Sexta Comisión, 7ª sesión plenaria, Asamblea General, 81° período de sesiones Asamblea General Date: 8 October 2026 Language: English Transcript: https://transcripts.un.org/es/ga/c6/81/7?lang=en Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations. --- 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [0:01]: Good morning. Good morning, colleagues. I call to order the seventh meeting of the Sixth Committee for the 81st session of the General Assembly. Distinguished delegates, the Sixth Committee will now continue its consideration of agenda item 84, the rule of law at the national and international levels. I draw your attention once again to the 2026 report of the Secretary-General on strengthening and coordinating United Nations rule of law activities, contained in document A/81/184, which is available on the website for the Sixth Committee. Please be reminded of the decision taken at our first meeting that statements delivered in national capacity should be limited to seven minutes, while statements by groups of states will be delivered will be limited to 12 minutes. Delegations are strongly encouraged to adhere to the time limits. The first speaker on my list will be the distinguished representative of Palestine, the State of Palestine. You have the floor. Thank you. State of Palestine [1:16]: Thank you, Madam Chair. The State of Palestine reaffirms its unwavering commitment to the rule of law at the national and international levels. The rule of law underpins universal humanity, guarantees. Freedom, dignity, equality, justice, and stability, and protects the powerless and challenges the powerful. The State of Palestine continues to advance the rule of law at the national level and adhere to its obligations and responsibilities as a peace-loving, abiding state at the international level. Advancing international law in all situations is the backbone of multilateral system. Upholding international law during armed conflict is a defining character of the multilateral system. Protecting. Civilians during armed conflict is a moral, legal, and political imperative and essential condition for maintaining international peace and security. This is why humanity collectively elaborated an entire system of law and principles. After the horrors of World War II, with the Charter of the United Nations at its cornerstone and its purposes and principles. Similarly, an entire edifice was built to regulate the conduct of hostilities and to ensure the protection of civilians. Including the four Geneva Conventions, their additional protocol, the Hague Regulations, and customary international humanitarian law, complemented by international human rights law and international criminal law. These are the moral, legal, and political norms that have guided our. International community, that no one is above the constraints of the law, and that no one is below its protection. This is the. Civilization we chose for the sake of all, not for one against the other, including the most vulnerable amongst us. Israel's continued criminality and genocide is the greatest defeat and the irrevocable threat to this civilization. Israel's genocide exposed and revealed how for the powerful among us, this international law-based order is not an order, but is rather a hierarchy that is tethered to a brutal selective inhumanity which decides whose lives matter, whose children are allowed to live, whose hopes and dreams can be pursued, whose cities can flourish, and others can be demolished. A hierarchy that punishes the victim and shields the perpetrator. Yet, we never abandoned the rule of law. The promise of an international law-based order and of universal rights, which includes Palestine, was once written that could not be undone, not even by the most powerful. Our cause today is as much about the ongoing denial of our right to self-determination as much as it is about the survival and efficacy of the international order. And we have long recognized that the rule of law constitutes the moral foundation of our just cause towards freedom. We have carved, in a reality of 80 years of suffering and oppression, a legal and peaceful path to realize our rights on our ancestral land, as per the UN Charter. The Palestinian people have preserved faith in the law, when everything around us should have led us to despair. This is a testament to our unwavering belief in the law and justice, however distant or deferred. Whether through the historic advisory opinions or the genocide case brought by South Africa, or the referrals to the ICC. The majority of the international community stood shoulder to shoulder with the State of Palestine and the Palestinian people in support of international law and accountability. And in support of the UN Charter, its principles and purposes, including the right to self-determination and the prohibition of acquisition of territory by force, and in support of humanity and morality and rejecting genocide, colonialism, occupation, aggression, domination, essentially rejecting Israel's exceptionalism. In the midst of this unending nightmare, the law renewed our faith in humanity. Palestine has for decades represented and materially manifested the unfulfilled promise of the universality of the rule of law. It is an open wound. We need to end We need to put an end to this injustice, not a pause to it. And we need your unconditional support to humanity, to a reality where our rights are no longer denied, where Israel's illegal occupation ends, where we are all able to live in peace and security, where the rule of law and justice is the only one path that can lead us there. No one should obstruct it, and all should help us on it. Finally, the State of Palestine calls on everyone to uphold international law, not sacrifice it on the altar of political calculations. The Palestinian people and the State of Palestine are committed to the rule of international law, and we continue. To fight for its authority. We exemplify its indispensability. There is this saying, the exception that proves the rule. It does not apply here. The Palestinian people have endured the exception in order to challenge. This rule, proving that for the rule of international law to prevail, ending Israel's exceptionalism is necessary. Thank you. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [6:10]: I thank the distinguished representative of the State of Palestine for her statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Rwanda. You have the floor, sir. Rwanda [6:23]: Thank you very much, Madam Chair, for giving me the floor. And thank you, colleagues. Happy to see you, Chair, chairing our meetings this morning. Madame Chair, allow me to begin by thanking those who spoke before Rwanda for their valuable contribution to this agenda item. Colleagues, Rwanda aligns itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and that delivered on behalf of the African Group. We thank the Secretary-General for his report. Madame Chair and colleagues, Rwanda strongly supports this agenda item. For Rwanda, rule of law is something that must be built, continue to be protected, and strengthened every day. Colleagues, our experience has taught us that good laws are very necessary, but they are not enough. Institutions must work, justice must be accessible, decisions must be implemented, and ultimately, People must have confidence that law will protect them and apply fairly. This is the approach that Rwanda has taken in strengthening its justice sector, investing in our courts, legal aid, digitization, and alternative dispute resolution, while continuing to address delays and barriers to justice. Madam Chair and colleagues, we are seeing results. In the last judicial year, the court case backlog fell by 40%, from 44,799 to 26,862 cases. Nearly 12,000 cases were resolved through pre-bargaining. while our community-based abunzi mediation system handled 99% of the disputes received at the local level. Madam Chair and colleagues, for some of us who have worked in these institutions, these figures matter because behind every case is a person. Behind every case is a family. Or behind every case is a business waiting for a dispute to be resolved. Justice delays have very practical consequences. We have also learned that institutions endure when people recognize them as their own. This is why we welcome the Secretary General's emphasis on national ownership and on drawing from different legal traditions and experiences across the continents and sub regions and regions as well. Colleagues, Principles of rule of law are universal, but there is no single institutional path for giving effect to them. Countries have different histories, legal traditions, and social realities. No country or region has monopoly on the rule of law, justice, or democracy. Respect for universal obligations must never be compromised. At the same time, universality should not become uniformity or a basis for imposing a one model on every society. Madam Chair and colleagues, we must apply the same standard internationally. The Charter places sovereign equality, peaceful settlement, and respect for international law at the center of relations among states. We cannot insist on respect for rule of law within states while accepting selectivity in its application among states. International law must apply equally, whether a state is large or small, such as mine, powerful or less powerful. Madam Chair, finally, for Rwanda, this agenda item should therefore continue to advance practical cooperation, national ownership and genuine dialogue among legal traditions. This is how we can strengthen institutions, build public confidence and ensure that the rule of law is lived for at national level and international level. I thank you, Madam Chair. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [11:06]: I thank the distinguished representative of Rwanda for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Cameroon. You have the floor, sir. Cameroon [11:19]: Madam Chair, thank you for giving me the floor. We are very happy to see you presiding over our work this morning. Madam Chair, Cameroon aligns itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the African Group and would like to share a few comments in its national capacity. Madam Chair, my delegation takes note of the report of the SG, number 81/184, on efforts to promote and strengthen rule of law at the national and international levels, as well as the coordination of UN assistance with regard to rule of law. Madam Chair, in resolution 80/167, the General Assembly invited member states to focus their observations during these discussions on the sub-theme, strengthening rule of law by improving cooperation between the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly and the International Law Commission. We commend the attention placed on strengthening rule of law through closer cooperation between our committee and the ILC. More regular and substantive interaction between these two bodies would help to foster more structured dialogue, as well as to strengthen coherence in the legal work of our Organization. Madam Chair, the founding of the UN in 1945, just after one of the most tragic chapters in the history of humanity, aimed to replace the logic of force with that of law, dialogue, and cooperation. The UN Charter, which remains the foundation of our modern international order, thus enshrined essential principles for international peace and security, for the respect for human rights, justice, and development. Rule of law, beyond being a fundamental value, is also a practical necessity. that requires states to respect their international obligations, to ensure that disputes can be peacefully resolved, and the principle of sovereign equality of states remains at the heart of international relations. Since its founding, the UN has contributed to the drafting of a vast corpus of international legal rules and instruments covering the main spheres of international life. It also helped to establish jurisdictional and institutional mechanisms to contribute to peaceful dispute settlement between states. Madam Chair, just after the commemoration of the 80th anniversary of the entry into effect of the Charter, the UN has made great strides and at the same time is facing persistent challenges. The history of the UN teaches us that international law can only maintain its full authority if it is constantly, consistently upheld, applied in good faith, and led by institutions that benefit from the trust of all people. In an international context that is marked by an increasing number of crises, the emergence of new confrontation theaters, and the acceleration of technological transformation, strengthening multilateralism remains more important than ever. Rule of law in this regard ought to be one of the essential foundations of a credible, inclusive, and effective multilateralism. In this regard, it is crucial to maintain the universality, integrity, and coherence of international law. The UN Charter should not be applied selectively, respecting the principles of sovereign equality of states, non-use or threat of use of force, and peaceful dispute settlement ought to continue to guide interstate relations. Trust in the multilateral system will depend to a large extent on our collective ability to uphold these principles. The reform and adaptation of multilateral institutions also are very important in order to make them more representative, more transparent, more effective, and adapted to the realities of the modern world. The process launched under the Pact for the Future and, more recently, the UN80 Initiative in this regard, provide an opportunity to continue these reflections while respecting the priorities of member states. Cameroon encourages the reform that heightens the legitimacy and effectiveness of the UN while consolidating its universal intergovernmental nature. In addition, international jurisdictions such as the International Court of Justice or the international tribunal and law, the law of the sea, continue to play an important role in consolidating the rule of law. It is crucial to maintain their independence, their credibility, and their effectiveness, as well as to facilitate the execution of their decisions in accordance with the obligations taken on by states. Madam Chair, the effective persuasion of developing countries in the elaboration, interpretation, and evolution of international law remains a key issue. Gaps when it comes to legal capacity, as well as technical and financial capacity, can limit the participation of certain states in the complex processes of negotiation and codification of international law. Our organization, therefore, ought to continue stepping up technical assistance, training, and national capacity building to ensure that all states can take part effectively and in a well-informed manner in the building of the international legal order. This approach would also help States take better ownership and more effectively implement international instruments. Madam Chair, the Pact for the Future adopted in 2024 under the presidency of the 79th session of the General Assembly of the UN which was provided by Cameroon, was an important step in the collective efforts to build a future multilateralism. It reaffirms the commitment of states to international law and the UN Charter and calls for strengthening international cooperation in order to address modern challenges. Its implementation ought to be our highest priority. The Declaration of Future Generations that is an annex to that pact recalls to us that the promotion of the state of rule of law, peace, human rights, and sustainable development are closely interlinked and are responsibilities that go beyond the present moment. It is our duty to transmit to future generations an international order that is based more on trust, justice, cooperation, and respect for the law. Madam Chair, promoting rule of law at the international level should naturally be also reflected in national legal systems. The effectiveness of international law depends greatly on the ability of states to ensure it is applied in their own systems. With regard to Cameroon, my country remains firmly committed to consolidating the rule of law and strengthening its legal institutional framework, despite the many challenges we are facing. In this regard, we're continuing our efforts to apply law to improve access to justice, to strengthen the capacity of our legal institutions to protect and promote human rights, as well as to consolidate anti-corruption mechanisms. These efforts are part of a broader approach toward bolstering institutions, promoting accountability and good governance, as well as fostering justice that is accessible and effective for all. In all of these areas, We have made great progress, but much remains to be done. Cameroon remains also committed to pursuing its cooperation with the UN and other international partners. in areas relevant to promoting rule of law. Madam Chair, the experience of the last eight decades has shown us that international law can only take full effect when it is supported by political will, cooperation, and trust between states. In 1945, the international community chose, at the end of the war, to build an order based upon common rules. In 2026, A collective responsibility is to maintain this key while adapting ourselves to new realities. My delegation reaffirms our commitment to multilateralism, to the UN Charter, and to peaceful dispute settlement. We remain willing to collaborate constructively with all other delegations to contribute to the promotion and strengthening of rule of law at the international and national levels. Thank you for your kind attention. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [19:52]: I thank the distinguished representative of Cameroon for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Slovenia. Slovenia [20:08]: Good morning. Thank you, Madam Vice Chair. Slovenia aligns itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union and its member states and would like to add the following remarks in its national capacity. At the outset, Slovenia would like to thank the Secretary-General for his report. We welcome the selection of this year's subtopic on strengthening cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission. Madam Chair, Slovenia shares the conclusion of the report that binding legal norms applied universally and independently of power provide the only durable foundation for international peace. An international order based on international law, with the Charter at its core, is not an aspiration, but a commitment. Such an order guarantees predictability, legal certainty, and trust in relations between states. In addition to respecting existing rules, States must be able to agree on new ones to address emerging challenges. The past year has seen some encouraging developments in this regard. In January, the BBNJ agreement entered into force. Preparations are also underway for two diplomatic conferences, one on crimes against humanity and one on the protection of persons in the event of disasters. Both are based on draft articles adopted by the Commission. Madam Chair, the General Assembly is entrusted with encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification. The relationship between this committee and the Commission is central to this task. Based on state practice across regions and legal traditions, the Commission's work remains one of the most valuable contributions to international law. Slovenia values the Commission's requests for comments on specific issues, which provide states with a direct means of contributing to its work. We see merit in building on the existing briefings with special rapporteurs by holding topic-specific side events where states could put forward concrete proposals as topics develop. The Commission had recommended holding part of this year's session in New York to allow closer contact with this committee. Regrettably, sufficient resources were unavailable for this, and we share the Commission's concern about the reduced duration of its sessions. In its report, the Commission reaffirms its commitment to grounding its work in the realities of international relations and responding to the needs expressed by states. Slovenia fully endorses this approach. The long-term work programme offers a broad basis for the years ahead. We would welcome the Commission indicating in its annual report which topics on the programme it sees as priorities, so that States can respond in this Committee and help shape the direction of its work. This would allow the Commission to focus on topics of practical relevance to states that matter for the future of the international legal order, including for generations to come. Madam Chair, the rule of law at the international level hinges as much on how international law is developed as on its content. close cooperation between this committee and the commission helps ensure that international law reflects the views of states from all regions and enjoys their support. Slovenia will continue to contribute to this effort. I thank you. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [24:27]: I thank the distinguished representative of Slovenia. I now give the floor to the permanent representative of Jamaica, speaking on behalf of CARICOM. You have the floor, sir. Jamaica · CARICOM · Permanent Representative [24:41]: Thank you, Madam Chair. I do have the honor to deliver the statement on behalf of the 14 member states of the Caribbean community. And at the beginning, I would like to congratulate the Chair on their election to lead the Sixth Committee at its 81st session. We do take particular pride in seeing Guyana, a member state of our community, in the Chair. We also congratulate the other members of the Bureau and assure you of CARICOM's full support and cooperation. We also wish to thank the Secretary General for his report contained in document A/81/184 and welcome its reaffirmation that the rule of law lies at the heart of the Charter of the United Nations and of all three pillars of the organization. Madam Chair, CARICOM takes this opportunity to reaffirm the region's unwavering commitment to the rule of law. at the national and international levels. To the purposes and principles of the charter and to respect for international law. Caricom as a grouping of small states attaches the highest importance to an international rules based order founded on international law. Sovereign equality, territorial integrity, and political independence, the prohibition of the threat or use of force, and the Pacific settlement of disputes are the foundation of our security, our development, and our future. These principles protect all states, but none more than the small and the vulnerable. That protection holds only if international law is applied in good faith and in an objective, impartial, and non-selective manner to all states alike. CARICOM therefore reaffirms its support for the International Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. and for the peaceful means of settling disputes set out in the Charter. CARICOM has seen firsthand the Court's invaluable contribution to peace and security in our region. Madam Chair, the national and international dimensions of the rule of law are closely linked. CARICOM states were founded on the principles of democracy, sovereignty, and respect for human rights, which are entrenched in our constitutions and upheld by independent judiciaries. Yet, small island and low-lying coastal developing states continue to face constraints in sustaining effective justice institutions due to limited resources and capacity. We therefore value the technical assistance and capacity building the United Nations provides at the request of member states to strengthen access to justice, legal frameworks, and institutions. Such support must remain responsive to national priorities and to the specific circumstances of small states. The rule of law and sustainable development are mutually reinforcing. For our region, no challenge tests that link more than climate change. CARICOM welcomes the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the obligations of states in respect of climate change. We also attach great importance to legal stability and certainty in the face of sea level rise, including with respect to maritime zones and statehood. On this year's subtopic, CARICOM values the work of the International Law Commission and the dialogue between the Commission and this Committee. That dialogue is strongest when every region can contribute. We encourage practical steps that make it easier for all states to engage with the Commission's work. Madam Chair, in the face of current challenges, CARICOM reiterates the need to strengthen multilateralism with the United Nations at its core on the basis of respect for international law and the fulfillment in good faith of international obligations. The member states of the Caribbean Community will continue to contribute through dialogue through cooperation and through solidarity to an international order grounded in the Charter of the United Nations and the rule of law. I thank you. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [28:56]: I thank the Permanent Representative of Jamaica, speaking on behalf of CARICOM. I now give the floor to the representative of Guatemala. Guatemala [29:09]: Senora Presidenta, Guatemala Madam Chair, Guatemala aligns itself with the statements made by NAM, CELAC and the Group of Friends of the Rule of Law. And in our national capacity, we would like to share a few thoughts. Taking note with satisfaction of the Secretary-General's report, Guatemala expresses its gratitude for the cooperation provided by the organization in priority areas for our country, such as transitional justice, intercultural dialogue with ancestral authorities, strengthening of governance, and the consolidation of sustainable institutional capacities. This support strengthens an historic link of trust and confidence built on support from the United Nations to verify the peace agreements whose 30th anniversary Guatemala is commemorating in December. Madam Chair, 30 years ago Guatemala decided to replace... armed violence with dialogue. The peace agreements did not only put an end to our internal armed conflict, but they also laid the foundations for the building of a democratic state based on the respect for human rights and the continuous strengthening of an independent, efficient, and impartial justice system. Guatemala understands that the concepts of the rule of law, democracy, and human rights are interdependent. Each one of these defines, complements and gives meaning to the other. Therefore, the rule of law is the enabling framework that guarantees the effective enjoyment of all rights and freedoms. The Guatemalan Constitution itself recognizes this in its preamble, aspiring for a stable, permanent and popular constitutional order in which both the governed and those who govern act in absolute adherence to the law. Guatemala knows first-hand what happens when justice is instrumentalized for political purposes. It stops becoming a guarantee of the constitutional order and turns into a means to undermine the constitutional order, including even to disregard the democratic will of the people expressed at the ballot box in this regard looking to the general elections in 2027 Guatemala reaffirms that it is responsibility of all to ensure that these elections are free just and based on universal confidential suffrage and that sovereignty lies with the people full Realization of the rule of law is not possible without independent legal bodies and a separation of powers. We cannot ignore that corruption and transnational organized crime are direct threats to the institutional architecture, weakening the justice systems and undermining citizens trust in institutions. In order to tackle these threats, the executive has presented an anti-corruption legislative agenda that's unprecedented in the history of our country, focused on protecting the state apparatus, consolidating a strong and transparent legal framework. And the Congress of the Republic recently adopted laws for the prevention and repression of money laundering, financing of terrorism, as well as fighting transnational criminal organisations and terrorist groups. In addition, we have initiatives to combat corruption and to achieve transparency in the public sector. We welcome the transfer of power in the office of the attorney general and the leadership of the public prosecutor's office, in line with our constitution and the legal framework. That change opens a new step of hope in the proper application of the law and accountability. On the rule of law internationally, Guatemala believes that international law is the main guarantor of the sovereignty of states. The rule of law rests upon the United Nations Charter, which enshrines the sovereign equality of states as a fundamental principle. International law loses its protective capacity when it's applied selectively. The rules require universal and impartial observance. It's for this reason that the paralysis caused by the veto weakens the efficacy of international law and erodes trust in this organization. For Guatemala, a rules-based order requires a Security Council that's more representative and democratic and that is in line with the realities of the 21st century. It also requires independent and impartial international courts and tribunals that are able to apply the law equally. In this regard, Guatemala appreciates the role of the International Court of Justice. Its rulings and advisory opinions enrich the progressive development of international law. Guatemala encourages requests for advisory opinions in line with Article 96 of the Charter and firmly supports what the court decides should be respected. Further, for the strengthening of the rule of law, it's necessary to strengthen international cooperation and interaction with the ILC and other UN bodies and relevant organs in order to advance and consolidate the progressive development of international law. Guatemala launches an appeal to all states to renew their commitment in SDG 16, convinced that strong, independent institutions that serve people are the best guarantee of peace, justice, and development. Thank you very much. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [35:09]: I thank the distinguished representative of Guatemala for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Nigeria. You have the floor, sir. Nigeria [35:21]: Thank you, Madam Chair. Nigeria thanks the Secretary-General for his report contained in the document A/81/84 and associates itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the African Group and the priorities it elucidated on this agenda item, we offer the following from our own national perspective. We are concerned that structural inequalities in the international system continue to limit the ability of developing countries to participate meaningfully in international law and decision-making processes. Limited technical capacity and unequal access to expertise continue to affect engagement of developing countries with international dispute settlement mechanisms. This is why Nigeria reaffirms its support for investment in capacity building that allows states engage fully in treaty negotiation, dispute resolution, and participation in international courts and tribunals. Madam Chair, we believe that the principle of sovereign equality of states must remain at the core of this agenda item. Respect for the independence of states and rejection of expansive interpretations of international law used to justify interference in their internal affairs remains central to the rule of law at the international level, as do consistency and non-selectivity of its application. Niger's record illustrates consistent adherence to international judicial settlement, even when the outcome is unfavorable. When the International Court of Justice ruled in October 2002 that sovereignty over the Bakassi Peninsula lay with Cameroon, Nigeria complied, withdrawing its administration from the peninsula and from dozens of villages along the land boundary. The two countries went on to conclude the Greentree Agreement of 2006 to carry out the judgment peacefully, with the United Nations and four guarantor states overseeing implementation. Nigeria continues to treat that outcome as the standard by which it judges its own conduct under binding third-party settlement. At the national level, we continue to treat judicial reform and institutional accountability as foundations of the rule of law, rather than as separate agendas. Over the past several years, Nigeria has worked to streamline and sanitize its justice sector and improve access to justice for the poor, with pilot integrity programs in several states, already showing measurable gains in public confidence. These efforts run alongside our continued participation in the African peer group peer review mechanism, a homegrown, self-driven process which we helped establish and remain actively engaged in. because domestic accountability and the credibility of the international legal order reinforce one another. Nigeria's commitment to the rule of law at the international level has been most recently demonstrated by its engagement with the BBNJ Agreement. We signed the treaty when it opened for signature and have now finalized domestic arrangements to proceed to ratification. positioning us to join the growing number of states giving full legal effect to the first binding framework governing the conservation of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. We are committed to this process, which underpins our conviction that a rules-based international order depends on states, including developing states, following through from negotiation to ratification. Madam Chair, Nigeria continues to hold itself to the standard of the rule of law it expects from others, at home and in its international commitments alike. I thank you. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [39:28]: I thank the distinguished representative of Nigeria for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Liechtenstein. You have the floor, ma'am. Liechtenstein [39:42]: Thank you very much, Madam Chair. Liechtenstein aligns itself with the joint statement delivered by the Group of Friends of the Rule of Law and offers the following brief remarks. The rule of law is the cornerstone of our multilateral system. It rests on a simple principle that all people and governments are accountable to the law. Law must prevail over force. This principle lies at the heart of the UN Charter and remains essential to the maintenance of international peace and security. Yet today, our shared commitment to live together in peace with one another as good neighbors often sounds removed from the reality we live in. Over the past decades, we witnessed the erosion of the UN Charter's core articles, in particular Article 2.4 and Article 51, on the prohibition of the threat or use of force and self-defense. This trend undermines the stability and predictability that the rule of law provides. And more broadly, it diminishes the confidence in the international legal order. This reality calls upon states to reflect on what the rule of law means and what role it plays in a multilateral system founded on the United Nations Charter. We believe that this moment of growing tensions offers us an opportunity to reflect on the importance of the rule of law for multilateralism. The adoption of the Partner for Multilateralism Declaration during High-Level Week to renew our commitment to uphold the rules and principles that are essential to the international legal order is a welcome development. The 20th anniversary of the resolution of the rule of law offers us another opportunity to continue those important discussions. Liechtenstein is pleased to once again co-facilitate this process in collaboration with Mexico. Madam Chair, we welcome the report of the UN Secretary General on the current state of the rule of law, in particular the insights provided regarding the subtopic on the cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission. This cooperation resulted in some of the most significant achievements in international treaty making. Indeed, the Commission has made invaluable contribution to the preparation of key international treaties. However, for the Commission to translate into tangible outcome, it must be made with political will. And the strengthening of a dialogue between the Commission and this Committee could further build consensus and help galvanize political support. Madam Chair, international courts act as guardians of international law and are crucial components of the rule of law. The 80th anniversary of the International Court of Justice offers us yet another opportunity to reaffirm our commitment. to the court itself, but also more broadly to what it embodies, that all states should uphold international law. The growing participation of states in the court's advisory proceeding is a testament to the court authority and its standings as the world court. The advisory opinion on climate change and the adoption of the follow-up resolution by this assembly demonstrates the court's ability to provide clarity on some of the most pressing issues of international law. Equally important is the Court's role in the peaceful settlement of disputes between states. At a time of growing tensions, that role is more valuable than ever. This is why Liechtenstein, together with other states, promoted the inclusion of the ICJ as the principal mechanism for the peaceful settlement of disputes arising under the Convention on Crimes Against Humanity. Another crucial international court for the rule of law is, of course, the International Criminal Court. the only permanent court as a last resort with jurisdiction over the most serious crimes under international law. By punishing violation of international law and promoting adherence to these norms, the ICC and the wider Rome Statute system play a crucial role in advancing the rule of law and reducing impunity. Madam Chair, Liechtenstein looks forward to engaging with all delegations in a constructive dialogue on the rule of law during the discussions of the resolution. and we look forward to reaffirm its central role for the international legal order. I thank you for your attention. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [43:59]: I thank the distinguished representative of Liechtenstein. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Maldives. You have the floor, Maldives [44:14]: Thank you, Vice Chair. The Maldives thanks the Secretary General for the comprehensive report on strengthening the rule of law. The Maldives aligns with the statement delivered by the Islamic Republic of Iran on behalf of NAM. The rule of law matters most when power and law point in different directions. Its credibility rests on whether the same rules govern all states, regardless of their size or power. For small states operating in a system where power is unevenly distributed, International law helps preserve the ability to make our own choices and shape our own future. We therefore depend upon an international order in which sovereignty is respected, obligations are honoured, and disputes are resolved through law rather than power. Digital transformation illustrates why legal capacity matters. The Maldives is rapidly expanding its digital footprint with more public services, economic activity and essential infrastructure moving online. We are strengthening our legal framework, including through the development of a Cybersecurity Act. We are also party to the Cybercrime Convention. International cooperation should support states in building the legal and institutional capacity to govern the digital domain in line with national priorities. The ability of states to shape the rules that govern them is equally important. Stronger cooperation between this committee and the International Law Commission should widen the opportunity for all states to contribute while emerging rules are being developed. When the Commission seeks states' practice or views, its questions should reach member states earlier, in concise form and with sufficient time for capitals to respond. Those questions should also identify clearly the legal issue on which state practice is being sought. Greater use should also be made of focused, issue-specific exchanges between members of the Commission and national legal advisers before this Committee considers the relevant topic. Hybrid participation should be used where appropriate so that legal advisers in capitals can participate directly. The Secretariat should also make state practice written comments and previous submissions on ILC topics easier to locate and compare through a single searchable repository. For delegations with small legal teams, timely access to existing practice can make the difference being able to contribute and remain in silent. The legitimacy of international legal order also depends on consistent application. The Charter protects the sovereign equality of states, and those protections must carry the same meaning regardless of a state's size, wealth, or power. Palestine shows why this consistency matters. The protection of civilians, unhindered humanitarian assistance, and accountability for violations of international law must be upheld consistently. The Maldives reiterates that international law must apply universally and without double standards. For small states, international law preserves room for independent action when material power is unequal. Its value lies both in protecting states under common rules and in giving every state a meaningful voice in shaping those rules. No state should be above the law, no state should be beneath its protection, and every state must have a meaningful voice in shaping the rules that govern its future. I thank you. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [47:57]: I thank the distinguished representative of Maldives. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Turkey. You have the floor, ma'am. Türkiye [48:09]: Thank you, Madam Chair. At the outset, we would like to thank the Secretary-General for his report contained in document A/81/184 on strengthening and coordinating United Nations rule of law activities. My delegation agrees with the conclusion of the report that respecting the rule of law is not a mere aspiration of the Charter. It's a commitment embedded in its purposes, principles, and provisions. Its erosion, if allowed, would not only weaken the United Nations, but would threaten the entire international legal framework the organization was created to sustain. Hence, we have no alternative but to uphold the rule of law, both at national and international levels. The rule of law at the international level requires adherence to international law, including the Charter of the United Nations. International legal rules cannot build and maintain confidence if applied selectively or inconsistently. Unfortunately, the rule of law has been increasingly challenged. In order to rise to this challenge, both the UN and its member states should continue their efforts resolutely. Madam Chair, the Sixth Committee, as the General Assembly's principal legal forum, has a unique role in this regard. Likewise, we recognize the significant contribution of the International Law Commission to the promotion of the rule of law through its work on progressive development of international law and its codification. As a corollary, strengthening cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission will advance our joint efforts for enhancing the rule of law. For this purpose, we should make the best use of the discussions at the International Law Week. Indeed, the institutional dialogue between the International Law Commission and the Sixth Committee is indispensable to the progressive development and codification of international law. While fully respecting the independence of the Commission, such dialogue helps ensure that its work remains attentive to state practice and opinio juris from all regions of the world, reflects the diversity of legal systems and traditions, and takes due account of the views and concerns expressed by governments. For this dialogue to be meaningful, it must be genuinely two-way. States should be afforded adequate opportunities to provide comments, observations and information on their practice, in particular on the specific questions identified by the Commission. Equally important, governmental input should be duly considered and appropriately reflected in the Commission's work. Selection of topics is another aspect that requires further elaboration. Turkiye considers that new topics should respond to demonstrated needs and priorities of the international community, be sufficiently concrete and mature for consideration, and offer a realistic prospect of making a meaningful contribution to the progressive development or codification of international law. Due regard should also be given to the availability and geographical representativeness of relevant state practice. Particular care should be taken to avoid unnecessary duplication or overlap with work already underway, both in the Commission as well as in other international fora. Madam Chair, strengthening cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the Commission is ultimately a shared objective. A dialogue that is more substantive, representative and responsive will strengthen the role of States in the development of international law. while enabling the Commission to continue making its valuable contribution within the mandate entrusted to it by the General Assembly. While reaffirming its firm commitment to the rule of law at both national and international levels, Turkey will continue to support efforts aimed at strengthening the rule of law through inclusive multilateralism, respect for international law, and effective international cooperation. I thank you, Madam Chair. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [52:09]: I thank the representative of Turkey for his statement. I now give the floor to the permanent representative of the Syrian Arab Republic. You have the floor. Sir. Syrian Arab Republic · Permanent Representative [52:23]: Thank you, Madam Chair. For some countries, rule of law seems to be obvious. But in my country, Syria, upholding this right has led to decades of arrests, suffering, fighting, sacrifices. Syrians have paid a heavy price to bring about a state governed by rule of law. That is why we understand so well the idea of using law to repress and oppress the people, to deprive the people of its will. The Constitution calls for freedom and the rights of all, but our prisons were overflowing. That is why rule of law for us is not an abstract discussion of an agenda item. It is a cause for which We Syrians paid the highest price. Today, we strive to enshrine rule of law in our institutions. Madam President, what we realized in Syria is not simply a natural consequence of the fall of our dictatorship. Actually, our state survived 14 years of war and decades of authoritarianism. But this would not automatically bring about rule of law. We had to counter any possibility of total anarchy or a backsliding of our institutions. Despite all of these challenges, we chose to pursue this fight to establish the state that we deserve. The institutional constitutional declaration was thus born and we began the process of rebuilding the state and its legal institutions. We have our National Institute of Transitional Justice and the National Institution for Disappeared Persons that have now begun their mandate. And we have begun to look at the various causes of injustice that raged for decades. Our country has thus emerged from this catastrophic war and decided to bring to the fore the will of the people and the state in order to make progress. And thus, thousands of Syrians who were languishing in prisons are at the heart of our efforts, their families. after many years, are finally beginning to see results, to find out the truth, and we're beginning to fight together to ensure this will never happen again. Our delegation welcomes the SGEI's report. and especially the support provided by the UN to the institutions in charge of this issue. We continue our efforts together with international organizations to build up capacity without duplication or contradiction between mandates. In addition, legal procedures have begun against certain representatives of the previous regime, and today Investigations are ongoing, especially with regard to the events in the governorate of Sweida, the actions of the governorate against certain people. Chair, in order to leave the past behind us, we don't need only to change the people in charge, but also to work on the law, on our institutions, which were used, weaponized, to violate the rights of Syrians. Today, the People's Council adopted a law to disband the counterterrorism tribunal and to uphold the rights of victims. In addition, Decree No. 13 of 2026 abolish certain exceptional measures that had been imposed on Kurds, especially when it came to nationality and their rights. These are rights that Syrian citizens were deprived of in the past, but today's law recognizes these people's rights and provides them with necessary legal remedies. In the past, the People's Council contented itself with rubber-stamping the decisions of the executive branch. But today, this council is continuing its efforts and its mission to make laws and to oversee them, calling on ministries to engage in various discussions and holding them accountable. In addition, the Supreme Constitutional Court is continuing its efforts toward oversight. And today, there are two women holding seats in this Constitutional Court out of seven total members. In the past, peaceful protests were brutally repressed. and often protesters were arrested. Today, the Constitution Declaration gives all the right to peacefully protest. In addition, laws that were used to silence citizens are today the guarantee that their rights will be protected. Transparency today is also a fundamental principle when it comes to public finance. The Ministry of Finance provides all citizens with a copy of the budget for 2026 so that each citizen can understand the priorities of public spending. Today, we do not say -- we're not saying that rule of law is perfect in Syria, but we are tackling our challenges and we are determined to strengthen rule of law. The question is, how can a state guarantee rule of law throughout its territory when this territory and its sovereignty are being violated by other parties. The Israeli aggression continues on Syrian territory, military incursions, abductions of Syrian citizens. We are also dealing with threats against our unity and territorial integrity, which undermines protection of our citizens. Mr. Chair, in closing, we do not claim to have fixed everything, but we are proud, despite our challenges, to have stood up to these difficulties. We are taking a new path, a path that allows us to recover, to restore rights instead of confiscating them, that allows us to amend unjust laws instead of allowing them to become entrenched, where perpetrators are held responsible, where no one is beyond the law. For decades, the authorities used rule of law or laws to subjugate the people, but today, We are all equal in the eyes of the law. All Syrian citizens benefit from the protection, dignity, and rights that they deserve, rights for which we paid a heavy price. Therefore, it is our duty to work together to build a state governed by rule of law. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [1:00:33]: Permanent representative of Syrian Arab Republic for his statement. I now give the floor to the Distinguished Representative of Algeria. You have the floor. Algeria [1:00:48]: Madam Chair, at the outset, my delegation would like to thank the Secretary-General for his comprehensive report on strengthening and coordinating United Nations rule of law activities, contained in document A/81/184, which provides valuable information on the efforts undertaken by the United Nations system and other international organizations in this regard. My delegation's alliance itself with the statement delivered respectively on behalf of the non-aligned movement, the African group, and the Arab group, and wishes to add the following in its national capacity. Madam Chair, upholding the rule of law at both the national and international levels constitutes one of the fundamental pillars for the maintenance of international peace and security. The promotion of sustainable development and the realization of equality and justice for all. The rule of law ensures that societies, and consequently the international community, are governed by laws that are public, stable, predictable, and equally enforced, rather than by the arbitrary exercise of power. It is therefore indispensable to the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, the promotion of justice, and the peaceful coexistence of states. It is in this context that we reaffirm Algeria's full respect for the rule of law and the unwavering commitment to that. First, at the national level, the rule of law has been a cornerstone of Algeria's constitutional system. Algeria remains firmly committed to guaranteeing the respect and protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, as well as to ensuring the independence of the judiciary and the proper functioning of its institutions. Algeria's Constitution of 2020 reaffirms that the people are the source of all power and establishes the constitutional framework governing the organization and exercise of public authority. It further enshrines the principles of separation of powers, the independence of the judiciary, and the protection of rights and freedoms. This constitutional commitment is deeply rooted in Algeria's institutional development since the independence. The successive constitutions and constitutional reforms of 1963, 1976, 1989, and 1996 have progressively contributed to consolidating the rule of law. Second, at the international level, Algeria attaches particular importance to the fulfillment in good faith of its international legal obligations. International treaties duly ratified by Algeria have precedence over domestic legislation in accordance with the Constitution. This constitutional principle reflects Algeria's commitment to respecting the international obligations to which it has freely consented and to ensuring the coherence of its domestic legal framework with its international commitments. In this regard, Algeria continues to adapt and, where necessary, strengthen its domestic legislation in order to give effect to the international obligations arising from the treaties to which it is a party. This process contributes to ensuring the effective implementation of international legal standards at the national level and reinforces the rule of law. Third, as we mark 80 years since the inaugural sitting of the International Court of Justice, which took place on 17 April 2026, my delegation wishes to reaffirm the essential role of the Court in upholding the rule of law at the international level. As the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, the ICJ plays a central role in the peaceful settlement of disputes between states and in the clarification and development of international law. Its contribution is particularly important to the maintenance of international peace and security and to the strengthening of a rule-based international order grounded in the principles and purposes of the UN Charter. Algeria reaffirms the importance of respecting the independence and integrity of the ICJ. The authority of international judicial institution must therefore be preserved as an essential component of a multilateral system founded on international law, sovereign equality, and the peaceful settlement of disputes. Madam Chair, in conclusion, Algeria reiterates its unwavering commitment to the rule of law, both nationally and internationally, and to the principles and purposes enshrined in the Charter. We remain convinced that a strong and effective multilateral system based on international law, respect for the sovereignty of states, the peaceful settlement of disputes, and the right of people under occupation to self-determination is indispensable to addressing common challenges and promoting international peace, security, and sustainable development. Algeria will continue to contribute constructively to efforts aimed at strengthening the rule of law and reinforcing the credibility, effectiveness and universality of multilateral system. I thank you, Madam Chair. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [1:06:06]: I thank the distinguished representative of Algeria for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished Deputy Permanent Representative of China. You have the floor, sir. China · Deputy Permanent Representative [1:06:22]: Thank you, Chair. China aligns itself with the statement by Cuba on behalf of the Group of Like-Minded Countries and the statement by the Group of Friends of Global Governance. The Chinese government attaches great importance to advancing the rule of law and continuously advances the comprehensive law-based governance. First, we adhere to the people-centered approach, uphold the rule of law for the people and by the people, safeguard and promote social equity and justice. and protect the rights and interests of the people. Second, we adhere to the path of the rule of law with Chinese characteristics. Proceeding from China's realities and carrying forward the fine traditions of Chinese legal culture, we explore a path of rule of law suited to China's national conditions. Third, we undertake to build a system of the rule of law with Chinese characteristics. China has recently promulgated and implemented laws and regulations, including the law on promoting ethnic unity and progress and the ecological and environmental code. We are currently drafting the law on countering cross-border corruption. Our commitment to sound legislation and good governance provides strong legal safeguards for advancing Chinese modernization. Madam Chair, the rule of law at the international level is the cornerstone of a stable international order and an important safeguard for global governance. The world is entering a new period of turbulence and transformation, with unilateral hegemony on the rise and traditional and non-traditional security threats continuing to grow. This poses major challenges to the post-World War II international order and international rule of law. Against this backdrop, Chinese President Xi Jinping put forward the global governance initiative, explicitly calling for adherence to the rule of law at the international level. First, in the face of challenges to the rule of law in the international affairs, it is all the more important that we stand firm in upholding it. The fundamental principles enshrined in the Charter, such as sovereign equality, non-interference in internal affairs, and the prohibition of the use of force and the peaceful settlement of disputes, are the vital foundation for maintaining the rule of law in international affairs. They must be fully, thoroughly, and completely observed. Major countries in particular must take the lead as advocates, practitioners, and defenders of international rule of law, upholding the authority of international law through concrete actions. Second, in the face of the international landscape characterized by turmoil and upheaval, it is all the more important that we defend the role and authority of the UN. The UN is the most universal and representative intergovernmental organization. The more complex and grim the international situation becomes, the more we need to strengthen the effectiveness of the UN's work in the three pillars, peace and security, sustainable development, and human rights. This year marks the 80th anniversary of the opening of the Tokyo Trial. We must carry forward its spirit and jointly uphold the post-war international order and defend international peace and tranquility. Third, in the face of international disputes and differences, it is all the more important that we maintain the spirit of consultation and cooperation for shared benefits to improve international legislation and its application. International legislation should ensure the equal participation of all countries and respect the diversity of civilizations and legal systems. It is especially imperative to amplify the voice of the countries of the Global South. International rules must be applied equally and uniformly. They cannot and must not be applied selectively. International justice should respect the principle of state consent and must not infringe upon national sovereignty and the legitimate rights and interests of states. Fourth, in the face of rapid developments in the emerging fields, it is all the more important that we join hands to close the global governance gap. All parties should uphold the principles of peace, sovereignty, inclusiveness, and joint governance in areas such as AI, outer space, the deep sea, and the polar regions. network data, climate change, and public health, there is a need to fill regulatory and governance gaps and address shortcomings. We should promote the formation of international rules and governance frameworks that reflect practical needs and the concerns of all parties, fully leverage the UN as the primary channel, and coordinate efforts to advance the common interests of the international community. Madam Chair, China firmly supports the rule of law internationally and is committed to contributing public goods to global governance. China, together with like-minded countries, established the International Organization for Mediation to promote peaceful settlement of disputes. China has nominated Xiamen to host the secretariat of the BBNJ Agreement. We stand ready to make greater contributions to global ocean governance. As the APEC host this year, China is organizing a series of meetings on anti-corruption to promote the joint efforts towards building a more just and equitable international anti-corruption cooperation network. Madam Chair, I would like to reiterate that China will work with all countries to unswervingly uphold the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, steadfastly safeguard the authority, integrity and effectiveness of international law, and jointly advance the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. I thank you, Chair. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [1:12:18]: I thank the distinguished representative of China for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of El Salvador. You have the floor, ma'am. El Salvador [1:12:33]: Thank you very much, Madam Vice Chair. On a personal note, please allow me to express my delegation's satisfaction seeing you coordinating this meeting. Madam Vice Chair, El Salvador thanks the Secretary General for presenting his report on this agenda item in document A/81/184. aligns itself with the statement made by the Oriental Republic of Uruguay on behalf of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, CELAC, and we wish to make the following observations in our national capacity. First of all, my delegation warmly welcomes the comprehensive approach in the report that reaffirms the close relationship between the rule of law, peace, international peace and security, human rights, sustainable development, access to justice, and new technological and environmental challenges. The Republic of El Salvador fully subscribes to the principles and purposes in the United Nations Charter, including sovereign equality, the prohibition of the threat or use of force, and the peaceful settlement of international disputes through the means contemplated in article 33. What's more, we recognize the value of the discussions that take place in the Special Committee on the United Nations Charter and the strengthening of the role of the organization as a space to continue to examine mechanisms that can contribute to the effective fulfillment of the purposes and principles of the Charter, and other reform efforts of the Organization, as long as they don't duplicate the work already being carried out in existing processes, such as the revitalization of the work of the General Assembly, which is currently sitting in plenary, and the UN80 reform process. Madam Chair, On the domestic level, my country reaffirms that an effective, transparent and accessible administration of justice is the backbone required to ensure the effective enjoyment of human rights and conditions of equality for the whole of society. Furthermore, El Salvador welcomes the efforts of assistance from the Organization to strengthen the rule of law and to prevent terrorism and fight against terrorism and organized crime that are reflected in the report. We positively appreciate progress made in citizen security, prevention of armed violence and combating organized crime. In this regard, El Salvador, as we expressed on agenda item 112, reaffirms its commitment to modernizing our legal framework to fight money laundering and the financing of terrorism, and the strengthening of our institutional capacities to tackle challenges that transcend our national borders, including those related to corruption and cybercrime. On an international level, my delegation wishes to particularly underscore the importance of strengthening the relationship between the sixth committee and the ILC. As my delegation stated at the beginning of this session, we believe that it is the right time to continue to explore mechanisms that allow us to strengthen this dialogue. These include considering holding informal dialogues or consultations between the members of the International Law Commission and the delegations at the Sixth Committee on the items on the program of work, particularly the different stages of drafting the draft articles. If a session of the ILC is not organized in New York, these spaces should enable States to make observations, to exchange perspectives, and to pose practical questions before the formal consideration of the results of the Commission by the Sixth Committee. As we search for new topics for the programme of work on the long term for the ILC, we wish to reiterate the importance of selecting and incorporating topics that respond to the needs and concerns of the current practice of states and that can contribute to improving the international legal order. These include, we wish to underscore, the relevance of addressing issues such as harmonization on the plurality of international investment instruments, as well as legal aspects related to the application of international law in cyberspace. Madam President, the Republic of El Salvador reaffirms its commitment to the rule of law on both the international and domestic levels and to the principles and purposes enshrined in the United Nations Charter. My delegation will continue to participate constructively in the work of this Sixth Committee and the ILC, convinced that the progressive development and codification of international law must remain closely linked to the practice of states and the needs of the international community. Thank you very much, Madam Chair. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [1:18:42]: I thank the distinguished representative of El Salvador for her statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. You have the floor. Netherlands (Kingdom of the) [1:18:56]: Thank you, Madam Chair, for giving me the floor. The Kingdom of the Netherlands aligns itself with the statement given by the European Union on behalf of the EU and its Member States, and my delegation also aligns itself with the statement given by the Group of Friends of the Rule of Law and the Justice Action Coalition. In addition, the Kingdom of the Netherlands would like to share the following. "As an international community, we have the responsibility to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained." That was a direct quote from the preamble of the UN Charter, and it remains a powerful expression of our collective aspiration. The Kingdom of the Netherlands works to strengthen the international legal order. The ambition is enshrined in Article 90 of the Dutch Constitution, which states that the government shall promote the development of the international legal order. The Kingdom of the Netherlands contributes to the development of rules that embody the international legal order and pushes for compliance with existing rules. In doing so, the Kingdom of the Netherlands is guided by its conviction that national sovereignty cannot overrule the rule of law. We must all abide by the agreements we have made in the best interest of peace, security and prosperity. When it comes to bolstering the international legal order, efforts to combat impunity for international crimes and ensuring accountability are an explicit priority. Prosecuting persons accused of war crimes, terrorism, crimes against humanity, and genocide will contribute to strengthening the international legal order. Such efforts help restore the rule of law, have a deterrent effect, provide a measure of redress to victims, and contribute to lasting peace. Madam Chair, strong international rule of law is intrinsically connected to strong national rule of law systems. Both are mutually reinforcing. The Kingdom of the Netherlands complements promoting the development of the international legal order by assisting third states and strengthening the rule of law at a national level. Effective rule of law systems contribute to inclusive, peaceful and just societies. and set the foundation for equitable and sustainable socioeconomic development. At the national level, the Kingdom of the Netherlands is involved in developing the rule of law and improving access to justice in third states, through both bilateral and multilateral cooperation and programs. With our multilateral and civil society partners, we invest in stability, strengthening of the legal order, and trust. investing in independent institutions and closing the justice gap are essential for building democratic resilience. In conclusion, the Kingdom of the Netherlands underscores the importance of upholding and further developing the international legal order, with the Charter of the United Nations as a strong foundation, and pushes for compliance with international law. Thank you, Madam Chair. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [1:21:58]: I thank the distinguished representative of the Kingdom of the Netherlands for his statement. I now give the floor to the Permanent Representative of Moldova. You have the floor, sir. Republic of Moldova · Permanent Representative [1:22:12]: Madam Chair, Excellencies, distinguished delegates, I do not sit, allow me to join previous speakers in congratulating you and Madam Chair and the members of the Bureau on your election and on assuming the leadership of this important committee. I assure you on my delegation's full support and cooperation delivering this important mandate. The Sixth Committee plays a vital role in the General Assembly's principal legal forum, providing a universal platform for the development and codification of international law, governing our common international life, and sharing shared in understanding of the obligation that bind us. Its inclusive character, equal participation of the member states and longstanding tradition of consensus are essential to a predictable and stable international legal order and should remain one of the defining strengths of the Sixth Committee. For the Republic of Moldova, the rule of law is not an abstract legal concept. It is a condition for democratic resilience, for protection of human rights, for sustainable economic development, and ultimately for peace and security. My time, Chair. Since gaining independence, the Republic of Moldova went through a complex path marked by significant achievements as well as difficult challenges. Throughout this journey, one lesson has remained constant. Without the rule of law, there can be no lasting freedom, genuine democracy, or fair and resilient society. We recognize that strengthening the rule of law is a continuous process. The Republic of Moldova had to address corruption, political interference in the justice, institutional weaknesses and deficiencies that have at times affected public confidence. At the same time, we have demonstrated that determined reforms, transparent institutions and consistent implementation can produce tangible change. Our recent electoral experience has further demonstrated the resilience of Moldova's democratic institutions and society. Despite attempts to undermine democratic processes through disinformation, cyber attacks, vote buying, and other forms of interference, our citizens and institutions demonstrated their determination to protect the democratic process and the rule of law. Excellencies, over the past year, the Republic of Moldova has continued to advance its justice reform agenda while also confronting the practical challenges that accompany profound institutional transformation. The completion of the 2022-2025 strategy for ensuring the independence and integrity of the justice sector represents an important milestone which provides a solid basis for the next stage of the reform. Moldova has begun preparing the Justice Sector Development Program for 2027-2031. We have a strong emphasis on sustainability, digital transformation, institutional capacity, and most importantly, a justice system centered on the needs of citizens. For us, reform cannot be measured only by number of laws adopted or institutions established. It's ultimately measure must be where citizens can access justice in a timely, impartial, effective, and transparent manner. The evaluation of judges and prosecutors, including the vetting and the pre-vetting processes, has remained a central component of our efforts to strengthen integrity and accountability within the justice system. Institutional integrity and institutional capacity must advance together. Public confidence requires both professional and unquestionable integrity and institutions capable of delivering justice without delay. Our objective remains clear, to build a justice system that is independent, impartial, accountable, and accessible to every citizen. Distinguished delegates, the rule of law also requires the effective protection of human rights and fundamental freedom. The Republic of Moldova remains fully committed to its international human rights obligations and continues to strengthen national monitoring and reporting mechanisms, as well as the institutions and legislative frameworks supporting them. We also recognize the importance of maintaining an open and pluralistic information environment. Freedom of expression, access to information, and the independence of the media are essential components of a democratic society governed by the rule of law. Our reform process, therefore, remains open to constructive scrutiny and engagement with civil society. Listening to criticism and identifying shortcomings and correcting them are not signs of institutional weakness. They are essential elements of a mature rule of law system. Madam Chair, the Republic of Law reform process is also taking place within the broader context of our EU integration. Our commitment to joining the EU has provided an important additional impetus for strengthening democratic institutions, combating corruption, improving the independence and integrity of justice, modernizing legislation and reinforcing public accountability. We are grateful for the continuous support and expertise provided by the European Union, including the European Union and the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe Action Plan for Republic of Moldova for 25-28 remains an important framework for advancing reforms in justice and anti-corruption, while international cooperation has also supported the modernization of our justice sector. For Moldova, such support is not a substitute for national responsibility. Rather, it reinforces our own efforts and demonstrates the value of genuine international partnership based on shared principles and objectives. Our experience confirms that the rule of law cannot be sustained through national efforts alone. It requires international cooperation, respect for common standards, and solidarity among states. Madam Chair, after eight decades of multilateral diplomacy, it remains deeply regrettable that wars and crisis continue to cause immense human suffering and to challenge international peace and security. In this context, the Republic of Moldova reaffirms its unwavering commitment to the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, international law, and the peaceful settlement of disputes. For small and medium-sized states, In particular, a rule-based international order is not an abstract aspiration. This is a fundamental guarantee that international relations are governed by principles rather than by power alone. Respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, equality of states, and the peaceful settlement of disputes must therefore remain at the core of our collective efforts. The credibility of international law depends not only on the quality of the rules we adopt, but also on their and consistent implementation. This is why the work of the Sixth Committee remains so important. By bringing member states together on an equal footing, the Committee contributes to a more predictable and coherent international legal order and helps ensure that international law remains relevant to emerging challenges, including cyber crimes, new technologies and other forms of transnational threats. The Republic of Croatia believes that the rule of law must be understood as a shared responsibility within states and among states. At the national level, it means independent institutions, accountable authorities, equal access to justice and effective protection of rights. At the international level, it means respect for the UN Charter, faithful implementation of international obligations, a peaceful settlement of disputes, and equality before the law. The rule of law is not the privilege of any region or group of states. It is a universal value reflected in the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the broader body of international law. At the time, the international community faces profound challenges, our response must be strengthened, not weakened. The rules that allow states and people to coexist peacefully. The Republic of Moldova stands ready to contribute constructively to this common endeavor and to the work of the Sixth Committee. I thank you. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [1:31:45]: I thank the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Moldova for his statement. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Cote d'Ivoire. You have the floor, sir. Côte d’Ivoire [1:32:01]: Thank you, Madam Chair. Madam Chair, Cote d'Ivoire aligns itself fully with these statements delivered on behalf of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement. We would like to make the following observations in our national capacity. Madam Chair, in resolution 80/167, the General Assembly invited member states to focus their observations during the debates of the Sixth Committee on the subtopic strengthening rule of law by improving cooperation between the Sixth Committee General Assembly and the International Law Commission under this meeting's agenda item. In this regard, report A/81/184 the Secretary-General on strengthening and coordination of United Nations rule of law activities on the national and international levels. It presents a reference document that is insightful and outlines positive changes in certain member states. Cote d'Ivoire welcomes the sustained actions of the Secretary-General, which have allowed for considerable progress in promoting rule of law. These efforts were consolidated by the commitment of Member States through the adoption of September 2024 of the Pact for the Future, one of the pillars of which is the strengthening of global cooperation for rule of law and human rights. In the same vein, the vision of the President of the General Assembly, rebuilding trust, managing transformation, a United Nations that delivers for all. calls for strict rooting in multilateralism, respect for the UN Charter, international law, international humanitarian law, and the principle of sovereign equality of states, which are prerequisites for maintaining peace and security and for tackling the many challenges that our world is facing. Madam Chair, my country welcomes the efforts of the international community and the United Nations in the process of promoting and strengthening rule of law in developing countries through various assistance programs for capacity building, dissemination of information on international law, good governance, and democracy, as highlighted in the SG's report. We also note the coordination of assistance provided by UN bodies to support judicial reforms, access to justice, and democratic governance throughout the world, as also was mentioned in that report. Promoting rule of law also requires bolstering the key role played by the UN's ILC through its actions toward progressive development and codification of international law. In this regard, heightened collaboration and a more constructive, interactive dialogue between the ILC and the Sixth Committee would be very helpful. Madam Chair, my delegation would like to underscore that Cote d'Ivoire is party to most international treaties, which allows it to constantly update its legislation and to thus take part in promoting rule of law at the internal and international levels. As a longstanding member of the Human Rights Council, my country actively strives to defend rule of law with all of its elements in the work of this important UN body. Cote d'Ivoire is, moreover, party to a number of regional and sub-regional conventions in the African continent, the ECOWAS Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance, the African Union Convention on the Prevention and Fighting of Corruption, The Treaty on the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa, the African Charter of the Rights and Well-being of the Child are some of the most important of these texts, Madam Chair. This vision is also translated at the national level through the priority our constitution places on rule of law in its preamble. The various reforms that we have launched allow our judicial system to fully play its role as a regulator of society and state institutions. The reform of the Constitutional Council and the Higher Council of Magistrates, the establishment of specialized courts, the transformation of certain subsidiary bodies of courts into courts of first instance, the criminalization of corruption and the taking into account of reports of the National Council of Human Rights are all part of this effort and help to consolidate the independence of our judiciary system, as well as help to eliminate impunity and promote fundamental rights. This reform also allows us to ensure justice is upheld throughout our national territory in all of our judicial institutions, thus increasing access to justice. We also ensure that there are provisions allowing for all physical and legal entities that do not have sufficient resources to benefit from free legal assistance provided by the state to have access to justice, whether as a plaintiff or defendant. On the sociopolitical front, political parties, civil society, all types of media, and unions enjoy the right to freely exercise their activities as long as they respect the established norms. On the civil front, new laws on Birth certificates, statelessness, marriage, and mandatory schooling not only strengthen rule of law but also help to enhance gender equality. My delegation also notes that Cote d'Ivoire has launched reforms to attain the Sustainable Development Goals on a domestic level. We also have a draft pact from February 2025 that aims to accelerate the modernization of administration and the effectiveness of public governance by digitalizing procedures and through training staff. Madam Chair, these actions, which do not form an exhaustive list, clearly demonstrate the commitment of Cote d'Ivoire to promoting rule of law at the national and international level. I'd like to assure you of my delegation's readiness to take part actively and constructively in all discussions on this issue. Thank you. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [1:38:32]: I thank the representative of Cote d'Ivoire. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Philippines. You have the floor. Philippines [1:38:46]: Thank you, Madam Chair. We are pleased to see you chairing this meeting. Madam Chair, the Philippines aligns itself with the statements of ASEAN, the Group of Friends of the Rule of Law, and the NAM, and reaffirms its strong commitment to the rule of law at the national and international levels. We thank the Secretary-General for his report. The rule of law lies at the heart of the Charter and of an international order governed by law rather than force. It gives practical meaning to sovereign equality, the peaceful settlement of disputes, respect for human rights, and the good faith fulfillment of international obligations. At the national level, the Philippines continues to pursue reforms to make justice more accessible, responsive, and accountable. Our Department of Justice is advancing its vision of real justice for all in real time, while our Supreme Court continues implementation of its strategic plan for judicial innovations. These efforts seek to strengthen institutions, improve access to justice, and harness technology while safeguarding due process and fundamental rights. Madam Chair, We welcome this year's focus on strengthening cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission. This relationship is rooted in Article 13 of the Charter, which entrusts the General Assembly with encouraging the progressive development and codification of international law, the core of our Sixth Committee work. It reflects a deliberate design where the Commission brings independent legal expertise while the General Assembly provides the intergovernmental setting in which states consider its recommendations and determine their ultimate disposition. This relationship remains as a continuing dialogue between the experts as well as the practice, views, and consent of states. And yet it bears noting that there are views that the Commission's growing influence in shaping international law has not always been matched the equally substantive engagement by states in guiding its work and considering its recommendations. And increasingly, the commission produces conclusions, principles, and guidelines rather than draft articles intended for conventions. These make important contributions to international law, even without being transformed into treaty. Their legal significance, however, must be continuously assessed with care. The persuasive authority of the Commission's work derives from the quality of the reasoning, the fidelity of the sources of international law, and the careful consideration of state practice and opinio juris. This must be distinguished from the status of its recommendations and their acceptance by states. particularly where the Commission's work involves both codification and progressive development. And this distinction assumes particular importance when the Commission's conclusions are relied upon by international courts and tribunals, potentially acquiring significance and influence beyond the extent of their consideration or acceptance by states. This particular relationship can be further strengthened in concrete ways. First, broader and more representative state participation. The quality of international law development within this auspices depends on the diversity of legal traditions, national experiences, and state practice reflected in the Commission's work. Developing countries in particular must have the capacity and opportunity to contribute meaningfully to the increasingly complex program work of work of the ILC. The UN program of assistance and international law could consider this as an area of future technical assistance and capacity building to foster cooperation, including the exchange of best practices. The annual meeting of legal advisors could consider this as well as an annual subtopic for a frank and useful exchange. States could also exert efforts to engage more actively in the selection of the Commission's members and the identification of topics for its program of work. The Secretariat has enabled timely briefings on the report of the ILC ahead of its consideration. Second, genuine reciprocal engagement and states could respond more substantively to the Commission's requests for information and comments, again bearing in mind capacity differences. Equally, the Commission could consider carefully the views expressed in this committee, including on the legal methodology on the distinction between codification and progressive development, and such engagement could be sustained throughout the work of the Commission. with greater responsiveness to the Government's comments on draft text. This remains consistent with the independence of the Commission. Indeed, the authority of the Commission is strengthened when its conclusions reflect a broad and representative examination of State practice. We therefore welcome the exchanges with special rapporteurs and Commission members organized by the Secretariat, which allow delegations to further engage more closely with the legal reasoning underlying the work of the ILC. And third, the meaningful consideration of the Commission's completed work, and this rests on member states. Not every output requires the convention, and our differences, the differences among states, may warrant further reflection. Consensus remains important to this work, and yet the absence of immediate consensus should not foreclose consideration and further follow-up on the work, the completed work of the ILC. The challenge is to preserve the value of consensus without allowing it to impede meaningful deliberation. And where sufficient convergence exists, the General Assembly should be able to determine an appropriate way forward. And recent experience demonstrates what we can achieve in this committee. The Commission's work on crimes against humanity has advanced to a process towards the convention. And we note the Secretary General's observation about the special rapporteur's participation during the first PrepCom, which proved to be invaluable in providing clarification. Similarly, the Commission's draft articles under protection of persons in the event of disasters will soon be considered at the diplomatic conference. And the recent PrepCom demonstrated how states, how we can build upon the work of the IOC through our intergovernmental process. These experiences illustrate that the Commission's contribution, the value of the Commission's contribution, when states also discharge their responsibility to determine the eventual disposition of its work. Ultimately, the effectiveness of this relationship depends on the quality of our dialogue, the representativeness of this process, and the contribution of the Commission's work to greater clarity, coherence, and observance of international law. Madam Chair, as the Philippines Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Maria Theresa Lazaro, recently stated before the General Assembly, international law must remain our guiding lighthouse for the Philippines. This has particular significance in the law of the sea, and to us, UNCLOS remains the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carried out. This year marks a decade since the 2016 South China Sea Arbitral Award. The award, which is final and binding, demonstrates how international law provides peaceful means to clarify rights and resolve differences. Next year also marks the 45th anniversary of the Manila Declaration of Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes, a reminder that disputes must be resolved through diplomacy and law and not violence and might. We welcome the report's recognition of the United Nations efforts to promote the consistent application and better understanding of UNCLOS. We also welcome its recognition of the entry in force of the BBNJ agreement and its implementation provides another opportunity to demonstrate that rule of law extends across the ocean as we anticipate the first conference of parties. The Philippines also attaches importance to international courts and tribunals in clarifying international law and facilitating peaceful settlement of disputes. We note the report's recognition of the International Court of Justice's advisory opinion on states' obligations in respect of climate change. For particularly vulnerable countries, the faithful application of international law remains essential to the international response. Madam Chair, the rule of law requires more than the elaboration of legal norms. It requires legitimate and inclusive institutions and states that are actually willing to observe their international legal obligations in good faith. The Philippines will continue to support a constructive partnership between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission that preserves the Commission's independence, respects the prerogatives of States, and enables both bodies to discharge their complementary responsibilities under the Charter. We remain committed to an international order in which power is subject to law, and disputes are resolved peacefully, and international law applies equally to all States. Thank you, Madam Chair. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [1:48:43]: I thank the distinguished representative of Philippines for her statement. I give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Republic of Korea. Republic of Korea [1:48:59]: Madam Chair, the Republic of Korea aligns that statement delivered on the behalf of the global friends of the rule of law. I would like to make a few additional remarks in my national capacity. At the outset, I would thank the Secretary General for his report. The report clearly demonstrates how the rule of the law can translate into tangible results on the ground throughout strengthening judicial institution, expanding access to justice, protecting vulnerable populations, and supporting member state in addressing corruption, organized crime, and other transnational challenges. At the national level, the rule of law leads to an independent and impartial judicial institution, equal protection under the law, and effective access to justice for all. The Republic of Korea remains committed to strengthening the fairness and transparency of its judicial system and ensuring access to justice, particularly for vulnerable people. And at the same time, addressing transnational crimes, including cyber crime, drug trafficking, and trafficking in person linked to online scam operation, poses growing challenges to the rule of law and the… requires stronger international cooperation. In this regard, the Republic of Korea launched the Group of Friends for Combating Technology-Facilitated Trafficking in Person in June this year with a view to strengthening international cooperation, protecting victims, and ensuring accountabilities. We also continue to strengthen international judicial cooperation, including mutual legal assistance, extradition through the bilateral agreements and multilateral frameworks. Madam Chair, at the same time, when the international community faces complex and interconnected challenges, international law provides an essential foundation for stability and predictability in the international relations, foster trust and cooperation among states, and facilitate the peaceful settlement of international dispute. In this regard, the Republic of Korea attaches particular importance to the role of International Court of Justice. At a time when confidence in international law and international rule of law faces growing challenges, preserving independence, impartiality, and authority of the court is more important than ever. To this end, it is essential that courts be composed of judges with extensive judicial experience, outstanding legal expertise, and proven competence and integrity. This is fundamental to maintaining confidence in the court and strengthening the international law role. It is with this conviction that The Republic of Korea has, for the first time, nominated a candidate for the election as a judge of the International Court of Justice. Our candidate has demonstrated outstanding legal expertise and proven judicial competence through years of service of the international judge. We firmly believe that his experience and qualifications will contribute to strengthening the court's authority and credibility. Beyond this, the Republic of Korea also supports the ICJ Judicial Fellowship Program, helping to nurture the next generation of international legal professionals. Madam Chair, we also welcome this year's subtopic on the interaction between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission. The Commission's work on the codification and progressive development of international law benefits from substantive views of member states, while the Sixth Committee draws on Commission's independent legal expertise. Their distinct but mutually enforcing laws are essential to ensuring that international law remains both legally sound and responsive to the needs of the international community. The Republic of Korea therefore supports closer and more effective interaction between two parties. Madam Chair, the Republic of Korea remains committed to strengthening the rule of law at the both national and international levels through fair and accessible justice, enhanced international judicial cooperation, respect for international law, and continued support for effective international judicial institutions. I thank you. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [1:53:34]: I thank the distinguished representative of the Republic of Korea for her statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Israel. Israel [1:53:45]: Thank you, Madam Chair. At the outset, I would like to note that in respect to the time constraints, our statement contains main points only, and we will circulate the full version of our remarks to the Secretariat in due course. Madam Chair, the State of Israel considers upholding international law and protecting human rights to be of critical importance and has constructed its political and social identity around this conviction. The rule of law as a core principle is woven into the fabric of Israel's judiciary, military, and society. In Israel, international law serves as a beacon of moral conduct and the weight given to it by our legal system is reflected by the presumption of interpretative conformity, under which Israeli courts are encouraged to interpret Israeli domestic law to align with applicable international law. This principle applies to both customary and codified international law, and demonstrates Israel's commitment to the rule of law, both nationally and internationally. Madam Chair, The Roman philosopher Cicero once wrote, "In times of war, law are silent." Israel rejects this notion. Even when conflict is loudest, our law is never silent. This conviction is demonstrated by a series of landmark decisions by the Israeli legal system, including the Israeli High Court of Justice, mandating that Israeli security forces adhere strictly to international law. Madam Chair, In a famous decision by the Israeli High Court of Justice on the battlefield conduct, Chief Justice Aharon Barak wrote, and I quote, "Israel is not an island. It is a member of the international community. There are legal norms which provide rules as to how military operations should be conducted." The court also mentioned that they are aware that this decision of theirs does not make the fight against terror any easier. That is the price of democracy. Chief Justice Barak is correct that we are not an island. However, in the Middle East, especially in the recent years, we find ourselves surrounded by an ocean of undemocratic values which serve as a fertile ground for terrorist organizations to evolve, extremist ideologies to take root, and anti-Semitism to rear its ugly head. Madam Chair. In the same vein, the High Court of Justice wrote in another ruling, and I quote, "Democracy is not required to commit suicide in order to prove its vitality." Israel is committed to preserving our democratic values, including the rule of law. At the same time, we will not allow our enemies to take advantage of our morality. While we uphold the rule of law, and while we uphold international law, doing everything in our power to protect innocent civilians, Our enemies purposely embed themselves within humanitarian and UN infrastructure, abuse UN premises, infiltrate to the ranks of UN agencies, and use civilians as human shields. Madam Chair, we recognize that the strength of democracies is to study the past and implement lessons learned in pursuit of a better future. The Israeli Defense Force, as a law binding military of democratic states, incorporates the law of armed conflict into every phase of operations from top to bottom. Furthermore, Israel operates robust independent accountability mechanisms for legal oversight, such the fact finding assessment mechanism, a four step process to facilitate review of operational conduct by senior officials to determine if wrongdoing has occurred and to address it through the proper legal channels. Madam Chair, Israel acknowledges the significance of this year's subtopics, namely the relationship between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission. The work of the Commission in codifying and progressively developing international law is crucial. However, it is also collaborative, which means that the Sixth Committee must be equal partner in Commission's work and not just a recipient of it. In this spirit, Israel continuously contributes to the ILC work through our engagement in the Sixth Committee and through our written submission. Such input by states is something that the ILC actively encourages and therefore must give a serious consideration. During considering and reflecting this input is essential to the acceptance of the Commission's work. Madam Chair, regrettably, in recent years, the Commission has not always given proper weight to the views of member states. This has been accompanied by the continued blurring on the line between codifying the law and proposing a progressive development. Yet, this distinction is a crucial one for both states and the law. Proposals for new law should not be presented as agreed upon rules and should transparently reflect the divergences in state practice and views. Otherwise, The Commission's work may falsely signal broad acceptance, consequently causing courts to rely on the disputed idea presented mistakenly as existing law, and this entire process can take place without even being properly grounded in the state practice or opinion juris. Mr. Chair, Israel also strongly believes that the greater care should be devoted to the preparations of the Commission's commentary in order to ensure that they meet the highest legal standards. However, due to the pressures of heavy program of war, commentaries are often prepared and adopted too quickly, recording an incomplete and inaccurate information. To address this issue, Israel believes that the Commission must focus on a fewer topics at the same time. This would give the Commission more time to prepare its commentaries and States to consider the proposal, enhancing the quality of the Sixth Committee debate. Madam Chair, in conclusion, Israel firmly believes that the rule of law must remain the world's guiding principle in time of peace and in times of conflict alike. Upholding it requires not only that the states remain committed to their legal obligation, but also that the institution in transit with developing international law act with professionalism, transparency, and proper regard for the views and practice of states. Madam Chair, allow me to conclude my remarks with a personal note. A year ago, advocate Yochai Genestin passed away. For more than three decades, Yochi served in the High Court of Justice Department of the Israeli State Attorney Office. She was a remarkable example of public service and of the contribution that lawyers can make to upholding the rule of law. I had the privilege of serving as her legal intern more than a decade ago. To me, Yochi will always remain a symbol of dedication to public service and of the importance of defending the rule of law. I hope that wherever she is now, she would be proud of me. I would like to dedicate this statement to her memory. Thank you, Madam Chair. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [2:01:16]: I thank the distinguished representative of Israel for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Mexico. Mexico [2:01:32]: Thank you, Madam President. Thank you, Madam Chair. Since the United Nations were established, recognition has grown of the close relationship between the rule of law and the purposes of the organization, and particularly the maintenance of international peace and security. The crisis of multilateralism is a symptom of the weakening of the rule of law at both the national and international levels. The rule of law is under strain in the face of inherited, unresolved and emerging conflicts. The building and sustaining of peace requires strengthening the rule of law, the peaceful settlement of disputes and the legal equality of states. Mexico prioritizes diplomacy and non-military means of settling international disputes. And on matters of interstate jurisdiction, we accord particular importance to the International Court of Justice. The Court is an institution with a universal vocation established to resolve legal disputes between states. Therefore, Genuine international rule of law requires countries to submit to its jurisdiction and comply with its decisions. It's unacceptable that more than 80 years after the founding of the United Nations, fewer than half of its member states have accepted as have accepted the court's compulsory jurisdiction. Mexico, for its part, has recognized it. Strengthening the rule of law also requires the progressive development of international law and its continuous codification. It's therefore essential that states ensure greater cooperation between the work of the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission on codification. We are concerned that the Commission's recent trend to produce conclusions or guidelines rather than draft articles largely reflects institutional stagnation within the Sixth Committee. Of the nine draft articles presented over the last 22 years, Only those on crimes against humanity and protection of persons in case of disaster are currently in the process of being consolidated into draft treaties. Ironically, the number of United Nations treaties has been much higher and more prolific when projects have not been referred to the Sixth Committee. In this context, it is necessary for the Sixth Committee to make a genuine commitment to considering the drafts of the ILC, overcoming current inertia and preventing political dynamics from obstructing substantive negotiations and the harmonious evolution of the international legal framework. The Sixth Committee needs to revitalize its work and regain its legal relevance. Likewise, the General Assembly could provide feedback to the committee's work and request that it include highly relevant contemporary issues on its agenda. This would undoubtedly contribute to achieving a stronger system of international norms benefiting the rule of law on both the domestic and international levels. Madam Chair, for years, members of the International Law Commission have drawn the attention of states to their work and their commitment to strengthening the rule of law. Since 2021, Spanish jurist Concepcion Escobar Hernandez, who we remember fondly today, proposed strengthening the relationship between these two bodies. And this proposal remains as relevant as ever. It is necessary to benefit from a more open, transparent, and dynamic communication channel between the two bodies. In this regard, we reiterate the value of having all Special Rapporteurs participate in International Law Week and working towards scheduling thematic seminars where both states and members of the Commission can serve as co-sponsors in order to promote wider awareness of the Commission's work and facilitate analysis of its outputs with a view to their consideration by this Sixth Committee. Similarly, we believe that both fora could benefit from more frequent sessions of the International Law Commission being held here at UN headquarters. This would allow the legal advisers in New York to be more involved in the work of the ILC and would strengthen the interpersonal relationships between delegates and members of the ILC. It would also be beneficial to have more transparency on the part of the ILC regarding its working methods. particularly with respect to the selection of topics to be included on its agenda and the appointment of special rapporteurs. On the latter point, the special rapporteurs, we call upon the ILC to appoint more women to this role, taking into account the significant historic underrepresentation of women in this capacity. The strengthening and development of international law are within our reach, and the ILC is extending its hand to help us achieve this goal. Thank you very much. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [2:08:17]: I thank the distinguished representative of Mexico for her statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Ghana. Ghana [2:08:32]: Ghana aligns itself with the statement delivered by Cameroon on behalf of the African group, and with Iran on behalf of the non-aligned movement. We now speak in our national capacity. Madam Chair, at a time of conflict, inequality, and growing mistrust, the rule of law is essential to peace and cooperation. It protects the vulnerable, upholds the rights, and enables people and nations to seek justice. We welcome the Secretary-General's report A/81/184 submitted pursuant to General Assembly Resolution 80/167. It's focused on the rule of law at the core of the Charter of the United Nations is timely. The Charter requires states to settle disputes peacefully, refrain from the threat or the use of force, and fulfill their obligations in good faith. Upholding these principles is a shared responsibility essential to international peace and security, human rights, and sustainable development. Selective application of international legal obligations undermines the trust in the law and in the institutions entrusted with upholding it. Madam Chair, as President Dramane Mahama emphasized in his address to the 81st session of the General Assembly, the United Nations must reign supreme over the cynical doctrine that might makes right. He further cautioned that the veto must never shield impunity and that the sovereign equality must extend to all nations irrespective of their alignment with global powers. Ghana believes that multilateralism grounded in the rule of law is essential to peaceful coexistence and collective security. The United Nations must act transparently and equitably in the interest of all member states. We therefore support efforts to make its decision-making structures more legitimate and representative. The rule of law must govern both relations among states and the conduct of the organization itself. We reaffirm the central role of the International Court of Justice as a principal judicial organ of the United Nations. Its work is indispensable to the peaceful settlement of disputes and the clarification of international legal obligations. We call upon all states to comply with the court's decisions in cases in which they are parties in accordance with the charter. Madam Chair, at the national level, Ghana's constitution provides a democratic framework for the treaty application and implementation through parliamentary approval and domestic legislation. This framework respects the separation of powers and gives effect to our international commitments in national law. Access to justice remains a constitutional right in Ghana, reinforced by the Legal Aid Scheme Act of 1997. The Legal Aid Commission Civil society and the Justice for All program helps ensure that all citizens, especially the poor and the vulnerable, can seek and obtain justice. These efforts give practical effect to the rule of law and advance Sustainable Development Goal 16. President Mahama has also reaffirmed Ghana's commitment to constitutionalism, regular elections, and peaceful democratic transitions. These principles remain central to our national governance and our contribution to democratic norms worldwide. Madam Chair, capacity building and technical assistance are essential to strengthen the rule of law. Ghana attach its great importance to the United Nations program of assistance in the teaching, study, dissemination, and wide appreciation of international law. The audio visual library of international law and regional training courses in Africa Asia-Pacific, and Latin America, strengthening the skills of legal practitioners, particularly those from developing countries. We also value the technical assistance provided by the Qualification Division, the Treaty Section, and other offices of the Secretariat in supporting the practical application of international law. In closing, Ghana reaffirms its commitment to the rule of law as a foundation of our constitutional order and of peaceful relations among nations. We must give effect to that commitment by respecting our obligations, strengthening institutions, and ensuring access to justice for all. I thank you. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [2:13:08]: I thank the distinguished representative of Ghana for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Egypt. You have the floor, sir. Egypt [2:13:21]: Thank you, Chair. Before proceeding, I would say that I've listened to the statements being delivered today and yesterday, and I would just like to express my agreement with so many of the suggestions that were included in statements, including by the distinguished representatives of the Philippines, Mexico, and my dear friend and neighbor from El Salvador, especially with respect to the relationship between the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission. Chair, on the question of the cooperation between the Sixth Committee and the ILC, I shall make four brief comments and ask one question. First, Egypt encourages the Commission to continue to take up topics that respond to the common interests of States and to the challenges of our time. Egypt particularly appreciates the Commission's work on sea level rise. Faced with a pressing problem of direct concern to many States, the Commission set out its views on how specific rules of international law apply to sea level rise. Thereby, the ILC informed the deliberations of the ICJ and contributed to policy discussions here in New York in a direct, fruitful, and constructive way. This in no way diminishes the importance of the Commission's work on doctrinal questions of general international law, which remain the foundation of its contribution, but it demonstrates the value of also taking up topics of direct policy relevance. In this light, we welcome the breadth of the current program from due diligence to piracy and armed robbery at sea to compensation, as well as the inclusion in the long-term program of the right to regulate international investment law. Egypt encourages the Commission to continue on this path. Second, the Commission's work gains relevance when it reflects the priorities of states from all regions. Egypt encourages the Commission to take into consideration the views of states on its long-term program. Questions relating to the effects of climate change, the management of shared natural resources, and the governance of new technologies are among the areas where many states, particularly from the global south, would welcome greater legal clarity. While preserving and maintaining the ILC's independence, the Sixth Committee can contribute by indicating in its debates where states see the greatest need for the commission's future work. Third, as indicated by other colleagues, including my colleague from South Africa, Egypt encourages the commission to widen the circle of its deliberations. We welcome the commission's exchanges with regional bodies, including ALCO, and encourages further engagement with the AU Commission on International Law and the League of Arab States. Fourth, the ILC's work is a catalyst for the development of customary international law. Through debates with the Sixth Committee, states are invited to engage in an interactive and iterative process that contributes to developing customary rules. In other words, the statements in this chamber could constitute lawmaking moments, and it is our collective responsibility as states to engage consistently and rigorously with the ILC to contribute to the development of international law. The Commission should also reflect the comments of States faithfully and distinguish, as far as practicable, between codification and progressive development, and ground its work in practice from all regions, all legal systems, and all languages. Fifth, I would like to pose a question for reflection. Would it be useful to invite the Commission or some of its special rapporteurs to engage with other UN bodies or forums, including other main committees of the General Assembly? For instance, Sea Level Rise speaks to some aspects of the work of the Second Committee, and the topic of due diligence has elements that are relevant to the dedicated thematic group one that is part of the global permanent mechanism on cyberspace. Such a dialogue could promote further coherence throughout the different bodies of the UN, provided that the Sixth Committee remains ILC's principal interlocutor and that the Commission's independence is preserved. Chair, to conclude, I'd like to offer a general comment on the question of the rule of law at the international level. During the high-level segment of the general debate, leader after leader voiced concern about the state of multilateralism and the international legal order. Many leaders spoke of a deficit of trust. There seemed to be a sentiment that the world is becoming increasingly ungovernable and that international law applies to some but not to others. However, the present crisis is not caused by a lack of rules. Rather, it is a crisis of enforcing the rules of international law. And it is precisely in such challenging times that the rule of law needs its defenders most. When the international legal order is under strain, it cannot be left to a few to uphold it, nor to a few to shape it. In an age of polarization, we must redouble our efforts to build and preserve a middle ground where creative solutions can be found to our collective problems. In this process, middle powers are well placed to lead in developing norms that serve the common interests of humankind. Middle powers cannot impose rules, they must persuade, and norms built through persuasion and coalition rather imposed by power tend to command the widest acceptance and to endure. The frontier of such work today lies in our shared challenges and the global commons, from the oceans to the atmosphere to cyberspace and emerging technologies and global health and the consequences of climate change. These challenges are too complex for any state or any group of states to resolve alone. In these areas, every state has a stake and no state can act alone. As a founding member of the UN and sitting at the crossroads of Africa, Arab world and the Mediterranean, Egypt stands ready to play its part with other middle powers to build that middle ground. Thank you, Chair. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [2:18:44]: I thank the distinguished representative of Egypt for his statement, and I took note of the question posed. I would also like to say that we did hear several delegations call for increased engagement with the ILC. In this regard, I would want to highlight a process that would start probably by the end of next week, that is the engagement on potential revitalization of the Committee and the work of the Committee, and I encourage delegates to engage in that process and to really look at how we could make this increased engagement with ILC that we all want to see a reality, because it would mean making movements on our program of work and making the space and making the time to do so. I also want to remind that several members of the ILC are going to be here to engage with the committee. So I encourage you to read those reports, to prepare your questions, and to really take advantage of the limited engagement that we do have. At this point, I would like to invite the next speaker, the distinguished representative of Singapore. You have the floor. Singapore [2:20:08]: Thank you, Madam Chair. Singapore aligns with the statements of ASEAN and of the Group of Friends of the Rule of Law. Let me begin by affirming Singapore's abiding commitment to the rule of law. For a small state, the rule of law is a matter of survival. In a world where outcomes are increasingly determined by size, leverage and coercion, International law allows small states to stand on equal footing with the large. It provides predictability, constrains the arbitrary exercise of power, and safeguards the autonomy of every state, whatever its size. Singapore thanks the Secretary-General for his report. We welcome its reminder that the rule of law lies at the heart of the Charter and its warning that the erosion of the rule of law would threaten the legal framework this organization was created to sustain. Allow me to share three reflections, beginning with this year's subtopic. First, we must invest in the dialogue through which international law is made. Singapore has long championed multilateral lawmaking. Professor Tommy Koh and Ambassador Rainer Lee had the honour of presiding over the conferences that produced UNCLOS, the Constitution for the Oceans, and the BBNJ Agreement, which entered into force this year. These experiences remind us that durable treaties are built through patient diplomacy, careful legal work, and a willingness to bridge differences. Central to this process is the dialogue between this Committee and the International Law Commission. The ILC brings independent legal expertise. States bring their practice, their views, and ultimately their consent. Through written comments and debate in the Sixth Committee, we test the Commission's work products and determine how they are to be carried forward. The modern law of the sea itself has its roots in the Commission's work. Today, the ILC's draft articles on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity and on the protection of persons in the event of disasters are being carried forward into treaty negotiations. The participation of the Special Rapporteur on crimes against humanity in the preparatory process has shown the value of the Commission's expertise at every stage. Singapore will remain a constructive participant in both processes, working towards instruments that command consensus and fit coherently within existing international law. The making of international law is a shared responsibility. The ILC's work is strongest when it draws on the practice and opinio juris of states from all regions. Second, we must support the institutions that make the peaceful settlement of disputes possible. This year, we mark the 80th anniversary of the International Court of Justice and the 30th anniversary of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Both institutions have given states confidence that disputes can be resolved through international law rather than by might. Singapore has consistently placed its faith in international law and in the institutions that uphold it. We have appeared before the ICJ and ITLOS in disputes of our own, and we have respected and implemented their decisions. We have also participated in advisory proceedings before both institutions. It is in this spirit that Singapore's National Group of the Permanent Court of Arbitration has nominated Ambassador for International Law, Rainer Lee, as Singapore's candidate to be a judge of the ICJ at elections to be held on 3rd November this year. We now seek the opportunity to steward and advance the rule of law at the international level. Third, the international rule of law must be underpinned by strong rule of law at home. This year, Singapore marks 200 years of the rule of law since the second Charter of Justice of 1826 laid the foundations of our legal system. Over two centuries, generations of judges and lawyers have built a justice system defined by independence and excellence. it has been essential to Singapore's development as a global city-state. The rule of law came to Singapore as a colonial inheritance. We made it our own, developing a jurisprudence attuned to our society, while drawing on the experiences of other legal systems. Over time, our institutions have earned the confidence of parties from around the world, and we do not take that trust for granted. That trust has allowed Singapore to serve the international community as an established venue for the peaceful settlement of disputes. For example, Singapore hosts the offices of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. Singapore also has a model agreement with ITLOS that would enable Singapore to host hearings of the Tribunal and its chambers. Our experience has taught us an important lesson. The rule of law endures when those who live under it have a stake in it. The same is true of international law. It will command respect when all states, whatever their size or legal tradition, have a genuine hand in shaping it, including through the work of the International Law Commission. That is why capacity building matters. It is an investment in the legitimacy and universality of international law. Under the Singapore Cooperation Programme, we have supported capacity building on topics such as global health law and governance, international law of the sea, as well as the harmonisation of international trade law and key legal instruments of the UNCITRAL. In addition, this year, Singapore will host the Global Rule of Law Conference from 24th to 26th November, bringing together judicial and legal leaders from Singapore and around the world to exchange perspectives, and advance dialogue on key rule of law issues. We look forward to welcoming colleagues from all regions. Madam Chair, the founders of this organisation resolved to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained. More than eight decades on, that resolve is under strain. It will not sustain itself. It must be renewed by every State, and Singapore will play its part. We will help to develop international law, we will support the institutions that uphold it, and we will work to ensure that every State, large or small, has a meaningful hand in shaping it. I thank you. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [2:27:29]: I thank the Distinguished Representative of Singapore for her statement, and I give the floor to the Distinguished Representative of Uganda. Uganda [2:27:43]: Thank you, Madam Chairperson. I have the honour to deliver this statement on behalf of Uganda. Our delegation aligns itself with the statement delivered by the delegation of Cameroon on behalf of the African Group, the Islamic Republic of Iran on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, and Austria on behalf of the Group of Friends of the Rule of Law. Madam Chairperson, Uganda expresses her gratitude to the Secretary-General for his report contained in document A/81/184, entitled "Strengthening and coordinating United Nations rule of law activities", which highlights the valuable information on efforts to promote and strengthen the rule of law at the national and international levels. Madam Chair, Uganda believes that the rule of law is important and the key principle of sovereign equality of states, which enables all states to participate in the lawmaking processes at regional and international levels. We wish to reiterate that human rights, the rule of law and democracy are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. All States should fulfill their obligations to promote and the universal respect for the observance and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other instruments relating to human rights and international law. While underlining the importance of freedom of opinion and expression under Article 19, Madam Chair, that is under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, my delegation emphasizes that in exercising such freedom, morality, public order, and the rights and freedoms of others must be recognized and respected as apparent under Article 29 of the Declaration. As freedom of expression is not absolute, its exercise should be carried with the responsibilities in accordance with the relevant international human rights law and instruments. My delegation reemphasizes the notion that the principles and rules of international law are indispensable in preserving and strengthening the rule of law at the international level. Therefore, the Member States of the United Nations should renew their pledge to uphold, preserve and promote the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and international law with the purpose of further advancing towards the achievement of full respect of international law. Madam Chair, Uganda remains committed to international law and the rule of law, which also includes enabling and encouraging the constant development of international law. The International Law Commission, ILC, which plays an important role in this regard, should be given due cognizance. Appropriate follow-up of states in the framework of the Sixth Committee to draft articles prepared by ILC needs to be ensured. The work of the ILC, including reflection on already existing customary international law or preparation of legal solutions for pressing international topics, contributes to ensuring legal certainty. Uganda hopes the Sixth Committee will be able to further support the development and codification of international law in this regard. Madam Chair, my delegation commends the work done by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, the International Development Law Organization for promoting discussions on the rule of law. Lastly, Madam Chair, Uganda wishes to commend all the members of the Non-Aligned Movement for the support rendered to Uganda as the chair of the Movement for the last three years. The chairmanship of Uganda has consistently remained anchored in the basic etiquette of international relations based on the universal principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations as well as the founding principles of the Non-Aligned Movement. Finally, we strongly encourage this Committee and all Member States to continue their efforts to engage constructively on an agreeable subtopic for the debate in the next session, as well as for the report of the Secretary-General. I thank you, Madam Chair. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [2:33:07]: I thank the distinguished representative of Uganda for the statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Indonesia. You have the floor, sir. Indonesia [2:33:18]: Thank you, Madam Chair. Indonesia aligns itself with the ASEAN statement and the Non-Aligned Movement statement. We thank the Secretary-General for his report contained in document A/81/184. The Secretary General's report remind us of a simple truth. The United Nations was founded on the premise that binding legal norms applied universally and independently of power are the only durable foundation of international peace. 81 years on, that premise is under strain. International law is too often applied a la carte. invoked when it is convenient and set aside when it is costly. Against this backdrop, Indonesia wishes to underscore three pertinent points. First, we must insist that international law be upheld consistently. International law is the common foundation that allows all nations, large and small, to live together in peace. We reaffirm our commitment to the Charter of the United Nations and to international law, including the principles of sovereign equality, the peaceful settlement of disputes, and the prohibition of use or threat of use of force. These principles must bind all and be applied equally to all. Indonesia therefore rejects selectivity and double standards in applying international law. Nowhere is the cost of such selectivity more evident than in Palestine. In this regard, Indonesia remains unwavering in its support for the Palestinian people in realizing their inelible rights, including the right to an independent and sovereign state based on the two-state solution. Second, the need for stronger multilateralism and international cooperation. As our Minister for Foreign Affairs stated during the general debate, the answer to imperfect multilateralism is not less multilateralism, but better and stronger multilateralism. Better multilateralism requires the rule of law to guide not only what the UN does, but how it works and delivers. It includes enhancing mechanisms that uphold international justice. This year, Indonesia acceded to the 1907 Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes. And on the margins of the high-level week, we signed the UN Convention Against Cybercrime, a global framework to combat cybercrime and strengthen cross-border cooperation. Indonesia also continues to strengthen cooperation in mutual legal assistance, extradition, and asset recovery. both bilaterally and through regional frameworks, including the ASEAN Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters. Further, we underline the importance of technical assistance and capacity building for developing countries to implement their international obligations. Third, advance the rule of law at home. The rule of law at home and abroad is mutually reinforcing. Respect for international law begins with implementing the treaties we have ratified into national legislation and practice. One such example, in line with our obligation under the UN Convention against Corruption, our parliament is deliberating a bill on asset forfeiture to strengthen the recovery of proceeds of corruption. Indonesia values its cooperation with the UN in strengthening national capacity to implement international law at home. including through advancing legal protections for children and young people online in Indonesia, as noted in the report. Nationally, which is also critically important, Indonesia has enacted its new criminal code, marking a major step toward a sovereign and modern justice system aligned with national values and international norms. This represents a historic milestone in shaping the future of Indonesia's legal system. Madam Chair, Indonesia affirms its readiness to work with all delegations to ensure that the rule of law is not merely an aspiration, but a shared commitment upheld consistently and for all. I thank you, Madam Chair. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [2:38:04]: I thank the distinguished representative of Indonesia for his statement. I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Nicaragua. Nicaragua [2:38:19]: Madam Chair, our delegation wishes to align ourselves with the statement made by the delegation of Iran on behalf of NAM. by the People's Republic of China on behalf of the group of Friends of Global Governance, and by Uruguay on behalf of CELAC, and the statement by Cuba on behalf of a group of countries. Nicaragua reaffirms its staunch commitment to the defense and strengthening of the rule of law as an essential basis to build a fairer, more balanced, and more respectful international order that is more respectful of the rights of peoples and state sovereignty. The rule of law, in its national and international dimension, must be understood as a comprehensive and complementary principle, grounded in the absolute respect for the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of states and focused on ensuring conditions of peace, justice and sustainable development for peoples. The international rule of law must be fully aligned with respect for the principles enshrined in the United Nations Charter, which include the sovereign equality of states, the peaceful settlement of disputes, the prohibition of the threat to use or the use of force, the respect of political independence and non-interference in the internal affairs of states. Madam Chair, Nicaragua bases its international relationships on friendship, solidarity and reciprocity, recognizing the principle of the peaceful settlement of international disputes through international law, and we have made, we've used these means many times. always vesting our trust in the International Court of Justice. On the 27th of June 1986, in an historic milestone for our people and the world, the International Court of Justice handed down a ruling holding the United States responsible for violating international law intervening against Nicaragua. Therefore, Nicaragua continues to call for compliance with this ruling, which is definitive and must be complied with, including the respective compensation due to the Republic of Nicaragua. We support the initiatives that have been put forward to this high level global legal body to halt the genocide against the Palestinian people. Western governments must put an end to their funding of this genocide, since the only thing they're doing is supporting it, increasing economic, political and military support, more weapons to Israel that continue to murder the Palestinian people. Chair, we must defend the UN Charter against new modalities that are incompatible with its principles and purposes, imposed by large imperialist powers, obstructing the inalienable rights to self-determination and political independence of developing countries. It's therefore essential to put an end to the UCMs imposed against our peoples, eliminating these aggressions that are real stumbling blocks to eradicating poverty and to achieving the SDGs in the 2030 agenda. Our country, despite the ongoing illegal political and economic aggressions imposed against us, we continue to build peace and defending this peace with stability and security in our region. Nicaragua continues to support the rights of our people, in particular the rights of women, older persons, children, reaffirming the right of the Nicaraguan people to live in peace and tranquility for a just future with development and well-being for all. We are committed to continuing to advocate for peace for the people of the global south, contributing to building a more just and ethical multipolar world based on solidarity, mutual respect, and the sovereignty of peoples, guided by the principles and purposes enshrined in the United Nations Charter. Thank you very much. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [2:42:35]: I thank the distinguished representative of Nicaragua for her statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Cuba. You have the floor. Cuba [2:42:54]: Thank you very much, Madam Chair. My delegation aligns itself with the statements made by the Islamic Republic of Iran on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, and the statement made by Uruguay on behalf of CELAC. In our national capacity, we would like to voice the following comments. The high-level meeting on the rule of law on a national and international level on 24 December 2012 clearly recognized that real rule of law requires us democratizing international economic and financial and monetary institutions to ensure that they serve the peoples and that they don't constantly enrich just a few. We insist on the fact that socioeconomic development is essential in order to achieve the rule of law in any country in the world. In this regard, we condemn and we call for the immediate dismantling of the raft of extraterritorial measures that make up the blockade imposed against my country by the United States for now more than six decades. It's particularly contradictory that those who claim to be the defenders of the rule of law use unilateral measures that are focused on modifying the political conduct of another state through economic asphyxiation. A genuine rule of law requires coherence, respect for the sovereign equality of states, and abandoning double standards. Madam Chair, the promotion and strengthening of the rule of law must involve the respect of the jurisdictions of all states by the international community and also the recognition of the sovereign rights of all people to create their own legal institutions that are in line with their social, cultural interests and beliefs. In this regard, we underscore that any assistance or mechanism provided by this organization to a member state must be done with the strict absolute consent of the state concerned. We must work to strengthen our domestic legal framework based on it being voluntary and with absolute respect for the self-determination of peoples without any type of politicisation or political interference. As part of our national efforts to strengthen the rule of law and social justice, our country Following the adoption of the 2019 constitution, we have begun a process to update our legislation to implement the provisions of the constitution through complementary laws that have been subject to broad debate and analysis. That provides a great democratic value and more effective access to justice. We are still perfecting our government structures, making them more functional and allowing better citizens control over the way they work. We have self-governance bodies on a local level and citizens participation in decision making. Lastly, we would be remiss not to mention the ongoing genocide in Palestine that is putting to test on a daily basis international law, its most sacred norms and principles are being flouted when we are seeing war crimes and crimes against humanity being committed in complete impunity against this kindred people. Humanity will not be able to recover trust in multilateralism and in the respect for the principles and purposes of the United Nations Charter and international law and international humanitarian law until there is an independent and sovereign Palestinian state. within pre-1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, and where refugees are guaranteed the right to return. Thank you very much. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [2:47:03]: I thank the distinguished representative of Cuba for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Ethiopia. Ethiopia [2:47:14]: Thank you, Madam Chair. My delegation aligns itself with the statement delivered by the distinguished representative of Cameroon on behalf of the African Group and the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran on behalf of the NAM. My delegation notes the Secretary-General's report submitted under this agenda item. Madam Chair, Ethiopia attaches great importance to the promotion and strengthening of the rule of law, both at the national and international levels, and recognizes the decisive role of the rule of law in the area for peace, security, good governance, sustainable development, democracy, human rights, and prosperity. TPA firmly believes that the rule of law is a foundation, among others, to ensure justice, equality, democratic governance, human rights, societal welfare, peace, security, good governance, and sustainable development. To this effect, the Sixth Committee and the International Law Commission have distinct but complementary roles to play. The Sixth Committee, at the primary forum of the General Assembly for consideration of legal matters, provides an important political and governmental perspectives on questions of international law. The International Law Commission, through its independent expertise, contributes to the progressive development and codification of international law. Their interaction, therefore, offers a valuable bridge between legal expertise and the perspectives and priorities of member states. ethics committee can play an important role in facilitating considerations by member states of the commission's outputs and in identifying areas where further clarification, codification, or progressive development may be warranted. Greater attention to the implementation of practical relevance of international legal instruments can help translate legal principles into meaningful outcomes. International law is developed and applied within a complex and diverse international community. States have different legal traditions, constitutional systems, regional experiences, and historical circumstances. These differences enrich the development of international law and should be reflected in the Commission's consideration of legal questions. A comprehensive assessment of state practice and opinio juris, including perspectives from different regions and legal systems, can contribute to the legitimacy, clarity, and practical acceptance of the Commission's work. At the same time, taking diverse state perspectives into account does not imply that the Commission should simply follow the majority view. An inclusive approach will contribute to developing international law that is both legally sound and responsive to the realities of the international community. To share Ethiopia's national experience, at the national level, the rule of law is a cardinal principle embedded in the Ethiopian legal system and constitutional order. All citizens, organs of state, political organizations, and other associations, as well as their officials, are duty-bound to strictly obey the Constitution and abide by it. It is the supreme law of the land, and any law, customary practice, or decision of an organ of state or a public official which contravenes the Constitution shall be of no effect. The Ethiopian government has also undertaken significant legal, institutional, and judicial reform measures that aim to promote and strengthen the rule of law in Ethiopia. To embark on the most recent legal reforms, Ethiopia has promulgated a new criminal procedure and evidence law in 2026. which replaced the law that had been in effect since 1961. The newly enacted law encompasses comprehensive provisions on criminal investigation, prosecution, evidence, and procedures that are compatible with contemporary legal and human rights-related standards. Furthermore, Ethiopia has adopted a transitional justice policy to investigate historical injustices and fundamental human rights violations. holding perpetrators accountable under the law, facilitate conditions for victims to rebuild their lives and receive reparations, and to seek truth regarding abuse committed during different historical chapters. Madam Chair, Ethiopia equally attached utmost importance to the rule of law at the international level. As a founding member of the United Nations, the League of Nations, the African Union, and other international organizations, Ethiopia acknowledges the indispensable role of rule of law, rule of law and rule-based multilateral system in international relations. Rule-based global governance is essential to maintaining international peace and security, achieving sustainable development, and protecting and promoting human rights. Ethiopia firmly believes that the international rule of law is grounded essentially in the principle of sovereign equality, non-interference in the internal affairs of states, respect for territorial integrity and political independence, the prohibition of the threat or use of force contrary to the UN Charter, and the peaceful settlement of international disputes. Ethiopia believes that all states, small or big, are equal. Imposition of unilateral coercive measures inconsistent with the UN Charter and international law are among the factors that adversely impact peaceful coexistence, sustainable development, and international legal order. The rule of law at the international level inter alia could be achieved through universal, consistent, objective, and non-selective application of international law. Madam Chair, finally, my delegation would like to reiterate Ethiopia's unwavering commitment to the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and support a balanced approach in the national and international dimensions of the rule of law. I thank you. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [2:53:16]: I thank the distinguished representative of Ethiopia for his statement, and I give the floor to the distinguished representative of Burkina Faso. Burkina Faso [2:53:30]: Madam Chair, my delegation would like to thank the statements delivered by Cameroon and Iran, respectively, on behalf of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement, and would like to make the following observations in its national capacity. Madam Chair, Burkina Faso takes note with interest of Report No. A/81/184 of the Secretary-General, which is entitled "Strengthening and Coordinating United Nations Activities in the Field of Rule of Law," and commends the unwavering efforts by the UN to promote rule of law at the national and international levels. However, we note with regret that there are inaccurate and unfounded allegations in paragraph 50 of this report. Therefore, Burkina Faso would like to clarify that all of the proceedings taking place on its territory are in keeping with the rules of a fair trial, even if they concern judicial actors themselves. They should not be considered as being citizens that are beyond the law. Madam Chair, my delegation welcomes the close collaboration of the UN in the field of security, prevention of crime, and reduction of armed violence. This collaboration has allowed us to solidify the progress mentioned in paragraph 19 of the report, which demonstrates the relevance and importance of the partnership between Burkina Faso and the UN in this area. Madam Chair, my country is convinced that respect for rule of law is the only foundation for lasting peace, political stability, and socioeconomic development. Keenly aware of this reality, the government of Burkina Faso, led by Comrade Captain Ibrahim Traore, has made promoting rule of law and strengthening justice a national priority. In this context, in this particularly fraught security context, our country is committed to restoring state authority throughout its territory to guarantee that every Burkinabe can effectively enjoy his or her fundamental rights. Madam Chair, it is true that the security situation in the Sahel region, especially in Burkina Faso, has severely strained the consolidation of rule of law. Repeated terrorist attacks have often hindered the access of populations to public services, including to justice. Madame Chair, the security situation, as I mentioned, has severely strained the implementation of development projects launched by Burkina Faso. But thanks to the resilience of populations, to the mobilization of the defense and security forces, and to the patriotic commitment of the homeland defense volunteers, large swaths of our national territory have now been secured and stabilized. In addition, Burkina Faso has continued to strengthen access to justice through the implementation of domestic initiatives and ambitious reforms. including the key initiative Faso Boukaore, adopted in January 2026, which aims to improve national ownership of justice and to adapt it to our country's sociocultural realities. In the same vein, 350,000 people have been trained on judicial proceedings from 2020-2025, and we've also carried out various actions for outreach, education, and other initiatives to ensure that citizens have a better understanding of the judiciary institution. In addition, in order to enhance access to the public service that is justice and to accelerate the processing of cases, the government has undertaken a number of reforms and actions from 2022 to 2023, including the revision of Law No. 015/2019 via Law No. 008/2025, which provides higher courts with the authority to be seized of criminal cases and extends jurisdiction to 25 such courts in the country. This law has allowed for the holding of 93 criminal hearings, by December 31, 2025, as well as the development of various digital platforms to modernize access to justice. We also have adopted Law No. 009/2025 of June 12, 2025, on the Criminal Procedure Code, which introduced alternative mechanisms to criminal prosecution. This aims to lighten the workload of courts and to accelerate judicial proceedings. Since 2025, we have been carrying out the Empty Docket Special Operation, which has allowed us to reduce the number of pending cases, criminal cases. We also have trained and raised awareness among over 3,600 members of the security and defense forces, as well as over 60,000 actors and socio-professional groups. working in the field of human rights and international humanitarian law between 2021-2025. Madam Chair, Burkina Faso reaffirms that the principles and rules of international law are crucial for the maintenance of international peace and security, as well as to strengthening cooperation and friendly relations between states. However, my delegation is concerned by the selective and unfair application of these principles, depending on which states are concerned. In this context, it is impossible to build an international order based upon law when institutions that are supposed to embody international justice are weaponized for political or ideological purposes, which undermines the sovereignty of states and the fundamental principles of international law. Madam Chair, In this context, and in exercising its full sovereignty, Burkina Faso decided on September 22, 2025, to withdraw from the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Our country has always cooperated in good faith with the ICC, but cannot remain indifferent any longer to the abuses that have been observed as symptom a dysregulated international legal order that is dominated by certain forces with its partners in the Federation of the Alliance of the States of the Sahel, Burkina Faso has chosen domestic justice mechanisms that are rooted in our cultural realities and our societal values. These mechanisms aim to effectively counter impunity, promote national reconciliation, and to ensure justice that serves peace, human dignity, and sustainable development. Madam Chair, in closing, Burkina Faso reaffirms its commitment to pursuing, with all of its true partners, efforts to build an equitable legal order based upon rule of law and judicial diversity. We call upon all member states to amplify their efforts to make rule of law a key driver of sustainable development, social progress, and international peace and security. Thank you. 6th Committee · Vice-Chair [3:01:37]: Thank you. The distinguished representative of Burkina Faso was the last speaker for this morning. The Sixth Committee will continue its debate on agenda item 84, the rule of law at the national and international levels, at its next meeting this afternoon at 3:00 p.m. Given the length of the list of remaining speakers, it is now expected that the Sixth Committee will commence its consideration of agenda item 75 criminal accountability of United Nations officials and experts on mission at its meetings tomorrow the meeting is adjourned