{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/fr/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/fr/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k10/k10pqhcgr5","kaltura_id":"1_0pqhcgr5","title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, 62nd session, 1027 meeting","clean_title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, 62nd session, 1027 meeting","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5","date":"2025-02-11T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2025-02-11T09:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"04:23:03","category":"General Assembly","body":"General Assembly","event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":"62nd session","pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5"},"metadata":{"summary":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, 62nd session","description":null,"categories":["Meetings & Events","General Assembly","Subsidiary organs of the General Assembly","Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space"],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":[],"corporate_name":["UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS - UNOOSA"],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[{"title":"United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs - STSC 2025","url":"https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/stsc/2025/index.html"}]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"assemblyai-universal-3-5-pro-2152b84d-e29b-4f21-a111-b499b09ea617","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":1397.478,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5?lang=en&t=1398","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good morning, distinguished delegates.","start":1397.478,"end":1399.043,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":1397.478,"end":1397.639},{"text":"morning,","start":1397.639,"end":1397.881},{"text":"distinguished","start":1397.962,"end":1398.365},{"text":"delegates.","start":1398.365,"end":1399.043}]},{"text":"I now declare open the 1027th meeting of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer 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delegates, I'd like to inform delegates that the provisional list of participants, document A/AC105/C.1/2025/CRP.1, will be available today online on our webpage.","start":1409.92,"end":1426.356,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":1409.92,"end":1410.202},{"text":"delegates,","start":1410.202,"end":1410.854},{"text":"I'd","start":1411.842,"end":1411.906},{"text":"like","start":1411.986,"end":1412.163},{"text":"to","start":1412.163,"end":1412.212},{"text":"inform","start":1412.244,"end":1412.582},{"text":"delegates","start":1412.63,"end":1413.209},{"text":"that","start":1413.515,"end":1413.852},{"text":"the","start":1413.852,"end":1413.933},{"text":"provisional","start":1413.933,"end":1414.431},{"text":"list","start":1414.496,"end":1414.721},{"text":"of","start":1414.721,"end":1414.866},{"text":"participants,","start":1414.882,"end":1415.686},{"text":"document","start":1416.024,"end":1416.651},{"text":"A/AC105/C.1/2025/CRP.1,","start":1416.651,"end":1422.812},{"text":"will","start":1423.49,"end":1423.603},{"text":"be","start":1423.603,"end":1423.749},{"text":"available","start":1423.749,"end":1424.235},{"text":"today","start":1424.235,"end":1424.623},{"text":"online","start":1424.623,"end":1425.012},{"text":"on","start":1425.109,"end":1425.158},{"text":"our","start":1425.206,"end":1425.449},{"text":"webpage.","start":1425.449,"end":1426.356}]},{"text":"The Secretariat has informed me that any corrections shall be submitted to the Secretariat at the submission email of the Office for Outer Space Affairs, unosa-submissions@un.org, By no later than Friday, February 21st, 2025.","start":1427.702,"end":1444.047,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1427.702,"end":1427.798},{"text":"Secretariat","start":1427.814,"end":1428.248},{"text":"has","start":1428.248,"end":1428.49},{"text":"informed","start":1428.49,"end":1428.827},{"text":"me","start":1428.827,"end":1429.004},{"text":"that","start":1429.069,"end":1429.374},{"text":"any","start":1429.374,"end":1429.551},{"text":"corrections","start":1429.615,"end":1430.082},{"text":"shall","start":1430.178,"end":1430.339},{"text":"be","start":1430.339,"end":1430.387},{"text":"submitted","start":1430.436,"end":1430.998},{"text":"to","start":1430.998,"end":1431.127},{"text":"the","start":1431.143,"end":1431.224},{"text":"Secretariat","start":1431.224,"end":1431.947},{"text":"at","start":1432.285,"end":1432.43},{"text":"the","start":1432.43,"end":1432.462},{"text":"submission","start":1432.462,"end":1433.089},{"text":"email","start":1433.089,"end":1433.427},{"text":"of","start":1433.491,"end":1433.62},{"text":"the","start":1434.215,"end":1434.36},{"text":"Office","start":1434.36,"end":1434.585},{"text":"for","start":1434.681,"end":1434.794},{"text":"Outer","start":1434.939,"end":1435.18},{"text":"Space","start":1435.18,"end":1435.582},{"text":"Affairs,","start":1435.582,"end":1435.952},{"text":"unosa-submissions@un.org,","start":1436.708,"end":1437.415},{"text":"By","start":1440.053,"end":1440.166},{"text":"no","start":1440.214,"end":1440.343},{"text":"later","start":1440.455,"end":1440.89},{"text":"than","start":1440.922,"end":1441.067},{"text":"Friday,","start":1441.1,"end":1441.905},{"text":"February","start":1441.985,"end":1442.436},{"text":"21st,","start":1442.452,"end":1443.016},{"text":"2025.","start":1443.097,"end":1444.047}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, this morning we will continue and hopefully conclude our consideration of Agenda Item 3, General Exchange of 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the request of the distinguished delegate of the United States of America, we will continue and hopefully suspend our consideration of Agenda Item 4, Space for Sustainable Development, pending the discussion in the working 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the request of the distinguished delegate of the Russian Federation, we will continue and hopefully conclude our consideration of Agenda Item 6, Space System-Based Disaster Management 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will continue and hopefully conclude our consideration of Agenda Item 15, Dark and Quiet Skies.","start":1482.368,"end":1487.624,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1482.368,"end":1482.514},{"text":"will","start":1482.514,"end":1482.675},{"text":"continue","start":1482.675,"end":1482.998},{"text":"and","start":1483.014,"end":1483.159},{"text":"hopefully","start":1483.159,"end":1483.498},{"text":"conclude","start":1483.498,"end":1484.046},{"text":"our","start":1484.046,"end":1484.289},{"text":"consideration","start":1484.289,"end":1484.918},{"text":"of","start":1484.934,"end":1484.982},{"text":"Agenda","start":1485.031,"end":1485.337},{"text":"Item","start":1485.418,"end":1485.676},{"text":"15,","start":1485.676,"end":1486.257},{"text":"Dark","start":1486.65,"end":1486.844},{"text":"and","start":1486.844,"end":1486.909},{"text":"Quiet","start":1486.909,"end":1487.185},{"text":"Skies.","start":1487.185,"end":1487.624}]},{"text":"We will then suspend the plenary meeting so that the Working Group of the Whole can hold its 6th meeting and the Working Group of the EUs on Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space There will be 5 technical presentations this 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are reminded that the full schedule of technical presentations is available on the sessions webpage and in the Daily 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there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule?","start":1511.733,"end":1514.206,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Are","start":1511.733,"end":1511.766},{"text":"there","start":1511.766,"end":1511.883},{"text":"any","start":1511.883,"end":1512.067},{"text":"questions","start":1512.134,"end":1512.568},{"text":"or","start":1512.635,"end":1512.736},{"text":"comments","start":1512.736,"end":1513.086},{"text":"on","start":1513.137,"end":1513.203},{"text":"this","start":1513.237,"end":1513.471},{"text":"proposed","start":1513.471,"end":1513.772},{"text":"schedule?","start":1513.805,"end":1514.206}]},{"text":"I see none.","start":1517.777,"end":1518.415,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1517.777,"end":1517.826},{"text":"see","start":1517.875,"end":1518.055},{"text":"none.","start":1518.055,"end":1518.415}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, I would now like to continue and hopefully conclude our consideration of item 3 of our agenda, General Exchange of 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now turn to the list of speakers.","start":1531.33,"end":1532.921,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1531.33,"end":1531.346},{"text":"now","start":1531.346,"end":1531.459},{"text":"turn","start":1531.571,"end":1531.796},{"text":"to","start":1531.828,"end":1531.909},{"text":"the","start":1531.909,"end":1532.005},{"text":"list","start":1532.005,"end":1532.246},{"text":"of","start":1532.246,"end":1532.359},{"text":"speakers.","start":1532.375,"end":1532.921}]},{"text":"The first speaker on my list is the distinguished observer For All 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would first like to convey our gratitude to Director Artie Holomeny and our deep appreciation for the entire OESA team for their always incredible work in organizing and managing these 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also take this opportunity to express our sincere condolences to the delegation of Poland for the loss of Ambassador Andrzej Michal, an inspiring and wise individual who is already sorely 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delegates, For All Mankind is an entirely international, non-governmental, not-for-profit organization.","start":1573.62,"end":1579.897,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":1573.62,"end":1574.085},{"text":"delegates,","start":1574.085,"end":1574.565},{"text":"For","start":1574.806,"end":1574.966},{"text":"All","start":1574.966,"end":1574.999},{"text":"Mankind","start":1574.999,"end":1575.609},{"text":"is","start":1575.609,"end":1575.673},{"text":"an","start":1575.721,"end":1575.786},{"text":"entirely","start":1575.786,"end":1576.396},{"text":"international,","start":1576.508,"end":1577.183},{"text":"non-governmental,","start":1577.392,"end":1578.259},{"text":"not-for-profit","start":1578.42,"end":1579.223},{"text":"organization.","start":1579.223,"end":1579.897}]},{"text":"Our volunteers include more than 100 space law, heritage law, and policy experts, scientists, and engineers from every inhabited 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is the triumph of human intellect, the human that is part of us all.","start":1661.161,"end":1664.724,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":1661.161,"end":1661.241},{"text":"is","start":1661.241,"end":1661.305},{"text":"the","start":1661.337,"end":1661.482},{"text":"triumph","start":1661.482,"end":1661.883},{"text":"of","start":1661.899,"end":1662.027},{"text":"human","start":1662.043,"end":1662.348},{"text":"intellect,","start":1662.38,"end":1662.942},{"text":"the","start":1663.263,"end":1663.408},{"text":"human","start":1663.408,"end":1663.664},{"text":"that","start":1663.664,"end":1663.889},{"text":"is","start":1663.889,"end":1663.953},{"text":"part","start":1664.001,"end":1664.242},{"text":"of","start":1664.242,"end":1664.322},{"text":"us","start":1664.322,"end":1664.419},{"text":"all.","start":1664.611,"end":1664.724}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, we are witnessing a discernible bandwagon effect, a growing support for the recognition and protection of cultural heritage 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distinguished delegates, we know well that the space domain is unlike any of these realms.","start":1733.58,"end":1738.679,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":1733.58,"end":1733.724},{"text":"distinguished","start":1733.724,"end":1734.221},{"text":"delegates,","start":1734.221,"end":1734.814},{"text":"we","start":1735.103,"end":1735.247},{"text":"know","start":1735.247,"end":1735.488},{"text":"well","start":1735.504,"end":1735.616},{"text":"that","start":1735.889,"end":1736.001},{"text":"the","start":1736.049,"end":1736.081},{"text":"space","start":1736.081,"end":1736.53},{"text":"domain","start":1736.53,"end":1736.963},{"text":"is","start":1737.107,"end":1737.156},{"text":"unlike","start":1737.332,"end":1737.813},{"text":"any","start":1737.813,"end":1737.989},{"text":"of","start":1737.989,"end":1738.118},{"text":"these","start":1738.15,"end":1738.278},{"text":"realms.","start":1738.374,"end":1738.679}]},{"text":"For starters, simply suggesting that an area be protected is a violation of fundamental precepts of the outer space legal regime: the freedom of exploration and use and the free access to all areas of celestial 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delegates, we well recognize the COPUUS and its subcommittees as unique platforms for international cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, for the global governance of outer space activities and the development of international space law, and for the promotion of the increased involvement of all countries in space activities.","start":1753.208,"end":1773.98,"topics":[{"key":"space-capacity-building","label":"Space Science Capacity Building","description":"Multiple speakers emphasized building national and regional capabilities through training, observatories, partnerships, and support for students and young professionals. 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further thank you for providing me this opportunity to introduce the subcommittee to the Outer Space Institute and its recent 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Outer Space Institute, called the OSI, was founded in 2018 as a global network of space experts united by their commitment to highly innovative transdisciplinary research that addresses grand challenges facing the continued use and exploration of outer 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OSI currently is comprised of more than 45 fellows from 4 continents, Through its membership comprised of natural scientists, engineers, social scientists, international lawyers, industry leaders, and policymakers, the OSI takes a transdisciplinary approach to identifying challenges, opportunities, and solutions related to our exploration and use, safety, and long-term sustainability of 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goals of the Outer Space Institute are closely aligned with the work of COPUUS and and the UN Sustainable Development 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a permanent observer organization, We look forward to working with other such organizations and hope to be able to assist the committee and its member states as 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you all for your time and attention.","start":2368,"end":2369.103,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2368,"end":2368.1},{"text":"you","start":2368.1,"end":2368.167},{"text":"all","start":2368.183,"end":2368.217},{"text":"for","start":2368.217,"end":2368.367},{"text":"your","start":2368.367,"end":2368.518},{"text":"time","start":2368.518,"end":2368.768},{"text":"and","start":2368.768,"end":2368.835},{"text":"attention.","start":2368.852,"end":2369.103}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"OSI","affiliation_full":"OSI","group":null,"function":"Observer"}},{"statement_number":7,"start":2371.216,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5?lang=en&t=2372","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished observer from the Outer Space Institute for the 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like to give the floor now to the distinguished representative of the United States of America.","start":2396.652,"end":2400.824,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'd","start":2396.652,"end":2396.716},{"text":"like","start":2396.797,"end":2397.022},{"text":"to","start":2397.022,"end":2397.119},{"text":"give","start":2397.119,"end":2397.296},{"text":"the","start":2397.296,"end":2397.409},{"text":"floor","start":2397.425,"end":2397.635},{"text":"now","start":2397.747,"end":2397.876},{"text":"to","start":2398.07,"end":2398.134},{"text":"the","start":2398.166,"end":2398.247},{"text":"distinguished","start":2398.247,"end":2398.794},{"text":"representative","start":2398.794,"end":2399.439},{"text":"of","start":2399.439,"end":2399.552},{"text":"the","start":2399.552,"end":2399.6},{"text":"United","start":2399.6,"end":2399.97},{"text":"States","start":2399.97,"end":2400.26},{"text":"of","start":2400.26,"end":2400.357},{"text":"America.","start":2400.357,"end":2400.824}]},{"text":"You have the 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lawful, legitimate, important, appropriate, and effective tool for responding to malign activity and addressing serious threats to peace and 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United States is not alone in that view or in that practice.","start":2422.11,"end":2425.874,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2422.11,"end":2422.174},{"text":"United","start":2422.174,"end":2422.595},{"text":"States","start":2422.595,"end":2422.919},{"text":"is","start":2422.919,"end":2423.049},{"text":"not","start":2423.13,"end":2423.309},{"text":"alone","start":2423.309,"end":2423.701},{"text":"in","start":2423.832,"end":2423.963},{"text":"that","start":2423.963,"end":2424.208},{"text":"view","start":2424.208,"end":2424.469},{"text":"or","start":2424.959,"end":2425.106},{"text":"in","start":2425.106,"end":2425.171},{"text":"that","start":2425.204,"end":2425.449},{"text":"practice.","start":2425.449,"end":2425.874}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":2426.347,"end":2426.772,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2426.347,"end":2426.576},{"text":"you.","start":2426.576,"end":2426.772}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"USA","affiliation_full":"United 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the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation, is exercising the right of reply under this agenda 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the Russian Federation will have their statements before the closing of this 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Speakers stressed coordination with the ITU and the need to prevent harmful interference, monopolization, and exclusion of developing countries."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3358.705,"end":3358.946},{"text":"contradicts","start":3358.962,"end":3359.715},{"text":"the","start":3359.731,"end":3359.779},{"text":"spirit","start":3359.827,"end":3360.195},{"text":"of","start":3360.292,"end":3360.404},{"text":"international","start":3360.404,"end":3361.109},{"text":"space","start":3361.109,"end":3361.493},{"text":"treaties,","start":3361.493,"end":3361.878},{"text":"such","start":3362.327,"end":3362.615},{"text":"as","start":3362.711,"end":3362.839},{"text":"the","start":3362.871,"end":3363},{"text":"Outer","start":3363.016,"end":3363.272},{"text":"Space","start":3363.272,"end":3363.657},{"text":"Treaty,","start":3363.657,"end":3364.041},{"text":"which","start":3364.458,"end":3364.602},{"text":"affirms","start":3364.698,"end":3365.163},{"text":"the","start":3365.179,"end":3365.275},{"text":"right","start":3365.275,"end":3365.531},{"text":"of","start":3365.596,"end":3365.756},{"text":"all","start":3365.756,"end":3365.884},{"text":"nations","start":3365.916,"end":3366.365},{"text":"to","start":3366.397,"end":3366.493},{"text":"engage","start":3366.541,"end":3366.926},{"text":"in","start":3366.958,"end":3367.118},{"text":"peaceful","start":3367.118,"end":3367.518},{"text":"use","start":3367.518,"end":3367.727},{"text":"of","start":3367.775,"end":3367.967},{"text":"peaceful","start":3368.544,"end":3368.913},{"text":"space","start":3369.602,"end":3370.002},{"text":"activities.","start":3370.002,"end":3370.611}]},{"text":"COPUSS must address this issue to ensure the safe, sustainable, and equitable use of space for all.","start":3371.925,"end":3377.518,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"COPUSS","start":3371.925,"end":3372.39},{"text":"must","start":3372.39,"end":3372.935},{"text":"address","start":3372.951,"end":3373.175},{"text":"this","start":3373.287,"end":3373.544},{"text":"issue","start":3373.544,"end":3373.816},{"text":"to","start":3373.912,"end":3374.072},{"text":"ensure","start":3374.072,"end":3374.409},{"text":"the","start":3374.409,"end":3374.489},{"text":"safe,","start":3374.489,"end":3374.874},{"text":"sustainable,","start":3374.89,"end":3375.643},{"text":"and","start":3375.691,"end":3375.851},{"text":"equitable","start":3375.851,"end":3377.502},{"text":"use","start":3376.332,"end":3376.636},{"text":"of","start":3376.636,"end":3376.749},{"text":"space","start":3376.749,"end":3377.133},{"text":"for","start":3377.133,"end":3377.358},{"text":"all.","start":3377.358,"end":3377.518}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, the Islamic Republic of Iran firmly believes that the commercial interests of private companies should not dictate the regulatory framework for space activities.","start":3377.935,"end":3387.681,"topics":[{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"Speakers examined the rapid growth of large constellations in low Earth orbit and the policy challenges this creates. These included orbital congestion, equitable access to space, commercial dominance, and the need to balance connectivity benefits with impacts on other users."}],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":3377.935,"end":3378.143},{"text":"Chair,","start":3378.239,"end":3378.48},{"text":"the","start":3378.56,"end":3378.656},{"text":"Islamic","start":3378.656,"end":3379.073},{"text":"Republic","start":3379.073,"end":3379.602},{"text":"of","start":3379.602,"end":3379.746},{"text":"Iran","start":3379.762,"end":3380.035},{"text":"firmly","start":3380.083,"end":3380.548},{"text":"believes","start":3380.564,"end":3380.868},{"text":"that","start":3380.916,"end":3381.205},{"text":"the","start":3381.205,"end":3381.253},{"text":"commercial","start":3381.702,"end":3382.327},{"text":"interests","start":3382.327,"end":3382.824},{"text":"of","start":3382.824,"end":3382.872},{"text":"private","start":3382.904,"end":3383.337},{"text":"companies","start":3383.385,"end":3383.882},{"text":"should","start":3383.946,"end":3384.17},{"text":"not","start":3384.17,"end":3384.347},{"text":"dictate","start":3384.491,"end":3384.828},{"text":"the","start":3384.828,"end":3384.988},{"text":"regulatory","start":3384.988,"end":3385.613},{"text":"framework","start":3385.613,"end":3386.334},{"text":"for","start":3386.495,"end":3386.623},{"text":"space","start":3386.671,"end":3387.104},{"text":"activities.","start":3387.136,"end":3387.681}]},{"text":"The deployment of large constellations is creating a complex network in LEO, leading to significant technical, legal, security, safety, economic, and cultural challenges for many nations.","start":3388.178,"end":3402.909,"topics":[{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"Speakers examined the rapid growth of large constellations in low Earth orbit and the policy challenges this creates. These included orbital congestion, equitable access to space, commercial dominance, and the need to balance connectivity benefits with impacts on other users."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3388.178,"end":3388.274},{"text":"deployment","start":3388.274,"end":3388.883},{"text":"of","start":3388.915,"end":3389.044},{"text":"large","start":3389.076,"end":3389.396},{"text":"constellations","start":3389.396,"end":3390.246},{"text":"is","start":3390.598,"end":3390.743},{"text":"creating","start":3390.743,"end":3391.288},{"text":"a","start":3391.384,"end":3391.4},{"text":"complex","start":3391.48,"end":3391.929},{"text":"network","start":3392.057,"end":3392.586},{"text":"in","start":3392.586,"end":3392.65},{"text":"LEO,","start":3392.907,"end":3393.243},{"text":"leading","start":3393.885,"end":3394.157},{"text":"to","start":3394.269,"end":3394.398},{"text":"significant","start":3394.606,"end":3395.455},{"text":"technical,","start":3395.455,"end":3395.92},{"text":"legal,","start":3396.513,"end":3396.802},{"text":"security,","start":3396.866,"end":3397.507},{"text":"safety,","start":3397.587,"end":3398.1},{"text":"economic,","start":3398.197,"end":3398.774},{"text":"and","start":3398.838,"end":3398.966},{"text":"cultural","start":3399.014,"end":3400.377},{"text":"challenges","start":3400.377,"end":3401.226},{"text":"for","start":3401.322,"end":3401.419},{"text":"many","start":3401.483,"end":3402.028},{"text":"nations.","start":3402.396,"end":3402.909}]},{"text":"Reports indicate that astronomical observations have already been impacted by the increased light pollution caused by large constellations.","start":3428.632,"end":3437.664,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"Reports","start":3428.632,"end":3428.985},{"text":"indicate","start":3429.033,"end":3429.562},{"text":"that","start":3429.594,"end":3429.835},{"text":"astronomical","start":3429.899,"end":3430.83},{"text":"observations","start":3430.958,"end":3431.648},{"text":"have","start":3431.664,"end":3431.888},{"text":"already","start":3431.985,"end":3432.45},{"text":"been","start":3432.482,"end":3432.594},{"text":"impacted","start":3432.642,"end":3433.284},{"text":"by","start":3433.284,"end":3433.525},{"text":"the","start":3433.525,"end":3433.605},{"text":"increased","start":3433.605,"end":3434.166},{"text":"light","start":3434.632,"end":3435.049},{"text":"pollution","start":3435.113,"end":3435.562},{"text":"caused","start":3436.236,"end":3436.541},{"text":"by","start":3436.573,"end":3436.669},{"text":"large","start":3436.797,"end":3437.022},{"text":"constellations.","start":3437.086,"end":3437.664}]},{"text":"Additionally, radio signals reflected and emitted from these satellites have disrupted radio astronomy, transforming once, once dark and quiet skies into polluted and bright environments.","start":3437.92,"end":3452.246,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"Additionally,","start":3437.92,"end":3438.594},{"text":"radio","start":3438.658,"end":3439.075},{"text":"signals","start":3439.22,"end":3439.669},{"text":"reflected","start":3439.781,"end":3440.391},{"text":"and","start":3440.888,"end":3441.177},{"text":"emitted","start":3441.642,"end":3442.107},{"text":"from","start":3442.107,"end":3442.46},{"text":"these","start":3442.492,"end":3442.637},{"text":"satellites","start":3442.669,"end":3443.31},{"text":"have","start":3443.31,"end":3443.615},{"text":"disrupted","start":3443.615,"end":3444.193},{"text":"radio","start":3444.193,"end":3444.883},{"text":"astronomy,","start":3444.979,"end":3445.605},{"text":"transforming","start":3446.102,"end":3446.968},{"text":"once,","start":3447.305,"end":3447.802},{"text":"once","start":3448.187,"end":3448.524},{"text":"dark","start":3448.524,"end":3448.861},{"text":"and","start":3448.861,"end":3448.973},{"text":"quiet","start":3449.006,"end":3449.391},{"text":"skies","start":3449.391,"end":3449.776},{"text":"into","start":3449.872,"end":3450.128},{"text":"polluted","start":3450.193,"end":3450.754},{"text":"and","start":3450.754,"end":3450.979},{"text":"bright","start":3451.235,"end":3451.572},{"text":"environments.","start":3451.572,"end":3452.246}]},{"text":"It is therefore imperative to regulate the radiation and signals of large constellation to prevent unauthorized services provision in other countries.","start":3452.775,"end":3462.737,"topics":[{"key":"spectrum-orbits","label":"Spectrum and Orbital Resources","description":"A recurring issue was the fair and efficient use of radio frequencies and orbital positions, especially in geostationary orbit and low Earth orbit. Speakers stressed coordination with the ITU and the need to prevent harmful interference, monopolization, and exclusion of developing countries."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3452.775,"end":3452.872},{"text":"is","start":3452.872,"end":3452.984},{"text":"therefore","start":3453.08,"end":3453.433},{"text":"imperative","start":3453.433,"end":3454.107},{"text":"to","start":3454.123,"end":3454.219},{"text":"regulate","start":3454.283,"end":3454.733},{"text":"the","start":3454.781,"end":3454.941},{"text":"radiation","start":3455.263,"end":3455.974},{"text":"and","start":3455.974,"end":3456.07},{"text":"signals","start":3456.07,"end":3456.522},{"text":"of","start":3456.619,"end":3456.781},{"text":"large","start":3457.265,"end":3457.604},{"text":"constellation","start":3457.604,"end":3458.217},{"text":"to","start":3458.33,"end":3458.46},{"text":"prevent","start":3458.492,"end":3458.895},{"text":"unauthorized","start":3458.895,"end":3460.268},{"text":"services","start":3460.268,"end":3460.881},{"text":"provision","start":3461.317,"end":3461.753},{"text":"in","start":3461.817,"end":3462.027},{"text":"other","start":3462.027,"end":3462.302},{"text":"countries.","start":3462.35,"end":3462.737}]},{"text":"Furthermore, large constellation contributes significantly to space debris, posing severe risk to the sustainable use of LEO.","start":3463.254,"end":3473.188,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Several statements focused on debris as a core sustainability and safety issue for outer space activities. Topics included collision risks, post-mission disposal, controlled reentry, debris-free mission design, and the effects of growing numbers of satellites and reentries."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":3463.254,"end":3463.884},{"text":"large","start":3463.9,"end":3464.11},{"text":"constellation","start":3464.11,"end":3464.838},{"text":"contributes","start":3464.935,"end":3465.615},{"text":"significantly","start":3466.084,"end":3466.942},{"text":"to","start":3466.975,"end":3467.153},{"text":"space","start":3467.153,"end":3467.703},{"text":"debris,","start":3467.865,"end":3468.286},{"text":"posing","start":3468.674,"end":3469.047},{"text":"severe","start":3469.095,"end":3470.212},{"text":"risk","start":3470.212,"end":3470.536},{"text":"to","start":3470.536,"end":3470.633},{"text":"the","start":3470.698,"end":3470.94},{"text":"sustainable","start":3471.183,"end":3471.928},{"text":"use","start":3471.928,"end":3472.203},{"text":"of","start":3472.235,"end":3472.446},{"text":"LEO.","start":3472.818,"end":3473.188}]},{"text":"Approximately 3% of Starlink satellite launches to date are now decommissioned and non-operational.","start":3473.348,"end":3480.409,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Several statements focused on debris as a core sustainability and safety issue for outer space activities. Topics included collision risks, post-mission disposal, controlled reentry, debris-free mission design, and the effects of growing numbers of satellites and reentries."}],"words":[{"text":"Approximately","start":3473.348,"end":3474.153},{"text":"3%","start":3474.153,"end":3474.265},{"text":"of","start":3474.957,"end":3475.101},{"text":"Starlink","start":3475.841,"end":3476.308},{"text":"satellite","start":3476.324,"end":3476.967},{"text":"launches","start":3476.967,"end":3477.321},{"text":"to","start":3477.385,"end":3477.546},{"text":"date","start":3477.546,"end":3477.852},{"text":"are","start":3477.932,"end":3477.964},{"text":"now","start":3477.964,"end":3478.189},{"text":"decommissioned","start":3478.993,"end":3479.798},{"text":"and","start":3479.862,"end":3479.926},{"text":"non-operational.","start":3480.039,"end":3480.409}]},{"text":"maneuverable, effectively added to the— adding to the growing space debris problem.","start":3480.712,"end":3485.906,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Several statements focused on debris as a core sustainability and safety issue for outer space activities. 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These included orbital congestion, equitable access to space, commercial dominance, and the need to balance connectivity benefits with impacts on other users."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3513.892,"end":3513.941},{"text":"international","start":3513.973,"end":3514.551},{"text":"community","start":3514.551,"end":3515.081},{"text":"has","start":3515.097,"end":3515.241},{"text":"only","start":3515.418,"end":3515.675},{"text":"a","start":3515.675,"end":3515.819},{"text":"limited","start":3515.819,"end":3516.221},{"text":"window","start":3516.221,"end":3516.558},{"text":"of","start":3516.558,"end":3516.702},{"text":"opportunity","start":3516.702,"end":3517.296},{"text":"to","start":3517.425,"end":3517.585},{"text":"proactively","start":3517.585,"end":3518.292},{"text":"address","start":3518.308,"end":3518.613},{"text":"the","start":3518.709,"end":3518.79},{"text":"challenge","start":3518.79,"end":3519.207},{"text":"posed","start":3519.207,"end":3519.528},{"text":"by","start":3519.528,"end":3519.625},{"text":"large","start":3520.235,"end":3520.46},{"text":"constellations","start":3520.492,"end":3521.262},{"text":"before","start":3521.278,"end":3521.568},{"text":"their","start":3521.616,"end":3521.776},{"text":"negative","start":3521.776,"end":3522.306},{"text":"consequences","start":3522.322,"end":3523.109},{"text":"become","start":3523.141,"end":3523.462},{"text":"irreversible.","start":3524.49,"end":3525.309}]},{"text":"Iran firmly believes that preventing unauthorized activities of large constellations within national territories, integrating debris mitigation programs, and enhancing the technical infrastructure of emerging space nations are essential steps towards safeguarding equitable access to outer space.","start":3526.577,"end":3544.277,"topics":[{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"Speakers examined the rapid growth of large constellations in low Earth orbit and the policy challenges this creates. These included orbital congestion, equitable access to space, commercial dominance, and the need to balance connectivity benefits with impacts on other users."},{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Several statements focused on debris as a core sustainability and safety issue for outer space activities. Topics included collision risks, post-mission disposal, controlled reentry, debris-free mission design, and the effects of growing numbers of satellites and reentries."},{"key":"space-capacity-building","label":"Space Science Capacity Building","description":"Multiple speakers emphasized building national and regional capabilities through training, observatories, partnerships, and support for students and young professionals. The discussion linked broader participation in space science to more equitable and sustainable global space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"Iran","start":3526.577,"end":3526.802},{"text":"firmly","start":3526.898,"end":3527.219},{"text":"believes","start":3527.235,"end":3527.605},{"text":"that","start":3527.637,"end":3527.878},{"text":"preventing","start":3527.878,"end":3528.376},{"text":"unauthorized","start":3528.424,"end":3529.146},{"text":"activities","start":3529.146,"end":3529.724},{"text":"of","start":3529.724,"end":3529.853},{"text":"large","start":3529.885,"end":3530.061},{"text":"constellations","start":3530.19,"end":3531.539},{"text":"within","start":3531.812,"end":3532.004},{"text":"national","start":3532.052,"end":3532.389},{"text":"territories,","start":3532.389,"end":3532.983},{"text":"integrating","start":3533.015,"end":3533.673},{"text":"debris","start":3534.379,"end":3534.78},{"text":"mitigation","start":3534.78,"end":3535.389},{"text":"programs,","start":3535.726,"end":3536.191},{"text":"and","start":3536.384,"end":3536.544},{"text":"enhancing","start":3536.544,"end":3537.042},{"text":"the","start":3537.106,"end":3537.186},{"text":"technical","start":3537.186,"end":3537.651},{"text":"infrastructure","start":3537.684,"end":3538.534},{"text":"of","start":3538.55,"end":3538.678},{"text":"emerging","start":3538.71,"end":3539.079},{"text":"space","start":3539.176,"end":3539.593},{"text":"nations","start":3539.593,"end":3539.962},{"text":"are","start":3540.619,"end":3540.716},{"text":"essential","start":3540.716,"end":3541.213},{"text":"steps","start":3541.293,"end":3541.678},{"text":"towards","start":3541.678,"end":3541.935},{"text":"safeguarding","start":3541.935,"end":3542.577},{"text":"equitable","start":3542.625,"end":3543.186},{"text":"access","start":3543.186,"end":3543.523},{"text":"to","start":3543.523,"end":3543.668},{"text":"outer","start":3543.668,"end":3543.989},{"text":"space.","start":3543.989,"end":3544.277}]},{"text":"In light of these considerations, we propose that the STSC prioritize discussion on this issue.","start":3544.871,"end":3550.839,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3544.871,"end":3544.967},{"text":"light","start":3544.967,"end":3545.208},{"text":"of","start":3545.288,"end":3545.416},{"text":"these","start":3545.449,"end":3545.577},{"text":"considerations,","start":3545.673,"end":3546.395},{"text":"we","start":3546.411,"end":3546.556},{"text":"propose","start":3546.556,"end":3546.941},{"text":"that","start":3547.037,"end":3547.326},{"text":"the","start":3547.695,"end":3547.775},{"text":"STSC","start":3547.999,"end":3548.818},{"text":"prioritize","start":3548.818,"end":3549.492},{"text":"discussion","start":3549.492,"end":3550.101},{"text":"on","start":3550.101,"end":3550.149},{"text":"this","start":3550.262,"end":3550.534},{"text":"issue.","start":3550.566,"end":3550.839}]},{"text":"We believe it is important for this committee— for this subcommittee to explore ways to actively engage with with and contribute to efforts aimed at substantively addressing the challenges posed by large constellations, particularly about dark and quiet skies and their impact on astronomy, including by considering various initiatives such as the potential establishment of a dedicated working group.","start":3551.288,"end":3576.73,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. 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thank you, Madam Chair.","start":3577.046,"end":3578.046,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3577.046,"end":3577.13},{"text":"thank","start":3577.13,"end":3577.396},{"text":"you,","start":3577.396,"end":3577.463},{"text":"Madam","start":3577.48,"end":3577.796},{"text":"Chair.","start":3577.796,"end":3578.046}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IRN","affiliation_full":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":21,"start":3579.683,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5?lang=en&t=3580","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran for this Next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of 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Madam Chair, distinguished delegates, we welcome that we were able to agree last year on the establishment of this agenda item and that for the next 5 years we have an opportunity to discuss the impacts of large satellite constellations on astronomy, among other issues.","start":3588.946,"end":3608.438,"topics":[{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"Speakers examined the rapid growth of large constellations in low Earth orbit and the policy challenges this creates. These included orbital congestion, equitable access to space, commercial dominance, and the need to balance connectivity benefits with impacts on other users."},{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3588.946,"end":3589.138},{"text":"you,","start":3589.138,"end":3589.203},{"text":"Madam","start":3589.219,"end":3589.524},{"text":"Chair.","start":3589.524,"end":3589.845},{"text":"Madam","start":3590.471,"end":3590.744},{"text":"Chair,","start":3590.808,"end":3591.049},{"text":"distinguished","start":3591.37,"end":3591.964},{"text":"delegates,","start":3592.157,"end":3592.655},{"text":"we","start":3593.04,"end":3593.12},{"text":"welcome","start":3593.136,"end":3593.698},{"text":"that","start":3594.244,"end":3594.341},{"text":"we","start":3594.341,"end":3594.405},{"text":"were","start":3594.405,"end":3594.565},{"text":"able","start":3594.582,"end":3595.031},{"text":"to","start":3595.047,"end":3595.144},{"text":"agree","start":3595.144,"end":3595.481},{"text":"last","start":3595.529,"end":3595.85},{"text":"year","start":3595.85,"end":3596.203},{"text":"on","start":3596.412,"end":3596.492},{"text":"the","start":3596.492,"end":3596.524},{"text":"establishment","start":3596.524,"end":3597.311},{"text":"of","start":3597.311,"end":3597.407},{"text":"this","start":3597.407,"end":3597.568},{"text":"agenda","start":3597.568,"end":3597.921},{"text":"item","start":3597.937,"end":3598.226},{"text":"and","start":3598.756,"end":3598.82},{"text":"that","start":3598.82,"end":3598.997},{"text":"for","start":3598.997,"end":3599.158},{"text":"the","start":3599.158,"end":3599.206},{"text":"next","start":3599.206,"end":3599.495},{"text":"5","start":3599.543,"end":3599.768},{"text":"years","start":3599.944,"end":3600.089},{"text":"we","start":3600.683,"end":3600.779},{"text":"have","start":3600.779,"end":3600.924},{"text":"an","start":3600.924,"end":3601.052},{"text":"opportunity","start":3601.068,"end":3601.775},{"text":"to","start":3601.952,"end":3602.594},{"text":"discuss","start":3602.594,"end":3603.124},{"text":"the","start":3603.236,"end":3603.381},{"text":"impacts","start":3603.397,"end":3604.007},{"text":"of","start":3604.392,"end":3604.537},{"text":"large","start":3604.537,"end":3604.826},{"text":"satellite","start":3604.842,"end":3605.5},{"text":"constellations","start":3605.5,"end":3606.207},{"text":"on","start":3606.287,"end":3606.383},{"text":"astronomy,","start":3606.383,"end":3606.913},{"text":"among","start":3607.427,"end":3607.636},{"text":"other","start":3607.892,"end":3608.133},{"text":"issues.","start":3608.133,"end":3608.438}]},{"text":"Germany has supported the efforts by Chile, Spain, and the International Astronomical Union and many others in the past to establish this agenda item, and we hope that we can put the next 5 years to good use.","start":3609.418,"end":3625.079,"topics":[{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"Speakers examined the rapid growth of large constellations in low Earth orbit and the policy challenges this creates. 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Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":3626.525,"end":3626.573},{"text":"facilitate","start":3626.605,"end":3627.601},{"text":"and","start":3627.906,"end":3627.97},{"text":"enrich","start":3628.051,"end":3628.356},{"text":"the","start":3628.452,"end":3628.501},{"text":"discussions","start":3628.549,"end":3629.159},{"text":"and","start":3629.256,"end":3629.352},{"text":"the","start":3629.352,"end":3629.432},{"text":"work","start":3629.432,"end":3629.737},{"text":"under","start":3629.737,"end":3629.93},{"text":"this","start":3629.93,"end":3630.235},{"text":"item,","start":3630.332,"end":3630.685},{"text":"Germany","start":3631.199,"end":3631.569},{"text":"has","start":3631.585,"end":3631.729},{"text":"joined","start":3631.842,"end":3632.372},{"text":"the","start":3632.548,"end":3632.645},{"text":"Group","start":3632.645,"end":3632.87},{"text":"of","start":3632.87,"end":3632.902},{"text":"Friends","start":3632.902,"end":3633.335},{"text":"on","start":3633.432,"end":3633.705},{"text":"Dark","start":3633.785,"end":3634.01},{"text":"and","start":3634.01,"end":3634.155},{"text":"Quiet","start":3634.155,"end":3634.508},{"text":"Guys","start":3634.396,"end":3634.62},{"text":"for","start":3634.652,"end":3634.748},{"text":"Science","start":3634.748,"end":3635.277},{"text":"and","start":3635.277,"end":3635.79},{"text":"Society","start":3635.998,"end":3636.623},{"text":"that","start":3637.12,"end":3637.28},{"text":"was","start":3637.28,"end":3637.344},{"text":"founded","start":3637.456,"end":3638.001},{"text":"by","start":3638.001,"end":3638.097},{"text":"Chile","start":3638.097,"end":3638.466},{"text":"and","start":3638.738,"end":3638.802},{"text":"Spain","start":3638.882,"end":3639.427},{"text":"outside","start":3640.084,"end":3640.677},{"text":"of","start":3640.677,"end":3640.789},{"text":"the","start":3640.805,"end":3640.902},{"text":"formal","start":3640.902,"end":3641.943},{"text":"structures","start":3641.943,"end":3642.552},{"text":"of","start":3642.664,"end":3642.824},{"text":"this","start":3642.824,"end":3642.969},{"text":"committee.","start":3642.985,"end":3643.305}]},{"text":"This group brings together national delegates and technical experts from various regional and organizational backgrounds, including experts from our Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Germany, to consider the challenges of large satellite constellations to astronomy.","start":3644.523,"end":3664.08,"topics":[{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"Speakers examined the rapid growth of large constellations in low Earth orbit and the policy challenges this creates. 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Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3644.523,"end":3644.747},{"text":"group","start":3644.747,"end":3645.132},{"text":"brings","start":3645.372,"end":3645.517},{"text":"together","start":3645.613,"end":3646.206},{"text":"national","start":3646.51,"end":3646.991},{"text":"delegates","start":3646.991,"end":3647.552},{"text":"and","start":3647.552,"end":3647.632},{"text":"technical","start":3647.632,"end":3648.097},{"text":"experts","start":3648.097,"end":3648.529},{"text":"from","start":3648.577,"end":3648.689},{"text":"various","start":3648.754,"end":3649.218},{"text":"regional","start":3649.218,"end":3649.779},{"text":"and","start":3650.036,"end":3650.1},{"text":"organizational","start":3650.18,"end":3651.109},{"text":"backgrounds,","start":3651.462,"end":3651.975},{"text":"including","start":3652.039,"end":3652.487},{"text":"experts","start":3652.583,"end":3653.337},{"text":"from","start":3653.801,"end":3654.234},{"text":"our","start":3654.426,"end":3654.522},{"text":"Max","start":3654.522,"end":3654.827},{"text":"Planck","start":3654.907,"end":3655.228},{"text":"Institute","start":3655.228,"end":3655.949},{"text":"for","start":3655.949,"end":3656.205},{"text":"Radio","start":3656.606,"end":3657.006},{"text":"Astronomy","start":3657.07,"end":3657.695},{"text":"in","start":3657.888,"end":3657.936},{"text":"Germany,","start":3657.968,"end":3658.416},{"text":"to","start":3658.849,"end":3658.929},{"text":"consider","start":3658.929,"end":3659.57},{"text":"the","start":3659.57,"end":3659.65},{"text":"challenges","start":3659.73,"end":3660.339},{"text":"of","start":3660.789,"end":3660.933},{"text":"large","start":3660.998,"end":3661.222},{"text":"satellite","start":3661.238,"end":3661.977},{"text":"constellations","start":3661.977,"end":3662.908},{"text":"to","start":3663.422,"end":3663.551},{"text":"astronomy.","start":3663.567,"end":3664.08}]},{"text":"As a preliminary result of this collaboration, the group has drafted a conference room paper that outlines general observations on the impacts to astronomy and possible mitigation strategies, and it offers initial ideas and suggestions to the to the committee on steps that can be taken to improve the situation.","start":3665.253,"end":3690.993,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. 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Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."},{"key":"spectrum-orbits","label":"Spectrum and Orbital Resources","description":"A recurring issue was the fair and efficient use of radio frequencies and orbital positions, especially in geostationary orbit and low Earth orbit. Speakers stressed coordination with the ITU and the need to prevent harmful interference, monopolization, and exclusion of developing countries."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3692.73,"end":3692.81},{"text":"paper","start":3692.842,"end":3693.147},{"text":"also","start":3693.163,"end":3693.581},{"text":"highlights","start":3693.645,"end":3694.224},{"text":"the","start":3694.272,"end":3694.369},{"text":"challenges","start":3694.369,"end":3694.979},{"text":"posed","start":3695.654,"end":3695.943},{"text":"to","start":3696.136,"end":3696.281},{"text":"radio","start":3696.281,"end":3696.667},{"text":"astronomy","start":3696.683,"end":3697.293},{"text":"by","start":3697.743,"end":3697.824},{"text":"the","start":3697.824,"end":3697.904},{"text":"growing","start":3697.968,"end":3698.354},{"text":"amount","start":3699.27,"end":3699.688},{"text":"of","start":3699.688,"end":3699.8},{"text":"space","start":3699.816,"end":3700.186},{"text":"objects","start":3700.379,"end":3700.973},{"text":"and","start":3701.021,"end":3701.086},{"text":"aims","start":3701.262,"end":3701.487},{"text":"to","start":3701.52,"end":3701.616},{"text":"make","start":3701.616,"end":3701.825},{"text":"the","start":3701.825,"end":3701.97},{"text":"committee","start":3701.97,"end":3702.291},{"text":"aware","start":3702.805,"end":3703.158},{"text":"of","start":3703.287,"end":3703.335},{"text":"this","start":3703.431,"end":3703.544},{"text":"issue","start":3703.672,"end":3704.042},{"text":"while","start":3704.492,"end":3704.685},{"text":"being","start":3704.733,"end":3704.942},{"text":"mindful","start":3705.054,"end":3705.488},{"text":"on","start":3705.616,"end":3705.665},{"text":"the","start":3705.697,"end":3705.761},{"text":"establishment—","start":3705.761,"end":3706.934},{"text":"on","start":3707.946,"end":3707.994},{"text":"the","start":3708.026,"end":3708.107},{"text":"established","start":3708.107,"end":3708.733},{"text":"mandate","start":3708.733,"end":3709.231},{"text":"and","start":3709.536,"end":3710.05},{"text":"procedures","start":3710.115,"end":3710.725},{"text":"of","start":3711.063,"end":3711.159},{"text":"the","start":3711.159,"end":3711.288},{"text":"International","start":3711.304,"end":3713.665},{"text":"Telecommunication","start":3711.93,"end":3713.247},{"text":"Union,","start":3713.247,"end":3713.537},{"text":"ITU.","start":3713.713,"end":3714.533}]},{"text":"Germany supports the conference room paper as a co-sponsor and invites other delegations to study the recommendations contained therein.","start":3715.401,"end":3726.11,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"Germany","start":3715.401,"end":3715.754},{"text":"supports","start":3715.754,"end":3716.477},{"text":"the","start":3716.477,"end":3716.606},{"text":"conference","start":3716.606,"end":3717.409},{"text":"room","start":3717.409,"end":3717.586},{"text":"paper","start":3717.586,"end":3718.133},{"text":"as","start":3718.55,"end":3718.647},{"text":"a","start":3718.695,"end":3718.775},{"text":"co-sponsor","start":3718.775,"end":3720.125},{"text":"and","start":3720.238,"end":3720.447},{"text":"invites","start":3720.64,"end":3721.187},{"text":"other","start":3721.187,"end":3721.349},{"text":"delegations","start":3721.349,"end":3722.142},{"text":"to","start":3722.256,"end":3722.385},{"text":"study","start":3722.401,"end":3722.79},{"text":"the","start":3723.227,"end":3723.292},{"text":"recommendations","start":3723.292,"end":3724.248},{"text":"contained","start":3725.009,"end":3725.673},{"text":"therein.","start":3725.819,"end":3726.11}]},{"text":"Madam Chair, the outreach by the astronomical community over the past year here at the COPUS has managed should turn the attention of delegates to this important issue.","start":3727.746,"end":3741.291,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. 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Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"Everybody","start":3742.463,"end":3742.945},{"text":"understands","start":3743.025,"end":3743.812},{"text":"what","start":3744.245,"end":3744.39},{"text":"is","start":3744.39,"end":3744.454},{"text":"meant","start":3744.55,"end":3744.823},{"text":"by","start":3744.887,"end":3744.968},{"text":"the","start":3744.968,"end":3745.064},{"text":"term","start":3745.128,"end":3745.337},{"text":"dark","start":3745.433,"end":3745.626},{"text":"and","start":3745.626,"end":3745.738},{"text":"quiet","start":3745.77,"end":3746.027},{"text":"skies","start":3746.027,"end":3746.461},{"text":"nowadays","start":3746.493,"end":3747.023},{"text":"and","start":3747.922,"end":3748.099},{"text":"knows","start":3748.099,"end":3748.388},{"text":"what","start":3748.42,"end":3748.58},{"text":"challenges","start":3748.58,"end":3749.11},{"text":"astronomers","start":3749.399,"end":3750.074},{"text":"are","start":3750.411,"end":3750.443},{"text":"facing.","start":3750.443,"end":3750.925}]},{"text":"The international nature of the committee has also provided astronomers with a new opportunity to connect and collaborate here.","start":3751.952,"end":3761.056,"topics":[{"key":"space-capacity-building","label":"Space Science Capacity Building","description":"Multiple speakers emphasized building national and regional capabilities through training, observatories, partnerships, and support for students and young professionals. The discussion linked broader participation in space science to more equitable and sustainable global space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3751.952,"end":3752.097},{"text":"international","start":3752.097,"end":3752.723},{"text":"nature","start":3752.755,"end":3753.333},{"text":"of","start":3753.735,"end":3753.847},{"text":"the","start":3753.879,"end":3753.959},{"text":"committee","start":3753.959,"end":3754.409},{"text":"has","start":3755.067,"end":3755.131},{"text":"also","start":3755.388,"end":3755.71},{"text":"provided","start":3755.71,"end":3756.352},{"text":"astronomers","start":3756.352,"end":3757.058},{"text":"with","start":3757.476,"end":3757.652},{"text":"a","start":3757.652,"end":3757.668},{"text":"new","start":3757.668,"end":3758.038},{"text":"opportunity","start":3758.054,"end":3758.744},{"text":"to","start":3759.017,"end":3759.13},{"text":"connect","start":3759.162,"end":3759.676},{"text":"and","start":3759.676,"end":3759.884},{"text":"collaborate","start":3759.884,"end":3760.703},{"text":"here.","start":3760.848,"end":3761.056}]},{"text":"These are already very welcome results.","start":3762.373,"end":3765.245,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":3762.373,"end":3762.598},{"text":"are","start":3762.694,"end":3762.807},{"text":"already","start":3763.256,"end":3763.721},{"text":"very","start":3763.978,"end":3764.203},{"text":"welcome","start":3764.315,"end":3764.78},{"text":"results.","start":3764.78,"end":3765.245}]},{"text":"The Group of Friends is a further tool to make progress in mitigating the challenges faced by the astronomical community, and it is now up to the COPUs to take further steps on this issue and to consider how to address it under the new agenda item.","start":3765.999,"end":3784.465,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. 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you for your attention.","start":3801.016,"end":3802.058,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3801.016,"end":3801.179},{"text":"you","start":3801.179,"end":3801.325},{"text":"for","start":3801.521,"end":3801.602},{"text":"your","start":3801.602,"end":3801.749},{"text":"attention.","start":3801.749,"end":3802.058}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"DEU","affiliation_full":"Germany","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":23,"start":3804.022,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5?lang=en&t=3805","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Germany for the statement.","start":3804.022,"end":3807.005,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3804.022,"end":3804.038},{"text":"thank","start":3804.102,"end":3804.328},{"text":"the","start":3804.328,"end":3804.36},{"text":"distinguished","start":3804.36,"end":3804.893},{"text":"representative","start":3804.893,"end":3805.554},{"text":"of","start":3805.554,"end":3805.699},{"text":"Germany","start":3805.715,"end":3806.118},{"text":"for","start":3806.118,"end":3806.344},{"text":"the","start":3806.344,"end":3806.376},{"text":"statement.","start":3806.376,"end":3807.005}]},{"text":"Next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Indonesia.","start":3807.392,"end":3810.731,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":3807.392,"end":3807.554},{"text":"speaker","start":3807.554,"end":3807.957},{"text":"on","start":3807.957,"end":3808.054},{"text":"my","start":3808.054,"end":3808.215},{"text":"list","start":3808.215,"end":3808.538},{"text":"is","start":3808.538,"end":3808.667},{"text":"the","start":3808.683,"end":3808.763},{"text":"distinguished","start":3808.779,"end":3809.263},{"text":"representative","start":3809.263,"end":3809.908},{"text":"of","start":3809.908,"end":3810.054},{"text":"Indonesia.","start":3810.054,"end":3810.731}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":24,"start":3812.507,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5?lang=en&t=3813","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Madam Chair.","start":3812.507,"end":3813.803,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3812.507,"end":3812.685},{"text":"you","start":3812.685,"end":3812.766},{"text":"very","start":3812.766,"end":3813.009},{"text":"much,","start":3813.009,"end":3813.139},{"text":"Madam","start":3813.236,"end":3813.56},{"text":"Chair.","start":3813.56,"end":3813.803}]},{"text":"Good morning to you all.","start":3814.143,"end":3815.018,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":3814.143,"end":3814.305},{"text":"morning","start":3814.305,"end":3814.516},{"text":"to","start":3814.613,"end":3814.694},{"text":"you","start":3814.694,"end":3814.742},{"text":"all.","start":3814.856,"end":3815.018}]},{"text":"Indonesia welcomes this new item, Agenda 15, Dark and Quiet, skies, astronomy, and large constellations, addressing emerging issues and challenges.","start":3815.666,"end":3825.211,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."},{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"Speakers examined the rapid growth of large constellations in low Earth orbit and the policy challenges this creates. These included orbital congestion, equitable access to space, commercial dominance, and the need to balance connectivity benefits with impacts on other users."}],"words":[{"text":"Indonesia","start":3815.666,"end":3816.168},{"text":"welcomes","start":3816.168,"end":3816.703},{"text":"this","start":3816.816,"end":3817.14},{"text":"new","start":3817.14,"end":3817.367},{"text":"item,","start":3817.448,"end":3817.772},{"text":"Agenda","start":3817.788,"end":3818.193},{"text":"15,","start":3818.193,"end":3818.566},{"text":"Dark","start":3818.582,"end":3818.679},{"text":"and","start":3818.679,"end":3818.744},{"text":"Quiet,","start":3818.744,"end":3818.825},{"text":"skies,","start":3819.63,"end":3819.95},{"text":"astronomy,","start":3820.72,"end":3821.281},{"text":"and","start":3821.346,"end":3821.57},{"text":"large","start":3821.57,"end":3821.827},{"text":"constellations,","start":3821.827,"end":3822.645},{"text":"addressing","start":3823.174,"end":3823.591},{"text":"emerging","start":3823.591,"end":3824.088},{"text":"issues","start":3824.136,"end":3824.521},{"text":"and","start":3824.617,"end":3824.681},{"text":"challenges.","start":3824.713,"end":3825.211}]},{"text":"This is a landmark moment that this STSC discusses this issue as a special item agenda.","start":3825.836,"end":3832.411,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3825.836,"end":3825.996},{"text":"is","start":3825.996,"end":3826.044},{"text":"a","start":3826.157,"end":3826.221},{"text":"landmark","start":3826.237,"end":3826.75},{"text":"moment","start":3826.782,"end":3827.376},{"text":"that","start":3827.52,"end":3827.744},{"text":"this","start":3827.76,"end":3828.033},{"text":"STSC","start":3828.626,"end":3829.284},{"text":"discusses","start":3829.284,"end":3829.974},{"text":"this","start":3830.07,"end":3830.326},{"text":"issue","start":3830.326,"end":3830.503},{"text":"as","start":3830.711,"end":3830.775},{"text":"a","start":3830.888,"end":3830.904},{"text":"special","start":3830.984,"end":3831.69},{"text":"item","start":3831.69,"end":3832.01},{"text":"agenda.","start":3832.01,"end":3832.411}]},{"text":"My delegation would like to extend our appreciation to the work of Group of Friends of Dark and Quiet Sky for Science and Society in promoting this issue of STSC.","start":3833.55,"end":3845.305,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":3833.55,"end":3833.726},{"text":"delegation","start":3833.839,"end":3834.592},{"text":"would","start":3835.138,"end":3835.266},{"text":"like","start":3835.362,"end":3835.699},{"text":"to","start":3835.699,"end":3835.779},{"text":"extend","start":3835.843,"end":3836.79},{"text":"our","start":3837.046,"end":3837.303},{"text":"appreciation","start":3837.303,"end":3838.072},{"text":"to","start":3838.105,"end":3838.265},{"text":"the","start":3838.265,"end":3838.409},{"text":"work","start":3838.409,"end":3838.73},{"text":"of","start":3838.73,"end":3838.955},{"text":"Group","start":3839.051,"end":3839.291},{"text":"of","start":3839.291,"end":3839.323},{"text":"Friends","start":3839.323,"end":3839.756},{"text":"of","start":3839.933,"end":3840.093},{"text":"Dark","start":3840.109,"end":3840.414},{"text":"and","start":3840.414,"end":3840.574},{"text":"Quiet","start":3840.574,"end":3840.815},{"text":"Sky","start":3840.815,"end":3841.104},{"text":"for","start":3841.617,"end":3841.745},{"text":"Science","start":3841.793,"end":3842.274},{"text":"and","start":3842.274,"end":3842.371},{"text":"Society","start":3842.371,"end":3843.044},{"text":"in","start":3843.621,"end":3843.766},{"text":"promoting","start":3843.798,"end":3844.359},{"text":"this","start":3844.359,"end":3844.487},{"text":"issue","start":3844.584,"end":3844.92},{"text":"of","start":3844.92,"end":3845.017},{"text":"STSC.","start":3845.017,"end":3845.305}]},{"text":"Indonesia believes that dark and quiet skies must be preserved and protected as one of the world's cultural and natural heritage.","start":3846.766,"end":3858.578,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"Indonesia","start":3846.766,"end":3847.247},{"text":"believes","start":3847.247,"end":3847.584},{"text":"that","start":3847.809,"end":3848.178},{"text":"dark","start":3848.916,"end":3849.189},{"text":"and","start":3849.189,"end":3849.334},{"text":"quiet","start":3849.334,"end":3850.746},{"text":"skies","start":3850.939,"end":3851.388},{"text":"must","start":3851.886,"end":3852.094},{"text":"be","start":3852.142,"end":3852.223},{"text":"preserved","start":3852.223,"end":3852.993},{"text":"and","start":3853.105,"end":3853.314},{"text":"protected","start":3853.346,"end":3853.956},{"text":"as","start":3854.213,"end":3854.357},{"text":"one","start":3855.031,"end":3855.24},{"text":"of","start":3855.352,"end":3855.673},{"text":"the","start":3855.673,"end":3855.834},{"text":"world's","start":3855.834,"end":3856.267},{"text":"cultural","start":3856.379,"end":3856.941},{"text":"and","start":3856.941,"end":3857.102},{"text":"natural","start":3857.102,"end":3857.696},{"text":"heritage.","start":3858.065,"end":3858.578}]},{"text":"Further, Indonesia is of the view that preserving and protecting night and quiet skies in certain places or areas can guarantee human rights, current and future generation to observe stars and outer space in general.","start":3859.686,"end":3876.62,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. 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The discussion linked broader participation in space science to more equitable and sustainable global space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"Moreover,","start":3877.648,"end":3878.226},{"text":"the","start":3879.029,"end":3879.173},{"text":"preservation","start":3879.173,"end":3879.896},{"text":"of","start":3879.896,"end":3880.04},{"text":"dark","start":3880.152,"end":3880.618},{"text":"sky","start":3880.618,"end":3880.987},{"text":"areas","start":3881.18,"end":3881.646},{"text":"is","start":3882.063,"end":3882.127},{"text":"useful","start":3882.224,"end":3882.673},{"text":"to","start":3883.348,"end":3883.508},{"text":"the","start":3883.508,"end":3883.765},{"text":"dissemination","start":3884.006,"end":3884.873},{"text":"of","start":3884.873,"end":3884.969},{"text":"astronomy","start":3884.969,"end":3885.547},{"text":"science","start":3885.547,"end":3886.206},{"text":"as","start":3886.655,"end":3886.703},{"text":"a","start":3886.816,"end":3886.832},{"text":"basic","start":3886.896,"end":3887.281},{"text":"content","start":3887.281,"end":3888.036},{"text":"in","start":3888.18,"end":3888.325},{"text":"education,","start":3888.325,"end":3889.031},{"text":"as","start":3889.449,"end":3889.513},{"text":"well","start":3889.626,"end":3889.802},{"text":"as","start":3889.85,"end":3889.915},{"text":"addressing","start":3890.011,"end":3890.477},{"text":"emerging","start":3890.814,"end":3891.199},{"text":"issues","start":3891.231,"end":3891.6},{"text":"and","start":3891.697,"end":3891.793},{"text":"challenges.","start":3891.793,"end":3892.243}]},{"text":"Indonesia hopes that this item agenda could identify and address some issues and challenges and provide policy recommendations to preserve dark and quiet skies.","start":3893.559,"end":3904.747,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"Indonesia","start":3893.559,"end":3894.121},{"text":"hopes","start":3894.121,"end":3894.394},{"text":"that","start":3894.523,"end":3894.924},{"text":"this","start":3894.924,"end":3895.245},{"text":"item","start":3895.325,"end":3895.631},{"text":"agenda","start":3895.663,"end":3896.289},{"text":"could","start":3896.674,"end":3897.252},{"text":"identify","start":3897.157,"end":3897.885},{"text":"and","start":3897.966,"end":3898.128},{"text":"address","start":3898.128,"end":3898.662},{"text":"some","start":3898.969,"end":3899.26},{"text":"issues","start":3899.341,"end":3899.616},{"text":"and","start":3899.681,"end":3899.811},{"text":"challenges","start":3899.843,"end":3900.296},{"text":"and","start":3900.976,"end":3901.105},{"text":"provide","start":3901.138,"end":3901.672},{"text":"policy","start":3901.704,"end":3902.028},{"text":"recommendations","start":3902.028,"end":3902.886},{"text":"to","start":3902.999,"end":3903.08},{"text":"preserve","start":3903.144,"end":3903.614},{"text":"dark","start":3903.646,"end":3903.954},{"text":"and","start":3903.954,"end":3904.116},{"text":"quiet","start":3904.116,"end":3904.391},{"text":"skies.","start":3904.391,"end":3904.747}]},{"text":"In this spirit, we welcome UNOSA to hold a special meeting on dark and quiet sky.","start":3905.523,"end":3913.094,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. 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Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."},{"key":"space-capacity-building","label":"Space Science Capacity Building","description":"Multiple speakers emphasized building national and regional capabilities through training, observatories, partnerships, and support for students and young professionals. The discussion linked broader participation in space science to more equitable and sustainable global space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4057.655,"end":4057.735},{"text":"look","start":4057.799,"end":4057.96},{"text":"forward","start":4057.96,"end":4058.345},{"text":"to","start":4058.474,"end":4058.618},{"text":"developing","start":4058.618,"end":4059.196},{"text":"cooperation","start":4059.244,"end":4059.887},{"text":"with","start":4059.887,"end":4060.063},{"text":"other","start":4060.143,"end":4060.368},{"text":"member","start":4060.368,"end":4060.641},{"text":"states,","start":4060.641,"end":4061.203},{"text":"universities,","start":4061.733,"end":4062.52},{"text":"think","start":4062.873,"end":4063.114},{"text":"tanks,","start":4063.114,"end":4063.547},{"text":"and","start":4064.061,"end":4064.206},{"text":"other","start":4064.382,"end":4064.495},{"text":"stakeholders","start":4064.495,"end":4065.169},{"text":"of","start":4065.426,"end":4065.571},{"text":"dark","start":4065.603,"end":4065.908},{"text":"and","start":4065.988,"end":4066.068},{"text":"quiet","start":4066.149,"end":4066.389},{"text":"skies","start":4066.389,"end":4066.775},{"text":"issues.","start":4067.048,"end":4067.337}]},{"text":"I thank you very much, Madam Chair.","start":4067.835,"end":4069.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4067.835,"end":4067.851},{"text":"thank","start":4067.851,"end":4068.075},{"text":"you","start":4068.075,"end":4068.156},{"text":"very","start":4068.156,"end":4068.3},{"text":"much,","start":4068.332,"end":4068.461},{"text":"Madam","start":4068.557,"end":4068.814},{"text":"Chair.","start":4068.814,"end":4069.89}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IDN","affiliation_full":"Indonesia","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":25,"start":4070.42,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5?lang=en&t=4071","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Indonesia for the statement.","start":4070.42,"end":4073.551,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4070.42,"end":4070.452},{"text":"thank","start":4070.5,"end":4070.66},{"text":"the","start":4070.66,"end":4070.805},{"text":"distinguished","start":4070.805,"end":4071.255},{"text":"representative","start":4071.287,"end":4071.945},{"text":"of","start":4071.945,"end":4072.106},{"text":"Indonesia","start":4072.106,"end":4072.652},{"text":"for","start":4072.652,"end":4072.828},{"text":"the","start":4072.828,"end":4072.908},{"text":"statement.","start":4072.908,"end":4073.551}]},{"text":"Next speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Peru.","start":4074.032,"end":4077.308,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4074.032,"end":4074.193},{"text":"speaker","start":4074.193,"end":4074.562},{"text":"on","start":4074.578,"end":4074.755},{"text":"my","start":4074.755,"end":4074.899},{"text":"list","start":4074.899,"end":4075.237},{"text":"is","start":4075.237,"end":4075.365},{"text":"the","start":4075.381,"end":4075.461},{"text":"distinguished","start":4075.461,"end":4076.023},{"text":"representative","start":4076.023,"end":4076.698},{"text":"of","start":4076.746,"end":4076.89},{"text":"Peru.","start":4077.003,"end":4077.308}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":4077.485,"end":4078.303,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":4077.485,"end":4077.565},{"text":"have","start":4077.565,"end":4077.806},{"text":"the","start":4077.806,"end":4077.886},{"text":"floor.","start":4077.886,"end":4078.303}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":26,"start":4083.117,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5?lang=en&t=4084","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":4083.117,"end":4084.071,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4083.117,"end":4083.359},{"text":"you,","start":4083.359,"end":4083.521},{"text":"Chair.","start":4083.537,"end":4084.071}]},{"text":"Peru is aware of the valuable contribution to connectivity by satellite constellations at low Earth orbit.","start":4084.589,"end":4095.651,"topics":[{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"Speakers examined the rapid growth of large constellations in low Earth orbit and the policy challenges this creates. These included orbital congestion, equitable access to space, commercial dominance, and the need to balance connectivity benefits with impacts on other users."}],"words":[{"text":"Peru","start":4084.589,"end":4084.897},{"text":"is","start":4084.913,"end":4084.961},{"text":"aware","start":4085.139,"end":4085.414},{"text":"of","start":4085.868,"end":4085.932},{"text":"the","start":4085.965,"end":4086.046},{"text":"valuable","start":4086.046,"end":4086.806},{"text":"contribution","start":4086.838,"end":4087.777},{"text":"to","start":4088.295,"end":4088.376},{"text":"connectivity","start":4088.376,"end":4089.168},{"text":"by","start":4089.766,"end":4089.944},{"text":"satellite","start":4092.127,"end":4093.178},{"text":"constellations","start":4093.646,"end":4094.536},{"text":"at","start":4094.536,"end":4094.584},{"text":"low","start":4094.633,"end":4094.843},{"text":"Earth","start":4094.924,"end":4095.231},{"text":"orbit.","start":4095.328,"end":4095.651}]},{"text":"However, we share the concern about the increase in light and radio frequency waves on the planet, and this has a serious impact mainly on astronomical observation.","start":4096.055,"end":4109.084,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."},{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"Speakers examined the rapid growth of large constellations in low Earth orbit and the policy challenges this creates. These included orbital congestion, equitable access to space, commercial dominance, and the need to balance connectivity benefits with impacts on other users."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":4096.055,"end":4096.654},{"text":"we","start":4096.88,"end":4097.026},{"text":"share","start":4097.026,"end":4097.22},{"text":"the","start":4097.22,"end":4097.284},{"text":"concern","start":4097.349,"end":4097.721},{"text":"about","start":4097.785,"end":4097.98},{"text":"the","start":4097.98,"end":4098.028},{"text":"increase","start":4098.158,"end":4098.644},{"text":"in","start":4098.644,"end":4098.709},{"text":"light","start":4098.822,"end":4099.211},{"text":"and","start":4099.211,"end":4099.373},{"text":"radio","start":4099.373,"end":4099.697},{"text":"frequency","start":4099.697,"end":4100.28},{"text":"waves","start":4100.361,"end":4100.734},{"text":"on","start":4101.479,"end":4101.625},{"text":"the","start":4101.722,"end":4101.884},{"text":"planet,","start":4101.884,"end":4102.451},{"text":"and","start":4102.71,"end":4102.84},{"text":"this","start":4102.856,"end":4103.034},{"text":"has","start":4103.034,"end":4103.164},{"text":"a","start":4103.277,"end":4103.293},{"text":"serious","start":4103.293,"end":4103.65},{"text":"impact","start":4103.909,"end":4104.573},{"text":"mainly","start":4105.086,"end":4105.471},{"text":"on","start":4106.049,"end":4106.194},{"text":"astronomical","start":4107.414,"end":4108.313},{"text":"observation.","start":4108.313,"end":4109.084}]},{"text":"For that reason, Peru would like to emphasize the following points.","start":4109.501,"end":4113.227,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":4109.501,"end":4109.614},{"text":"that","start":4109.614,"end":4109.79},{"text":"reason,","start":4109.839,"end":4110.288},{"text":"Peru","start":4110.641,"end":4110.914},{"text":"would","start":4111.027,"end":4111.123},{"text":"like","start":4111.123,"end":4111.348},{"text":"to","start":4111.364,"end":4111.525},{"text":"emphasize","start":4111.605,"end":4112.135},{"text":"the","start":4112.231,"end":4112.327},{"text":"following","start":4112.327,"end":4112.745},{"text":"points.","start":4112.809,"end":4113.227}]},{"text":"It is important to strengthen cooperation to mitigate light, light and radioelectric pollution, promoting standards and best practices for the design and operation of satellites.","start":4114.013,"end":4126.473,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. 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thank you, Madam Chair.","start":4777.706,"end":4778.759,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4777.706,"end":4777.787},{"text":"thank","start":4777.787,"end":4778.111},{"text":"you,","start":4778.111,"end":4778.208},{"text":"Madam","start":4778.224,"end":4778.532},{"text":"Chair.","start":4778.532,"end":4778.759}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"UKR","affiliation_full":"Ukraine","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":37,"start":4781.252,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5?lang=en&t=4782","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Ukraine for exercising the right of 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you, Madam Chairperson.","start":4795.832,"end":4797.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4795.832,"end":4796.09},{"text":"you,","start":4796.09,"end":4796.348},{"text":"Madam","start":4796.654,"end":4797.089},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":4797.218,"end":4797.91}]},{"text":"I would like now not to avail myself of my second right of reply, but rather to raise a point of 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would request you, Madam Chairperson, to call this assembly to order and to urge delegations to stick solely to the topic of this 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must refrain from accusations against other states.","start":4825.138,"end":4829.742,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"They","start":4825.138,"end":4825.218},{"text":"must","start":4825.46,"end":4825.83},{"text":"refrain","start":4827.134,"end":4827.504},{"text":"from","start":4827.698,"end":4827.891},{"text":"accusations","start":4827.939,"end":4828.567},{"text":"against","start":4828.615,"end":4829.082},{"text":"other","start":4829.147,"end":4829.211},{"text":"states.","start":4829.259,"end":4829.742}]},{"text":"This is very important for us to be able to continue our work 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list.","start":4863.079,"end":4865.684,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4863.079,"end":4863.243},{"text":"will","start":4863.243,"end":4863.358},{"text":"now","start":4863.833,"end":4864.095},{"text":"turn","start":4864.21,"end":4864.439},{"text":"to","start":4864.472,"end":4864.619},{"text":"observers","start":4864.619,"end":4865.258},{"text":"on","start":4865.455,"end":4865.553},{"text":"the","start":4865.553,"end":4865.618},{"text":"list.","start":4865.618,"end":4865.684}]},{"text":"I now begin to read the list of speakers under agenda item 15, Dark and Quiet 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it is the first time we take the floor, I would like to extend my appreciation to the UN-OSA office for their excellent preparation of the meeting, and to the Director Arti Holomaini and you, Chair Olpia Elena-Battezzatu, for your exemplary 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it is a particular honor for the EAS to be the first permanent and observer delivering a statement under the new agenda item, Dark and Quiet Skies, that is so important to our 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are grateful for the recognition of the importance of the issue with the establishing of the agenda item and are encouraged by the commitment expressed already by several delegations to contribute positively to this 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is our belief that under this agenda Over the next 5 years, delegations will have the appropriate forum to exchange their views and discuss constructive approaches to preserve the dark and quiet skies, a precious and fragile shared resource for 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astronomy is humanity's earliest form of space exploration, with our ancestors observing objects and phenomena in outer space since prehistoric 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our ability to study the universe using both space-based telescopes and ground-based observatories is crucial for deepening our understanding of the cosmos and to shed light on some of humanity's oldest and most fundamental questions, such as the origin of the universe and ultimately that of our own 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observatories play a key role in detecting and monitoring near-Earth objects and assessing the risk of 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satellites in LEO is an unprecedented challenge for ground-based observatories and even some space telescopes, requiring prompt action to safeguard the access to the dark and quiet 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astronomical community and astronomical organizations including the EAS, have engaged extensively with space industry key players, international and national regulators, in an effort to work together towards technical solutions to mitigate negative effects of LEO satellites on astronomical activities and for the development of balanced 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the EAS greatly appreciates the work that delegations have been carrying out within the Group of Friends for Dark and Quiet Skies, and we strongly support the conference room paper CRP22 such group 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document summarizes the challenges posed by the proliferation of LEO satellites to the operation of optical and radio telescopes and describes key steps towards effective 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recognize the importance of the collaborative effort in addressing this issue for astronomy, for science in general, and 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furthermore support CRP 13, which outlines the effect of unintended electromagnetic radiation from satellite on radio telescope, arguing for a multi-stakeholder approach to address this emerging 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in conclusion, the EAS reaffirms its commitment to working within COPUS to develop innovative strategies for safeguarding dark and quiet 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this shared resource is not only of great importance for science and society, but it is a responsibility we uphold for the benefit of future 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delegates, Chair, thank you for your attention.","start":5161.753,"end":5166.233,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":5161.753,"end":5162.235},{"text":"delegates,","start":5162.235,"end":5162.684},{"text":"Chair,","start":5163.021,"end":5163.214},{"text":"thank","start":5163.583,"end":5163.744},{"text":"you","start":5163.744,"end":5163.84},{"text":"for","start":5163.84,"end":5163.985},{"text":"your","start":5163.985,"end":5164.081},{"text":"attention.","start":5164.081,"end":5166.233}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"EAS","affiliation_full":"EAS","group":null,"function":"President"}},{"statement_number":41,"start":5166.49,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5?lang=en&t=5167","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished observer for European Astronomical Society for the 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Chair, distinguished delegates, the Outer Space Institute greatly appreciates the opportunity to comment on dark and quiet skies in relation to the Earth space system.","start":5178.32,"end":5188.144,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. 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Chair, the peaceful use and exploration of outer space has long brought many benefits to society.","start":5188.98,"end":5194.893,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5188.98,"end":5189.285},{"text":"Chair,","start":5189.285,"end":5189.494},{"text":"the","start":5190.346,"end":5190.426},{"text":"peaceful","start":5190.49,"end":5190.796},{"text":"use","start":5190.892,"end":5191.149},{"text":"and","start":5191.149,"end":5191.245},{"text":"exploration","start":5191.245,"end":5191.92},{"text":"of","start":5191.936,"end":5192.017},{"text":"outer","start":5192.017,"end":5192.21},{"text":"space","start":5192.21,"end":5192.547},{"text":"has","start":5192.66,"end":5192.804},{"text":"long","start":5192.901,"end":5193.045},{"text":"brought","start":5193.158,"end":5193.399},{"text":"many","start":5193.399,"end":5193.559},{"text":"benefits","start":5193.64,"end":5194.186},{"text":"to","start":5194.186,"end":5194.234},{"text":"society.","start":5194.282,"end":5194.893}]},{"text":"As expressed by previous speakers, humanity's rapidly increasing use of outer space promises to further these benefits as well as create opportunities for transformative global 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these benefits and opportunities come with risks that, if not recognized and addressed, could severely limit humanity's use of outer space, undermine the long-term sustainability of outer space activities, and compromise efforts to utilize outer space to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development 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dark and quiet skies, ground-based astronomical observations are a principal way that humanity explores the cosmos, and light and radio frequency pollution diminishes that ability.","start":5228.101,"end":5239.616,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. 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main additional point that we wish to make is that, in our view, Earth and space cannot be treated as disconnected domains, especially when working toward the long-term sustainability of outer space 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Earth and space are a system, and as such, effects in one part of the system can lead to undesirable effects in other parts, including between 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one example, space debris is widely recognized as a major safety and operational hazard for activities conducted in outer space.","start":5280.393,"end":5287.332,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Several statements focused on debris as a core sustainability and safety issue for outer space activities. 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changes to that system are occurring at a rapid pace, and there is an immediate need for cross-disciplinary research into which of those changes are problematic and which ones are not, so as not to compromise the long-term sustainability both of outer space activities and of critical terrestrial systems and infrastructure.","start":5442.488,"end":5460.472,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5442.488,"end":5442.568},{"text":"changes","start":5442.633,"end":5443.018},{"text":"to","start":5443.05,"end":5443.146},{"text":"that","start":5443.146,"end":5443.291},{"text":"system","start":5443.291,"end":5443.66},{"text":"are","start":5443.757,"end":5443.805},{"text":"occurring","start":5443.917,"end":5444.303},{"text":"at","start":5444.415,"end":5444.559},{"text":"a","start":5444.559,"end":5444.64},{"text":"rapid","start":5444.656,"end":5445.121},{"text":"pace,","start":5445.121,"end":5445.33},{"text":"and","start":5445.86,"end":5445.924},{"text":"there","start":5445.924,"end":5446.037},{"text":"is","start":5446.037,"end":5446.181},{"text":"an","start":5446.181,"end":5446.277},{"text":"immediate","start":5446.277,"end":5446.743},{"text":"need","start":5446.759,"end":5446.984},{"text":"for","start":5446.984,"end":5447.145},{"text":"cross-disciplinary","start":5447.145,"end":5448.269},{"text":"research","start":5448.269,"end":5448.734},{"text":"into","start":5448.991,"end":5449.232},{"text":"which","start":5449.232,"end":5449.36},{"text":"of","start":5449.457,"end":5449.537},{"text":"those","start":5449.537,"end":5449.681},{"text":"changes","start":5449.73,"end":5450.099},{"text":"are","start":5450.099,"end":5450.147},{"text":"problematic","start":5450.195,"end":5450.902},{"text":"and","start":5451.078,"end":5451.239},{"text":"which","start":5451.239,"end":5451.367},{"text":"ones","start":5451.4,"end":5451.608},{"text":"are","start":5451.881,"end":5451.913},{"text":"not,","start":5451.913,"end":5452.379},{"text":"so","start":5453.423,"end":5453.583},{"text":"as","start":5453.583,"end":5453.696},{"text":"not","start":5453.744,"end":5454.049},{"text":"to","start":5454.049,"end":5454.129},{"text":"compromise","start":5454.193,"end":5454.659},{"text":"the","start":5454.675,"end":5454.836},{"text":"long-term","start":5454.836,"end":5455.173},{"text":"sustainability","start":5455.173,"end":5455.944},{"text":"both","start":5456.136,"end":5456.377},{"text":"of","start":5456.377,"end":5456.602},{"text":"outer","start":5456.602,"end":5456.762},{"text":"space","start":5456.762,"end":5457.084},{"text":"activities","start":5457.084,"end":5457.549},{"text":"and","start":5457.726,"end":5457.822},{"text":"of","start":5457.822,"end":5457.951},{"text":"critical","start":5457.983,"end":5458.4},{"text":"terrestrial","start":5458.448,"end":5459.01},{"text":"systems","start":5459.01,"end":5459.476},{"text":"and","start":5459.572,"end":5459.717},{"text":"infrastructure.","start":5459.829,"end":5460.472}]},{"text":"To conclude, the OSI wishes to affirm its support for the Chair and the work of the 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skies and other important matters.","start":5466.814,"end":5470.555,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. 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Madam Chair, distinguished delegates, the International Astronomical Union is committed to achieving a mode of coexistence that represents a fair compromise between the increasing population of satellites in low Earth orbit and the need to protect the science of astronomy and society in general from interference by satellite constellations.","start":5485.102,"end":5507.774,"topics":[{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"Speakers examined the rapid growth of large constellations in low Earth orbit and the policy challenges this creates. These included orbital congestion, equitable access to space, commercial dominance, and the need to balance connectivity benefits with impacts on other users."},{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. 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Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5966.655,"end":5966.735},{"text":"particular,","start":5966.735,"end":5967.377},{"text":"the","start":5967.778,"end":5967.938},{"text":"SKO","start":5967.938,"end":5968.275},{"text":"would","start":5968.275,"end":5968.484},{"text":"like","start":5968.484,"end":5968.58},{"text":"to","start":5968.58,"end":5968.724},{"text":"bring","start":5968.724,"end":5968.869},{"text":"the","start":5968.901,"end":5969.045},{"text":"attention","start":5969.045,"end":5969.478},{"text":"of","start":5969.478,"end":5969.607},{"text":"the","start":5969.607,"end":5969.639},{"text":"subcommittee","start":5969.639,"end":5970.345},{"text":"to","start":5970.409,"end":5970.505},{"text":"the","start":5970.505,"end":5970.585},{"text":"CRP","start":5970.585,"end":5971.083},{"text":"number","start":5971.083,"end":5971.452},{"text":"13,","start":5971.452,"end":5971.837},{"text":"which","start":5972.511,"end":5972.639},{"text":"discusses","start":5972.751,"end":5973.281},{"text":"the","start":5973.297,"end":5973.393},{"text":"effect","start":5973.393,"end":5973.714},{"text":"of","start":5973.714,"end":5973.842},{"text":"unintended","start":5974.099,"end":5974.917},{"text":"electromagnetic","start":5974.917,"end":5975.559},{"text":"radiation","start":5975.559,"end":5976.168},{"text":"or","start":5976.345,"end":5976.425},{"text":"radio","start":5976.425,"end":5976.714},{"text":"leakage","start":5976.602,"end":5976.939},{"text":"from","start":5977.1,"end":5977.292},{"text":"space","start":5977.421,"end":5978.015},{"text":"into","start":5978.112,"end":5978.32},{"text":"radio","start":5978.352,"end":5978.513},{"text":"astronomy.","start":5978.529,"end":5979.027}]},{"text":"We believe these recently discovered effects need careful consideration and require to be addressed by effective collaboration, as detailed in the document.","start":5979.654,"end":5988.006,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5979.654,"end":5979.798},{"text":"believe","start":5979.798,"end":5980.055},{"text":"these","start":5980.055,"end":5980.184},{"text":"recently","start":5980.28,"end":5980.682},{"text":"discovered","start":5980.698,"end":5981.26},{"text":"effects","start":5981.26,"end":5981.79},{"text":"need","start":5981.886,"end":5982.111},{"text":"careful","start":5982.208,"end":5982.593},{"text":"consideration","start":5982.625,"end":5983.493},{"text":"and","start":5983.493,"end":5983.589},{"text":"require","start":5983.589,"end":5984.167},{"text":"to","start":5984.231,"end":5984.36},{"text":"be","start":5984.376,"end":5984.488},{"text":"addressed","start":5984.488,"end":5984.954},{"text":"by","start":5984.954,"end":5985.115},{"text":"effective","start":5985.115,"end":5985.597},{"text":"collaboration,","start":5985.597,"end":5986.271},{"text":"as","start":5986.801,"end":5986.85},{"text":"detailed","start":5986.962,"end":5987.283},{"text":"in","start":5987.283,"end":5987.332},{"text":"the","start":5987.364,"end":5987.444},{"text":"document.","start":5987.444,"end":5988.006}]},{"text":"Chair, the SKO takes this opportunity to remind delegations of the 2025 UN-SKO Workshop on Dark and Quiet Skies for Science and Society, hosted in the headquarters of our observatory in the United Kingdom from 27th to 30th of October 2025.","start":5988.874,"end":6006.846,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":5988.874,"end":5989.227},{"text":"the","start":5989.853,"end":5989.966},{"text":"SKO","start":5990.014,"end":5990.416},{"text":"takes","start":5990.416,"end":5990.64},{"text":"this","start":5990.64,"end":5990.705},{"text":"opportunity","start":5990.817,"end":5991.427},{"text":"to","start":5991.46,"end":5991.54},{"text":"remind","start":5991.54,"end":5991.942},{"text":"delegations","start":5991.942,"end":5992.632},{"text":"of","start":5993.066,"end":5993.194},{"text":"the","start":5993.21,"end":5993.307},{"text":"2025","start":5993.307,"end":5994.399},{"text":"UN-SKO","start":5994.672,"end":5995.491},{"text":"Workshop","start":5995.797,"end":5996.359},{"text":"on","start":5996.359,"end":5996.407},{"text":"Dark","start":5996.503,"end":5996.76},{"text":"and","start":5996.76,"end":5996.905},{"text":"Quiet","start":5996.905,"end":5997.162},{"text":"Skies","start":5997.162,"end":5997.531},{"text":"for","start":5997.708,"end":5997.82},{"text":"Science","start":5997.82,"end":5998.367},{"text":"and","start":5998.367,"end":5998.463},{"text":"Society,","start":5998.463,"end":5999.138},{"text":"hosted","start":5999.876,"end":6000.374},{"text":"in","start":6000.374,"end":6000.471},{"text":"the","start":6000.535,"end":6000.615},{"text":"headquarters","start":6000.615,"end":6001.274},{"text":"of","start":6001.338,"end":6001.499},{"text":"our","start":6001.499,"end":6001.708},{"text":"observatory","start":6001.74,"end":6002.19},{"text":"in","start":6002.238,"end":6002.366},{"text":"the","start":6002.382,"end":6002.462},{"text":"United","start":6002.462,"end":6002.928},{"text":"Kingdom","start":6002.928,"end":6003.33},{"text":"from","start":6003.506,"end":6003.715},{"text":"27th","start":6003.827,"end":6004.63},{"text":"to","start":6004.63,"end":6004.791},{"text":"30th","start":6004.791,"end":6005.321},{"text":"of","start":6005.369,"end":6005.513},{"text":"October","start":6005.513,"end":6005.995},{"text":"2025.","start":6006.059,"end":6006.846}]},{"text":"We look forward to receiving you in our headquarters to share plans and experiences on actionable measures to protect dark and quiet skies.","start":6007.681,"end":6015.677,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6007.681,"end":6007.745},{"text":"look","start":6007.761,"end":6007.906},{"text":"forward","start":6007.906,"end":6008.403},{"text":"to","start":6008.403,"end":6008.532},{"text":"receiving","start":6008.548,"end":6009.014},{"text":"you","start":6009.11,"end":6009.238},{"text":"in","start":6009.688,"end":6009.768},{"text":"our","start":6009.768,"end":6009.929},{"text":"headquarters","start":6009.929,"end":6010.7},{"text":"to","start":6010.732,"end":6010.876},{"text":"share","start":6010.876,"end":6011.069},{"text":"plans","start":6011.117,"end":6011.502},{"text":"and","start":6011.551,"end":6011.679},{"text":"experiences","start":6011.679,"end":6012.466},{"text":"on","start":6012.915,"end":6013.028},{"text":"actionable","start":6013.124,"end":6013.606},{"text":"measures","start":6013.622,"end":6014.152},{"text":"to","start":6014.248,"end":6014.344},{"text":"protect","start":6014.344,"end":6014.73},{"text":"dark","start":6014.73,"end":6014.987},{"text":"and","start":6014.987,"end":6015.131},{"text":"quiet","start":6015.131,"end":6015.388},{"text":"skies.","start":6015.388,"end":6015.677}]},{"text":"In conclusion, as a permanent observer of UN-COPUOS and a sector member of the ITU-R, the SKO reaffirms its dedication to working alongside both embodies, with careful consideration to their mandates, to ensure that dark and quiet skies remains a shared resource for all.","start":6016.833,"end":6035.25,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. 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Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."},{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"Speakers examined the rapid growth of large constellations in low Earth orbit and the policy challenges this creates. These included orbital congestion, equitable access to space, commercial dominance, and the need to balance connectivity benefits with impacts on other users."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":6066.706,"end":6066.787},{"text":"behalf","start":6066.803,"end":6067.207},{"text":"of","start":6067.433,"end":6067.546},{"text":"the","start":6067.546,"end":6067.627},{"text":"Space","start":6067.627,"end":6067.967},{"text":"Generation","start":6068.015,"end":6068.5},{"text":"Advisory","start":6068.646,"end":6069.228},{"text":"Council,","start":6069.228,"end":6069.713},{"text":"SGAC,","start":6070.02,"end":6070.521},{"text":"it","start":6071.249,"end":6071.329},{"text":"is","start":6071.329,"end":6071.475},{"text":"a","start":6071.475,"end":6071.491},{"text":"great","start":6071.556,"end":6071.976},{"text":"honor","start":6071.976,"end":6072.38},{"text":"to","start":6072.38,"end":6072.477},{"text":"address","start":6072.477,"end":6072.833},{"text":"this","start":6072.946,"end":6073.059},{"text":"subcommittee","start":6073.108,"end":6073.916},{"text":"on","start":6074.223,"end":6074.369},{"text":"dark","start":6074.45,"end":6074.728},{"text":"and","start":6074.728,"end":6074.859},{"text":"quiet","start":6074.875,"end":6075.072},{"text":"skies,","start":6075.072,"end":6075.677},{"text":"astronomy,","start":6076.021,"end":6076.659},{"text":"and","start":6076.84,"end":6076.987},{"text":"large","start":6077.02,"end":6077.2},{"text":"constellations,","start":6077.347,"end":6078.215},{"text":"addressing","start":6078.575,"end":6078.869},{"text":"emerging","start":6079.077,"end":6079.432},{"text":"issues","start":6079.481,"end":6079.868},{"text":"and","start":6080.127,"end":6080.288},{"text":"challenges.","start":6080.288,"end":6080.837}]},{"text":"As the global organization representing the United Space Youth, we are pleased to see the subcommittee considering the preservation of dark and quiet skies, an issue of growing significance for preserving space for future generations.","start":6082.226,"end":6096.938,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6082.226,"end":6082.29},{"text":"the","start":6082.484,"end":6082.678},{"text":"global","start":6082.968,"end":6083.388},{"text":"organization","start":6083.388,"end":6084.228},{"text":"representing","start":6084.244,"end":6084.955},{"text":"the","start":6084.971,"end":6085.051},{"text":"United","start":6085.051,"end":6085.407},{"text":"Space","start":6085.407,"end":6085.746},{"text":"Youth,","start":6085.875,"end":6086.085},{"text":"we","start":6086.602,"end":6086.682},{"text":"are","start":6086.698,"end":6086.763},{"text":"pleased","start":6086.763,"end":6087.312},{"text":"to","start":6087.312,"end":6087.344},{"text":"see","start":6087.393,"end":6087.7},{"text":"the","start":6087.7,"end":6087.732},{"text":"subcommittee","start":6087.732,"end":6088.567},{"text":"considering","start":6088.615,"end":6089.386},{"text":"the","start":6089.483,"end":6089.579},{"text":"preservation","start":6089.579,"end":6090.366},{"text":"of","start":6090.366,"end":6090.463},{"text":"dark","start":6090.463,"end":6090.72},{"text":"and","start":6090.72,"end":6090.848},{"text":"quiet","start":6090.848,"end":6091.041},{"text":"skies,","start":6091.041,"end":6091.555},{"text":"an","start":6092.053,"end":6092.118},{"text":"issue","start":6092.214,"end":6092.519},{"text":"of","start":6092.792,"end":6092.889},{"text":"growing","start":6092.953,"end":6093.323},{"text":"significance","start":6093.355,"end":6094.013},{"text":"for","start":6094.062,"end":6094.238},{"text":"preserving","start":6094.238,"end":6094.849},{"text":"space","start":6094.881,"end":6095.476},{"text":"for","start":6095.668,"end":6095.813},{"text":"future","start":6095.909,"end":6096.247},{"text":"generations.","start":6096.247,"end":6096.938}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, with the rapid expansion of satellite constellations and increasing anthropogenic optical, and radio interference, it has become clear that we must work collectively to preserve the integrity of our observational capabilities.","start":6098.7,"end":6115.33,"topics":[{"key":"satellite-constellations","label":"Large Satellite Constellations","description":"Speakers examined the rapid growth of large constellations in low Earth orbit and the policy challenges this creates. 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Delegations and observers discussed mitigation measures, research needs, and possible guidance to preserve the night sky for science and society."}],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":6098.7,"end":6098.976},{"text":"delegates,","start":6098.976,"end":6099.497},{"text":"with","start":6099.953,"end":6100.099},{"text":"the","start":6100.099,"end":6100.18},{"text":"rapid","start":6100.18,"end":6100.604},{"text":"expansion","start":6100.604,"end":6101.385},{"text":"of","start":6101.499,"end":6101.58},{"text":"satellite","start":6101.58,"end":6102.15},{"text":"constellations","start":6102.15,"end":6103.093},{"text":"and","start":6103.272,"end":6103.37},{"text":"increasing","start":6103.37,"end":6104.233},{"text":"anthropogenic","start":6104.249,"end":6106.511},{"text":"optical,","start":6105.247,"end":6105.728},{"text":"and","start":6105.824,"end":6106},{"text":"radio","start":6106.048,"end":6106.433},{"text":"interference,","start":6106.449,"end":6107.17},{"text":"it","start":6107.667,"end":6107.796},{"text":"has","start":6107.796,"end":6107.908},{"text":"become","start":6107.908,"end":6108.196},{"text":"clear","start":6108.309,"end":6108.661},{"text":"that","start":6109.014,"end":6109.19},{"text":"we","start":6109.19,"end":6109.415},{"text":"must","start":6109.415,"end":6109.799},{"text":"work","start":6110.056,"end":6110.296},{"text":"collectively","start":6110.296,"end":6111.034},{"text":"to","start":6111.419,"end":6111.515},{"text":"preserve","start":6111.579,"end":6112.14},{"text":"the","start":6112.14,"end":6112.204},{"text":"integrity","start":6112.22,"end":6112.925},{"text":"of","start":6113.102,"end":6113.326},{"text":"our","start":6113.422,"end":6113.663},{"text":"observational","start":6113.759,"end":6114.609},{"text":"capabilities.","start":6114.641,"end":6115.33}]},{"text":"Dark and quiet skies are not only essential for astronomical discovery but also serve as an invaluable resource for humanity's understanding of the universe and our place within it.","start":6116.564,"end":6128.219,"topics":[{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. 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you very much for your kind attention.","start":6342.818,"end":6344.62,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6342.818,"end":6342.996},{"text":"you","start":6342.996,"end":6343.143},{"text":"very","start":6343.224,"end":6343.37},{"text":"much","start":6343.386,"end":6343.613},{"text":"for","start":6343.873,"end":6344.035},{"text":"your","start":6344.035,"end":6344.1},{"text":"kind","start":6344.116,"end":6344.263},{"text":"attention.","start":6344.295,"end":6344.62}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"SGAC","affiliation_full":"SGAC","group":null,"function":"Observer"}},{"statement_number":55,"start":6346.33,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5?lang=en&t=6347","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished observer from Space Generation Advisory Council for the 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delegates.","start":7977.916,"end":7980.418,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":7977.916,"end":7978.416},{"text":"Madam","start":7978.416,"end":7978.675},{"text":"Chair,","start":7978.787,"end":7979.369},{"text":"delegates.","start":7979.853,"end":7980.418}]},{"text":"So on June 25th, 2024, the Chang'e-6 mission of China's lunar expedition program successfully returned 1,935.3 grams of lunar samples from the far side, from lunar far side to the Moon.","start":7980.805,"end":7998.309,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-exploration","label":"Lunar Exploration and Governance","description":"The Moon was discussed both as a scientific destination and as an emerging area requiring policy attention. 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and Italy— And the European Space Agency.","start":8170.032,"end":8179.987,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":8170.032,"end":8170.177},{"text":"4","start":8170.177,"end":8170.369},{"text":"international","start":8170.578,"end":8171.702},{"text":"payloads","start":8172.103,"end":8172.553},{"text":"include","start":8173.292,"end":8174.143},{"text":"the","start":8174.608,"end":8174.688},{"text":"NEOS","start":8174.688,"end":8175.122},{"text":"from","start":8175.218,"end":8175.507},{"text":"ESA,","start":8175.555,"end":8175.909},{"text":"the","start":8176.583,"end":8176.631},{"text":"DAWN","start":8176.679,"end":8176.92},{"text":"from","start":8176.92,"end":8177.097},{"text":"CNES,","start":8177.097,"end":8177.675},{"text":"and","start":8178.108,"end":8178.446},{"text":"Italy—","start":8178.446,"end":8178.815},{"text":"And","start":8178.831,"end":8178.911},{"text":"the","start":8178.911,"end":8179.088},{"text":"European","start":8179.088,"end":8179.361},{"text":"Space","start":8179.361,"end":8179.554},{"text":"Agency.","start":8179.554,"end":8179.987}]},{"text":"from the Italy infant, and also the, the IQC, the Pakistan IQC CubeSat onboard the orbiter.","start":8180.39,"end":8189.158,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"from","start":8180.39,"end":8180.649},{"text":"the","start":8180.778,"end":8181.02},{"text":"Italy","start":8181.181,"end":8181.811},{"text":"infant,","start":8181.811,"end":8182.231},{"text":"and","start":8182.554,"end":8182.619},{"text":"also","start":8182.796,"end":8183.184},{"text":"the,","start":8183.2,"end":8183.458},{"text":"the","start":8184.492,"end":8184.75},{"text":"IQC,","start":8184.815,"end":8185.558},{"text":"the","start":8185.606,"end":8185.8},{"text":"Pakistan","start":8185.864,"end":8186.559},{"text":"IQC","start":8186.736,"end":8187.156},{"text":"CubeSat","start":8187.318,"end":8187.98},{"text":"onboard","start":8188.27,"end":8188.69},{"text":"the","start":8188.69,"end":8188.852},{"text":"orbiter.","start":8188.852,"end":8189.158}]},{"text":"Next, 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Speakers stressed coordination with the ITU and the need to prevent harmful interference, monopolization, and exclusion of developing countries."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":9019.116,"end":9019.277},{"text":"efforts","start":9019.277,"end":9019.631},{"text":"culminated","start":9019.84,"end":9020.436},{"text":"in","start":9020.436,"end":9020.63},{"text":"the","start":9020.63,"end":9020.694},{"text":"successful","start":9020.694,"end":9021.163},{"text":"acquisition","start":9021.163,"end":9021.632},{"text":"and","start":9021.632,"end":9022.004},{"text":"formalization","start":9022.036,"end":9022.683},{"text":"of","start":9023.249,"end":9023.33},{"text":"rights","start":9023.33,"end":9023.653},{"text":"to","start":9023.653,"end":9023.799},{"text":"utilize","start":9023.799,"end":9024.203},{"text":"the","start":9024.203,"end":9024.284},{"text":"frequency","start":9024.284,"end":9024.672},{"text":"spectrum","start":9024.704,"end":9025.189},{"text":"in","start":9025.189,"end":9025.27},{"text":"C","start":9025.27,"end":9025.61},{"text":"and","start":9025.658,"end":9025.755},{"text":"Ku","start":9025.755,"end":9025.949},{"text":"bands.","start":9026.062,"end":9026.305}]},{"text":"2 orbital positions.","start":9027.058,"end":9028.922,"topics":[{"key":"spectrum-orbits","label":"Spectrum and Orbital Resources","description":"A recurring issue was the fair and efficient use of radio frequencies and orbital positions, especially in geostationary orbit and low Earth orbit. Speakers stressed coordination with the ITU and the need to prevent harmful interference, monopolization, and exclusion of developing countries."}],"words":[{"text":"2","start":9027.058,"end":9027.155},{"text":"orbital","start":9027.155,"end":9027.701},{"text":"positions.","start":9027.701,"end":9028.922}]},{"text":"These positions currently accommodate the operational Kasat satellites.","start":9029.308,"end":9033.229,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":9029.308,"end":9029.372},{"text":"positions","start":9029.404,"end":9029.935},{"text":"currently","start":9029.967,"end":9030.417},{"text":"accommodate","start":9030.449,"end":9030.995},{"text":"the","start":9030.995,"end":9031.204},{"text":"operational","start":9031.879,"end":9032.457},{"text":"Kasat","start":9032.457,"end":9032.843},{"text":"satellites.","start":9032.843,"end":9033.229}]},{"text":"It is equally important to highlight that the Communication Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan is steadfast in its active engagement with the ITU to ensure the protection of its allocated orbital frequency spectrum.","start":9034.723,"end":9048.526,"topics":[{"key":"spectrum-orbits","label":"Spectrum and Orbital Resources","description":"A recurring issue was the fair and efficient use of radio frequencies and orbital positions, especially in geostationary orbit and low Earth orbit. Speakers stressed coordination with the ITU and the need to prevent harmful interference, monopolization, and exclusion of developing countries."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":9034.723,"end":9034.868},{"text":"is","start":9034.868,"end":9035.012},{"text":"equally","start":9035.012,"end":9035.318},{"text":"important","start":9035.912,"end":9036.683},{"text":"to","start":9036.78,"end":9036.844},{"text":"highlight","start":9036.876,"end":9037.278},{"text":"that","start":9037.278,"end":9037.503},{"text":"the","start":9037.503,"end":9037.776},{"text":"Communication","start":9037.905,"end":9038.419},{"text":"Administration","start":9038.419,"end":9039.094},{"text":"of","start":9039.126,"end":9039.206},{"text":"the","start":9039.206,"end":9039.271},{"text":"Republic","start":9039.271,"end":9039.688},{"text":"of","start":9039.688,"end":9039.769},{"text":"Kazakhstan","start":9039.769,"end":9040.299},{"text":"is","start":9041.038,"end":9041.102},{"text":"steadfast","start":9041.151,"end":9042.034},{"text":"in","start":9042.083,"end":9042.195},{"text":"its","start":9042.195,"end":9042.372},{"text":"active","start":9042.581,"end":9042.95},{"text":"engagement","start":9043.223,"end":9044.027},{"text":"with","start":9044.027,"end":9044.252},{"text":"the","start":9044.252,"end":9044.445},{"text":"ITU","start":9044.573,"end":9044.895},{"text":"to","start":9044.895,"end":9044.991},{"text":"ensure","start":9044.991,"end":9045.312},{"text":"the","start":9045.312,"end":9045.57},{"text":"protection","start":9045.875,"end":9046.373},{"text":"of","start":9046.373,"end":9046.469},{"text":"its","start":9046.518,"end":9046.646},{"text":"allocated","start":9046.823,"end":9047.257},{"text":"orbital","start":9047.257,"end":9047.61},{"text":"frequency","start":9047.626,"end":9048.06},{"text":"spectrum.","start":9048.06,"end":9048.526}]},{"text":"Furthermore, the administration is dedicated to securing Kazakhstan rights, utilize additional frequency bands including promising ones such as Ka/QV bands, thereby ensuring the country's readiness for future advancement in satellite communication technologies.","start":9049.153,"end":9064.874,"topics":[{"key":"spectrum-orbits","label":"Spectrum and Orbital Resources","description":"A recurring issue was the fair and efficient use of radio frequencies and orbital positions, especially in geostationary orbit and low Earth orbit. Speakers stressed coordination with the ITU and the need to prevent harmful interference, monopolization, and exclusion of developing countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":9049.153,"end":9049.587},{"text":"the","start":9049.635,"end":9049.892},{"text":"administration","start":9049.972,"end":9050.695},{"text":"is","start":9050.695,"end":9050.744},{"text":"dedicated","start":9050.84,"end":9051.386},{"text":"to","start":9051.419,"end":9051.66},{"text":"securing","start":9051.66,"end":9052.11},{"text":"Kazakhstan","start":9052.11,"end":9052.591},{"text":"rights,","start":9052.607,"end":9052.912},{"text":"utilize","start":9053.667,"end":9054.036},{"text":"additional","start":9054.084,"end":9054.502},{"text":"frequency","start":9054.55,"end":9054.967},{"text":"bands","start":9055.032,"end":9055.24},{"text":"including","start":9055.273,"end":9055.722},{"text":"promising","start":9056.156,"end":9056.605},{"text":"ones","start":9056.621,"end":9056.766},{"text":"such","start":9056.798,"end":9057.007},{"text":"as","start":9057.119,"end":9057.167},{"text":"Ka/QV","start":9057.504,"end":9058.484},{"text":"bands,","start":9058.484,"end":9058.853},{"text":"thereby","start":9059.768,"end":9060.121},{"text":"ensuring","start":9060.17,"end":9060.619},{"text":"the","start":9060.651,"end":9060.908},{"text":"country's","start":9061.133,"end":9061.534},{"text":"readiness","start":9061.534,"end":9062},{"text":"for","start":9062,"end":9062.257},{"text":"future","start":9062.257,"end":9062.658},{"text":"advancement","start":9062.658,"end":9063.22},{"text":"in","start":9063.22,"end":9063.301},{"text":"satellite","start":9063.301,"end":9063.686},{"text":"communication","start":9063.686,"end":9064.264},{"text":"technologies.","start":9064.264,"end":9064.874}]},{"text":"It is essential to acknowledge that satellite communication systems based on resources of Kasat satellite system operate within the framework of coordination constraints.","start":9065.95,"end":9078.634,"topics":[{"key":"spectrum-orbits","label":"Spectrum and Orbital Resources","description":"A recurring issue was the fair and efficient use of radio frequencies and orbital positions, especially in geostationary orbit and low Earth orbit. Speakers stressed coordination with the ITU and the need to prevent harmful interference, monopolization, and exclusion of developing countries."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":9065.95,"end":9066.046},{"text":"is","start":9066.046,"end":9066.175},{"text":"essential","start":9066.496,"end":9067.395},{"text":"to","start":9067.395,"end":9067.523},{"text":"acknowledge","start":9067.555,"end":9067.925},{"text":"that","start":9068.422,"end":9068.76},{"text":"satellite","start":9069.081,"end":9069.514},{"text":"communication","start":9069.546,"end":9070.157},{"text":"systems","start":9070.189,"end":9070.735},{"text":"based","start":9071.088,"end":9071.746},{"text":"on","start":9072.115,"end":9072.196},{"text":"resources","start":9072.436,"end":9072.87},{"text":"of","start":9072.95,"end":9073.063},{"text":"Kasat","start":9073.095,"end":9073.673},{"text":"satellite","start":9074.476,"end":9074.941},{"text":"system","start":9074.941,"end":9075.359},{"text":"operate","start":9075.744,"end":9076.21},{"text":"within","start":9076.21,"end":9076.467},{"text":"the","start":9076.467,"end":9076.611},{"text":"framework","start":9076.611,"end":9077.045},{"text":"of","start":9077.045,"end":9077.157},{"text":"coordination","start":9077.414,"end":9079.726},{"text":"constraints.","start":9077.976,"end":9078.634}]},{"text":"These constraints arise from agreements reached with foreign satellite operators reflecting the priority rights of other national communication administrations over the use of orbital frequency spectrum.","start":9079.26,"end":9092.122,"topics":[{"key":"spectrum-orbits","label":"Spectrum and Orbital Resources","description":"A recurring issue was the fair and efficient use of radio frequencies and orbital positions, especially in geostationary orbit and low Earth orbit. Speakers stressed coordination with the ITU and the need to prevent harmful interference, monopolization, and exclusion of developing 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the service coverage area of Kazakhstan's satellite networks is predominantly confined to the national territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan.","start":9092.587,"end":9103.345,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":9092.587,"end":9093.037},{"text":"the","start":9093.165,"end":9093.422},{"text":"service","start":9093.743,"end":9094.193},{"text":"coverage","start":9094.193,"end":9094.787},{"text":"area","start":9094.932,"end":9095.253},{"text":"of","start":9095.253,"end":9095.381},{"text":"Kazakhstan's","start":9095.478,"end":9096.088},{"text":"satellite","start":9096.088,"end":9096.457},{"text":"networks","start":9096.457,"end":9096.955},{"text":"is","start":9096.955,"end":9097.067},{"text":"predominantly","start":9098.127,"end":9098.994},{"text":"confined","start":9099.588,"end":9100.359},{"text":"to","start":9100.391,"end":9100.648},{"text":"the","start":9100.776,"end":9100.824},{"text":"national","start":9101.017,"end":9101.483},{"text":"territory","start":9101.675,"end":9102.237},{"text":"of","start":9102.237,"end":9102.318},{"text":"the","start":9102.318,"end":9102.542},{"text":"Republic","start":9102.542,"end":9102.96},{"text":"of","start":9102.96,"end":9103.072},{"text":"Kazakhstan.","start":9103.072,"end":9103.345}]},{"text":"Kazakhstan, with some partial extensions to neighbor regions.","start":9103.41,"end":9108.521,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Kazakhstan,","start":9103.41,"end":9103.929},{"text":"with","start":9104.334,"end":9104.659},{"text":"some","start":9104.675,"end":9104.984},{"text":"partial","start":9104.984,"end":9105.438},{"text":"extensions","start":9105.795,"end":9106.363},{"text":"to","start":9106.444,"end":9106.639},{"text":"neighbor","start":9107.807,"end":9108.148},{"text":"regions.","start":9108.148,"end":9108.521}]},{"text":"Despite these challenges, the Republic of Kazakhstan remained committed to advancing strategic efforts to ensure the efficiency— efficient operation and continued development of its space communications 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is imperative for Kazakhstan to safeguard the significant achievements attained through extensive investments of time, financial resources, and intellectual capital.","start":9122.705,"end":9134.276,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":9122.705,"end":9122.802},{"text":"is","start":9122.866,"end":9123.076},{"text":"imperative","start":9123.335,"end":9123.997},{"text":"for","start":9123.997,"end":9124.24},{"text":"Kazakhstan","start":9124.24,"end":9124.837},{"text":"to","start":9124.87,"end":9125.015},{"text":"safeguard","start":9125.063,"end":9125.58},{"text":"the","start":9125.596,"end":9125.693},{"text":"significant","start":9125.839,"end":9126.388},{"text":"achievements","start":9126.42,"end":9126.84},{"text":"attained","start":9127.81,"end":9128.149},{"text":"through","start":9128.181,"end":9128.407},{"text":"extensive","start":9129.148,"end":9129.743},{"text":"investments","start":9130.016,"end":9130.74},{"text":"of","start":9130.74,"end":9130.868},{"text":"time,","start":9130.965,"end":9131.286},{"text":"financial","start":9131.302,"end":9131.849},{"text":"resources,","start":9131.849,"end":9132.315},{"text":"and","start":9133.006,"end":9133.231},{"text":"intellectual","start":9133.231,"end":9133.842},{"text":"capital.","start":9133.874,"end":9134.276}]},{"text":"The support and cooperation of ITU and the international community are indispensable for nations such Kazakhstan in their pursuit to establish and maintain domestic space communication system.","start":9135.063,"end":9148.375,"topics":[{"key":"space-capacity-building","label":"Space Science Capacity Building","description":"Multiple speakers emphasized building national and regional capabilities through training, observatories, partnerships, and support for students and young professionals. 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you for your attention.","start":9223.691,"end":9225.023,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9223.691,"end":9223.852},{"text":"you","start":9223.852,"end":9223.932},{"text":"for","start":9223.932,"end":9224.076},{"text":"your","start":9224.076,"end":9224.172},{"text":"attention.","start":9224.172,"end":9225.023}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"KAZ","affiliation_full":"Kazakhstan","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":63,"start":9226.258,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5?lang=en&t=9227","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Kazakhstan for the presentation.","start":9226.258,"end":9230.269,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9226.258,"end":9226.274},{"text":"thank","start":9226.338,"end":9226.499},{"text":"the","start":9226.515,"end":9226.643},{"text":"distinguished","start":9226.659,"end":9227.092},{"text":"representative","start":9227.141,"end":9227.847},{"text":"of","start":9227.847,"end":9227.991},{"text":"Kazakhstan","start":9228.007,"end":9228.633},{"text":"for","start":9228.649,"end":9228.825},{"text":"the","start":9228.825,"end":9229.082},{"text":"presentation.","start":9229.547,"end":9230.269}]},{"text":"The 3rd presentation on my list is on overview of Canadian activities on space nuclear power system by the representative of 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have the floor.","start":9239.675,"end":9240.431,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":9239.675,"end":9239.755},{"text":"have","start":9239.755,"end":9239.964},{"text":"the","start":9239.996,"end":9240.077},{"text":"floor.","start":9240.077,"end":9240.431}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"STSC","affiliation_full":"STSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":64,"start":9242.72,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5?lang=en&t=9243","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":9242.72,"end":9242.972,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9242.72,"end":9242.82},{"text":"you.","start":9242.82,"end":9242.972}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Welcome to this presentation on Canada's activities on space nuclear power 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in 1981, the first generation of the Canadarm, A revolutionary robotic arm deployed on space shuttles, paved the way for Canada's leadership in space 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forward to today, we see Canadarm2 on ISS, and Canadarm3, which will be an advanced robotic system for the Lunar Gateway.","start":9289.742,"end":9297.706,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-exploration","label":"Lunar Exploration and Governance","description":"The Moon was discussed both as a scientific destination and as an emerging area requiring policy attention. 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play an important role in enabling long-term human exploration of the Moon, Mars, and beyond.","start":9452.372,"end":9465.883,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-exploration","label":"Lunar Exploration and Governance","description":"The Moon was discussed both as a scientific destination and as an emerging area requiring policy attention. 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strategies are crucial for ensuring that nuclear technologies can operate safely and effectively in the extreme environment of the Moon, supporting long-term human presence in space.","start":9695.713,"end":9706.173,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-exploration","label":"Lunar Exploration and Governance","description":"The Moon was discussed both as a scientific destination and as an emerging area requiring policy attention. 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use only a few, while others may use dozens.","start":9749.437,"end":9752.307,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Some","start":9749.437,"end":9749.745},{"text":"use","start":9749.745,"end":9749.972},{"text":"only","start":9749.972,"end":9750.199},{"text":"a","start":9750.232,"end":9750.248},{"text":"few,","start":9750.248,"end":9750.491},{"text":"while","start":9750.88,"end":9751.026},{"text":"others","start":9751.188,"end":9751.334},{"text":"may","start":9751.432,"end":9751.61},{"text":"use","start":9751.61,"end":9751.934},{"text":"dozens.","start":9751.934,"end":9752.307}]},{"text":"RTGs have been in use for decades, and on the right-hand side, 2 examples where RTGs were deployed are 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continued use demonstrates their reliability and importance for powering deep space missions.","start":9762.46,"end":9768.132,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Their","start":9762.46,"end":9762.573},{"text":"continued","start":9762.573,"end":9763.14},{"text":"use","start":9763.14,"end":9763.464},{"text":"demonstrates","start":9763.464,"end":9764.372},{"text":"their","start":9764.599,"end":9764.712},{"text":"reliability","start":9764.777,"end":9765.458},{"text":"and","start":9765.717,"end":9765.831},{"text":"importance","start":9765.831,"end":9766.495},{"text":"for","start":9766.528,"end":9766.69},{"text":"powering","start":9766.69,"end":9767.079},{"text":"deep","start":9767.273,"end":9767.435},{"text":"space","start":9767.452,"end":9767.824},{"text":"missions.","start":9767.824,"end":9768.132}]},{"text":"Next slide, please.","start":9769.04,"end":9769.672,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":9769.04,"end":9769.251},{"text":"slide,","start":9769.251,"end":9769.429},{"text":"please.","start":9769.462,"end":9769.672}]},{"text":"Both RTGs and RHUs require radioisotopes as fuel to provide electrical and thermal 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Deuterium Uranium, or CANDU reactors, are well for radioisotope production due to their reactor's large size, broad neutron spectrum, and the ability to refuel while 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motto is Space for Us and for the Generations to Come.","start":10502.462,"end":10506.672,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10502.462,"end":10502.543},{"text":"motto","start":10502.543,"end":10502.864},{"text":"is","start":10502.944,"end":10503.153},{"text":"Space","start":10503.684,"end":10504.053},{"text":"for","start":10504.053,"end":10504.246},{"text":"Us","start":10504.294,"end":10504.455},{"text":"and","start":10504.857,"end":10505.081},{"text":"for","start":10505.596,"end":10505.756},{"text":"the","start":10505.756,"end":10505.821},{"text":"Generations","start":10505.821,"end":10506.335},{"text":"to","start":10506.383,"end":10506.431},{"text":"Come.","start":10506.479,"end":10506.672}]},{"text":"Thank you, distinguished delegates, for your kind 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have the Thanks, Madam Chair and distinguished delegates.","start":10525.344,"end":10529.258,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":10525.344,"end":10525.408},{"text":"have","start":10525.441,"end":10525.569},{"text":"the","start":10525.601,"end":10525.794},{"text":"Thanks,","start":10526.74,"end":10527.317},{"text":"Madam","start":10527.382,"end":10527.574},{"text":"Chair","start":10527.75,"end":10528.183},{"text":"and","start":10528.248,"end":10528.312},{"text":"distinguished","start":10528.312,"end":10528.873},{"text":"delegates.","start":10528.873,"end":10529.258}]},{"text":"I'm Professor Bernard Cohen, President of Space Renaissance 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concept of a space elevator goes back to the 19th century, first postulated by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the astronautics pioneer that also derived and published the rocket equation in 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than fighting against gravity with rocket-powered thrust, The elevator concept is more elegant and utilizes gravity as a solution, anchoring an Earth-based cable to a counterweight in geosynchronous orbit.","start":11330.635,"end":11344.834,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Rather","start":11330.635,"end":11330.949},{"text":"than","start":11330.949,"end":11331.015},{"text":"fighting","start":11331.115,"end":11331.594},{"text":"against","start":11331.611,"end":11332.024},{"text":"gravity","start":11332.024,"end":11332.503},{"text":"with","start":11332.52,"end":11332.702},{"text":"rocket-powered","start":11332.768,"end":11333.578},{"text":"thrust,","start":11333.611,"end":11334.19},{"text":"The","start":11334.927,"end":11335.119},{"text":"elevator","start":11335.728,"end":11336.065},{"text":"concept","start":11336.065,"end":11336.706},{"text":"is","start":11336.706,"end":11336.834},{"text":"more","start":11336.85,"end":11336.979},{"text":"elegant","start":11337.171,"end":11337.684},{"text":"and","start":11338.229,"end":11338.293},{"text":"utilizes","start":11338.373,"end":11338.934},{"text":"gravity","start":11339.031,"end":11339.431},{"text":"as","start":11339.431,"end":11339.528},{"text":"a","start":11339.528,"end":11339.592},{"text":"solution,","start":11339.592,"end":11340.185},{"text":"anchoring","start":11341.099,"end":11341.483},{"text":"an","start":11341.531,"end":11341.644},{"text":"Earth-based","start":11341.66,"end":11342.237},{"text":"cable","start":11342.237,"end":11342.573},{"text":"to","start":11342.621,"end":11342.766},{"text":"a","start":11342.798,"end":11342.862},{"text":"counterweight","start":11342.862,"end":11343.519},{"text":"in","start":11343.519,"end":11343.615},{"text":"geosynchronous","start":11343.68,"end":11344.545},{"text":"orbit.","start":11344.545,"end":11344.834}]},{"text":"The modern-day space elevator differs a bit from early concepts.","start":11346.004,"end":11350.332,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11346.004,"end":11346.068},{"text":"modern-day","start":11346.068,"end":11346.805},{"text":"space","start":11346.886,"end":11347.254},{"text":"elevator","start":11347.431,"end":11347.992},{"text":"differs","start":11348.473,"end":11348.793},{"text":"a","start":11348.793,"end":11348.889},{"text":"bit","start":11348.889,"end":11349.066},{"text":"from","start":11349.066,"end":11349.258},{"text":"early","start":11349.306,"end":11349.611},{"text":"concepts.","start":11349.611,"end":11350.332}]},{"text":"On Earth, an equatorial sea-based platform secures a tether made of crystallized carbon that extends beyond geostationary altitude.","start":11351.599,"end":11360.239,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":11351.599,"end":11351.647},{"text":"Earth,","start":11351.711,"end":11351.983},{"text":"an","start":11352.416,"end":11352.561},{"text":"equatorial","start":11352.561,"end":11353.106},{"text":"sea-based","start":11353.138,"end":11353.731},{"text":"platform","start":11353.779,"end":11354.404},{"text":"secures","start":11354.404,"end":11354.901},{"text":"a","start":11354.901,"end":11354.981},{"text":"tether","start":11354.981,"end":11355.366},{"text":"made","start":11355.767,"end":11355.959},{"text":"of","start":11355.959,"end":11356.039},{"text":"crystallized","start":11356.087,"end":11356.809},{"text":"carbon","start":11356.809,"end":11357.177},{"text":"that","start":11357.61,"end":11357.674},{"text":"extends","start":11357.69,"end":11358.155},{"text":"beyond","start":11358.251,"end":11358.668},{"text":"geostationary","start":11358.668,"end":11359.518},{"text":"altitude.","start":11359.534,"end":11360.239}]},{"text":"to an apex anchor, a space station, acting as a counterweight.","start":11360.656,"end":11364.957,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"to","start":11360.656,"end":11360.817},{"text":"an","start":11360.833,"end":11360.961},{"text":"apex","start":11361.057,"end":11361.443},{"text":"anchor,","start":11361.619,"end":11362.004},{"text":"a","start":11362.454,"end":11362.47},{"text":"space","start":11362.502,"end":11362.807},{"text":"station,","start":11362.903,"end":11363.208},{"text":"acting","start":11363.866,"end":11364.122},{"text":"as","start":11364.203,"end":11364.299},{"text":"a","start":11364.299,"end":11364.363},{"text":"counterweight.","start":11364.363,"end":11364.957}]},{"text":"High-speed electric climbers powered by directed energy transit using the tether, lifting immense amounts of cargo in routine and regular deliveries.","start":11366.112,"end":11374.922,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"High-speed","start":11366.112,"end":11366.674},{"text":"electric","start":11366.674,"end":11367.011},{"text":"climbers","start":11367.011,"end":11367.46},{"text":"powered","start":11367.556,"end":11367.893},{"text":"by","start":11367.893,"end":11368.118},{"text":"directed","start":11368.118,"end":11368.599},{"text":"energy","start":11368.599,"end":11368.904},{"text":"transit","start":11369.402,"end":11369.963},{"text":"using","start":11369.963,"end":11370.268},{"text":"the","start":11370.365,"end":11370.461},{"text":"tether,","start":11370.461,"end":11370.878},{"text":"lifting","start":11371.263,"end":11371.536},{"text":"immense","start":11371.584,"end":11371.985},{"text":"amounts","start":11371.985,"end":11372.322},{"text":"of","start":11372.322,"end":11372.403},{"text":"cargo","start":11372.451,"end":11372.916},{"text":"in","start":11373.028,"end":11373.189},{"text":"routine","start":11373.189,"end":11373.831},{"text":"and","start":11373.831,"end":11373.911},{"text":"regular","start":11373.975,"end":11374.392},{"text":"deliveries.","start":11374.392,"end":11374.922}]},{"text":"The potential is enormous, and so are the challenges, particularly in finding a tether material with the enormous tensile strength 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as a result of advances in technology, Solutions to these challenges have arrived.","start":11384.727,"end":11390.914,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":11384.727,"end":11384.839},{"text":"as","start":11385.529,"end":11385.593},{"text":"a","start":11385.641,"end":11385.705},{"text":"result","start":11385.705,"end":11386.107},{"text":"of","start":11386.107,"end":11386.187},{"text":"advances","start":11386.187,"end":11386.749},{"text":"in","start":11386.749,"end":11386.893},{"text":"technology,","start":11386.893,"end":11387.519},{"text":"Solutions","start":11387.94,"end":11388.614},{"text":"to","start":11388.778,"end":11388.877},{"text":"these","start":11388.877,"end":11389.074},{"text":"challenges","start":11389.173,"end":11389.813},{"text":"have","start":11390.027,"end":11390.257},{"text":"arrived.","start":11390.257,"end":11390.914}]},{"text":"The forces on a tether connecting the Earth and a counterweight in geosynchronous orbit are enormous, and the conservative estimates for a tensile strength needed are more than 100 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material now exists that exceeds these limits.","start":11408.021,"end":11411.257,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"A","start":11408.021,"end":11408.037},{"text":"material","start":11408.037,"end":11408.584},{"text":"now","start":11408.584,"end":11408.778},{"text":"exists","start":11408.906,"end":11409.808},{"text":"that","start":11410.018,"end":11410.114},{"text":"exceeds","start":11410.114,"end":11410.565},{"text":"these","start":11410.662,"end":11410.807},{"text":"limits.","start":11410.903,"end":11411.257}]},{"text":"This material is graphene superlaminates.","start":11412.047,"end":11414.651,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":11412.047,"end":11412.175},{"text":"material","start":11412.288,"end":11412.803},{"text":"is","start":11413.166,"end":11413.232},{"text":"graphene","start":11413.331,"end":11413.81},{"text":"superlaminates.","start":11413.843,"end":11414.651}]},{"text":"And is composed of multiple layers of chemical vapor deposition crystal graphene, a 2D material made from crystals of carbon seeded and grown on copper foil.","start":11415.559,"end":11426.64,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":11415.559,"end":11415.639},{"text":"is","start":11415.655,"end":11415.704},{"text":"composed","start":11415.8,"end":11416.523},{"text":"of","start":11416.523,"end":11416.588},{"text":"multiple","start":11416.636,"end":11416.973},{"text":"layers","start":11417.021,"end":11417.472},{"text":"of","start":11417.648,"end":11417.713},{"text":"chemical","start":11417.825,"end":11418.372},{"text":"vapor","start":11418.372,"end":11418.693},{"text":"deposition","start":11418.693,"end":11419.4},{"text":"crystal","start":11419.432,"end":11419.898},{"text":"graphene,","start":11419.915,"end":11420.525},{"text":"a","start":11421.506,"end":11421.586},{"text":"2D","start":11421.586,"end":11421.924},{"text":"material","start":11421.924,"end":11422.502},{"text":"made","start":11422.583,"end":11422.84},{"text":"from","start":11422.872,"end":11423.001},{"text":"crystals","start":11423.049,"end":11423.499},{"text":"of","start":11423.531,"end":11423.611},{"text":"carbon","start":11423.66,"end":11424.062},{"text":"seeded","start":11424.642,"end":11425.125},{"text":"and","start":11425.125,"end":11425.287},{"text":"grown","start":11425.287,"end":11425.657},{"text":"on","start":11425.77,"end":11425.834},{"text":"copper","start":11425.866,"end":11426.253},{"text":"foil.","start":11426.253,"end":11426.64}]},{"text":"The layers are joined through van der Waals forces into a single structure of immense strength.","start":11427.622,"end":11433.572,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11427.622,"end":11427.703},{"text":"layers","start":11427.703,"end":11428.009},{"text":"are","start":11428.106,"end":11428.154},{"text":"joined","start":11428.267,"end":11428.734},{"text":"through","start":11429.088,"end":11429.201},{"text":"van","start":11429.314,"end":11429.507},{"text":"der","start":11429.507,"end":11429.652},{"text":"Waals","start":11429.652,"end":11429.942},{"text":"forces","start":11430.055,"end":11430.667},{"text":"into","start":11430.941,"end":11431.134},{"text":"a","start":11431.247,"end":11431.279},{"text":"single","start":11431.279,"end":11431.972},{"text":"structure","start":11431.972,"end":11432.617},{"text":"of","start":11432.617,"end":11432.714},{"text":"immense","start":11432.714,"end":11433.135},{"text":"strength.","start":11433.264,"end":11433.572}]},{"text":"This material makes a tether possible for the first time, but has yet to be produced at industrial scale.","start":11434.737,"end":11441.019,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":11434.737,"end":11434.867},{"text":"material","start":11434.964,"end":11435.547},{"text":"makes","start":11435.547,"end":11435.757},{"text":"a","start":11435.806,"end":11435.935},{"text":"tether","start":11435.935,"end":11436.275},{"text":"possible","start":11436.275,"end":11436.81},{"text":"for","start":11436.907,"end":11437.036},{"text":"the","start":11437.069,"end":11437.166},{"text":"first","start":11437.166,"end":11437.651},{"text":"time,","start":11437.651,"end":11438.137},{"text":"but","start":11438.704,"end":11438.865},{"text":"has","start":11438.865,"end":11438.995},{"text":"yet","start":11439.092,"end":11439.222},{"text":"to","start":11439.254,"end":11439.351},{"text":"be","start":11439.351,"end":11439.497},{"text":"produced","start":11439.497,"end":11439.982},{"text":"at","start":11439.982,"end":11440.08},{"text":"industrial","start":11440.08,"end":11440.695},{"text":"scale.","start":11440.727,"end":11441.019}]},{"text":"This material has immense potential beyond the use of a tether, with unique qualities of conductivity in addition to unparalleled 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analysis has revealed a calm zone on the equator in the Pacific Ocean that is not subject to lightning strikes or severe 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choice of location in a calm zone for the sea-based platform would mitigate this threat.","start":11473.045,"end":11479,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11473.045,"end":11473.19},{"text":"choice","start":11473.19,"end":11473.464},{"text":"of","start":11473.464,"end":11473.593},{"text":"location","start":11473.593,"end":11474.285},{"text":"in","start":11474.656,"end":11474.736},{"text":"a","start":11474.736,"end":11474.817},{"text":"calm","start":11474.817,"end":11475.188},{"text":"zone","start":11475.284,"end":11475.687},{"text":"for","start":11475.687,"end":11475.784},{"text":"the","start":11475.784,"end":11475.864},{"text":"sea-based","start":11475.864,"end":11476.363},{"text":"platform","start":11476.412,"end":11476.943},{"text":"would","start":11477.458,"end":11477.602},{"text":"mitigate","start":11477.634,"end":11478.293},{"text":"this","start":11478.342,"end":11478.599},{"text":"threat.","start":11478.599,"end":11479}]},{"text":"Orbital debris and micrometeorites could potentially damage the tether just as they can impact any satellite or spacecraft operation.","start":11480.768,"end":11489.527,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation","description":"Several statements focused on debris as a core sustainability and safety issue for outer space activities. 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The discussion linked broader participation in space science to more equitable and sustainable global space governance."}],"words":[{"text":"Development","start":11506.501,"end":11506.982},{"text":"and","start":11506.982,"end":11507.11},{"text":"operation","start":11507.287,"end":11507.897},{"text":"costs","start":11508.025,"end":11508.587},{"text":"would","start":11508.667,"end":11508.828},{"text":"be","start":11508.828,"end":11508.924},{"text":"in","start":11509.004,"end":11509.068},{"text":"the","start":11509.068,"end":11509.229},{"text":"tens","start":11509.229,"end":11509.694},{"text":"of","start":11509.694,"end":11509.79},{"text":"billions","start":11509.79,"end":11510.256},{"text":"of","start":11510.256,"end":11510.368},{"text":"dollars.","start":11510.368,"end":11510.802}]},{"text":"Any permanent infrastructure project is very expensive.","start":11511.781,"end":11515.456,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Any","start":11511.781,"end":11511.925},{"text":"permanent","start":11511.957,"end":11512.631},{"text":"infrastructure","start":11512.824,"end":11513.642},{"text":"project","start":11513.642,"end":11514.204},{"text":"is","start":11514.204,"end":11514.396},{"text":"very","start":11514.509,"end":11514.894},{"text":"expensive.","start":11514.926,"end":11515.456}]},{"text":"Extensive railway infrastructure projects cost similar amounts.","start":11516.611,"end":11519.773,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Extensive","start":11516.611,"end":11517.269},{"text":"railway","start":11517.317,"end":11517.638},{"text":"infrastructure","start":11517.654,"end":11518.28},{"text":"projects","start":11518.28,"end":11518.762},{"text":"cost","start":11518.762,"end":11519.083},{"text":"similar","start":11519.083,"end":11519.404},{"text":"amounts.","start":11519.404,"end":11519.773}]},{"text":"No single nation would or should bear the costs of a space elevator alone.","start":11521.117,"end":11525.878,"topics":[{"key":"space-capacity-building","label":"Space Science Capacity Building","description":"Multiple speakers emphasized building national and regional capabilities through training, observatories, partnerships, and support for students and young professionals. 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you for your attention.","start":11629.086,"end":11630.076,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":11629.086,"end":11629.248},{"text":"you","start":11629.248,"end":11629.329},{"text":"for","start":11629.329,"end":11629.427},{"text":"your","start":11629.427,"end":11629.573},{"text":"attention.","start":11629.573,"end":11630.076}]},{"text":"Ad astra on filo.","start":11630.53,"end":11631.763,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Ad","start":11630.53,"end":11630.692},{"text":"astra","start":11630.692,"end":11631.114},{"text":"on","start":11631.114,"end":11631.276},{"text":"filo.","start":11631.276,"end":11631.763}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":"Jason Arnold","affiliation":"NSS","affiliation_full":"NSS","group":null,"function":null}},{"statement_number":71,"start":11634.173,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k10/k10pqhcgr5?lang=en&t=11635","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished observer for the 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Madam Chair, I thank the Secretariat for the information provided.","start":11701.624,"end":11706.398,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":11701.624,"end":11701.737},{"text":"you.","start":11701.737,"end":11701.897},{"text":"Madam","start":11702.205,"end":11702.448},{"text":"Chair,","start":11702.448,"end":11702.79},{"text":"I","start":11704.236,"end":11704.269},{"text":"thank","start":11704.318,"end":11704.545},{"text":"the","start":11704.545,"end":11704.578},{"text":"Secretariat","start":11704.578,"end":11705.212},{"text":"for","start":11705.212,"end":11705.374},{"text":"the","start":11705.374,"end":11705.455},{"text":"information","start":11705.455,"end":11706.089},{"text":"provided.","start":11706.089,"end":11706.398}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, I'd like to inform delegates once again that the provisional list of participants, document A/AC105/C1/2025/CRP1, will be available today online on our 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Secretariat has informed me that any corrections Shall be submitted to the Secretariat at the submission email of the Office for the Outer Space Affairs, UNOSA-submissions@un.org, by no later than Friday, 21st of February, 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there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule?","start":11743.827,"end":11746.827,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Are","start":11743.827,"end":11743.924},{"text":"there","start":11743.924,"end":11744.086},{"text":"any","start":11744.135,"end":11744.313},{"text":"questions","start":11744.313,"end":11744.848},{"text":"or","start":11744.881,"end":11745.027},{"text":"comments","start":11745.027,"end":11745.562},{"text":"on","start":11745.61,"end":11745.756},{"text":"this","start":11745.756,"end":11746.032},{"text":"proposed","start":11746.081,"end":11746.486},{"text":"schedule?","start":11746.486,"end":11746.827}]},{"text":"I see none.","start":11750.164,"end":11750.633,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":11750.164,"end":11750.18},{"text":"see","start":11750.196,"end":11750.358},{"text":"none.","start":11750.358,"end":11750.633}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, this meeting is adjourned until 3 p.m. 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Topics included collision risks, post-mission disposal, controlled reentry, debris-free mission design, and the effects of growing numbers of satellites and reentries."},{"key":"spectrum-orbits","label":"Spectrum and Orbital Resources","description":"A recurring issue was the fair and efficient use of radio frequencies and orbital positions, especially in geostationary orbit and low Earth orbit. Speakers stressed coordination with the ITU and the need to prevent harmful interference, monopolization, and exclusion of developing countries."},{"key":"dark-quiet-skies","label":"Dark and Quiet Skies","description":"A major theme was protecting astronomical observation from light pollution, radio interference, and other impacts from satellites and related activities. 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