.913},{"text":"that","start":6167.22,"end":6167.544},{"text":"bypass","start":6167.787,"end":6168.547},{"text":"national","start":6168.454,"end":6169.037},{"text":"regulatory","start":6169.166,"end":6169.814},{"text":"frameworks","start":6169.814,"end":6170.494},{"text":"and","start":6171.272,"end":6171.352},{"text":"operate","start":6171.433,"end":6172.016},{"text":"beyond","start":6172.097,"end":6172.47},{"text":"local","start":6172.583,"end":6173.085},{"text":"legal","start":6173.555,"end":6174.041},{"text":"reach.","start":6174.041,"end":6174.3}]},{"text":"States must be empowered to protect themselves from illegal interference facilitated by LEO systems.","start":6176.299,"end":6183.819,"topics":[{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in domestic affairs. This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"States","start":6176.299,"end":6176.525},{"text":"must","start":6176.881,"end":6177.075},{"text":"be","start":6177.204,"end":6177.463},{"text":"empowered","start":6177.544,"end":6178.078},{"text":"to","start":6178.498,"end":6178.676},{"text":"protect","start":6178.676,"end":6179.177},{"text":"themselves","start":6179.307,"end":6179.776},{"text":"from","start":6180.132,"end":6180.455},{"text":"illegal","start":6180.455,"end":6181.005},{"text":"interference","start":6181.021,"end":6181.862},{"text":"facilitated","start":6182.073,"end":6182.849},{"text":"by","start":6182.962,"end":6183.075},{"text":"LEO","start":6183.189,"end":6183.367},{"text":"systems.","start":6183.367,"end":6183.819}]},{"text":"We must reaffirm that LEO operators are not exempt from the domestic laws of of the states in which they provide services.","start":6187.907,"end":6198.547,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6187.907,"end":6188.117},{"text":"must","start":6188.553,"end":6188.763},{"text":"reaffirm","start":6188.973,"end":6189.361},{"text":"that","start":6189.861,"end":6190.006},{"text":"LEO","start":6190.006,"end":6190.152},{"text":"operators","start":6190.184,"end":6190.878},{"text":"are","start":6191.799,"end":6191.944},{"text":"not","start":6191.944,"end":6192.445},{"text":"exempt","start":6192.525,"end":6192.977},{"text":"from","start":6193.64,"end":6193.946},{"text":"the","start":6194.221,"end":6194.382},{"text":"domestic","start":6194.463,"end":6195.012},{"text":"laws","start":6195.012,"end":6195.157},{"text":"of","start":6195.351,"end":6195.4},{"text":"of","start":6195.509,"end":6195.575},{"text":"the","start":6195.608,"end":6195.707},{"text":"states","start":6195.707,"end":6196.202},{"text":"in","start":6196.582,"end":6196.631},{"text":"which","start":6196.747,"end":6196.896},{"text":"they","start":6197.077,"end":6197.259},{"text":"provide","start":6197.259,"end":6197.705},{"text":"services.","start":6198.019,"end":6198.547}]},{"text":"Second, adherence to international law and norms.","start":6200.555,"end":6203.985,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":6200.555,"end":6201.221},{"text":"adherence","start":6201.741,"end":6202.262},{"text":"to","start":6202.489,"end":6202.636},{"text":"international","start":6202.636,"end":6203.351},{"text":"law","start":6203.351,"end":6203.53},{"text":"and","start":6203.53,"end":6203.693},{"text":"norms.","start":6203.693,"end":6203.985}]},{"text":"The governance of outer space must remain rooted in the foundational principles of international law.","start":6206.83,"end":6213.186,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6206.83,"end":6206.878},{"text":"governance","start":6206.942,"end":6207.394},{"text":"of","start":6207.572,"end":6207.717},{"text":"outer","start":6207.814,"end":6208.072},{"text":"space","start":6208.088,"end":6208.443},{"text":"must","start":6208.572,"end":6209.104},{"text":"remain","start":6209.104,"end":6209.346},{"text":"rooted","start":6209.685,"end":6210.185},{"text":"in","start":6210.572,"end":6210.621},{"text":"the","start":6210.718,"end":6210.814},{"text":"foundational","start":6210.814,"end":6211.524},{"text":"principles","start":6211.605,"end":6212.154},{"text":"of","start":6212.363,"end":6212.508},{"text":"international","start":6212.508,"end":6213.122},{"text":"law.","start":6213.138,"end":6213.186}]},{"text":"We call for a renewed commitment to the Outer Space Treaty, 1967.","start":6214.751,"end":6224.064,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":6398.684,"end":6398.908},{"text":"discussions","start":6398.973,"end":6399.485},{"text":"are","start":6399.694,"end":6399.79},{"text":"valuable","start":6399.79,"end":6400.319},{"text":"for","start":6400.415,"end":6401.825},{"text":"awareness-raising,","start":6400.992,"end":6401.843},{"text":"but","start":6402.501,"end":6402.549},{"text":"should","start":6402.549,"end":6402.758},{"text":"remain","start":6402.822,"end":6403.111},{"text":"complementary","start":6403.304,"end":6403.978},{"text":"to","start":6404.123,"end":6404.267},{"text":"established","start":6404.267,"end":6404.974},{"text":"multilateral","start":6405.167,"end":6405.793},{"text":"processes.","start":6405.809,"end":6406.258}]},{"text":"President Pakistan reaffirms that outer space, including LEO, is the province of all humankind and not subject to national appropriation or de facto control.","start":6407.238,"end":6417.305,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"President","start":6407.238,"end":6407.8},{"text":"Pakistan","start":6408.121,"end":6408.522},{"text":"reaffirms","start":6408.522,"end":6409.068},{"text":"that","start":6409.1,"end":6409.325},{"text":"outer","start":6409.325,"end":6409.582},{"text":"space,","start":6409.582,"end":6409.984},{"text":"including","start":6410.144,"end":6410.642},{"text":"LEO,","start":6411.108,"end":6411.525},{"text":"is","start":6411.67,"end":6411.718},{"text":"the","start":6411.75,"end":6411.83},{"text":"province","start":6411.83,"end":6412.264},{"text":"of","start":6412.472,"end":6412.569},{"text":"all","start":6412.697,"end":6412.842},{"text":"humankind","start":6412.858,"end":6413.484},{"text":"and","start":6413.757,"end":6413.821},{"text":"not","start":6413.837,"end":6414.062},{"text":"subject","start":6414.062,"end":6414.544},{"text":"to","start":6414.544,"end":6414.64},{"text":"national","start":6414.64,"end":6415.057},{"text":"appropriation","start":6415.106,"end":6415.78},{"text":"or","start":6416.326,"end":6416.39},{"text":"de","start":6416.47,"end":6416.551},{"text":"facto","start":6416.551,"end":6416.84},{"text":"control.","start":6416.952,"end":6417.305}]},{"text":"Technological or commercial dominance must not translate into exclusive access or regulatory advantage.","start":6418.478,"end":6426.313,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Technological","start":6418.478,"end":6419.345},{"text":"or","start":6419.441,"end":6419.537},{"text":"commercial","start":6419.537,"end":6419.939},{"text":"dominance","start":6419.939,"end":6420.453},{"text":"must","start":6420.758,"end":6421.127},{"text":"not","start":6421.127,"end":6421.368},{"text":"translate","start":6421.368,"end":6421.994},{"text":"into","start":6422.187,"end":6423.102},{"text":"exclusive","start":6423.23,"end":6423.84},{"text":"access","start":6423.937,"end":6424.386},{"text":"or","start":6424.659,"end":6424.852},{"text":"regulatory","start":6425.302,"end":6425.896},{"text":"advantage.","start":6425.896,"end":6426.313}]},{"text":"The unregulated expansion of commercial activities in LEO is resulting in the concentration of orbital slots, spectrum, space situational awareness capabilities, and economic benefits among a limited number of actors.","start":6427.266,"end":6444.575,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. 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The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Without","start":6444.931,"end":6445.481},{"text":"corrective","start":6445.481,"end":6445.836},{"text":"measures,","start":6445.836,"end":6446.273},{"text":"developing","start":6446.693,"end":6447.081},{"text":"and","start":6447.259,"end":6447.34},{"text":"space-emerging","start":6447.372,"end":6448.375},{"text":"countries","start":6448.488,"end":6448.94},{"text":"risk","start":6449.522,"end":6450.007},{"text":"long-term","start":6450.023,"end":6450.557},{"text":"marginalization.","start":6450.751,"end":6451.592}]},{"text":"At the same time, the rapid growth of megaconstellations has intensified congestion, competition for spectrum, and the risk of space debris.","start":6452.613,"end":6462.231,"topics":[{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":6452.613,"end":6452.693},{"text":"the","start":6452.693,"end":6452.773},{"text":"same","start":6452.773,"end":6453.014},{"text":"time,","start":6453.094,"end":6453.286},{"text":"the","start":6453.815,"end":6453.895},{"text":"rapid","start":6453.911,"end":6454.264},{"text":"growth","start":6454.296,"end":6454.585},{"text":"of","start":6454.761,"end":6454.905},{"text":"megaconstellations","start":6455.033,"end":6456.268},{"text":"has","start":6456.284,"end":6456.348},{"text":"intensified","start":6456.444,"end":6457.23},{"text":"congestion,","start":6457.662,"end":6458.111},{"text":"competition","start":6458.865,"end":6459.394},{"text":"for","start":6459.506,"end":6459.602},{"text":"spectrum,","start":6459.602,"end":6460.147},{"text":"and","start":6460.708,"end":6460.772},{"text":"the","start":6460.869,"end":6460.949},{"text":"risk","start":6460.949,"end":6461.333},{"text":"of","start":6461.333,"end":6461.398},{"text":"space","start":6461.494,"end":6461.782},{"text":"debris.","start":6461.911,"end":6462.231}]},{"text":"If left unchecked, this trend threatens the long-term sustainability of LEO and undermines equitable access for future entrants.","start":6463.433,"end":6472.876,"topics":[{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."},{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":6463.433,"end":6463.53},{"text":"left","start":6463.658,"end":6463.979},{"text":"unchecked,","start":6464.059,"end":6464.556},{"text":"this","start":6464.78,"end":6465.037},{"text":"trend","start":6465.037,"end":6465.485},{"text":"threatens","start":6465.662,"end":6466.046},{"text":"the","start":6466.079,"end":6466.223},{"text":"long-term","start":6466.223,"end":6466.72},{"text":"sustainability","start":6466.72,"end":6467.521},{"text":"of","start":6467.682,"end":6467.81},{"text":"LEO","start":6468.098,"end":6468.547},{"text":"and","start":6468.724,"end":6468.788},{"text":"undermines","start":6468.804,"end":6469.413},{"text":"equitable","start":6470.086,"end":6470.695},{"text":"access","start":6470.792,"end":6471.24},{"text":"for","start":6471.449,"end":6471.673},{"text":"future","start":6471.673,"end":6472.186},{"text":"entrants.","start":6472.395,"end":6472.876}]},{"text":"Moreover, the growing integration of commercial LEO systems into military and intelligence operations is blurring the distinction between civilian and military uses.","start":6474.158,"end":6484.491,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"Moreover,","start":6474.158,"end":6474.591},{"text":"the","start":6474.655,"end":6474.735},{"text":"growing","start":6474.799,"end":6475.024},{"text":"integration","start":6475.296,"end":6475.986},{"text":"of","start":6476.018,"end":6476.146},{"text":"commercial","start":6476.178,"end":6476.771},{"text":"LEO","start":6477.124,"end":6477.396},{"text":"systems","start":6477.396,"end":6477.989},{"text":"into","start":6478.583,"end":6478.824},{"text":"military","start":6478.824,"end":6479.306},{"text":"and","start":6479.306,"end":6479.386},{"text":"intelligence","start":6479.386,"end":6480.012},{"text":"operations","start":6480.012,"end":6480.478},{"text":"is","start":6481.312,"end":6481.441},{"text":"blurring","start":6481.553,"end":6481.842},{"text":"the","start":6482.035,"end":6482.179},{"text":"distinction","start":6482.179,"end":6482.645},{"text":"between","start":6482.741,"end":6482.966},{"text":"civilian","start":6483.014,"end":6483.528},{"text":"and","start":6483.721,"end":6483.785},{"text":"military","start":6483.801,"end":6484.17},{"text":"uses.","start":6484.186,"end":6484.491}]},{"text":"This raises the risk of misperception, escalation, and unintended conflict, particularly during times of crisis.","start":6485.486,"end":6494.284,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6485.486,"end":6485.743},{"text":"raises","start":6485.743,"end":6486.08},{"text":"the","start":6486.145,"end":6486.225},{"text":"risk","start":6486.225,"end":6486.835},{"text":"of","start":6486.996,"end":6487.14},{"text":"misperception,","start":6487.317,"end":6488.424},{"text":"escalation,","start":6489.163,"end":6489.869},{"text":"and","start":6490.287,"end":6490.367},{"text":"unintended","start":6490.527,"end":6491.394},{"text":"conflict,","start":6491.587,"end":6492.149},{"text":"particularly","start":6492.39,"end":6493},{"text":"during","start":6493.016,"end":6493.241},{"text":"times","start":6493.353,"end":6493.642},{"text":"of","start":6493.674,"end":6493.802},{"text":"crisis.","start":6493.835,"end":6494.284}]},{"text":"President, the expanding role of private actors raises significant regulatory and accountability gaps.","start":6495.52,"end":6501.139,"topics":[{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"President,","start":6495.52,"end":6495.986},{"text":"the","start":6496.066,"end":6496.146},{"text":"expanding","start":6496.146,"end":6496.692},{"text":"role","start":6496.724,"end":6496.837},{"text":"of","start":6496.885,"end":6496.981},{"text":"private","start":6497.029,"end":6497.383},{"text":"actors","start":6497.383,"end":6497.736},{"text":"raises","start":6498.009,"end":6498.298},{"text":"significant","start":6498.41,"end":6499.132},{"text":"regulatory","start":6499.132,"end":6499.742},{"text":"and","start":6499.999,"end":6500.064},{"text":"accountability","start":6500.176,"end":6500.834},{"text":"gaps.","start":6500.898,"end":6501.139}]},{"text":"Under international law, states remain responsible for national activities in outer space, including those conducted by non-governmental entities.","start":6501.541,"end":6510.407,"topics":[{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"Under","start":6501.541,"end":6501.669},{"text":"international","start":6501.701,"end":6502.343},{"text":"law,","start":6502.343,"end":6502.424},{"text":"states","start":6503.13,"end":6503.628},{"text":"remain","start":6503.628,"end":6503.917},{"text":"responsible","start":6504.013,"end":6504.8},{"text":"for","start":6504.8,"end":6504.93},{"text":"national","start":6504.93,"end":6505.417},{"text":"activities","start":6505.417,"end":6505.937},{"text":"in","start":6505.97,"end":6506.116},{"text":"outer","start":6506.116,"end":6506.311},{"text":"space,","start":6506.311,"end":6506.701},{"text":"including","start":6507.189,"end":6507.628},{"text":"those","start":6507.676,"end":6507.969},{"text":"conducted","start":6508.001,"end":6508.538},{"text":"by","start":6508.57,"end":6508.765},{"text":"non-governmental","start":6509.123,"end":6509.919},{"text":"entities.","start":6510.033,"end":6510.407}]},{"text":"The LEO-related risks cannot be viewed in isolation from the wider outer space security environment, including the arms race in outer space, development of ASAT capabilities, and integration of space assets into nuclear, cyber, conventional military strategies.","start":6512.04,"end":6528.974,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6512.04,"end":6512.249},{"text":"LEO-related","start":6512.635,"end":6513.408},{"text":"risks","start":6513.44,"end":6513.762},{"text":"cannot","start":6513.762,"end":6514.149},{"text":"be","start":6514.149,"end":6514.31},{"text":"viewed","start":6514.31,"end":6514.648},{"text":"in","start":6514.648,"end":6514.696},{"text":"isolation","start":6514.793,"end":6515.421},{"text":"from","start":6515.517,"end":6515.662},{"text":"the","start":6515.759,"end":6515.855},{"text":"wider","start":6515.855,"end":6516.226},{"text":"outer","start":6516.322,"end":6516.531},{"text":"space","start":6516.58,"end":6516.982},{"text":"security","start":6516.982,"end":6517.433},{"text":"environment,","start":6517.449,"end":6518.077},{"text":"including","start":6518.431,"end":6518.882},{"text":"the","start":6519.397,"end":6519.542},{"text":"arms","start":6519.623,"end":6519.848},{"text":"race","start":6519.945,"end":6520.122},{"text":"in","start":6520.122,"end":6520.17},{"text":"outer","start":6520.267,"end":6520.508},{"text":"space,","start":6520.508,"end":6520.75},{"text":"development","start":6521.249,"end":6521.732},{"text":"of","start":6521.732,"end":6521.829},{"text":"ASAT","start":6522.039,"end":6522.346},{"text":"capabilities,","start":6522.378,"end":6523.074},{"text":"and","start":6523.494,"end":6523.575},{"text":"integration","start":6523.656,"end":6524.189},{"text":"of","start":6524.237,"end":6524.318},{"text":"space","start":6524.334,"end":6524.787},{"text":"assets","start":6524.868,"end":6525.353},{"text":"into","start":6525.369,"end":6525.547},{"text":"nuclear,","start":6525.547,"end":6526.032},{"text":"cyber,","start":6526.436,"end":6527.034},{"text":"conventional","start":6527.228,"end":6527.891},{"text":"military","start":6528.101,"end":6528.457},{"text":"strategies.","start":6528.457,"end":6528.974}]},{"text":"These trends collectively undermine strategic stability.","start":6529.734,"end":6532.673,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":6529.734,"end":6529.944},{"text":"trends","start":6530.057,"end":6530.429},{"text":"collectively","start":6530.526,"end":6530.995},{"text":"undermine","start":6531.027,"end":6531.48},{"text":"strategic","start":6531.68,"end":6532.128},{"text":"stability.","start":6532.192,"end":6532.673}]},{"text":"Moreover, use of LEO systems for disinformation, societal destabilization, or interference in domestic affairs undermine sovereignty and principle of non-interference.","start":6533.715,"end":6545.156,"topics":[{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in domestic affairs. This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"Moreover,","start":6533.715,"end":6534.099},{"text":"use","start":6534.516,"end":6534.9},{"text":"of","start":6534.9,"end":6535.045},{"text":"LEO","start":6535.397,"end":6535.653},{"text":"systems","start":6535.653,"end":6536.134},{"text":"for","start":6536.278,"end":6536.423},{"text":"disinformation,","start":6536.423,"end":6537.128},{"text":"societal","start":6537.705,"end":6538.281},{"text":"destabilization,","start":6538.281,"end":6539.291},{"text":"or","start":6539.467,"end":6539.499},{"text":"interference","start":6539.499,"end":6540.22},{"text":"in","start":6540.284,"end":6540.333},{"text":"domestic","start":6540.429,"end":6540.861},{"text":"affairs","start":6540.861,"end":6541.214},{"text":"undermine","start":6541.486,"end":6541.935},{"text":"sovereignty","start":6542.352,"end":6542.896},{"text":"and","start":6543.089,"end":6543.153},{"text":"principle","start":6543.65,"end":6544.13},{"text":"of","start":6544.194,"end":6544.291},{"text":"non-interference.","start":6544.355,"end":6545.156}]},{"text":"Existing international mechanisms are inadequate to address these cross-border technological impacts.","start":6545.893,"end":6552.142,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Existing","start":6545.893,"end":6546.342},{"text":"international","start":6546.534,"end":6547.095},{"text":"mechanisms","start":6547.095,"end":6547.624},{"text":"are","start":6547.88,"end":6547.96},{"text":"inadequate","start":6548.056,"end":6548.745},{"text":"to","start":6548.857,"end":6548.986},{"text":"address","start":6549.018,"end":6549.45},{"text":"these","start":6549.498,"end":6549.707},{"text":"cross-border","start":6549.819,"end":6550.588},{"text":"technological","start":6551.021,"end":6551.742},{"text":"impacts.","start":6551.742,"end":6552.142}]},{"text":"Pakistan supports voluntary norms and transparency measures as complementary tools However, they cannot substitute for inclusive, legally binding international instruments that ensure accountability and the rule of law in outer space.","start":6553.344,"end":6567.893,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"Pakistan","start":6553.344,"end":6553.793},{"text":"supports","start":6553.841,"end":6554.402},{"text":"voluntary","start":6554.546,"end":6554.963},{"text":"norms","start":6554.963,"end":6555.315},{"text":"and","start":6555.347,"end":6555.507},{"text":"transparency","start":6555.507,"end":6556.116},{"text":"measures","start":6556.148,"end":6556.517},{"text":"as","start":6556.789,"end":6556.918},{"text":"complementary","start":6557.03,"end":6557.719},{"text":"tools","start":6557.751,"end":6558.039},{"text":"However,","start":6558.392,"end":6558.84},{"text":"they","start":6559.257,"end":6559.305},{"text":"cannot","start":6559.353,"end":6559.706},{"text":"substitute","start":6559.754,"end":6560.523},{"text":"for","start":6560.555,"end":6560.875},{"text":"inclusive,","start":6560.875,"end":6561.436},{"text":"legally","start":6561.757,"end":6562.157},{"text":"binding","start":6562.157,"end":6562.526},{"text":"international","start":6562.782,"end":6563.263},{"text":"instruments","start":6563.263,"end":6563.824},{"text":"that","start":6564.32,"end":6564.561},{"text":"ensure","start":6564.641,"end":6565.138},{"text":"accountability","start":6565.682,"end":6566.451},{"text":"and","start":6566.644,"end":6566.708},{"text":"the","start":6566.724,"end":6566.756},{"text":"rule","start":6566.756,"end":6566.916},{"text":"of","start":6566.964,"end":6567.092},{"text":"law","start":6567.108,"end":6567.204},{"text":"in","start":6567.269,"end":6567.317},{"text":"outer","start":6567.429,"end":6567.621},{"text":"space.","start":6567.621,"end":6567.893}]},{"text":"At the relevant forums, a wide majority of member states have emphasized inclusive, development-oriented, and multilateral space governance.","start":6569.111,"end":6577.86,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":6569.111,"end":6569.207},{"text":"the","start":6569.207,"end":6569.288},{"text":"relevant","start":6569.288,"end":6569.672},{"text":"forums,","start":6569.672,"end":6570.137},{"text":"a","start":6570.393,"end":6570.553},{"text":"wide","start":6570.553,"end":6570.826},{"text":"majority","start":6570.874,"end":6571.371},{"text":"of","start":6571.371,"end":6571.403},{"text":"member","start":6571.403,"end":6571.627},{"text":"states","start":6571.627,"end":6571.979},{"text":"have","start":6572.076,"end":6572.236},{"text":"emphasized","start":6572.236,"end":6572.941},{"text":"inclusive,","start":6573.774,"end":6574.383},{"text":"development-oriented,","start":6574.815,"end":6575.905},{"text":"and","start":6576.097,"end":6576.161},{"text":"multilateral","start":6576.258,"end":6576.963},{"text":"space","start":6576.963,"end":6577.363},{"text":"governance.","start":6577.379,"end":6577.86}]},{"text":"Pakistan supports this approach.","start":6578.421,"end":6579.863,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Pakistan","start":6578.421,"end":6578.789},{"text":"supports","start":6578.885,"end":6579.302},{"text":"this","start":6579.302,"end":6579.43},{"text":"approach.","start":6579.478,"end":6579.863}]},{"text":"Emerging space challenges, including LEO expansion, should not widen existing technological or regulatory divide between developed and developing countries.","start":6580.664,"end":6592.092,"topics":[{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Emerging","start":6580.664,"end":6581.032},{"text":"space","start":6581.225,"end":6581.689},{"text":"challenges,","start":6581.689,"end":6582.074},{"text":"including","start":6582.266,"end":6582.795},{"text":"LEO","start":6583.388,"end":6583.692},{"text":"expansion,","start":6583.708,"end":6584.237},{"text":"should","start":6584.493,"end":6584.686},{"text":"not","start":6584.766,"end":6585.166},{"text":"widen","start":6585.295,"end":6585.599},{"text":"existing","start":6586.208,"end":6586.721},{"text":"technological","start":6586.994,"end":6587.923},{"text":"or","start":6588.02,"end":6588.1},{"text":"regulatory","start":6588.1,"end":6588.661},{"text":"divide","start":6588.661,"end":6588.998},{"text":"between","start":6589.478,"end":6589.831},{"text":"developed","start":6590.44,"end":6591.017},{"text":"and","start":6591.146,"end":6591.242},{"text":"developing","start":6591.242,"end":6591.691},{"text":"countries.","start":6591.723,"end":6592.092}]},{"text":"Mr. President, as we consider ways to address these challenges, it is important to note that issues relating to outer space security and governance should be addressed at relevant platform, including the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Conference on Disarmament, and International Telecommunication Union, which provide legitimacy, inclusivity, and transparency.","start":6593.102,"end":6614.376,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":6593.102,"end":6593.342},{"text":"President,","start":6593.406,"end":6593.855},{"text":"as","start":6593.951,"end":6594.111},{"text":"we","start":6594.111,"end":6594.208},{"text":"consider","start":6594.208,"end":6594.689},{"text":"ways","start":6594.689,"end":6594.977},{"text":"to","start":6595.025,"end":6595.186},{"text":"address","start":6595.25,"end":6595.683},{"text":"these","start":6595.731,"end":6595.859},{"text":"challenges,","start":6595.955,"end":6596.42},{"text":"it","start":6596.676,"end":6596.773},{"text":"is","start":6596.773,"end":6596.869},{"text":"important","start":6596.869,"end":6597.334},{"text":"to","start":6597.334,"end":6597.43},{"text":"note","start":6597.478,"end":6597.911},{"text":"that","start":6597.959,"end":6598.119},{"text":"issues","start":6598.151,"end":6598.488},{"text":"relating","start":6598.488,"end":6598.825},{"text":"to","start":6598.857,"end":6598.921},{"text":"outer","start":6598.937,"end":6599.177},{"text":"space","start":6599.177,"end":6599.498},{"text":"security","start":6599.498,"end":6600.059},{"text":"and","start":6600.059,"end":6600.203},{"text":"governance","start":6600.203,"end":6600.764},{"text":"should","start":6601.101,"end":6601.261},{"text":"be","start":6601.261,"end":6601.422},{"text":"addressed","start":6601.422,"end":6601.823},{"text":"at","start":6601.823,"end":6601.967},{"text":"relevant","start":6601.967,"end":6602.464},{"text":"platform,","start":6602.464,"end":6603.426},{"text":"including","start":6603.586,"end":6603.955},{"text":"the","start":6604.051,"end":6604.147},{"text":"Committee","start":6604.147,"end":6604.548},{"text":"on","start":6604.612,"end":6604.644},{"text":"the","start":6604.644,"end":6604.788},{"text":"Peaceful","start":6604.788,"end":6605.205},{"text":"Uses","start":6605.269,"end":6605.59},{"text":"of","start":6605.59,"end":6605.734},{"text":"Outer","start":6605.734,"end":6605.975},{"text":"Space,","start":6605.975,"end":6606.311},{"text":"Conference","start":6606.712,"end":6607.177},{"text":"on","start":6607.177,"end":6607.225},{"text":"Disarmament,","start":6607.273,"end":6607.834},{"text":"and","start":6608.155,"end":6608.219},{"text":"International","start":6608.251,"end":6608.924},{"text":"Telecommunication","start":6608.94,"end":6610.127},{"text":"Union,","start":6610.223,"end":6610.527},{"text":"which","start":6610.8,"end":6610.928},{"text":"provide","start":6611.024,"end":6611.457},{"text":"legitimacy,","start":6611.986,"end":6612.5},{"text":"inclusivity,","start":6612.724,"end":6613.494},{"text":"and","start":6613.526,"end":6613.59},{"text":"transparency.","start":6613.686,"end":6614.376}]},{"text":"In conclusion, Pakistan supports a holistic, balanced approach to LEO governance that integrates security and stability, sustainability and debris mitigation, as well as development and equity considerations.","start":6614.969,"end":6630.092,"topics":[{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."},{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."},{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6614.969,"end":6615.098},{"text":"conclusion,","start":6615.13,"end":6615.739},{"text":"Pakistan","start":6615.932,"end":6616.381},{"text":"supports","start":6616.413,"end":6617.054},{"text":"a","start":6617.439,"end":6617.455},{"text":"holistic,","start":6617.519,"end":6618.177},{"text":"balanced","start":6618.401,"end":6618.882},{"text":"approach","start":6618.914,"end":6619.267},{"text":"to","start":6619.54,"end":6619.652},{"text":"LEO","start":6620.085,"end":6620.342},{"text":"governance","start":6620.342,"end":6620.887},{"text":"that","start":6621.368,"end":6621.625},{"text":"integrates","start":6621.769,"end":6622.411},{"text":"security","start":6622.411,"end":6622.908},{"text":"and","start":6622.908,"end":6623.068},{"text":"stability,","start":6623.068,"end":6623.597},{"text":"sustainability","start":6624.03,"end":6624.96},{"text":"and","start":6625.073,"end":6625.281},{"text":"debris","start":6625.313,"end":6625.794},{"text":"mitigation,","start":6626.179,"end":6626.789},{"text":"as","start":6627.061,"end":6627.125},{"text":"well","start":6627.222,"end":6627.382},{"text":"as","start":6627.382,"end":6627.526},{"text":"development","start":6628.104,"end":6628.729},{"text":"and","start":6628.841,"end":6628.906},{"text":"equity","start":6629.098,"end":6629.483},{"text":"considerations.","start":6629.483,"end":6630.092}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank you, Mr. President.","start":6630.365,"end":6633.733,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6630.365,"end":6630.381},{"text":"thank","start":6630.429,"end":6630.605},{"text":"you,","start":6630.605,"end":6630.798},{"text":"Mr.","start":6630.942,"end":6632.37},{"text":"President.","start":6632.53,"end":6633.733}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"PAK","affiliation_full":"Pakistan","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":48,"start":6633.957,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=6634","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":6633.957,"end":6634.262,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6633.957,"end":6634.15},{"text":"you.","start":6634.15,"end":6634.262}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"I give the floor to the Permanent Representative of Panama.","start":6635.497,"end":6637.437,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6635.497,"end":6635.577},{"text":"give","start":6635.577,"end":6635.801},{"text":"the","start":6635.801,"end":6635.898},{"text":"floor","start":6635.898,"end":6636.122},{"text":"to","start":6636.122,"end":6636.186},{"text":"the","start":6636.202,"end":6636.299},{"text":"Permanent","start":6636.299,"end":6636.684},{"text":"Representative","start":6636.684,"end":6637.1},{"text":"of","start":6637.1,"end":6637.197},{"text":"Panama.","start":6637.293,"end":6637.437}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian Federation","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":49,"start":6639.884,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=6640","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"La República de Panamá agradece a la Federación de Rusia por la convocatoria a esta reunión informal del Consejo de Seguridad bajo la fórmula ARRIA, dedicada a reflexionar sobre los riesgos y desafíos asociados al despliegue acelerado y en ocasiones insuficientemente coordinado Excuse me.","start":6639.884,"end":6673.358,"topics":[{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"La","start":6639.884,"end":6640.046},{"text":"República","start":6640.095,"end":6640.582},{"text":"de","start":6640.582,"end":6640.744},{"text":"Panamá","start":6640.744,"end":6641.068},{"text":"agradece","start":6641.943,"end":6642.446},{"text":"a","start":6642.446,"end":6642.608},{"text":"la","start":6642.608,"end":6642.689},{"text":"Federación","start":6642.689,"end":6643.305},{"text":"de","start":6643.338,"end":6643.419},{"text":"Rusia","start":6643.5,"end":6643.84},{"text":"por","start":6644.635,"end":6645.056},{"text":"la","start":6645.267,"end":6645.365},{"text":"convocatoria","start":6645.365,"end":6646.418},{"text":"a","start":6646.645,"end":6646.808},{"text":"esta","start":6646.808,"end":6647.067},{"text":"reunión","start":6647.067,"end":6647.618},{"text":"informal","start":6647.618,"end":6648.251},{"text":"del","start":6648.266,"end":6648.427},{"text":"Consejo","start":6648.443,"end":6648.765},{"text":"de","start":6648.765,"end":6648.942},{"text":"Seguridad","start":6648.942,"end":6650.263},{"text":"bajo","start":6650.295,"end":6650.52},{"text":"la","start":6650.52,"end":6650.617},{"text":"fórmula","start":6650.617,"end":6651.245},{"text":"ARRIA,","start":6651.325,"end":6651.744},{"text":"dedicada","start":6652.629,"end":6653.451},{"text":"a","start":6653.451,"end":6653.499},{"text":"reflexionar","start":6653.499,"end":6654.417},{"text":"sobre","start":6654.562,"end":6654.884},{"text":"los","start":6654.948,"end":6655.093},{"text":"riesgos","start":6655.109,"end":6655.576},{"text":"y","start":6655.608,"end":6655.785},{"text":"desafíos","start":6655.85,"end":6656.542},{"text":"asociados","start":6657.283,"end":6657.83},{"text":"al","start":6657.847,"end":6657.944},{"text":"despliegue","start":6657.944,"end":6658.497},{"text":"acelerado","start":6658.659,"end":6659.325},{"text":"y","start":6659.796,"end":6659.861},{"text":"en","start":6659.91,"end":6659.975},{"text":"ocasiones","start":6659.975,"end":6660.673},{"text":"insuficientemente","start":6660.949,"end":6662.102},{"text":"coordinado","start":6662.314,"end":6663.207},{"text":"Excuse","start":6669.131,"end":6672.506},{"text":"me.","start":6672.506,"end":6673.358}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"The topics in the conceptual note are important and relevant.","start":6675.319,"end":6679.601,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6675.319,"end":6675.399},{"text":"topics","start":6675.64,"end":6676.203},{"text":"in","start":6676.203,"end":6676.267},{"text":"the","start":6676.299,"end":6676.797},{"text":"conceptual","start":6676.846,"end":6677.361},{"text":"note","start":6677.361,"end":6677.651},{"text":"are","start":6677.651,"end":6677.829},{"text":"important","start":6677.829,"end":6678.715},{"text":"and","start":6678.715,"end":6679.037},{"text":"relevant.","start":6679.037,"end":6679.601}]},{"text":"We're also grateful to the panelists for their interesting presentations.","start":6681.196,"end":6689.701,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We're","start":6681.196,"end":6681.277},{"text":"also","start":6681.277,"end":6681.648},{"text":"grateful","start":6682.26,"end":6682.872},{"text":"to","start":6682.905,"end":6683.227},{"text":"the","start":6683.227,"end":6683.598},{"text":"panelists","start":6686.037,"end":6686.607},{"text":"for","start":6686.607,"end":6686.802},{"text":"their","start":6686.851,"end":6686.981},{"text":"interesting","start":6688.574,"end":6689.029},{"text":"presentations.","start":6689.06,"end":6689.701}]},{"text":"Panama reaffirms its conviction on the importance of the peaceful use of outer space, and we'd like to underscore that in the current international context, it is extremely important to reduce tensions, bolster mutual trust, and expand international cooperation in order to ensure that outer space continues to be an environment that is open for for exploration and for the use for the benefit of all states without discrimination.","start":6690.054,"end":6721.706,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful.","start":7146.95,"end":7150.451,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.","start":7146.95,"end":7147.756},{"text":"In","start":7148.031,"end":7148.143},{"text":"the","start":7148.176,"end":7148.273},{"text":"name","start":7148.273,"end":7148.434},{"text":"of","start":7148.434,"end":7148.724},{"text":"God,","start":7148.74,"end":7148.87},{"text":"the","start":7149.063,"end":7149.16},{"text":"Compassionate,","start":7149.16,"end":7149.805},{"text":"the","start":7149.87,"end":7149.902},{"text":"Merciful.","start":7149.902,"end":7150.451}]},{"text":"Mr. President, distinguished delegates, we thank the Russian Federation for convening this Area Formula meeting on the risks and challenges arising from the uncontrolled use of low Earth orbit satellites, an issue that has a direct impact on the international peace and security.","start":7151.596,"end":7171.581,"topics":[{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. 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The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":7151.596,"end":7151.774},{"text":"President,","start":7151.822,"end":7152.355},{"text":"distinguished","start":7153.661,"end":7154.63},{"text":"delegates,","start":7154.63,"end":7155.065},{"text":"we","start":7155.436,"end":7155.468},{"text":"thank","start":7155.517,"end":7155.84},{"text":"the","start":7155.84,"end":7155.936},{"text":"Russian","start":7155.936,"end":7156.178},{"text":"Federation","start":7156.178,"end":7156.583},{"text":"for","start":7156.583,"end":7156.815},{"text":"convening","start":7156.815,"end":7157.214},{"text":"this","start":7157.314,"end":7157.463},{"text":"Area","start":7157.997,"end":7158.254},{"text":"Formula","start":7158.254,"end":7158.735},{"text":"meeting","start":7158.735,"end":7159.105},{"text":"on","start":7159.378,"end":7159.458},{"text":"the","start":7159.458,"end":7159.602},{"text":"risks","start":7159.602,"end":7160.036},{"text":"and","start":7160.164,"end":7160.325},{"text":"challenges","start":7160.325,"end":7160.791},{"text":"arising","start":7161.609,"end":7161.995},{"text":"from","start":7162.091,"end":7162.798},{"text":"the","start":7162.83,"end":7163.087},{"text":"uncontrolled","start":7163.215,"end":7164.034},{"text":"use","start":7164.034,"end":7164.5},{"text":"of","start":7164.66,"end":7164.821},{"text":"low","start":7164.837,"end":7165.078},{"text":"Earth","start":7165.302,"end":7165.495},{"text":"orbit","start":7165.704,"end":7166.025},{"text":"satellites,","start":7166.025,"end":7166.587},{"text":"an","start":7167.711,"end":7167.775},{"text":"issue","start":7167.952,"end":7168.144},{"text":"that","start":7168.289,"end":7168.45},{"text":"has","start":7168.45,"end":7168.658},{"text":"a","start":7168.706,"end":7168.723},{"text":"direct","start":7168.835,"end":7169.252},{"text":"impact","start":7169.252,"end":7169.798},{"text":"on","start":7169.879,"end":7169.927},{"text":"the","start":7169.975,"end":7170.039},{"text":"international","start":7170.039,"end":7170.697},{"text":"peace","start":7170.697,"end":7171.019},{"text":"and","start":7171.019,"end":7171.099},{"text":"security.","start":7171.099,"end":7171.581}]},{"text":"We also, we also thank the distinguished panelists for their insightful presentations.","start":7172.608,"end":7178.453,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7172.608,"end":7172.688},{"text":"also,","start":7172.688,"end":7172.897},{"text":"we","start":7173.106,"end":7173.267},{"text":"also","start":7173.267,"end":7173.604},{"text":"thank","start":7173.604,"end":7174.053},{"text":"the","start":7174.053,"end":7174.214},{"text":"distinguished","start":7174.214,"end":7174.936},{"text":"panelists","start":7175.001,"end":7175.739},{"text":"for","start":7176.237,"end":7176.43},{"text":"their","start":7176.478,"end":7176.847},{"text":"insightful","start":7177.024,"end":7177.57},{"text":"presentations.","start":7177.746,"end":7178.453}]},{"text":"The rapid proliferation of LEO satellite systems including large-scale constellations, has fundamentally altered the strategic landscape of outer space.","start":7179.834,"end":7192.055,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7179.834,"end":7179.866},{"text":"rapid","start":7179.866,"end":7180.299},{"text":"proliferation","start":7180.637,"end":7181.439},{"text":"of","start":7181.439,"end":7181.6},{"text":"LEO","start":7181.6,"end":7181.873},{"text":"satellite","start":7181.937,"end":7182.435},{"text":"systems","start":7182.435,"end":7183.109},{"text":"including","start":7183.544,"end":7184.028},{"text":"large-scale","start":7184.108,"end":7184.93},{"text":"constellations,","start":7185.237,"end":7186.011},{"text":"has","start":7186.671,"end":7186.817},{"text":"fundamentally","start":7186.929,"end":7187.623},{"text":"altered","start":7188.203,"end":7188.67},{"text":"the","start":7188.848,"end":7189.025},{"text":"strategic","start":7189.17,"end":7189.831},{"text":"landscape","start":7190.379,"end":7191.04},{"text":"of","start":7191.104,"end":7191.25},{"text":"outer","start":7191.348,"end":7191.546},{"text":"space.","start":7191.546,"end":7192.055}]},{"text":"Enabled by low-cost production, reusable launch capabilities, inter-satellite links, and portable user terminals, these systems offer global coverage, resilience, and low-latency connectivity.","start":7194.663,"end":7211.175,"topics":[{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development Benefits","description":"Alongside the risks, many statements recognized that LEO satellites can expand broadband access, especially in remote, mountainous, island, and underserved areas. They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."}],"words":[{"text":"Enabled","start":7194.663,"end":7195.147},{"text":"by","start":7195.147,"end":7195.244},{"text":"low-cost","start":7195.454,"end":7196.116},{"text":"production,","start":7196.277,"end":7196.81},{"text":"reusable","start":7198.215,"end":7198.958},{"text":"launch","start":7199.249,"end":7199.491},{"text":"capabilities,","start":7199.588,"end":7200.363},{"text":"inter-satellite","start":7201.025,"end":7201.848},{"text":"links,","start":7201.848,"end":7202.252},{"text":"and","start":7202.478,"end":7202.704},{"text":"portable","start":7202.801,"end":7203.318},{"text":"user","start":7203.464,"end":7203.87},{"text":"terminals,","start":7203.87,"end":7204.486},{"text":"these","start":7205.314,"end":7205.541},{"text":"systems","start":7205.655,"end":7206.287},{"text":"offer","start":7206.628,"end":7206.953},{"text":"global","start":7207.018,"end":7207.423},{"text":"coverage,","start":7207.439,"end":7207.926},{"text":"resilience,","start":7208.413,"end":7208.981},{"text":"and","start":7209.146,"end":7209.307},{"text":"low-latency","start":7209.307,"end":7210.257},{"text":"connectivity.","start":7210.595,"end":7211.175}]},{"text":"However, when left uncontrolled, these same characteristics become source of instability, insecurity, and interference in other countries' affairs.","start":7211.803,"end":7224.302,"topics":[{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in domestic affairs. This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":7211.803,"end":7212.302},{"text":"when","start":7213.188,"end":7213.397},{"text":"left","start":7213.494,"end":7213.912},{"text":"uncontrolled,","start":7213.977,"end":7214.846},{"text":"these","start":7215.67,"end":7215.815},{"text":"same","start":7215.815,"end":7216.137},{"text":"characteristics","start":7216.267,"end":7217.315},{"text":"become","start":7217.719,"end":7218.025},{"text":"source","start":7218.025,"end":7218.396},{"text":"of","start":7218.671,"end":7218.897},{"text":"instability,","start":7219.01,"end":7219.865},{"text":"insecurity,","start":7220.365,"end":7221.043},{"text":"and","start":7221.656,"end":7221.769},{"text":"interference","start":7221.833,"end":7222.672},{"text":"in","start":7222.801,"end":7222.882},{"text":"other","start":7223.043,"end":7223.286},{"text":"countries'","start":7223.35,"end":7223.737},{"text":"affairs.","start":7223.931,"end":7224.302}]},{"text":"Unregulated LEO satellite systems blur the distinction between civilian and military uses, undermine state sovereignty, and create legal and unlegal and accountability gaps that are increasingly exploited.","start":7226.362,"end":7244.423,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. 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Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"Unregulated","start":7226.362,"end":7226.972},{"text":"LEO","start":7227.229,"end":7227.422},{"text":"satellite","start":7227.422,"end":7228.113},{"text":"systems","start":7228.113,"end":7228.627},{"text":"blur","start":7229.254,"end":7229.511},{"text":"the","start":7229.736,"end":7229.961},{"text":"distinction","start":7229.977,"end":7230.491},{"text":"between","start":7230.539,"end":7230.893},{"text":"civilian","start":7230.941,"end":7231.471},{"text":"and","start":7231.809,"end":7231.953},{"text":"military","start":7231.985,"end":7232.435},{"text":"uses,","start":7232.612,"end":7232.917},{"text":"undermine","start":7234.074,"end":7234.604},{"text":"state","start":7234.813,"end":7235.183},{"text":"sovereignty,","start":7235.183,"end":7235.729},{"text":"and","start":7236.337,"end":7236.578},{"text":"create","start":7236.578,"end":7237.171},{"text":"legal","start":7237.235,"end":7237.765},{"text":"and","start":7237.941,"end":7238.005},{"text":"unlegal","start":7238.262,"end":7239.465},{"text":"and","start":7239.626,"end":7239.69},{"text":"accountability","start":7240.203,"end":7241.022},{"text":"gaps","start":7241.327,"end":7241.76},{"text":"that","start":7242.273,"end":7242.434},{"text":"are","start":7242.434,"end":7242.61},{"text":"increasingly","start":7242.61,"end":7243.38},{"text":"exploited.","start":7243.877,"end":7244.423}]},{"text":"Mr. President, a clear and alarming illustration of these risks emerged during the unlawful military aggression cases like the 12-day aggression by Israeli regime on Iran.","start":7244.808,"end":7258.782,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":7244.808,"end":7245.321},{"text":"President,","start":7245.418,"end":7245.899},{"text":"a","start":7246.846,"end":7246.942},{"text":"clear","start":7246.942,"end":7247.439},{"text":"and","start":7247.503,"end":7247.632},{"text":"alarming","start":7247.744,"end":7248.274},{"text":"illustration","start":7248.546,"end":7249.156},{"text":"of","start":7249.252,"end":7249.413},{"text":"these","start":7249.413,"end":7249.685},{"text":"risks","start":7249.685,"end":7250.263},{"text":"emerged","start":7250.776,"end":7251.242},{"text":"during","start":7251.498,"end":7251.739},{"text":"the","start":7251.835,"end":7251.915},{"text":"unlawful","start":7252.076,"end":7252.637},{"text":"military","start":7252.637,"end":7253.167},{"text":"aggression","start":7253.279,"end":7253.809},{"text":"cases","start":7253.921,"end":7254.37},{"text":"like","start":7254.964,"end":7255.269},{"text":"the","start":7255.269,"end":7255.445},{"text":"12-day","start":7255.445,"end":7256.071},{"text":"aggression","start":7256.247,"end":7256.616},{"text":"by","start":7256.729,"end":7256.921},{"text":"Israeli","start":7257.033,"end":7257.467},{"text":"regime","start":7257.467,"end":7257.804},{"text":"on","start":7258.333,"end":7258.429},{"text":"Iran.","start":7258.558,"end":7258.782}]},{"text":"During the aggression, The commercial satellites, the commercial satellites, satellite internet and communication services were used to support offensive military platforms, including unmanned aerial vehicles, aircraft, intelligence and targeting systems.","start":7260.242,"end":7280.352,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"During","start":7260.242,"end":7260.547},{"text":"the","start":7260.643,"end":7260.708},{"text":"aggression,","start":7260.724,"end":7261.189},{"text":"The","start":7261.702,"end":7261.862},{"text":"commercial","start":7261.862,"end":7262.344},{"text":"satellites,","start":7262.344,"end":7262.953},{"text":"the","start":7263.851,"end":7263.947},{"text":"commercial","start":7263.947,"end":7264.364},{"text":"satellites,","start":7264.364,"end":7264.99},{"text":"satellite","start":7265.567,"end":7266.112},{"text":"internet","start":7266.112,"end":7266.609},{"text":"and","start":7266.673,"end":7266.834},{"text":"communication","start":7266.834,"end":7267.443},{"text":"services","start":7267.491,"end":7268.084},{"text":"were","start":7268.758,"end":7268.966},{"text":"used","start":7268.999,"end":7269.399},{"text":"to","start":7269.56,"end":7269.656},{"text":"support","start":7269.656,"end":7270.265},{"text":"offensive","start":7270.281,"end":7270.859},{"text":"military","start":7270.923,"end":7271.34},{"text":"platforms,","start":7271.404,"end":7271.933},{"text":"including","start":7272.927,"end":7273.457},{"text":"unmanned","start":7273.793,"end":7274.339},{"text":"aerial","start":7274.755,"end":7275.14},{"text":"vehicles,","start":7275.477,"end":7275.99},{"text":"aircraft,","start":7276.84,"end":7277.498},{"text":"intelligence","start":7278.283,"end":7279.037},{"text":"and","start":7279.181,"end":7279.342},{"text":"targeting","start":7279.342,"end":7279.791},{"text":"systems.","start":7279.839,"end":7280.352}]},{"text":"This is not neutral use of technology.","start":7281.491,"end":7284.201,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7281.491,"end":7281.667},{"text":"is","start":7281.667,"end":7281.795},{"text":"not","start":7281.827,"end":7282.164},{"text":"neutral","start":7282.469,"end":7282.966},{"text":"use","start":7283.094,"end":7283.319},{"text":"of","start":7283.495,"end":7283.559},{"text":"technology.","start":7283.655,"end":7284.201}]},{"text":"It is uncontrolled and unauthorized operation of commercial LEO satellite system within the territory of sovereign states.","start":7285.019,"end":7294.103,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. 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Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":7285.019,"end":7285.131},{"text":"is","start":7285.179,"end":7285.323},{"text":"uncontrolled","start":7285.66,"end":7286.414},{"text":"and","start":7286.959,"end":7287.087},{"text":"unauthorized","start":7287.264,"end":7288.049},{"text":"operation","start":7288.242,"end":7288.693},{"text":"of","start":7288.951,"end":7289.096},{"text":"commercial","start":7289.192,"end":7289.772},{"text":"LEO","start":7289.772,"end":7290.029},{"text":"satellite","start":7290.029,"end":7290.561},{"text":"system","start":7290.561,"end":7290.947},{"text":"within","start":7291.607,"end":7291.833},{"text":"the","start":7291.929,"end":7292.106},{"text":"territory","start":7292.106,"end":7292.589},{"text":"of","start":7292.75,"end":7292.879},{"text":"sovereign","start":7292.911,"end":7293.282},{"text":"states.","start":7293.539,"end":7294.103}]},{"text":"Such use facilitates precise attacks against civilians and critical civilian infrastructure, amounting to serious violations of international humanitarian law.","start":7295.43,"end":7307.837,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":7295.43,"end":7295.671},{"text":"use","start":7295.767,"end":7296.072},{"text":"facilitates","start":7296.41,"end":7297.31},{"text":"precise","start":7297.631,"end":7298.21},{"text":"attacks","start":7298.355,"end":7298.869},{"text":"against","start":7299.158,"end":7299.624},{"text":"civilians","start":7299.624,"end":7300.171},{"text":"and","start":7300.428,"end":7300.525},{"text":"critical","start":7300.525,"end":7301.103},{"text":"civilian","start":7301.103,"end":7301.553},{"text":"infrastructure,","start":7301.81,"end":7302.614},{"text":"amounting","start":7303.402,"end":7303.868},{"text":"to","start":7304.044,"end":7304.253},{"text":"serious","start":7304.27,"end":7304.655},{"text":"violations","start":7304.928,"end":7305.555},{"text":"of","start":7306.069,"end":7306.198},{"text":"international","start":7306.23,"end":7307.002},{"text":"humanitarian","start":7307.002,"end":7307.644},{"text":"law.","start":7307.757,"end":7307.837}]},{"text":"Mr. President, satellite internet systems are increasingly relevant to discussions on security stability, and emerging technologies.","start":7309.509,"end":7319.447,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. 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Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7327.885,"end":7327.966},{"text":"risks—","start":7327.966,"end":7328.559},{"text":"and","start":7328.848,"end":7328.992},{"text":"the","start":7329.345,"end":7329.426},{"text":"risks","start":7329.426,"end":7330.051},{"text":"are","start":7330.212,"end":7330.404},{"text":"compounded","start":7330.613,"end":7331.238},{"text":"by","start":7331.495,"end":7331.752},{"text":"clear","start":7331.752,"end":7332.025},{"text":"violations","start":7332.073,"end":7332.682},{"text":"of","start":7333.116,"end":7333.244},{"text":"international","start":7333.276,"end":7334.062},{"text":"regulatory","start":7334.463,"end":7335.169},{"text":"frameworks.","start":7335.281,"end":7336.003}]},{"text":"In the absence of effective regulatory control, LEO satellite systems can become force multipliers in armed conflict and instruments of aggression.","start":7336.886,"end":7349.292,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7336.886,"end":7336.966},{"text":"the","start":7336.966,"end":7337.046},{"text":"absence","start":7337.19,"end":7337.624},{"text":"of","start":7337.768,"end":7337.896},{"text":"effective","start":7338.025,"end":7338.747},{"text":"regulatory","start":7339.148,"end":7339.822},{"text":"control,","start":7340.094,"end":7340.64},{"text":"LEO","start":7341.137,"end":7341.458},{"text":"satellite","start":7341.458,"end":7342.084},{"text":"systems","start":7342.084,"end":7342.677},{"text":"can","start":7343.143,"end":7343.351},{"text":"become","start":7343.384,"end":7343.849},{"text":"force","start":7343.849,"end":7344.347},{"text":"multipliers","start":7344.588,"end":7345.439},{"text":"in","start":7345.872,"end":7345.953},{"text":"armed","start":7346.177,"end":7346.483},{"text":"conflict","start":7346.515,"end":7347.317},{"text":"and","start":7347.703,"end":7347.831},{"text":"instruments","start":7347.96,"end":7348.602},{"text":"of","start":7348.682,"end":7348.779},{"text":"aggression.","start":7348.907,"end":7349.292}]},{"text":"According to fundamental principles of international telecommunications law, the provision of telecommunications services within the territory of states, including satellite internet, requires the authorization of the state.","start":7350.513,"end":7367.067,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"According","start":7350.513,"end":7350.898},{"text":"to","start":7350.994,"end":7351.091},{"text":"fundamental","start":7351.091,"end":7351.797},{"text":"principles","start":7351.878,"end":7352.504},{"text":"of","start":7352.536,"end":7352.68},{"text":"international","start":7352.68,"end":7353.419},{"text":"telecommunications","start":7353.419,"end":7354.35},{"text":"law,","start":7354.382,"end":7354.607},{"text":"the","start":7355.506,"end":7355.587},{"text":"provision","start":7355.587,"end":7356.277},{"text":"of","start":7356.373,"end":7356.518},{"text":"telecommunications","start":7356.55,"end":7357.433},{"text":"services","start":7357.433,"end":7357.963},{"text":"within","start":7358.557,"end":7358.846},{"text":"the","start":7358.959,"end":7359.039},{"text":"territory","start":7359.039,"end":7359.569},{"text":"of","start":7359.585,"end":7359.777},{"text":"states,","start":7359.777,"end":7360.323},{"text":"including","start":7360.805,"end":7361.335},{"text":"satellite","start":7361.704,"end":7362.314},{"text":"internet,","start":7362.33,"end":7362.973},{"text":"requires","start":7363.133,"end":7364.305},{"text":"the","start":7364.819,"end":7364.899},{"text":"authorization","start":7364.98,"end":7365.831},{"text":"of","start":7365.943,"end":7366.072},{"text":"the","start":7366.328,"end":7366.457},{"text":"state.","start":7366.666,"end":7367.067}]},{"text":"Sovereignty over national telecommunications infrastructure remains a core principle of the international regulatory framework and is essential to prevent technical interference and regulatory disorder.","start":7369.866,"end":7389.043,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."},{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Sovereignty","start":7369.866,"end":7370.544},{"text":"over","start":7370.577,"end":7370.835},{"text":"national","start":7370.835,"end":7371.255},{"text":"telecommunications","start":7371.384,"end":7376.277},{"text":"infrastructure","start":7376.713,"end":7378.05},{"text":"remains","start":7378.549,"end":7378.935},{"text":"a","start":7379.048,"end":7379.064},{"text":"core","start":7379.193,"end":7379.531},{"text":"principle","start":7379.531,"end":7380.063},{"text":"of","start":7380.176,"end":7380.304},{"text":"the","start":7380.337,"end":7380.482},{"text":"international","start":7380.482,"end":7381.239},{"text":"regulatory","start":7381.4,"end":7381.996},{"text":"framework","start":7382.028,"end":7382.672},{"text":"and","start":7383.075,"end":7383.236},{"text":"is","start":7383.236,"end":7383.3},{"text":"essential","start":7383.638,"end":7384.25},{"text":"to","start":7384.267,"end":7384.411},{"text":"prevent","start":7384.444,"end":7384.975},{"text":"technical","start":7385.088,"end":7385.636},{"text":"interference","start":7385.652,"end":7386.439},{"text":"and","start":7386.921,"end":7386.986},{"text":"regulatory","start":7387.645,"end":7388.271},{"text":"disorder.","start":7388.529,"end":7389.043}]},{"text":"Under the radio regulations of the International Telecommunications satellite operators are prohibited from providing communication services within the territory of a state without its authorization.","start":7390.136,"end":7407.052,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."},{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"Under","start":7390.136,"end":7390.393},{"text":"the","start":7390.457,"end":7390.65},{"text":"radio","start":7390.955,"end":7391.357},{"text":"regulations","start":7391.357,"end":7392.048},{"text":"of","start":7392.225,"end":7392.338},{"text":"the","start":7392.402,"end":7392.514},{"text":"International","start":7392.884,"end":7393.527},{"text":"Telecommunications","start":7393.527,"end":7394.539},{"text":"satellite","start":7397.074,"end":7397.763},{"text":"operators","start":7397.779,"end":7398.437},{"text":"are","start":7398.886,"end":7399.063},{"text":"prohibited","start":7399.063,"end":7399.753},{"text":"from","start":7399.849,"end":7400.074},{"text":"providing","start":7400.33,"end":7400.956},{"text":"communication","start":7401.373,"end":7402.079},{"text":"services","start":7402.127,"end":7402.721},{"text":"within","start":7403.218,"end":7403.507},{"text":"the","start":7403.555,"end":7403.715},{"text":"territory","start":7403.715,"end":7404.325},{"text":"of","start":7404.421,"end":7404.517},{"text":"a","start":7404.582,"end":7404.598},{"text":"state","start":7404.614,"end":7405.255},{"text":"without","start":7405.464,"end":7405.961},{"text":"its","start":7406.025,"end":7406.298},{"text":"authorization.","start":7406.346,"end":7407.052}]},{"text":"The applicable legal framework is well established.","start":7408.432,"end":7411.255,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7408.432,"end":7408.512},{"text":"applicable","start":7408.512,"end":7409.17},{"text":"legal","start":7409.17,"end":7409.475},{"text":"framework","start":7409.475,"end":7410.148},{"text":"is","start":7410.197,"end":7410.261},{"text":"well","start":7410.373,"end":7410.63},{"text":"established.","start":7410.63,"end":7411.255}]},{"text":"The ITU Radio Regulations is binding international treaty governed— governs the use of radio frequencies and satellite systems.","start":7412.202,"end":7422.374,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7412.202,"end":7412.298},{"text":"ITU","start":7412.442,"end":7412.715},{"text":"Radio","start":7412.86,"end":7413.197},{"text":"Regulations","start":7413.197,"end":7413.87},{"text":"is","start":7414.127,"end":7414.191},{"text":"binding","start":7414.303,"end":7414.672},{"text":"international","start":7414.785,"end":7415.475},{"text":"treaty","start":7415.491,"end":7415.828},{"text":"governed—","start":7416.533,"end":7417.079},{"text":"governs","start":7418.378,"end":7418.844},{"text":"the","start":7418.956,"end":7419.18},{"text":"use","start":7419.18,"end":7419.485},{"text":"of","start":7419.822,"end":7419.934},{"text":"radio","start":7419.934,"end":7420.319},{"text":"frequencies","start":7420.319,"end":7421.009},{"text":"and","start":7421.346,"end":7421.443},{"text":"satellite","start":7421.443,"end":7421.908},{"text":"systems.","start":7421.908,"end":7422.374}]},{"text":"Article 18 of the regulations requires that transmitting stations be licensed by a competent national authority, a requirement that applies equally to satellite user terminals.","start":7423.434,"end":7438.591,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."},{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"Article","start":7423.434,"end":7423.899},{"text":"18","start":7423.932,"end":7424.285},{"text":"of","start":7424.477,"end":7424.542},{"text":"the","start":7424.574,"end":7424.654},{"text":"regulations","start":7424.654,"end":7425.345},{"text":"requires","start":7425.939,"end":7426.549},{"text":"that","start":7426.661,"end":7426.966},{"text":"transmitting","start":7426.966,"end":7427.673},{"text":"stations","start":7428.026,"end":7428.636},{"text":"be","start":7429.23,"end":7429.455},{"text":"licensed","start":7429.455,"end":7430.226},{"text":"by","start":7430.354,"end":7430.434},{"text":"a","start":7430.611,"end":7430.675},{"text":"competent","start":7430.74,"end":7431.574},{"text":"national","start":7431.574,"end":7432.024},{"text":"authority,","start":7432.185,"end":7432.602},{"text":"a","start":7433.469,"end":7433.485},{"text":"requirement","start":7433.565,"end":7434.866},{"text":"that","start":7435.412,"end":7435.653},{"text":"applies","start":7435.653,"end":7436.183},{"text":"equally","start":7436.44,"end":7436.905},{"text":"to","start":7437.082,"end":7437.178},{"text":"satellite","start":7437.178,"end":7437.756},{"text":"user","start":7437.756,"end":7438.142},{"text":"terminals.","start":7438.142,"end":7438.591}]},{"text":"Resolution 22 of the World Radio Communications Conference complements this provision By addressing unauthorized uplink transmissions and recalling the responsibility of administrations and operators to ensure that satellite systems are used only by authorized Earth stations.","start":7439.731,"end":7462.564,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."},{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"Resolution","start":7439.731,"end":7440.181},{"text":"22","start":7440.293,"end":7440.598},{"text":"of","start":7441.032,"end":7441.128},{"text":"the","start":7441.176,"end":7441.321},{"text":"World","start":7441.337,"end":7441.642},{"text":"Radio","start":7442.22,"end":7442.541},{"text":"Communications","start":7442.541,"end":7443.167},{"text":"Conference","start":7443.264,"end":7443.81},{"text":"complements","start":7444.564,"end":7445.367},{"text":"this","start":7445.367,"end":7445.688},{"text":"provision","start":7445.688,"end":7446.138},{"text":"By","start":7446.732,"end":7446.844},{"text":"addressing","start":7447.053,"end":7447.583},{"text":"unauthorized","start":7447.92,"end":7448.787},{"text":"uplink","start":7449.044,"end":7449.542},{"text":"transmissions","start":7449.542,"end":7450.232},{"text":"and","start":7450.81,"end":7450.971},{"text":"recalling","start":7450.971,"end":7451.436},{"text":"the","start":7451.549,"end":7451.709},{"text":"responsibility","start":7451.79,"end":7452.689},{"text":"of","start":7452.753,"end":7452.882},{"text":"administrations","start":7453.074,"end":7453.925},{"text":"and","start":7454.503,"end":7454.616},{"text":"operators","start":7454.68,"end":7455.29},{"text":"to","start":7455.804,"end":7455.932},{"text":"ensure","start":7455.964,"end":7456.542},{"text":"that","start":7456.591,"end":7456.783},{"text":"satellite","start":7456.783,"end":7457.345},{"text":"systems","start":7457.345,"end":7457.939},{"text":"are","start":7458.437,"end":7458.598},{"text":"used","start":7458.598,"end":7458.983},{"text":"only","start":7459.079,"end":7459.304},{"text":"by","start":7459.497,"end":7459.802},{"text":"authorized","start":7459.898,"end":7460.589},{"text":"Earth","start":7461.327,"end":7461.552},{"text":"stations.","start":7462.082,"end":7462.564}]},{"text":"Mr. President, allow me to brief— to briefly share Iran's experience in addressing unauthorized satellite internet services through established multilateral mechanisms in a, in a spirit of transparency and experience sharing.","start":7463.431,"end":7482.553,"topics":[{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."},{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in domestic affairs. This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":7463.431,"end":7463.623},{"text":"President,","start":7463.672,"end":7463.961},{"text":"allow","start":7464.956,"end":7465.117},{"text":"me","start":7465.181,"end":7465.422},{"text":"to","start":7465.422,"end":7465.566},{"text":"brief—","start":7465.598,"end":7466.016},{"text":"to","start":7466.706,"end":7466.771},{"text":"briefly","start":7466.867,"end":7467.333},{"text":"share","start":7467.365,"end":7467.782},{"text":"Iran's","start":7468.328,"end":7468.633},{"text":"experience","start":7468.713,"end":7469.259},{"text":"in","start":7469.613,"end":7469.741},{"text":"addressing","start":7469.837,"end":7470.223},{"text":"unauthorized","start":7470.56,"end":7471.218},{"text":"satellite","start":7471.218,"end":7472.358},{"text":"internet","start":7472.486,"end":7472.887},{"text":"services","start":7472.887,"end":7473.432},{"text":"through","start":7474.891,"end":7475.099},{"text":"established","start":7475.227,"end":7475.853},{"text":"multilateral","start":7475.853,"end":7476.638},{"text":"mechanisms","start":7477.135,"end":7477.68},{"text":"in","start":7478.449,"end":7478.514},{"text":"a,","start":7478.578,"end":7478.61},{"text":"in","start":7479.379,"end":7479.427},{"text":"a","start":7479.732,"end":7479.748},{"text":"spirit","start":7479.796,"end":7480.197},{"text":"of","start":7480.197,"end":7480.325},{"text":"transparency","start":7480.357,"end":7481.046},{"text":"and","start":7481.559,"end":7481.623},{"text":"experience","start":7481.72,"end":7482.265},{"text":"sharing.","start":7482.265,"end":7482.553}]},{"text":"Ever since, the Starlink system has repeatedly provided unauthorized services within the Iranian territory.","start":7483.547,"end":7491.482,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"Ever","start":7483.547,"end":7483.707},{"text":"since,","start":7483.707,"end":7484.204},{"text":"the","start":7484.365,"end":7484.525},{"text":"Starlink","start":7484.525,"end":7485.022},{"text":"system","start":7485.022,"end":7485.455},{"text":"has","start":7486.192,"end":7486.417},{"text":"repeatedly","start":7486.513,"end":7487.138},{"text":"provided","start":7487.475,"end":7488.1},{"text":"unauthorized","start":7488.196,"end":7489.126},{"text":"services","start":7489.414,"end":7490.023},{"text":"within","start":7490.136,"end":7490.408},{"text":"the","start":7490.456,"end":7490.665},{"text":"Iranian","start":7490.681,"end":7490.985},{"text":"territory.","start":7491.081,"end":7491.482}]},{"text":"Beginning in 2023, Iran formally brought this matter before the ITU, Radio Regulations Board.","start":7492.38,"end":7500.333,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"Beginning","start":7492.38,"end":7492.749},{"text":"in","start":7492.861,"end":7492.989},{"text":"2023,","start":7493.085,"end":7494.079},{"text":"Iran","start":7494.929,"end":7495.137},{"text":"formally","start":7495.265,"end":7495.794},{"text":"brought","start":7495.826,"end":7496.275},{"text":"this","start":7496.612,"end":7496.949},{"text":"matter","start":7496.949,"end":7497.317},{"text":"before","start":7497.429,"end":7497.702},{"text":"the","start":7497.75,"end":7497.83},{"text":"ITU,","start":7497.91,"end":7498.167},{"text":"Radio","start":7499.017,"end":7499.354},{"text":"Regulations","start":7499.354,"end":7500.044},{"text":"Board.","start":7500.076,"end":7500.333}]},{"text":"Iran submitted formal complaint to the Radio Regulations Board, supported by technical measurements demonstrating that Starlink terminals were transmitting from within Iranian territory without authorization.","start":7501.264,"end":7516.173,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"Iran","start":7501.264,"end":7501.456},{"text":"submitted","start":7501.456,"end":7502.018},{"text":"formal","start":7502.018,"end":7502.532},{"text":"complaint","start":7502.548,"end":7503.174},{"text":"to","start":7503.511,"end":7503.687},{"text":"the","start":7503.687,"end":7503.944},{"text":"Radio","start":7504.249,"end":7504.65},{"text":"Regulations","start":7504.65,"end":7505.26},{"text":"Board,","start":7505.356,"end":7505.613},{"text":"supported","start":7506.271,"end":7506.865},{"text":"by","start":7506.897,"end":7507.057},{"text":"technical","start":7507.057,"end":7507.555},{"text":"measurements","start":7507.555,"end":7508.133},{"text":"demonstrating","start":7508.133,"end":7509.914},{"text":"that","start":7510.026,"end":7510.283},{"text":"Starlink","start":7510.492,"end":7511.053},{"text":"terminals","start":7511.053,"end":7511.567},{"text":"were","start":7512.177,"end":7512.209},{"text":"transmitting","start":7512.353,"end":7512.963},{"text":"from","start":7513.06,"end":7513.381},{"text":"within","start":7513.461,"end":7513.685},{"text":"Iranian","start":7514.055,"end":7514.408},{"text":"territory","start":7514.52,"end":7514.969},{"text":"without","start":7515.066,"end":7515.483},{"text":"authorization.","start":7515.547,"end":7516.173}]},{"text":"Over a series of meetings, the board confirmed the applicability of Article 18 and Resolution 22.","start":7517.409,"end":7524.566,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"Over","start":7517.409,"end":7517.569},{"text":"a","start":7517.585,"end":7517.649},{"text":"series","start":7517.649,"end":7518.019},{"text":"of","start":7518.211,"end":7518.307},{"text":"meetings,","start":7518.356,"end":7518.741},{"text":"the","start":7519.479,"end":7519.656},{"text":"board","start":7519.656,"end":7519.864},{"text":"confirmed","start":7519.96,"end":7520.747},{"text":"the","start":7520.923,"end":7521.02},{"text":"applicability","start":7521.02,"end":7521.678},{"text":"of","start":7521.902,"end":7521.999},{"text":"Article","start":7522.127,"end":7522.416},{"text":"18","start":7522.528,"end":7522.913},{"text":"and","start":7523.17,"end":7523.475},{"text":"Resolution","start":7523.668,"end":7524.197},{"text":"22.","start":7524.213,"end":7524.566}]},{"text":"Through multiple decisions, the Board ruled in favor of Iran and instructed the operator and the notifying administration to immediately cease such unauthorized services.","start":7526.622,"end":7540.334,"topics":[{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"Through","start":7526.622,"end":7526.83},{"text":"multiple","start":7526.862,"end":7527.328},{"text":"decisions,","start":7527.36,"end":7527.89},{"text":"the","start":7528.227,"end":7528.372},{"text":"Board","start":7528.388,"end":7528.773},{"text":"ruled","start":7528.95,"end":7529.367},{"text":"in","start":7529.431,"end":7529.528},{"text":"favor","start":7529.528,"end":7529.849},{"text":"of","start":7529.913,"end":7530.026},{"text":"Iran","start":7530.026,"end":7530.379},{"text":"and","start":7531.037,"end":7531.149},{"text":"instructed","start":7531.278,"end":7531.904},{"text":"the","start":7532,"end":7532.097},{"text":"operator","start":7532.097,"end":7532.739},{"text":"and","start":7533.205,"end":7533.59},{"text":"the","start":7533.927,"end":7534.024},{"text":"notifying","start":7534.024,"end":7534.634},{"text":"administration","start":7534.826,"end":7535.597},{"text":"to","start":7536.191,"end":7536.255},{"text":"immediately","start":7536.416,"end":7537.123},{"text":"cease","start":7537.636,"end":7538.006},{"text":"such","start":7538.214,"end":7538.568},{"text":"unauthorized","start":7538.905,"end":7539.692},{"text":"services.","start":7539.82,"end":7540.334}]},{"text":"Since then, the Board repeatedly expressed grave concern at the continuation of unauthorized transmissions.","start":7541.49,"end":7550.209,"topics":[{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"Since","start":7541.49,"end":7541.972},{"text":"then,","start":7541.972,"end":7542.18},{"text":"the","start":7542.855,"end":7543.015},{"text":"Board","start":7543.015,"end":7543.385},{"text":"repeatedly","start":7543.722,"end":7544.348},{"text":"expressed","start":7544.637,"end":7545.263},{"text":"grave","start":7545.649,"end":7546.034},{"text":"concern","start":7546.066,"end":7546.676},{"text":"at","start":7547.335,"end":7547.447},{"text":"the","start":7547.447,"end":7547.575},{"text":"continuation","start":7547.575,"end":7548.282},{"text":"of","start":7548.458,"end":7548.523},{"text":"unauthorized","start":7548.715,"end":7549.486},{"text":"transmissions.","start":7549.582,"end":7550.209}]},{"text":"And strongly urged corrective action by administration of Norway as the notifying administration for the relevant satellite system providing Starlink services, and the administration of the United States as an associated administration to the notifying administration.","start":7551.113,"end":7573.366,"topics":[{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7551.113,"end":7551.549},{"text":"strongly","start":7551.549,"end":7552.229},{"text":"urged","start":7552.487,"end":7552.876},{"text":"corrective","start":7553.458,"end":7554.008},{"text":"action","start":7554.283,"end":7554.655},{"text":"by","start":7555.172,"end":7555.286},{"text":"administration","start":7555.496,"end":7556.191},{"text":"of","start":7556.288,"end":7556.434},{"text":"Norway","start":7556.466,"end":7556.903},{"text":"as","start":7557.679,"end":7557.809},{"text":"the","start":7557.906,"end":7557.938},{"text":"notifying","start":7557.938,"end":7558.536},{"text":"administration","start":7558.666,"end":7559.458},{"text":"for","start":7559.458,"end":7559.62},{"text":"the","start":7559.685,"end":7559.75},{"text":"relevant","start":7559.75,"end":7560.089},{"text":"satellite","start":7560.089,"end":7560.591},{"text":"system","start":7560.591,"end":7561.044},{"text":"providing","start":7561.724,"end":7562.258},{"text":"Starlink","start":7562.468,"end":7565.138},{"text":"services,","start":7565.138,"end":7565.656},{"text":"and","start":7566.319,"end":7566.416},{"text":"the","start":7566.416,"end":7566.497},{"text":"administration","start":7566.562,"end":7567.274},{"text":"of","start":7567.371,"end":7567.436},{"text":"the","start":7567.484,"end":7567.549},{"text":"United","start":7567.549,"end":7568.035},{"text":"States","start":7568.051,"end":7568.488},{"text":"as","start":7568.845,"end":7568.975},{"text":"an","start":7569.007,"end":7569.056},{"text":"associated","start":7569.316,"end":7569.967},{"text":"administration","start":7570.13,"end":7571.008},{"text":"to","start":7571.528,"end":7571.691},{"text":"the","start":7571.691,"end":7571.837},{"text":"notifying","start":7571.837,"end":7572.472},{"text":"administration.","start":7572.586,"end":7573.366}]},{"text":"It's further confirmed that compliance with the radio regulations is not conditional upon the affected administration's ability to identify individual user terminals.","start":7573.578,"end":7588.819,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":7573.578,"end":7576.05},{"text":"further","start":7576.13,"end":7576.547},{"text":"confirmed","start":7576.547,"end":7577.286},{"text":"that","start":7577.929,"end":7578.153},{"text":"compliance","start":7578.153,"end":7578.828},{"text":"with","start":7578.892,"end":7579.021},{"text":"the","start":7579.053,"end":7579.149},{"text":"radio","start":7579.149,"end":7579.471},{"text":"regulations","start":7579.535,"end":7580.274},{"text":"is","start":7580.82,"end":7580.868},{"text":"not","start":7580.98,"end":7581.27},{"text":"conditional","start":7581.302,"end":7581.992},{"text":"upon","start":7582.33,"end":7582.635},{"text":"the","start":7582.667,"end":7582.86},{"text":"affected","start":7583.149,"end":7583.679},{"text":"administration's","start":7583.775,"end":7584.739},{"text":"ability","start":7584.916,"end":7585.366},{"text":"to","start":7585.96,"end":7586.04},{"text":"identify","start":7586.201,"end":7586.795},{"text":"individual","start":7587.245,"end":7587.904},{"text":"user","start":7587.904,"end":7588.369},{"text":"terminals.","start":7588.369,"end":7588.819}]},{"text":"In parallel, Iran addressed formal communications to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the President of the Security Council, the Telecommunications Union, and the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs.","start":7590.04,"end":7603.999,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7590.04,"end":7590.201},{"text":"parallel,","start":7590.201,"end":7590.634},{"text":"Iran","start":7591.823,"end":7592.112},{"text":"addressed","start":7592.224,"end":7592.883},{"text":"formal","start":7592.947,"end":7593.429},{"text":"communications","start":7593.429,"end":7594.12},{"text":"to","start":7594.297,"end":7594.393},{"text":"the","start":7594.393,"end":7594.473},{"text":"Secretary-General","start":7594.473,"end":7595.244},{"text":"of","start":7595.276,"end":7595.373},{"text":"the","start":7595.373,"end":7595.501},{"text":"United","start":7595.501,"end":7595.839},{"text":"Nations,","start":7595.839,"end":7596.208},{"text":"the","start":7596.963,"end":7597.108},{"text":"President","start":7597.108,"end":7597.67},{"text":"of","start":7597.686,"end":7597.782},{"text":"the","start":7597.83,"end":7597.927},{"text":"Security","start":7597.927,"end":7598.328},{"text":"Council,","start":7598.328,"end":7598.778},{"text":"the","start":7599.437,"end":7599.517},{"text":"Telecommunications","start":7599.517,"end":7600.465},{"text":"Union,","start":7600.481,"end":7600.947},{"text":"and","start":7601.461,"end":7601.621},{"text":"the","start":7601.621,"end":7601.734},{"text":"UN","start":7601.846,"end":7602.151},{"text":"Office","start":7602.328,"end":7602.73},{"text":"for","start":7602.73,"end":7602.858},{"text":"Outer","start":7603.051,"end":7603.211},{"text":"Space","start":7603.308,"end":7603.774},{"text":"Affairs.","start":7603.79,"end":7603.999}]},{"text":"The issue was also raised in relevant multilateral fora, including COPUS, the Conference on Disarmament, and the First Committee of the General Assembly, in order to highlight broader risks associated with the unregulated satellite internet activities.","start":7604.818,"end":7624.432,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."},{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7604.818,"end":7604.914},{"text":"issue","start":7604.914,"end":7605.171},{"text":"was","start":7605.943,"end":7606.087},{"text":"also","start":7606.264,"end":7606.601},{"text":"raised","start":7606.666,"end":7607.132},{"text":"in","start":7607.228,"end":7607.324},{"text":"relevant","start":7607.324,"end":7607.806},{"text":"multilateral","start":7607.806,"end":7608.513},{"text":"fora,","start":7608.529,"end":7608.931},{"text":"including","start":7609.574,"end":7610.024},{"text":"COPUS,","start":7610.136,"end":7610.618},{"text":"the","start":7610.843,"end":7610.939},{"text":"Conference","start":7610.939,"end":7611.486},{"text":"on","start":7611.566,"end":7611.662},{"text":"Disarmament,","start":7611.662,"end":7612.401},{"text":"and","start":7612.932,"end":7613.092},{"text":"the","start":7613.092,"end":7613.173},{"text":"First","start":7613.173,"end":7613.51},{"text":"Committee","start":7613.51,"end":7613.912},{"text":"of","start":7613.976,"end":7614.041},{"text":"the","start":7614.073,"end":7614.218},{"text":"General","start":7614.218,"end":7614.459},{"text":"Assembly,","start":7614.459,"end":7614.926},{"text":"in","start":7615.506,"end":7615.603},{"text":"order","start":7615.748,"end":7616.022},{"text":"to","start":7616.022,"end":7616.167},{"text":"highlight","start":7616.167,"end":7616.988},{"text":"broader","start":7617.519,"end":7618.019},{"text":"risks","start":7618.727,"end":7619.646},{"text":"associated","start":7619.871,"end":7620.531},{"text":"with","start":7620.58,"end":7620.676},{"text":"the","start":7620.676,"end":7620.902},{"text":"unregulated","start":7621.063,"end":7622.174},{"text":"satellite","start":7622.303,"end":7622.979},{"text":"internet","start":7623.318,"end":7623.787},{"text":"activities.","start":7623.9,"end":7624.432}]},{"text":"However, these binding decisions are yet to be respected.","start":7627.37,"end":7632.019,"topics":[{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":7627.37,"end":7627.806},{"text":"these","start":7628.968,"end":7629.275},{"text":"binding","start":7629.307,"end":7629.678},{"text":"decisions","start":7629.711,"end":7630.243},{"text":"are","start":7630.582,"end":7630.744},{"text":"yet","start":7630.744,"end":7630.873},{"text":"to","start":7631.002,"end":7631.131},{"text":"be","start":7631.163,"end":7631.357},{"text":"respected.","start":7631.405,"end":7632.019}]},{"text":"And fully implemented.","start":7632.346,"end":7633.484,"topics":[{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7632.346,"end":7632.506},{"text":"fully","start":7632.506,"end":7632.891},{"text":"implemented.","start":7632.923,"end":7633.484}]},{"text":"The failure to act reflects not a technical limitation, but a lack of political will and blatant violation of international law.","start":7634.205,"end":7644.385,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7634.205,"end":7634.286},{"text":"failure","start":7634.286,"end":7634.718},{"text":"to","start":7634.847,"end":7634.991},{"text":"act","start":7635.071,"end":7635.488},{"text":"reflects","start":7635.792,"end":7636.273},{"text":"not","start":7636.674,"end":7636.915},{"text":"a","start":7636.915,"end":7636.931},{"text":"technical","start":7636.931,"end":7637.476},{"text":"limitation,","start":7637.476,"end":7638.053},{"text":"but","start":7638.678,"end":7638.87},{"text":"a","start":7638.935,"end":7638.951},{"text":"lack","start":7639.079,"end":7639.319},{"text":"of","start":7639.319,"end":7639.383},{"text":"political","start":7639.496,"end":7640.009},{"text":"will","start":7640.057,"end":7640.185},{"text":"and","start":7640.618,"end":7640.778},{"text":"blatant","start":7640.778,"end":7641.419},{"text":"violation","start":7641.419,"end":7641.948},{"text":"of","start":7642.125,"end":7642.173},{"text":"international","start":7642.221,"end":7644.177},{"text":"law.","start":7644.289,"end":7644.385}]},{"text":"In conclusion, Mr. President, international law does not permit— does not permit states to outsource responsibility to commercial actors.","start":7644.626,"end":7654.453,"topics":[{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7644.626,"end":7644.674},{"text":"conclusion,","start":7644.77,"end":7645.331},{"text":"Mr.","start":7645.347,"end":7645.603},{"text":"President,","start":7645.668,"end":7646.148},{"text":"international","start":7646.469,"end":7647.078},{"text":"law","start":7647.11,"end":7647.223},{"text":"does","start":7647.431,"end":7647.639},{"text":"not","start":7647.671,"end":7648.008},{"text":"permit—","start":7648.152,"end":7648.794},{"text":"does","start":7649.275,"end":7649.483},{"text":"not","start":7649.499,"end":7649.755},{"text":"permit","start":7649.755,"end":7650.268},{"text":"states","start":7650.317,"end":7650.814},{"text":"to","start":7651.038,"end":7651.166},{"text":"outsource","start":7651.278,"end":7651.856},{"text":"responsibility","start":7651.856,"end":7652.657},{"text":"to","start":7653.186,"end":7653.346},{"text":"commercial","start":7653.362,"end":7653.843},{"text":"actors.","start":7654.068,"end":7654.453}]},{"text":"When states fail to exercise due diligence over satellite systems operating under their jurisdictions, responsibility arises by omission as well as by commission.","start":7655.607,"end":7667.609,"topics":[{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"When","start":7655.607,"end":7655.783},{"text":"states","start":7655.927,"end":7656.44},{"text":"fail","start":7656.553,"end":7657.017},{"text":"to","start":7657.05,"end":7657.178},{"text":"exercise","start":7657.21,"end":7657.899},{"text":"due","start":7658.156,"end":7658.332},{"text":"diligence","start":7658.332,"end":7658.974},{"text":"over","start":7659.135,"end":7659.376},{"text":"satellite","start":7659.376,"end":7659.921},{"text":"systems","start":7659.921,"end":7660.435},{"text":"operating","start":7660.964,"end":7661.382},{"text":"under","start":7661.526,"end":7661.783},{"text":"their","start":7661.847,"end":7662.12},{"text":"jurisdictions,","start":7662.168,"end":7662.874},{"text":"responsibility","start":7663.693,"end":7664.479},{"text":"arises","start":7664.575,"end":7665.041},{"text":"by","start":7665.394,"end":7665.474},{"text":"omission","start":7665.699,"end":7666.164},{"text":"as","start":7666.517,"end":7666.646},{"text":"well","start":7666.678,"end":7666.838},{"text":"as","start":7666.838,"end":7666.967},{"text":"by","start":7667.063,"end":7667.272},{"text":"commission.","start":7667.304,"end":7667.609}]},{"text":"Iran's experience demonstrates that satellite internet services do not operate in a legal vacuum.","start":7668.764,"end":7677.27,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"Iran's","start":7668.764,"end":7669.968},{"text":"experience","start":7669.968,"end":7670.722},{"text":"demonstrates","start":7671.332,"end":7672.151},{"text":"that","start":7672.199,"end":7672.375},{"text":"satellite","start":7672.375,"end":7673.001},{"text":"internet","start":7673.001,"end":7673.386},{"text":"services","start":7673.418,"end":7673.948},{"text":"do","start":7674.462,"end":7674.558},{"text":"not","start":7674.558,"end":7674.879},{"text":"operate","start":7674.943,"end":7675.521},{"text":"in","start":7675.81,"end":7675.874},{"text":"a","start":7676.051,"end":7676.067},{"text":"legal","start":7676.388,"end":7676.917},{"text":"vacuum.","start":7676.949,"end":7677.27}]},{"text":"Uncontrolled LEO satellite systems risk transforming outer space into a domain of confrontation, eroding trust among member states, and undermining international law and established multilateral regulatory frameworks.","start":7678.458,"end":7696.88,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all 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share this experience in the hope that it will contribute constructively to the ongoing discussions on these critical issues.","start":7697.444,"end":7705.785,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7697.444,"end":7697.541},{"text":"share","start":7697.541,"end":7697.912},{"text":"this","start":7697.928,"end":7698.154},{"text":"experience","start":7698.154,"end":7698.798},{"text":"in","start":7699.217,"end":7699.266},{"text":"the","start":7699.298,"end":7699.443},{"text":"hope","start":7699.443,"end":7699.766},{"text":"that","start":7699.766,"end":7699.927},{"text":"it","start":7700.04,"end":7700.201},{"text":"will","start":7700.201,"end":7700.394},{"text":"contribute","start":7700.41,"end":7701.426},{"text":"constructively","start":7701.527,"end":7702.398},{"text":"to","start":7702.978,"end":7703.14},{"text":"the","start":7703.14,"end":7703.301},{"text":"ongoing","start":7703.382,"end":7703.688},{"text":"discussions","start":7703.801,"end":7704.414},{"text":"on","start":7704.688,"end":7704.785},{"text":"these","start":7704.833,"end":7704.978},{"text":"critical","start":7705.075,"end":7705.494},{"text":"issues.","start":7705.494,"end":7705.785}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr. President.","start":7706.301,"end":7707.043,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7706.301,"end":7706.462},{"text":"you,","start":7706.462,"end":7706.51},{"text":"Mr.","start":7706.559,"end":7706.72},{"text":"President.","start":7706.769,"end":7707.043}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IRN","affiliation_full":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":52,"start":7710.167,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=7711","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":7710.167,"end":7710.975,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7710.167,"end":7710.297},{"text":"you","start":7710.345,"end":7710.426},{"text":"very","start":7710.426,"end":7710.62},{"text":"much.","start":7710.62,"end":7710.975}]},{"text":"The next speaker on my list is the representative of Timor-Leste.","start":7711.331,"end":7713.869,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7711.331,"end":7711.412},{"text":"next","start":7711.412,"end":7711.622},{"text":"speaker","start":7711.622,"end":7711.881},{"text":"on","start":7711.881,"end":7711.913},{"text":"my","start":7711.913,"end":7712.107},{"text":"list","start":7712.107,"end":7712.43},{"text":"is","start":7712.43,"end":7712.495},{"text":"the","start":7712.527,"end":7712.592},{"text":"representative","start":7712.592,"end":7713.254},{"text":"of","start":7713.254,"end":7713.4},{"text":"Timor-Leste.","start":7713.4,"end":7713.869}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian Federation","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":53,"start":7715.69,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=7716","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. President and distinguished delegates.","start":7715.69,"end":7719.216,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7715.69,"end":7715.786},{"text":"you,","start":7715.786,"end":7716.124},{"text":"Mr.","start":7716.205,"end":7716.607},{"text":"President","start":7716.768,"end":7717.461},{"text":"and","start":7717.895,"end":7717.96},{"text":"distinguished","start":7717.976,"end":7718.765},{"text":"delegates.","start":7718.765,"end":7719.216}]},{"text":"Timor-Leste extends sincere thanks to the Russian Federation for convening this important Area for MOLA meeting and also thank the panelists for their insightful briefings.","start":7720.391,"end":7731.103,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Timor-Leste","start":7720.391,"end":7720.938},{"text":"extends","start":7720.938,"end":7721.969},{"text":"sincere","start":7722.017,"end":7722.484},{"text":"thanks","start":7722.484,"end":7722.887},{"text":"to","start":7722.887,"end":7722.983},{"text":"the","start":7722.983,"end":7723.289},{"text":"Russian","start":7723.37,"end":7723.659},{"text":"Federation","start":7723.692,"end":7724.223},{"text":"for","start":7724.722,"end":7724.883},{"text":"convening","start":7724.883,"end":7725.27},{"text":"this","start":7725.302,"end":7725.545},{"text":"important","start":7725.626,"end":7726.209},{"text":"Area","start":7726.258,"end":7726.517},{"text":"for","start":7726.517,"end":7726.631},{"text":"MOLA","start":7726.631,"end":7726.841},{"text":"meeting","start":7726.841,"end":7727.133},{"text":"and","start":7727.976,"end":7728.041},{"text":"also","start":7728.122,"end":7728.235},{"text":"thank","start":7728.365,"end":7728.673},{"text":"the","start":7728.851,"end":7728.948},{"text":"panelists","start":7728.948,"end":7729.402},{"text":"for","start":7729.418,"end":7729.548},{"text":"their","start":7729.596,"end":7729.758},{"text":"insightful","start":7729.758,"end":7730.374},{"text":"briefings.","start":7730.714,"end":7731.103}]},{"text":"As a small island developing state, we remain deeply committed to the principles of the United Nations Charter, which is respect for sovereignty, non-interference, and the peaceful resolution of disputes.","start":7732.092,"end":7743.897,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. 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Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7907.99,"end":7908.07},{"text":"explosive","start":7908.07,"end":7908.536},{"text":"growth","start":7908.568,"end":7908.825},{"text":"of","start":7908.825,"end":7908.97},{"text":"LEO","start":7908.97,"end":7909.194},{"text":"satellites","start":7909.194,"end":7909.853},{"text":"requires","start":7909.853,"end":7910.27},{"text":"swift,","start":7910.27,"end":7910.576},{"text":"swift","start":7910.72,"end":7911.202},{"text":"multilateral","start":7911.202,"end":7911.828},{"text":"action","start":7911.861,"end":7912.23},{"text":"to","start":7912.648,"end":7912.744},{"text":"uphold","start":7912.744,"end":7913.226},{"text":"norms","start":7913.226,"end":7913.595},{"text":"and","start":7914.029,"end":7914.141},{"text":"avert","start":7914.173,"end":7914.43},{"text":"crisis.","start":7914.43,"end":7914.88}]},{"text":"Timor-Leste pledges to work with all nations to ensure outer space benefits I mean, Timor-Leste pledges to work with all nations to ensure outer space benefits humanity as a whole.","start":7915.876,"end":7928.033,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"Which","start":8074.742,"end":8074.871},{"text":"establishes","start":8074.919,"end":8075.754},{"text":"that","start":8075.85,"end":8076.123},{"text":"the","start":8076.171,"end":8076.268},{"text":"member","start":8076.268,"end":8076.508},{"text":"states","start":8076.508,"end":8076.878},{"text":"have","start":8077.054,"end":8077.231},{"text":"exclusive","start":8077.231,"end":8078.05},{"text":"sovereignty","start":8078.05,"end":8078.724},{"text":"over","start":8079.158,"end":8079.399},{"text":"their","start":8079.399,"end":8079.639},{"text":"radio","start":8079.639,"end":8079.977},{"text":"space,","start":8080.041,"end":8080.426},{"text":"their","start":8080.587,"end":8080.651},{"text":"radio","start":8080.667,"end":8080.86},{"text":"spectrum.","start":8080.924,"end":8081.358}]},{"text":"In Cuba, technical devices have been imported without due authorization to access internet services through illegal Starlink terminals with the aim of promoting disinformation and media manipulation campaigns, as well as subversive actions designed to Thank you, Mr. President.","start":8082.514,"end":8100.62,"topics":[{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in domestic affairs. 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This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":8100.62,"end":8100.62},{"text":"President,","start":8100.62,"end":8100.62},{"text":"the","start":8100.62,"end":8100.62},{"text":"illegal","start":8100.62,"end":8100.62},{"text":"operation","start":8100.62,"end":8100.62},{"text":"of","start":8100.62,"end":8100.62},{"text":"Starlink","start":8100.62,"end":8100.62},{"text":"satellites","start":8100.62,"end":8100.62},{"text":"in","start":8100.62,"end":8100.62},{"text":"our","start":8100.62,"end":8100.62},{"text":"territory","start":8100.62,"end":8100.62},{"text":"continues","start":8100.62,"end":8100.62},{"text":"to","start":8100.62,"end":8100.62},{"text":"provoke","start":8100.62,"end":8100.62},{"text":"discontent","start":8100.62,"end":8101.4},{"text":"and","start":8101.4,"end":8101.64},{"text":"destabilization","start":8101.64,"end":8103},{"text":"against","start":8103,"end":8103.68},{"text":"the","start":8103.68,"end":8103.96},{"text":"internal","start":8103.96,"end":8104.36},{"text":"order.","start":8104.36,"end":8105.94}]},{"text":"They are a breach of our national sovereignty and violate national legislation which prohibits the import and use of satellite equipment without the required authorization, including Starlink terminals.","start":8105.94,"end":8118.48,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. 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Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8118.48,"end":8118.76},{"text":"denounce","start":8118.76,"end":8119.18},{"text":"this","start":8119.18,"end":8119.42},{"text":"illegal","start":8119.42,"end":8119.76},{"text":"operation","start":8119.76,"end":8120.44},{"text":"which","start":8120.44,"end":8120.78},{"text":"represents","start":8120.78,"end":8121.3},{"text":"a","start":8121.3,"end":8121.56},{"text":"threat","start":8121.56,"end":8121.78},{"text":"to","start":8121.78,"end":8122},{"text":"our","start":8122,"end":8122.24},{"text":"national","start":8122.24,"end":8122.56},{"text":"security","start":8122.56,"end":8123.2},{"text":"and","start":8123.2,"end":8123.5},{"text":"which","start":8123.5,"end":8123.68},{"text":"affects","start":8123.68,"end":8124.24},{"text":"the","start":8124.24,"end":8124.82},{"text":"services","start":8124.82,"end":8125.42},{"text":"of","start":8125.866,"end":8126.09},{"text":"the","start":8126.139,"end":8126.443},{"text":"Cuban","start":8126.507,"end":8127.004},{"text":"telecommunications","start":8127.164,"end":8128.142},{"text":"operator.","start":8128.206,"end":8128.848}]},{"text":"It is concerning that the Federal Communications Commission of the U.S. government is authorizing the supposedly civilian use of these devices without providing public information about them, in contravention of the Convention on the Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space that came into force in 1976.","start":8129.649,"end":8149.527,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8150.008,"end":8150.168},{"text":"condemn","start":8150.249,"end":8150.681},{"text":"the","start":8150.81,"end":8150.97},{"text":"interference","start":8150.97,"end":8152.06},{"text":"the","start":8152.012,"end":8152.253},{"text":"interventionist","start":8152.253,"end":8152.96},{"text":"actions","start":8152.96,"end":8153.345},{"text":"promoted","start":8153.377,"end":8153.779},{"text":"by","start":8153.779,"end":8153.939},{"text":"the","start":8153.939,"end":8154.068},{"text":"United","start":8154.068,"end":8154.405},{"text":"States","start":8154.405,"end":8154.79},{"text":"to","start":8154.903,"end":8155.16},{"text":"subvert","start":8155.481,"end":8156.107},{"text":"and","start":8156.107,"end":8156.187},{"text":"destabilize","start":8156.187,"end":8156.797},{"text":"the","start":8156.846,"end":8156.974},{"text":"political,","start":8156.974,"end":8157.424},{"text":"economic,","start":8157.552,"end":8157.969},{"text":"and","start":8158.018,"end":8158.098},{"text":"social","start":8158.098,"end":8158.371},{"text":"order","start":8158.419,"end":8158.756},{"text":"of","start":8158.756,"end":8158.853},{"text":"sovereign","start":8158.853,"end":8159.19},{"text":"nations","start":8159.238,"end":8159.736},{"text":"via","start":8160.121,"end":8160.362},{"text":"the","start":8160.362,"end":8160.587},{"text":"use","start":8160.587,"end":8160.876},{"text":"of","start":8160.924,"end":8161.149},{"text":"low","start":8161.229,"end":8161.47},{"text":"Earth","start":8161.55,"end":8161.695},{"text":"orbit","start":8161.743,"end":8162.064},{"text":"satellites.","start":8162.064,"end":8162.626}]},{"text":"We categorically reaffirm the sovereign right of states to defend their radio space and to regulate their telecommunications in accordance with the regulatory framework approved in the International Telecommunications Union.","start":8163.011,"end":8177.189,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."},{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8163.011,"end":8163.172},{"text":"categorically","start":8163.172,"end":8163.862},{"text":"reaffirm","start":8163.894,"end":8164.456},{"text":"the","start":8164.456,"end":8164.537},{"text":"sovereign","start":8164.537,"end":8165.002},{"text":"right","start":8165.002,"end":8165.259},{"text":"of","start":8165.259,"end":8165.339},{"text":"states","start":8165.339,"end":8165.741},{"text":"to","start":8165.741,"end":8165.982},{"text":"defend","start":8165.982,"end":8166.512},{"text":"their","start":8166.624,"end":8166.881},{"text":"radio","start":8166.929,"end":8167.347},{"text":"space","start":8167.347,"end":8167.812},{"text":"and","start":8168.294,"end":8168.615},{"text":"to","start":8168.615,"end":8168.856},{"text":"regulate","start":8168.872,"end":8169.418},{"text":"their","start":8169.418,"end":8169.594},{"text":"telecommunications","start":8169.594,"end":8170.734},{"text":"in","start":8171.264,"end":8171.345},{"text":"accordance","start":8171.345,"end":8171.81},{"text":"with","start":8172.003,"end":8172.212},{"text":"the","start":8172.228,"end":8172.517},{"text":"regulatory","start":8172.565,"end":8173.047},{"text":"framework","start":8173.047,"end":8173.625},{"text":"approved","start":8173.625,"end":8174.203},{"text":"in","start":8174.315,"end":8174.379},{"text":"the","start":8174.508,"end":8174.749},{"text":"International","start":8175.375,"end":8175.857},{"text":"Telecommunications","start":8175.857,"end":8176.788},{"text":"Union.","start":8176.884,"end":8177.189}]},{"text":"We call for the prohibition of the militarization of low-Earth orbit communication systems.","start":8177.864,"end":8182.696,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8177.864,"end":8178.024},{"text":"call","start":8178.024,"end":8178.217},{"text":"for","start":8178.281,"end":8178.538},{"text":"the","start":8178.586,"end":8178.779},{"text":"prohibition","start":8178.827,"end":8179.533},{"text":"of","start":8179.533,"end":8179.613},{"text":"the","start":8179.613,"end":8179.662},{"text":"militarization","start":8179.71,"end":8180.48},{"text":"of","start":8180.818,"end":8180.994},{"text":"low-Earth","start":8180.994,"end":8181.315},{"text":"orbit","start":8181.315,"end":8181.556},{"text":"communication","start":8181.556,"end":8182.182},{"text":"systems.","start":8182.182,"end":8182.696}]},{"text":"We reject the use of satellite technologies to promote interventionism, war, and political subversion.","start":8183.081,"end":8189.021,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."},{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in domestic affairs. This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8183.081,"end":8183.226},{"text":"reject","start":8183.242,"end":8183.627},{"text":"the","start":8183.627,"end":8183.707},{"text":"use","start":8183.788,"end":8183.916},{"text":"of","start":8184.045,"end":8184.109},{"text":"satellite","start":8184.109,"end":8184.478},{"text":"technologies","start":8184.51,"end":8185.136},{"text":"to","start":8185.233,"end":8185.377},{"text":"promote","start":8185.393,"end":8185.73},{"text":"interventionism,","start":8185.73,"end":8186.661},{"text":"war,","start":8186.854,"end":8187.175},{"text":"and","start":8187.641,"end":8187.865},{"text":"political","start":8187.898,"end":8188.363},{"text":"subversion.","start":8188.363,"end":8189.021}]},{"text":"And we insist that satellite technologies be preserved for exclusively peaceful purposes on the basis of international cooperation, mutual respect, and strict compliance with international law.","start":8189.824,"end":8200.854,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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reiterate our full support for Venezuela, and we reiterate that Latin America and the Caribbean is and continues to be a zone of 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the national level, Nicaragua has strengthened its regulatory legal framework, the general law.","start":8406.158,"end":8411.398,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":8406.158,"end":8406.223},{"text":"the","start":8406.255,"end":8406.401},{"text":"national","start":8406.401,"end":8406.807},{"text":"level,","start":8406.807,"end":8407.066},{"text":"Nicaragua","start":8407.083,"end":8407.699},{"text":"has","start":8407.699,"end":8407.764},{"text":"strengthened","start":8407.813,"end":8408.461},{"text":"its","start":8408.461,"end":8408.672},{"text":"regulatory","start":8408.672,"end":8409.224},{"text":"legal","start":8409.24,"end":8409.483},{"text":"framework,","start":8409.5,"end":8410.295},{"text":"the","start":8410.619,"end":8410.716},{"text":"general","start":8410.716,"end":8411.089},{"text":"law.","start":8411.284,"end":8411.398}]},{"text":"Number 1223 from 2024 reaffirms the sovereign authority of the state to authorize, regulate, and supervise any communication service, including satellite services, guaranteeing legality, traceability, and full respect for national security.","start":8413.462,"end":8434.149,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. 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Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":8434.758,"end":8434.87},{"text":"Nicaragua,","start":8434.87,"end":8435.639},{"text":"it","start":8435.655,"end":8435.736},{"text":"is","start":8435.736,"end":8435.88},{"text":"essential","start":8435.88,"end":8436.409},{"text":"that","start":8436.521,"end":8436.793},{"text":"any","start":8436.857,"end":8437.098},{"text":"provision","start":8437.098,"end":8437.626},{"text":"of","start":8438.043,"end":8438.107},{"text":"satellite","start":8438.123,"end":8438.684},{"text":"connectivity","start":8438.684,"end":8439.501},{"text":"should","start":8439.807,"end":8439.952},{"text":"take","start":8439.985,"end":8440.163},{"text":"place","start":8440.292,"end":8440.648},{"text":"only","start":8440.778,"end":8441.247},{"text":"based","start":8441.36,"end":8441.684},{"text":"on","start":8441.765,"end":8441.813},{"text":"the","start":8441.926,"end":8442.007},{"text":"prior","start":8442.25,"end":8443.156},{"text":"explicit","start":8444.014,"end":8445.373},{"text":"consent","start":8445.648,"end":8446.069},{"text":"of","start":8446.069,"end":8446.134},{"text":"the","start":8446.134,"end":8446.215},{"text":"state,","start":8446.215,"end":8446.684},{"text":"based","start":8446.765,"end":8447.088},{"text":"on","start":8447.088,"end":8447.234},{"text":"a","start":8447.283,"end":8447.347},{"text":"system","start":8447.347,"end":8447.703},{"text":"of","start":8447.752,"end":8447.898},{"text":"licenses,","start":8447.898,"end":8448.448},{"text":"control","start":8449.07,"end":8449.279},{"text":"of","start":8449.279,"end":8449.392},{"text":"spectrum,","start":8449.424,"end":8449.955},{"text":"and","start":8450.213,"end":8450.358},{"text":"based","start":8450.535,"end":8450.776},{"text":"on","start":8450.776,"end":8450.921},{"text":"the","start":8451.436,"end":8451.629},{"text":"relevant","start":8452.805,"end":8453.561},{"text":"regulatory","start":8454.012,"end":8454.495},{"text":"framework.","start":8454.495,"end":8454.914}]},{"text":"Mr. President, low Earth orbital systems should contribute to human development, digital inclusion, and peaceful coexistence among peoples, rather than being an instrument for political pressure or manipulation or undermining the internal stability of states.","start":8454.978,"end":8470.912,"topics":[{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development Benefits","description":"Alongside the risks, many statements recognized that LEO satellites can expand broadband access, especially in remote, mountainous, island, and underserved areas. They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."},{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in domestic affairs. This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":8454.978,"end":8455.155},{"text":"President,","start":8455.22,"end":8455.864},{"text":"low","start":8456.17,"end":8456.298},{"text":"Earth","start":8456.733,"end":8456.959},{"text":"orbital","start":8457.216,"end":8457.474},{"text":"systems","start":8457.474,"end":8457.876},{"text":"should","start":8457.876,"end":8458.037},{"text":"contribute","start":8458.102,"end":8458.601},{"text":"to","start":8458.601,"end":8458.73},{"text":"human","start":8458.73,"end":8458.939},{"text":"development,","start":8458.939,"end":8459.55},{"text":"digital","start":8459.631,"end":8460.387},{"text":"inclusion,","start":8460.387,"end":8460.982},{"text":"and","start":8461.159,"end":8461.384},{"text":"peaceful","start":8461.417,"end":8461.77},{"text":"coexistence","start":8461.883,"end":8462.527},{"text":"among","start":8462.527,"end":8462.672},{"text":"peoples,","start":8462.849,"end":8463.235},{"text":"rather","start":8463.653,"end":8463.91},{"text":"than","start":8463.975,"end":8464.12},{"text":"being","start":8464.474,"end":8464.602},{"text":"an","start":8464.94,"end":8464.988},{"text":"instrument","start":8465.262,"end":8467.74},{"text":"for","start":8466.05,"end":8466.194},{"text":"political","start":8466.659,"end":8467.044},{"text":"pressure","start":8467.125,"end":8467.494},{"text":"or","start":8467.526,"end":8467.767},{"text":"manipulation","start":8467.767,"end":8468.537},{"text":"or","start":8468.729,"end":8468.874},{"text":"undermining","start":8468.874,"end":8469.419},{"text":"the","start":8469.532,"end":8469.676},{"text":"internal","start":8469.676,"end":8469.965},{"text":"stability","start":8469.965,"end":8470.559},{"text":"of","start":8470.559,"end":8470.623},{"text":"states.","start":8470.639,"end":8470.912}]},{"text":"Nicaragua reaffirms its support for initiatives that promote responsible connectivity, technological cooperation that is respectful, and global frameworks that ensure that these systems operate in line with international law and national legislation and respect among states.","start":8470.992,"end":8489.318,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"Nicaragua","start":8470.992,"end":8471.971},{"text":"reaffirms","start":8472.003,"end":8472.501},{"text":"its","start":8472.805,"end":8473.158},{"text":"support","start":8473.528,"end":8473.929},{"text":"for","start":8473.929,"end":8474.025},{"text":"initiatives","start":8474.025,"end":8474.555},{"text":"that","start":8474.651,"end":8474.779},{"text":"promote","start":8474.827,"end":8475.485},{"text":"responsible","start":8475.774,"end":8476.352},{"text":"connectivity,","start":8476.352,"end":8477.122},{"text":"technological","start":8478.181,"end":8479.016},{"text":"cooperation","start":8479.305,"end":8479.946},{"text":"that","start":8479.946,"end":8480.123},{"text":"is","start":8480.123,"end":8480.171},{"text":"respectful,","start":8480.267,"end":8480.781},{"text":"and","start":8480.99,"end":8481.278},{"text":"global","start":8481.872,"end":8482.209},{"text":"frameworks","start":8482.209,"end":8482.851},{"text":"that","start":8482.851,"end":8483.108},{"text":"ensure","start":8483.156,"end":8483.573},{"text":"that","start":8483.573,"end":8483.75},{"text":"these","start":8483.75,"end":8483.846},{"text":"systems","start":8483.846,"end":8484.343},{"text":"operate","start":8484.44,"end":8484.777},{"text":"in","start":8484.777,"end":8484.873},{"text":"line","start":8484.873,"end":8485.066},{"text":"with","start":8485.098,"end":8485.258},{"text":"international","start":8485.274,"end":8485.948},{"text":"law","start":8485.964,"end":8486.061},{"text":"and","start":8486.221,"end":8486.301},{"text":"national","start":8486.301,"end":8486.67},{"text":"legislation","start":8486.702,"end":8487.376},{"text":"and","start":8487.569,"end":8488.002},{"text":"respect","start":8488.403,"end":8488.885},{"text":"among","start":8488.885,"end":8489.11},{"text":"states.","start":8489.11,"end":8489.318}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":8489.414,"end":8490.056,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8489.414,"end":8489.575},{"text":"you","start":8489.575,"end":8489.623},{"text":"very","start":8489.623,"end":8489.751},{"text":"much.","start":8489.751,"end":8490.056}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"NIC","affiliation_full":"Nicaragua","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":58,"start":8491.517,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=8492","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":8491.517,"end":8492.496,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8491.517,"end":8491.822},{"text":"you","start":8491.822,"end":8491.982},{"text":"very","start":8492.062,"end":8492.191},{"text":"much.","start":8492.239,"end":8492.496}]},{"text":"Now I give the I now give the floor to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.","start":8492.56,"end":8497.065,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now","start":8492.56,"end":8492.72},{"text":"I","start":8492.736,"end":8492.8},{"text":"give","start":8492.8,"end":8493.025},{"text":"the","start":8493.025,"end":8493.105},{"text":"I","start":8493.17,"end":8493.186},{"text":"now","start":8493.186,"end":8493.283},{"text":"give","start":8493.283,"end":8493.412},{"text":"the","start":8493.444,"end":8493.477},{"text":"floor","start":8493.509,"end":8494.463},{"text":"to","start":8494.592,"end":8494.85},{"text":"the","start":8494.899,"end":8494.98},{"text":"Democratic","start":8495.449,"end":8495.885},{"text":"People's","start":8495.95,"end":8496.192},{"text":"Republic","start":8496.192,"end":8496.612},{"text":"of","start":8496.612,"end":8496.725},{"text":"Korea.","start":8496.758,"end":8497.065}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian Federation","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":59,"start":8501.063,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=8502","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr. President, at the outset, I express my gratitude to the Russian delegation for convening this important meeting to address the issue directly related to the international peace and 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also appreciate the briefers for their insightful and informative presentation on today's theme.","start":8514.695,"end":8521.545,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8514.695,"end":8514.711},{"text":"also","start":8514.711,"end":8515.1},{"text":"appreciate","start":8515.1,"end":8515.94},{"text":"the","start":8516.167,"end":8516.409},{"text":"briefers","start":8516.409,"end":8516.943},{"text":"for","start":8517.218,"end":8517.412},{"text":"their","start":8517.444,"end":8517.687},{"text":"insightful","start":8517.687,"end":8518.398},{"text":"and","start":8518.673,"end":8518.738},{"text":"informative","start":8518.9,"end":8519.45},{"text":"presentation","start":8519.632,"end":8520.323},{"text":"on","start":8520.516,"end":8520.564},{"text":"today's","start":8520.677,"end":8521.191},{"text":"theme.","start":8521.32,"end":8521.545}]},{"text":"Over the past decade, LEO satellite constellations have expanded on an unprecedented scale.","start":8523.313,"end":8529.335,"topics":[{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Over","start":8523.313,"end":8523.426},{"text":"the","start":8523.426,"end":8523.57},{"text":"past","start":8523.57,"end":8523.892},{"text":"decade,","start":8523.892,"end":8524.39},{"text":"LEO","start":8524.857,"end":8525.05},{"text":"satellite","start":8525.098,"end":8525.628},{"text":"constellations","start":8525.66,"end":8526.513},{"text":"have","start":8526.689,"end":8526.995},{"text":"expanded","start":8527.091,"end":8527.718},{"text":"on","start":8527.815,"end":8527.96},{"text":"an","start":8528.073,"end":8528.121},{"text":"unprecedented","start":8528.17,"end":8528.931},{"text":"scale.","start":8529.06,"end":8529.335}]},{"text":"A small number of commercial operators have deployed thousands of satellites to provide global broadband internet access.","start":8529.95,"end":8537.748,"topics":[{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development Benefits","description":"Alongside the risks, many statements recognized that LEO satellites can expand broadband access, especially in remote, mountainous, island, and underserved areas. 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The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":8529.95,"end":8529.966},{"text":"small","start":8530.015,"end":8530.29},{"text":"number","start":8530.355,"end":8530.711},{"text":"of","start":8530.727,"end":8530.824},{"text":"commercial","start":8530.905,"end":8531.456},{"text":"operators","start":8531.456,"end":8532.006},{"text":"have","start":8532.427,"end":8532.653},{"text":"deployed","start":8532.686,"end":8533.22},{"text":"thousands","start":8533.641,"end":8534.11},{"text":"of","start":8534.126,"end":8534.175},{"text":"satellites","start":8534.223,"end":8534.952},{"text":"to","start":8534.952,"end":8535.049},{"text":"provide","start":8535.113,"end":8535.647},{"text":"global","start":8535.745,"end":8536.133},{"text":"broadband","start":8536.165,"end":8536.7},{"text":"internet","start":8536.812,"end":8537.313},{"text":"access.","start":8537.442,"end":8537.748}]},{"text":"While these LEO satellites can be used for legitimate civilian purposes, they can also be exploited for destabilizing and military purposes.","start":8538.668,"end":8549.405,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":8538.668,"end":8539.12},{"text":"these","start":8539.152,"end":8539.362},{"text":"LEO","start":8539.636,"end":8539.878},{"text":"satellites","start":8539.878,"end":8540.54},{"text":"can","start":8540.831,"end":8540.992},{"text":"be","start":8540.992,"end":8541.089},{"text":"used","start":8541.153,"end":8541.541},{"text":"for","start":8541.96,"end":8542.138},{"text":"legitimate","start":8542.138,"end":8542.961},{"text":"civilian","start":8542.961,"end":8543.477},{"text":"purposes,","start":8543.59,"end":8544.122},{"text":"they","start":8544.639,"end":8544.784},{"text":"can","start":8544.784,"end":8544.913},{"text":"also","start":8545.107,"end":8545.429},{"text":"be","start":8545.429,"end":8545.607},{"text":"exploited","start":8545.607,"end":8546.14},{"text":"for","start":8546.792,"end":8546.952},{"text":"destabilizing","start":8546.952,"end":8547.882},{"text":"and","start":8548.235,"end":8548.363},{"text":"military","start":8548.395,"end":8548.924},{"text":"purposes.","start":8548.956,"end":8549.405}]},{"text":"One of the most concerning aspects of deploying LEO satellites is that they operate outside of the national control systems.","start":8550.88,"end":8559.104,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. 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Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. 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The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":8624.618,"end":8624.773},{"text":"risks","start":8625.048,"end":8625.376},{"text":"directly","start":8625.62,"end":8626.904},{"text":"affect","start":8627.418,"end":8627.819},{"text":"international","start":8627.819,"end":8628.446},{"text":"peace","start":8628.446,"end":8628.703},{"text":"and","start":8628.703,"end":8628.767},{"text":"security,","start":8628.767,"end":8629.313},{"text":"sustainable","start":8629.746,"end":8630.469},{"text":"development,","start":8630.469,"end":8631.256},{"text":"and","start":8631.577,"end":8631.673},{"text":"the","start":8631.673,"end":8631.834},{"text":"peaceful","start":8631.834,"end":8632.299},{"text":"use","start":8632.299,"end":8632.54},{"text":"of","start":8632.54,"end":8632.701},{"text":"outer","start":8632.701,"end":8632.877},{"text":"space,","start":8632.893,"end":8633.327},{"text":"and","start":8633.825,"end":8634.066},{"text":"therefore","start":8634.066,"end":8634.579},{"text":"cannot","start":8634.644,"end":8634.965},{"text":"be","start":8634.965,"end":8635.125},{"text":"dismissed","start":8635.125,"end":8635.752},{"text":"as","start":8635.832,"end":8635.976},{"text":"merely","start":8636.073,"end":8636.458},{"text":"technical","start":8636.876,"end":8637.422},{"text":"issues.","start":8637.454,"end":8637.743}]},{"text":"The Security Council has primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security.","start":8638.803,"end":8644.615,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8638.803,"end":8638.883},{"text":"Security","start":8638.883,"end":8639.348},{"text":"Council","start":8639.381,"end":8639.927},{"text":"has","start":8639.927,"end":8640.151},{"text":"primary","start":8640.264,"end":8640.794},{"text":"responsibility","start":8640.826,"end":8641.789},{"text":"for","start":8642.094,"end":8642.223},{"text":"maintaining","start":8642.271,"end":8642.881},{"text":"international","start":8642.994,"end":8643.572},{"text":"peace","start":8643.636,"end":8643.893},{"text":"and","start":8644.021,"end":8644.085},{"text":"security.","start":8644.118,"end":8644.615}]},{"text":"Therefore, I believe the Security Council should take systematic, comprehensive, and action-oriented measures as follows.","start":8645.386,"end":8653.479,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":8645.386,"end":8645.9},{"text":"I","start":8646.028,"end":8646.189},{"text":"believe","start":8646.205,"end":8646.478},{"text":"the","start":8646.59,"end":8646.687},{"text":"Security","start":8646.687,"end":8647.217},{"text":"Council","start":8647.313,"end":8647.859},{"text":"should","start":8648.196,"end":8648.325},{"text":"take","start":8648.453,"end":8648.694},{"text":"systematic,","start":8648.694,"end":8649.497},{"text":"comprehensive,","start":8649.818,"end":8650.669},{"text":"and","start":8651.006,"end":8651.07},{"text":"action-oriented","start":8651.247,"end":8652.291},{"text":"measures","start":8652.291,"end":8652.644},{"text":"as","start":8652.869,"end":8652.997},{"text":"follows.","start":8653.094,"end":8653.479}]},{"text":"First, to clarify the relationship between the global nature of LEO operations and national jurisdiction.","start":8654.618,"end":8661.336,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":8654.618,"end":8655.002},{"text":"to","start":8655.419,"end":8655.564},{"text":"clarify","start":8655.58,"end":8656.189},{"text":"the","start":8656.237,"end":8656.382},{"text":"relationship","start":8656.398,"end":8657.039},{"text":"between","start":8657.039,"end":8657.36},{"text":"the","start":8657.36,"end":8657.504},{"text":"global","start":8657.504,"end":8657.809},{"text":"nature","start":8657.841,"end":8658.386},{"text":"of","start":8658.466,"end":8658.675},{"text":"LEO","start":8658.707,"end":8658.947},{"text":"operations","start":8659.043,"end":8659.653},{"text":"and","start":8660.07,"end":8660.15},{"text":"national","start":8660.166,"end":8660.647},{"text":"jurisdiction.","start":8660.647,"end":8661.336}]},{"text":"It is necessary to clarify, to reaffirm the principles of national sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs in the digital and space domains, and to make it clear that technological advancements cannot be used as a pretext to undermine these fundamental norms.","start":8662.09,"end":8680.819,"topics":[{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":8662.09,"end":8662.17},{"text":"is","start":8662.17,"end":8662.218},{"text":"necessary","start":8662.331,"end":8662.892},{"text":"to","start":8662.892,"end":8663.02},{"text":"clarify,","start":8663.116,"end":8663.838},{"text":"to","start":8663.854,"end":8664.142},{"text":"reaffirm","start":8664.175,"end":8664.624},{"text":"the","start":8664.8,"end":8664.96},{"text":"principles","start":8664.96,"end":8665.505},{"text":"of","start":8665.618,"end":8665.746},{"text":"national","start":8665.778,"end":8666.179},{"text":"sovereignty","start":8666.179,"end":8666.868},{"text":"and","start":8667.462,"end":8667.526},{"text":"non-interference","start":8667.542,"end":8668.584},{"text":"in","start":8668.584,"end":8668.696},{"text":"internal","start":8668.905,"end":8669.386},{"text":"affairs","start":8669.386,"end":8669.755},{"text":"in","start":8669.947,"end":8669.995},{"text":"the","start":8670.108,"end":8670.268},{"text":"digital","start":8670.268,"end":8670.813},{"text":"and","start":8671.374,"end":8671.503},{"text":"space","start":8671.503,"end":8671.855},{"text":"domains,","start":8671.855,"end":8672.32},{"text":"and","start":8672.817,"end":8672.914},{"text":"to","start":8672.914,"end":8673.042},{"text":"make","start":8673.042,"end":8673.331},{"text":"it","start":8673.331,"end":8673.443},{"text":"clear","start":8673.539,"end":8674.036},{"text":"that","start":8674.036,"end":8674.277},{"text":"technological","start":8674.277,"end":8675.159},{"text":"advancements","start":8675.159,"end":8675.896},{"text":"cannot","start":8676.201,"end":8676.586},{"text":"be","start":8676.586,"end":8676.666},{"text":"used","start":8676.746,"end":8677.067},{"text":"as","start":8677.067,"end":8677.163},{"text":"a","start":8677.179,"end":8677.195},{"text":"pretext","start":8677.323,"end":8677.981},{"text":"to","start":8678.51,"end":8678.67},{"text":"undermine","start":8678.75,"end":8679.215},{"text":"these","start":8679.328,"end":8679.536},{"text":"fundamental","start":8679.729,"end":8680.306},{"text":"norms.","start":8680.45,"end":8680.819}]},{"text":"Second, to prevent situations where LEO operators disregard national laws, we must encourage the development of international norms, rules, and confidence-building measures governing the operation of LEO satellite systems, including transparency regarding LEO ownership, control, and end use.","start":8681.989,"end":8703.164,"topics":[{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. 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This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":8704.078,"end":8704.382},{"text":"to","start":8704.895,"end":8705.023},{"text":"prevent","start":8705.055,"end":8705.552},{"text":"legal","start":8705.697,"end":8706.033},{"text":"interference","start":8706.097,"end":8706.931},{"text":"in","start":8706.979,"end":8707.027},{"text":"internal","start":8707.3,"end":8707.78},{"text":"affairs,","start":8707.78,"end":8708.149},{"text":"Through","start":8708.887,"end":8709.08},{"text":"LEO","start":8709.289,"end":8709.482},{"text":"systems,","start":8709.482,"end":8709.996},{"text":"it","start":8710.493,"end":8710.59},{"text":"is","start":8710.59,"end":8710.638},{"text":"necessary","start":8710.75,"end":8711.361},{"text":"to","start":8711.393,"end":8711.521},{"text":"affirm","start":8711.537,"end":8711.875},{"text":"the","start":8711.875,"end":8712.019},{"text":"right","start":8712.035,"end":8712.276},{"text":"of","start":8712.276,"end":8712.373},{"text":"states","start":8712.373,"end":8712.79},{"text":"to","start":8712.838,"end":8712.999},{"text":"control,","start":8712.999,"end":8713.433},{"text":"restrict,","start":8713.882,"end":8714.444},{"text":"or","start":8714.669,"end":8714.701},{"text":"suspend","start":8714.701,"end":8715.376},{"text":"unauthorized","start":8715.729,"end":8716.548},{"text":"satellite","start":8716.548,"end":8717.159},{"text":"communications","start":8717.159,"end":8717.865},{"text":"that","start":8718.363,"end":8718.46},{"text":"threaten","start":8718.46,"end":8718.99},{"text":"public","start":8719.086,"end":8719.584},{"text":"order","start":8719.729,"end":8720.018},{"text":"or","start":8720.773,"end":8720.805},{"text":"national","start":8720.805,"end":8721.27},{"text":"security.","start":8721.27,"end":8721.993}]},{"text":"Fourth, we must address the risks of militarization and weaponization associated with LEO satellites by seeking limitations on the use of LEO satellites in armed conflict and by non-state actors in accordance with international law.","start":8722.7,"end":8740.387,"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. 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People's Republic of Korea","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":60,"start":8828.278,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1g/k1gzrronu7?lang=en&t=8829","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":8828.278,"end":8829.363,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8828.278,"end":8829.234},{"text":"you.","start":8829.266,"end":8829.363}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":8829.978,"end":8830.691,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8829.978,"end":8830.14},{"text":"you","start":8830.14,"end":8830.237},{"text":"very","start":8830.237,"end":8830.399},{"text":"much.","start":8830.399,"end":8830.691}]},{"text":"Would anybody else like to take the floor?","start":8832.245,"end":8833.799,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Would","start":8832.245,"end":8832.552},{"text":"anybody","start":8832.585,"end":8832.828},{"text":"else","start":8832.828,"end":8833.054},{"text":"like","start":8833.054,"end":8833.151},{"text":"to","start":8833.151,"end":8833.249},{"text":"take","start":8833.249,"end":8833.41},{"text":"the","start":8833.41,"end":8833.475},{"text":"floor?","start":8833.491,"end":8833.799}]},{"text":"I can't see anyone asking for the floor, in which case I would like to thank everyone for their 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convinced that the use of these technologies, as well as the actions of their developers and their operators, must be carried out within the law and in compliance with the regulatory frameworks of absolutely all 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are ready for a thorough interaction in the interests of achieving this goal.","start":8877.263,"end":8881.352,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8877.263,"end":8877.521},{"text":"are","start":8877.57,"end":8877.618},{"text":"ready","start":8877.65,"end":8877.876},{"text":"for","start":8877.925,"end":8878.167},{"text":"a","start":8878.231,"end":8878.247},{"text":"thorough","start":8878.247,"end":8878.796},{"text":"interaction","start":8878.876,"end":8879.393},{"text":"in","start":8879.425,"end":8879.49},{"text":"the","start":8879.49,"end":8879.522},{"text":"interests","start":8879.522,"end":8880.127},{"text":"of","start":8880.176,"end":8880.503},{"text":"achieving","start":8880.503,"end":8880.96},{"text":"this","start":8880.993,"end":8881.222},{"text":"goal.","start":8881.222,"end":8881.352}]},{"text":"Thank you very much for your attention and for your participation.","start":8881.548,"end":8883.264,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8881.548,"end":8881.744},{"text":"you","start":8881.744,"end":8881.81},{"text":"very","start":8881.81,"end":8881.973},{"text":"much","start":8881.973,"end":8882.169},{"text":"for","start":8882.169,"end":8882.251},{"text":"your","start":8882.284,"end":8882.382},{"text":"attention","start":8882.382,"end":8882.758},{"text":"and","start":8882.774,"end":8882.872},{"text":"for","start":8882.872,"end":8882.937},{"text":"your","start":8882.937,"end":8882.986},{"text":"participation.","start":8882.986,"end":8883.264}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian Federation","group":null,"function":"Chair"}}],"topics":[{"key":"dual-use-risks","label":"Military and Dual-Use Risks","description":"A recurring topic was the growing use of commercial LEO systems for military communications, intelligence, targeting, and battlefield support. Speakers warned that this blurs the line between civilian and military space activities and may heighten escalation and arms race risks."},{"key":"equitable-access","label":"Equitable Access to Orbit and Spectrum","description":"Many participants raised concerns that orbital slots, frequencies, and economic benefits are becoming concentrated in the hands of a few states and companies. The debate highlighted the need to prevent monopolization and to preserve fair access for developing and emerging space countries."},{"key":"space-governance","label":"International Space Governance","description":"Many speakers focused on the need to regulate low Earth orbit activities through existing and updated international frameworks, especially the Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, the ITU, and future World Radiocommunication Conferences. The discussion stressed clearer global rules, coordination, and multilateral cooperation for the peaceful and orderly use of outer space."},{"key":"digital-connectivity","label":"Connectivity and Development Benefits","description":"Alongside the risks, many statements recognized that LEO satellites can expand broadband access, especially in remote, mountainous, island, and underserved areas. They were also described as useful for disaster response, climate monitoring, education, agriculture, and broader sustainable development."},{"key":"national-sovereignty","label":"Sovereignty and National Regulation","description":"A major theme was whether LEO operators can provide services across borders without the consent of affected states. Delegations emphasized licensing, spectrum control, domestic legal authority, and the right of states to regulate telecommunications and critical infrastructure within their territories."},{"key":"orbital-sustainability","label":"Orbital Sustainability and Space Debris","description":"Several statements warned that the rapid growth of satellite constellations is increasing congestion, collision risks, debris accumulation, and harmful interference in orbit. Speakers linked these concerns to the long-term safety and sustainability of the space environment for all countries."},{"key":"operator-accountability","label":"Accountability of Private Operators","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed who is legally responsible when private satellite operators cause harm, bypass rules, or become involved in conflict-related activity. Many stressed that states remain responsible under international law to authorize, supervise, and control non-governmental space activities under their jurisdiction."},{"key":"information-interference","label":"Disinformation and Political Interference","description":"Multiple speakers argued that unauthorized terminals and satellite internet services can be used to spread disinformation, manipulate elections, coordinate unrest, or interfere in domestic affairs. This was framed as a threat to public order, democratic processes, and the principle of non-interference."}]}}