{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k1l/k1lt3n3xwv","kaltura_id":"1_lt3n3xwv","title":"6th Meeting - 1st Session Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems 2025","clean_title":"6th Meeting - 1st Session Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems 2025","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv","date":"2025-03-05T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2025-03-05T14:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"01:46:31","category":"Meetings & Events","body":null,"event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":null,"pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv"},"metadata":{"summary":null,"description":null,"categories":[],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":[],"corporate_name":[],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"azure-llm-speech-fde02033-03bc-4acd-aea3-d5afa4b3b81a","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":1.83,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=0:02","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":1.83,"end":2.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1.83,"end":1.99},{"text":"you","start":1.99,"end":2.07},{"text":"very","start":2.07,"end":2.23},{"text":"much.","start":2.23,"end":2.51}]},{"text":"Excellencies, distinguished delegates, at this moment we have one more request for the floor.","start":3.15,"end":8.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Excellencies,","start":3.15,"end":3.79},{"text":"distinguished","start":3.79,"end":4.43},{"text":"delegates,","start":4.43,"end":5.15},{"text":"at","start":5.63,"end":5.71},{"text":"this","start":5.71,"end":5.95},{"text":"moment","start":5.95,"end":6.51},{"text":"we","start":6.51,"end":6.67},{"text":"have","start":6.67,"end":7.07},{"text":"one","start":7.15,"end":7.51},{"text":"more","start":7.51,"end":7.83},{"text":"request","start":7.83,"end":8.35},{"text":"for","start":8.35,"end":8.59},{"text":"the","start":8.59,"end":8.67},{"text":"floor.","start":8.67,"end":8.99}]},{"text":"We have two requests for the floor now.","start":8.99,"end":11.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8.99,"end":9.15},{"text":"have","start":9.15,"end":9.31},{"text":"two","start":9.31,"end":9.55},{"text":"requests","start":9.55,"end":10.07},{"text":"for","start":10.07,"end":10.27},{"text":"the","start":10.27,"end":10.35},{"text":"floor","start":10.35,"end":10.63},{"text":"now.","start":10.63,"end":11.07}]},{"text":"We have Stop Killer Robots and IHL-YI.","start":12.59,"end":15.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":12.59,"end":12.75},{"text":"have","start":12.75,"end":13.15},{"text":"Stop","start":13.15,"end":13.55},{"text":"Killer","start":13.55,"end":13.91},{"text":"Robots","start":13.91,"end":14.51},{"text":"and","start":14.63,"end":14.91},{"text":"IHL-YI.","start":15.07,"end":15.87}]},{"text":"Let me first pass the floor to the representative of Stop Killer Robots.","start":17.07,"end":23.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":17.07,"end":17.95},{"text":"me","start":19.55,"end":19.75},{"text":"first","start":19.75,"end":20.03},{"text":"pass","start":20.03,"end":20.43},{"text":"the","start":20.43,"end":20.59},{"text":"floor","start":20.59,"end":20.91},{"text":"to","start":20.91,"end":21.11},{"text":"the","start":21.39,"end":21.55},{"text":"representative","start":21.55,"end":22.27},{"text":"of","start":22.39,"end":22.59},{"text":"Stop","start":22.59,"end":23.07},{"text":"Killer","start":23.07,"end":23.43},{"text":"Robots.","start":23.43,"end":23.79}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":23.79,"end":24.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":23.79,"end":23.87},{"text":"have","start":23.87,"end":24.07},{"text":"the","start":24.07,"end":24.19},{"text":"floor.","start":24.19,"end":24.43}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":2,"start":27.43,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=0:28","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair. Stop Killer Robots welcomes the constructive format of discussions and contributions on the draft rolling text this week.","start":27.43,"end":34.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":27.43,"end":27.59},{"text":"you,","start":27.59,"end":27.75},{"text":"Chair.","start":27.75,"end":28.15},{"text":"Stop","start":28.55,"end":28.91},{"text":"Killer","start":28.91,"end":29.15},{"text":"Robots","start":29.15,"end":29.51},{"text":"welcomes","start":29.51,"end":29.91},{"text":"the","start":29.91,"end":30.03},{"text":"constructive","start":30.03,"end":30.63},{"text":"format","start":30.63,"end":31.11},{"text":"of","start":31.11,"end":31.23},{"text":"discussions","start":31.23,"end":31.87},{"text":"and","start":31.87,"end":31.99},{"text":"contributions","start":31.99,"end":32.83},{"text":"on","start":32.83,"end":32.95},{"text":"the","start":32.95,"end":33.07},{"text":"draft","start":33.07,"end":33.43},{"text":"rolling","start":33.43,"end":33.67},{"text":"text","start":33.67,"end":34.03},{"text":"this","start":34.03,"end":34.23},{"text":"week.","start":34.23,"end":34.55}]},{"text":"One key element of meaningful human control that is not sufficiently prominent in the current text is a requirement for the users of a system to adequately understand how a system's they are using functions and what it effects will be in the context of use.","start":35.11,"end":51.03,"topics":[{"key":"meaningful-human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control","description":"Delegations and civil society repeatedly stressed that decisions involving lethal autonomous weapon systems must remain under direct and meaningful human control. 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The International Humanitarian Law and Youth Initiative was founded in 2018 by a group of dedicated young professionals.","start":181.59,"end":190.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":181.59,"end":181.71},{"text":"you,","start":181.71,"end":181.87},{"text":"Mr.","start":181.87,"end":182.19},{"text":"Chair.","start":182.19,"end":182.59},{"text":"The","start":182.75,"end":182.95},{"text":"International","start":182.95,"end":183.83},{"text":"Humanitarian","start":183.83,"end":184.51},{"text":"Law","start":184.51,"end":184.83},{"text":"and","start":184.83,"end":184.99},{"text":"Youth","start":184.99,"end":185.23},{"text":"Initiative","start":185.23,"end":185.79},{"text":"was","start":185.79,"end":186.11},{"text":"founded","start":186.11,"end":186.43},{"text":"in","start":186.43,"end":186.55},{"text":"2018","start":186.55,"end":187.63},{"text":"by","start":187.63,"end":187.83},{"text":"a","start":187.83,"end":187.87},{"text":"group","start":187.87,"end":188.11},{"text":"of","start":188.15,"end":188.27},{"text":"dedicated","start":188.27,"end":189.07},{"text":"young","start":189.39,"end":189.55},{"text":"professionals.","start":189.55,"end":190.27}]},{"text":"It was established with the vision of creating a digital space for youth engagement on issues of international humanitarian law with a core focus on the MENA region.","start":190.67,"end":199.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":190.67,"end":190.91},{"text":"was","start":190.91,"end":191.15},{"text":"established","start":191.15,"end":191.71},{"text":"with","start":191.71,"end":191.87},{"text":"the","start":191.87,"end":191.95},{"text":"vision","start":191.95,"end":192.35},{"text":"of","start":192.35,"end":192.47},{"text":"creating","start":192.47,"end":192.99},{"text":"a","start":192.99,"end":193.07},{"text":"digital","start":193.07,"end":193.51},{"text":"space","start":193.51,"end":193.95},{"text":"for","start":193.95,"end":194.19},{"text":"youth","start":194.19,"end":194.51},{"text":"engagement","start":194.51,"end":195.19},{"text":"on","start":195.19,"end":195.31},{"text":"issues","start":195.31,"end":195.87},{"text":"of","start":195.91,"end":196.03},{"text":"international","start":196.27,"end":196.95},{"text":"humanitarian","start":196.95,"end":197.59},{"text":"law","start":197.59,"end":197.87},{"text":"with","start":197.87,"end":198.03},{"text":"a","start":198.03,"end":198.11},{"text":"core","start":198.11,"end":198.43},{"text":"focus","start":198.43,"end":198.83},{"text":"on","start":198.83,"end":198.99},{"text":"the","start":198.99,"end":199.11},{"text":"MENA","start":199.11,"end":199.43},{"text":"region.","start":199.43,"end":199.95}]},{"text":"We welcome the progress made in the discussions and express our support for the observations presented by the ICRC, particularly regarding the need to clarify the concept of lethality and to ensure that any developments in this field remain fully aligned with the principles of IHL.","start":200.83,"end":217.95,"topics":[{"key":"legal-weapons-review","label":"Legal Weapons Review","description":"A recurring topic was the need for legal review of autonomous weapons, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law. 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Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Section","start":281.75,"end":282.31},{"text":"five","start":282.31,"end":282.79},{"text":"rightly","start":282.79,"end":283.31},{"text":"emphasize","start":283.31,"end":283.83},{"text":"human","start":283.83,"end":284.15},{"text":"accountability","start":284.15,"end":285.03},{"text":"in","start":285.03,"end":285.27},{"text":"all","start":285.27,"end":285.51},{"text":"decisions","start":285.51,"end":286.23},{"text":"regarding","start":286.23,"end":286.87},{"text":"lethal","start":286.87,"end":287.15},{"text":"autonomous","start":287.15,"end":287.91},{"text":"weapon","start":287.91,"end":288.31},{"text":"systems.","start":288.31,"end":288.87}]},{"text":"The accountability must be more than theoretical, while the text calls for responsibility through the lifecycle of lethal autonomous weapons systems in section 4, paragraph 3.","start":289.71,"end":301.47,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."},{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":289.71,"end":289.79},{"text":"accountability","start":289.79,"end":291.39},{"text":"must","start":291.39,"end":291.79},{"text":"be","start":291.79,"end":291.95},{"text":"more","start":291.95,"end":292.43},{"text":"than","start":292.43,"end":292.67},{"text":"theoretical,","start":292.67,"end":293.47},{"text":"while","start":293.63,"end":294.11},{"text":"the","start":294.11,"end":294.27},{"text":"text","start":294.27,"end":294.59},{"text":"calls","start":294.59,"end":294.91},{"text":"for","start":294.91,"end":295.03},{"text":"responsibility","start":295.03,"end":296.03},{"text":"through","start":296.03,"end":296.35},{"text":"the","start":296.35,"end":296.43},{"text":"lifecycle","start":296.43,"end":297.23},{"text":"of","start":297.23,"end":297.55},{"text":"lethal","start":297.55,"end":297.95},{"text":"autonomous","start":297.99,"end":298.51},{"text":"weapons","start":298.51,"end":298.87},{"text":"systems","start":298.87,"end":299.35},{"text":"in","start":299.71,"end":299.87},{"text":"section","start":299.87,"end":300.19},{"text":"4,","start":300.19,"end":300.59},{"text":"paragraph","start":300.75,"end":301.19},{"text":"3.","start":301.19,"end":301.47}]},{"text":"It lacks concrete enforcement mechanism.","start":301.63,"end":304.27,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":301.63,"end":301.79},{"text":"lacks","start":301.79,"end":302.11},{"text":"concrete","start":302.11,"end":302.59},{"text":"enforcement","start":302.59,"end":303.47},{"text":"mechanism.","start":303.63,"end":304.27}]},{"text":"We urge the inclusion of independent oversight bodies, transparent reporting obligation, and penalties for violations.","start":304.75,"end":313.71,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":304.75,"end":305.31},{"text":"urge","start":305.63,"end":305.95},{"text":"the","start":306.03,"end":306.15},{"text":"inclusion","start":306.15,"end":306.83},{"text":"of","start":306.83,"end":306.99},{"text":"independent","start":306.99,"end":307.63},{"text":"oversight","start":307.63,"end":308.19},{"text":"bodies,","start":308.19,"end":308.75},{"text":"transparent","start":308.83,"end":310.03},{"text":"reporting","start":310.03,"end":311.07},{"text":"obligation,","start":311.07,"end":311.95},{"text":"and","start":311.95,"end":312.15},{"text":"penalties","start":312.15,"end":312.67},{"text":"for","start":312.67,"end":312.91},{"text":"violations.","start":312.91,"end":313.71}]},{"text":"Second, AI-driven decision-making pose risks to accountability.","start":314.75,"end":318.75,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":314.75,"end":315.23},{"text":"AI-driven","start":315.23,"end":315.91},{"text":"decision-making","start":315.91,"end":316.83},{"text":"pose","start":316.83,"end":317.15},{"text":"risks","start":317.15,"end":317.63},{"text":"to","start":317.63,"end":317.79},{"text":"accountability.","start":317.79,"end":318.75}]},{"text":"Although Section 5, paragraph 2 states that responsibility cannot be transferred to machines, it does not explicitly prohibit AI from making autonomous targeting decisions.","start":320.35,"end":333.39,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."},{"key":"meaningful-human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control","description":"Delegations and civil society repeatedly stressed that decisions involving lethal autonomous weapon systems must remain under direct and meaningful human control. This included emphasis on human understanding of how systems function, human judgment in context, and the inability to transfer responsibility to machines."}],"words":[{"text":"Although","start":320.35,"end":320.83},{"text":"Section","start":321.07,"end":321.79},{"text":"5,","start":322.59,"end":323.15},{"text":"paragraph","start":323.55,"end":324.03},{"text":"2","start":324.03,"end":324.27},{"text":"states","start":324.27,"end":324.59},{"text":"that","start":324.59,"end":324.83},{"text":"responsibility","start":324.83,"end":325.79},{"text":"cannot","start":325.79,"end":326.27},{"text":"be","start":326.27,"end":326.43},{"text":"transferred","start":326.43,"end":326.95},{"text":"to","start":326.95,"end":327.19},{"text":"machines,","start":327.19,"end":327.79},{"text":"it","start":328.11,"end":328.23},{"text":"does","start":328.23,"end":328.51},{"text":"not","start":328.51,"end":328.75},{"text":"explicitly","start":328.75,"end":329.55},{"text":"prohibit","start":329.55,"end":330.51},{"text":"AI","start":330.51,"end":330.67},{"text":"from","start":330.67,"end":330.95},{"text":"making","start":330.95,"end":331.31},{"text":"autonomous","start":331.31,"end":331.95},{"text":"targeting","start":331.95,"end":332.75},{"text":"decisions.","start":332.75,"end":333.39}]},{"text":"This must be clearly addressed to prevent accountability gaps.","start":333.71,"end":337.55,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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This included proposals to prohibit specific categories of systems, especially those seen as incompatible with human control or humanitarian law."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":338.75,"end":339.23},{"text":"stronger","start":339.23,"end":339.71},{"text":"preventive","start":339.71,"end":340.59},{"text":"legal","start":340.63,"end":340.91},{"text":"measures","start":340.91,"end":341.43},{"text":"are","start":341.43,"end":341.55},{"text":"needed.","start":341.55,"end":342.11}]},{"text":"Section 5, paragraph 6, calls for legislative steps, but does not require States to adopt national laws regulating or prohibiting lethal autonomous weapons systems.","start":342.27,"end":352.75,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules-prohibitions","label":"Legally Binding Rules and Prohibitions","description":"Several participants called for moving beyond general principles toward a legally binding instrument regulating or prohibiting lethal autonomous weapon systems. 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Some speakers also called for ethical review and more specific guidance on how such reviews should be carried out for these systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Clear","start":353.15,"end":353.63},{"text":"legal","start":353.63,"end":354.03},{"text":"frameworks","start":354.03,"end":354.75},{"text":"aligned","start":354.79,"end":355.15},{"text":"with","start":355.15,"end":355.39},{"text":"international","start":355.43,"end":356.19},{"text":"humanitarian","start":356.19,"end":356.91},{"text":"law","start":356.91,"end":357.19},{"text":"are","start":357.19,"end":357.39},{"text":"essential.","start":357.39,"end":357.95}]},{"text":"We propose explicit obligation for states to retain full legal responsibility, establish independent oversight, and introduce penal sanction for violations.","start":358.79,"end":368.95,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":358.79,"end":358.87},{"text":"propose","start":358.87,"end":359.51},{"text":"explicit","start":359.51,"end":360.19},{"text":"obligation","start":360.19,"end":360.87},{"text":"for","start":360.87,"end":361.03},{"text":"states","start":361.03,"end":361.51},{"text":"to","start":361.51,"end":361.63},{"text":"retain","start":361.63,"end":362.07},{"text":"full","start":362.07,"end":362.59},{"text":"legal","start":362.59,"end":362.95},{"text":"responsibility,","start":362.95,"end":363.99},{"text":"establish","start":364.23,"end":364.79},{"text":"independent","start":364.79,"end":365.47},{"text":"oversight,","start":365.47,"end":366.15},{"text":"and","start":366.23,"end":366.55},{"text":"introduce","start":366.55,"end":367.19},{"text":"penal","start":367.19,"end":367.51},{"text":"sanction","start":367.51,"end":367.99},{"text":"for","start":367.99,"end":368.15},{"text":"violations.","start":368.15,"end":368.95}]},{"text":"Strengthening Section 5 is crucial to ensuring that accountability is not just a principle, but a legal obligation.","start":369.67,"end":378.31,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."}],"words":[{"text":"Moreover,","start":379.15,"end":379.59},{"text":"the","start":379.59,"end":379.75},{"text":"current","start":379.75,"end":380.11},{"text":"provisions","start":380.11,"end":380.71},{"text":"addressing","start":380.71,"end":381.35},{"text":"harmful","start":381.35,"end":381.91},{"text":"bias","start":381.91,"end":382.39},{"text":"in","start":382.39,"end":382.63},{"text":"AI","start":382.63,"end":383.15},{"text":"are","start":383.15,"end":383.27},{"text":"insufficient.","start":383.27,"end":384.07}]},{"text":"While the text mentions the need to address bias, it does not establish binding mechanisms to ensure transparency and accountability in AI training and deployment.","start":384.35,"end":394.07,"topics":[{"key":"ai-bias","label":"AI Bias and Discrimination","description":"Several speakers focused on bias in autonomous weapon systems, including automation bias, dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and discriminatory harms such as racism or sexism. They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."},{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":384.35,"end":384.71},{"text":"the","start":384.71,"end":384.87},{"text":"text","start":384.87,"end":385.35},{"text":"mentions","start":385.35,"end":385.91},{"text":"the","start":385.99,"end":386.07},{"text":"need","start":386.07,"end":386.31},{"text":"to","start":386.31,"end":386.47},{"text":"address","start":386.47,"end":386.87},{"text":"bias,","start":386.87,"end":387.43},{"text":"it","start":387.43,"end":387.51},{"text":"does","start":387.51,"end":387.75},{"text":"not","start":387.75,"end":388.07},{"text":"establish","start":388.07,"end":388.63},{"text":"binding","start":388.63,"end":389.11},{"text":"mechanisms","start":389.11,"end":389.71},{"text":"to","start":389.71,"end":389.83},{"text":"ensure","start":389.83,"end":390.23},{"text":"transparency","start":390.23,"end":391.11},{"text":"and","start":391.11,"end":391.43},{"text":"accountability","start":391.43,"end":392.19},{"text":"in","start":392.19,"end":392.55},{"text":"AI","start":392.55,"end":392.79},{"text":"training","start":392.79,"end":393.27},{"text":"and","start":393.27,"end":393.47},{"text":"deployment.","start":393.47,"end":394.07}]},{"text":"We propose the creation of an independent international review mechanism to assess datasets and algorithms used in lethal autonomous weapon systems, ensuring that they do not disproportionately target specific groups.","start":394.55,"end":408.39,"topics":[{"key":"ai-bias","label":"AI Bias and Discrimination","description":"Several speakers focused on bias in autonomous weapon systems, including automation bias, dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and discriminatory harms such as racism or sexism. They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."},{"key":"legal-weapons-review","label":"Legal Weapons Review","description":"A recurring topic was the need for legal review of autonomous weapons, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law. Some speakers also called for ethical review and more specific guidance on how such reviews should be carried out for these systems."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":394.55,"end":394.79},{"text":"propose","start":394.79,"end":395.43},{"text":"the","start":395.43,"end":395.55},{"text":"creation","start":395.55,"end":396.15},{"text":"of","start":396.15,"end":396.39},{"text":"an","start":396.39,"end":396.55},{"text":"independent","start":396.55,"end":397.19},{"text":"international","start":397.19,"end":397.99},{"text":"review","start":397.99,"end":398.39},{"text":"mechanism","start":398.39,"end":399.11},{"text":"to","start":399.11,"end":399.27},{"text":"assess","start":399.27,"end":399.67},{"text":"datasets","start":399.67,"end":400.39},{"text":"and","start":400.39,"end":400.55},{"text":"algorithms","start":400.55,"end":401.23},{"text":"used","start":401.27,"end":401.75},{"text":"in","start":401.75,"end":402.07},{"text":"lethal","start":402.07,"end":402.47},{"text":"autonomous","start":402.47,"end":403.11},{"text":"weapon","start":403.11,"end":403.51},{"text":"systems,","start":403.51,"end":404.07},{"text":"ensuring","start":404.07,"end":404.55},{"text":"that","start":404.55,"end":404.71},{"text":"they","start":404.71,"end":404.95},{"text":"do","start":404.95,"end":405.11},{"text":"not","start":405.11,"end":405.43},{"text":"disproportionately","start":405.83,"end":406.95},{"text":"target","start":406.95,"end":407.39},{"text":"specific","start":407.39,"end":407.91},{"text":"groups.","start":407.91,"end":408.39}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, finally, the International Humanitarian Law Youth Initiative strongly supports calls to move beyond the mere collection of elements and toward the negotiation of a legally binding instrument regulating or prohibiting lethal autonomous weapon systems.","start":409.07,"end":424.79,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules-prohibitions","label":"Legally Binding Rules and Prohibitions","description":"Several participants called for moving beyond general principles toward a legally binding instrument regulating or prohibiting lethal autonomous weapon systems. 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Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"Without","start":425.07,"end":425.71},{"text":"a","start":425.79,"end":425.83},{"text":"clear","start":425.83,"end":426.19},{"text":"and","start":426.19,"end":426.39},{"text":"enforceable","start":426.39,"end":427.03},{"text":"legal","start":427.03,"end":427.39},{"text":"framework,","start":427.39,"end":428.03},{"text":"this","start":428.11,"end":428.35},{"text":"discussion","start":428.35,"end":428.99},{"text":"risks","start":428.99,"end":429.39},{"text":"remaining","start":429.47,"end":429.95},{"text":"purely","start":429.95,"end":430.35},{"text":"theoretical","start":430.35,"end":431.07},{"text":"while","start":431.15,"end":431.63},{"text":"the","start":431.63,"end":431.75},{"text":"rapid","start":431.75,"end":432.67},{"text":"development","start":432.75,"end":433.63},{"text":"of","start":433.63,"end":434.03},{"text":"autonomous","start":434.03,"end":434.67},{"text":"weapons","start":434.67,"end":435.23},{"text":"continues","start":435.23,"end":435.95},{"text":"unchecked.","start":436.03,"end":436.59}]},{"text":"The International Humanitarian Law Youth Initiative underscores that any discussion on lethal autonomous weapons systems must be firmly rooted in the principle of protecting human life above all else.","start":437.43,"end":450.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":437.43,"end":437.47},{"text":"International","start":437.47,"end":437.99},{"text":"Humanitarian","start":437.99,"end":438.67},{"text":"Law","start":438.67,"end":438.87},{"text":"Youth","start":438.95,"end":439.19},{"text":"Initiative","start":439.19,"end":439.91},{"text":"underscores","start":439.99,"end":440.63},{"text":"that","start":440.63,"end":440.87},{"text":"any","start":440.87,"end":441.11},{"text":"discussion","start":441.11,"end":441.83},{"text":"on","start":441.91,"end":442.15},{"text":"lethal","start":442.15,"end":442.55},{"text":"autonomous","start":442.55,"end":443.27},{"text":"weapons","start":443.27,"end":443.63},{"text":"systems","start":443.63,"end":444.15},{"text":"must","start":444.47,"end":444.83},{"text":"be","start":444.83,"end":445.03},{"text":"firmly","start":445.03,"end":445.59},{"text":"rooted","start":445.59,"end":446.15},{"text":"in","start":446.15,"end":446.43},{"text":"the","start":446.43,"end":446.55},{"text":"principle","start":446.55,"end":447.19},{"text":"of","start":447.19,"end":447.43},{"text":"protecting","start":447.43,"end":448.15},{"text":"human","start":448.15,"end":448.55},{"text":"life","start":448.55,"end":448.95},{"text":"above","start":448.95,"end":449.35},{"text":"all","start":449.35,"end":449.59},{"text":"else.","start":449.59,"end":450.07}]},{"text":"We urge all states to take concrete steps to prevent the proliferation of these systems without robust legal safeguards and to ensure that decisions involving the use of force remain under direct and meaningful human control.","start":450.71,"end":464.87,"topics":[{"key":"meaningful-human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control","description":"Delegations and civil society repeatedly stressed that decisions involving lethal autonomous weapon systems must remain under direct and meaningful human control. 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Portugal.","start":471.19,"end":474.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":471.19,"end":471.43},{"text":"on","start":471.43,"end":471.51},{"text":"my","start":471.51,"end":471.67},{"text":"list","start":471.67,"end":471.99},{"text":"is","start":472.07,"end":472.31},{"text":"Finland,","start":472.39,"end":472.79},{"text":"to","start":472.79,"end":472.87},{"text":"be","start":472.87,"end":473.03},{"text":"followed","start":473.03,"end":473.51},{"text":"by","start":473.51,"end":473.67},{"text":"Portugal.","start":473.67,"end":474.19}]},{"text":"Let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of 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They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."},{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. 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Some speakers also called for ethical review and more specific guidance on how such reviews should be carried out for these systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":553.51,"end":554.23},{"text":"we","start":554.23,"end":554.47},{"text":"propose","start":554.47,"end":554.95},{"text":"different","start":554.95,"end":555.43},{"text":"wording","start":555.43,"end":555.91},{"text":"to","start":555.91,"end":556.03},{"text":"paragraph","start":556.03,"end":556.43},{"text":"6","start":556.43,"end":556.95},{"text":"as","start":557.99,"end":558.23},{"text":"\"Conduct","start":558.63,"end":559.11},{"text":"frequent","start":559.11,"end":559.67},{"text":"assessment","start":559.67,"end":560.35},{"text":"and","start":560.35,"end":560.59},{"text":"testing","start":560.59,"end":561.11},{"text":"that","start":561.43,"end":561.75},{"text":"laws","start":561.75,"end":562.23},{"text":"remain","start":562.23,"end":562.71},{"text":"technically","start":562.71,"end":563.31},{"text":"in","start":563.31,"end":563.67},{"text":"tune.\"","start":563.67,"end":564.23}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":565.03,"end":565.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":565.03,"end":565.35},{"text":"you.","start":565.35,"end":565.51}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"FIN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Finland"}},{"statement_number":7,"start":567.95,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=9:28","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Finland for sharing his views and making proposals.","start":567.95,"end":574.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":567.95,"end":568.07},{"text":"me","start":568.07,"end":568.43},{"text":"thank","start":568.43,"end":568.71},{"text":"the","start":568.71,"end":568.79},{"text":"distinguished","start":568.79,"end":569.39},{"text":"representative","start":569.39,"end":570.19},{"text":"of","start":570.39,"end":570.59},{"text":"Finland","start":570.59,"end":571.31},{"text":"for","start":571.31,"end":571.55},{"text":"sharing","start":571.55,"end":571.87},{"text":"his","start":571.87,"end":572.11},{"text":"views","start":572.19,"end":572.75},{"text":"and","start":572.75,"end":572.95},{"text":"making","start":572.95,"end":573.31},{"text":"proposals.","start":573.31,"end":574.19}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Portugal.","start":574.35,"end":576.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":574.35,"end":574.87},{"text":"on","start":574.87,"end":574.95},{"text":"my","start":574.95,"end":575.15},{"text":"list","start":575.15,"end":575.47},{"text":"is","start":575.47,"end":575.79},{"text":"Portugal.","start":575.87,"end":576.43}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":577.47,"end":578.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":577.47,"end":577.55},{"text":"have","start":577.55,"end":577.67},{"text":"the","start":577.67,"end":577.75},{"text":"floor.","start":577.79,"end":578.03}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":8,"start":580.83,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=9:41","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":580.83,"end":581.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":580.83,"end":581.07},{"text":"you,","start":581.07,"end":581.15},{"text":"Mr.","start":581.15,"end":581.47},{"text":"Chair.","start":581.47,"end":581.71}]},{"text":"My delegation wishes to express our support for the overall text without prejudice of some possible streamlining.","start":582.43,"end":588.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":582.43,"end":582.59},{"text":"delegation","start":582.59,"end":583.15},{"text":"wishes","start":583.15,"end":583.55},{"text":"to","start":583.55,"end":583.71},{"text":"express","start":583.71,"end":584.19},{"text":"our","start":584.19,"end":584.35},{"text":"support","start":584.35,"end":584.99},{"text":"for","start":584.99,"end":585.11},{"text":"the","start":585.11,"end":585.19},{"text":"overall","start":585.19,"end":585.63},{"text":"text","start":585.63,"end":586.11},{"text":"without","start":586.11,"end":586.35},{"text":"prejudice","start":586.35,"end":586.99},{"text":"of","start":586.99,"end":587.15},{"text":"some","start":587.15,"end":587.39},{"text":"possible","start":587.39,"end":587.87},{"text":"streamlining.","start":587.87,"end":588.67}]},{"text":"We underline the importance of the references to human control throughout the entire cycle of laws and the need to conduct legal reviews of the systems in order to ensure compliance with IHL.","start":589.35,"end":601.11,"topics":[{"key":"meaningful-human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control","description":"Delegations and civil society repeatedly stressed that decisions involving lethal autonomous weapon systems must remain under direct and meaningful human control. This included emphasis on human understanding of how systems function, human judgment in context, and the inability to transfer responsibility to machines."},{"key":"legal-weapons-review","label":"Legal Weapons Review","description":"A recurring topic was the need for legal review of autonomous weapons, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law. Some speakers also called for ethical review and more specific guidance on how such reviews should be carried out for these systems."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":589.35,"end":589.55},{"text":"underline","start":589.55,"end":590.03},{"text":"the","start":590.03,"end":590.11},{"text":"importance","start":590.11,"end":590.79},{"text":"of","start":590.79,"end":590.87},{"text":"the","start":590.87,"end":590.99},{"text":"references","start":590.99,"end":591.59},{"text":"to","start":591.59,"end":591.71},{"text":"human","start":591.71,"end":592.15},{"text":"control","start":592.15,"end":592.63},{"text":"throughout","start":592.63,"end":593.27},{"text":"the","start":593.27,"end":593.35},{"text":"entire","start":593.59,"end":593.99},{"text":"cycle","start":593.99,"end":594.55},{"text":"of","start":594.55,"end":594.71},{"text":"laws","start":594.71,"end":595.27},{"text":"and","start":595.59,"end":595.87},{"text":"the","start":595.87,"end":595.95},{"text":"need","start":595.95,"end":596.19},{"text":"to","start":596.19,"end":596.31},{"text":"conduct","start":596.31,"end":596.79},{"text":"legal","start":596.79,"end":597.07},{"text":"reviews","start":597.07,"end":597.67},{"text":"of","start":597.67,"end":597.75},{"text":"the","start":597.75,"end":597.87},{"text":"systems","start":597.87,"end":598.47},{"text":"in","start":598.47,"end":598.63},{"text":"order","start":598.63,"end":598.87},{"text":"to","start":598.87,"end":598.99},{"text":"ensure","start":598.99,"end":599.35},{"text":"compliance","start":599.35,"end":599.99},{"text":"with","start":599.99,"end":600.35},{"text":"IHL.","start":600.39,"end":601.11}]},{"text":"We support the proposals and comments raised by the ICRC, Norway, Austria, and many others relating to the legal nature of the obligation of states to determine whether the employment of laws would be prohibited by international law as well to conduct legal reviews under article 36.","start":601.83,"end":621.91,"topics":[{"key":"legal-weapons-review","label":"Legal Weapons Review","description":"A recurring topic was the need for legal review of autonomous weapons, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law. Some speakers also called for ethical review and more specific guidance on how such reviews should be carried out for these systems."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":601.83,"end":601.91},{"text":"support","start":601.91,"end":602.31},{"text":"the","start":602.31,"end":602.39},{"text":"proposals","start":602.39,"end":603.27},{"text":"and","start":603.27,"end":603.51},{"text":"comments","start":603.51,"end":603.91},{"text":"raised","start":603.91,"end":604.31},{"text":"by","start":604.31,"end":604.55},{"text":"the","start":604.55,"end":604.75},{"text":"ICRC,","start":604.79,"end":605.75},{"text":"Norway,","start":605.75,"end":606.23},{"text":"Austria,","start":606.23,"end":606.79},{"text":"and","start":607.11,"end":607.27},{"text":"many","start":607.27,"end":607.59},{"text":"others","start":607.59,"end":607.99},{"text":"relating","start":608.39,"end":608.87},{"text":"to","start":608.87,"end":609.03},{"text":"the","start":609.03,"end":609.11},{"text":"legal","start":609.11,"end":609.39},{"text":"nature","start":609.39,"end":609.83},{"text":"of","start":609.83,"end":610.03},{"text":"the","start":610.03,"end":610.11},{"text":"obligation","start":610.11,"end":610.67},{"text":"of","start":610.67,"end":610.79},{"text":"states","start":610.79,"end":611.27},{"text":"to","start":611.27,"end":611.83},{"text":"determine","start":612.31,"end":612.91},{"text":"whether","start":612.91,"end":613.35},{"text":"the","start":613.35,"end":613.47},{"text":"employment","start":613.47,"end":614.07},{"text":"of","start":614.07,"end":614.15},{"text":"laws","start":614.15,"end":614.63},{"text":"would","start":615.11,"end":615.35},{"text":"be","start":615.35,"end":615.59},{"text":"prohibited","start":615.59,"end":616.47},{"text":"by","start":616.47,"end":616.71},{"text":"international","start":616.71,"end":617.63},{"text":"law","start":617.63,"end":617.71},{"text":"as","start":618.23,"end":618.47},{"text":"well","start":618.47,"end":618.71},{"text":"to","start":618.71,"end":618.91},{"text":"conduct","start":618.91,"end":619.35},{"text":"legal","start":619.35,"end":619.63},{"text":"reviews","start":619.63,"end":620.23},{"text":"under","start":620.23,"end":620.55},{"text":"article","start":620.55,"end":621.03},{"text":"36.","start":621.03,"end":621.91}]},{"text":"In this context, the term \"should\" used in the chapeau seems to be inadequate and could be substituted by \"must\".","start":622.47,"end":629.51,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules-prohibitions","label":"Legally Binding Rules and Prohibitions","description":"Several participants called for moving beyond general principles toward a legally binding instrument regulating or prohibiting lethal autonomous weapon systems. 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relating to the possibility of including language concerning cybersecurity against hacking or data spoofing in this 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thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":643.51,"end":644.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":643.51,"end":643.59},{"text":"thank","start":643.59,"end":643.91},{"text":"you,","start":643.91,"end":643.99},{"text":"Mr.","start":644.15,"end":644.47},{"text":"Chair.","start":644.47,"end":644.71}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"PRT","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Portugal"}},{"statement_number":9,"start":649.43,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=10:50","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Portugal for sharing the views of his delegation and for making 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list.","start":656.71,"end":659.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":656.71,"end":656.83},{"text":"have","start":656.83,"end":656.99},{"text":"come","start":656.99,"end":657.19},{"text":"at","start":657.19,"end":657.27},{"text":"the","start":657.27,"end":657.35},{"text":"end","start":657.39,"end":657.71},{"text":"of","start":657.71,"end":657.79},{"text":"the","start":657.79,"end":657.87},{"text":"speakers","start":657.95,"end":658.67},{"text":"list.","start":658.67,"end":659.31}]},{"text":"So this is the moment if you want to react to any of your colleagues.","start":663.47,"end":666.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":663.47,"end":663.71},{"text":"this","start":663.71,"end":663.87},{"text":"is","start":663.87,"end":664.03},{"text":"the","start":664.03,"end":664.15},{"text":"moment","start":664.15,"end":664.51},{"text":"if","start":664.51,"end":664.59},{"text":"you","start":664.59,"end":664.67},{"text":"want","start":664.67,"end":664.87},{"text":"to","start":664.87,"end":664.95},{"text":"react","start":664.95,"end":665.31},{"text":"to","start":665.31,"end":665.39},{"text":"any","start":665.39,"end":665.59},{"text":"of","start":665.59,"end":665.71},{"text":"your","start":665.71,"end":665.87},{"text":"colleagues.","start":665.87,"end":666.59}]},{"text":"If not, then I will make a few remarks wrapping up our discussion on box 4 before we move to box 5.","start":666.59,"end":676.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":666.59,"end":666.91},{"text":"not,","start":666.91,"end":667.47},{"text":"then","start":668.35,"end":668.51},{"text":"I","start":668.59,"end":668.63},{"text":"will","start":668.63,"end":668.91},{"text":"make","start":669.23,"end":669.55},{"text":"a","start":669.63,"end":669.67},{"text":"few","start":669.67,"end":670.11},{"text":"remarks","start":670.11,"end":670.91},{"text":"wrapping","start":670.91,"end":671.31},{"text":"up","start":671.31,"end":671.47},{"text":"our","start":671.47,"end":671.63},{"text":"discussion","start":671.63,"end":672.91},{"text":"on","start":673.03,"end":673.31},{"text":"box","start":673.31,"end":673.67},{"text":"4","start":673.67,"end":674.19},{"text":"before","start":674.51,"end":674.91},{"text":"we","start":674.91,"end":675.15},{"text":"move","start":675.15,"end":675.47},{"text":"to","start":675.47,"end":675.63},{"text":"box","start":675.63,"end":675.95},{"text":"5.","start":675.95,"end":676.51}]},{"text":"My takeaway from the discussion on box 4 is that there's on the one hand very broad support for the proposals, but there are also numerous suggestions for further improvement, and I think we can do some work with 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see Bangladesh, would you like to take the floor?","start":700.95,"end":703.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":700.95,"end":701.11},{"text":"see","start":701.51,"end":701.75},{"text":"Bangladesh,","start":701.75,"end":702.47},{"text":"would","start":702.47,"end":702.59},{"text":"you","start":702.59,"end":702.67},{"text":"like","start":702.67,"end":702.87},{"text":"to","start":702.87,"end":703.27},{"text":"take","start":703.27,"end":703.43},{"text":"the","start":703.43,"end":703.51},{"text":"floor?","start":703.51,"end":703.75}]},{"text":"Yes, of course, go ahead, you have the floor, 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floor.","start":709.39,"end":711.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":709.39,"end":709.71},{"text":"you,","start":709.71,"end":709.79},{"text":"Mr.","start":709.79,"end":710.07},{"text":"Chair,","start":710.07,"end":710.23},{"text":"for","start":710.23,"end":710.43},{"text":"giving","start":710.43,"end":710.63},{"text":"me","start":710.63,"end":710.75},{"text":"the","start":710.75,"end":710.83},{"text":"floor.","start":710.83,"end":711.31}]},{"text":"As outlined in paragraph 6A of box 3, ensuring predictability, reliability, traceability, and explainability is imperative for lethal autonomous weapon systems relying on AI-empowered components in their decision-making process.","start":713.55,"end":731.23,"topics":[{"key":"command-traceability","label":"Human Chain of Command and Traceability","description":"A major discussion concerned whether autonomous weapons should operate within a traceable or verifiable human chain of command and control. Some delegations considered traceability essential for accountability, while others argued the term was unclear, redundant, or technically inappropriate."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":713.55,"end":714.11},{"text":"outlined","start":714.11,"end":714.51},{"text":"in","start":714.51,"end":714.67},{"text":"paragraph","start":714.67,"end":715.07},{"text":"6A","start":715.07,"end":716.03},{"text":"of","start":716.03,"end":716.15},{"text":"box","start":716.15,"end":716.51},{"text":"3,","start":716.51,"end":716.99},{"text":"ensuring","start":717.79,"end":718.43},{"text":"predictability,","start":718.43,"end":719.31},{"text":"reliability,","start":719.31,"end":720.19},{"text":"traceability,","start":720.19,"end":721.15},{"text":"and","start":721.15,"end":721.35},{"text":"explainability","start":721.35,"end":722.43},{"text":"is","start":723.23,"end":723.39},{"text":"imperative","start":723.39,"end":724.03},{"text":"for","start":724.59,"end":725.07},{"text":"lethal","start":725.15,"end":725.47},{"text":"autonomous","start":725.47,"end":726.03},{"text":"weapon","start":726.03,"end":726.35},{"text":"systems","start":726.35,"end":727.07},{"text":"relying","start":727.31,"end":727.79},{"text":"on","start":727.79,"end":728.11},{"text":"AI-empowered","start":728.27,"end":729.07},{"text":"components","start":729.07,"end":729.63},{"text":"in","start":729.63,"end":729.79},{"text":"their","start":729.79,"end":729.95},{"text":"decision-making","start":729.95,"end":730.63},{"text":"process.","start":730.63,"end":731.23}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, we think that bias in general pose a challenge to achieving these goals.","start":732.67,"end":739.71,"topics":[{"key":"ai-bias","label":"AI Bias and Discrimination","description":"Several speakers focused on bias in autonomous weapon systems, including automation bias, dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and discriminatory harms such as racism or sexism. They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":732.67,"end":732.95},{"text":"Chair,","start":732.95,"end":733.55},{"text":"we","start":734.59,"end":734.83},{"text":"think","start":734.83,"end":735.03},{"text":"that","start":735.03,"end":735.39},{"text":"bias","start":735.39,"end":735.87},{"text":"in","start":735.87,"end":736.03},{"text":"general","start":736.03,"end":736.59},{"text":"pose","start":737.15,"end":737.63},{"text":"a","start":737.79,"end":737.83},{"text":"challenge","start":737.83,"end":738.27},{"text":"to","start":738.27,"end":738.59},{"text":"achieving","start":738.59,"end":738.99},{"text":"these","start":738.99,"end":739.19},{"text":"goals.","start":739.19,"end":739.71}]},{"text":"While some biases may appear harmless in certain contexts, they can lead to unintended and disproportionate consequences in different operational environments.","start":741.39,"end":754.19,"topics":[{"key":"ai-bias","label":"AI Bias and Discrimination","description":"Several speakers focused on bias in autonomous weapon systems, including automation bias, dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and discriminatory harms such as racism or sexism. They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":741.39,"end":741.87},{"text":"some","start":741.95,"end":742.27},{"text":"biases","start":742.27,"end":743.07},{"text":"may","start":743.31,"end":743.59},{"text":"appear","start":743.59,"end":744.19},{"text":"harmless","start":744.19,"end":744.67},{"text":"in","start":744.67,"end":744.83},{"text":"certain","start":744.83,"end":745.23},{"text":"contexts,","start":745.23,"end":745.87},{"text":"they","start":746.59,"end":746.91},{"text":"can","start":746.91,"end":747.23},{"text":"lead","start":747.23,"end":747.39},{"text":"to","start":747.39,"end":747.71},{"text":"unintended","start":747.79,"end":748.75},{"text":"and","start":749.47,"end":749.87},{"text":"disproportionate","start":749.95,"end":750.99},{"text":"consequences","start":751.07,"end":752.11},{"text":"in","start":752.11,"end":752.35},{"text":"different","start":752.35,"end":752.83},{"text":"operational","start":752.83,"end":753.39},{"text":"environments.","start":753.39,"end":754.19}]},{"text":"This may lead to compromising compliance with IHL.","start":756.11,"end":759.87,"topics":[{"key":"ai-bias","label":"AI Bias and Discrimination","description":"Several speakers focused on bias in autonomous weapon systems, including automation bias, dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and discriminatory harms such as racism or sexism. They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":756.11,"end":756.43},{"text":"may","start":756.43,"end":756.63},{"text":"lead","start":756.63,"end":756.83},{"text":"to","start":756.83,"end":757.31},{"text":"compromising","start":757.31,"end":758.11},{"text":"compliance","start":758.11,"end":758.67},{"text":"with","start":758.67,"end":758.95},{"text":"IHL.","start":759.23,"end":759.87}]},{"text":"Therefore, Bangladesh firmly believes that all forms of bias, whether perceived as harmful by some or not so much by others, should be at least identified and assessed as much as possible at the earliest stage.","start":761.43,"end":778.79,"topics":[{"key":"ai-bias","label":"AI Bias and Discrimination","description":"Several speakers focused on bias in autonomous weapon systems, including automation bias, dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and discriminatory harms such as racism or sexism. They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":761.43,"end":762.15},{"text":"Bangladesh","start":762.31,"end":762.79},{"text":"firmly","start":762.79,"end":763.27},{"text":"believes","start":763.27,"end":763.71},{"text":"that","start":763.71,"end":764.15},{"text":"all","start":764.55,"end":764.79},{"text":"forms","start":764.79,"end":765.11},{"text":"of","start":765.11,"end":765.19},{"text":"bias,","start":765.19,"end":765.91},{"text":"whether","start":767.07,"end":767.43},{"text":"perceived","start":767.43,"end":767.99},{"text":"as","start":767.99,"end":768.31},{"text":"harmful","start":768.31,"end":768.79},{"text":"by","start":768.79,"end":769.11},{"text":"some","start":769.11,"end":769.59},{"text":"or","start":770.31,"end":770.87},{"text":"not","start":770.87,"end":771.11},{"text":"so","start":771.11,"end":771.43},{"text":"much","start":771.43,"end":771.75},{"text":"by","start":771.75,"end":771.99},{"text":"others,","start":771.99,"end":772.47},{"text":"should","start":773.19,"end":773.51},{"text":"be","start":773.51,"end":773.63},{"text":"at","start":773.63,"end":773.75},{"text":"least","start":773.75,"end":773.99},{"text":"identified","start":773.99,"end":774.71},{"text":"and","start":774.71,"end":774.87},{"text":"assessed","start":774.87,"end":775.43},{"text":"as","start":775.59,"end":775.91},{"text":"much","start":775.91,"end":776.31},{"text":"as","start":776.39,"end":776.63},{"text":"possible","start":776.63,"end":777.27},{"text":"at","start":777.67,"end":777.83},{"text":"the","start":777.83,"end":777.91},{"text":"earliest","start":777.91,"end":778.43},{"text":"stage.","start":778.43,"end":778.79}]},{"text":"In this regard, Bangladesh has the following proposals concerning Box 4.","start":781.11,"end":785.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":781.11,"end":781.27},{"text":"this","start":781.27,"end":781.43},{"text":"regard,","start":781.43,"end":781.91},{"text":"Bangladesh","start":781.99,"end":782.39},{"text":"has","start":782.39,"end":782.55},{"text":"the","start":782.55,"end":782.71},{"text":"following","start":782.71,"end":783.11},{"text":"proposals","start":783.11,"end":783.83},{"text":"concerning","start":783.83,"end":784.39},{"text":"Box","start":784.39,"end":784.63},{"text":"4.","start":784.63,"end":785.03}]},{"text":"In paragraph 6, we propose replacing harmful bias with all forms of unintended bias.","start":786.79,"end":795.63,"topics":[{"key":"ai-bias","label":"AI Bias and Discrimination","description":"Several speakers focused on bias in autonomous weapon systems, including automation bias, dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and discriminatory harms such as racism or sexism. They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":786.79,"end":787.03},{"text":"paragraph","start":787.03,"end":787.51},{"text":"6,","start":787.51,"end":788.15},{"text":"we","start":789.07,"end":789.23},{"text":"propose","start":789.23,"end":789.79},{"text":"replacing","start":789.79,"end":790.43},{"text":"harmful","start":790.43,"end":790.91},{"text":"bias","start":790.91,"end":791.55},{"text":"with","start":792.35,"end":792.67},{"text":"all","start":793.15,"end":793.39},{"text":"forms","start":793.39,"end":793.79},{"text":"of","start":793.79,"end":794.11},{"text":"unintended","start":794.35,"end":794.99},{"text":"bias.","start":794.99,"end":795.63}]},{"text":"Given that bias in AI systems may not always be recognizable as harmful immediately, a broader definition strengthens preventive safeguards.","start":797.19,"end":808.59,"topics":[{"key":"ai-bias","label":"AI Bias and Discrimination","description":"Several speakers focused on bias in autonomous weapon systems, including automation bias, dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and discriminatory harms such as racism or sexism. They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."}],"words":[{"text":"Given","start":797.19,"end":797.47},{"text":"that","start":797.47,"end":797.79},{"text":"bias","start":797.95,"end":798.51},{"text":"in","start":798.59,"end":798.91},{"text":"AI","start":798.99,"end":799.15},{"text":"systems","start":799.15,"end":799.71},{"text":"may","start":799.71,"end":799.87},{"text":"not","start":799.87,"end":800.07},{"text":"always","start":800.07,"end":800.43},{"text":"be","start":800.43,"end":800.71},{"text":"recognizable","start":800.71,"end":801.63},{"text":"as","start":801.95,"end":802.19},{"text":"harmful","start":802.19,"end":802.83},{"text":"immediately,","start":802.83,"end":803.71},{"text":"a","start":805.07,"end":805.11},{"text":"broader","start":805.11,"end":805.55},{"text":"definition","start":805.55,"end":806.43},{"text":"strengthens","start":806.75,"end":807.39},{"text":"preventive","start":807.39,"end":807.87},{"text":"safeguards.","start":807.87,"end":808.59}]},{"text":"Similarly, in paragraph 7, we propose replacing harmful bias with all forms of unintended bias.","start":809.63,"end":818.75,"topics":[{"key":"ai-bias","label":"AI Bias and Discrimination","description":"Several speakers focused on bias in autonomous weapon systems, including automation bias, dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and discriminatory harms such as racism or sexism. They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."}],"words":[{"text":"Similarly,","start":809.63,"end":810.43},{"text":"in","start":811.39,"end":811.71},{"text":"paragraph","start":811.71,"end":812.19},{"text":"7,","start":812.19,"end":812.67},{"text":"we","start":813.47,"end":813.67},{"text":"propose","start":813.67,"end":814.27},{"text":"replacing","start":814.27,"end":815.07},{"text":"harmful","start":815.15,"end":815.63},{"text":"bias","start":815.63,"end":816.19},{"text":"with","start":816.27,"end":816.51},{"text":"all","start":816.59,"end":816.91},{"text":"forms","start":816.91,"end":817.39},{"text":"of","start":817.39,"end":817.55},{"text":"unintended","start":817.55,"end":818.19},{"text":"bias.","start":818.19,"end":818.75}]},{"text":"This will again ensure addressing all potential sources of distortion, irrespective of their perceived severity and consequences.","start":820.59,"end":828.83,"topics":[{"key":"ai-bias","label":"AI Bias and Discrimination","description":"Several speakers focused on bias in autonomous weapon systems, including automation bias, dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and discriminatory harms such as racism or sexism. They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":820.59,"end":820.83},{"text":"will","start":820.83,"end":820.99},{"text":"again","start":820.99,"end":821.39},{"text":"ensure","start":821.39,"end":821.83},{"text":"addressing","start":821.83,"end":822.51},{"text":"all","start":822.51,"end":822.75},{"text":"potential","start":822.75,"end":823.23},{"text":"sources","start":823.23,"end":823.79},{"text":"of","start":823.79,"end":824.11},{"text":"distortion,","start":824.11,"end":824.91},{"text":"irrespective","start":825.63,"end":826.31},{"text":"of","start":826.31,"end":826.43},{"text":"their","start":826.43,"end":826.59},{"text":"perceived","start":826.59,"end":827.07},{"text":"severity","start":827.07,"end":827.67},{"text":"and","start":827.67,"end":827.83},{"text":"consequences.","start":827.83,"end":828.83}]},{"text":"Secondly, we propose positioning paragraph six to focus on the biases deriving from the data used to train the algorithms, and positioning paragraph seven to focus on the algorithmic systemic and systematic bias, including but not limited to automation bias.","start":831.07,"end":853.99,"topics":[{"key":"ai-bias","label":"AI Bias and Discrimination","description":"Several speakers focused on bias in autonomous weapon systems, including automation bias, dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and discriminatory harms such as racism or sexism. They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."}],"words":[{"text":"Secondly,","start":831.07,"end":832.03},{"text":"we","start":832.23,"end":832.35},{"text":"propose","start":832.35,"end":833.15},{"text":"positioning","start":833.71,"end":834.35},{"text":"paragraph","start":834.35,"end":834.83},{"text":"six","start":834.83,"end":835.55},{"text":"to","start":836.11,"end":836.27},{"text":"focus","start":836.27,"end":836.99},{"text":"on","start":836.99,"end":837.23},{"text":"the","start":837.23,"end":837.39},{"text":"biases","start":837.39,"end":838.03},{"text":"deriving","start":838.03,"end":838.59},{"text":"from","start":838.59,"end":838.91},{"text":"the","start":838.91,"end":839.07},{"text":"data","start":839.07,"end":839.63},{"text":"used","start":840.11,"end":840.39},{"text":"to","start":840.39,"end":840.47},{"text":"train","start":840.47,"end":840.83},{"text":"the","start":840.83,"end":840.95},{"text":"algorithms,","start":840.95,"end":841.71},{"text":"and","start":843.71,"end":844.27},{"text":"positioning","start":844.75,"end":845.39},{"text":"paragraph","start":845.39,"end":845.83},{"text":"seven","start":845.83,"end":846.51},{"text":"to","start":846.51,"end":846.63},{"text":"focus","start":846.63,"end":847.23},{"text":"on","start":847.23,"end":847.43},{"text":"the","start":847.43,"end":847.51},{"text":"algorithmic","start":847.51,"end":848.35},{"text":"systemic","start":849.11,"end":849.75},{"text":"and","start":849.83,"end":849.99},{"text":"systematic","start":849.99,"end":850.63},{"text":"bias,","start":850.63,"end":851.27},{"text":"including","start":851.43,"end":851.87},{"text":"but","start":851.87,"end":852.07},{"text":"not","start":852.07,"end":852.35},{"text":"limited","start":852.35,"end":852.71},{"text":"to","start":852.71,"end":852.91},{"text":"automation","start":852.91,"end":853.47},{"text":"bias.","start":853.47,"end":853.99}]},{"text":"Finally, regarding paragraph 7, Bangladesh further proposes the following phrasing, quote, \"Implement measures to address all forms of unintended bias across the entire autonomous decision-making pipeline of laws, including but not limited to learning algorithms, software design, and computing hardware, ensuring compliance with IHL.\"","start":856.23,"end":887.03,"topics":[{"key":"ai-bias","label":"AI Bias and Discrimination","description":"Several speakers focused on bias in autonomous weapon systems, including automation bias, dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and discriminatory harms such as racism or sexism. They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."},{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":856.23,"end":856.87},{"text":"regarding","start":856.87,"end":857.43},{"text":"paragraph","start":857.43,"end":857.83},{"text":"7,","start":857.83,"end":858.39},{"text":"Bangladesh","start":859.59,"end":860.07},{"text":"further","start":860.07,"end":860.39},{"text":"proposes","start":860.39,"end":860.99},{"text":"the","start":860.99,"end":861.11},{"text":"following","start":861.11,"end":861.59},{"text":"phrasing,","start":861.59,"end":862.15},{"text":"quote,","start":863.19,"end":863.67},{"text":"\"Implement","start":864.95,"end":865.67},{"text":"measures","start":865.67,"end":866.31},{"text":"to","start":866.31,"end":866.59},{"text":"address","start":866.59,"end":867.19},{"text":"all","start":867.19,"end":867.43},{"text":"forms","start":867.43,"end":867.87},{"text":"of","start":867.87,"end":867.95},{"text":"unintended","start":867.95,"end":868.71},{"text":"bias","start":868.71,"end":869.35},{"text":"across","start":869.83,"end":870.23},{"text":"the","start":870.23,"end":870.39},{"text":"entire","start":870.55,"end":871.35},{"text":"autonomous","start":871.43,"end":872.19},{"text":"decision-making","start":872.23,"end":873.43},{"text":"pipeline","start":873.43,"end":874.07},{"text":"of","start":874.07,"end":874.31},{"text":"laws,","start":874.31,"end":874.95},{"text":"including","start":876.71,"end":877.23},{"text":"but","start":877.23,"end":877.47},{"text":"not","start":877.47,"end":877.67},{"text":"limited","start":877.67,"end":878.07},{"text":"to","start":878.07,"end":878.39},{"text":"learning","start":879.19,"end":879.67},{"text":"algorithms,","start":879.67,"end":880.47},{"text":"software","start":881.03,"end":881.59},{"text":"design,","start":881.59,"end":882.23},{"text":"and","start":882.71,"end":882.95},{"text":"computing","start":882.95,"end":883.51},{"text":"hardware,","start":883.51,"end":884.15},{"text":"ensuring","start":885.03,"end":885.51},{"text":"compliance","start":885.51,"end":886.15},{"text":"with","start":886.15,"end":886.39},{"text":"IHL.\"","start":886.39,"end":887.03}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, as a machine cannot be held accountable, we urge the inclusion of stronger safeguards to address all forms of systemic or systematic unintended bias throughout the whole laws lifecycle.","start":887.43,"end":905.19,"topics":[{"key":"ai-bias","label":"AI Bias and Discrimination","description":"Several speakers focused on bias in autonomous weapon systems, including automation bias, dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and discriminatory harms such as racism or sexism. They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."},{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":887.43,"end":887.99},{"text":"Chair,","start":889.03,"end":889.51},{"text":"as","start":890.23,"end":890.43},{"text":"a","start":890.43,"end":890.47},{"text":"machine","start":890.47,"end":890.87},{"text":"cannot","start":890.87,"end":891.19},{"text":"be","start":891.19,"end":891.43},{"text":"held","start":891.43,"end":891.83},{"text":"accountable,","start":891.83,"end":892.71},{"text":"we","start":893.19,"end":893.51},{"text":"urge","start":893.51,"end":893.83},{"text":"the","start":893.83,"end":893.95},{"text":"inclusion","start":893.95,"end":894.55},{"text":"of","start":894.55,"end":894.71},{"text":"stronger","start":894.71,"end":895.31},{"text":"safeguards","start":895.31,"end":896.07},{"text":"to","start":896.31,"end":896.47},{"text":"address","start":896.47,"end":897.03},{"text":"all","start":897.59,"end":897.83},{"text":"forms","start":897.83,"end":898.27},{"text":"of","start":898.27,"end":898.39},{"text":"systemic","start":898.39,"end":899.19},{"text":"or","start":899.19,"end":899.35},{"text":"systematic","start":899.35,"end":900.15},{"text":"unintended","start":900.15,"end":900.79},{"text":"bias","start":900.79,"end":901.35},{"text":"throughout","start":902.79,"end":903.19},{"text":"the","start":903.19,"end":903.43},{"text":"whole","start":903.43,"end":903.91},{"text":"laws","start":904.15,"end":904.47},{"text":"lifecycle.","start":904.47,"end":905.19}]},{"text":"Bangladesh emphasizes that addressing bias at every stage of research, design, development, and deployment of laws is critical for upholding IHL.","start":906.27,"end":918.91,"topics":[{"key":"ai-bias","label":"AI Bias and Discrimination","description":"Several speakers focused on bias in autonomous weapon systems, including automation bias, dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and discriminatory harms such as racism or sexism. They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."},{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. 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will share our proposals with you in writing.","start":919.95,"end":922.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":919.95,"end":920.23},{"text":"will","start":920.23,"end":920.43},{"text":"share","start":920.43,"end":920.83},{"text":"our","start":920.83,"end":920.91},{"text":"proposals","start":920.91,"end":921.39},{"text":"with","start":921.39,"end":921.59},{"text":"you","start":921.59,"end":921.67},{"text":"in","start":921.67,"end":921.79},{"text":"writing.","start":921.79,"end":922.35}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":922.59,"end":923.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":922.59,"end":922.75},{"text":"you,","start":922.75,"end":922.83},{"text":"Mr.","start":922.83,"end":923.11},{"text":"Chair.","start":923.11,"end":923.39}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"BGD","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Bangladesh"}},{"statement_number":11,"start":925.99,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=15:26","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the 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is highly appreciated if you could share your proposals in writing so we can take them into due 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then we wrap up with regard to box number four.","start":957.11,"end":961.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Okay,","start":957.11,"end":957.35},{"text":"then","start":957.35,"end":957.55},{"text":"we","start":957.55,"end":957.91},{"text":"wrap","start":958.39,"end":958.71},{"text":"up","start":958.71,"end":959.03},{"text":"with","start":959.19,"end":959.47},{"text":"regard","start":959.51,"end":959.95},{"text":"to","start":959.95,"end":960.15},{"text":"box","start":960.39,"end":960.71},{"text":"number","start":960.71,"end":961.07},{"text":"four.","start":961.07,"end":961.59}]},{"text":"As I was already stating, my impression is that in general there's broad support for the text in box four, but also numerous proposals for further improving the text, and we will look into 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we will have to fix that, I think.","start":1024.55,"end":1028.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":1024.55,"end":1025.19},{"text":"we","start":1025.43,"end":1025.59},{"text":"will","start":1026.15,"end":1026.47},{"text":"have","start":1026.47,"end":1026.71},{"text":"to","start":1026.71,"end":1027.59},{"text":"fix","start":1027.59,"end":1028.07},{"text":"that,","start":1028.07,"end":1028.39},{"text":"I","start":1028.39,"end":1028.47},{"text":"think.","start":1028.47,"end":1028.95}]},{"text":"But that doesn't seem to be that difficult.","start":1029.91,"end":1032.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":1029.91,"end":1030.11},{"text":"that","start":1030.11,"end":1030.63},{"text":"doesn't","start":1030.63,"end":1031.03},{"text":"seem","start":1031.03,"end":1031.27},{"text":"to","start":1031.35,"end":1031.51},{"text":"be","start":1031.51,"end":1031.75},{"text":"that","start":1031.75,"end":1032.23},{"text":"difficult.","start":1032.23,"end":1032.95}]},{"text":"And there was, of course, also There were two proposals for inserting new text with regard to developing the positive effects of artificial intelligence, that they should not be unduly 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there was a proposal from Belgium, supported by a number of delegations, with regard to diversion.","start":1058.95,"end":1064.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1058.95,"end":1059.11},{"text":"there","start":1059.11,"end":1059.23},{"text":"was","start":1059.23,"end":1059.43},{"text":"a","start":1059.43,"end":1059.47},{"text":"proposal","start":1059.47,"end":1060.31},{"text":"from","start":1060.47,"end":1061.03},{"text":"Belgium,","start":1061.11,"end":1061.75},{"text":"supported","start":1061.91,"end":1062.39},{"text":"by","start":1062.39,"end":1062.51},{"text":"a","start":1062.51,"end":1062.55},{"text":"number","start":1062.55,"end":1062.83},{"text":"of","start":1062.83,"end":1062.91},{"text":"delegations,","start":1062.91,"end":1063.55},{"text":"with","start":1063.55,"end":1063.67},{"text":"regard","start":1063.67,"end":1063.99},{"text":"to","start":1063.99,"end":1064.15},{"text":"diversion.","start":1064.15,"end":1064.87}]},{"text":"I think this more or less sums up our discussion, apart, of course, from a good old friend that has been discussed very intensively already in the past, that is the topic of bias, harmful or unintended, and indeed at least two, but there was also one delegation splitting it up in three different types of bias being So we will look into the possibilities to reflect that in the text as far as it contributes to narrowing down still existing divergences.","start":1066.39,"end":1108.67,"topics":[{"key":"ai-bias","label":"AI Bias and Discrimination","description":"Several speakers focused on bias in autonomous weapon systems, including automation bias, dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and discriminatory harms such as racism or sexism. 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Some delegations considered traceability essential for accountability, while others argued the term was unclear, redundant, or technically inappropriate."}],"words":[{"text":"One","start":1156.55,"end":1156.79},{"text":"is","start":1156.79,"end":1157.03},{"text":"traceability.","start":1158.07,"end":1159.03}]},{"text":"Some delegations have asked for clarification on traceability.","start":1159.19,"end":1162.15,"topics":[{"key":"command-traceability","label":"Human Chain of Command and Traceability","description":"A major discussion concerned whether autonomous weapons should operate within a traceable or verifiable human chain of command and control. 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I recognize the distinguished representative of Pakistan.","start":1322.79,"end":1325.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Yes,","start":1322.79,"end":1323.27},{"text":"I","start":1323.27,"end":1323.43},{"text":"recognize","start":1323.43,"end":1323.83},{"text":"the","start":1323.83,"end":1323.91},{"text":"distinguished","start":1323.91,"end":1324.51},{"text":"representative","start":1324.51,"end":1325.11},{"text":"of","start":1325.11,"end":1325.19},{"text":"Pakistan.","start":1325.19,"end":1325.99}]},{"text":"Thank you for opening the discussion.","start":1325.99,"end":1328.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1325.99,"end":1326.31},{"text":"you","start":1326.31,"end":1326.55},{"text":"for","start":1326.55,"end":1326.79},{"text":"opening","start":1326.79,"end":1327.27},{"text":"the","start":1327.27,"end":1327.39},{"text":"discussion.","start":1327.39,"end":1328.31}]},{"text":"You have the 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when we see the contents of this box, we recognize that the responsibility and accountability should remain with humans.","start":1346.19,"end":1358.55,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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starting on the specific edits, I did want to lay out the sort of three main purposes of this section as we see it, because I think you'll see that our edits then track the three 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the first purpose for us is to reaffirm the applicability of established legal principles of responsibility in relation to the use of laws in armed conflict.","start":1553.55,"end":1564.39,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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we think it's important to frame it in this way.","start":1686.63,"end":1689.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":1686.63,"end":1686.71},{"text":"we","start":1686.87,"end":1686.95},{"text":"think","start":1687.11,"end":1687.27},{"text":"it's","start":1687.27,"end":1687.59},{"text":"important","start":1687.59,"end":1687.99},{"text":"to","start":1687.99,"end":1688.07},{"text":"frame","start":1688.07,"end":1688.31},{"text":"it","start":1688.31,"end":1688.43},{"text":"in","start":1688.43,"end":1688.55},{"text":"this","start":1688.55,"end":1688.79},{"text":"way.","start":1688.79,"end":1689.11}]},{"text":"We also added specific reference to IHL, not just international law in 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one final point on paragraph one.","start":1714.23,"end":1719.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1714.23,"end":1714.71},{"text":"one","start":1717.35,"end":1717.51},{"text":"final","start":1717.51,"end":1717.87},{"text":"point","start":1717.87,"end":1718.07},{"text":"on","start":1718.07,"end":1718.15},{"text":"paragraph","start":1718.15,"end":1718.63},{"text":"one.","start":1718.63,"end":1719.11}]},{"text":"We wanted to add there before decisions to make clear that the decisions that we're talking about are a state's own decisions and that states are not responsible for the decisions of other states or other parties.","start":1719.51,"end":1731.75,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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moving on to paragraph two, we do recognize, Chair, that this provision is partially drawn from Guiding Principle B. but we find the language too vague to be useful as an element of an instrument for states to adopt and 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we would recommend deleting it in this box five, although we could explore considering whether there's another section of the instrument where this concept is more appropriate, such as a purpose or preambular 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moving on to paragraph three.","start":1767.47,"end":1769.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now","start":1767.47,"end":1767.59},{"text":"moving","start":1767.59,"end":1767.87},{"text":"on","start":1767.87,"end":1768.03},{"text":"to","start":1768.03,"end":1768.11},{"text":"paragraph","start":1768.11,"end":1768.59},{"text":"three.","start":1768.59,"end":1769.31}]},{"text":"Again, we acknowledge that the language in paragraph three is similar to the language in guiding principle D. But again, we don't quite think the framing of a guiding principle works in elements of an instrument for states to adopt, particularly when the phrase \"states must ensure\" was added at the beginning of that otherwise agreed 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also see paragraphs three through six as really kind of overlapping and related to each other.","start":1793.55,"end":1800.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1793.55,"end":1793.79},{"text":"also","start":1793.79,"end":1794.11},{"text":"see","start":1794.27,"end":1794.67},{"text":"paragraphs","start":1794.67,"end":1795.23},{"text":"three","start":1795.23,"end":1795.55},{"text":"through","start":1795.55,"end":1795.75},{"text":"six","start":1795.75,"end":1796.27},{"text":"as","start":1796.51,"end":1796.75},{"text":"really","start":1796.75,"end":1797.23},{"text":"kind","start":1797.47,"end":1797.91},{"text":"of","start":1798.07,"end":1798.15},{"text":"overlapping","start":1798.75,"end":1799.55},{"text":"and","start":1799.55,"end":1799.67},{"text":"related","start":1799.67,"end":1800.19},{"text":"to","start":1800.19,"end":1800.31},{"text":"each","start":1800.31,"end":1800.59},{"text":"other.","start":1800.59,"end":1800.99}]},{"text":"And so our proposal would be to combine them into actually one paragraph.","start":1801.59,"end":1806.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1801.59,"end":1801.75},{"text":"so","start":1801.75,"end":1801.95},{"text":"our","start":1801.95,"end":1802.11},{"text":"proposal","start":1802.11,"end":1802.67},{"text":"would","start":1802.67,"end":1802.91},{"text":"be","start":1802.91,"end":1803.39},{"text":"to","start":1803.95,"end":1804.11},{"text":"combine","start":1804.11,"end":1804.59},{"text":"them","start":1804.59,"end":1804.75},{"text":"into","start":1804.75,"end":1804.95},{"text":"actually","start":1804.95,"end":1805.31},{"text":"one","start":1805.31,"end":1805.47},{"text":"paragraph.","start":1805.47,"end":1806.19}]},{"text":"And that helps ensure that each point is framed correctly to distinguish between rules and principles on the one hand, and then measures to implement or strengthen accountability on the other hand.","start":1806.75,"end":1818.03,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and 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again, we think this generally takes the concepts that you had in paragraphs three through six, but combines them in a clearer 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a few notes on some of the reasons that we made particular edits.","start":1902.51,"end":1906.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Just","start":1902.51,"end":1902.95},{"text":"a","start":1902.95,"end":1902.99},{"text":"few","start":1902.99,"end":1903.23},{"text":"notes","start":1903.23,"end":1903.59},{"text":"on","start":1903.59,"end":1903.87},{"text":"some","start":1903.87,"end":1904.11},{"text":"of","start":1904.11,"end":1904.19},{"text":"the","start":1904.19,"end":1904.35},{"text":"reasons","start":1904.35,"end":1904.75},{"text":"that","start":1904.75,"end":1904.91},{"text":"we","start":1904.91,"end":1904.99},{"text":"made","start":1904.99,"end":1905.31},{"text":"particular","start":1905.31,"end":1905.79},{"text":"edits.","start":1905.79,"end":1906.35}]},{"text":"The chair's text had a reference to operating systems within a traceable and responsible chain of human command and control.","start":1907.87,"end":1916.55,"topics":[{"key":"command-traceability","label":"Human Chain of 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Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":1948.79,"end":1948.99},{"text":"we","start":1948.99,"end":1949.11},{"text":"would","start":1949.11,"end":1949.27},{"text":"focus","start":1949.27,"end":1949.75},{"text":"on","start":1950.11,"end":1950.19},{"text":"use.","start":1950.23,"end":1950.63}]},{"text":"Finally, we didn't agree with the reference to national law in paragraph three, as compliance with national law is not a requirement of international law.","start":1952.15,"end":1962.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":1952.15,"end":1952.47},{"text":"we","start":1952.47,"end":1952.59},{"text":"didn't","start":1952.59,"end":1952.91},{"text":"agree","start":1952.91,"end":1953.11},{"text":"with","start":1953.11,"end":1953.31},{"text":"the","start":1953.31,"end":1953.39},{"text":"reference","start":1953.59,"end":1954.15},{"text":"to","start":1954.15,"end":1954.63},{"text":"national","start":1956.07,"end":1956.79},{"text":"law","start":1956.79,"end":1957.03},{"text":"in","start":1957.11,"end":1957.35},{"text":"paragraph","start":1957.35,"end":1957.99},{"text":"three,","start":1958.15,"end":1958.71},{"text":"as","start":1959.35,"end":1959.47},{"text":"compliance","start":1959.47,"end":1959.91},{"text":"with","start":1959.91,"end":1960.03},{"text":"national","start":1960.03,"end":1960.51},{"text":"law","start":1960.51,"end":1960.63},{"text":"is","start":1960.63,"end":1960.87},{"text":"not","start":1960.87,"end":1961.07},{"text":"a","start":1961.07,"end":1961.11},{"text":"requirement","start":1961.11,"end":1961.79},{"text":"of","start":1961.79,"end":1961.91},{"text":"international","start":1961.99,"end":1962.71},{"text":"law.","start":1962.71,"end":1962.79}]},{"text":"So as I read, our proposal then lists three steps that states can actually take and operationalize in their system to ensure accountability, drawing on the language in the chair's draft.","start":1964.83,"end":1976.51,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. 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on my list is Ukraine, to be followed by the Russian Federation.","start":2120.11,"end":2123.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":2120.11,"end":2120.43},{"text":"on","start":2120.43,"end":2120.51},{"text":"my","start":2120.51,"end":2120.67},{"text":"list","start":2120.67,"end":2121.07},{"text":"is","start":2121.15,"end":2121.47},{"text":"Ukraine,","start":2121.55,"end":2122.11},{"text":"to","start":2122.11,"end":2122.23},{"text":"be","start":2122.23,"end":2122.35},{"text":"followed","start":2122.35,"end":2122.59},{"text":"by","start":2122.59,"end":2122.67},{"text":"the","start":2122.67,"end":2122.75},{"text":"Russian","start":2122.75,"end":2123.15},{"text":"Federation.","start":2123.15,"end":2123.79}]},{"text":"Let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of 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This included emphasis on human understanding of how systems function, human judgment in context, and the inability to transfer responsibility to machines."}],"words":[{"text":"Decision-making,","start":2158.79,"end":2159.59},{"text":"it's","start":2159.59,"end":2159.91},{"text":"very","start":2159.91,"end":2160.15},{"text":"important,","start":2160.15,"end":2160.79},{"text":"in","start":2160.79,"end":2160.91},{"text":"my","start":2160.91,"end":2161.07},{"text":"opinion.","start":2161.07,"end":2161.51}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":2161.51,"end":2161.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2161.51,"end":2161.75},{"text":"you.","start":2161.75,"end":2161.91}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"UKR","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Ukraine"}},{"statement_number":17,"start":2164.55,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=36:05","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Ukraine for sharing the positions of his delegation.","start":2164.55,"end":2169.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":2164.55,"end":2164.67},{"text":"me","start":2164.67,"end":2164.95},{"text":"thank","start":2164.95,"end":2165.27},{"text":"the","start":2165.27,"end":2165.35},{"text":"distinguished","start":2165.35,"end":2165.87},{"text":"representative","start":2165.87,"end":2166.51},{"text":"of","start":2166.51,"end":2166.71},{"text":"Ukraine","start":2166.71,"end":2167.19},{"text":"for","start":2167.19,"end":2167.35},{"text":"sharing","start":2167.35,"end":2167.63},{"text":"the","start":2167.63,"end":2167.71},{"text":"positions","start":2167.71,"end":2168.23},{"text":"of","start":2168.27,"end":2168.35},{"text":"his","start":2168.35,"end":2168.55},{"text":"delegation.","start":2168.55,"end":2169.35}]},{"text":"Next on my list is the Russian Federation, to be followed by Ireland.","start":2169.67,"end":2173.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":2169.67,"end":2169.99},{"text":"on","start":2169.99,"end":2170.07},{"text":"my","start":2170.07,"end":2170.23},{"text":"list","start":2170.31,"end":2170.55},{"text":"is","start":2170.55,"end":2170.67},{"text":"the","start":2170.67,"end":2170.75},{"text":"Russian","start":2170.75,"end":2171.11},{"text":"Federation,","start":2171.11,"end":2171.91},{"text":"to","start":2171.91,"end":2171.99},{"text":"be","start":2171.99,"end":2172.15},{"text":"followed","start":2172.15,"end":2172.51},{"text":"by","start":2172.51,"end":2172.91},{"text":"Ireland.","start":2172.91,"end":2173.27}]},{"text":"But first, the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation.","start":2173.27,"end":2176.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":2173.27,"end":2173.59},{"text":"first,","start":2173.59,"end":2173.87},{"text":"the","start":2173.87,"end":2173.95},{"text":"distinguished","start":2173.95,"end":2174.51},{"text":"representative","start":2174.51,"end":2175.11},{"text":"of","start":2175.11,"end":2175.19},{"text":"the","start":2175.23,"end":2175.31},{"text":"Russian","start":2175.31,"end":2175.59},{"text":"Federation.","start":2175.59,"end":2176.15}]},{"text":"You have.","start":2176.15,"end":2176.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":2176.15,"end":2176.27},{"text":"have.","start":2176.27,"end":2176.47}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":18,"start":2178.79,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=36:19","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"To... 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There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":2466.91,"end":2467.07},{"text":"paragraph","start":2467.07,"end":2467.43},{"text":"6,","start":2467.43,"end":2467.71},{"text":"we","start":2469.55,"end":2469.79},{"text":"would","start":2469.79,"end":2470.11},{"text":"prefer","start":2470.35,"end":2470.95},{"text":"to","start":2470.95,"end":2471.23},{"text":"change","start":2472.03,"end":2472.59},{"text":"\"legislative\"","start":2472.59,"end":2473.55},{"text":"to","start":2473.55,"end":2473.71},{"text":"\"legal\".","start":2473.71,"end":2474.43}]},{"text":"Because when it comes to, if we talk of legislative or legislative measures, for us, again, that falls within, that's more an internal procedure.","start":2478.83,"end":2491.15,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Because","start":2478.83,"end":2479.67},{"text":"when","start":2479.67,"end":2479.91},{"text":"it","start":2479.91,"end":2479.99},{"text":"comes","start":2479.99,"end":2480.59},{"text":"to,","start":2480.59,"end":2481.15},{"text":"if","start":2481.63,"end":2481.75},{"text":"we","start":2481.75,"end":2481.83},{"text":"talk","start":2481.83,"end":2482.11},{"text":"of","start":2482.11,"end":2482.27},{"text":"legislative","start":2482.35,"end":2483.39},{"text":"or","start":2483.39,"end":2483.47},{"text":"legislative","start":2483.47,"end":2484.03},{"text":"measures,","start":2484.03,"end":2485.23},{"text":"for","start":2486.35,"end":2487.03},{"text":"us,","start":2487.03,"end":2487.47},{"text":"again,","start":2487.47,"end":2488.15},{"text":"that","start":2488.15,"end":2488.43},{"text":"falls","start":2488.43,"end":2488.83},{"text":"within,","start":2488.83,"end":2489.35},{"text":"that's","start":2489.35,"end":2489.63},{"text":"more","start":2489.63,"end":2489.75},{"text":"an","start":2489.75,"end":2489.87},{"text":"internal","start":2489.87,"end":2490.35},{"text":"procedure.","start":2490.35,"end":2491.15}]},{"text":"These are more an internal affair for each state party.","start":2491.71,"end":2494.75,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. 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There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2496.19,"end":2496.43},{"text":"we","start":2496.43,"end":2496.59},{"text":"think","start":2496.59,"end":2497.07},{"text":"legal,","start":2497.07,"end":2498.27},{"text":"however,","start":2498.43,"end":2499.07},{"text":"that","start":2499.47,"end":2499.71},{"text":"fully","start":2499.95,"end":2500.59},{"text":"captures","start":2500.59,"end":2501.55},{"text":"the","start":2501.55,"end":2502.11},{"text":"sense","start":2502.35,"end":2503.31},{"text":"that","start":2503.47,"end":2503.71},{"text":"that","start":2503.71,"end":2503.95},{"text":"wording","start":2503.95,"end":2504.43},{"text":"is","start":2504.43,"end":2504.51},{"text":"trying","start":2504.51,"end":2504.75},{"text":"to","start":2504.75,"end":2504.83},{"text":"convey.","start":2504.83,"end":2505.47}]},{"text":"and is more than able to convey the same idea that you've included here in paragraph 6, Mr. Chairman.","start":2506.63,"end":2515.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"and","start":2506.63,"end":2506.75},{"text":"is","start":2506.75,"end":2506.87},{"text":"more","start":2506.87,"end":2507.27},{"text":"than","start":2507.27,"end":2507.51},{"text":"able","start":2507.51,"end":2507.99},{"text":"to","start":2507.99,"end":2508.15},{"text":"convey","start":2508.15,"end":2508.71},{"text":"the","start":2508.71,"end":2508.91},{"text":"same","start":2508.91,"end":2509.43},{"text":"idea","start":2509.43,"end":2510.23},{"text":"that","start":2510.63,"end":2510.87},{"text":"you've","start":2510.87,"end":2511.23},{"text":"included","start":2511.99,"end":2512.55},{"text":"here","start":2512.55,"end":2513.03},{"text":"in","start":2513.03,"end":2513.43},{"text":"paragraph","start":2513.67,"end":2514.23},{"text":"6,","start":2514.23,"end":2514.71},{"text":"Mr.","start":2514.75,"end":2515.07},{"text":"Chairman.","start":2515.07,"end":2515.43}]},{"text":"What's more, we'd also like to state our categorical rejection of any references in that paragraph to criminal or penal or administrative sanctions.","start":2517.99,"end":2533.19,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"What's","start":2517.99,"end":2518.35},{"text":"more,","start":2518.35,"end":2518.63},{"text":"we'd","start":2521.35,"end":2521.63},{"text":"also","start":2521.63,"end":2521.79},{"text":"like","start":2521.79,"end":2521.95},{"text":"to","start":2521.95,"end":2522.07},{"text":"state","start":2522.07,"end":2522.71},{"text":"our","start":2522.71,"end":2522.95},{"text":"categorical","start":2522.95,"end":2524.55},{"text":"rejection","start":2524.55,"end":2525.51},{"text":"of","start":2526.19,"end":2526.31},{"text":"any","start":2526.31,"end":2526.63},{"text":"references","start":2526.63,"end":2527.43},{"text":"in","start":2527.43,"end":2527.63},{"text":"that","start":2527.63,"end":2527.75},{"text":"paragraph","start":2527.75,"end":2528.63},{"text":"to","start":2529.59,"end":2529.71},{"text":"criminal","start":2529.91,"end":2530.79},{"text":"or","start":2530.79,"end":2530.95},{"text":"penal","start":2530.95,"end":2531.51},{"text":"or","start":2531.51,"end":2531.75},{"text":"administrative","start":2531.75,"end":2532.43},{"text":"sanctions.","start":2532.43,"end":2533.19}]},{"text":"Again, this is an internal matter for each state party to decide and should remain the discretion of the state parties themselves.","start":2535.43,"end":2547.35,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Again,","start":2535.43,"end":2535.99},{"text":"this","start":2535.99,"end":2536.55},{"text":"is","start":2536.55,"end":2536.95},{"text":"an","start":2537.15,"end":2537.27},{"text":"internal","start":2537.27,"end":2537.83},{"text":"matter","start":2537.83,"end":2538.27},{"text":"for","start":2538.27,"end":2538.47},{"text":"each","start":2538.47,"end":2538.87},{"text":"state","start":2538.87,"end":2539.23},{"text":"party","start":2539.23,"end":2539.63},{"text":"to","start":2539.63,"end":2539.71},{"text":"decide","start":2539.71,"end":2540.23},{"text":"and","start":2541.51,"end":2541.67},{"text":"should","start":2541.67,"end":2542.07},{"text":"remain","start":2542.55,"end":2543.27},{"text":"the","start":2543.27,"end":2543.55},{"text":"discretion","start":2543.55,"end":2544.47},{"text":"of","start":2545.19,"end":2545.55},{"text":"the","start":2545.55,"end":2545.67},{"text":"state","start":2545.67,"end":2545.95},{"text":"parties","start":2545.95,"end":2546.47},{"text":"themselves.","start":2546.47,"end":2547.35}]},{"text":"We see no added value when it comes to that reference, to that wording in this document.","start":2547.51,"end":2556.23,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2547.51,"end":2547.83},{"text":"see","start":2547.83,"end":2548.15},{"text":"no","start":2548.15,"end":2548.79},{"text":"added","start":2549.67,"end":2550.07},{"text":"value","start":2550.07,"end":2551.03},{"text":"when","start":2551.35,"end":2551.59},{"text":"it","start":2551.59,"end":2551.67},{"text":"comes","start":2551.67,"end":2552.15},{"text":"to","start":2552.15,"end":2552.55},{"text":"that","start":2553.27,"end":2553.59},{"text":"reference,","start":2553.59,"end":2554.31},{"text":"to","start":2554.31,"end":2554.43},{"text":"that","start":2554.43,"end":2554.71},{"text":"wording","start":2554.71,"end":2555.35},{"text":"in","start":2555.35,"end":2555.47},{"text":"this","start":2555.47,"end":2555.67},{"text":"document.","start":2555.67,"end":2556.23}]},{"text":"Again, that can all just be left.","start":2557.67,"end":2560.39,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Again,","start":2557.67,"end":2558.23},{"text":"that","start":2558.63,"end":2558.95},{"text":"can","start":2558.95,"end":2559.11},{"text":"all","start":2559.11,"end":2559.35},{"text":"just","start":2559.35,"end":2559.63},{"text":"be","start":2559.63,"end":2559.75},{"text":"left.","start":2559.75,"end":2560.39}]},{"text":"to the prerogative of the members of the States Parties themselves.","start":2562.27,"end":2566.51,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"to","start":2562.27,"end":2562.43},{"text":"the","start":2562.43,"end":2562.51},{"text":"prerogative","start":2562.51,"end":2563.55},{"text":"of","start":2563.87,"end":2564.27},{"text":"the","start":2564.27,"end":2564.39},{"text":"members","start":2564.39,"end":2564.99},{"text":"of","start":2564.99,"end":2565.11},{"text":"the","start":2565.11,"end":2565.19},{"text":"States","start":2565.19,"end":2565.51},{"text":"Parties","start":2565.51,"end":2565.95},{"text":"themselves.","start":2565.95,"end":2566.51}]},{"text":"I thank you.","start":2566.51,"end":2567.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2566.51,"end":2566.59},{"text":"thank","start":2566.59,"end":2566.91},{"text":"you.","start":2566.91,"end":2567.07}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"RUS","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Russian Federation"}},{"statement_number":19,"start":2569.31,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=42:50","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I would like to thank the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation for sharing the views of his delegation and for making 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on my list is Ireland, to be followed by the University of Utrecht and Mexico.","start":2577.15,"end":2584.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":2577.15,"end":2577.55},{"text":"on","start":2577.55,"end":2577.63},{"text":"my","start":2577.63,"end":2577.79},{"text":"list","start":2577.79,"end":2578.19},{"text":"is","start":2578.27,"end":2578.91},{"text":"Ireland,","start":2579.23,"end":2579.87},{"text":"to","start":2579.95,"end":2580.35},{"text":"be","start":2580.43,"end":2580.75},{"text":"followed","start":2580.75,"end":2581.47},{"text":"by","start":2581.63,"end":2581.71},{"text":"the","start":2581.71,"end":2581.83},{"text":"University","start":2582.19,"end":2582.95},{"text":"of","start":2582.95,"end":2583.07},{"text":"Utrecht","start":2583.07,"end":2583.79},{"text":"and","start":2583.87,"end":2584.27},{"text":"Mexico.","start":2584.35,"end":2584.99}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of 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sir.","start":2588.75,"end":2589.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":2588.75,"end":2588.83},{"text":"have","start":2588.83,"end":2588.99},{"text":"the","start":2588.99,"end":2589.07},{"text":"floor,","start":2589.07,"end":2589.31},{"text":"sir.","start":2589.31,"end":2589.47}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":20,"start":2591.23,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=43:12","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":2591.23,"end":2592.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2591.23,"end":2591.47},{"text":"you,","start":2591.47,"end":2591.79},{"text":"Mr.","start":2591.87,"end":2592.19},{"text":"Chair.","start":2592.19,"end":2592.59}]},{"text":"Regarding box 5, we very much welcome this section and support it in general, and we'll just make a few suggestions.","start":2592.83,"end":2598.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":2592.83,"end":2593.27},{"text":"box","start":2593.27,"end":2593.55},{"text":"5,","start":2593.55,"end":2593.95},{"text":"we","start":2593.95,"end":2594.03},{"text":"very","start":2594.03,"end":2594.27},{"text":"much","start":2594.27,"end":2594.43},{"text":"welcome","start":2594.43,"end":2594.83},{"text":"this","start":2594.83,"end":2595.11},{"text":"section","start":2595.11,"end":2595.63},{"text":"and","start":2595.63,"end":2595.79},{"text":"support","start":2595.79,"end":2596.15},{"text":"it","start":2596.15,"end":2596.27},{"text":"in","start":2596.27,"end":2596.35},{"text":"general,","start":2596.35,"end":2596.71},{"text":"and","start":2596.71,"end":2596.83},{"text":"we'll","start":2596.83,"end":2597.07},{"text":"just","start":2597.07,"end":2597.27},{"text":"make","start":2597.27,"end":2597.51},{"text":"a","start":2597.51,"end":2597.55},{"text":"few","start":2597.55,"end":2598.03},{"text":"suggestions.","start":2598.03,"end":2598.91}]},{"text":"Again, in paragraph 1, and apologies for being repetitive, we suggest the insertion of \"development and use of\" before \"laws\" for the reasons already outlined earlier this week.","start":2599.95,"end":2612.43,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"Again,","start":2599.95,"end":2600.27},{"text":"in","start":2600.27,"end":2600.35},{"text":"paragraph","start":2600.35,"end":2600.83},{"text":"1,","start":2600.83,"end":2601.23},{"text":"and","start":2601.47,"end":2601.59},{"text":"apologies","start":2601.59,"end":2602.11},{"text":"for","start":2602.11,"end":2602.35},{"text":"being","start":2602.35,"end":2602.51},{"text":"repetitive,","start":2602.51,"end":2603.07},{"text":"we","start":2603.07,"end":2603.31},{"text":"suggest","start":2603.31,"end":2603.75},{"text":"the","start":2603.75,"end":2603.83},{"text":"insertion","start":2603.83,"end":2604.51},{"text":"of","start":2604.51,"end":2604.67},{"text":"\"development","start":2604.67,"end":2605.39},{"text":"and","start":2605.39,"end":2605.63},{"text":"use","start":2605.63,"end":2606.11},{"text":"of\"","start":2606.11,"end":2606.51},{"text":"before","start":2606.99,"end":2607.55},{"text":"\"laws\"","start":2607.55,"end":2608.19},{"text":"for","start":2608.99,"end":2609.15},{"text":"the","start":2609.15,"end":2609.23},{"text":"reasons","start":2609.23,"end":2609.71},{"text":"already","start":2609.95,"end":2610.35},{"text":"outlined","start":2610.35,"end":2610.95},{"text":"earlier","start":2611.55,"end":2611.87},{"text":"this","start":2611.87,"end":2612.03},{"text":"week.","start":2612.03,"end":2612.43}]},{"text":"As a general comment, we think paragraphs 1 and 2 are similar and probably could be combined while maintaining all the relevant concepts contained therein.","start":2613.15,"end":2621.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":2613.15,"end":2613.35},{"text":"a","start":2613.35,"end":2613.39},{"text":"general","start":2613.39,"end":2613.71},{"text":"comment,","start":2613.71,"end":2614.15},{"text":"we","start":2614.15,"end":2614.27},{"text":"think","start":2614.27,"end":2614.51},{"text":"paragraphs","start":2614.51,"end":2615.15},{"text":"1","start":2615.15,"end":2615.39},{"text":"and","start":2615.39,"end":2615.55},{"text":"2","start":2615.55,"end":2615.79},{"text":"are","start":2615.79,"end":2615.95},{"text":"similar","start":2615.95,"end":2616.51},{"text":"and","start":2616.51,"end":2616.75},{"text":"probably","start":2616.75,"end":2617.15},{"text":"could","start":2617.15,"end":2617.39},{"text":"be","start":2617.39,"end":2617.47},{"text":"combined","start":2617.47,"end":2618.11},{"text":"while","start":2618.11,"end":2618.35},{"text":"maintaining","start":2618.35,"end":2618.91},{"text":"all","start":2618.91,"end":2619.07},{"text":"the","start":2619.07,"end":2619.15},{"text":"relevant","start":2619.15,"end":2619.59},{"text":"concepts","start":2619.63,"end":2620.23},{"text":"contained","start":2620.23,"end":2620.75},{"text":"therein.","start":2621.27,"end":2621.83}]},{"text":"And we could have a think about what that might look like.","start":2622.39,"end":2624.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2622.39,"end":2622.55},{"text":"we","start":2622.55,"end":2622.63},{"text":"could","start":2622.63,"end":2622.75},{"text":"have","start":2622.75,"end":2622.87},{"text":"a","start":2622.87,"end":2622.91},{"text":"think","start":2622.91,"end":2623.11},{"text":"about","start":2623.11,"end":2623.31},{"text":"what","start":2623.31,"end":2623.51},{"text":"that","start":2623.51,"end":2623.67},{"text":"might","start":2623.67,"end":2623.99},{"text":"look","start":2623.99,"end":2624.31},{"text":"like.","start":2624.31,"end":2624.71}]},{"text":"But if they're not combined, then we think the final sentence of paragraph two about the entire life cycle might fit better at the end of the first paragraph, which is of a more general nature.","start":2625.03,"end":2635.19,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. 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This included emphasis on human understanding of how systems function, human judgment in context, and the inability to transfer responsibility to machines."},{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."},{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2644.31,"end":2644.51},{"text":"it","start":2644.51,"end":2644.63},{"text":"could","start":2644.63,"end":2644.79},{"text":"read,","start":2644.79,"end":2645.19},{"text":"quote,","start":2645.27,"end":2645.75},{"text":"States","start":2646.51,"end":2647.07},{"text":"must","start":2647.15,"end":2647.63},{"text":"ensure","start":2647.63,"end":2648.27},{"text":"that","start":2648.27,"end":2648.67},{"text":"with","start":2648.67,"end":2648.91},{"text":"regards","start":2648.91,"end":2649.51},{"text":"to","start":2649.51,"end":2649.87},{"text":"development","start":2650.11,"end":2650.83},{"text":"and","start":2650.83,"end":2651.03},{"text":"use","start":2651.03,"end":2651.47},{"text":"of","start":2651.47,"end":2651.63},{"text":"laws,","start":2651.63,"end":2652.19},{"text":"humans","start":2652.51,"end":2652.99},{"text":"remain","start":2652.99,"end":2653.23},{"text":"responsible","start":2653.23,"end":2654.03},{"text":"and","start":2654.03,"end":2654.31},{"text":"accountable","start":2654.31,"end":2654.91},{"text":"for","start":2654.91,"end":2655.11},{"text":"decisions","start":2655.11,"end":2655.59},{"text":"at","start":2655.59,"end":2655.71},{"text":"all","start":2655.71,"end":2655.87},{"text":"times","start":2655.87,"end":2656.43},{"text":"in","start":2656.75,"end":2656.91},{"text":"line","start":2656.91,"end":2657.31},{"text":"with","start":2657.31,"end":2657.47},{"text":"applicable","start":2657.47,"end":2657.95},{"text":"international","start":2657.95,"end":2658.79},{"text":"law.","start":2658.79,"end":2658.87}]},{"text":"And we're happy to send that to you in writing.","start":2660.31,"end":2661.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2660.31,"end":2660.47},{"text":"we're","start":2660.47,"end":2660.63},{"text":"happy","start":2660.63,"end":2660.83},{"text":"to","start":2660.83,"end":2660.95},{"text":"send","start":2660.95,"end":2661.19},{"text":"that","start":2661.19,"end":2661.31},{"text":"to","start":2661.31,"end":2661.39},{"text":"you","start":2661.39,"end":2661.47},{"text":"in","start":2661.47,"end":2661.55},{"text":"writing.","start":2661.55,"end":2661.87}]},{"text":"We also observe, like the US, Though without a specific suggestion that national law is also used in paragraph 3 alongside international law and not in paragraph 1, and we wanted to highlight that for consistency.","start":2663.15,"end":2676.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2663.15,"end":2663.31},{"text":"also","start":2663.31,"end":2663.59},{"text":"observe,","start":2663.59,"end":2664.11},{"text":"like","start":2664.11,"end":2664.51},{"text":"the","start":2664.83,"end":2665.19},{"text":"US,","start":2665.19,"end":2665.55},{"text":"Though","start":2666.43,"end":2666.67},{"text":"without","start":2666.67,"end":2667.11},{"text":"a","start":2667.11,"end":2667.15},{"text":"specific","start":2667.15,"end":2667.59},{"text":"suggestion","start":2667.59,"end":2668.19},{"text":"that","start":2668.19,"end":2668.51},{"text":"national","start":2668.51,"end":2669.19},{"text":"law","start":2669.19,"end":2669.31},{"text":"is","start":2669.31,"end":2669.55},{"text":"also","start":2669.55,"end":2669.83},{"text":"used","start":2669.83,"end":2670.03},{"text":"in","start":2670.03,"end":2670.11},{"text":"paragraph","start":2670.11,"end":2670.59},{"text":"3","start":2670.59,"end":2671.07},{"text":"alongside","start":2671.07,"end":2671.63},{"text":"international","start":2671.63,"end":2672.55},{"text":"law","start":2672.55,"end":2672.63},{"text":"and","start":2672.75,"end":2672.99},{"text":"not","start":2672.99,"end":2673.23},{"text":"in","start":2673.23,"end":2673.31},{"text":"paragraph","start":2673.31,"end":2673.71},{"text":"1,","start":2673.71,"end":2674.03},{"text":"and","start":2674.03,"end":2674.19},{"text":"we","start":2674.19,"end":2674.35},{"text":"wanted","start":2674.35,"end":2674.63},{"text":"to","start":2674.63,"end":2674.91},{"text":"highlight","start":2674.91,"end":2675.31},{"text":"that","start":2675.31,"end":2675.55},{"text":"for","start":2675.55,"end":2675.95},{"text":"consistency.","start":2675.95,"end":2676.75}]},{"text":"And I think we also could probably support the US suggestion in paragraph 1 to add IHL imposes obligations on states, parties to armed conflict, and individuals, not machines, which seems to us to strengthen this paragraph.","start":2677.71,"end":2691.79,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2694.03,"end":2694.15},{"text":"note","start":2694.15,"end":2694.39},{"text":"that","start":2694.39,"end":2694.59},{"text":"responsibility","start":2694.59,"end":2695.27},{"text":"and","start":2695.27,"end":2695.43},{"text":"accountability","start":2695.43,"end":2695.99},{"text":"are","start":2695.99,"end":2696.11},{"text":"used","start":2696.11,"end":2696.47},{"text":"interchangeably","start":2696.47,"end":2697.19},{"text":"in","start":2697.19,"end":2697.31},{"text":"paragraphs","start":2697.31,"end":2697.79},{"text":"2","start":2697.79,"end":2698.11},{"text":"and","start":2698.11,"end":2698.27},{"text":"3,","start":2698.27,"end":2698.67},{"text":"and","start":2698.67,"end":2698.83},{"text":"we","start":2698.83,"end":2698.91},{"text":"think","start":2698.91,"end":2699.19},{"text":"in","start":2699.19,"end":2699.31},{"text":"most","start":2699.31,"end":2699.67},{"text":"cases","start":2699.67,"end":2700.19},{"text":"we","start":2700.27,"end":2700.43},{"text":"can","start":2700.43,"end":2700.59},{"text":"use","start":2700.59,"end":2700.75},{"text":"both","start":2700.75,"end":2701.15},{"text":"responsibility","start":2701.15,"end":2702.03},{"text":"and","start":2702.03,"end":2702.31},{"text":"accountability.","start":2702.31,"end":2702.99}]},{"text":"And we welcome the reference to traceability here, which is a key concept necessary to ensure accountability, as a delegate from Pakistan just explained earlier.","start":2704.67,"end":2712.67,"topics":[{"key":"command-traceability","label":"Human Chain of Command and Traceability","description":"A major discussion concerned whether autonomous weapons should operate within a traceable or verifiable human chain of command and control. Some delegations considered traceability essential for accountability, while others argued the term was unclear, redundant, or technically inappropriate."},{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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This included emphasis on human understanding of how systems function, human judgment in context, and the inability to transfer responsibility to machines."}],"words":[{"text":"paragraph","start":2716.75,"end":2717.27},{"text":"4,","start":2717.27,"end":2717.71},{"text":"we","start":2717.95,"end":2718.27},{"text":"suggest","start":2718.27,"end":2718.59},{"text":"to","start":2718.59,"end":2718.67},{"text":"insert","start":2718.67,"end":2719.31},{"text":"\"human\"","start":2719.39,"end":2719.87},{"text":"before","start":2719.87,"end":2720.23},{"text":"\"responsibility\",","start":2720.23,"end":2721.15},{"text":"so","start":2721.15,"end":2721.47},{"text":"it","start":2721.47,"end":2721.59},{"text":"would","start":2721.59,"end":2721.71},{"text":"read","start":2721.71,"end":2722.03},{"text":"\"States","start":2722.27,"end":2722.75},{"text":"must","start":2722.75,"end":2723.03},{"text":"ensure","start":2723.03,"end":2723.39},{"text":"individual","start":2723.39,"end":2724.11},{"text":"human","start":2724.11,"end":2724.51},{"text":"responsibility\",","start":2724.51,"end":2725.39},{"text":"and","start":2725.95,"end":2726.15},{"text":"that,","start":2726.15,"end":2726.35},{"text":"again,","start":2726.35,"end":2726.67},{"text":"is","start":2726.67,"end":2726.83},{"text":"in","start":2726.83,"end":2726.95},{"text":"order","start":2726.95,"end":2727.15},{"text":"to","start":2727.15,"end":2727.27},{"text":"reiterate","start":2727.27,"end":2727.75},{"text":"the","start":2727.75,"end":2727.83},{"text":"importance","start":2727.83,"end":2728.39},{"text":"of","start":2728.39,"end":2728.51},{"text":"the","start":2728.51,"end":2728.59},{"text":"human","start":2728.59,"end":2728.91},{"text":"element","start":2728.91,"end":2729.31},{"text":"in","start":2729.31,"end":2729.51},{"text":"this","start":2729.51,"end":2729.63},{"text":"context.","start":2729.63,"end":2730.35}]},{"text":"Lastly, we welcome the investigative and redress language in paragraph 5.","start":2731.39,"end":2735.95,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Lastly,","start":2731.39,"end":2732.11},{"text":"we","start":2732.51,"end":2732.67},{"text":"welcome","start":2732.67,"end":2733.07},{"text":"the","start":2733.07,"end":2733.19},{"text":"investigative","start":2733.19,"end":2733.79},{"text":"and","start":2733.79,"end":2733.91},{"text":"redress","start":2733.91,"end":2734.35},{"text":"language","start":2734.35,"end":2734.79},{"text":"in","start":2734.79,"end":2734.91},{"text":"paragraph","start":2734.91,"end":2735.43},{"text":"5.","start":2735.43,"end":2735.95}]},{"text":"We think it can benefit from a couple clarifications.","start":2736.35,"end":2739.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2736.35,"end":2736.51},{"text":"think","start":2736.51,"end":2736.67},{"text":"it","start":2736.67,"end":2736.75},{"text":"can","start":2736.75,"end":2736.91},{"text":"benefit","start":2736.91,"end":2737.39},{"text":"from","start":2737.39,"end":2737.55},{"text":"a","start":2737.55,"end":2737.63},{"text":"couple","start":2737.63,"end":2738.03},{"text":"clarifications.","start":2738.03,"end":2739.23}]},{"text":"We think the word \"internal\" could be changed to \"national\", but we're flexible and also note other suggestions such as \"domestic\".","start":2740.03,"end":2747.95,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2740.03,"end":2740.15},{"text":"think","start":2740.15,"end":2740.35},{"text":"the","start":2740.35,"end":2740.43},{"text":"word","start":2740.43,"end":2740.75},{"text":"\"internal\"","start":2740.75,"end":2741.71},{"text":"could","start":2741.71,"end":2741.95},{"text":"be","start":2741.95,"end":2742.11},{"text":"changed","start":2742.11,"end":2742.51},{"text":"to","start":2742.51,"end":2742.91},{"text":"\"national\",","start":2742.91,"end":2744.19},{"text":"but","start":2744.19,"end":2744.43},{"text":"we're","start":2744.43,"end":2744.59},{"text":"flexible","start":2744.59,"end":2745.07},{"text":"and","start":2745.07,"end":2745.23},{"text":"also","start":2745.23,"end":2745.79},{"text":"note","start":2745.79,"end":2746.11},{"text":"other","start":2746.11,"end":2746.35},{"text":"suggestions","start":2746.35,"end":2746.87},{"text":"such","start":2746.87,"end":2747.07},{"text":"as","start":2747.07,"end":2747.27},{"text":"\"domestic\".","start":2747.27,"end":2747.95}]},{"text":"And in order to clarify which incidents we are referring to, we suggest including a line stating \"in relation to the development and use of laws\" at the end of the first sentence.","start":2748.99,"end":2759.15,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."},{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. 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with that fix, we might not need the final sentence, which currently to us seems a little unclear.","start":2759.23,"end":2764.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2759.23,"end":2759.43},{"text":"with","start":2759.43,"end":2759.59},{"text":"that","start":2759.59,"end":2759.79},{"text":"fix,","start":2759.79,"end":2760.27},{"text":"we","start":2760.51,"end":2760.67},{"text":"might","start":2760.67,"end":2760.83},{"text":"not","start":2760.83,"end":2761.07},{"text":"need","start":2761.07,"end":2761.35},{"text":"the","start":2761.35,"end":2761.47},{"text":"final","start":2761.47,"end":2761.79},{"text":"sentence,","start":2761.79,"end":2762.23},{"text":"which","start":2762.23,"end":2762.43},{"text":"currently","start":2762.59,"end":2762.99},{"text":"to","start":2762.99,"end":2763.15},{"text":"us","start":2763.15,"end":2763.35},{"text":"seems","start":2763.35,"end":2763.71},{"text":"a","start":2763.71,"end":2763.79},{"text":"little","start":2763.79,"end":2764.03},{"text":"unclear.","start":2764.03,"end":2764.51}]},{"text":"I'll leave it there.","start":2765.15,"end":2765.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'll","start":2765.15,"end":2765.35},{"text":"leave","start":2765.35,"end":2765.51},{"text":"it","start":2765.51,"end":2765.59},{"text":"there.","start":2765.59,"end":2765.95}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":2765.95,"end":2766.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2765.95,"end":2766.19},{"text":"you,","start":2766.19,"end":2766.27},{"text":"Mr.","start":2766.27,"end":2766.55},{"text":"Chair.","start":2766.55,"end":2766.83}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"IRL","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Ireland"}},{"statement_number":21,"start":2770.11,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=46:11","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Ireland for his remarks and suggestions made and indeed we would appreciate to receive the text in writing, the proposals you have 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on my list is the University of Utrecht to be followed by Mexico, but let me first pass the floor to the Utrecht 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University.","start":2794.39,"end":2798.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2794.39,"end":2794.55},{"text":"speak","start":2794.55,"end":2794.83},{"text":"in","start":2794.83,"end":2794.91},{"text":"my","start":2794.91,"end":2794.99},{"text":"capacity","start":2794.99,"end":2795.75},{"text":"as","start":2795.75,"end":2795.91},{"text":"an","start":2795.91,"end":2795.99},{"text":"assistant","start":2795.99,"end":2796.35},{"text":"professor","start":2796.35,"end":2796.71},{"text":"of","start":2796.71,"end":2796.79},{"text":"international","start":2796.79,"end":2797.47},{"text":"law","start":2797.47,"end":2797.59},{"text":"at","start":2797.59,"end":2797.71},{"text":"Utrecht","start":2797.71,"end":2797.99},{"text":"University.","start":2797.99,"end":2798.71}]},{"text":"My work focuses on the legitimacy of military operations in increasingly autonomous warfare, which prominently features notions of accountability and 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have two main recommendations in this regard.","start":2849.91,"end":2852.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2849.91,"end":2849.95},{"text":"have","start":2849.95,"end":2850.15},{"text":"two","start":2850.15,"end":2850.39},{"text":"main","start":2850.39,"end":2850.71},{"text":"recommendations","start":2850.71,"end":2851.51},{"text":"in","start":2851.51,"end":2851.59},{"text":"this","start":2851.59,"end":2851.75},{"text":"regard.","start":2851.75,"end":2852.23}]},{"text":"The first is to include a clear understanding of those terms, responsibility and accountability, in the text.","start":2852.47,"end":2858.47,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":2864.83,"end":2864.99},{"text":"responsibility,","start":2864.99,"end":2866.03},{"text":"I","start":2866.27,"end":2866.43},{"text":"suggest","start":2866.43,"end":2866.87},{"text":"specifying","start":2866.87,"end":2867.55},{"text":"that","start":2867.55,"end":2867.67},{"text":"this","start":2867.67,"end":2867.83},{"text":"is","start":2867.83,"end":2867.95},{"text":"meant","start":2867.95,"end":2868.27},{"text":"in","start":2868.27,"end":2868.39},{"text":"a","start":2868.39,"end":2868.43},{"text":"legal","start":2868.43,"end":2868.91},{"text":"sense.","start":2868.91,"end":2869.55}]},{"text":"Scholarship referred to in my written comments to the chair details what aspects exist under various legal frameworks, for example, state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, international criminal responsibility for war crimes, and opportunities for investigating IHL violations involving AWS.","start":2870.11,"end":2888.83,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Scholarship","start":2870.11,"end":2870.75},{"text":"referred","start":2870.75,"end":2871.15},{"text":"to","start":2871.15,"end":2871.31},{"text":"in","start":2871.31,"end":2871.47},{"text":"my","start":2871.47,"end":2871.55},{"text":"written","start":2871.55,"end":2871.87},{"text":"comments","start":2871.87,"end":2872.27},{"text":"to","start":2872.27,"end":2872.43},{"text":"the","start":2872.43,"end":2872.51},{"text":"chair","start":2872.51,"end":2872.91},{"text":"details","start":2872.91,"end":2873.51},{"text":"what","start":2873.51,"end":2873.79},{"text":"aspects","start":2873.87,"end":2874.51},{"text":"exist","start":2874.51,"end":2875.07},{"text":"under","start":2875.07,"end":2875.31},{"text":"various","start":2875.31,"end":2875.71},{"text":"legal","start":2875.71,"end":2876.03},{"text":"frameworks,","start":2876.03,"end":2876.67},{"text":"for","start":2876.99,"end":2877.19},{"text":"example,","start":2877.19,"end":2877.79},{"text":"state","start":2877.95,"end":2878.27},{"text":"responsibility","start":2878.27,"end":2879.07},{"text":"for","start":2879.07,"end":2879.19},{"text":"internationally","start":2879.19,"end":2879.75},{"text":"wrongful","start":2879.75,"end":2880.11},{"text":"acts,","start":2880.11,"end":2880.67},{"text":"international","start":2881.07,"end":2881.79},{"text":"criminal","start":2881.79,"end":2882.23},{"text":"responsibility","start":2882.23,"end":2882.99},{"text":"for","start":2882.99,"end":2883.23},{"text":"war","start":2883.23,"end":2883.47},{"text":"crimes,","start":2883.47,"end":2883.95},{"text":"and","start":2884.27,"end":2884.43},{"text":"opportunities","start":2884.43,"end":2884.99},{"text":"for","start":2884.99,"end":2885.11},{"text":"investigating","start":2885.11,"end":2885.87},{"text":"IHL","start":2885.87,"end":2886.27},{"text":"violations","start":2886.27,"end":2886.99},{"text":"involving","start":2886.99,"end":2887.71},{"text":"AWS.","start":2887.99,"end":2888.83}]},{"text":"On accountability, I encourage delegations to adopt a broad understanding of this term, encapsulating certain legal avenues, but also, more importantly, wider understandings that may help achieve the goals outlined in other sections of the text and make it more cohesive as a whole.","start":2889.91,"end":2905.59,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":2889.91,"end":2890.11},{"text":"accountability,","start":2890.11,"end":2890.95},{"text":"I","start":2890.95,"end":2890.99},{"text":"encourage","start":2890.99,"end":2891.43},{"text":"delegations","start":2891.43,"end":2892.07},{"text":"to","start":2892.07,"end":2892.19},{"text":"adopt","start":2892.19,"end":2892.51},{"text":"a","start":2892.51,"end":2892.55},{"text":"broad","start":2892.55,"end":2893.03},{"text":"understanding","start":2893.03,"end":2893.71},{"text":"of","start":2893.71,"end":2893.79},{"text":"this","start":2893.79,"end":2893.99},{"text":"term,","start":2893.99,"end":2894.39},{"text":"encapsulating","start":2894.39,"end":2895.35},{"text":"certain","start":2895.35,"end":2895.67},{"text":"legal","start":2895.67,"end":2895.91},{"text":"avenues,","start":2895.91,"end":2896.47},{"text":"but","start":2896.71,"end":2896.87},{"text":"also,","start":2896.87,"end":2897.43},{"text":"more","start":2897.43,"end":2897.59},{"text":"importantly,","start":2897.59,"end":2898.15},{"text":"wider","start":2898.15,"end":2898.59},{"text":"understandings","start":2898.59,"end":2899.35},{"text":"that","start":2899.35,"end":2899.51},{"text":"may","start":2899.51,"end":2899.75},{"text":"help","start":2899.75,"end":2899.99},{"text":"achieve","start":2899.99,"end":2900.39},{"text":"the","start":2900.39,"end":2900.55},{"text":"goals","start":2900.55,"end":2900.87},{"text":"outlined","start":2900.95,"end":2901.67},{"text":"in","start":2901.99,"end":2902.15},{"text":"other","start":2902.15,"end":2902.47},{"text":"sections","start":2902.47,"end":2902.87},{"text":"of","start":2902.87,"end":2902.95},{"text":"the","start":2902.95,"end":2903.07},{"text":"text","start":2903.07,"end":2903.67},{"text":"and","start":2903.83,"end":2903.99},{"text":"make","start":2903.99,"end":2904.19},{"text":"it","start":2904.19,"end":2904.31},{"text":"more","start":2904.31,"end":2904.47},{"text":"cohesive","start":2904.47,"end":2904.99},{"text":"as","start":2904.99,"end":2905.11},{"text":"a","start":2905.11,"end":2905.19},{"text":"whole.","start":2905.19,"end":2905.59}]},{"text":"In my written submission, I make reference to scholarship that may be helpful in this regard.","start":2906.23,"end":2910.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2906.23,"end":2906.43},{"text":"my","start":2906.43,"end":2906.63},{"text":"written","start":2906.63,"end":2906.87},{"text":"submission,","start":2906.87,"end":2907.43},{"text":"I","start":2907.43,"end":2907.51},{"text":"make","start":2907.51,"end":2907.75},{"text":"reference","start":2907.75,"end":2908.19},{"text":"to","start":2908.19,"end":2908.27},{"text":"scholarship","start":2908.27,"end":2908.75},{"text":"that","start":2908.75,"end":2908.87},{"text":"may","start":2908.87,"end":2909.11},{"text":"be","start":2909.11,"end":2909.19},{"text":"helpful","start":2909.19,"end":2909.51},{"text":"in","start":2909.51,"end":2909.59},{"text":"this","start":2909.59,"end":2909.79},{"text":"regard.","start":2909.79,"end":2910.31}]},{"text":"The second recommendation is to ensure, then, alignment and consistency of these key terms throughout the text.","start":2910.47,"end":2917.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2910.47,"end":2910.55},{"text":"second","start":2911.27,"end":2911.59},{"text":"recommendation","start":2911.59,"end":2912.23},{"text":"is","start":2912.23,"end":2912.31},{"text":"to","start":2912.31,"end":2912.47},{"text":"ensure,","start":2912.47,"end":2912.87},{"text":"then,","start":2912.87,"end":2913.11},{"text":"alignment","start":2913.11,"end":2913.79},{"text":"and","start":2913.79,"end":2913.91},{"text":"consistency","start":2913.91,"end":2914.95},{"text":"of","start":2915.19,"end":2915.43},{"text":"these","start":2915.43,"end":2915.67},{"text":"key","start":2915.67,"end":2915.83},{"text":"terms","start":2915.83,"end":2916.27},{"text":"throughout","start":2916.27,"end":2916.71},{"text":"the","start":2916.71,"end":2916.83},{"text":"text.","start":2916.83,"end":2917.43}]},{"text":"I will now make a few language-specific suggestions in line with these recommendations.","start":2918.11,"end":2922.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2918.11,"end":2918.19},{"text":"will","start":2918.19,"end":2918.31},{"text":"now","start":2918.31,"end":2918.59},{"text":"make","start":2918.59,"end":2918.79},{"text":"a","start":2918.79,"end":2918.83},{"text":"few","start":2918.83,"end":2919.07},{"text":"language-specific","start":2919.07,"end":2920.03},{"text":"suggestions","start":2920.03,"end":2920.75},{"text":"in","start":2920.75,"end":2920.83},{"text":"line","start":2920.83,"end":2921.11},{"text":"with","start":2921.11,"end":2921.27},{"text":"these","start":2921.27,"end":2921.47},{"text":"recommendations.","start":2921.47,"end":2922.51}]},{"text":"First, in paragraph 1, I suggest the following rewording: \"States must ensure that humans at all times remain responsible, in accordance with applicable international law, and accountable for decisions with regards to development and use of laws.\"","start":2923.31,"end":2940.11,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":2923.31,"end":2923.71},{"text":"in","start":2923.71,"end":2923.87},{"text":"paragraph","start":2923.87,"end":2924.35},{"text":"1,","start":2924.35,"end":2924.67},{"text":"I","start":2924.67,"end":2924.79},{"text":"suggest","start":2924.79,"end":2925.19},{"text":"the","start":2925.19,"end":2925.31},{"text":"following","start":2925.31,"end":2925.87},{"text":"rewording:","start":2925.87,"end":2926.59},{"text":"\"States","start":2927.87,"end":2928.31},{"text":"must","start":2928.31,"end":2928.63},{"text":"ensure","start":2928.63,"end":2928.99},{"text":"that","start":2928.99,"end":2929.23},{"text":"humans","start":2929.23,"end":2929.63},{"text":"at","start":2929.63,"end":2929.79},{"text":"all","start":2929.79,"end":2929.87},{"text":"times","start":2929.87,"end":2930.27},{"text":"remain","start":2930.27,"end":2930.59},{"text":"responsible,","start":2930.59,"end":2931.63},{"text":"in","start":2932.11,"end":2932.31},{"text":"accordance","start":2932.31,"end":2932.83},{"text":"with","start":2932.83,"end":2932.99},{"text":"applicable","start":2932.99,"end":2933.63},{"text":"international","start":2933.63,"end":2934.63},{"text":"law,","start":2934.63,"end":2934.71},{"text":"and","start":2935.15,"end":2935.35},{"text":"accountable","start":2935.35,"end":2936.03},{"text":"for","start":2936.03,"end":2936.19},{"text":"decisions","start":2936.19,"end":2936.99},{"text":"with","start":2937.15,"end":2937.39},{"text":"regards","start":2937.39,"end":2937.95},{"text":"to","start":2937.95,"end":2938.07},{"text":"development","start":2938.07,"end":2938.87},{"text":"and","start":2938.87,"end":2939.03},{"text":"use","start":2939.03,"end":2939.39},{"text":"of","start":2939.39,"end":2939.63},{"text":"laws.\"","start":2939.63,"end":2940.11}]},{"text":"This reflects the legal understandings of responsible and accountable as related to broader avenues states can choose regarding their decisions.","start":2941.03,"end":2948.83,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2941.03,"end":2941.15},{"text":"reflects","start":2941.15,"end":2941.63},{"text":"the","start":2941.63,"end":2941.71},{"text":"legal","start":2941.71,"end":2942.51},{"text":"understandings","start":2942.51,"end":2943.19},{"text":"of","start":2943.19,"end":2943.31},{"text":"responsible","start":2943.31,"end":2944.03},{"text":"and","start":2944.19,"end":2944.39},{"text":"accountable","start":2944.39,"end":2944.99},{"text":"as","start":2944.99,"end":2945.07},{"text":"related","start":2945.07,"end":2945.47},{"text":"to","start":2945.47,"end":2945.59},{"text":"broader","start":2945.59,"end":2945.95},{"text":"avenues","start":2945.95,"end":2946.51},{"text":"states","start":2946.67,"end":2947.07},{"text":"can","start":2947.07,"end":2947.31},{"text":"choose","start":2947.31,"end":2947.63},{"text":"regarding","start":2947.63,"end":2947.99},{"text":"their","start":2947.99,"end":2948.11},{"text":"decisions.","start":2948.11,"end":2948.83}]},{"text":"I encourage adding the use of before laws for alignment with other boxes and discussion this week.","start":2949.39,"end":2954.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2949.39,"end":2949.51},{"text":"encourage","start":2949.51,"end":2949.95},{"text":"adding","start":2949.95,"end":2950.27},{"text":"the","start":2950.27,"end":2950.47},{"text":"use","start":2950.47,"end":2950.75},{"text":"of","start":2950.75,"end":2950.99},{"text":"before","start":2950.99,"end":2951.31},{"text":"laws","start":2951.31,"end":2951.63},{"text":"for","start":2951.63,"end":2951.79},{"text":"alignment","start":2951.79,"end":2952.27},{"text":"with","start":2952.27,"end":2952.43},{"text":"other","start":2952.43,"end":2952.63},{"text":"boxes","start":2952.63,"end":2953.31},{"text":"and","start":2953.31,"end":2953.59},{"text":"discussion","start":2953.59,"end":2954.07},{"text":"this","start":2954.07,"end":2954.27},{"text":"week.","start":2954.27,"end":2954.59}]},{"text":"Paragraph two implies the intended meaning aims to outline a way to both hold entities or individuals to account and assign legal responsibility for decisions on the use of laws.","start":2955.79,"end":2966.03,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":2955.79,"end":2956.35},{"text":"two","start":2956.35,"end":2956.91},{"text":"implies","start":2956.91,"end":2957.39},{"text":"the","start":2957.39,"end":2957.51},{"text":"intended","start":2957.51,"end":2957.95},{"text":"meaning","start":2957.95,"end":2958.27},{"text":"aims","start":2958.27,"end":2958.59},{"text":"to","start":2958.59,"end":2958.79},{"text":"outline","start":2958.79,"end":2959.07},{"text":"a","start":2959.07,"end":2959.11},{"text":"way","start":2959.11,"end":2959.39},{"text":"to","start":2959.39,"end":2959.55},{"text":"both","start":2959.55,"end":2959.79},{"text":"hold","start":2959.79,"end":2960.15},{"text":"entities","start":2960.15,"end":2960.75},{"text":"or","start":2960.75,"end":2960.83},{"text":"individuals","start":2960.83,"end":2961.39},{"text":"to","start":2961.39,"end":2961.55},{"text":"account","start":2961.55,"end":2962.03},{"text":"and","start":2962.43,"end":2962.63},{"text":"assign","start":2962.63,"end":2962.99},{"text":"legal","start":2962.99,"end":2963.39},{"text":"responsibility","start":2963.39,"end":2964.27},{"text":"for","start":2964.27,"end":2964.43},{"text":"decisions","start":2964.43,"end":2964.95},{"text":"on","start":2964.95,"end":2965.03},{"text":"the","start":2965.03,"end":2965.15},{"text":"use","start":2965.15,"end":2965.39},{"text":"of","start":2965.39,"end":2965.55},{"text":"laws.","start":2965.55,"end":2966.03}]},{"text":"Another issue here is the term responsibility is preceded by human in a way no other instance in the text is, creating confusion.","start":2966.71,"end":2973.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Another","start":2966.71,"end":2967.03},{"text":"issue","start":2967.03,"end":2967.27},{"text":"here","start":2967.27,"end":2967.51},{"text":"is","start":2967.51,"end":2967.59},{"text":"the","start":2967.59,"end":2967.67},{"text":"term","start":2967.67,"end":2967.95},{"text":"responsibility","start":2967.95,"end":2968.71},{"text":"is","start":2968.71,"end":2968.87},{"text":"preceded","start":2968.87,"end":2969.43},{"text":"by","start":2969.43,"end":2969.59},{"text":"human","start":2969.59,"end":2970.07},{"text":"in","start":2970.07,"end":2970.23},{"text":"a","start":2970.23,"end":2970.27},{"text":"way","start":2970.27,"end":2970.47},{"text":"no","start":2970.47,"end":2970.79},{"text":"other","start":2970.79,"end":2971.11},{"text":"instance","start":2971.11,"end":2971.67},{"text":"in","start":2971.67,"end":2971.83},{"text":"the","start":2971.83,"end":2971.91},{"text":"text","start":2971.91,"end":2972.31},{"text":"is,","start":2972.31,"end":2972.55},{"text":"creating","start":2972.55,"end":2973.03},{"text":"confusion.","start":2973.03,"end":2973.83}]},{"text":"I therefore suggest the following wording.","start":2974.39,"end":2976.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2974.39,"end":2974.47},{"text":"therefore","start":2974.47,"end":2974.87},{"text":"suggest","start":2974.87,"end":2975.35},{"text":"the","start":2975.35,"end":2975.43},{"text":"following","start":2975.43,"end":2976.07},{"text":"wording.","start":2976.07,"end":2976.63}]},{"text":"States must ensure that humans remain responsible for decisions regarding the use of laws, since accountability and responsibility cannot be transferred to machines.","start":2977.67,"end":2989.03,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."},{"key":"meaningful-human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control","description":"Delegations and civil society repeatedly stressed that decisions involving lethal autonomous weapon systems must remain under direct and meaningful human control. This included emphasis on human understanding of how systems function, human judgment in context, and the inability to transfer responsibility to machines."}],"words":[{"text":"States","start":2977.67,"end":2978.15},{"text":"must","start":2978.15,"end":2978.47},{"text":"ensure","start":2978.47,"end":2979.19},{"text":"that","start":2979.35,"end":2979.55},{"text":"humans","start":2979.55,"end":2980.07},{"text":"remain","start":2980.07,"end":2980.39},{"text":"responsible","start":2980.39,"end":2981.35},{"text":"for","start":2981.75,"end":2981.99},{"text":"decisions","start":2981.99,"end":2982.79},{"text":"regarding","start":2982.79,"end":2983.35},{"text":"the","start":2983.35,"end":2983.51},{"text":"use","start":2983.51,"end":2983.79},{"text":"of","start":2983.79,"end":2983.91},{"text":"laws,","start":2983.91,"end":2984.55},{"text":"since","start":2984.87,"end":2985.15},{"text":"accountability","start":2985.15,"end":2986.03},{"text":"and","start":2986.03,"end":2986.15},{"text":"responsibility","start":2986.15,"end":2987.03},{"text":"cannot","start":2987.03,"end":2987.51},{"text":"be","start":2987.51,"end":2987.59},{"text":"transferred","start":2987.59,"end":2988.11},{"text":"to","start":2988.11,"end":2988.23},{"text":"machines.","start":2988.23,"end":2989.03}]},{"text":"The rest of the text can stay as is.","start":2989.59,"end":2991.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2989.59,"end":2989.75},{"text":"rest","start":2989.75,"end":2989.99},{"text":"of","start":2989.99,"end":2990.07},{"text":"the","start":2990.07,"end":2990.15},{"text":"text","start":2990.15,"end":2990.47},{"text":"can","start":2990.47,"end":2990.63},{"text":"stay","start":2990.63,"end":2990.87},{"text":"as","start":2990.87,"end":2991.11},{"text":"is.","start":2991.11,"end":2991.43}]},{"text":"Paragraph three, as noted by other delegations, conflates legal notions of responsibility with notions of wider accountability.","start":2993.03,"end":2999.19,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":2993.03,"end":2993.51},{"text":"three,","start":2993.51,"end":2993.83},{"text":"as","start":2993.83,"end":2994.07},{"text":"noted","start":2994.07,"end":2994.47},{"text":"by","start":2994.47,"end":2994.55},{"text":"other","start":2994.59,"end":2994.75},{"text":"delegations,","start":2994.75,"end":2995.35},{"text":"conflates","start":2995.35,"end":2995.83},{"text":"legal","start":2995.83,"end":2996.15},{"text":"notions","start":2996.15,"end":2996.55},{"text":"of","start":2996.55,"end":2996.63},{"text":"responsibility","start":2996.63,"end":2997.23},{"text":"with","start":2997.23,"end":2997.39},{"text":"notions","start":2997.39,"end":2997.95},{"text":"of","start":2997.95,"end":2998.07},{"text":"wider","start":2998.07,"end":2998.35},{"text":"accountability.","start":2998.35,"end":2999.19}]},{"text":"Both are important here, but for clarity, I suggest the following.","start":2999.59,"end":3003.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Both","start":2999.59,"end":2999.91},{"text":"are","start":2999.91,"end":3000.03},{"text":"important","start":3000.03,"end":3000.55},{"text":"here,","start":3000.55,"end":3000.95},{"text":"but","start":3001.19,"end":3001.39},{"text":"for","start":3001.39,"end":3001.51},{"text":"clarity,","start":3001.51,"end":3002.07},{"text":"I","start":3002.07,"end":3002.11},{"text":"suggest","start":3002.11,"end":3002.71},{"text":"the","start":3002.71,"end":3002.87},{"text":"following.","start":3002.87,"end":3003.51}]},{"text":"States must establish accountability mechanisms across the entire life cycle of laws to ensure compliance with applicable international and national law, including through the operation of such systems within an accountable chain of human command and control.","start":3004.31,"end":3020.39,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."},{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."},{"key":"command-traceability","label":"Human Chain of Command and Traceability","description":"A major discussion concerned whether autonomous weapons should operate within a traceable or verifiable human chain of command and control. Some delegations considered traceability essential for accountability, while others argued the term was unclear, redundant, or technically inappropriate."}],"words":[{"text":"States","start":3004.31,"end":3004.71},{"text":"must","start":3004.71,"end":3005.11},{"text":"establish","start":3005.19,"end":3005.71},{"text":"accountability","start":3005.71,"end":3006.47},{"text":"mechanisms","start":3006.47,"end":3007.19},{"text":"across","start":3007.19,"end":3007.59},{"text":"the","start":3007.59,"end":3007.71},{"text":"entire","start":3007.71,"end":3008.15},{"text":"life","start":3008.15,"end":3008.39},{"text":"cycle","start":3008.39,"end":3008.91},{"text":"of","start":3008.91,"end":3009.03},{"text":"laws","start":3009.03,"end":3009.51},{"text":"to","start":3009.83,"end":3010.07},{"text":"ensure","start":3010.07,"end":3010.63},{"text":"compliance","start":3010.63,"end":3011.43},{"text":"with","start":3011.43,"end":3011.59},{"text":"applicable","start":3011.59,"end":3012.23},{"text":"international","start":3012.23,"end":3013.03},{"text":"and","start":3013.03,"end":3013.15},{"text":"national","start":3013.15,"end":3013.91},{"text":"law,","start":3013.91,"end":3013.99},{"text":"including","start":3014.47,"end":3015.19},{"text":"through","start":3015.27,"end":3015.51},{"text":"the","start":3015.51,"end":3015.63},{"text":"operation","start":3015.63,"end":3016.19},{"text":"of","start":3016.19,"end":3016.31},{"text":"such","start":3016.31,"end":3016.55},{"text":"systems","start":3016.55,"end":3017.11},{"text":"within","start":3017.11,"end":3017.59},{"text":"an","start":3017.59,"end":3017.67},{"text":"accountable","start":3017.67,"end":3018.39},{"text":"chain","start":3018.55,"end":3018.87},{"text":"of","start":3018.87,"end":3018.99},{"text":"human","start":3018.99,"end":3019.27},{"text":"command","start":3019.27,"end":3019.63},{"text":"and","start":3019.63,"end":3019.75},{"text":"control.","start":3019.75,"end":3020.39}]},{"text":"This language echoes that of mechanisms as mentioned in paragraph five.","start":3021.19,"end":3026.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3021.19,"end":3021.35},{"text":"language","start":3021.35,"end":3021.91},{"text":"echoes","start":3022.15,"end":3022.63},{"text":"that","start":3022.63,"end":3022.91},{"text":"of","start":3022.91,"end":3023.03},{"text":"mechanisms","start":3023.03,"end":3023.83},{"text":"as","start":3023.83,"end":3024.39},{"text":"mentioned","start":3024.39,"end":3024.79},{"text":"in","start":3024.79,"end":3024.87},{"text":"paragraph","start":3024.87,"end":3025.55},{"text":"five.","start":3025.55,"end":3026.07}]},{"text":"A recommendation to change, ensure to establish here regarding these mechanisms across the life cycle will encourage compliance.","start":3026.87,"end":3033.91,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":3026.87,"end":3026.91},{"text":"recommendation","start":3026.91,"end":3027.63},{"text":"to","start":3027.63,"end":3027.71},{"text":"change,","start":3027.71,"end":3028.15},{"text":"ensure","start":3028.15,"end":3028.95},{"text":"to","start":3029.03,"end":3029.19},{"text":"establish","start":3029.19,"end":3029.91},{"text":"here","start":3029.91,"end":3030.11},{"text":"regarding","start":3030.11,"end":3030.55},{"text":"these","start":3030.55,"end":3030.71},{"text":"mechanisms","start":3030.71,"end":3031.35},{"text":"across","start":3031.35,"end":3031.71},{"text":"the","start":3031.71,"end":3031.79},{"text":"life","start":3031.79,"end":3031.99},{"text":"cycle","start":3031.99,"end":3032.35},{"text":"will","start":3032.35,"end":3032.47},{"text":"encourage","start":3032.47,"end":3032.95},{"text":"compliance.","start":3032.95,"end":3033.91}]},{"text":"In paragraph four, I suggest replacing responsibility with accountability, allowing for additional avenues falling short of criminal or legal recourse.","start":3035.11,"end":3044.63,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3035.11,"end":3035.19},{"text":"paragraph","start":3035.19,"end":3035.79},{"text":"four,","start":3035.79,"end":3036.23},{"text":"I","start":3036.39,"end":3036.47},{"text":"suggest","start":3036.47,"end":3036.95},{"text":"replacing","start":3036.95,"end":3037.51},{"text":"responsibility","start":3037.51,"end":3038.47},{"text":"with","start":3038.47,"end":3038.67},{"text":"accountability,","start":3038.67,"end":3039.59},{"text":"allowing","start":3039.99,"end":3040.47},{"text":"for","start":3040.47,"end":3040.71},{"text":"additional","start":3040.71,"end":3041.19},{"text":"avenues","start":3041.19,"end":3041.67},{"text":"falling","start":3041.67,"end":3042.07},{"text":"short","start":3042.07,"end":3042.55},{"text":"of","start":3042.55,"end":3042.71},{"text":"criminal","start":3042.71,"end":3043.27},{"text":"or","start":3043.27,"end":3043.47},{"text":"legal","start":3043.47,"end":3043.83},{"text":"recourse.","start":3043.83,"end":3044.63}]},{"text":"in cases that IHL requires, given that not every violation of IHL implicates individual criminal responsibility.","start":3044.99,"end":3052.43,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"in","start":3044.99,"end":3045.15},{"text":"cases","start":3045.15,"end":3045.63},{"text":"that","start":3045.63,"end":3045.79},{"text":"IHL","start":3045.79,"end":3046.11},{"text":"requires,","start":3046.11,"end":3046.83},{"text":"given","start":3046.83,"end":3047.31},{"text":"that","start":3047.31,"end":3047.47},{"text":"not","start":3047.47,"end":3047.71},{"text":"every","start":3047.79,"end":3048.11},{"text":"violation","start":3048.11,"end":3048.75},{"text":"of","start":3048.75,"end":3048.83},{"text":"IHL","start":3048.83,"end":3049.39},{"text":"implicates","start":3049.87,"end":3050.51},{"text":"individual","start":3050.51,"end":3051.07},{"text":"criminal","start":3051.07,"end":3051.47},{"text":"responsibility.","start":3051.47,"end":3052.43}]},{"text":"With this approach, States have a wide margin to ensure compliance with obligations under IHL on a case-by-case basis.","start":3053.07,"end":3060.51,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":3053.07,"end":3053.27},{"text":"this","start":3053.27,"end":3053.47},{"text":"approach,","start":3053.47,"end":3054.11},{"text":"States","start":3054.19,"end":3054.67},{"text":"have","start":3054.67,"end":3054.83},{"text":"a","start":3054.83,"end":3054.87},{"text":"wide","start":3054.87,"end":3055.15},{"text":"margin","start":3055.15,"end":3055.71},{"text":"to","start":3055.71,"end":3055.91},{"text":"ensure","start":3055.91,"end":3056.35},{"text":"compliance","start":3056.35,"end":3056.91},{"text":"with","start":3056.91,"end":3057.07},{"text":"obligations","start":3057.07,"end":3057.79},{"text":"under","start":3057.79,"end":3058.11},{"text":"IHL","start":3058.11,"end":3058.67},{"text":"on","start":3058.67,"end":3058.95},{"text":"a","start":3058.95,"end":3058.99},{"text":"case-by-case","start":3058.99,"end":3059.87},{"text":"basis.","start":3059.87,"end":3060.51}]},{"text":"Read in tandem with paragraph 5, it reflects the meaning delegations have started to craft within this text.","start":3061.07,"end":3066.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Read","start":3061.07,"end":3061.31},{"text":"in","start":3061.31,"end":3061.47},{"text":"tandem","start":3061.47,"end":3061.87},{"text":"with","start":3061.87,"end":3062.03},{"text":"paragraph","start":3062.03,"end":3062.59},{"text":"5,","start":3062.59,"end":3062.99},{"text":"it","start":3063.23,"end":3063.35},{"text":"reflects","start":3063.35,"end":3063.83},{"text":"the","start":3063.83,"end":3063.91},{"text":"meaning","start":3063.91,"end":3064.27},{"text":"delegations","start":3064.27,"end":3064.83},{"text":"have","start":3064.83,"end":3064.95},{"text":"started","start":3064.95,"end":3065.31},{"text":"to","start":3065.31,"end":3065.39},{"text":"craft","start":3065.39,"end":3065.71},{"text":"within","start":3065.71,"end":3065.99},{"text":"this","start":3065.99,"end":3066.19},{"text":"text.","start":3066.19,"end":3066.83}]},{"text":"Paragraph five starts identifying mechanisms states might use to ensure broader accountability.","start":3068.15,"end":3073.67,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."},{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":3068.15,"end":3068.59},{"text":"five","start":3068.59,"end":3068.95},{"text":"starts","start":3068.95,"end":3069.27},{"text":"identifying","start":3069.27,"end":3069.99},{"text":"mechanisms","start":3069.99,"end":3070.63},{"text":"states","start":3070.63,"end":3071.19},{"text":"might","start":3071.19,"end":3071.51},{"text":"use","start":3071.51,"end":3071.75},{"text":"to","start":3071.75,"end":3071.95},{"text":"ensure","start":3071.95,"end":3072.47},{"text":"broader","start":3072.47,"end":3072.83},{"text":"accountability.","start":3072.83,"end":3073.67}]},{"text":"The oversight mentioned, for example, echoes a role for various actors to hold states to account when allegations of IHL violations arise.","start":3074.07,"end":3083.11,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."},{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3074.07,"end":3074.19},{"text":"oversight","start":3074.19,"end":3074.79},{"text":"mentioned,","start":3074.79,"end":3075.27},{"text":"for","start":3075.27,"end":3075.47},{"text":"example,","start":3075.47,"end":3076.95},{"text":"echoes","start":3077.03,"end":3077.43},{"text":"a","start":3077.43,"end":3077.51},{"text":"role","start":3077.51,"end":3077.75},{"text":"for","start":3077.75,"end":3077.91},{"text":"various","start":3077.91,"end":3078.39},{"text":"actors","start":3078.39,"end":3078.95},{"text":"to","start":3079.19,"end":3079.39},{"text":"hold","start":3079.39,"end":3079.59},{"text":"states","start":3079.59,"end":3079.99},{"text":"to","start":3079.99,"end":3080.11},{"text":"account","start":3080.11,"end":3080.47},{"text":"when","start":3080.47,"end":3080.71},{"text":"allegations","start":3080.71,"end":3081.31},{"text":"of","start":3081.31,"end":3081.43},{"text":"IHL","start":3081.43,"end":3081.83},{"text":"violations","start":3081.83,"end":3082.39},{"text":"arise.","start":3082.39,"end":3083.11}]},{"text":"Read in tandem with changes to paragraph four, this gives direction to states about the mechanisms that must be established.","start":3083.51,"end":3090.71,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."},{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"to","start":3096.63,"end":3096.67},{"text":"be","start":3096.67,"end":3096.87},{"text":"more","start":3096.87,"end":3097.19},{"text":"explicit","start":3097.19,"end":3097.83},{"text":"and","start":3098.15,"end":3098.31},{"text":"to","start":3098.31,"end":3098.39},{"text":"change","start":3098.39,"end":3098.79},{"text":"development,","start":3098.87,"end":3099.55},{"text":"deployment,","start":3099.63,"end":3100.15},{"text":"and","start":3100.15,"end":3100.27},{"text":"operation","start":3100.27,"end":3101.03},{"text":"to","start":3101.59,"end":3101.75},{"text":"development","start":3101.75,"end":3102.35},{"text":"and","start":3102.35,"end":3102.47},{"text":"use","start":3102.47,"end":3102.79},{"text":"to","start":3102.79,"end":3102.95},{"text":"align","start":3102.95,"end":3103.27},{"text":"with","start":3103.27,"end":3103.39},{"text":"the","start":3103.39,"end":3103.47},{"text":"rest","start":3103.47,"end":3103.75},{"text":"of","start":3103.75,"end":3103.83},{"text":"the","start":3103.83,"end":3103.91},{"text":"text","start":3103.91,"end":3104.71},{"text":"and","start":3104.71,"end":3104.83},{"text":"discussions","start":3104.83,"end":3105.43},{"text":"this","start":3105.43,"end":3105.59},{"text":"week.","start":3105.59,"end":3105.99}]},{"text":"Finally, paragraph six, as noted, is not specific to laws and arguably reflects existing state obligations.","start":3106.87,"end":3114.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":3106.87,"end":3107.67},{"text":"paragraph","start":3107.91,"end":3108.31},{"text":"six,","start":3108.31,"end":3109.07},{"text":"as","start":3109.07,"end":3109.27},{"text":"noted,","start":3109.27,"end":3109.59},{"text":"is","start":3109.59,"end":3109.75},{"text":"not","start":3109.75,"end":3109.95},{"text":"specific","start":3109.95,"end":3110.47},{"text":"to","start":3110.47,"end":3110.63},{"text":"laws","start":3110.63,"end":3111.19},{"text":"and","start":3111.19,"end":3111.43},{"text":"arguably","start":3111.43,"end":3111.99},{"text":"reflects","start":3111.99,"end":3112.55},{"text":"existing","start":3112.55,"end":3112.95},{"text":"state","start":3112.95,"end":3113.19},{"text":"obligations.","start":3113.19,"end":3114.07}]},{"text":"I therefore suggest adding in in the development and use of laws at the beginning to specify the relationship and the small minor change to change the word it's to their in relations to states to align this paragraph with the rest of the text.","start":3114.55,"end":3129.03,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. 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thank you, Chair.","start":3129.19,"end":3129.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3129.19,"end":3129.35},{"text":"thank","start":3129.35,"end":3129.59},{"text":"you,","start":3129.59,"end":3129.67},{"text":"Chair.","start":3129.67,"end":3129.99}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"Utrecht University","group":null,"function":"Assistant Professor of International Law","affiliation_full":"Utrecht University"}},{"statement_number":23,"start":3132.23,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=52:13","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative from the University of Utrecht for making proposals And next on my list is Mexico, to be followed by 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first, let me pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Mexico.","start":3143.79,"end":3147.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":3143.79,"end":3144.11},{"text":"first,","start":3144.11,"end":3144.43},{"text":"let","start":3144.83,"end":3144.95},{"text":"me","start":3144.99,"end":3145.23},{"text":"pass","start":3145.23,"end":3145.47},{"text":"the","start":3145.47,"end":3145.55},{"text":"floor","start":3145.55,"end":3145.79},{"text":"to","start":3145.79,"end":3145.87},{"text":"the","start":3145.87,"end":3145.95},{"text":"distinguished","start":3145.95,"end":3146.59},{"text":"representative","start":3146.59,"end":3147.23},{"text":"of","start":3147.23,"end":3147.31},{"text":"Mexico.","start":3147.31,"end":3147.87}]},{"text":"You have the 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3:00.","start":3151.47,"end":3156.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sorry","start":3151.47,"end":3151.79},{"text":"for","start":3151.79,"end":3151.99},{"text":"arriving","start":3151.99,"end":3152.35},{"text":"late,","start":3152.35,"end":3152.71},{"text":"but","start":3152.71,"end":3152.91},{"text":"I","start":3152.91,"end":3153.07},{"text":"was","start":3153.07,"end":3153.63},{"text":"told","start":3154.35,"end":3154.63},{"text":"to","start":3154.63,"end":3154.83},{"text":"cover","start":3154.83,"end":3155.15},{"text":"another","start":3155.15,"end":3155.55},{"text":"meeting","start":3155.55,"end":3155.91},{"text":"at","start":3155.91,"end":3156.19},{"text":"3:00.","start":3156.35,"end":3156.39}]},{"text":"So with your authorization, may I make some comments on part four and then go to part 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much.","start":3162.43,"end":3163.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3162.43,"end":3162.71},{"text":"you","start":3162.71,"end":3162.79},{"text":"so","start":3162.79,"end":3162.95},{"text":"much.","start":3162.95,"end":3163.23}]},{"text":"So I think with regard to part four, what Mexico would prefer is to be clear of distinguishing those that are obligations to be referred in the box 12 obligations, and part 4 being more tailored to concrete operationalization measures regarding how to implement the legal weapons reviews.","start":3163.23,"end":3185.71,"topics":[{"key":"legal-weapons-review","label":"Legal Weapons Review","description":"A recurring topic was the need for legal review of autonomous weapons, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law. 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Australia.","start":3496.49,"end":3500.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":3496.49,"end":3496.65},{"text":"let","start":3496.65,"end":3496.77},{"text":"me","start":3496.77,"end":3496.89},{"text":"first","start":3496.89,"end":3497.13},{"text":"pass","start":3497.13,"end":3497.45},{"text":"the","start":3497.45,"end":3497.57},{"text":"floor","start":3497.57,"end":3497.85},{"text":"to","start":3497.85,"end":3497.97},{"text":"the","start":3498.01,"end":3498.09},{"text":"distinguished","start":3498.09,"end":3498.57},{"text":"representative","start":3498.57,"end":3499.21},{"text":"of","start":3499.21,"end":3499.29},{"text":"Australia.","start":3499.29,"end":3500.01}]},{"text":"Madam, you have the floor.","start":3500.09,"end":3500.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam,","start":3500.09,"end":3500.41},{"text":"you","start":3500.41,"end":3500.49},{"text":"have","start":3500.49,"end":3500.61},{"text":"the","start":3500.61,"end":3500.69},{"text":"floor.","start":3500.69,"end":3500.97}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":26,"start":3503.85,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=58:24","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, international law provides clear frameworks regarding state responsibility and individual accountability for violations of IHL.","start":3503.85,"end":3512.97,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":3503.85,"end":3504.33},{"text":"international","start":3504.73,"end":3505.81},{"text":"law","start":3505.81,"end":3505.89},{"text":"provides","start":3505.93,"end":3506.33},{"text":"clear","start":3506.33,"end":3506.73},{"text":"frameworks","start":3506.73,"end":3507.45},{"text":"regarding","start":3507.45,"end":3507.85},{"text":"state","start":3507.85,"end":3508.17},{"text":"responsibility","start":3508.17,"end":3509.05},{"text":"and","start":3509.45,"end":3509.65},{"text":"individual","start":3509.65,"end":3510.13},{"text":"accountability","start":3510.13,"end":3511.05},{"text":"for","start":3511.37,"end":3511.53},{"text":"violations","start":3511.53,"end":3512.25},{"text":"of","start":3512.25,"end":3512.33},{"text":"IHL.","start":3512.33,"end":3512.97}]},{"text":"This section needs to be faithful to such frameworks.","start":3514.41,"end":3517.53,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3514.41,"end":3514.65},{"text":"section","start":3514.65,"end":3515.01},{"text":"needs","start":3515.01,"end":3515.25},{"text":"to","start":3515.25,"end":3515.73},{"text":"be","start":3515.73,"end":3515.85},{"text":"faithful","start":3515.85,"end":3516.33},{"text":"to","start":3516.33,"end":3516.49},{"text":"such","start":3516.49,"end":3516.73},{"text":"frameworks.","start":3516.73,"end":3517.53}]},{"text":"We would suggest that paragraph one be framed as the principle that humans must at all times remain accountable in accordance with applicable international law for decisions on the use of force.","start":3518.33,"end":3530.33,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3518.33,"end":3518.49},{"text":"would","start":3518.49,"end":3518.65},{"text":"suggest","start":3518.65,"end":3519.17},{"text":"that","start":3519.17,"end":3519.29},{"text":"paragraph","start":3519.29,"end":3519.85},{"text":"one","start":3519.85,"end":3520.17},{"text":"be","start":3520.17,"end":3520.33},{"text":"framed","start":3520.33,"end":3520.73},{"text":"as","start":3520.73,"end":3520.89},{"text":"the","start":3520.89,"end":3520.97},{"text":"principle","start":3520.97,"end":3521.77},{"text":"that","start":3522.17,"end":3522.41},{"text":"humans","start":3522.41,"end":3522.81},{"text":"must","start":3522.81,"end":3523.29},{"text":"at","start":3523.37,"end":3523.65},{"text":"all","start":3523.65,"end":3523.77},{"text":"times","start":3523.77,"end":3524.25},{"text":"remain","start":3524.25,"end":3524.49},{"text":"accountable","start":3524.49,"end":3525.13},{"text":"in","start":3525.61,"end":3525.77},{"text":"accordance","start":3525.77,"end":3526.21},{"text":"with","start":3526.21,"end":3526.33},{"text":"applicable","start":3526.33,"end":3526.81},{"text":"international","start":3526.81,"end":3527.77},{"text":"law","start":3527.77,"end":3527.85},{"text":"for","start":3528.49,"end":3528.61},{"text":"decisions","start":3528.61,"end":3529.13},{"text":"on","start":3529.13,"end":3529.21},{"text":"the","start":3529.21,"end":3529.29},{"text":"use","start":3529.29,"end":3529.61},{"text":"of","start":3529.61,"end":3529.77},{"text":"force.","start":3529.77,"end":3530.33}]},{"text":"This ought to be uncontroversial in the context of this GGE.","start":3531.33,"end":3535.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3531.33,"end":3531.49},{"text":"ought","start":3531.49,"end":3531.77},{"text":"to","start":3531.77,"end":3531.85},{"text":"be","start":3531.85,"end":3532.05},{"text":"uncontroversial","start":3532.13,"end":3533.17},{"text":"in","start":3533.33,"end":3533.45},{"text":"the","start":3533.45,"end":3533.53},{"text":"context","start":3533.53,"end":3534.09},{"text":"of","start":3534.09,"end":3534.21},{"text":"this","start":3534.21,"end":3534.45},{"text":"GGE.","start":3534.45,"end":3535.17}]},{"text":"When formulating paragraphs on individual accountability, our preference is to focus on the use of laws.","start":3536.97,"end":3543.73,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"When","start":3536.97,"end":3537.25},{"text":"formulating","start":3537.25,"end":3537.81},{"text":"paragraphs","start":3537.81,"end":3538.53},{"text":"on","start":3538.53,"end":3538.69},{"text":"individual","start":3538.69,"end":3539.21},{"text":"accountability,","start":3539.21,"end":3540.05},{"text":"our","start":3540.77,"end":3540.85},{"text":"preference","start":3540.85,"end":3541.49},{"text":"is","start":3541.49,"end":3541.65},{"text":"to","start":3541.65,"end":3541.77},{"text":"focus","start":3541.77,"end":3542.13},{"text":"on","start":3542.13,"end":3542.29},{"text":"the","start":3542.29,"end":3542.37},{"text":"use","start":3542.37,"end":3542.85},{"text":"of","start":3543.09,"end":3543.25},{"text":"laws.","start":3543.25,"end":3543.73}]},{"text":"States may require flexibility to explore capability development with a view to better understanding emerging technologies and their impacts.","start":3544.93,"end":3553.33,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"States","start":3544.93,"end":3545.33},{"text":"may","start":3545.33,"end":3545.49},{"text":"require","start":3545.49,"end":3545.81},{"text":"flexibility","start":3545.81,"end":3546.77},{"text":"to","start":3546.77,"end":3546.89},{"text":"explore","start":3546.89,"end":3547.29},{"text":"capability","start":3547.29,"end":3547.97},{"text":"development","start":3547.97,"end":3548.69},{"text":"with","start":3549.17,"end":3549.41},{"text":"a","start":3549.41,"end":3549.45},{"text":"view","start":3549.45,"end":3549.65},{"text":"to","start":3549.65,"end":3549.81},{"text":"better","start":3549.81,"end":3550.09},{"text":"understanding","start":3550.09,"end":3550.77},{"text":"emerging","start":3550.77,"end":3551.25},{"text":"technologies","start":3551.25,"end":3552.13},{"text":"and","start":3552.37,"end":3552.57},{"text":"their","start":3552.57,"end":3552.73},{"text":"impacts.","start":3552.73,"end":3553.33}]},{"text":"From a practical perspective, development should not be included in this paragraph.","start":3554.49,"end":3559.33,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"From","start":3554.49,"end":3554.69},{"text":"a","start":3554.69,"end":3554.73},{"text":"practical","start":3554.73,"end":3555.25},{"text":"perspective,","start":3555.25,"end":3555.97},{"text":"development","start":3556.53,"end":3557.25},{"text":"should","start":3557.25,"end":3557.49},{"text":"not","start":3557.49,"end":3557.65},{"text":"be","start":3557.65,"end":3557.81},{"text":"included","start":3557.81,"end":3558.37},{"text":"in","start":3558.37,"end":3558.49},{"text":"this","start":3558.49,"end":3558.69},{"text":"paragraph.","start":3558.69,"end":3559.33}]},{"text":"as you won't know until you test and evaluate a system that it cannot perform in accordance with IHL.","start":3560.05,"end":3566.69,"topics":[{"key":"legal-weapons-review","label":"Legal Weapons Review","description":"A recurring topic was the need for legal review of autonomous weapons, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law. Some speakers also called for ethical review and more specific guidance on how such reviews should be carried out for these systems."},{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"as","start":3560.05,"end":3560.21},{"text":"you","start":3560.21,"end":3560.29},{"text":"won't","start":3560.29,"end":3560.65},{"text":"know","start":3560.65,"end":3560.93},{"text":"until","start":3561.01,"end":3561.33},{"text":"you","start":3561.33,"end":3561.41},{"text":"test","start":3561.41,"end":3561.81},{"text":"and","start":3561.81,"end":3562.01},{"text":"evaluate","start":3562.01,"end":3562.61},{"text":"a","start":3562.61,"end":3562.65},{"text":"system","start":3562.65,"end":3563.33},{"text":"that","start":3564.05,"end":3564.21},{"text":"it","start":3564.21,"end":3564.29},{"text":"cannot","start":3564.29,"end":3564.61},{"text":"perform","start":3564.61,"end":3565.17},{"text":"in","start":3565.17,"end":3565.33},{"text":"accordance","start":3565.33,"end":3565.81},{"text":"with","start":3565.81,"end":3565.93},{"text":"IHL.","start":3565.97,"end":3566.69}]},{"text":"It is unclear what legal framework would apply at earlier stages, for example, to commercial developers.","start":3568.13,"end":3574.53,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3568.13,"end":3568.33},{"text":"is","start":3568.33,"end":3568.45},{"text":"unclear","start":3568.45,"end":3568.89},{"text":"what","start":3568.89,"end":3569.09},{"text":"legal","start":3569.09,"end":3569.41},{"text":"framework","start":3569.41,"end":3570.05},{"text":"would","start":3570.13,"end":3570.33},{"text":"apply","start":3570.33,"end":3570.69},{"text":"at","start":3570.69,"end":3570.85},{"text":"earlier","start":3570.85,"end":3571.17},{"text":"stages,","start":3571.17,"end":3571.89},{"text":"for","start":3572.37,"end":3572.49},{"text":"example,","start":3572.49,"end":3573.09},{"text":"to","start":3573.09,"end":3573.25},{"text":"commercial","start":3573.25,"end":3573.73},{"text":"developers.","start":3573.73,"end":3574.53}]},{"text":"We would therefore suggest narrowing the reference to decisions with regard to laws to decisions on the use of force.","start":3575.57,"end":3582.85,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3598.13,"end":3598.45},{"text":"our","start":3598.45,"end":3598.53},{"text":"view,","start":3598.53,"end":3599.01},{"text":"this","start":3599.41,"end":3599.65},{"text":"language","start":3599.65,"end":3600.05},{"text":"lacks","start":3600.05,"end":3600.37},{"text":"clarity","start":3600.37,"end":3601.09},{"text":"on","start":3601.09,"end":3601.25},{"text":"the","start":3601.25,"end":3601.37},{"text":"obligations","start":3601.37,"end":3602.13},{"text":"it","start":3602.13,"end":3602.29},{"text":"seeks","start":3602.29,"end":3602.61},{"text":"to","start":3602.61,"end":3602.73},{"text":"impose","start":3602.73,"end":3603.09},{"text":"on","start":3603.09,"end":3603.25},{"text":"states.","start":3603.25,"end":3603.89}]},{"text":"We query the intent behind this phrase.","start":3604.53,"end":3607.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3604.53,"end":3605.17},{"text":"query","start":3605.25,"end":3605.73},{"text":"the","start":3605.73,"end":3605.85},{"text":"intent","start":3605.85,"end":3606.37},{"text":"behind","start":3606.53,"end":3606.97},{"text":"this","start":3606.97,"end":3607.17},{"text":"phrase.","start":3607.17,"end":3607.73}]},{"text":"Insofar as it seeks to impose obligations on civilian developers, We would query the basis of this under international law, noting IHL governs the use of such systems.","start":3609.49,"end":3621.01,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"Insofar","start":3609.49,"end":3610.09},{"text":"as","start":3610.09,"end":3610.21},{"text":"it","start":3610.21,"end":3610.37},{"text":"seeks","start":3610.37,"end":3610.77},{"text":"to","start":3610.77,"end":3610.89},{"text":"impose","start":3610.89,"end":3611.25},{"text":"obligations","start":3611.25,"end":3612.05},{"text":"on","start":3612.05,"end":3612.21},{"text":"civilian","start":3612.21,"end":3612.97},{"text":"developers,","start":3613.09,"end":3613.89},{"text":"We","start":3614.61,"end":3614.73},{"text":"would","start":3614.73,"end":3614.85},{"text":"query","start":3614.85,"end":3615.25},{"text":"the","start":3615.25,"end":3615.33},{"text":"basis","start":3615.33,"end":3615.81},{"text":"of","start":3615.81,"end":3615.97},{"text":"this","start":3615.97,"end":3616.29},{"text":"under","start":3616.37,"end":3616.61},{"text":"international","start":3616.61,"end":3617.61},{"text":"law,","start":3617.61,"end":3617.69},{"text":"noting","start":3618.21,"end":3618.61},{"text":"IHL","start":3618.61,"end":3619.17},{"text":"governs","start":3619.17,"end":3619.57},{"text":"the","start":3619.57,"end":3619.69},{"text":"use","start":3619.69,"end":3619.93},{"text":"of","start":3619.93,"end":3620.05},{"text":"such","start":3620.05,"end":3620.29},{"text":"systems.","start":3620.29,"end":3621.01}]},{"text":"Well-established principles of state responsibility and individual accountability would apply to any decision to use unlawful weapon systems or weapon systems that have unlawful effects.","start":3622.37,"end":3633.41,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Well-established","start":3622.37,"end":3623.01},{"text":"principles","start":3623.01,"end":3623.49},{"text":"of","start":3623.49,"end":3623.57},{"text":"state","start":3623.57,"end":3623.85},{"text":"responsibility","start":3623.85,"end":3624.85},{"text":"and","start":3624.85,"end":3625.05},{"text":"individual","start":3625.05,"end":3625.57},{"text":"accountability","start":3625.57,"end":3626.45},{"text":"would","start":3626.85,"end":3627.01},{"text":"apply","start":3627.01,"end":3627.33},{"text":"to","start":3627.33,"end":3627.53},{"text":"any","start":3627.57,"end":3627.81},{"text":"decision","start":3627.81,"end":3628.45},{"text":"to","start":3628.53,"end":3628.73},{"text":"use","start":3628.73,"end":3628.93},{"text":"unlawful","start":3628.93,"end":3629.49},{"text":"weapon","start":3629.49,"end":3629.81},{"text":"systems","start":3629.81,"end":3630.45},{"text":"or","start":3630.85,"end":3631.01},{"text":"weapon","start":3631.01,"end":3631.41},{"text":"systems","start":3631.41,"end":3631.77},{"text":"that","start":3631.77,"end":3631.89},{"text":"have","start":3631.89,"end":3632.29},{"text":"unlawful","start":3632.29,"end":3632.81},{"text":"effects.","start":3632.81,"end":3633.41}]},{"text":"We would therefore suggest more closely adhering to consensus language in guiding principle D, namely that Accountability for developing, deploying, and using any emerging weapon systems in the framework of the CCW must be ensured in accordance with applicable international law, including through the operation of such systems within a responsible chain of human command and control.","start":3634.69,"end":3661.85,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."},{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."},{"key":"command-traceability","label":"Human Chain of Command and Traceability","description":"A major discussion concerned whether autonomous weapons should operate within a traceable or verifiable human chain of command and control. Some delegations considered traceability essential for accountability, while others argued the term was unclear, redundant, or technically inappropriate."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3634.69,"end":3634.93},{"text":"would","start":3634.93,"end":3635.09},{"text":"therefore","start":3635.09,"end":3635.45},{"text":"suggest","start":3635.45,"end":3635.89},{"text":"more","start":3635.89,"end":3636.01},{"text":"closely","start":3636.01,"end":3636.49},{"text":"adhering","start":3636.49,"end":3637.01},{"text":"to","start":3637.01,"end":3637.13},{"text":"consensus","start":3637.13,"end":3637.73},{"text":"language","start":3637.73,"end":3638.37},{"text":"in","start":3638.69,"end":3638.89},{"text":"guiding","start":3639.25,"end":3639.65},{"text":"principle","start":3639.65,"end":3640.05},{"text":"D,","start":3640.05,"end":3640.53},{"text":"namely","start":3641.01,"end":3641.41},{"text":"that","start":3641.41,"end":3641.81},{"text":"Accountability","start":3642.25,"end":3643.05},{"text":"for","start":3643.05,"end":3643.29},{"text":"developing,","start":3643.29,"end":3644.01},{"text":"deploying,","start":3644.25,"end":3645.05},{"text":"and","start":3645.45,"end":3645.69},{"text":"using","start":3645.69,"end":3646.05},{"text":"any","start":3646.05,"end":3646.21},{"text":"emerging","start":3646.21,"end":3646.65},{"text":"weapon","start":3646.65,"end":3646.97},{"text":"systems","start":3646.97,"end":3647.53},{"text":"in","start":3647.77,"end":3647.97},{"text":"the","start":3647.97,"end":3648.05},{"text":"framework","start":3648.05,"end":3648.53},{"text":"of","start":3648.53,"end":3648.61},{"text":"the","start":3648.61,"end":3648.69},{"text":"CCW","start":3648.69,"end":3649.61},{"text":"must","start":3649.93,"end":3650.21},{"text":"be","start":3650.21,"end":3650.29},{"text":"ensured","start":3650.29,"end":3650.89},{"text":"in","start":3651.13,"end":3651.33},{"text":"accordance","start":3651.33,"end":3651.77},{"text":"with","start":3651.77,"end":3651.97},{"text":"applicable","start":3652.33,"end":3652.89},{"text":"international","start":3652.89,"end":3653.77},{"text":"law,","start":3653.77,"end":3653.85},{"text":"including","start":3654.49,"end":3655.01},{"text":"through","start":3655.01,"end":3655.13},{"text":"the","start":3655.13,"end":3655.25},{"text":"operation","start":3655.25,"end":3656.01},{"text":"of","start":3656.05,"end":3656.17},{"text":"such","start":3656.17,"end":3656.41},{"text":"systems","start":3656.41,"end":3658.21},{"text":"within","start":3658.41,"end":3658.73},{"text":"a","start":3658.73,"end":3658.77},{"text":"responsible","start":3658.77,"end":3659.33},{"text":"chain","start":3659.33,"end":3659.69},{"text":"of","start":3660.25,"end":3660.41},{"text":"human","start":3660.41,"end":3660.73},{"text":"command","start":3660.73,"end":3661.13},{"text":"and","start":3661.13,"end":3661.29},{"text":"control.","start":3661.29,"end":3661.85}]},{"text":"Turning then to paragraph four, Chair, we consider this paragraph to be unnecessary.","start":3663.61,"end":3668.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Turning","start":3663.61,"end":3663.93},{"text":"then","start":3663.93,"end":3664.09},{"text":"to","start":3664.09,"end":3664.17},{"text":"paragraph","start":3664.17,"end":3664.69},{"text":"four,","start":3664.69,"end":3664.97},{"text":"Chair,","start":3665.77,"end":3666.01},{"text":"we","start":3666.01,"end":3666.17},{"text":"consider","start":3666.17,"end":3666.53},{"text":"this","start":3666.53,"end":3666.73},{"text":"paragraph","start":3666.73,"end":3667.21},{"text":"to","start":3667.21,"end":3667.33},{"text":"be","start":3667.33,"end":3667.61},{"text":"unnecessary.","start":3667.61,"end":3668.49}]},{"text":"Firstly, a state must, as a matter of IHL, ensure that there are mechanisms and systems in place to ensure individuals are held to account for violations of IHL.","start":3669.37,"end":3680.65,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."},{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Firstly,","start":3669.37,"end":3670.01},{"text":"a","start":3670.17,"end":3670.25},{"text":"state","start":3670.25,"end":3670.53},{"text":"must,","start":3670.53,"end":3670.97},{"text":"as","start":3670.97,"end":3671.13},{"text":"a","start":3671.13,"end":3671.21},{"text":"matter","start":3671.21,"end":3671.53},{"text":"of","start":3671.53,"end":3671.77},{"text":"IHL,","start":3671.77,"end":3672.49},{"text":"ensure","start":3673.05,"end":3673.49},{"text":"that","start":3673.69,"end":3673.89},{"text":"there","start":3673.89,"end":3674.01},{"text":"are","start":3674.01,"end":3674.09},{"text":"mechanisms","start":3674.09,"end":3674.77},{"text":"and","start":3674.77,"end":3675.01},{"text":"systems","start":3675.01,"end":3675.53},{"text":"in","start":3675.53,"end":3675.73},{"text":"place","start":3675.73,"end":3676.01},{"text":"to","start":3676.01,"end":3676.17},{"text":"ensure","start":3676.17,"end":3676.53},{"text":"individuals","start":3676.53,"end":3677.29},{"text":"are","start":3677.65,"end":3677.73},{"text":"held","start":3677.77,"end":3678.09},{"text":"to","start":3678.09,"end":3678.37},{"text":"account","start":3678.37,"end":3678.77},{"text":"for","start":3678.77,"end":3678.89},{"text":"violations","start":3678.89,"end":3679.77},{"text":"of","start":3679.77,"end":3679.93},{"text":"IHL.","start":3679.93,"end":3680.65}]},{"text":"However, ensuring individual responsibility goes a step further than this.","start":3681.61,"end":3686.81,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":3681.61,"end":3682.25},{"text":"ensuring","start":3682.73,"end":3683.29},{"text":"individual","start":3683.29,"end":3683.85},{"text":"responsibility","start":3683.85,"end":3684.81},{"text":"goes","start":3685.09,"end":3685.33},{"text":"a","start":3685.33,"end":3685.37},{"text":"step","start":3685.37,"end":3685.61},{"text":"further","start":3685.61,"end":3686.17},{"text":"than","start":3686.33,"end":3686.49},{"text":"this.","start":3686.49,"end":3686.81}]},{"text":"It is not clear if the intent of this paragraph is directed towards state responsibility or individual accountability.","start":3687.69,"end":3695.13,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3687.69,"end":3687.85},{"text":"is","start":3687.85,"end":3687.93},{"text":"not","start":3687.93,"end":3688.09},{"text":"clear","start":3688.09,"end":3688.57},{"text":"if","start":3688.57,"end":3688.77},{"text":"the","start":3688.77,"end":3688.85},{"text":"intent","start":3688.85,"end":3689.29},{"text":"of","start":3689.29,"end":3689.37},{"text":"this","start":3689.37,"end":3689.53},{"text":"paragraph","start":3689.53,"end":3690.33},{"text":"is","start":3690.81,"end":3690.97},{"text":"directed","start":3690.97,"end":3691.45},{"text":"towards","start":3691.45,"end":3691.81},{"text":"state","start":3691.81,"end":3692.09},{"text":"responsibility","start":3692.09,"end":3693.05},{"text":"or","start":3693.45,"end":3693.61},{"text":"individual","start":3693.61,"end":3694.33},{"text":"accountability.","start":3694.33,"end":3695.13}]},{"text":"Further, the phrase potential use of laws is problematic, as it is unclear how an individual could be held responsible for a hypothetical outcome.","start":3696.45,"end":3706.13,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Further,","start":3696.45,"end":3696.85},{"text":"the","start":3697.01,"end":3697.17},{"text":"phrase","start":3697.17,"end":3697.73},{"text":"potential","start":3697.81,"end":3698.33},{"text":"use","start":3698.37,"end":3698.77},{"text":"of","start":3699.01,"end":3699.17},{"text":"laws","start":3699.17,"end":3699.57},{"text":"is","start":3699.57,"end":3699.73},{"text":"problematic,","start":3699.73,"end":3700.45},{"text":"as","start":3701.25,"end":3701.41},{"text":"it","start":3701.41,"end":3701.53},{"text":"is","start":3701.53,"end":3701.73},{"text":"unclear","start":3701.73,"end":3702.25},{"text":"how","start":3702.53,"end":3702.81},{"text":"an","start":3702.81,"end":3702.93},{"text":"individual","start":3702.93,"end":3703.49},{"text":"could","start":3703.49,"end":3703.65},{"text":"be","start":3703.65,"end":3703.73},{"text":"held","start":3703.73,"end":3703.97},{"text":"responsible","start":3703.97,"end":3704.61},{"text":"for","start":3704.61,"end":3704.81},{"text":"a","start":3704.81,"end":3704.85},{"text":"hypothetical","start":3704.85,"end":3705.57},{"text":"outcome.","start":3705.57,"end":3706.13}]},{"text":"Thirdly, it would be more appropriate to refer to international law here more broadly, rather than IHL.","start":3707.57,"end":3714.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thirdly,","start":3707.57,"end":3708.21},{"text":"it","start":3708.61,"end":3708.81},{"text":"would","start":3708.81,"end":3708.93},{"text":"be","start":3708.93,"end":3709.09},{"text":"more","start":3709.09,"end":3709.29},{"text":"appropriate","start":3709.29,"end":3710.05},{"text":"to","start":3710.05,"end":3710.13},{"text":"refer","start":3710.13,"end":3710.45},{"text":"to","start":3710.45,"end":3710.53},{"text":"international","start":3710.53,"end":3711.29},{"text":"law","start":3711.29,"end":3711.37},{"text":"here","start":3711.37,"end":3711.61},{"text":"more","start":3711.61,"end":3711.77},{"text":"broadly,","start":3711.77,"end":3712.37},{"text":"rather","start":3712.85,"end":3713.25},{"text":"than","start":3713.25,"end":3713.49},{"text":"IHL.","start":3713.49,"end":3714.21}]},{"text":"Chair, on paragraph five, it is clear under international law that state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts is well established.","start":3716.05,"end":3723.97,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":3716.05,"end":3716.49},{"text":"on","start":3716.77,"end":3716.93},{"text":"paragraph","start":3716.93,"end":3717.45},{"text":"five,","start":3717.45,"end":3717.89},{"text":"it","start":3718.53,"end":3718.65},{"text":"is","start":3718.69,"end":3718.85},{"text":"clear","start":3718.85,"end":3719.17},{"text":"under","start":3719.17,"end":3719.41},{"text":"international","start":3719.41,"end":3720.05},{"text":"law","start":3720.05,"end":3720.13},{"text":"that","start":3720.13,"end":3720.29},{"text":"state","start":3720.29,"end":3720.57},{"text":"responsibility","start":3720.57,"end":3721.37},{"text":"for","start":3721.37,"end":3721.49},{"text":"internationally","start":3721.49,"end":3722.21},{"text":"wrongful","start":3722.21,"end":3722.61},{"text":"acts","start":3722.61,"end":3722.93},{"text":"is","start":3722.93,"end":3723.09},{"text":"well","start":3723.09,"end":3723.29},{"text":"established.","start":3723.29,"end":3723.97}]},{"text":"and the responsible state is under an obligation to make full reparation for the injury caused by the internationally wrongful act.","start":3724.37,"end":3731.97,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":3724.37,"end":3724.53},{"text":"the","start":3724.53,"end":3724.61},{"text":"responsible","start":3724.61,"end":3725.17},{"text":"state","start":3725.17,"end":3725.57},{"text":"is","start":3725.57,"end":3725.73},{"text":"under","start":3725.73,"end":3726.05},{"text":"an","start":3726.05,"end":3726.13},{"text":"obligation","start":3726.13,"end":3726.93},{"text":"to","start":3726.93,"end":3727.09},{"text":"make","start":3727.09,"end":3727.41},{"text":"full","start":3727.49,"end":3727.81},{"text":"reparation","start":3727.81,"end":3728.69},{"text":"for","start":3729.01,"end":3729.17},{"text":"the","start":3729.17,"end":3729.25},{"text":"injury","start":3729.25,"end":3729.65},{"text":"caused","start":3729.65,"end":3730.13},{"text":"by","start":3730.13,"end":3730.29},{"text":"the","start":3730.29,"end":3730.37},{"text":"internationally","start":3730.37,"end":3731.05},{"text":"wrongful","start":3731.05,"end":3731.49},{"text":"act.","start":3731.49,"end":3731.97}]},{"text":"We consider paragraph five to be overly prescriptive in terms of how a state may give effect to its obligation under international law.","start":3732.93,"end":3741.53,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3732.93,"end":3733.09},{"text":"consider","start":3733.09,"end":3733.49},{"text":"paragraph","start":3733.49,"end":3734.01},{"text":"five","start":3734.01,"end":3734.45},{"text":"to","start":3734.69,"end":3734.81},{"text":"be","start":3734.81,"end":3735.01},{"text":"overly","start":3735.01,"end":3735.49},{"text":"prescriptive","start":3735.49,"end":3736.29},{"text":"in","start":3736.85,"end":3737.01},{"text":"terms","start":3737.01,"end":3737.33},{"text":"of","start":3737.33,"end":3737.41},{"text":"how","start":3737.41,"end":3737.73},{"text":"a","start":3737.73,"end":3737.81},{"text":"state","start":3737.81,"end":3738.29},{"text":"may","start":3738.37,"end":3738.53},{"text":"give","start":3738.53,"end":3738.81},{"text":"effect","start":3738.81,"end":3739.21},{"text":"to","start":3739.21,"end":3739.29},{"text":"its","start":3739.29,"end":3739.49},{"text":"obligation","start":3739.49,"end":3740.29},{"text":"under","start":3740.29,"end":3740.53},{"text":"international","start":3740.53,"end":3741.45},{"text":"law.","start":3741.45,"end":3741.53}]},{"text":"We would therefore suggest rewording paragraph five as follows.","start":3742.69,"end":3746.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3742.69,"end":3742.85},{"text":"would","start":3742.85,"end":3743.01},{"text":"therefore","start":3743.01,"end":3743.41},{"text":"suggest","start":3743.41,"end":3743.81},{"text":"rewording","start":3743.81,"end":3744.37},{"text":"paragraph","start":3744.37,"end":3744.97},{"text":"five","start":3744.97,"end":3745.41},{"text":"as","start":3745.65,"end":3745.89},{"text":"follows.","start":3745.89,"end":3746.45}]},{"text":"States must ensure effective internal mechanisms for the reporting investigation or review of incidents that may involve violations of IHL.","start":3748.05,"end":3757.81,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"States","start":3748.05,"end":3748.49},{"text":"must","start":3748.49,"end":3748.69},{"text":"ensure","start":3748.69,"end":3749.13},{"text":"effective","start":3749.25,"end":3749.81},{"text":"internal","start":3749.81,"end":3750.29},{"text":"mechanisms","start":3750.29,"end":3751.01},{"text":"for","start":3751.01,"end":3751.13},{"text":"the","start":3751.13,"end":3751.21},{"text":"reporting","start":3751.21,"end":3751.97},{"text":"investigation","start":3752.37,"end":3753.49},{"text":"or","start":3753.73,"end":3753.85},{"text":"review","start":3753.85,"end":3754.21},{"text":"of","start":3754.21,"end":3754.37},{"text":"incidents","start":3754.37,"end":3755.01},{"text":"that","start":3755.41,"end":3755.57},{"text":"may","start":3755.57,"end":3755.77},{"text":"involve","start":3755.77,"end":3756.17},{"text":"violations","start":3756.17,"end":3756.89},{"text":"of","start":3756.89,"end":3757.09},{"text":"IHL.","start":3757.09,"end":3757.81}]},{"text":"These internal mechanisms should also address incidents related to the use of laws.","start":3758.45,"end":3763.17,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":3758.45,"end":3758.69},{"text":"internal","start":3758.69,"end":3759.21},{"text":"mechanisms","start":3759.21,"end":3759.89},{"text":"should","start":3759.89,"end":3760.21},{"text":"also","start":3760.21,"end":3760.45},{"text":"address","start":3760.45,"end":3760.77},{"text":"incidents","start":3760.77,"end":3761.49},{"text":"related","start":3761.57,"end":3761.97},{"text":"to","start":3761.97,"end":3762.13},{"text":"the","start":3762.13,"end":3762.21},{"text":"use","start":3762.21,"end":3762.61},{"text":"of","start":3762.61,"end":3762.69},{"text":"laws.","start":3762.69,"end":3763.17}]},{"text":"By including the term \"effective,\" this wording sets a standard for mechanisms to meet, leading to better overall outcomes.","start":3764.37,"end":3771.81,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for 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language put forth at the last GGE, which appeared to attract more consensus.","start":3772.53,"end":3781.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3772.53,"end":3772.69},{"text":"similar","start":3772.69,"end":3773.05},{"text":"reasons,","start":3773.05,"end":3773.65},{"text":"on","start":3773.81,"end":3773.97},{"text":"paragraph","start":3773.97,"end":3774.45},{"text":"6,","start":3774.45,"end":3775.01},{"text":"we","start":3775.41,"end":3775.61},{"text":"suggest","start":3775.61,"end":3776.01},{"text":"reverting","start":3776.01,"end":3776.49},{"text":"to","start":3776.49,"end":3776.57},{"text":"language","start":3776.57,"end":3777.01},{"text":"put","start":3777.01,"end":3777.25},{"text":"forth","start":3777.25,"end":3777.65},{"text":"at","start":3778.13,"end":3778.33},{"text":"the","start":3778.33,"end":3778.41},{"text":"last","start":3778.41,"end":3778.77},{"text":"GGE,","start":3778.77,"end":3779.33},{"text":"which","start":3779.73,"end":3779.97},{"text":"appeared","start":3779.97,"end":3780.29},{"text":"to","start":3780.29,"end":3780.41},{"text":"attract","start":3780.41,"end":3780.85},{"text":"more","start":3780.85,"end":3781.01},{"text":"consensus.","start":3781.01,"end":3781.73}]},{"text":"Chair, finally, we have listened with interest to the proposals of the US with respect to this section and see merit in them.","start":3783.01,"end":3790.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":3783.01,"end":3783.49},{"text":"finally,","start":3783.81,"end":3784.45},{"text":"we","start":3784.45,"end":3784.61},{"text":"have","start":3784.61,"end":3784.77},{"text":"listened","start":3784.77,"end":3785.13},{"text":"with","start":3785.13,"end":3785.25},{"text":"interest","start":3785.25,"end":3785.77},{"text":"to","start":3785.77,"end":3785.85},{"text":"the","start":3785.85,"end":3785.93},{"text":"proposals","start":3785.93,"end":3786.53},{"text":"of","start":3786.53,"end":3786.61},{"text":"the","start":3786.61,"end":3786.73},{"text":"US","start":3786.85,"end":3787.25},{"text":"with","start":3787.57,"end":3787.73},{"text":"respect","start":3787.73,"end":3788.13},{"text":"to","start":3788.13,"end":3788.21},{"text":"this","start":3788.21,"end":3788.33},{"text":"section","start":3788.33,"end":3788.93},{"text":"and","start":3789.33,"end":3789.53},{"text":"see","start":3789.53,"end":3789.65},{"text":"merit","start":3789.65,"end":3789.97},{"text":"in","start":3789.97,"end":3790.09},{"text":"them.","start":3790.09,"end":3790.37}]},{"text":"We thank you.","start":3791.17,"end":3791.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3791.17,"end":3791.29},{"text":"thank","start":3791.29,"end":3791.57},{"text":"you.","start":3791.57,"end":3791.73}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"AUS","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Australia"}},{"statement_number":27,"start":3800.61,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:03:21","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Australia for sharing your views, voicing proposals and reacting to the proposals of other delegations.","start":3800.61,"end":3808.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":3800.61,"end":3800.77},{"text":"me","start":3800.77,"end":3801.01},{"text":"thank","start":3801.01,"end":3801.29},{"text":"the","start":3801.29,"end":3801.37},{"text":"distinguished","start":3801.37,"end":3801.97},{"text":"representative","start":3802.05,"end":3802.77},{"text":"of","start":3802.81,"end":3803.01},{"text":"Australia","start":3803.05,"end":3803.73},{"text":"for","start":3803.73,"end":3803.97},{"text":"sharing","start":3803.97,"end":3804.33},{"text":"your","start":3804.33,"end":3804.45},{"text":"views,","start":3804.45,"end":3805.01},{"text":"voicing","start":3805.05,"end":3805.33},{"text":"proposals","start":3805.33,"end":3806.09},{"text":"and","start":3806.09,"end":3806.25},{"text":"reacting","start":3806.25,"end":3806.69},{"text":"to","start":3806.69,"end":3806.81},{"text":"the","start":3806.81,"end":3806.89},{"text":"proposals","start":3806.93,"end":3807.57},{"text":"of","start":3807.57,"end":3807.65},{"text":"other","start":3807.65,"end":3807.89},{"text":"delegations.","start":3807.89,"end":3808.69}]},{"text":"Next on my list is France, to be followed by Switzerland and Italy, but let me first pass the floor to France.","start":3809.57,"end":3816.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":3809.57,"end":3809.93},{"text":"on","start":3809.93,"end":3810.01},{"text":"my","start":3810.01,"end":3810.21},{"text":"list","start":3810.21,"end":3810.53},{"text":"is","start":3810.53,"end":3810.61},{"text":"France,","start":3810.61,"end":3811.05},{"text":"to","start":3811.05,"end":3811.17},{"text":"be","start":3811.17,"end":3811.49},{"text":"followed","start":3811.49,"end":3811.89},{"text":"by","start":3811.89,"end":3812.05},{"text":"Switzerland","start":3812.05,"end":3812.49},{"text":"and","start":3812.49,"end":3812.61},{"text":"Italy,","start":3812.61,"end":3813.01},{"text":"but","start":3813.09,"end":3813.25},{"text":"let","start":3813.25,"end":3813.37},{"text":"me","start":3813.37,"end":3813.49},{"text":"first","start":3813.49,"end":3813.73},{"text":"pass","start":3813.73,"end":3814.13},{"text":"the","start":3815.53,"end":3815.57},{"text":"floor","start":3815.61,"end":3815.93},{"text":"to","start":3815.93,"end":3816.13},{"text":"France.","start":3816.17,"end":3816.73}]},{"text":"Adam, you have the floor.","start":3817.01,"end":3821.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Adam,","start":3817.01,"end":3817.29},{"text":"you","start":3817.57,"end":3817.65},{"text":"have","start":3820.37,"end":3820.53},{"text":"the","start":3820.77,"end":3820.85},{"text":"floor.","start":3820.89,"end":3821.05}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":28,"start":3821.93,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:03:42","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair. The French delegation has three comments on this section.","start":3821.93,"end":3827.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3821.93,"end":3822.25},{"text":"you,","start":3822.25,"end":3822.33},{"text":"Chair.","start":3822.33,"end":3822.73},{"text":"The","start":3823.69,"end":3823.89},{"text":"French","start":3824.01,"end":3824.49},{"text":"delegation","start":3824.49,"end":3825.13},{"text":"has","start":3825.13,"end":3825.45},{"text":"three","start":3825.45,"end":3825.85},{"text":"comments","start":3825.85,"end":3826.49},{"text":"on","start":3826.49,"end":3826.61},{"text":"this","start":3826.61,"end":3826.85},{"text":"section.","start":3826.85,"end":3827.45}]},{"text":"In paragraph 1, we believe that it might be useful to add some clarification by referring to guiding principle B from the 2019 GGE report.","start":3829.13,"end":3840.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3829.13,"end":3829.29},{"text":"paragraph","start":3829.29,"end":3830.01},{"text":"1,","start":3830.09,"end":3830.89},{"text":"we","start":3831.13,"end":3831.53},{"text":"believe","start":3831.53,"end":3831.85},{"text":"that","start":3831.85,"end":3832.01},{"text":"it","start":3832.01,"end":3832.09},{"text":"might","start":3832.09,"end":3832.25},{"text":"be","start":3832.25,"end":3832.33},{"text":"useful","start":3832.33,"end":3832.73},{"text":"to","start":3832.73,"end":3832.85},{"text":"add","start":3832.89,"end":3833.21},{"text":"some","start":3833.21,"end":3833.45},{"text":"clarification","start":3833.45,"end":3834.57},{"text":"by","start":3834.57,"end":3834.81},{"text":"referring","start":3834.81,"end":3835.45},{"text":"to","start":3835.45,"end":3835.57},{"text":"guiding","start":3835.57,"end":3836.01},{"text":"principle","start":3836.01,"end":3836.65},{"text":"B","start":3836.73,"end":3837.29},{"text":"from","start":3837.29,"end":3837.61},{"text":"the","start":3837.61,"end":3837.73},{"text":"2019","start":3837.73,"end":3839.05},{"text":"GGE","start":3839.05,"end":3839.61},{"text":"report.","start":3839.61,"end":3840.49}]},{"text":"The term \"must\" should be maintained in this paragraph because it's more appropriate with regard to the existing obligations under international humanitarian law.","start":3841.37,"end":3851.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3841.37,"end":3841.53},{"text":"term","start":3841.53,"end":3841.93},{"text":"\"must\"","start":3842.01,"end":3842.97},{"text":"should","start":3843.49,"end":3843.77},{"text":"be","start":3843.77,"end":3843.89},{"text":"maintained","start":3843.89,"end":3844.69},{"text":"in","start":3844.69,"end":3844.89},{"text":"this","start":3844.89,"end":3845.09},{"text":"paragraph","start":3845.09,"end":3845.81},{"text":"because","start":3845.81,"end":3846.13},{"text":"it's","start":3846.13,"end":3846.37},{"text":"more","start":3846.37,"end":3846.61},{"text":"appropriate","start":3846.61,"end":3847.41},{"text":"with","start":3847.41,"end":3847.57},{"text":"regard","start":3847.57,"end":3847.97},{"text":"to","start":3847.97,"end":3848.21},{"text":"the","start":3848.21,"end":3848.33},{"text":"existing","start":3848.33,"end":3848.85},{"text":"obligations","start":3848.85,"end":3849.65},{"text":"under","start":3849.65,"end":3849.89},{"text":"international","start":3849.89,"end":3850.45},{"text":"humanitarian","start":3850.45,"end":3851.25},{"text":"law.","start":3851.33,"end":3851.97}]},{"text":"So we're talking here about consistency, hence must should be retained.","start":3852.29,"end":3856.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3852.29,"end":3852.45},{"text":"we're","start":3852.45,"end":3852.61},{"text":"talking","start":3852.61,"end":3852.89},{"text":"here","start":3852.89,"end":3853.01},{"text":"about","start":3853.01,"end":3853.17},{"text":"consistency,","start":3853.17,"end":3854.13},{"text":"hence","start":3854.13,"end":3854.53},{"text":"must","start":3854.53,"end":3854.85},{"text":"should","start":3855.17,"end":3855.45},{"text":"be","start":3855.45,"end":3855.57},{"text":"retained.","start":3855.57,"end":3856.13}]},{"text":"Turning now to paragraph three, here we could add the word responsibility alongside accountability.","start":3856.85,"end":3864.21,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Turning","start":3856.85,"end":3857.17},{"text":"now","start":3857.17,"end":3857.33},{"text":"to","start":3857.33,"end":3857.41},{"text":"paragraph","start":3857.41,"end":3857.97},{"text":"three,","start":3857.97,"end":3858.69},{"text":"here","start":3858.93,"end":3859.25},{"text":"we","start":3859.25,"end":3859.41},{"text":"could","start":3859.41,"end":3859.57},{"text":"add","start":3859.57,"end":3859.77},{"text":"the","start":3859.77,"end":3859.89},{"text":"word","start":3859.89,"end":3860.21},{"text":"responsibility","start":3860.21,"end":3861.81},{"text":"alongside","start":3862.53,"end":3863.37},{"text":"accountability.","start":3863.37,"end":3864.21}]},{"text":"States must ensure responsibility and accountability so that the two notions appear.","start":3864.21,"end":3868.61,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"States","start":3864.21,"end":3864.53},{"text":"must","start":3864.53,"end":3864.73},{"text":"ensure","start":3864.73,"end":3865.01},{"text":"responsibility","start":3865.01,"end":3865.77},{"text":"and","start":3865.77,"end":3866.01},{"text":"accountability","start":3866.01,"end":3866.93},{"text":"so","start":3866.93,"end":3867.13},{"text":"that","start":3867.13,"end":3867.33},{"text":"the","start":3867.33,"end":3867.41},{"text":"two","start":3867.41,"end":3867.65},{"text":"notions","start":3867.65,"end":3868.13},{"text":"appear.","start":3868.13,"end":3868.61}]},{"text":"We would, however, wish to delete the word \"traceable\", which is redundant, because this concept is already taken into account in the chain of command.","start":3869.05,"end":3879.21,"topics":[{"key":"command-traceability","label":"Human Chain of Command and Traceability","description":"A major discussion concerned whether autonomous weapons should operate within a traceable or verifiable human chain of command and control. 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paragraph 6, we would like to modify \"international law\" and replace it with the wording \"international humanitarian 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here in paragraph 6 is drawn from international humanitarian treaties, and it would therefore be incorrect to extend said language to all branches of international law.","start":3891.13,"end":3904.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3891.13,"end":3891.37},{"text":"language","start":3891.37,"end":3892.01},{"text":"used","start":3892.09,"end":3892.73},{"text":"here","start":3892.73,"end":3893.09},{"text":"in","start":3893.09,"end":3893.29},{"text":"paragraph","start":3893.29,"end":3893.73},{"text":"6","start":3893.73,"end":3894.57},{"text":"is","start":3894.73,"end":3895.05},{"text":"drawn","start":3895.05,"end":3895.53},{"text":"from","start":3895.53,"end":3895.85},{"text":"international","start":3895.85,"end":3896.49},{"text":"humanitarian","start":3896.49,"end":3897.29},{"text":"treaties,","start":3897.29,"end":3898.25},{"text":"and","start":3898.65,"end":3898.89},{"text":"it","start":3898.89,"end":3898.97},{"text":"would","start":3898.97,"end":3899.21},{"text":"therefore","start":3899.21,"end":3900.09},{"text":"be","start":3900.41,"end":3900.65},{"text":"incorrect","start":3900.65,"end":3901.57},{"text":"to","start":3901.57,"end":3901.65},{"text":"extend","start":3901.65,"end":3902.13},{"text":"said","start":3902.13,"end":3902.33},{"text":"language","start":3902.33,"end":3902.81},{"text":"to","start":3902.81,"end":3903.01},{"text":"all","start":3903.01,"end":3903.21},{"text":"branches","start":3903.21,"end":3903.69},{"text":"of","start":3903.69,"end":3903.77},{"text":"international","start":3903.77,"end":3904.69},{"text":"law.","start":3904.69,"end":3904.77}]},{"text":"Thank you very much.","start":3904.89,"end":3905.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3904.89,"end":3905.13},{"text":"you","start":3905.13,"end":3905.21},{"text":"very","start":3905.21,"end":3905.37},{"text":"much.","start":3905.37,"end":3905.61}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"FRA","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"France"}},{"statement_number":29,"start":3907.89,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:05:08","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of France for making 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Emirates.","start":3914.01,"end":3921.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":3914.01,"end":3914.33},{"text":"on","start":3914.33,"end":3914.41},{"text":"my","start":3914.41,"end":3914.57},{"text":"list","start":3914.57,"end":3914.97},{"text":"is","start":3915.05,"end":3915.21},{"text":"Switzerland,","start":3915.21,"end":3916.01},{"text":"to","start":3916.01,"end":3916.09},{"text":"be","start":3916.09,"end":3916.25},{"text":"followed","start":3916.25,"end":3916.69},{"text":"by","start":3916.69,"end":3916.97},{"text":"Italy,","start":3916.97,"end":3917.45},{"text":"the","start":3917.45,"end":3917.57},{"text":"Republic","start":3917.57,"end":3918.25},{"text":"of","start":3918.77,"end":3919.05},{"text":"Korea,","start":3919.05,"end":3919.89},{"text":"and","start":3919.89,"end":3920.01},{"text":"the","start":3920.01,"end":3920.09},{"text":"United","start":3920.09,"end":3920.57},{"text":"Arab","start":3920.57,"end":3920.89},{"text":"Emirates.","start":3920.89,"end":3921.45}]},{"text":"But first, the distinguished representative of Switzerland, you have the floor.","start":3921.45,"end":3925.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":3921.45,"end":3921.69},{"text":"first,","start":3921.69,"end":3922.17},{"text":"the","start":3922.41,"end":3922.57},{"text":"distinguished","start":3922.57,"end":3923.45},{"text":"representative","start":3923.49,"end":3924.09},{"text":"of","start":3924.09,"end":3924.17},{"text":"Switzerland,","start":3924.17,"end":3924.81},{"text":"you","start":3924.89,"end":3925.01},{"text":"have","start":3925.05,"end":3925.29},{"text":"the","start":3925.29,"end":3925.37},{"text":"floor.","start":3925.37,"end":3925.69}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":30,"start":3928.53,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:05:29","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":3928.53,"end":3929.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3928.53,"end":3928.73},{"text":"you,","start":3928.73,"end":3928.81},{"text":"Mr.","start":3928.81,"end":3929.05},{"text":"Chair.","start":3929.05,"end":3929.61}]},{"text":"I can be very short on this section.","start":3930.81,"end":3934.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3930.81,"end":3930.97},{"text":"can","start":3930.97,"end":3931.13},{"text":"be","start":3931.13,"end":3931.45},{"text":"very","start":3931.77,"end":3932.09},{"text":"short","start":3932.09,"end":3932.65},{"text":"on","start":3932.65,"end":3933.37},{"text":"this","start":3933.37,"end":3933.65},{"text":"section.","start":3933.65,"end":3934.49}]},{"text":"We can support it as it stands, but remain open to consider edits that have been proposed by other 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reaction to some comments, we would like to share, however, the following considerations.","start":3946.57,"end":3953.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3946.57,"end":3946.81},{"text":"reaction","start":3946.81,"end":3947.21},{"text":"to","start":3947.21,"end":3947.33},{"text":"some","start":3947.37,"end":3947.69},{"text":"comments,","start":3947.69,"end":3948.65},{"text":"we","start":3949.61,"end":3949.85},{"text":"would","start":3949.85,"end":3950.01},{"text":"like","start":3950.01,"end":3950.33},{"text":"to","start":3950.33,"end":3950.53},{"text":"share,","start":3950.81,"end":3951.45},{"text":"however,","start":3951.45,"end":3951.85},{"text":"the","start":3951.85,"end":3951.93},{"text":"following","start":3951.93,"end":3952.41},{"text":"considerations.","start":3952.41,"end":3953.53}]},{"text":"It is our understanding that many, if not most, instruments on IHL contain provisions on implementation and 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Chair.","start":4050.21,"end":4051.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4050.21,"end":4050.41},{"text":"you","start":4050.41,"end":4050.49},{"text":"very","start":4050.49,"end":4050.65},{"text":"much,","start":4050.65,"end":4050.97},{"text":"Chair.","start":4050.97,"end":4051.25}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CHE","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Switzerland"}},{"statement_number":31,"start":4053.37,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:07:34","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Switzerland for stating the positions of his delegation and making 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Korea.","start":4060.61,"end":4065.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4060.61,"end":4060.89},{"text":"on","start":4060.89,"end":4060.97},{"text":"my","start":4060.97,"end":4061.17},{"text":"list","start":4061.17,"end":4061.45},{"text":"is","start":4061.97,"end":4062.13},{"text":"Italy,","start":4062.21,"end":4062.61},{"text":"to","start":4062.61,"end":4062.77},{"text":"be","start":4062.77,"end":4063.01},{"text":"followed","start":4063.01,"end":4063.57},{"text":"by","start":4063.65,"end":4063.89},{"text":"the","start":4063.89,"end":4064.05},{"text":"Republic","start":4064.05,"end":4064.49},{"text":"of","start":4064.49,"end":4064.61},{"text":"Korea.","start":4064.61,"end":4065.01}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Italy.","start":4065.01,"end":4068.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":4065.01,"end":4065.25},{"text":"let","start":4065.33,"end":4065.49},{"text":"me","start":4065.49,"end":4065.65},{"text":"first","start":4065.65,"end":4065.97},{"text":"pass","start":4065.97,"end":4066.29},{"text":"the","start":4066.29,"end":4066.37},{"text":"floor","start":4066.37,"end":4066.69},{"text":"to","start":4066.69,"end":4066.81},{"text":"the","start":4066.81,"end":4066.89},{"text":"distinguished","start":4066.89,"end":4067.49},{"text":"representative","start":4067.49,"end":4068.21},{"text":"of","start":4068.21,"end":4068.29},{"text":"Italy.","start":4068.29,"end":4068.61}]},{"text":"Madam, you have the 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Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4073.13,"end":4073.37},{"text":"you,","start":4073.37,"end":4073.53},{"text":"Chair,","start":4073.53,"end":4074.17},{"text":"and","start":4074.49,"end":4075.05},{"text":"thank","start":4075.57,"end":4075.81},{"text":"you","start":4075.81,"end":4075.89},{"text":"for","start":4075.89,"end":4076.41},{"text":"the","start":4076.57,"end":4076.77},{"text":"work","start":4076.77,"end":4077.21},{"text":"you","start":4077.21,"end":4077.37},{"text":"have","start":4077.49,"end":4077.77},{"text":"conducted","start":4077.77,"end":4078.57},{"text":"on","start":4078.57,"end":4078.89},{"text":"this","start":4079.45,"end":4079.93},{"text":"section","start":4080.01,"end":4080.73},{"text":"pertaining","start":4080.73,"end":4081.41},{"text":"to","start":4081.41,"end":4081.69},{"text":"state","start":4081.69,"end":4081.93},{"text":"responsibility","start":4081.93,"end":4083.05},{"text":"and","start":4083.21,"end":4083.61},{"text":"individual","start":4083.61,"end":4084.33},{"text":"accountability.","start":4084.33,"end":4085.29}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"We have a few minor comments on this text.","start":4085.85,"end":4090.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4085.85,"end":4086.17},{"text":"have","start":4086.17,"end":4086.49},{"text":"a","start":4086.49,"end":4086.57},{"text":"few","start":4086.57,"end":4086.97},{"text":"minor","start":4086.97,"end":4087.69},{"text":"comments","start":4087.93,"end":4088.89},{"text":"on","start":4088.89,"end":4089.17},{"text":"this","start":4089.17,"end":4089.53},{"text":"text.","start":4089.53,"end":4090.25}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"First, on para 2, sorry, in para 3, we would like to add.","start":4090.57,"end":4095.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":4090.57,"end":4091.05},{"text":"on","start":4091.05,"end":4091.29},{"text":"para","start":4091.29,"end":4091.73},{"text":"2,","start":4091.73,"end":4092.33},{"text":"sorry,","start":4092.73,"end":4092.97},{"text":"in","start":4092.97,"end":4093.05},{"text":"para","start":4093.05,"end":4093.41},{"text":"3,","start":4093.41,"end":4093.69},{"text":"we","start":4093.69,"end":4093.77},{"text":"would","start":4093.77,"end":4093.93},{"text":"like","start":4093.93,"end":4094.25},{"text":"to","start":4094.25,"end":4094.41},{"text":"add.","start":4094.49,"end":4095.05}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Individual prior to accountability, and then looking at para 5, we would suggest rewording this para in the way as follows.","start":4095.85,"end":4110.01,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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we would like to offer three points regarding box 5.","start":4206.09,"end":4208.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":4206.09,"end":4206.41},{"text":"we","start":4206.41,"end":4206.57},{"text":"would","start":4206.57,"end":4206.69},{"text":"like","start":4206.69,"end":4206.85},{"text":"to","start":4206.85,"end":4207.01},{"text":"offer","start":4207.01,"end":4207.29},{"text":"three","start":4207.29,"end":4207.53},{"text":"points","start":4207.53,"end":4208.01},{"text":"regarding","start":4208.01,"end":4208.37},{"text":"box","start":4208.37,"end":4208.65},{"text":"5.","start":4208.65,"end":4208.93}]},{"text":"First, the term \"traceable chain of command and control\" in paragraph 3 is not only conceptually novel but also impractical from a technical standpoint.","start":4209.77,"end":4218.93,"topics":[{"key":"command-traceability","label":"Human Chain of Command and Traceability","description":"A major discussion concerned whether autonomous weapons should operate within a 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Some delegations considered traceability essential for accountability, while others argued the term was unclear, redundant, or technically inappropriate."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":4209.77,"end":4210.17},{"text":"the","start":4210.17,"end":4210.25},{"text":"term","start":4210.25,"end":4210.65},{"text":"\"traceable","start":4210.65,"end":4211.21},{"text":"chain","start":4211.21,"end":4211.45},{"text":"of","start":4211.45,"end":4211.61},{"text":"command","start":4211.61,"end":4211.93},{"text":"and","start":4211.93,"end":4212.05},{"text":"control\"","start":4212.05,"end":4212.45},{"text":"in","start":4212.45,"end":4212.65},{"text":"paragraph","start":4212.65,"end":4213.05},{"text":"3","start":4213.05,"end":4213.45},{"text":"is","start":4213.85,"end":4214.01},{"text":"not","start":4214.01,"end":4214.21},{"text":"only","start":4214.21,"end":4214.37},{"text":"conceptually","start":4214.37,"end":4215.21},{"text":"novel","start":4215.21,"end":4215.85},{"text":"but","start":4216.01,"end":4216.17},{"text":"also","start":4216.17,"end":4216.45},{"text":"impractical","start":4216.45,"end":4217.13},{"text":"from","start":4217.13,"end":4217.41},{"text":"a","start":4217.41,"end":4217.45},{"text":"technical","start":4217.69,"end":4218.25},{"text":"standpoint.","start":4218.25,"end":4218.93}]},{"text":"The concerns raised by those supporting the inclusion of this term could be adequately addressed through other measures.","start":4219.37,"end":4225.85,"topics":[{"key":"command-traceability","label":"Human Chain of Command and Traceability","description":"A major discussion concerned whether autonomous weapons should operate within a traceable or verifiable human chain of command and control. 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Emirates.","start":4271.89,"end":4274.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4271.89,"end":4272.21},{"text":"on","start":4272.21,"end":4272.29},{"text":"my","start":4272.29,"end":4272.45},{"text":"list","start":4272.45,"end":4272.77},{"text":"is","start":4272.77,"end":4272.93},{"text":"the","start":4272.97,"end":4273.05},{"text":"United","start":4273.05,"end":4273.53},{"text":"Arab","start":4273.57,"end":4273.85},{"text":"Emirates.","start":4273.93,"end":4274.53}]},{"text":"Let me pass the floor to the distinguished representative of the United Arab 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we had sent our observations regarding boxes 1 and 2 to the Secretariat, and we shall send also observations on boxes 3 and 4 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Japan.","start":4629.29,"end":4633.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4629.29,"end":4629.69},{"text":"on","start":4629.77,"end":4629.85},{"text":"my","start":4629.85,"end":4630.33},{"text":"list","start":4630.41,"end":4630.73},{"text":"is","start":4630.73,"end":4630.97},{"text":"Canada,","start":4630.97,"end":4631.45},{"text":"to","start":4631.45,"end":4631.61},{"text":"be","start":4631.61,"end":4631.77},{"text":"followed","start":4631.77,"end":4632.25},{"text":"by","start":4632.25,"end":4632.41},{"text":"Israel","start":4632.41,"end":4632.93},{"text":"and","start":4632.93,"end":4633.09},{"text":"Japan.","start":4633.09,"end":4633.61}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of 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floor.","start":4637.37,"end":4638.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sir,","start":4637.37,"end":4637.65},{"text":"you","start":4637.65,"end":4637.73},{"text":"have","start":4637.73,"end":4637.89},{"text":"the","start":4637.89,"end":4637.97},{"text":"floor.","start":4637.97,"end":4638.25}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":38,"start":4640.33,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:17:21","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":4640.33,"end":4641.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4640.33,"end":4640.65},{"text":"you,","start":4640.65,"end":4640.89},{"text":"Mr.","start":4641.09,"end":4641.37},{"text":"Chair.","start":4641.37,"end":4641.69}]},{"text":"My delegation wanted to weigh in on this section as 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make.","start":4646.01,"end":4648.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4646.01,"end":4646.17},{"text":"only","start":4646.17,"end":4646.33},{"text":"have","start":4646.33,"end":4646.65},{"text":"a","start":4647.29,"end":4647.33},{"text":"few","start":4647.33,"end":4647.85},{"text":"brief","start":4647.85,"end":4648.17},{"text":"remarks","start":4648.17,"end":4648.53},{"text":"to","start":4648.53,"end":4648.61},{"text":"make.","start":4648.61,"end":4648.81}]},{"text":"In paragraph 1, we also support the notion of inclusion of referencing international humanitarian law.","start":4649.93,"end":4658.41,"topics":[{"key":"legal-weapons-review","label":"Legal Weapons Review","description":"A recurring topic was the need for legal review of autonomous weapons, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law. Some speakers also called for ethical review and more specific guidance on how such reviews should be carried out for these systems."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4649.93,"end":4650.17},{"text":"paragraph","start":4650.17,"end":4650.81},{"text":"1,","start":4650.81,"end":4651.29},{"text":"we","start":4651.85,"end":4652.17},{"text":"also","start":4652.17,"end":4652.57},{"text":"support","start":4652.57,"end":4653.13},{"text":"the","start":4653.61,"end":4653.77},{"text":"notion","start":4653.77,"end":4654.09},{"text":"of","start":4654.09,"end":4654.57},{"text":"inclusion","start":4654.57,"end":4655.09},{"text":"of","start":4655.09,"end":4655.37},{"text":"referencing","start":4655.93,"end":4656.49},{"text":"international","start":4656.49,"end":4657.17},{"text":"humanitarian","start":4657.17,"end":4658.01},{"text":"law.","start":4658.01,"end":4658.41}]},{"text":"And then at the end of the sentence where we say with regards to laws, we would like to suggest with regards to the deployment and use of laws.","start":4659.77,"end":4669.85,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4659.77,"end":4660.13},{"text":"then","start":4660.13,"end":4660.49},{"text":"at","start":4660.49,"end":4660.65},{"text":"the","start":4660.65,"end":4660.77},{"text":"end","start":4660.81,"end":4661.01},{"text":"of","start":4661.01,"end":4661.09},{"text":"the","start":4661.09,"end":4661.17},{"text":"sentence","start":4661.17,"end":4661.69},{"text":"where","start":4661.69,"end":4661.85},{"text":"we","start":4661.85,"end":4662.01},{"text":"say","start":4662.01,"end":4662.33},{"text":"with","start":4662.33,"end":4662.65},{"text":"regards","start":4662.65,"end":4663.13},{"text":"to","start":4663.13,"end":4663.29},{"text":"laws,","start":4663.29,"end":4663.93},{"text":"we","start":4664.25,"end":4664.65},{"text":"would","start":4664.65,"end":4664.81},{"text":"like","start":4664.81,"end":4664.97},{"text":"to","start":4664.97,"end":4665.09},{"text":"suggest","start":4665.09,"end":4665.77},{"text":"with","start":4666.01,"end":4666.33},{"text":"regards","start":4666.33,"end":4667.05},{"text":"to","start":4667.29,"end":4667.45},{"text":"the","start":4667.45,"end":4667.61},{"text":"deployment","start":4667.61,"end":4668.33},{"text":"and","start":4668.33,"end":4668.57},{"text":"use","start":4668.57,"end":4669.05},{"text":"of","start":4669.09,"end":4669.29},{"text":"laws.","start":4669.29,"end":4669.85}]},{"text":"Again, just minor edits here in paragraph two.","start":4671.09,"end":4676.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Again,","start":4671.09,"end":4671.29},{"text":"just","start":4671.29,"end":4671.61},{"text":"minor","start":4672.01,"end":4672.65},{"text":"edits","start":4673.29,"end":4673.69},{"text":"here","start":4673.69,"end":4673.93},{"text":"in","start":4673.93,"end":4674.25},{"text":"paragraph","start":4674.81,"end":4675.45},{"text":"two.","start":4675.45,"end":4676.09}]},{"text":"On the second sentence where we say this should be considered across the entire lifecycle, we would like to recommend this must.","start":4677.33,"end":4684.53,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. 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Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":4690.45,"end":4690.69},{"text":"paragraph","start":4690.69,"end":4691.41},{"text":"three,","start":4691.41,"end":4692.13},{"text":"here","start":4693.09,"end":4693.41},{"text":"as","start":4693.41,"end":4693.57},{"text":"well,","start":4693.57,"end":4694.05},{"text":"we","start":4695.81,"end":4696.09},{"text":"would","start":4696.09,"end":4696.21},{"text":"like","start":4696.21,"end":4696.45},{"text":"to","start":4696.45,"end":4697.09},{"text":"remove,","start":4698.37,"end":4699.09},{"text":"as","start":4699.09,"end":4699.29},{"text":"others","start":4699.29,"end":4699.53},{"text":"have","start":4699.53,"end":4699.65},{"text":"suggested,","start":4699.65,"end":4700.25},{"text":"the","start":4700.25,"end":4700.37},{"text":"reference","start":4700.37,"end":4700.69},{"text":"to","start":4700.69,"end":4700.85},{"text":"national","start":4700.85,"end":4701.53},{"text":"law.","start":4701.53,"end":4701.73}]},{"text":"Moving on to paragraph five, As others have stated, we would also switch must to should at the beginning of this paragraph.","start":4704.29,"end":4716.61,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for 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finally in paragraph six, we've identified a few issues for our delegation.","start":4717.57,"end":4724.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4717.57,"end":4717.81},{"text":"finally","start":4717.81,"end":4718.21},{"text":"in","start":4718.21,"end":4718.37},{"text":"paragraph","start":4718.37,"end":4718.97},{"text":"six,","start":4718.97,"end":4719.65},{"text":"we've","start":4720.05,"end":4720.29},{"text":"identified","start":4720.29,"end":4720.85},{"text":"a","start":4720.93,"end":4720.97},{"text":"few","start":4720.97,"end":4721.41},{"text":"issues","start":4721.97,"end":4722.85},{"text":"for","start":4723.17,"end":4723.73},{"text":"our","start":4723.73,"end":4723.81},{"text":"delegation.","start":4723.81,"end":4724.45}]},{"text":"Firstly, again, we would say should instead of must.","start":4724.45,"end":4728.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Firstly,","start":4724.45,"end":4725.09},{"text":"again,","start":4726.29,"end":4726.65},{"text":"we","start":4726.65,"end":4726.77},{"text":"would","start":4726.77,"end":4726.93},{"text":"say","start":4726.93,"end":4727.17},{"text":"should","start":4727.17,"end":4727.49},{"text":"instead","start":4727.49,"end":4727.77},{"text":"of","start":4727.77,"end":4727.97},{"text":"must.","start":4727.97,"end":4728.53}]},{"text":"And then where we say appropriate, we would recommend changing to feasible.","start":4730.29,"end":4735.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4730.29,"end":4730.41},{"text":"then","start":4730.41,"end":4730.53},{"text":"where","start":4730.53,"end":4730.69},{"text":"we","start":4730.69,"end":4730.85},{"text":"say","start":4730.85,"end":4731.09},{"text":"appropriate,","start":4731.09,"end":4731.97},{"text":"we","start":4731.97,"end":4732.21},{"text":"would","start":4732.21,"end":4732.33},{"text":"recommend","start":4732.33,"end":4732.93},{"text":"changing","start":4732.93,"end":4733.49},{"text":"to","start":4733.49,"end":4734.05},{"text":"feasible.","start":4734.29,"end":4735.17}]},{"text":"And we question the second part of the paragraph, to prevent and suppress violations of international law by persons or on territory under its jurisdiction or control.","start":4735.97,"end":4750.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4735.97,"end":4736.37},{"text":"we","start":4736.37,"end":4736.57},{"text":"question","start":4736.57,"end":4737.01},{"text":"the","start":4737.01,"end":4737.13},{"text":"second","start":4737.57,"end":4738.17},{"text":"part","start":4738.17,"end":4738.57},{"text":"of","start":4738.57,"end":4738.77},{"text":"the","start":4738.77,"end":4738.89},{"text":"paragraph,","start":4739.65,"end":4740.45},{"text":"to","start":4741.09,"end":4741.25},{"text":"prevent","start":4741.25,"end":4741.73},{"text":"and","start":4741.73,"end":4741.93},{"text":"suppress","start":4741.93,"end":4742.37},{"text":"violations","start":4742.37,"end":4743.17},{"text":"of","start":4743.17,"end":4743.33},{"text":"international","start":4743.33,"end":4743.93},{"text":"law","start":4743.93,"end":4744.05},{"text":"by","start":4744.05,"end":4744.21},{"text":"persons","start":4744.21,"end":4744.85},{"text":"or","start":4746.53,"end":4746.77},{"text":"on","start":4746.77,"end":4747.01},{"text":"territory","start":4747.01,"end":4747.65},{"text":"under","start":4747.65,"end":4747.97},{"text":"its","start":4747.97,"end":4748.29},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":4748.85,"end":4749.57},{"text":"or","start":4749.57,"end":4749.81},{"text":"control.","start":4749.81,"end":4750.61}]},{"text":"Our interpretation is that this is not a legal obligation.","start":4751.09,"end":4755.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":4751.09,"end":4751.25},{"text":"interpretation","start":4751.25,"end":4752.05},{"text":"is","start":4752.05,"end":4752.13},{"text":"that","start":4752.13,"end":4752.25},{"text":"this","start":4752.25,"end":4752.45},{"text":"is","start":4752.45,"end":4752.61},{"text":"not","start":4752.61,"end":4752.89},{"text":"a","start":4752.89,"end":4752.93},{"text":"legal","start":4752.93,"end":4754.21},{"text":"obligation.","start":4754.21,"end":4755.09}]},{"text":"And we would also suggest changing international law in this sentence as it's too broad to be included here.","start":4755.49,"end":4762.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4755.49,"end":4755.69},{"text":"we","start":4755.69,"end":4755.77},{"text":"would","start":4755.77,"end":4755.89},{"text":"also","start":4755.89,"end":4756.25},{"text":"suggest","start":4756.25,"end":4756.65},{"text":"changing","start":4756.65,"end":4757.17},{"text":"international","start":4757.17,"end":4758.09},{"text":"law","start":4758.09,"end":4758.29},{"text":"in","start":4758.53,"end":4758.77},{"text":"this","start":4758.77,"end":4759.05},{"text":"sentence","start":4759.05,"end":4759.57},{"text":"as","start":4759.93,"end":4760.17},{"text":"it's","start":4760.17,"end":4760.41},{"text":"too","start":4760.41,"end":4760.65},{"text":"broad","start":4760.65,"end":4761.13},{"text":"to","start":4761.37,"end":4761.53},{"text":"be","start":4761.53,"end":4761.65},{"text":"included","start":4761.65,"end":4762.17},{"text":"here.","start":4762.17,"end":4762.49}]},{"text":"My delegation has already submitted these changes and recommendations to your team.","start":4762.97,"end":4768.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":4762.97,"end":4763.21},{"text":"delegation","start":4763.21,"end":4763.65},{"text":"has","start":4763.65,"end":4763.77},{"text":"already","start":4763.77,"end":4764.01},{"text":"submitted","start":4764.01,"end":4764.41},{"text":"these","start":4764.41,"end":4764.81},{"text":"changes","start":4765.29,"end":4765.81},{"text":"and","start":4765.81,"end":4765.93},{"text":"recommendations","start":4765.93,"end":4766.81},{"text":"to","start":4767.69,"end":4767.85},{"text":"your","start":4767.85,"end":4768.01},{"text":"team.","start":4768.01,"end":4768.33}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":4768.37,"end":4768.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4768.37,"end":4768.57},{"text":"you.","start":4768.57,"end":4768.69}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CAN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Canada"}},{"statement_number":39,"start":4779.08,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:19:40","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Australia for giving his comments and for already forwarding the proposals in 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on my list is Israel, to be followed by Japan.","start":4790.09,"end":4792.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4790.09,"end":4790.37},{"text":"on","start":4790.37,"end":4790.45},{"text":"my","start":4790.45,"end":4790.57},{"text":"list","start":4790.57,"end":4790.81},{"text":"is","start":4790.81,"end":4791.05},{"text":"Israel,","start":4791.05,"end":4791.45},{"text":"to","start":4791.45,"end":4791.57},{"text":"be","start":4791.57,"end":4791.77},{"text":"followed","start":4791.77,"end":4792.09},{"text":"by","start":4792.09,"end":4792.25},{"text":"Japan.","start":4792.25,"end":4792.85}]},{"text":"Let me pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Israel.","start":4792.85,"end":4796.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":4792.85,"end":4792.97},{"text":"me","start":4792.97,"end":4793.13},{"text":"pass","start":4793.13,"end":4793.37},{"text":"the","start":4793.37,"end":4793.45},{"text":"floor","start":4793.45,"end":4793.69},{"text":"to","start":4793.69,"end":4793.85},{"text":"the","start":4793.85,"end":4793.93},{"text":"distinguished","start":4793.93,"end":4794.53},{"text":"representative","start":4794.53,"end":4795.37},{"text":"of","start":4795.37,"end":4795.45},{"text":"Israel.","start":4795.45,"end":4796.01}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":40,"start":4799.85,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:20:00","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you so much, Chair.","start":4799.85,"end":4801.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4799.85,"end":4800.09},{"text":"you","start":4800.09,"end":4800.25},{"text":"so","start":4800.25,"end":4800.49},{"text":"much,","start":4800.49,"end":4800.81},{"text":"Chair.","start":4801.21,"end":4801.61}]},{"text":"Regarding the fifth paragraph, this paragraph exceeds the group's scope of work and also introduces new terms that have not been previously discussed in this 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those reasons, we think this paragraph should be omitted.","start":4815.69,"end":4818.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":4815.69,"end":4815.93},{"text":"those","start":4815.93,"end":4816.17},{"text":"reasons,","start":4816.17,"end":4816.65},{"text":"we","start":4816.65,"end":4816.81},{"text":"think","start":4816.81,"end":4817.05},{"text":"this","start":4817.05,"end":4817.29},{"text":"paragraph","start":4817.29,"end":4817.77},{"text":"should","start":4817.77,"end":4817.97},{"text":"be","start":4817.97,"end":4818.33},{"text":"omitted.","start":4818.33,"end":4818.81}]},{"text":"If the paragraph is retained in the text, its practical nature would have been more suitable to \"should\" rather than 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the sixth paragraph, the reference to IHL in this paragraph should be qualified to accommodate the mandate of the group regarding 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the reference to the different measures should include a qualification of necessity as not all those measures listed in the paragraph will be necessarily required in practice.","start":4842.17,"end":4856.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Also,","start":4842.17,"end":4842.73},{"text":"the","start":4842.73,"end":4842.93},{"text":"reference","start":4842.97,"end":4843.45},{"text":"to","start":4843.45,"end":4843.69},{"text":"the","start":4843.69,"end":4843.77},{"text":"different","start":4843.77,"end":4845.05},{"text":"measures","start":4845.05,"end":4845.61},{"text":"should","start":4846.09,"end":4846.45},{"text":"include","start":4846.45,"end":4846.89},{"text":"a","start":4847.13,"end":4847.17},{"text":"qualification","start":4847.17,"end":4848.17},{"text":"of","start":4848.21,"end":4848.41},{"text":"necessity","start":4848.41,"end":4849.13},{"text":"as","start":4849.65,"end":4849.85},{"text":"not","start":4849.85,"end":4850.09},{"text":"all","start":4850.13,"end":4850.41},{"text":"those","start":4850.41,"end":4850.73},{"text":"measures","start":4850.73,"end":4851.21},{"text":"listed","start":4851.21,"end":4851.69},{"text":"in","start":4851.77,"end":4851.93},{"text":"the","start":4851.93,"end":4852.01},{"text":"paragraph","start":4852.01,"end":4852.65},{"text":"will","start":4852.89,"end":4853.13},{"text":"be","start":4853.13,"end":4853.29},{"text":"necessarily","start":4853.29,"end":4854.17},{"text":"required","start":4854.65,"end":4855.29},{"text":"in","start":4855.29,"end":4855.45},{"text":"practice.","start":4855.45,"end":4856.01}]},{"text":"For these reasons, we suggest writing, I quote: \"States must take all appropriate steps, including legislative and other measures, as well as imposition of penal or administrative sanctions as needed, to prevent and suppress violations of international humanitarian law obligations applicable to laws by persons or on territory under its jurisdiction or control.","start":4858.17,"end":4889.85,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":4858.17,"end":4858.41},{"text":"these","start":4858.41,"end":4858.65},{"text":"reasons,","start":4858.65,"end":4859.13},{"text":"we","start":4859.13,"end":4859.37},{"text":"suggest","start":4859.37,"end":4859.85},{"text":"writing,","start":4859.85,"end":4860.41},{"text":"I","start":4860.57,"end":4860.73},{"text":"quote:","start":4860.73,"end":4861.13},{"text":"\"States","start":4861.93,"end":4862.73},{"text":"must","start":4863.13,"end":4863.65},{"text":"take","start":4863.65,"end":4864.01},{"text":"all","start":4864.33,"end":4864.73},{"text":"appropriate","start":4864.89,"end":4865.53},{"text":"steps,","start":4865.53,"end":4866.01},{"text":"including","start":4866.57,"end":4867.29},{"text":"legislative","start":4867.29,"end":4868.09},{"text":"and","start":4868.17,"end":4868.45},{"text":"other","start":4868.45,"end":4868.73},{"text":"measures,","start":4868.73,"end":4869.37},{"text":"as","start":4869.93,"end":4870.25},{"text":"well","start":4870.25,"end":4870.57},{"text":"as","start":4870.65,"end":4871.05},{"text":"imposition","start":4871.05,"end":4871.85},{"text":"of","start":4871.89,"end":4872.17},{"text":"penal","start":4872.33,"end":4872.81},{"text":"or","start":4872.81,"end":4873.05},{"text":"administrative","start":4873.05,"end":4873.69},{"text":"sanctions","start":4873.69,"end":4874.33},{"text":"as","start":4875.05,"end":4875.29},{"text":"needed,","start":4875.29,"end":4875.85},{"text":"to","start":4876.61,"end":4876.65},{"text":"prevent","start":4876.65,"end":4877.29},{"text":"and","start":4877.61,"end":4877.81},{"text":"suppress","start":4877.81,"end":4878.29},{"text":"violations","start":4878.29,"end":4878.89},{"text":"of","start":4878.89,"end":4879.05},{"text":"international","start":4879.05,"end":4879.57},{"text":"humanitarian","start":4879.57,"end":4880.25},{"text":"law","start":4880.25,"end":4880.57},{"text":"obligations","start":4880.93,"end":4881.69},{"text":"applicable","start":4882.13,"end":4882.81},{"text":"to","start":4882.81,"end":4882.97},{"text":"laws","start":4882.97,"end":4883.45},{"text":"by","start":4884.57,"end":4884.89},{"text":"persons","start":4884.89,"end":4885.61},{"text":"or","start":4886.17,"end":4886.57},{"text":"on","start":4886.85,"end":4886.97},{"text":"territory","start":4886.97,"end":4887.61},{"text":"under","start":4887.61,"end":4888.01},{"text":"its","start":4888.01,"end":4888.41},{"text":"jurisdiction","start":4888.41,"end":4889.21},{"text":"or","start":4889.21,"end":4889.37},{"text":"control.","start":4889.37,"end":4889.85}]},{"text":"Finally, we are also open to the interesting suggestions proposed by the United States.","start":4891.13,"end":4896.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":4891.13,"end":4891.69},{"text":"we","start":4891.69,"end":4892.01},{"text":"are","start":4892.01,"end":4892.13},{"text":"also","start":4892.13,"end":4892.53},{"text":"open","start":4892.53,"end":4892.81},{"text":"to","start":4892.97,"end":4893.13},{"text":"the","start":4893.13,"end":4893.25},{"text":"interesting","start":4893.25,"end":4893.73},{"text":"suggestions","start":4893.73,"end":4894.41},{"text":"proposed","start":4894.41,"end":4894.85},{"text":"by","start":4894.85,"end":4895.05},{"text":"the","start":4895.05,"end":4895.21},{"text":"United","start":4895.25,"end":4895.69},{"text":"States.","start":4895.69,"end":4896.09}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":4896.41,"end":4896.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4896.41,"end":4896.65},{"text":"you,","start":4896.65,"end":4896.73},{"text":"Chair.","start":4896.73,"end":4896.97}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"ISR","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Israel"}},{"statement_number":41,"start":4898.57,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:21:39","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Israel for making proposals and 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India.","start":4906.81,"end":4910.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4906.81,"end":4907.13},{"text":"on","start":4907.13,"end":4907.21},{"text":"my","start":4907.21,"end":4907.37},{"text":"list","start":4907.37,"end":4907.77},{"text":"is","start":4907.77,"end":4908.17},{"text":"Japan,","start":4908.65,"end":4909.21},{"text":"to","start":4909.21,"end":4909.33},{"text":"be","start":4909.33,"end":4909.53},{"text":"followed","start":4909.53,"end":4910.01},{"text":"by","start":4910.01,"end":4910.17},{"text":"India.","start":4910.17,"end":4910.65}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Japan.","start":4910.73,"end":4914.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":4910.73,"end":4910.89},{"text":"let","start":4910.89,"end":4911.01},{"text":"me","start":4911.01,"end":4911.13},{"text":"first","start":4911.13,"end":4911.37},{"text":"pass","start":4911.37,"end":4911.69},{"text":"the","start":4911.69,"end":4911.77},{"text":"floor","start":4911.77,"end":4912.09},{"text":"to","start":4912.09,"end":4912.17},{"text":"the","start":4912.17,"end":4912.25},{"text":"distinguished","start":4912.25,"end":4912.81},{"text":"representative","start":4913.01,"end":4913.61},{"text":"of","start":4913.61,"end":4913.77},{"text":"Japan.","start":4913.77,"end":4914.33}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":4914.57,"end":4915.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":4914.57,"end":4914.81},{"text":"have","start":4914.81,"end":4915.05},{"text":"the","start":4915.09,"end":4915.17},{"text":"floor.","start":4915.17,"end":4915.45}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":42,"start":4917.65,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:21:58","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":4917.65,"end":4918.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4917.65,"end":4917.81},{"text":"you,","start":4917.81,"end":4917.89},{"text":"Mr.","start":4917.89,"end":4918.17},{"text":"Chair.","start":4918.17,"end":4918.41}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Japan considers that over the years, the last GGE have accumulated consensus on the issue of responsibility and accountability, and we can generally support box 5.","start":4919.41,"end":4930.17,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":4919.41,"end":4919.77},{"text":"considers","start":4919.77,"end":4920.41},{"text":"that","start":4920.41,"end":4920.73},{"text":"over","start":4920.81,"end":4921.05},{"text":"the","start":4921.05,"end":4921.13},{"text":"years,","start":4921.13,"end":4921.49},{"text":"the","start":4921.49,"end":4921.57},{"text":"last","start":4921.57,"end":4921.85},{"text":"GGE","start":4921.85,"end":4922.49},{"text":"have","start":4922.49,"end":4922.65},{"text":"accumulated","start":4922.73,"end":4923.45},{"text":"consensus","start":4923.45,"end":4924.33},{"text":"on","start":4924.33,"end":4924.41},{"text":"the","start":4924.73,"end":4924.81},{"text":"issue","start":4924.89,"end":4925.17},{"text":"of","start":4925.17,"end":4925.29},{"text":"responsibility","start":4925.29,"end":4926.29},{"text":"and","start":4926.29,"end":4926.41},{"text":"accountability,","start":4926.41,"end":4927.37},{"text":"and","start":4927.97,"end":4928.09},{"text":"we","start":4928.09,"end":4928.17},{"text":"can","start":4928.17,"end":4928.41},{"text":"generally","start":4928.41,"end":4928.81},{"text":"support","start":4928.81,"end":4929.37},{"text":"box","start":4929.37,"end":4929.77},{"text":"5.","start":4929.77,"end":4930.17}]},{"text":"However, some parts are redundant, and we support the proposal by Ireland to streamline paragraph one and two.","start":4931.57,"end":4938.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":4931.57,"end":4931.93},{"text":"some","start":4931.93,"end":4932.17},{"text":"parts","start":4932.17,"end":4932.57},{"text":"are","start":4932.57,"end":4932.65},{"text":"redundant,","start":4932.65,"end":4933.37},{"text":"and","start":4933.69,"end":4933.85},{"text":"we","start":4933.85,"end":4934.01},{"text":"support","start":4934.01,"end":4934.41},{"text":"the","start":4934.41,"end":4934.49},{"text":"proposal","start":4934.49,"end":4935.05},{"text":"by","start":4935.05,"end":4935.17},{"text":"Ireland","start":4935.17,"end":4935.73},{"text":"to","start":4935.73,"end":4935.81},{"text":"streamline","start":4936.17,"end":4936.89},{"text":"paragraph","start":4936.89,"end":4937.37},{"text":"one","start":4937.37,"end":4937.69},{"text":"and","start":4937.69,"end":4937.81},{"text":"two.","start":4937.81,"end":4938.17}]},{"text":"We also consider that paragraph five and six would merit to be streamlined.","start":4939.61,"end":4943.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4939.61,"end":4939.77},{"text":"also","start":4939.77,"end":4940.01},{"text":"consider","start":4940.01,"end":4940.49},{"text":"that","start":4940.49,"end":4940.65},{"text":"paragraph","start":4940.65,"end":4941.25},{"text":"five","start":4941.25,"end":4941.61},{"text":"and","start":4941.61,"end":4941.77},{"text":"six","start":4941.77,"end":4942.17},{"text":"would","start":4942.17,"end":4942.37},{"text":"merit","start":4942.37,"end":4942.69},{"text":"to","start":4942.69,"end":4942.77},{"text":"be","start":4942.77,"end":4942.85},{"text":"streamlined.","start":4942.85,"end":4943.45}]},{"text":"Japan supports the proposal by the Republic of Korea and Canada to change must to should.","start":4945.41,"end":4951.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Japan","start":4945.41,"end":4945.73},{"text":"supports","start":4945.73,"end":4946.17},{"text":"the","start":4946.17,"end":4946.25},{"text":"proposal","start":4946.25,"end":4946.89},{"text":"by","start":4946.89,"end":4947.05},{"text":"the","start":4947.05,"end":4947.13},{"text":"Republic","start":4947.13,"end":4947.57},{"text":"of","start":4947.57,"end":4947.69},{"text":"Korea","start":4947.69,"end":4948.05},{"text":"and","start":4948.05,"end":4948.25},{"text":"Canada","start":4948.25,"end":4948.73},{"text":"to","start":4949.21,"end":4949.29},{"text":"change","start":4949.29,"end":4949.77},{"text":"must","start":4949.85,"end":4950.41},{"text":"to","start":4950.49,"end":4950.65},{"text":"should.","start":4950.73,"end":4951.21}]},{"text":"Finally, we welcome the text proposal by the United States based on the draft articles which Japan 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detail.","start":4959.81,"end":4961.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4959.81,"end":4959.85},{"text":"would","start":4959.85,"end":4960.01},{"text":"like","start":4960.01,"end":4960.21},{"text":"to","start":4960.21,"end":4960.29},{"text":"look","start":4960.29,"end":4960.45},{"text":"that","start":4960.45,"end":4960.69},{"text":"into","start":4960.85,"end":4961.25},{"text":"detail.","start":4961.41,"end":4961.89}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":4962.21,"end":4962.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4962.21,"end":4962.41},{"text":"you,","start":4962.41,"end":4962.49},{"text":"Chair.","start":4962.49,"end":4962.77}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"JPN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Japan"}},{"statement_number":43,"start":4964.93,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:22:45","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Japan for viewing the positions of her 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floor.","start":4993.73,"end":4994.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":4993.73,"end":4993.89},{"text":"have","start":4993.89,"end":4994.13},{"text":"the","start":4994.13,"end":4994.21},{"text":"floor.","start":4994.21,"end":4994.53}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":44,"start":5000.29,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:23:21","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5000.29,"end":5000.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5000.29,"end":5000.53},{"text":"you,","start":5000.53,"end":5000.69},{"text":"Chair.","start":5000.69,"end":5000.97}]},{"text":"My delegation is broadly supportive of the substance and the language contained in Section 5, and we believe that the provisions regarding responsibility and accountability in this section should flow from the provisions as contained in IHL, which would pertain to the operational use of the weapon 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Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":5001.65,"end":5001.81},{"text":"delegation","start":5001.81,"end":5002.45},{"text":"is","start":5002.45,"end":5002.57},{"text":"broadly","start":5002.57,"end":5002.97},{"text":"supportive","start":5002.97,"end":5003.65},{"text":"of","start":5003.97,"end":5004.45},{"text":"the","start":5004.45,"end":5004.77},{"text":"substance","start":5004.77,"end":5005.41},{"text":"and","start":5005.41,"end":5005.65},{"text":"the","start":5005.65,"end":5005.77},{"text":"language","start":5005.77,"end":5006.13},{"text":"contained","start":5006.13,"end":5006.69},{"text":"in","start":5006.69,"end":5006.89},{"text":"Section","start":5006.89,"end":5007.25},{"text":"5,","start":5007.25,"end":5007.57},{"text":"and","start":5008.29,"end":5008.49},{"text":"we","start":5008.49,"end":5008.57},{"text":"believe","start":5008.57,"end":5009.01},{"text":"that","start":5009.09,"end":5009.33},{"text":"the","start":5009.33,"end":5009.41},{"text":"provisions","start":5009.41,"end":5010.01},{"text":"regarding","start":5010.09,"end":5010.53},{"text":"responsibility","start":5010.53,"end":5011.33},{"text":"and","start":5011.33,"end":5011.45},{"text":"accountability","start":5011.45,"end":5012.21},{"text":"in","start":5012.73,"end":5012.89},{"text":"this","start":5012.89,"end":5013.01},{"text":"section","start":5013.01,"end":5013.45},{"text":"should","start":5013.45,"end":5013.61},{"text":"flow","start":5013.61,"end":5013.85},{"text":"from","start":5013.85,"end":5014.01},{"text":"the","start":5014.01,"end":5014.13},{"text":"provisions","start":5014.13,"end":5014.61},{"text":"as","start":5014.65,"end":5014.97},{"text":"contained","start":5014.97,"end":5015.53},{"text":"in","start":5015.53,"end":5015.77},{"text":"IHL,","start":5015.85,"end":5016.41},{"text":"which","start":5016.93,"end":5017.29},{"text":"would","start":5017.29,"end":5017.49},{"text":"pertain","start":5017.49,"end":5017.93},{"text":"to","start":5017.93,"end":5018.01},{"text":"the","start":5018.01,"end":5018.13},{"text":"operational","start":5018.13,"end":5018.73},{"text":"use","start":5018.73,"end":5018.97},{"text":"of","start":5018.97,"end":5019.09},{"text":"the","start":5019.09,"end":5019.17},{"text":"weapon","start":5019.17,"end":5019.45},{"text":"system.","start":5019.45,"end":5019.93}]},{"text":"Therefore, in para 1, we would suggest caveating the language at the end to the use of laws, human responsibility with regards to the use of laws.","start":5020.73,"end":5032.33,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":5107.93,"end":5108.49},{"text":"are","start":5108.57,"end":5108.97},{"text":"relating","start":5109.37,"end":5109.85},{"text":"to","start":5109.85,"end":5110.09},{"text":"internal","start":5110.09,"end":5110.57},{"text":"oversight,","start":5110.57,"end":5111.05},{"text":"investigative","start":5111.05,"end":5111.85},{"text":"and","start":5111.85,"end":5112.01},{"text":"redressal","start":5112.01,"end":5112.49},{"text":"mechanisms.","start":5112.49,"end":5113.21}]},{"text":"We believe these are only amongst a few of several other measures that states could take to ensure responsibility and thus would suggest using the term inter alia in the text to indicate that these are a list of non-exhaustive measures.","start":5113.53,"end":5129.05,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. 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all, Chair.","start":5146.69,"end":5147.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That's","start":5146.69,"end":5147.05},{"text":"all,","start":5147.05,"end":5147.17},{"text":"Chair.","start":5147.17,"end":5147.37}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":5147.37,"end":5147.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5147.37,"end":5147.65},{"text":"you.","start":5147.65,"end":5147.73}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"IND","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"India"}},{"statement_number":45,"start":5147.73,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:25:48","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of 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Austria.","start":5156.61,"end":5161.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":5156.61,"end":5157.09},{"text":"on","start":5157.09,"end":5157.17},{"text":"my","start":5157.17,"end":5157.57},{"text":"list","start":5157.57,"end":5157.97},{"text":"is","start":5158.05,"end":5158.37},{"text":"Portugal,","start":5158.37,"end":5158.93},{"text":"to","start":5158.93,"end":5159.05},{"text":"be","start":5159.09,"end":5159.25},{"text":"followed","start":5159.25,"end":5159.81},{"text":"by","start":5159.81,"end":5160.05},{"text":"Belgium","start":5160.05,"end":5160.69},{"text":"and","start":5160.69,"end":5160.93},{"text":"Austria.","start":5160.93,"end":5161.45}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Portugal.","start":5161.57,"end":5165.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":5161.57,"end":5161.93},{"text":"let","start":5161.93,"end":5162.05},{"text":"me","start":5162.05,"end":5162.21},{"text":"first","start":5162.21,"end":5162.45},{"text":"pass","start":5162.45,"end":5162.77},{"text":"the","start":5162.77,"end":5162.93},{"text":"floor","start":5162.93,"end":5163.17},{"text":"to","start":5163.17,"end":5163.29},{"text":"the","start":5163.29,"end":5163.37},{"text":"distinguished","start":5163.37,"end":5163.97},{"text":"representative","start":5163.97,"end":5164.77},{"text":"of","start":5164.85,"end":5165.01},{"text":"Portugal.","start":5165.01,"end":5165.57}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":46,"start":5171.97,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:26:12","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":5171.97,"end":5172.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5171.97,"end":5172.21},{"text":"you,","start":5172.21,"end":5172.29},{"text":"Mr.","start":5172.29,"end":5172.53},{"text":"Chair.","start":5172.53,"end":5172.85}]},{"text":"Just a quick intervention to say that we welcome, in general, the text of this 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that the text seems to caution, and we welcome that.","start":5178.37,"end":5193.57,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":5178.37,"end":5178.65},{"text":"that","start":5178.65,"end":5178.85},{"text":"my","start":5178.85,"end":5179.01},{"text":"delegation","start":5179.01,"end":5179.57},{"text":"considers","start":5179.57,"end":5180.37},{"text":"that","start":5180.53,"end":5180.77},{"text":"responsibility","start":5180.77,"end":5181.81},{"text":"for","start":5181.81,"end":5182.05},{"text":"the","start":5182.05,"end":5182.21},{"text":"development","start":5182.21,"end":5183.01},{"text":"and","start":5183.01,"end":5183.17},{"text":"use","start":5183.17,"end":5183.41},{"text":"of","start":5183.41,"end":5183.57},{"text":"laws","start":5183.57,"end":5184.05},{"text":"should","start":5184.45,"end":5184.73},{"text":"be","start":5184.73,"end":5184.85},{"text":"spread","start":5184.85,"end":5185.17},{"text":"throughout","start":5185.17,"end":5185.65},{"text":"the","start":5185.65,"end":5185.89},{"text":"different","start":5185.89,"end":5186.29},{"text":"stages","start":5186.29,"end":5186.93},{"text":"of","start":5186.93,"end":5187.09},{"text":"the","start":5187.09,"end":5187.17},{"text":"system's","start":5187.17,"end":5187.97},{"text":"life","start":5188.13,"end":5188.37},{"text":"cycle,","start":5188.37,"end":5188.93},{"text":"which","start":5189.37,"end":5189.65},{"text":"is","start":5189.65,"end":5189.77},{"text":"something","start":5189.77,"end":5190.29},{"text":"that","start":5190.29,"end":5190.45},{"text":"the","start":5190.45,"end":5190.53},{"text":"text","start":5190.53,"end":5191.05},{"text":"seems","start":5191.33,"end":5191.65},{"text":"to","start":5191.65,"end":5191.77},{"text":"caution,","start":5191.77,"end":5192.37},{"text":"and","start":5192.45,"end":5192.77},{"text":"we","start":5192.77,"end":5192.85},{"text":"welcome","start":5192.85,"end":5193.25},{"text":"that.","start":5193.25,"end":5193.57}]},{"text":"Like others, we agree with the inclusion of a reference to IHL in paragraph 1.","start":5194.13,"end":5199.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Like","start":5194.13,"end":5194.45},{"text":"others,","start":5194.45,"end":5194.93},{"text":"we","start":5194.93,"end":5195.09},{"text":"agree","start":5195.09,"end":5195.41},{"text":"with","start":5195.41,"end":5195.61},{"text":"the","start":5195.61,"end":5195.69},{"text":"inclusion","start":5195.69,"end":5196.21},{"text":"of","start":5196.21,"end":5196.37},{"text":"a","start":5196.37,"end":5196.41},{"text":"reference","start":5196.41,"end":5196.93},{"text":"to","start":5196.93,"end":5197.25},{"text":"IHL","start":5197.33,"end":5198.05},{"text":"in","start":5198.05,"end":5198.13},{"text":"paragraph","start":5198.13,"end":5198.77},{"text":"1.","start":5198.93,"end":5199.33}]},{"text":"Also, my delegation puts to consideration the opportunity to include reference to the international judicial system in this section as a way of supplementing accountability at an international level.","start":5200.53,"end":5213.81,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":5214.29,"end":5215.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5214.29,"end":5214.37},{"text":"thank","start":5214.37,"end":5214.69},{"text":"you,","start":5214.69,"end":5214.77},{"text":"Mr.","start":5214.77,"end":5215.05},{"text":"Chair.","start":5215.05,"end":5215.17}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"PRT","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Portugal"}},{"statement_number":47,"start":5215.17,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:26:56","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Portugal for his 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with regard to box 5, we would like to add the notion of responsibility for developers and manufacturers in the design and programming stages of the law.","start":5233.45,"end":5251.57,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. 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Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5528.41,"end":5528.73},{"text":"para","start":5528.73,"end":5529.17},{"text":"4,","start":5529.17,"end":5529.93},{"text":"we","start":5529.93,"end":5530.09},{"text":"would","start":5530.09,"end":5530.25},{"text":"also","start":5530.25,"end":5530.49},{"text":"support","start":5530.57,"end":5531.57},{"text":"the","start":5531.57,"end":5531.77},{"text":"inclusion","start":5531.81,"end":5532.41},{"text":"of","start":5532.41,"end":5532.89},{"text":"human","start":5533.21,"end":5533.53},{"text":"responsibility.","start":5533.53,"end":5534.73}]},{"text":"I think it's an interesting addition that was suggested, and also the addition of international law.","start":5534.73,"end":5543.29,"topics":[{"key":"legal-weapons-review","label":"Legal Weapons Review","description":"A recurring topic was the need for legal review of autonomous weapons, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law. Some speakers also called for ethical review and more specific guidance on how such reviews should be carried out for these systems."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5534.73,"end":5534.89},{"text":"think","start":5534.89,"end":5535.13},{"text":"it's","start":5535.13,"end":5535.45},{"text":"an","start":5535.45,"end":5535.77},{"text":"interesting","start":5535.77,"end":5536.41},{"text":"addition","start":5537.05,"end":5537.61},{"text":"that","start":5537.61,"end":5537.93},{"text":"was","start":5537.93,"end":5538.13},{"text":"suggested,","start":5538.13,"end":5538.81},{"text":"and","start":5539.93,"end":5540.17},{"text":"also","start":5540.17,"end":5540.53},{"text":"the","start":5540.53,"end":5540.73},{"text":"addition","start":5541.37,"end":5541.85},{"text":"of","start":5541.85,"end":5542.25},{"text":"international","start":5542.41,"end":5543.21},{"text":"law.","start":5543.21,"end":5543.29}]},{"text":"On para 5, while this is of course a very interesting and important element, this is something that we would rather see with a should, as these are measures on a national basis.","start":5546.37,"end":5559.41,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":5546.37,"end":5546.53},{"text":"para","start":5546.53,"end":5546.93},{"text":"5,","start":5546.93,"end":5547.89},{"text":"while","start":5547.93,"end":5548.45},{"text":"this","start":5548.45,"end":5548.69},{"text":"is","start":5548.69,"end":5548.89},{"text":"of","start":5548.89,"end":5549.01},{"text":"course","start":5549.01,"end":5549.41},{"text":"a","start":5549.41,"end":5549.45},{"text":"very","start":5549.45,"end":5549.69},{"text":"interesting","start":5549.69,"end":5550.21},{"text":"and","start":5550.21,"end":5550.53},{"text":"important","start":5550.53,"end":5551.33},{"text":"element,","start":5551.33,"end":5551.89},{"text":"this","start":5552.45,"end":5552.69},{"text":"is","start":5552.69,"end":5552.77},{"text":"something","start":5552.77,"end":5553.33},{"text":"that","start":5553.33,"end":5553.81},{"text":"we","start":5554.21,"end":5554.37},{"text":"would","start":5554.37,"end":5554.53},{"text":"rather","start":5554.53,"end":5554.93},{"text":"see","start":5554.93,"end":5555.21},{"text":"with","start":5555.21,"end":5555.41},{"text":"a","start":5555.41,"end":5555.45},{"text":"should,","start":5555.45,"end":5555.89},{"text":"as","start":5556.93,"end":5557.25},{"text":"these","start":5557.29,"end":5557.49},{"text":"are","start":5557.49,"end":5557.65},{"text":"measures","start":5557.65,"end":5558.01},{"text":"on","start":5558.01,"end":5558.13},{"text":"a","start":5558.13,"end":5558.17},{"text":"national","start":5558.17,"end":5558.61},{"text":"basis.","start":5558.61,"end":5559.41}]},{"text":"And the problem in general is that if we would have a must here, we would develop international law in the framework of the GGE laws.","start":5560.21,"end":5571.33,"topics":[{"key":"legal-weapons-review","label":"Legal Weapons Review","description":"A recurring topic was the need for legal review of autonomous weapons, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law. Some speakers also called for ethical review and more specific guidance on how such reviews should be carried out for these systems."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5560.21,"end":5560.69},{"text":"the","start":5561.09,"end":5561.33},{"text":"problem","start":5561.33,"end":5561.89},{"text":"in","start":5562.05,"end":5562.29},{"text":"general","start":5562.29,"end":5562.69},{"text":"is","start":5562.69,"end":5562.89},{"text":"that","start":5562.89,"end":5563.17},{"text":"if","start":5563.25,"end":5563.49},{"text":"we","start":5563.49,"end":5563.65},{"text":"would","start":5563.65,"end":5563.97},{"text":"have","start":5564.13,"end":5564.45},{"text":"a","start":5564.45,"end":5564.53},{"text":"must","start":5564.53,"end":5564.97},{"text":"here,","start":5564.97,"end":5565.25},{"text":"we","start":5565.65,"end":5565.85},{"text":"would","start":5565.85,"end":5566.05},{"text":"develop","start":5566.45,"end":5567.09},{"text":"international","start":5567.33,"end":5568.45},{"text":"law","start":5568.85,"end":5568.93},{"text":"in","start":5569.17,"end":5569.57},{"text":"the","start":5569.57,"end":5569.73},{"text":"framework","start":5569.73,"end":5570.17},{"text":"of","start":5570.17,"end":5570.29},{"text":"the","start":5570.29,"end":5570.41},{"text":"GGE","start":5570.41,"end":5570.89},{"text":"laws.","start":5570.89,"end":5571.33}]},{"text":"And this brings us to the second point, I think it's also important that we add here a specification that we are talking about the use of laws.","start":5571.45,"end":5581.41,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5571.45,"end":5571.85},{"text":"this","start":5571.85,"end":5572.05},{"text":"brings","start":5572.05,"end":5572.29},{"text":"us","start":5572.29,"end":5572.45},{"text":"to","start":5572.45,"end":5572.61},{"text":"the","start":5572.61,"end":5572.73},{"text":"second","start":5572.73,"end":5573.09},{"text":"point,","start":5573.09,"end":5573.49},{"text":"I","start":5573.49,"end":5573.57},{"text":"think","start":5573.57,"end":5573.81},{"text":"it's","start":5573.81,"end":5574.05},{"text":"also","start":5574.05,"end":5574.29},{"text":"important","start":5574.29,"end":5574.89},{"text":"that","start":5574.89,"end":5575.09},{"text":"we","start":5575.09,"end":5575.33},{"text":"add","start":5576.25,"end":5576.57},{"text":"here","start":5576.57,"end":5577.05},{"text":"a","start":5577.53,"end":5577.61},{"text":"specification","start":5577.61,"end":5578.53},{"text":"that","start":5578.53,"end":5578.69},{"text":"we","start":5578.69,"end":5578.77},{"text":"are","start":5578.77,"end":5578.89},{"text":"talking","start":5578.89,"end":5579.29},{"text":"about","start":5579.29,"end":5580.17},{"text":"the","start":5580.73,"end":5580.89},{"text":"use","start":5580.89,"end":5581.09},{"text":"of","start":5581.09,"end":5581.21},{"text":"laws.","start":5581.21,"end":5581.41}]},{"text":"So we could add after \"involve violations in IHL\" in relation to the use of laws.","start":5581.41,"end":5588.25,"topics":[{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5581.41,"end":5581.69},{"text":"we","start":5581.69,"end":5581.81},{"text":"could","start":5581.81,"end":5582.09},{"text":"add","start":5582.17,"end":5582.41},{"text":"after","start":5582.81,"end":5583.17},{"text":"\"involve","start":5583.17,"end":5583.57},{"text":"violations","start":5583.57,"end":5584.25},{"text":"in","start":5584.25,"end":5584.41},{"text":"IHL\"","start":5584.41,"end":5585.05},{"text":"in","start":5585.45,"end":5585.61},{"text":"relation","start":5585.61,"end":5586.25},{"text":"to","start":5586.25,"end":5586.49},{"text":"the","start":5586.49,"end":5586.57},{"text":"use","start":5586.57,"end":5587.05},{"text":"of","start":5587.73,"end":5587.85},{"text":"laws.","start":5587.85,"end":5588.25}]},{"text":"So that's very clear that we are speaking about lethal autonomous weapons systems here and that we are not trying to develop international law in this field.","start":5588.57,"end":5597.77,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules-prohibitions","label":"Legally Binding Rules and Prohibitions","description":"Several participants called for moving beyond general principles toward a legally binding instrument regulating or prohibiting lethal autonomous weapon systems. This included proposals to prohibit specific categories of systems, especially those seen as incompatible with human control or humanitarian law."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5588.57,"end":5588.69},{"text":"that's","start":5588.69,"end":5588.97},{"text":"very","start":5588.97,"end":5589.21},{"text":"clear","start":5589.21,"end":5589.53},{"text":"that","start":5589.53,"end":5589.69},{"text":"we","start":5589.73,"end":5589.81},{"text":"are","start":5589.81,"end":5589.93},{"text":"speaking","start":5589.93,"end":5590.33},{"text":"about","start":5590.33,"end":5590.65},{"text":"lethal","start":5590.65,"end":5590.89},{"text":"autonomous","start":5590.89,"end":5591.45},{"text":"weapons","start":5591.45,"end":5591.81},{"text":"systems","start":5591.81,"end":5592.25},{"text":"here","start":5592.25,"end":5592.65},{"text":"and","start":5592.89,"end":5593.09},{"text":"that","start":5593.09,"end":5593.29},{"text":"we","start":5593.29,"end":5593.41},{"text":"are","start":5593.41,"end":5593.49},{"text":"not","start":5593.49,"end":5593.97},{"text":"trying","start":5593.97,"end":5594.41},{"text":"to","start":5594.41,"end":5594.53},{"text":"develop","start":5594.53,"end":5595.21},{"text":"international","start":5596.25,"end":5597.01},{"text":"law","start":5597.01,"end":5597.13},{"text":"in","start":5597.13,"end":5597.29},{"text":"this","start":5597.29,"end":5597.53},{"text":"field.","start":5597.53,"end":5597.77}]},{"text":"But as long as we use a \"should,\" there is also less of a risk here, but the addition is still relevant.","start":5597.77,"end":5605.05,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":5597.77,"end":5598.41},{"text":"as","start":5599.21,"end":5599.37},{"text":"long","start":5599.37,"end":5599.53},{"text":"as","start":5599.53,"end":5599.69},{"text":"we","start":5599.69,"end":5599.77},{"text":"use","start":5599.77,"end":5600.01},{"text":"a","start":5600.01,"end":5600.09},{"text":"\"should,\"","start":5600.09,"end":5600.49},{"text":"there","start":5600.65,"end":5600.85},{"text":"is","start":5600.85,"end":5600.97},{"text":"also","start":5600.97,"end":5601.13},{"text":"less","start":5601.13,"end":5601.41},{"text":"of","start":5601.41,"end":5601.53},{"text":"a","start":5601.53,"end":5601.57},{"text":"risk","start":5601.57,"end":5601.89},{"text":"here,","start":5601.89,"end":5602.05},{"text":"but","start":5602.05,"end":5602.21},{"text":"the","start":5602.21,"end":5602.29},{"text":"addition","start":5602.29,"end":5602.73},{"text":"is","start":5602.73,"end":5603.05},{"text":"still","start":5603.37,"end":5603.93},{"text":"relevant.","start":5604.41,"end":5605.05}]},{"text":"We would also suggest, as others have done, that we use a different word from internal, either domestic or national.","start":5606.77,"end":5614.05,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5606.77,"end":5607.01},{"text":"would","start":5607.01,"end":5607.17},{"text":"also","start":5607.17,"end":5607.45},{"text":"suggest,","start":5607.45,"end":5608.13},{"text":"as","start":5608.45,"end":5608.61},{"text":"others","start":5608.61,"end":5608.93},{"text":"have","start":5608.93,"end":5609.17},{"text":"done,","start":5609.17,"end":5609.57},{"text":"that","start":5609.57,"end":5609.81},{"text":"we","start":5609.81,"end":5609.97},{"text":"use","start":5609.97,"end":5610.21},{"text":"a","start":5610.21,"end":5610.29},{"text":"different","start":5610.29,"end":5610.77},{"text":"word","start":5610.77,"end":5611.01},{"text":"from","start":5611.01,"end":5611.25},{"text":"internal,","start":5611.25,"end":5611.89},{"text":"either","start":5612.45,"end":5612.69},{"text":"domestic","start":5612.69,"end":5613.33},{"text":"or","start":5613.33,"end":5613.49},{"text":"national.","start":5613.49,"end":5614.05}]},{"text":"I think both are good options.","start":5614.05,"end":5615.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5614.05,"end":5614.13},{"text":"think","start":5614.13,"end":5614.37},{"text":"both","start":5614.37,"end":5614.61},{"text":"are","start":5614.61,"end":5614.77},{"text":"good","start":5614.77,"end":5614.93},{"text":"options.","start":5614.93,"end":5615.49}]},{"text":"And, yeah, I would leave it as this.","start":5617.01,"end":5623.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And,","start":5617.01,"end":5617.49},{"text":"yeah,","start":5621.49,"end":5621.73},{"text":"I","start":5621.97,"end":5622.05},{"text":"would","start":5622.05,"end":5622.29},{"text":"leave","start":5622.29,"end":5622.45},{"text":"it","start":5622.45,"end":5622.61},{"text":"as","start":5622.61,"end":5622.77},{"text":"this.","start":5622.85,"end":5623.41}]},{"text":"With six, there would be some textual changes that could be taken.","start":5624.13,"end":5628.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":5624.13,"end":5624.29},{"text":"six,","start":5624.29,"end":5624.69},{"text":"there","start":5624.69,"end":5624.85},{"text":"would","start":5624.85,"end":5625.01},{"text":"be","start":5625.01,"end":5625.13},{"text":"some","start":5625.13,"end":5625.29},{"text":"textual","start":5625.29,"end":5625.85},{"text":"changes","start":5625.85,"end":5626.09},{"text":"that","start":5626.53,"end":5628.05},{"text":"could","start":5628.05,"end":5628.25},{"text":"be","start":5628.25,"end":5628.37},{"text":"taken.","start":5628.37,"end":5628.85}]},{"text":"We could have, for example, a penal and/or instead of just an or.","start":5629.17,"end":5634.53,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. 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thank you.","start":5680.13,"end":5680.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5680.13,"end":5680.29},{"text":"thank","start":5680.29,"end":5680.61},{"text":"you.","start":5680.61,"end":5680.69}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"AUT","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Austria"}},{"statement_number":51,"start":5682.09,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:34:43","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Austria for his comments and his suggestions.","start":5682.09,"end":5687.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":5682.09,"end":5682.29},{"text":"me","start":5682.29,"end":5682.45},{"text":"thank","start":5682.45,"end":5682.69},{"text":"the","start":5682.69,"end":5682.77},{"text":"distinguished","start":5682.77,"end":5683.33},{"text":"representative","start":5683.33,"end":5684.13},{"text":"of","start":5684.17,"end":5684.29},{"text":"Austria","start":5684.37,"end":5685.09},{"text":"for","start":5685.33,"end":5685.53},{"text":"his","start":5685.53,"end":5685.73},{"text":"comments","start":5685.73,"end":5686.21},{"text":"and","start":5686.21,"end":5686.37},{"text":"his","start":5686.37,"end":5686.49},{"text":"suggestions.","start":5686.49,"end":5687.57}]},{"text":"And that brings me to the end of the list.","start":5687.65,"end":5691.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5687.65,"end":5688.21},{"text":"that","start":5688.21,"end":5688.61},{"text":"brings","start":5688.61,"end":5688.97},{"text":"me","start":5688.97,"end":5689.33},{"text":"to","start":5689.33,"end":5689.57},{"text":"the","start":5689.57,"end":5689.69},{"text":"end","start":5689.73,"end":5690.05},{"text":"of","start":5690.21,"end":5690.53},{"text":"the","start":5690.61,"end":5690.73},{"text":"list.","start":5690.73,"end":5691.25}]},{"text":"And we have a new request for the floor, this time by the distinguished representative of Lebanon.","start":5694.37,"end":5700.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5694.37,"end":5694.69},{"text":"we","start":5694.69,"end":5694.85},{"text":"have","start":5694.85,"end":5695.17},{"text":"a","start":5695.25,"end":5695.33},{"text":"new","start":5695.33,"end":5695.65},{"text":"request","start":5695.65,"end":5696.13},{"text":"for","start":5696.13,"end":5696.25},{"text":"the","start":5696.25,"end":5696.37},{"text":"floor,","start":5696.37,"end":5696.77},{"text":"this","start":5697.25,"end":5697.45},{"text":"time","start":5697.45,"end":5697.81},{"text":"by","start":5697.81,"end":5697.97},{"text":"the","start":5697.97,"end":5698.05},{"text":"distinguished","start":5698.05,"end":5698.77},{"text":"representative","start":5698.77,"end":5699.57},{"text":"of","start":5699.57,"end":5699.65},{"text":"Lebanon.","start":5699.65,"end":5700.29}]},{"text":"Sir, you have the floor.","start":5700.29,"end":5701.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sir,","start":5700.29,"end":5700.61},{"text":"you","start":5700.61,"end":5700.77},{"text":"have","start":5700.77,"end":5701.05},{"text":"the","start":5701.05,"end":5701.17},{"text":"floor.","start":5701.17,"end":5701.49}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":52,"start":5705.13,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:35:06","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"As this is the first time I am taking the floor, I would like to express my sincere appreciation for your efforts in navigating this complex and challenging mission while working towards consensus.","start":5705.13,"end":5716.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5705.13,"end":5705.21},{"text":"this","start":5705.21,"end":5705.45},{"text":"is","start":5705.45,"end":5705.61},{"text":"the","start":5705.61,"end":5705.77},{"text":"first","start":5705.77,"end":5706.17},{"text":"time","start":5706.17,"end":5706.49},{"text":"I","start":5706.57,"end":5706.73},{"text":"am","start":5706.73,"end":5706.81},{"text":"taking","start":5706.81,"end":5707.13},{"text":"the","start":5707.13,"end":5707.29},{"text":"floor,","start":5707.29,"end":5707.85},{"text":"I","start":5708.01,"end":5708.17},{"text":"would","start":5708.17,"end":5708.33},{"text":"like","start":5708.33,"end":5708.65},{"text":"to","start":5708.65,"end":5708.73},{"text":"express","start":5708.73,"end":5709.21},{"text":"my","start":5709.21,"end":5709.45},{"text":"sincere","start":5709.45,"end":5709.93},{"text":"appreciation","start":5709.93,"end":5710.81},{"text":"for","start":5710.89,"end":5711.13},{"text":"your","start":5711.13,"end":5711.45},{"text":"efforts","start":5711.61,"end":5712.17},{"text":"in","start":5712.17,"end":5712.29},{"text":"navigating","start":5712.29,"end":5713.05},{"text":"this","start":5713.05,"end":5713.21},{"text":"complex","start":5713.21,"end":5713.77},{"text":"and","start":5713.77,"end":5714.05},{"text":"challenging","start":5714.05,"end":5714.49},{"text":"mission","start":5714.49,"end":5715.01},{"text":"while","start":5715.01,"end":5715.37},{"text":"working","start":5715.37,"end":5715.77},{"text":"towards","start":5715.93,"end":5716.33},{"text":"consensus.","start":5716.33,"end":5716.97}]},{"text":"I also extend my gratitude to your team and all distinguished delegations actively contributing and engaging in these discussions.","start":5718.01,"end":5726.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5718.01,"end":5718.25},{"text":"also","start":5718.25,"end":5718.53},{"text":"extend","start":5718.53,"end":5718.89},{"text":"my","start":5718.89,"end":5719.13},{"text":"gratitude","start":5719.13,"end":5719.61},{"text":"to","start":5719.61,"end":5719.81},{"text":"your","start":5719.81,"end":5720.01},{"text":"team","start":5720.01,"end":5720.33},{"text":"and","start":5720.33,"end":5720.57},{"text":"all","start":5720.57,"end":5720.81},{"text":"distinguished","start":5720.81,"end":5721.53},{"text":"delegations","start":5721.53,"end":5722.41},{"text":"actively","start":5722.57,"end":5723.13},{"text":"contributing","start":5723.13,"end":5723.93},{"text":"and","start":5724.09,"end":5724.33},{"text":"engaging","start":5724.33,"end":5724.89},{"text":"in","start":5724.89,"end":5725.05},{"text":"these","start":5725.05,"end":5725.37},{"text":"discussions.","start":5725.69,"end":5726.41}]},{"text":"My delegation is generally satisfied with the rolling text, however, I would like to offer a few comments on the broader context, not specifically for this 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we strongly emphasize the necessity of maintaining human control over autonomous weapons to ensure compliance with IHL, accountability, and responsibility.","start":5738.77,"end":5750.25,"topics":[{"key":"meaningful-human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control","description":"Delegations and civil society repeatedly stressed that decisions involving lethal autonomous weapon systems must remain under direct and meaningful human control. This included emphasis on human understanding of how systems function, human judgment in context, and the inability to transfer responsibility to machines."},{"key":"accountability-framework","label":"State and Individual Accountability","description":"Many interventions addressed how responsibility and accountability should apply to states, parties to conflict, and individuals when autonomous weapons are developed or used. Speakers debated how to reflect existing legal principles clearly, including state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and individual accountability for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Firstly,","start":5738.77,"end":5739.41},{"text":"we","start":5740.37,"end":5740.57},{"text":"strongly","start":5740.57,"end":5741.01},{"text":"emphasize","start":5741.01,"end":5741.73},{"text":"the","start":5741.73,"end":5741.85},{"text":"necessity","start":5741.85,"end":5742.45},{"text":"of","start":5742.45,"end":5742.61},{"text":"maintaining","start":5742.61,"end":5743.33},{"text":"human","start":5743.33,"end":5743.69},{"text":"control","start":5743.69,"end":5744.29},{"text":"over","start":5744.29,"end":5744.61},{"text":"autonomous","start":5744.61,"end":5745.17},{"text":"weapons","start":5745.17,"end":5745.73},{"text":"to","start":5746.13,"end":5746.25},{"text":"ensure","start":5746.25,"end":5746.61},{"text":"compliance","start":5746.61,"end":5747.17},{"text":"with","start":5747.17,"end":5747.41},{"text":"IHL,","start":5747.41,"end":5748.13},{"text":"accountability,","start":5748.53,"end":5749.29},{"text":"and","start":5749.29,"end":5749.45},{"text":"responsibility.","start":5749.49,"end":5750.25}]},{"text":"Equally important is the prohibition of autonomous weapons that cannot be used in accordance with IHL.","start":5751.49,"end":5757.89,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules-prohibitions","label":"Legally Binding Rules and Prohibitions","description":"Several participants called for moving beyond general principles toward a legally binding instrument regulating or prohibiting lethal autonomous weapon systems. 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Some speakers also called for ethical review and more specific guidance on how such reviews should be carried out for these systems."}],"words":[{"text":"Equally","start":5751.49,"end":5751.81},{"text":"important","start":5751.81,"end":5752.45},{"text":"is","start":5752.53,"end":5752.69},{"text":"the","start":5752.69,"end":5752.81},{"text":"prohibition","start":5752.85,"end":5753.73},{"text":"of","start":5753.73,"end":5753.97},{"text":"autonomous","start":5753.97,"end":5754.45},{"text":"weapons","start":5754.45,"end":5754.93},{"text":"that","start":5754.93,"end":5755.25},{"text":"cannot","start":5755.25,"end":5755.53},{"text":"be","start":5755.53,"end":5755.73},{"text":"used","start":5755.73,"end":5756.21},{"text":"in","start":5756.29,"end":5756.45},{"text":"accordance","start":5756.45,"end":5757.09},{"text":"with","start":5757.09,"end":5757.25},{"text":"IHL.","start":5757.25,"end":5757.89}]},{"text":"Such weapons should neither be developed, deployed, nor utilized.","start":5758.93,"end":5763.53,"topics":[{"key":"binding-rules-prohibitions","label":"Legally Binding Rules and Prohibitions","description":"Several participants called for moving beyond general principles toward a legally binding instrument regulating or prohibiting lethal autonomous weapon systems. This included proposals to prohibit specific categories of systems, especially those seen as incompatible with human control or humanitarian law."},{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":5758.93,"end":5759.09},{"text":"weapons","start":5759.09,"end":5759.73},{"text":"should","start":5759.81,"end":5760.05},{"text":"neither","start":5760.05,"end":5760.53},{"text":"be","start":5760.53,"end":5760.69},{"text":"developed,","start":5760.69,"end":5761.25},{"text":"deployed,","start":5761.49,"end":5762.05},{"text":"nor","start":5762.29,"end":5762.93},{"text":"utilized.","start":5762.93,"end":5763.53}]},{"text":"Furthermore, we stress the importance of establishing clear rules for all non-prohibited weapons system to guarantee their compliance with IHL.","start":5764.85,"end":5776.61,"topics":[{"key":"legal-weapons-review","label":"Legal Weapons Review","description":"A recurring topic was the need for legal review of autonomous weapons, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law. 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I would like to highlight concerns and challenges posed by emerging technologies in this domain, specifically regarding the development of automated weapons and systems operating in collaborative operations and swarming 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example, unlike traditional systems, these technologies enable multiple drones to coordinate, identify, select, and engage multiple targets collectively, rather than operating on a one-to-one 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such scenarios, adversaries have little to no ability to defend themselves against such coordinated attacks.","start":5813.53,"end":5820.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5813.53,"end":5813.61},{"text":"such","start":5813.61,"end":5813.85},{"text":"scenarios,","start":5813.85,"end":5814.65},{"text":"adversaries","start":5814.81,"end":5815.53},{"text":"have","start":5815.53,"end":5815.85},{"text":"little","start":5815.85,"end":5816.25},{"text":"to","start":5816.25,"end":5816.41},{"text":"no","start":5816.41,"end":5816.65},{"text":"ability","start":5816.65,"end":5817.05},{"text":"to","start":5817.05,"end":5817.21},{"text":"defend","start":5817.21,"end":5817.57},{"text":"themselves","start":5817.57,"end":5818.25},{"text":"against","start":5818.73,"end":5819.17},{"text":"such","start":5819.17,"end":5819.45},{"text":"coordinated","start":5819.45,"end":5820.17},{"text":"attacks.","start":5820.17,"end":5820.65}]},{"text":"The primary concern is that human intervention in these 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normally used for describing systems.","start":5989.37,"end":5999.97,"topics":[{"key":"command-traceability","label":"Human Chain of Command and Traceability","description":"A major discussion concerned whether autonomous weapons should operate within a traceable or verifiable human chain of command and control. Some delegations considered traceability essential for accountability, while others argued the term was unclear, redundant, or technically inappropriate."}],"words":[{"text":"Third","start":5989.37,"end":5989.57},{"text":"point,","start":5989.57,"end":5990.13},{"text":"the","start":5991.81,"end":5991.97},{"text":"word","start":5992.05,"end":5992.61},{"text":"traceable","start":5992.93,"end":5993.81},{"text":"in","start":5993.89,"end":5994.13},{"text":"Para","start":5994.13,"end":5994.45},{"text":"3","start":5994.45,"end":5995.33},{"text":"is","start":5996.21,"end":5996.53},{"text":"normally","start":5996.53,"end":5997.09},{"text":"used","start":5997.09,"end":5997.81},{"text":"for","start":5997.81,"end":5998.13},{"text":"describing","start":5998.13,"end":5999.09},{"text":"systems.","start":5999.17,"end":5999.97}]},{"text":"However, The command and control chain is a link where humans and machines interact.","start":6001.81,"end":6011.77,"topics":[{"key":"command-traceability","label":"Human Chain of Command and Traceability","description":"A major discussion concerned whether autonomous weapons should operate within a traceable or verifiable human chain of command and control. Some delegations considered traceability essential for accountability, while others argued the term was unclear, redundant, or technically inappropriate."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":6001.81,"end":6002.61},{"text":"The","start":6003.29,"end":6003.61},{"text":"command","start":6003.61,"end":6004.21},{"text":"and","start":6004.21,"end":6004.33},{"text":"control","start":6004.33,"end":6004.89},{"text":"chain","start":6004.89,"end":6005.33},{"text":"is","start":6005.61,"end":6006.17},{"text":"a","start":6006.17,"end":6006.25},{"text":"link","start":6006.25,"end":6006.89},{"text":"where","start":6007.45,"end":6008.17},{"text":"humans","start":6008.65,"end":6009.53},{"text":"and","start":6009.69,"end":6010.01},{"text":"machines","start":6010.09,"end":6010.89},{"text":"interact.","start":6010.89,"end":6011.77}]},{"text":"So the use of traceable here is not appropriate.","start":6014.25,"end":6018.97,"topics":[{"key":"command-traceability","label":"Human Chain of Command and Traceability","description":"A major discussion concerned whether autonomous weapons should operate within a traceable or verifiable human chain of command and control. 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There was also debate over whether texts should require or merely recommend penal, administrative, or other sanctions for violations."}],"words":[{"text":"Countries","start":6056.41,"end":6057.21},{"text":"should","start":6057.21,"end":6058.17},{"text":"decide","start":6058.57,"end":6059.29},{"text":"the","start":6060.57,"end":6060.65},{"text":"mechanism","start":6060.89,"end":6061.49},{"text":"to","start":6061.49,"end":6061.85},{"text":"set","start":6061.85,"end":6062.17},{"text":"up","start":6062.17,"end":6062.33},{"text":"in","start":6062.33,"end":6062.57},{"text":"accordance","start":6062.57,"end":6063.05},{"text":"with","start":6063.05,"end":6063.29},{"text":"its","start":6063.29,"end":6063.61},{"text":"own","start":6063.61,"end":6063.85},{"text":"conditions.","start":6063.85,"end":6064.81}]},{"text":"While minimizing potential misunderstandings, we should achieve the purpose of this paragraph by, we propose, removing or deleting reporting this word.","start":6067.49,"end":6089.37,"topics":[{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. 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sir.","start":6130.45,"end":6131.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6130.45,"end":6130.69},{"text":"you,","start":6130.69,"end":6130.77},{"text":"sir.","start":6130.77,"end":6131.09}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CHN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"China"}},{"statement_number":57,"start":6141.73,"pageUrl":"/es/asset/k1l/k1lt3n3xwv?lang=en&t=1:42:22","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I see no further requests for the floor.","start":6141.73,"end":6146.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6141.73,"end":6142.05},{"text":"see","start":6142.93,"end":6143.25},{"text":"no","start":6143.25,"end":6143.65},{"text":"further","start":6143.65,"end":6144.57},{"text":"requests","start":6144.57,"end":6145.17},{"text":"for","start":6145.41,"end":6145.81},{"text":"the","start":6145.81,"end":6145.89},{"text":"floor.","start":6145.89,"end":6146.53}]},{"text":"I guess that we have exhausted speakers list and I think we're all a bit 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think that might increase the level of convergence in the room around certain key elements of the text.","start":6182.49,"end":6193.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6182.49,"end":6182.89},{"text":"think","start":6182.89,"end":6183.37},{"text":"that","start":6183.45,"end":6184.01},{"text":"might","start":6185.29,"end":6186.01},{"text":"increase","start":6186.41,"end":6186.97},{"text":"the","start":6186.97,"end":6187.09},{"text":"level","start":6187.09,"end":6187.81},{"text":"of","start":6187.81,"end":6187.93},{"text":"convergence","start":6187.93,"end":6188.89},{"text":"in","start":6188.89,"end":6189.05},{"text":"the","start":6189.05,"end":6189.13},{"text":"room","start":6189.13,"end":6189.53},{"text":"around","start":6190.81,"end":6191.29},{"text":"certain","start":6191.29,"end":6191.73},{"text":"key","start":6191.73,"end":6192.01},{"text":"elements","start":6192.01,"end":6192.49},{"text":"of","start":6192.61,"end":6192.69},{"text":"the","start":6192.69,"end":6192.81},{"text":"text.","start":6192.81,"end":6193.29}]},{"text":"But that job is not yet 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you can chew on that and then have a discussion on that tomorrow morning.","start":6284.09,"end":6291.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6284.09,"end":6284.37},{"text":"you","start":6284.37,"end":6284.49},{"text":"can","start":6284.49,"end":6284.73},{"text":"chew","start":6284.73,"end":6284.93},{"text":"on","start":6284.93,"end":6285.05},{"text":"that","start":6285.05,"end":6285.37},{"text":"and","start":6286.81,"end":6287.01},{"text":"then","start":6287.01,"end":6287.37},{"text":"have","start":6287.37,"end":6287.69},{"text":"a","start":6288.09,"end":6288.13},{"text":"discussion","start":6288.13,"end":6288.69},{"text":"on","start":6288.69,"end":6288.81},{"text":"that","start":6288.81,"end":6289.21},{"text":"tomorrow","start":6290.09,"end":6290.61},{"text":"morning.","start":6290.61,"end":6291.05}]},{"text":"Since everything builds on everything, we continue working on following 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give that a second reading until Friday.","start":6312.69,"end":6320.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6312.69,"end":6313.09},{"text":"a","start":6314.05,"end":6314.09},{"text":"little","start":6314.09,"end":6314.33},{"text":"bit","start":6314.33,"end":6314.61},{"text":"about","start":6314.81,"end":6315.25},{"text":"the","start":6315.65,"end":6315.77},{"text":"half","start":6315.77,"end":6316.01},{"text":"of","start":6316.01,"end":6316.21},{"text":"the","start":6316.21,"end":6316.29},{"text":"text","start":6316.29,"end":6316.85},{"text":"to","start":6317.17,"end":6317.29},{"text":"give","start":6317.29,"end":6317.49},{"text":"that","start":6317.49,"end":6317.69},{"text":"a","start":6317.69,"end":6317.73},{"text":"second","start":6317.73,"end":6318.21},{"text":"reading","start":6318.21,"end":6318.69},{"text":"until","start":6319.05,"end":6319.65},{"text":"Friday.","start":6319.97,"end":6320.61}]},{"text":"So summarizing, tonight we will circulate new text, a new version of 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will discuss that tomorrow morning.","start":6334.53,"end":6336.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6334.53,"end":6334.65},{"text":"will","start":6334.65,"end":6334.81},{"text":"discuss","start":6334.81,"end":6335.25},{"text":"that","start":6335.25,"end":6335.65},{"text":"tomorrow","start":6335.89,"end":6336.33},{"text":"morning.","start":6336.33,"end":6336.77}]},{"text":"And in the meantime, we continue working on some changes to boxes two and three, and we will circulate them in the course of tomorrow, hopefully, for further discussion tomorrow and on 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hope that is agreeable to all of you.","start":6372.37,"end":6374.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6372.37,"end":6372.61},{"text":"hope","start":6372.61,"end":6373.01},{"text":"that","start":6373.01,"end":6373.25},{"text":"is","start":6373.25,"end":6373.49},{"text":"agreeable","start":6373.57,"end":6374.13},{"text":"to","start":6374.13,"end":6374.37},{"text":"all","start":6374.37,"end":6374.53},{"text":"of","start":6374.53,"end":6374.61},{"text":"you.","start":6374.61,"end":6374.85}]},{"text":"I wish you a pleasant continuation of the afternoon and see you back 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They discussed how such biases can undermine compliance with international humanitarian law and lead to disproportionate or unlawful targeting."},{"key":"lifecycle-scope","label":"Lifecycle Scope of Obligations","description":"A repeated issue was whether obligations should apply across the full lifecycle of autonomous weapons, including development, testing, deployment, and use, or only to operational use in armed conflict. Delegations differed on how far legal and accountability provisions should extend beyond battlefield employment."},{"key":"command-traceability","label":"Human Chain of Command and Traceability","description":"A major discussion concerned whether autonomous weapons should operate within a traceable or verifiable human chain of command and control. Some delegations considered traceability essential for accountability, while others argued the term was unclear, redundant, or technically inappropriate."},{"key":"legal-weapons-review","label":"Legal Weapons Review","description":"A recurring topic was the need for legal review of autonomous weapons, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law. Some speakers also called for ethical review and more specific guidance on how such reviews should be carried out for these systems."},{"key":"oversight-and-sanctions","label":"Oversight, Investigation, and Sanctions","description":"Speakers repeatedly discussed national or internal mechanisms for oversight, reporting, investigation, redress, and corrective action in incidents involving autonomous weapons. 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