{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. 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morning.","start":1975.703,"end":1977.623,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":1975.703,"end":1976.526},{"text":"delegates,","start":1976.558,"end":1977.01},{"text":"good","start":1977.074,"end":1977.22},{"text":"morning.","start":1977.252,"end":1977.623}]},{"text":"I now declare open the legal subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer 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will then adjourn the plenary.","start":2041.17,"end":2042.839,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2041.17,"end":2041.332},{"text":"will","start":2041.332,"end":2041.446},{"text":"then","start":2041.494,"end":2041.705},{"text":"adjourn","start":2041.883,"end":2042.272},{"text":"the","start":2042.304,"end":2042.385},{"text":"plenary.","start":2042.385,"end":2042.839}]},{"text":"So that the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities can hold its second meeting.","start":2044.08,"end":2052.386,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2044.08,"end":2044.369},{"text":"that","start":2044.369,"end":2044.497},{"text":"the","start":2044.61,"end":2044.674},{"text":"Working","start":2044.771,"end":2045.156},{"text":"Group","start":2045.253,"end":2045.59},{"text":"on","start":2046.056,"end":2046.104},{"text":"Legal","start":2046.297,"end":2046.923},{"text":"Aspects","start":2047.116,"end":2047.855},{"text":"of","start":2048.241,"end":2048.369},{"text":"Space","start":2048.385,"end":2048.771},{"text":"Resource","start":2049.285,"end":2049.912},{"text":"Activities","start":2049.912,"end":2050.538},{"text":"can","start":2050.972,"end":2051.181},{"text":"hold","start":2051.197,"end":2051.454},{"text":"its","start":2051.454,"end":2051.599},{"text":"second","start":2051.599,"end":2051.984},{"text":"meeting.","start":2052.016,"end":2052.386}]},{"text":"I don't see any questions on this proposed schedule.","start":2058.861,"end":2062.16,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2058.861,"end":2058.959},{"text":"don't","start":2059.517,"end":2059.747},{"text":"see","start":2059.747,"end":2059.928},{"text":"any","start":2059.928,"end":2060.141},{"text":"questions","start":2060.174,"end":2060.847},{"text":"on","start":2060.913,"end":2060.995},{"text":"this","start":2060.995,"end":2061.126},{"text":"proposed","start":2061.241,"end":2061.635},{"text":"schedule.","start":2061.635,"end":2062.16}]},{"text":"So I will now go on to the list of speakers for Agenda Item 4, General Exchange of 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delegation on the list this morning, and that's the Maldives.","start":2074.909,"end":2081.583,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2074.909,"end":2074.974},{"text":"I","start":2075.006,"end":2075.038},{"text":"only","start":2075.054,"end":2075.281},{"text":"have","start":2075.297,"end":2075.523},{"text":"one","start":2075.943,"end":2076.169},{"text":"delegation","start":2076.929,"end":2077.575},{"text":"on","start":2077.575,"end":2077.672},{"text":"the","start":2077.672,"end":2077.818},{"text":"list","start":2077.818,"end":2078.06},{"text":"this","start":2078.06,"end":2078.173},{"text":"morning,","start":2078.302,"end":2078.593},{"text":"and","start":2080.39,"end":2080.488},{"text":"that's","start":2080.488,"end":2080.7},{"text":"the","start":2080.994,"end":2081.092},{"text":"Maldives.","start":2081.092,"end":2081.583}]},{"text":"You have the 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Chair, the Legal Subcommittee has delivered extraordinary work over many decades, and we know there's a great deal more to come.","start":2093.55,"end":2100.4,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. 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tomorrow requires from this room is urgency, creativity, and as the distinguished delegate of the Netherlands reminded us yesterday, alignment on action, not just 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that spirit, and concretely, on ATLAS, for example, the Maldives wishes to bring its experience in the ocean domain and highlight that comparative mechanisms being examined must include the BBNJ Agreement, the Agreement on Biodiversity Beyond National 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deliberations by ATAC, and I will give the floor to the first speaker, the Russian 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morning.","start":2361.867,"end":2363.364,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":2361.867,"end":2362.35},{"text":"colleagues,","start":2362.35,"end":2362.881},{"text":"good","start":2362.978,"end":2363.139},{"text":"morning.","start":2363.139,"end":2363.364}]},{"text":"The fast-paced evolution of space activity.","start":2365.006,"end":2368.135,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2365.006,"end":2365.264},{"text":"fast-paced","start":2365.554,"end":2366.665},{"text":"evolution","start":2367.164,"end":2367.47},{"text":"of","start":2367.507,"end":2367.599},{"text":"space","start":2367.599,"end":2367.877},{"text":"activity.","start":2367.877,"end":2368.135}]},{"text":"And the high degree of commercialization place new and urgent challenges before the international community.","start":2369.764,"end":2376.704,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2369.764,"end":2370.087},{"text":"the","start":2370.087,"end":2370.346},{"text":"high","start":2370.411,"end":2370.589},{"text":"degree","start":2370.589,"end":2370.993},{"text":"of","start":2371.139,"end":2371.284},{"text":"commercialization","start":2371.333,"end":2372.174},{"text":"place","start":2372.773,"end":2373.128},{"text":"new","start":2373.565,"end":2373.678},{"text":"and","start":2374.051,"end":2374.358},{"text":"urgent","start":2374.536,"end":2374.714},{"text":"challenges","start":2374.714,"end":2375.248},{"text":"before","start":2375.264,"end":2375.539},{"text":"the","start":2375.539,"end":2375.684},{"text":"international","start":2375.684,"end":2376.154},{"text":"community.","start":2376.154,"end":2376.704}]},{"text":"These necessitate the crafting of unified international solutions.","start":2377.14,"end":2379.823,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":2377.14,"end":2377.27},{"text":"necessitate","start":2377.302,"end":2377.868},{"text":"the","start":2377.868,"end":2377.933},{"text":"crafting","start":2377.933,"end":2378.193},{"text":"of","start":2378.193,"end":2378.343},{"text":"unified","start":2378.343,"end":2378.775},{"text":"international","start":2378.775,"end":2379.224},{"text":"solutions.","start":2379.258,"end":2379.823}]},{"text":"The need to strengthen the role and significance of COPOS inevitably increases in this context.","start":2384.12,"end":2388.453,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2384.12,"end":2384.184},{"text":"need","start":2384.184,"end":2384.233},{"text":"to","start":2384.233,"end":2384.33},{"text":"strengthen","start":2384.33,"end":2384.685},{"text":"the","start":2384.863,"end":2384.96},{"text":"role","start":2384.96,"end":2385.235},{"text":"and","start":2385.284,"end":2385.365},{"text":"significance","start":2385.365,"end":2385.914},{"text":"of","start":2385.914,"end":2385.963},{"text":"COPOS","start":2386.076,"end":2386.464},{"text":"inevitably","start":2386.48,"end":2387.111},{"text":"increases","start":2387.208,"end":2387.677},{"text":"in","start":2387.693,"end":2387.774},{"text":"this","start":2387.774,"end":2387.887},{"text":"context.","start":2387.935,"end":2388.453}]},{"text":"The Russian Federation consistently advocates for the preserving of the committee as a proven.","start":2388.598,"end":2393.595,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2388.598,"end":2388.841},{"text":"Russian","start":2389.164,"end":2389.407},{"text":"Federation","start":2389.407,"end":2389.779},{"text":"consistently","start":2389.811,"end":2390.345},{"text":"advocates","start":2390.361,"end":2390.862},{"text":"for","start":2390.862,"end":2390.975},{"text":"the","start":2390.975,"end":2391.024},{"text":"preserving","start":2391.024,"end":2391.557},{"text":"of","start":2391.816,"end":2391.962},{"text":"the","start":2392.059,"end":2392.269},{"text":"committee","start":2392.463,"end":2392.851},{"text":"as","start":2392.867,"end":2393.013},{"text":"a","start":2393.271,"end":2393.433},{"text":"proven.","start":2393.433,"end":2393.595}]},{"text":"Universal mechanism for coordination and cooperation in key areas of space activities, including legal governance.","start":2394.189,"end":2399.937,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"Universal","start":2394.189,"end":2394.577},{"text":"mechanism","start":2394.577,"end":2395.013},{"text":"for","start":2395.013,"end":2395.255},{"text":"coordination","start":2395.255,"end":2395.852},{"text":"and","start":2395.982,"end":2396.062},{"text":"cooperation","start":2396.062,"end":2396.627},{"text":"in","start":2396.627,"end":2396.676},{"text":"key","start":2396.708,"end":2396.934},{"text":"areas","start":2396.934,"end":2397.08},{"text":"of","start":2397.128,"end":2397.193},{"text":"space","start":2397.193,"end":2397.548},{"text":"activities,","start":2397.742,"end":2398.21},{"text":"including","start":2398.807,"end":2399.179},{"text":"legal","start":2399.275,"end":2399.534},{"text":"governance.","start":2399.534,"end":2399.937}]},{"text":"We believe it's necessary that the committee must avoid dispersing its resources and focus its attention systematically on addressing all aspects of the long-term sustainability of space activities, including such interrelated issues as space debris mitigation, Space traffic management, crafting balanced solutions to addressing issues related to the use of small satellites, and preventing and resolving conflict situations arising in the course of space operations.","start":2401.77,"end":2434.753,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. Many linked debris governance to the long-term sustainability and safety of space operations."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several speakers raised the need for better coordination of space operations through conjunction data sharing, space situational awareness, collision avoidance, and operational rules. This was presented as increasingly urgent due to congestion, commercialization, and expanding satellite activity."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2401.77,"end":2401.802},{"text":"believe","start":2401.802,"end":2402.059},{"text":"it's","start":2402.059,"end":2402.203},{"text":"necessary","start":2402.203,"end":2402.653},{"text":"that","start":2402.669,"end":2402.926},{"text":"the","start":2402.926,"end":2403.167},{"text":"committee","start":2403.328,"end":2403.617},{"text":"must","start":2403.714,"end":2403.906},{"text":"avoid","start":2403.906,"end":2404.421},{"text":"dispersing","start":2404.613,"end":2405.144},{"text":"its","start":2405.401,"end":2405.529},{"text":"resources","start":2405.802,"end":2406.429},{"text":"and","start":2406.525,"end":2406.59},{"text":"focus","start":2406.606,"end":2406.943},{"text":"its","start":2406.943,"end":2407.04},{"text":"attention","start":2407.04,"end":2407.473},{"text":"systematically","start":2407.682,"end":2408.357},{"text":"on","start":2408.373,"end":2408.421},{"text":"addressing","start":2408.47,"end":2408.839},{"text":"all","start":2409.016,"end":2409.064},{"text":"aspects","start":2409.257,"end":2409.739},{"text":"of","start":2409.739,"end":2409.835},{"text":"the","start":2409.835,"end":2410.028},{"text":"long-term","start":2410.462,"end":2410.799},{"text":"sustainability","start":2410.799,"end":2411.33},{"text":"of","start":2411.427,"end":2411.509},{"text":"space","start":2411.525,"end":2411.851},{"text":"activities,","start":2411.851,"end":2412.225},{"text":"including","start":2413.137,"end":2413.446},{"text":"such","start":2413.479,"end":2413.756},{"text":"interrelated","start":2414.456,"end":2415.025},{"text":"issues","start":2415.025,"end":2415.4},{"text":"as","start":2415.498,"end":2415.644},{"text":"space","start":2415.856,"end":2416.198},{"text":"debris","start":2416.312,"end":2416.523},{"text":"mitigation,","start":2416.523,"end":2417.647},{"text":"Space","start":2420.425,"end":2420.927},{"text":"traffic","start":2421.041,"end":2421.382},{"text":"management,","start":2421.382,"end":2422.046},{"text":"crafting","start":2422.663,"end":2423.214},{"text":"balanced","start":2423.571,"end":2423.814},{"text":"solutions","start":2423.814,"end":2424.349},{"text":"to","start":2424.382,"end":2424.479},{"text":"addressing","start":2424.479,"end":2424.998},{"text":"issues","start":2425.76,"end":2426.052},{"text":"related","start":2426.085,"end":2426.344},{"text":"to","start":2426.344,"end":2426.474},{"text":"the","start":2426.474,"end":2426.555},{"text":"use","start":2426.636,"end":2426.879},{"text":"of","start":2426.879,"end":2426.977},{"text":"small","start":2426.977,"end":2427.269},{"text":"satellites,","start":2427.382,"end":2427.95},{"text":"and","start":2428.84,"end":2428.937},{"text":"preventing","start":2428.937,"end":2429.488},{"text":"and","start":2429.666,"end":2429.779},{"text":"resolving","start":2429.779,"end":2430.298},{"text":"conflict","start":2430.476,"end":2430.897},{"text":"situations","start":2430.897,"end":2431.513},{"text":"arising","start":2431.643,"end":2432.08},{"text":"in","start":2432.501,"end":2432.647},{"text":"the","start":2432.923,"end":2433.004},{"text":"course","start":2433.004,"end":2433.214},{"text":"of","start":2433.328,"end":2433.409},{"text":"space","start":2433.409,"end":2433.846},{"text":"operations.","start":2434.203,"end":2434.753}]},{"text":"An important area of endeavor is the crafting of regulatory models to govern the exploration, harnessing, and use of space resources.","start":2436.44,"end":2445.899,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"An","start":2436.44,"end":2436.472},{"text":"important","start":2436.472,"end":2436.957},{"text":"area","start":2437.022,"end":2437.28},{"text":"of","start":2437.345,"end":2437.507},{"text":"endeavor","start":2437.507,"end":2437.911},{"text":"is","start":2438.008,"end":2438.218},{"text":"the","start":2438.25,"end":2438.396},{"text":"crafting","start":2438.396,"end":2438.784},{"text":"of","start":2438.881,"end":2439.107},{"text":"regulatory","start":2439.285,"end":2439.835},{"text":"models","start":2440.417,"end":2440.886},{"text":"to","start":2440.999,"end":2441.323},{"text":"govern","start":2441.42,"end":2441.759},{"text":"the","start":2441.889,"end":2442.147},{"text":"exploration,","start":2442.535,"end":2443.069},{"text":"harnessing,","start":2443.182,"end":2443.635},{"text":"and","start":2444.379,"end":2444.686},{"text":"use","start":2444.783,"end":2445.058},{"text":"of","start":2445.268,"end":2445.446},{"text":"space","start":2445.446,"end":2445.656},{"text":"resources.","start":2445.656,"end":2445.899}]},{"text":"We noted the proposal of one delegation on this topic, which suggested amalgamating or deleting more than half of the agenda items of this body.","start":2449.534,"end":2461.559,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. 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delegation, however, proposes that NGOs should be able to take the floor and says that NGOs are independent in their activities.","start":2463.417,"end":2474.594,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2463.417,"end":2463.515},{"text":"delegation,","start":2463.596,"end":2464.296},{"text":"however,","start":2465.289,"end":2465.745},{"text":"proposes","start":2466.347,"end":2466.819},{"text":"that","start":2466.852,"end":2467.226},{"text":"NGOs","start":2467.34,"end":2467.763},{"text":"should","start":2467.763,"end":2467.975},{"text":"be","start":2467.975,"end":2468.073},{"text":"able","start":2468.073,"end":2468.219},{"text":"to","start":2468.219,"end":2468.301},{"text":"take","start":2468.301,"end":2468.48},{"text":"the","start":2468.48,"end":2468.561},{"text":"floor","start":2468.561,"end":2468.756},{"text":"and","start":2470.766,"end":2470.994},{"text":"says","start":2471.125,"end":2471.483},{"text":"that","start":2471.76,"end":2472.346},{"text":"NGOs","start":2472.477,"end":2473.144},{"text":"are","start":2473.291,"end":2473.503},{"text":"independent","start":2473.552,"end":2474.122},{"text":"in","start":2474.122,"end":2474.203},{"text":"their","start":2474.203,"end":2474.285},{"text":"activities.","start":2474.285,"end":2474.594}]},{"text":"And therefore, they are entitled to express their views independently and not via the states that represent 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provided by NGOs is used for feeding the scientific substance of our 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a view on an effective method of work, I will try to make my statement especially 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discussions in the LSE.","start":2671.612,"end":2675.791,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2671.612,"end":2671.712},{"text":"value","start":2671.712,"end":2671.976},{"text":"substantive,","start":2672.025,"end":2672.636},{"text":"inclusive","start":2673.158,"end":2673.431},{"text":"and","start":2673.623,"end":2673.688},{"text":"result-oriented","start":2673.704,"end":2674.458},{"text":"discussions","start":2674.458,"end":2674.956},{"text":"in","start":2675.229,"end":2675.277},{"text":"the","start":2675.309,"end":2675.373},{"text":"LSE.","start":2675.39,"end":2675.791}]},{"text":"We believe we should focus our work on issues where actual progress is both necessary and achievable, such as space resource activities, space traffic, ad hoc exchange of information, and space for development.","start":2676.835,"end":2690.162,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international 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Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development 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would appreciate a progress-oriented report from which readers can easily understand the actual progress achieved during a session.","start":2691.607,"end":2698.575,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2691.607,"end":2691.751},{"text":"would","start":2691.751,"end":2691.864},{"text":"appreciate","start":2691.864,"end":2692.377},{"text":"a","start":2692.474,"end":2692.634},{"text":"progress-oriented","start":2692.875,"end":2694.015},{"text":"report","start":2694.015,"end":2694.497},{"text":"from","start":2694.722,"end":2694.898},{"text":"which","start":2694.898,"end":2695.027},{"text":"readers","start":2695.123,"end":2695.412},{"text":"can","start":2695.541,"end":2695.685},{"text":"easily","start":2695.685,"end":2695.942},{"text":"understand","start":2695.942,"end":2696.456},{"text":"the","start":2696.504,"end":2696.729},{"text":"actual","start":2696.745,"end":2697.114},{"text":"progress","start":2697.13,"end":2697.612},{"text":"achieved","start":2697.612,"end":2697.997},{"text":"during","start":2698.045,"end":2698.238},{"text":"a","start":2698.286,"end":2698.334},{"text":"session.","start":2698.334,"end":2698.575}]},{"text":"However, 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would certainly not mind if it took less time to agree on an LSE report than it took Integrity to travel to the Moon, and less time to read it than it takes the ISS to orbit around the 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substantive progress Progress across all work streams is important, and we are committed to genuine multilateral inclusive dialogue with all countries from regional countries from all regional groups and states at all stages of space development.","start":2723.295,"end":2737.626,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."},{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development 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progress and relevant outcomes remain at the core of our deliberations, including under this agenda 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well-balanced reports.","start":2746.782,"end":2752.245,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2746.782,"end":2746.879},{"text":"place","start":2746.879,"end":2747.297},{"text":"our","start":2747.521,"end":2747.666},{"text":"trust","start":2747.666,"end":2748.02},{"text":"in","start":2748.02,"end":2748.084},{"text":"the","start":2748.084,"end":2748.164},{"text":"Secretariat's","start":2748.164,"end":2748.742},{"text":"expertise,","start":2748.791,"end":2749.337},{"text":"including","start":2749.931,"end":2750.381},{"text":"in","start":2750.429,"end":2750.542},{"text":"the","start":2750.558,"end":2750.638},{"text":"preparation","start":2750.638,"end":2751.265},{"text":"of","start":2751.393,"end":2751.506},{"text":"well-balanced","start":2751.538,"end":2752.1},{"text":"reports.","start":2752.1,"end":2752.245}]},{"text":"And an effective organization of our work.","start":2753.234,"end":2755.064,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2753.234,"end":2753.298},{"text":"an","start":2753.315,"end":2753.395},{"text":"effective","start":2753.395,"end":2753.844},{"text":"organization","start":2753.941,"end":2754.519},{"text":"of","start":2754.519,"end":2754.679},{"text":"our","start":2754.679,"end":2754.84},{"text":"work.","start":2754.904,"end":2755.064}]},{"text":"Finally, following a concern expressed by some delegations yesterday, I kindly request that the 60 seconds saved on the clock be made available for delegations to enjoy a quick lunch, as this might foster our work in the afternoon 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you very much.","start":2769.914,"end":2772.515,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2769.914,"end":2770.026},{"text":"you","start":2770.026,"end":2770.155},{"text":"very","start":2770.155,"end":2772.017},{"text":"much.","start":2772.097,"end":2772.515}]},{"text":"I thank Germany for their statement, and now I give the floor to the Islamic Republic of 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Delegations also raised protection of scientifically important sites, environmental impact assessment, and sustainable use for future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":2862.486,"end":2862.648},{"text":"would","start":2862.664,"end":2862.809},{"text":"undermine","start":2862.809,"end":2863.343},{"text":"true","start":2863.391,"end":2863.65},{"text":"multilateral","start":2863.65,"end":2864.393},{"text":"efforts","start":2864.441,"end":2864.813},{"text":"and","start":2865.072,"end":2865.152},{"text":"ultimately","start":2865.233,"end":2865.783},{"text":"may","start":2865.912,"end":2866.171},{"text":"compromise","start":2866.849,"end":2867.48},{"text":"the","start":2867.576,"end":2867.657},{"text":"long-term","start":2867.673,"end":2868.174},{"text":"sustainability","start":2868.174,"end":2869.096},{"text":"of","start":2869.273,"end":2869.338},{"text":"outer","start":2869.516,"end":2869.71},{"text":"space.","start":2869.759,"end":2870.05}]},{"text":"Additionally, any adjustment to, to the committee's work should include the needs and priorities of the developing countries in its future work.","start":2870.99,"end":2880.056,"topics":[{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. 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list, uh, under agenda item 8.","start":2897.602,"end":2904.808,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":2897.602,"end":2897.731},{"text":"was","start":2897.845,"end":2897.99},{"text":"the","start":2898.104,"end":2898.363},{"text":"last","start":2899.303,"end":2899.821},{"text":"speaker","start":2900.437,"end":2901.117},{"text":"on","start":2901.247,"end":2901.311},{"text":"the","start":2901.425,"end":2901.619},{"text":"list,","start":2901.911,"end":2902.397},{"text":"uh,","start":2902.948,"end":2902.996},{"text":"under","start":2903.45,"end":2903.774},{"text":"agenda","start":2903.774,"end":2904.098},{"text":"item","start":2904.098,"end":2904.486},{"text":"8.","start":2904.486,"end":2904.808}]},{"text":"We will now suspend our consideration of this agenda item pending deliberation by ATLAS.","start":2906.354,"end":2913.425,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2906.354,"end":2906.515},{"text":"will","start":2906.515,"end":2906.676},{"text":"now","start":2906.676,"end":2906.838},{"text":"suspend","start":2906.934,"end":2907.788},{"text":"our","start":2907.788,"end":2907.965},{"text":"consideration","start":2907.965,"end":2908.851},{"text":"of","start":2908.851,"end":2909.076},{"text":"this","start":2909.076,"end":2909.286},{"text":"agenda","start":2909.898,"end":2910.445},{"text":"item","start":2910.526,"end":2910.96},{"text":"pending","start":2911.331,"end":2911.637},{"text":"deliberation","start":2911.734,"end":2912.362},{"text":"by","start":2912.555,"end":2912.668},{"text":"ATLAS.","start":2913.264,"end":2913.425}]},{"text":"And we shall now begin with agenda item 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Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":10,"start":2932.792,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=2933","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, the Group of 77 and China underscores the importance of this topic in connection with the future of international cooperation.","start":2932.792,"end":2939.28,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2932.792,"end":2933.067},{"text":"the","start":2933.536,"end":2933.617},{"text":"Group","start":2933.617,"end":2933.925},{"text":"of","start":2933.925,"end":2933.973},{"text":"77","start":2934.022,"end":2934.669},{"text":"and","start":2934.669,"end":2934.831},{"text":"China","start":2934.831,"end":2935.154},{"text":"underscores","start":2935.219,"end":2935.769},{"text":"the","start":2935.866,"end":2935.915},{"text":"importance","start":2935.947,"end":2936.465},{"text":"of","start":2936.465,"end":2936.578},{"text":"this","start":2936.61,"end":2936.724},{"text":"topic","start":2936.837,"end":2937.193},{"text":"in","start":2937.193,"end":2937.274},{"text":"connection","start":2937.338,"end":2937.889},{"text":"with","start":2937.889,"end":2937.986},{"text":"the","start":2937.986,"end":2938.083},{"text":"future","start":2938.083,"end":2938.471},{"text":"of","start":2938.536,"end":2938.698},{"text":"international","start":2938.698,"end":2939.07},{"text":"cooperation.","start":2939.07,"end":2939.28}]},{"text":"In space exploration.","start":2939.596,"end":2940.623,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2939.596,"end":2939.708},{"text":"space","start":2939.708,"end":2940.077},{"text":"exploration.","start":2940.077,"end":2940.623}]},{"text":"The group believes that discussions or any potential legal model on space resource activities should not depart from the basic legal principles of the non-appropriation and equitable access to outer space, which is the common province of humankind.","start":2941.281,"end":2954.629,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."},{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2941.281,"end":2941.361},{"text":"group","start":2941.377,"end":2941.617},{"text":"believes","start":2941.617,"end":2941.986},{"text":"that","start":2942.099,"end":2942.259},{"text":"discussions","start":2942.259,"end":2942.789},{"text":"or","start":2943.446,"end":2943.495},{"text":"any","start":2943.527,"end":2943.703},{"text":"potential","start":2943.703,"end":2944.168},{"text":"legal","start":2944.168,"end":2944.489},{"text":"model","start":2944.489,"end":2944.842},{"text":"on","start":2944.89,"end":2944.987},{"text":"space","start":2944.987,"end":2945.291},{"text":"resource","start":2945.291,"end":2945.628},{"text":"activities","start":2945.628,"end":2946.045},{"text":"should","start":2946.045,"end":2946.366},{"text":"not","start":2946.366,"end":2946.671},{"text":"depart","start":2946.671,"end":2947.04},{"text":"from","start":2947.554,"end":2947.682},{"text":"the","start":2947.714,"end":2947.874},{"text":"basic","start":2947.874,"end":2948.259},{"text":"legal","start":2948.259,"end":2948.5},{"text":"principles","start":2948.516,"end":2948.965},{"text":"of","start":2949.078,"end":2949.158},{"text":"the","start":2949.158,"end":2949.254},{"text":"non-appropriation","start":2949.254,"end":2950.201},{"text":"and","start":2950.602,"end":2950.666},{"text":"equitable","start":2950.746,"end":2951.179},{"text":"access","start":2951.228,"end":2951.548},{"text":"to","start":2951.548,"end":2951.597},{"text":"outer","start":2951.629,"end":2951.885},{"text":"space,","start":2951.885,"end":2952.158},{"text":"which","start":2952.832,"end":2953.008},{"text":"is","start":2953.008,"end":2953.056},{"text":"the","start":2953.089,"end":2953.233},{"text":"common","start":2953.233,"end":2953.458},{"text":"province","start":2953.57,"end":2953.971},{"text":"of","start":2953.971,"end":2954.099},{"text":"humankind.","start":2954.115,"end":2954.629}]},{"text":"The group expresses its concern that some countries have introduced national laws allowing the exploitation of celestial bodies for economic purposes.","start":2955.319,"end":2962.442,"topics":[{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. 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Delegations also raised protection of scientifically important sites, environmental impact assessment, and sustainable use for future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":3116.863,"end":3117.104},{"text":"Chair,","start":3117.168,"end":3117.506},{"text":"distinguished","start":3118.357,"end":3118.984},{"text":"delegates,","start":3119.096,"end":3119.514},{"text":"ladies","start":3119.578,"end":3119.98},{"text":"and","start":3119.98,"end":3120.14},{"text":"gentlemen,","start":3120.14,"end":3120.526},{"text":"in","start":3121.345,"end":3121.394},{"text":"light","start":3121.49,"end":3121.747},{"text":"of","start":3121.811,"end":3121.86},{"text":"the","start":3121.924,"end":3122.133},{"text":"rapid","start":3122.133,"end":3122.454},{"text":"developments","start":3122.454,"end":3123.032},{"text":"in","start":3123.032,"end":3123.193},{"text":"the","start":3123.193,"end":3123.273},{"text":"space","start":3123.273,"end":3123.546},{"text":"sector","start":3123.595,"end":3124.093},{"text":"across","start":3124.157,"end":3124.43},{"text":"various","start":3124.575,"end":3124.912},{"text":"domains,","start":3124.96,"end":3125.217},{"text":"activities","start":3125.462,"end":3126.634},{"text":"related","start":3127.227,"end":3127.837},{"text":"to","start":3128.094,"end":3128.222},{"text":"the","start":3128.415,"end":3128.575},{"text":"exploration,","start":3128.608,"end":3129.282},{"text":"exploitation,","start":3129.314,"end":3129.988},{"text":"and","start":3130.18,"end":3130.277},{"text":"utilization","start":3130.277,"end":3130.967},{"text":"of","start":3131.015,"end":3131.127},{"text":"space","start":3131.143,"end":3131.464},{"text":"resources,","start":3131.464,"end":3132.01},{"text":"the","start":3132.122,"end":3132.363},{"text":"Kingdom","start":3132.363,"end":3132.684},{"text":"of","start":3132.684,"end":3132.812},{"text":"Saudi","start":3132.828,"end":3133.085},{"text":"Arabia","start":3133.085,"end":3133.55},{"text":"would","start":3133.55,"end":3133.647},{"text":"like","start":3133.647,"end":3133.807},{"text":"to","start":3133.807,"end":3133.952},{"text":"emphasize","start":3134.032,"end":3134.497},{"text":"the","start":3134.529,"end":3134.69},{"text":"importance","start":3134.69,"end":3135.332},{"text":"of","start":3135.797,"end":3135.958},{"text":"the","start":3135.958,"end":3136.118},{"text":"continued","start":3136.118,"end":3136.616},{"text":"development","start":3136.616,"end":3137.241},{"text":"of","start":3137.241,"end":3137.418},{"text":"legal","start":3137.418,"end":3137.803},{"text":"and","start":3137.803,"end":3137.883},{"text":"regulatory","start":3137.964,"end":3138.429},{"text":"frameworks","start":3138.461,"end":3139.087},{"text":"governing","start":3139.424,"end":3139.793},{"text":"such","start":3139.905,"end":3140.114},{"text":"activities","start":3140.226,"end":3140.756},{"text":"to","start":3140.852,"end":3140.949},{"text":"ensure","start":3140.949,"end":3141.382},{"text":"that","start":3141.414,"end":3141.51},{"text":"they","start":3141.51,"end":3141.591},{"text":"are","start":3141.655,"end":3141.815},{"text":"carried","start":3141.815,"end":3142.136},{"text":"out","start":3142.136,"end":3142.313},{"text":"in","start":3142.313,"end":3142.393},{"text":"a","start":3142.393,"end":3142.409},{"text":"responsible","start":3142.409,"end":3142.955},{"text":"and","start":3142.955,"end":3143.019},{"text":"sustainable","start":3143.051,"end":3143.5},{"text":"manner.","start":3143.516,"end":3143.837}]},{"text":"In this regard, Saudi Arabia reaffirms the importance of conducting these activities in accordance with international activities in accordance with the relevant UN treaties, in particular the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, which provides for the principle of non-appropriation and of conducting activities in accordance with international law to promote international cooperation and understanding.","start":3144.559,"end":3176.316,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"Governments","start":3489.779,"end":3490.244},{"text":"and","start":3490.26,"end":3490.324},{"text":"the","start":3490.34,"end":3490.42},{"text":"private","start":3490.42,"end":3490.741},{"text":"sector","start":3490.741,"end":3491.174},{"text":"are","start":3491.03,"end":3491.158},{"text":"actively","start":3491.206,"end":3491.608},{"text":"developing","start":3491.608,"end":3492.073},{"text":"technologies","start":3492.105,"end":3492.715},{"text":"to","start":3492.812,"end":3492.956},{"text":"build","start":3492.972,"end":3493.197},{"text":"solar","start":3493.229,"end":3493.615},{"text":"panels,","start":3493.615,"end":3494},{"text":"habitats,","start":3494.337,"end":3494.931},{"text":"and","start":3494.979,"end":3495.076},{"text":"other","start":3495.14,"end":3495.301},{"text":"infrastructure","start":3495.317,"end":3495.83},{"text":"using","start":3495.943,"end":3496.168},{"text":"lunar","start":3496.264,"end":3496.521},{"text":"regolith","start":3496.521,"end":3496.97},{"text":"and","start":3497.548,"end":3497.645},{"text":"to","start":3497.645,"end":3497.773},{"text":"produce","start":3497.789,"end":3498.11},{"text":"propellant","start":3498.11,"end":3498.528},{"text":"from","start":3498.528,"end":3498.689},{"text":"lunar","start":3498.753,"end":3498.929},{"text":"ice.","start":3499.01,"end":3499.202}]},{"text":"This kind of activity necessitates a large investment of taxpayer dollars and private funds.","start":3499.957,"end":3505.079,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3499.957,"end":3500.085},{"text":"kind","start":3500.198,"end":3500.391},{"text":"of","start":3500.391,"end":3500.519},{"text":"activity","start":3500.519,"end":3500.985},{"text":"necessitates","start":3501.033,"end":3501.675},{"text":"a","start":3501.675,"end":3501.739},{"text":"large","start":3501.739,"end":3502.125},{"text":"investment","start":3502.141,"end":3502.799},{"text":"of","start":3502.879,"end":3502.96},{"text":"taxpayer","start":3503.008,"end":3503.586},{"text":"dollars","start":3503.586,"end":3503.955},{"text":"and","start":3504.292,"end":3504.389},{"text":"private","start":3504.389,"end":3504.886},{"text":"funds.","start":3504.886,"end":3505.079}]},{"text":"These investments carry significant inherent risk and may not always yield successful outcomes.","start":3505.753,"end":3510.426,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":3505.753,"end":3505.93},{"text":"investments","start":3505.93,"end":3506.396},{"text":"carry","start":3506.396,"end":3506.685},{"text":"significant","start":3506.717,"end":3507.343},{"text":"inherent","start":3507.6,"end":3508.001},{"text":"risk","start":3508.001,"end":3508.387},{"text":"and","start":3508.644,"end":3508.708},{"text":"may","start":3508.724,"end":3508.82},{"text":"not","start":3508.82,"end":3509.045},{"text":"always","start":3509.045,"end":3509.254},{"text":"yield","start":3509.35,"end":3509.511},{"text":"successful","start":3509.511,"end":3509.944},{"text":"outcomes.","start":3509.992,"end":3510.426}]},{"text":"The United States is leading the world in science and innovation on the moon through novel programs like the Commercial Lunar Payload Service Despite the costs and risks of these public-private partnerships, the United States, along with our partners, continues to be transparent and share scientific data and ensure scientific results are made publicly available as appropriate and consistent with the Outer Space Treaty.","start":3510.972,"end":3531.02,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-registration","label":"Transparency, Information Sharing, and Registration","description":"Speakers highlighted the importance of data sharing, consultation, notification, repositories, and possible registration or monitoring systems for space activities and space resources. 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Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"Discussions","start":3531.615,"end":3532.081},{"text":"about","start":3532.081,"end":3532.306},{"text":"benefit","start":3532.338,"end":3532.659},{"text":"sharing","start":3532.659,"end":3532.948},{"text":"of","start":3532.997,"end":3533.077},{"text":"resources","start":3533.125,"end":3533.671},{"text":"that","start":3534.009,"end":3534.105},{"text":"have","start":3534.105,"end":3534.234},{"text":"yet","start":3534.266,"end":3534.427},{"text":"to","start":3534.427,"end":3534.523},{"text":"be","start":3534.587,"end":3534.684},{"text":"successfully","start":3534.684,"end":3535.31},{"text":"extracted","start":3535.375,"end":3536.001},{"text":"and","start":3536.258,"end":3536.339},{"text":"used","start":3536.419,"end":3536.74},{"text":"on","start":3536.74,"end":3536.788},{"text":"a","start":3536.837,"end":3536.901},{"text":"large-scale","start":3536.901,"end":3537.335},{"text":"basis","start":3537.399,"end":3537.769},{"text":"are","start":3538.122,"end":3538.267},{"text":"counterproductive.","start":3538.267,"end":3539.424}]},{"text":"This body has heard from leading government and private sector experts that resource exploration and surveying missions, as well as initial technology demonstration missions, missions must take place before widespread space resource utilization activities can occur.","start":3540.275,"end":3553.234,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3540.275,"end":3540.452},{"text":"body","start":3540.452,"end":3540.789},{"text":"has","start":3540.837,"end":3540.902},{"text":"heard","start":3540.998,"end":3541.207},{"text":"from","start":3541.239,"end":3541.416},{"text":"leading","start":3541.416,"end":3541.641},{"text":"government","start":3541.737,"end":3542.123},{"text":"and","start":3542.123,"end":3542.219},{"text":"private","start":3542.219,"end":3542.541},{"text":"sector","start":3542.541,"end":3542.974},{"text":"experts","start":3542.766,"end":3543.167},{"text":"that","start":3543.167,"end":3543.279},{"text":"resource","start":3543.328,"end":3543.665},{"text":"exploration","start":3543.665,"end":3544.275},{"text":"and","start":3544.323,"end":3544.452},{"text":"surveying","start":3544.452,"end":3544.837},{"text":"missions,","start":3544.949,"end":3545.319},{"text":"as","start":3545.592,"end":3545.64},{"text":"well","start":3545.736,"end":3545.864},{"text":"as","start":3545.897,"end":3545.993},{"text":"initial","start":3545.993,"end":3546.282},{"text":"technology","start":3546.314,"end":3546.876},{"text":"demonstration","start":3546.876,"end":3547.47},{"text":"missions,","start":3547.518,"end":3547.888},{"text":"missions","start":3548.225,"end":3548.61},{"text":"must","start":3549.044,"end":3549.285},{"text":"take","start":3549.285,"end":3549.525},{"text":"place","start":3549.525,"end":3549.782},{"text":"before","start":3549.83,"end":3550.152},{"text":"widespread","start":3550.168,"end":3550.665},{"text":"space","start":3550.665,"end":3550.97},{"text":"resource","start":3550.97,"end":3551.356},{"text":"utilization","start":3551.356,"end":3551.998},{"text":"activities","start":3551.998,"end":3552.464},{"text":"can","start":3552.656,"end":3552.833},{"text":"occur.","start":3552.833,"end":3553.234}]},{"text":"Given the scientific, technical, and operational uncertainties, we do not want to needlessly hinder the development of the potential benefits, including scientific benefits, of space resource activities before they even take place.","start":3553.925,"end":3565.935,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Given","start":3553.925,"end":3554.085},{"text":"the","start":3554.102,"end":3554.182},{"text":"scientific,","start":3554.182,"end":3554.744},{"text":"technical,","start":3554.76,"end":3555.209},{"text":"and","start":3555.225,"end":3555.37},{"text":"operational","start":3555.37,"end":3556.109},{"text":"uncertainties,","start":3556.109,"end":3556.719},{"text":"we","start":3556.976,"end":3557.056},{"text":"do","start":3557.056,"end":3557.152},{"text":"not","start":3557.152,"end":3557.393},{"text":"want","start":3557.393,"end":3557.554},{"text":"to","start":3557.554,"end":3557.65},{"text":"needlessly","start":3557.65,"end":3558.244},{"text":"hinder","start":3558.276,"end":3558.758},{"text":"the","start":3558.983,"end":3559.047},{"text":"development","start":3559.063,"end":3559.545},{"text":"of","start":3559.545,"end":3559.593},{"text":"the","start":3559.625,"end":3559.721},{"text":"potential","start":3559.721,"end":3560.155},{"text":"benefits,","start":3560.203,"end":3560.685},{"text":"including","start":3560.926,"end":3561.247},{"text":"scientific","start":3561.247,"end":3561.809},{"text":"benefits,","start":3561.809,"end":3562.306},{"text":"of","start":3562.355,"end":3562.499},{"text":"space","start":3562.788,"end":3563.061},{"text":"resource","start":3563.174,"end":3563.559},{"text":"activities","start":3563.559,"end":3564.008},{"text":"before","start":3564.217,"end":3564.522},{"text":"they","start":3564.522,"end":3564.683},{"text":"even","start":3564.763,"end":3564.972},{"text":"take","start":3565.181,"end":3565.486},{"text":"place.","start":3565.646,"end":3565.935}]},{"text":"The 4 core space treaties provide a basic legal framework within which states can ensure their interests are protected during initial missions.","start":3566.529,"end":3573.408,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3574.161,"end":3574.241},{"text":"U.S.","start":3574.241,"end":3574.497},{"text":"reiterates","start":3574.561,"end":3575.042},{"text":"its","start":3575.042,"end":3575.202},{"text":"longstanding","start":3575.202,"end":3575.731},{"text":"view","start":3575.763,"end":3575.988},{"text":"that","start":3575.988,"end":3576.1},{"text":"utilization","start":3576.148,"end":3576.725},{"text":"of","start":3576.725,"end":3576.757},{"text":"space-based","start":3576.757,"end":3577.43},{"text":"resources,","start":3577.43,"end":3577.895},{"text":"including","start":3577.927,"end":3578.327},{"text":"commercial","start":3578.391,"end":3578.792},{"text":"utilization,","start":3578.792,"end":3579.417},{"text":"can","start":3579.609,"end":3579.802},{"text":"be","start":3579.85,"end":3580.01},{"text":"done","start":3580.01,"end":3580.138},{"text":"consistently","start":3580.17,"end":3580.859},{"text":"with","start":3581.051,"end":3581.276},{"text":"the","start":3581.276,"end":3581.356},{"text":"4","start":3581.356,"end":3581.692},{"text":"core","start":3581.692,"end":3581.885},{"text":"U.N.","start":3582.093,"end":3582.301},{"text":"space","start":3582.398,"end":3582.798},{"text":"treaties.","start":3582.798,"end":3583.103}]},{"text":"In the U.S. view, the Outer Space Treaty's Article 2 prohibition on national appropriation does not limit ownership to be exercised by states or private entities that they license over those natural resources that have been removed from their place on or below the surface of the Moon or other celestial bodies when consistent with U.S. international obligations and domestic law.","start":3583.84,"end":3603.297,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3612.979,"end":3613.107},{"text":"OST","start":3613.123,"end":3613.541},{"text":"shapes","start":3613.846,"end":3614.167},{"text":"the","start":3614.167,"end":3614.199},{"text":"manner","start":3614.199,"end":3614.553},{"text":"in","start":3614.649,"end":3614.713},{"text":"which","start":3614.745,"end":3614.874},{"text":"space","start":3614.906,"end":3615.243},{"text":"resource","start":3615.307,"end":3615.693},{"text":"utilization","start":3615.693,"end":3616.335},{"text":"activities","start":3616.335,"end":3616.768},{"text":"are","start":3616.768,"end":3616.913},{"text":"carried","start":3616.913,"end":3617.298},{"text":"out,","start":3617.378,"end":3617.635},{"text":"but","start":3618.037,"end":3618.133},{"text":"it","start":3618.133,"end":3618.197},{"text":"does","start":3618.197,"end":3618.374},{"text":"not","start":3618.374,"end":3618.615},{"text":"broadly","start":3618.663,"end":3618.92},{"text":"preclude","start":3618.984,"end":3619.273},{"text":"such","start":3619.273,"end":3619.337},{"text":"such","start":3619.37,"end":3619.45},{"text":"activities.","start":3619.546,"end":3620.091}]},{"text":"We do, however, see potential benefits of a general high-level initial set of non-binding principles to help ensure that all nations engaged in space resource activities share a common set of fundamental beliefs in the rule of law, transparency, open science, interoperability, avoiding the harm— the creation of harmful interference, and acting with peaceful purposes, among others.","start":3620.604,"end":3639.656,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-registration","label":"Transparency, Information Sharing, and Registration","description":"Speakers highlighted the importance of data sharing, consultation, notification, repositories, and possible registration or monitoring systems for space activities and space resources. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3640.17,"end":3640.298},{"text":"Artemis","start":3640.33,"end":3640.667},{"text":"Accords","start":3640.667,"end":3641.1},{"text":"underscore","start":3641.132,"end":3641.693},{"text":"these","start":3641.693,"end":3641.902},{"text":"and","start":3641.934,"end":3642.03},{"text":"other","start":3642.03,"end":3642.254},{"text":"critical","start":3642.254,"end":3642.639},{"text":"principles,","start":3642.639,"end":3643.185},{"text":"and","start":3643.457,"end":3643.521},{"text":"these","start":3643.537,"end":3643.666},{"text":"principles","start":3643.682,"end":3644.067},{"text":"form","start":3644.163,"end":3644.355},{"text":"a","start":3644.355,"end":3644.403},{"text":"starting","start":3644.403,"end":3644.708},{"text":"point","start":3644.804,"end":3645.013},{"text":"for","start":3645.061,"end":3645.253},{"text":"efforts","start":3645.446,"end":3645.782},{"text":"on","start":3645.847,"end":3645.895},{"text":"space","start":3645.943,"end":3646.264},{"text":"resource","start":3646.264,"end":3646.648},{"text":"activities,","start":3646.648,"end":3647.194},{"text":"and","start":3647.707,"end":3647.771},{"text":"our","start":3647.803,"end":3647.931},{"text":"private","start":3647.931,"end":3648.188},{"text":"sector","start":3648.188,"end":3648.509},{"text":"partners","start":3648.509,"end":3648.926},{"text":"are","start":3648.99,"end":3649.07},{"text":"essential","start":3649.07,"end":3649.487},{"text":"in","start":3649.535,"end":3649.615},{"text":"sharing","start":3649.615,"end":3649.92},{"text":"their","start":3649.952,"end":3650.112},{"text":"views","start":3650.112,"end":3650.401},{"text":"of","start":3650.834,"end":3650.93},{"text":"what","start":3650.994,"end":3651.155},{"text":"is","start":3651.155,"end":3651.203},{"text":"currently","start":3651.315,"end":3651.684},{"text":"feasible","start":3651.716,"end":3652.261},{"text":"and","start":3652.983,"end":3653.063},{"text":"what","start":3653.159,"end":3653.32},{"text":"product","start":3653.32,"end":3653.64},{"text":"from","start":3653.64,"end":3653.769},{"text":"this","start":3653.801,"end":3654.025},{"text":"body","start":3654.025,"end":3654.282},{"text":"would","start":3654.346,"end":3654.41},{"text":"help","start":3654.426,"end":3654.683},{"text":"enable","start":3654.827,"end":3655.212},{"text":"their","start":3655.468,"end":3655.565},{"text":"success.","start":3655.565,"end":3656.11}]},{"text":"We are grateful for the chairman— the leadership of Vice— or of Chairman Freeland and Vice Chair Ahmed, and look forward to productively engaging and working towards a pragmatic outcome to draft a set of high-level, non-legally binding principles that are well informed by activities underway by the private sector sector and space agencies alike.","start":3656.751,"end":3673.22,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3656.751,"end":3656.848},{"text":"are","start":3656.848,"end":3657.008},{"text":"grateful","start":3657.008,"end":3657.329},{"text":"for","start":3657.329,"end":3657.489},{"text":"the","start":3657.489,"end":3657.569},{"text":"chairman—","start":3657.569,"end":3657.986},{"text":"the","start":3658.195,"end":3658.243},{"text":"leadership","start":3658.291,"end":3658.628},{"text":"of","start":3658.676,"end":3658.788},{"text":"Vice—","start":3658.932,"end":3659.189},{"text":"or","start":3659.333,"end":3659.413},{"text":"of","start":3659.413,"end":3659.542},{"text":"Chairman","start":3659.558,"end":3659.862},{"text":"Freeland","start":3659.878,"end":3660.279},{"text":"and","start":3660.279,"end":3660.344},{"text":"Vice","start":3660.376,"end":3660.616},{"text":"Chair","start":3660.616,"end":3660.857},{"text":"Ahmed,","start":3660.857,"end":3661.145},{"text":"and","start":3661.498,"end":3661.562},{"text":"look","start":3661.578,"end":3661.755},{"text":"forward","start":3661.755,"end":3662.043},{"text":"to","start":3662.043,"end":3662.188},{"text":"productively","start":3662.3,"end":3662.925},{"text":"engaging","start":3662.925,"end":3663.39},{"text":"and","start":3663.422,"end":3663.567},{"text":"working","start":3663.567,"end":3663.872},{"text":"towards","start":3663.904,"end":3664.24},{"text":"a","start":3664.24,"end":3664.369},{"text":"pragmatic","start":3664.369,"end":3664.866},{"text":"outcome","start":3664.866,"end":3665.219},{"text":"to","start":3665.587,"end":3665.668},{"text":"draft","start":3665.668,"end":3666.052},{"text":"a","start":3666.052,"end":3666.085},{"text":"set","start":3666.085,"end":3666.357},{"text":"of","start":3666.389,"end":3666.453},{"text":"high-level,","start":3666.55,"end":3667.496},{"text":"non-legally","start":3667.592,"end":3668.121},{"text":"binding","start":3668.153,"end":3668.362},{"text":"principles","start":3668.458,"end":3668.923},{"text":"that","start":3669.196,"end":3669.356},{"text":"are","start":3669.356,"end":3669.436},{"text":"well","start":3669.436,"end":3669.548},{"text":"informed","start":3669.596,"end":3669.997},{"text":"by","start":3669.997,"end":3670.222},{"text":"activities","start":3670.222,"end":3670.687},{"text":"underway","start":3670.863,"end":3671.28},{"text":"by","start":3671.28,"end":3671.36},{"text":"the","start":3671.36,"end":3671.505},{"text":"private","start":3671.505,"end":3671.681},{"text":"sector","start":3671.681,"end":3671.97},{"text":"sector","start":3671.81,"end":3672.018},{"text":"and","start":3672.018,"end":3672.146},{"text":"space","start":3672.146,"end":3672.483},{"text":"agencies","start":3672.483,"end":3672.9},{"text":"alike.","start":3672.9,"end":3673.22}]},{"text":"The U.S. intends to use ground development and early resource demonstration missions to inform our inputs to this working group, will help define and— which will help define and develop best practices for subsequent activities.","start":3673.749,"end":3684.473,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law 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welcome you to attend our side event this afternoon with U.S. private sector experts at 2:00 p.m. 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Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3906.04,"end":3906.088},{"text":"line","start":3906.184,"end":3906.361},{"text":"with","start":3906.361,"end":3906.506},{"text":"the","start":3906.506,"end":3906.586},{"text":"working","start":3906.586,"end":3906.891},{"text":"group's","start":3906.891,"end":3907.084},{"text":"mandate,","start":3907.084,"end":3907.453},{"text":"we","start":3907.469,"end":3907.501},{"text":"support","start":3907.501,"end":3907.887},{"text":"inviting","start":3907.887,"end":3908.337},{"text":"input","start":3909.092,"end":3909.397},{"text":"from","start":3909.397,"end":3909.558},{"text":"external","start":3909.558,"end":3909.831},{"text":"stakeholders,","start":3909.831,"end":3910.425},{"text":"including","start":3910.537,"end":3910.891},{"text":"the","start":3910.891,"end":3910.955},{"text":"scientific","start":3910.955,"end":3911.485},{"text":"community,","start":3911.485,"end":3911.951},{"text":"industry,","start":3912.128,"end":3912.513},{"text":"and","start":3912.529,"end":3912.593},{"text":"civil","start":3912.625,"end":3912.899},{"text":"society.","start":3912.899,"end":3913.316}]},{"text":"Mechanisms such as public consultations or workshops could help ensure that draft principles reflect technological realities and benefit from a broad range of expertise.","start":3913.975,"end":3926.616,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-registration","label":"Transparency, Information Sharing, and Registration","description":"Speakers highlighted the importance of data sharing, consultation, notification, repositories, and possible registration or monitoring systems for space activities and space resources. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":3933.747,"end":3934.229},{"text":"delegates,","start":3934.229,"end":3934.871},{"text":"first","start":3935.337,"end":3935.61},{"text":"of","start":3935.61,"end":3935.819},{"text":"all,","start":3935.819,"end":3935.867},{"text":"delegation","start":3936.381,"end":3936.766},{"text":"of","start":3936.814,"end":3936.911},{"text":"Ukraine","start":3936.959,"end":3937.489},{"text":"wish","start":3937.601,"end":3937.778},{"text":"to","start":3937.842,"end":3937.986},{"text":"express","start":3937.986,"end":3938.468},{"text":"its","start":3938.5,"end":3938.661},{"text":"support","start":3938.661,"end":3939.255},{"text":"for","start":3939.271,"end":3939.448},{"text":"the","start":3939.448,"end":3939.608},{"text":"ongoing","start":3939.608,"end":3939.978},{"text":"development","start":3940.01,"end":3940.588},{"text":"of","start":3940.636,"end":3940.7},{"text":"the","start":3940.733,"end":3940.813},{"text":"norm","start":3940.813,"end":3941.134},{"text":"concerning","start":3941.134,"end":3941.632},{"text":"space","start":3941.632,"end":3942.017},{"text":"resources","start":3942.017,"end":3942.547},{"text":"as","start":3942.644,"end":3942.708},{"text":"carried","start":3942.82,"end":3943.109},{"text":"out","start":3943.286,"end":3943.543},{"text":"within","start":3943.543,"end":3943.752},{"text":"the","start":3943.784,"end":3943.912},{"text":"Working","start":3944.009,"end":3944.314},{"text":"Group","start":3944.346,"end":3944.683},{"text":"on","start":3945.052,"end":3945.117},{"text":"Legal","start":3945.149,"end":3945.422},{"text":"Aspect","start":3945.47,"end":3945.871},{"text":"of","start":3945.936,"end":3945.984},{"text":"Space","start":3946.016,"end":3946.417},{"text":"Resource","start":3946.417,"end":3946.755},{"text":"Activities","start":3946.755,"end":3947.204},{"text":"and","start":3947.638,"end":3947.702},{"text":"the","start":3947.718,"end":3947.798},{"text":"Action","start":3947.943,"end":3948.409},{"text":"Team","start":3948.762,"end":3948.906},{"text":"on","start":3949.067,"end":3949.228},{"text":"Lunar","start":3949.228,"end":3949.581},{"text":"Activities","start":3949.966,"end":3950.496},{"text":"Consultation.","start":3950.593,"end":3951.251}]},{"text":"Given that activities related to establishment of the space bases on the Moon and other celestial bodies remain largely at the stage of development and testing, we consider it appropriate to draw attention to the following issues that require resolution in international regulation.","start":3952.054,"end":3967.829,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 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Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":22,"start":4044.24,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=4045","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good morning, and thank you, Chair.","start":4044.24,"end":4045.821,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":4044.24,"end":4044.32},{"text":"morning,","start":4044.336,"end":4044.724},{"text":"and","start":4044.901,"end":4045.014},{"text":"thank","start":4045.062,"end":4045.385},{"text":"you,","start":4045.385,"end":4045.546},{"text":"Chair.","start":4045.562,"end":4045.821}]},{"text":"My delegation endorses the statement made by G77 and China, and in our national capacity, we would like to make the following considerations.","start":4047.16,"end":4058.769,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":4047.16,"end":4047.289},{"text":"delegation","start":4047.418,"end":4048.095},{"text":"endorses","start":4048.612,"end":4049.241},{"text":"the","start":4049.596,"end":4049.693},{"text":"statement","start":4049.693,"end":4050.306},{"text":"made","start":4050.306,"end":4050.612},{"text":"by","start":4051.274,"end":4051.387},{"text":"G77","start":4051.613,"end":4052.436},{"text":"and","start":4052.485,"end":4052.646},{"text":"China,","start":4052.646,"end":4053.131},{"text":"and","start":4054.746,"end":4054.908},{"text":"in","start":4054.908,"end":4055.07},{"text":"our","start":4055.07,"end":4055.102},{"text":"national","start":4055.102,"end":4055.538},{"text":"capacity,","start":4055.635,"end":4056.265},{"text":"we","start":4056.701,"end":4056.83},{"text":"would","start":4056.863,"end":4057.04},{"text":"like","start":4057.04,"end":4057.347},{"text":"to","start":4057.347,"end":4057.476},{"text":"make","start":4057.509,"end":4057.751},{"text":"the","start":4057.751,"end":4057.896},{"text":"following","start":4057.896,"end":4058.203},{"text":"considerations.","start":4058.236,"end":4058.769}]},{"text":"It is clear that growing interest in space resources activities means we have to continue to examine legal implications at this subcommittee, especially in light of the principles of the Outer Space Treaty.","start":4060.73,"end":4079.124,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4060.73,"end":4060.826},{"text":"is","start":4060.826,"end":4060.875},{"text":"clear","start":4061.068,"end":4061.342},{"text":"that","start":4061.873,"end":4062.163},{"text":"growing","start":4062.195,"end":4062.566},{"text":"interest","start":4062.743,"end":4063.387},{"text":"in","start":4063.87,"end":4064.015},{"text":"space","start":4064.869,"end":4065.287},{"text":"resources","start":4065.577,"end":4066.35},{"text":"activities","start":4067.494,"end":4068.122},{"text":"means","start":4068.54,"end":4068.766},{"text":"we","start":4068.798,"end":4068.943},{"text":"have","start":4068.943,"end":4069.072},{"text":"to","start":4069.136,"end":4069.249},{"text":"continue","start":4069.33,"end":4069.926},{"text":"to","start":4070.248,"end":4070.377},{"text":"examine","start":4070.393,"end":4071.069},{"text":"legal","start":4071.118,"end":4071.52},{"text":"implications","start":4071.601,"end":4072.342},{"text":"at","start":4072.342,"end":4072.39},{"text":"this","start":4072.422,"end":4072.599},{"text":"subcommittee,","start":4072.599,"end":4073.485},{"text":"especially","start":4074.049,"end":4074.677},{"text":"in","start":4075.145,"end":4075.241},{"text":"light","start":4075.306,"end":4075.612},{"text":"of","start":4075.789,"end":4075.934},{"text":"the","start":4076.111,"end":4076.353},{"text":"principles","start":4076.675,"end":4077.384},{"text":"of","start":4077.802,"end":4077.963},{"text":"the","start":4077.963,"end":4078.108},{"text":"Outer","start":4078.27,"end":4078.318},{"text":"Space","start":4078.382,"end":4078.656},{"text":"Treaty.","start":4078.769,"end":4079.124}]},{"text":"It is understood that these activities are in a phase in which state practices are being established, and therefore that development has to be consistent with prevailing international law.","start":4081.204,"end":4097.615,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4081.204,"end":4081.349},{"text":"is","start":4081.349,"end":4081.414},{"text":"understood","start":4081.672,"end":4082.381},{"text":"that","start":4082.478,"end":4082.72},{"text":"these","start":4082.72,"end":4082.945},{"text":"activities","start":4083.058,"end":4083.832},{"text":"are","start":4084.977,"end":4085.251},{"text":"in","start":4085.622,"end":4085.735},{"text":"a","start":4085.735,"end":4085.751},{"text":"phase","start":4085.799,"end":4086.251},{"text":"in","start":4086.931,"end":4087.076},{"text":"which","start":4087.994,"end":4088.204},{"text":"state","start":4088.413,"end":4088.783},{"text":"practices","start":4088.945,"end":4089.653},{"text":"are","start":4089.847,"end":4089.927},{"text":"being","start":4089.927,"end":4090.137},{"text":"established,","start":4090.153,"end":4090.845},{"text":"and","start":4091.377,"end":4091.441},{"text":"therefore","start":4091.538,"end":4092.037},{"text":"that","start":4092.488,"end":4092.617},{"text":"development","start":4092.746,"end":4093.568},{"text":"has","start":4093.938,"end":4094.164},{"text":"to","start":4094.276,"end":4094.437},{"text":"be","start":4094.437,"end":4094.631},{"text":"consistent","start":4095.05,"end":4095.84},{"text":"with","start":4095.969,"end":4096.147},{"text":"prevailing","start":4096.195,"end":4096.663},{"text":"international","start":4096.76,"end":4097.406},{"text":"law.","start":4097.486,"end":4097.615}]},{"text":"The appearance of different approaches at national level could entail the risk of fragmentation in the interpretation and application of existing rules and regulations, which could lead to legal uncertainty in something that needs predictability.","start":4099.197,"end":4116.338,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."},{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. A recurring issue was how national frameworks can support innovation without conflicting with international law."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4099.197,"end":4099.358},{"text":"appearance","start":4099.358,"end":4100.004},{"text":"of","start":4100.004,"end":4100.133},{"text":"different","start":4100.23,"end":4100.795},{"text":"approaches","start":4100.875,"end":4101.585},{"text":"at","start":4101.844,"end":4102.005},{"text":"national","start":4102.005,"end":4102.424},{"text":"level","start":4102.424,"end":4102.796},{"text":"could","start":4104.103,"end":4104.377},{"text":"entail","start":4104.586,"end":4104.924},{"text":"the","start":4104.924,"end":4105.085},{"text":"risk","start":4105.085,"end":4105.423},{"text":"of","start":4105.423,"end":4105.535},{"text":"fragmentation","start":4105.889,"end":4106.774},{"text":"in","start":4106.774,"end":4106.854},{"text":"the","start":4106.854,"end":4106.983},{"text":"interpretation","start":4106.999,"end":4107.739},{"text":"and","start":4107.739,"end":4107.867},{"text":"application","start":4108.044,"end":4108.672},{"text":"of","start":4108.688,"end":4108.848},{"text":"existing","start":4108.848,"end":4109.476},{"text":"rules","start":4109.572,"end":4109.797},{"text":"and","start":4109.91,"end":4109.99},{"text":"regulations,","start":4109.99,"end":4110.714},{"text":"which","start":4111.116,"end":4111.245},{"text":"could","start":4111.341,"end":4111.502},{"text":"lead","start":4111.502,"end":4111.647},{"text":"to","start":4111.679,"end":4111.856},{"text":"legal","start":4111.904,"end":4112.274},{"text":"uncertainty","start":4112.809,"end":4113.76},{"text":"in","start":4114.275,"end":4114.324},{"text":"something","start":4114.437,"end":4114.807},{"text":"that","start":4114.904,"end":4115.065},{"text":"needs","start":4115.081,"end":4115.291},{"text":"predictability.","start":4115.387,"end":4116.338}]},{"text":"We acknowledge the importance of the working group on the legal aspects for activities regarding space resources, especially progressive development of guidelines.","start":4117.095,"end":4129.412,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4117.095,"end":4117.176},{"text":"acknowledge","start":4117.24,"end":4117.708},{"text":"the","start":4117.82,"end":4117.901},{"text":"importance","start":4117.901,"end":4118.626},{"text":"of","start":4119.093,"end":4119.383},{"text":"the","start":4119.577,"end":4119.786},{"text":"working","start":4119.835,"end":4120.205},{"text":"group","start":4120.318,"end":4120.624},{"text":"on","start":4121.028,"end":4121.092},{"text":"the","start":4121.206,"end":4121.4},{"text":"legal","start":4122.321,"end":4122.644},{"text":"aspects","start":4122.644,"end":4123.145},{"text":"for","start":4123.145,"end":4123.258},{"text":"activities","start":4123.29,"end":4124.001},{"text":"regarding","start":4124.26,"end":4124.648},{"text":"space","start":4124.68,"end":4125.084},{"text":"resources,","start":4125.084,"end":4125.698},{"text":"especially","start":4126.215,"end":4126.587},{"text":"progressive","start":4126.684,"end":4127.314},{"text":"development","start":4127.427,"end":4128.203},{"text":"of","start":4128.3,"end":4128.526},{"text":"guidelines.","start":4128.801,"end":4129.412}]},{"text":"We estimate that an approach based on identifying common approaches based on states' practices and multilateral dialogue could make an effective contribution to the harmonization of a coherent legal framework at all levels, bearing in mind the main idea that outer space is in the interest and benefit of all of humanity.","start":4131.679,"end":4159.083,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4131.679,"end":4131.872},{"text":"estimate","start":4132,"end":4132.467},{"text":"that","start":4132.885,"end":4133.11},{"text":"an","start":4133.287,"end":4133.351},{"text":"approach","start":4133.383,"end":4133.753},{"text":"based","start":4134.107,"end":4134.589},{"text":"on","start":4134.975,"end":4135.039},{"text":"identifying","start":4135.071,"end":4135.682},{"text":"common","start":4135.859,"end":4136.148},{"text":"approaches","start":4136.197,"end":4136.808},{"text":"based","start":4137.324,"end":4137.793},{"text":"on","start":4138.051,"end":4138.1},{"text":"states'","start":4138.197,"end":4138.698},{"text":"practices","start":4138.698,"end":4139.312},{"text":"and","start":4139.489,"end":4139.586},{"text":"multilateral","start":4139.586,"end":4140.411},{"text":"dialogue","start":4140.475,"end":4141.057},{"text":"could","start":4141.49,"end":4141.682},{"text":"make","start":4142.003,"end":4142.243},{"text":"an","start":4142.243,"end":4142.291},{"text":"effective","start":4142.34,"end":4142.853},{"text":"contribution","start":4142.949,"end":4143.574},{"text":"to","start":4143.671,"end":4143.783},{"text":"the","start":4143.783,"end":4143.879},{"text":"harmonization","start":4143.911,"end":4144.729},{"text":"of","start":4144.729,"end":4144.873},{"text":"a","start":4144.873,"end":4144.954},{"text":"coherent","start":4145.435,"end":4145.964},{"text":"legal","start":4146.012,"end":4146.269},{"text":"framework","start":4146.269,"end":4146.878},{"text":"at","start":4146.878,"end":4146.99},{"text":"all","start":4147.119,"end":4147.215},{"text":"levels,","start":4147.215,"end":4147.584},{"text":"bearing","start":4148.979,"end":4149.268},{"text":"in","start":4149.605,"end":4149.749},{"text":"mind","start":4150.006,"end":4150.423},{"text":"the","start":4151.385,"end":4151.465},{"text":"main","start":4151.465,"end":4151.994},{"text":"idea","start":4152.091,"end":4152.572},{"text":"that","start":4153.053,"end":4153.325},{"text":"outer","start":4154.576,"end":4154.881},{"text":"space","start":4154.929,"end":4155.378},{"text":"is","start":4155.779,"end":4155.843},{"text":"in","start":4156.1,"end":4156.196},{"text":"the","start":4156.196,"end":4156.341},{"text":"interest","start":4156.357,"end":4156.693},{"text":"and","start":4156.758,"end":4156.902},{"text":"benefit","start":4156.902,"end":4157.383},{"text":"of","start":4157.543,"end":4157.688},{"text":"all","start":4157.944,"end":4158.073},{"text":"of","start":4158.185,"end":4158.249},{"text":"humanity.","start":4158.361,"end":4159.083}]},{"text":"It is essential for this process to take into account the needs and capacities of all countries to ensure that the undertaking of these activities does not lead to new asymmetries in activities and beneficiaries.","start":4159.5,"end":4176.5,"topics":[{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."},{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4159.5,"end":4159.628},{"text":"is","start":4159.628,"end":4159.692},{"text":"essential","start":4159.805,"end":4160.43},{"text":"for","start":4160.783,"end":4160.943},{"text":"this","start":4160.943,"end":4161.056},{"text":"process","start":4161.232,"end":4161.729},{"text":"to","start":4161.729,"end":4161.954},{"text":"take","start":4161.954,"end":4162.194},{"text":"into","start":4162.275,"end":4162.467},{"text":"account","start":4162.515,"end":4162.836},{"text":"the","start":4163.237,"end":4163.317},{"text":"needs","start":4163.317,"end":4163.622},{"text":"and","start":4163.734,"end":4163.798},{"text":"capacities","start":4163.959,"end":4164.584},{"text":"of","start":4164.616,"end":4164.76},{"text":"all","start":4164.841,"end":4164.889},{"text":"countries","start":4165.017,"end":4165.546},{"text":"to","start":4165.995,"end":4166.14},{"text":"ensure","start":4166.204,"end":4166.717},{"text":"that","start":4167.166,"end":4167.423},{"text":"the","start":4167.423,"end":4167.567},{"text":"undertaking","start":4167.647,"end":4168.273},{"text":"of","start":4168.305,"end":4168.433},{"text":"these","start":4168.449,"end":4168.593},{"text":"activities","start":4168.69,"end":4169.395},{"text":"does","start":4169.828,"end":4169.957},{"text":"not","start":4170.069,"end":4170.309},{"text":"lead","start":4170.309,"end":4170.566},{"text":"to","start":4170.71,"end":4170.887},{"text":"new","start":4170.887,"end":4171.256},{"text":"asymmetries","start":4171.697,"end":4172.805},{"text":"in","start":4173.384,"end":4173.448},{"text":"activities","start":4174.428,"end":4175.215},{"text":"and","start":4175.633,"end":4175.793},{"text":"beneficiaries.","start":4175.793,"end":4176.5}]},{"text":"We therefore support any debate or dialogue that pursues the consolidation of a legal framework for space activities.","start":4177.175,"end":4191.546,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. 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The United Kingdom is pleased to have the opportunity to provide our views on the legal aspects associated with space resources.","start":4406.178,"end":4413.347,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 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we would like to thank Chair Professor Freeland and Vice Chair Dr. Ahmed for their leadership over the past year to advance the products of the Working Group and reiterate our confidence in them As we move forward, thank 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Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":27,"start":4593.679,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=4594","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Agradezco a la delegación del Reino Unido por su intervención.","start":4593.679,"end":4596.233,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Agradezco","start":4593.679,"end":4594.148},{"text":"a","start":4594.148,"end":4594.164},{"text":"la","start":4594.164,"end":4594.261},{"text":"delegación","start":4594.261,"end":4594.746},{"text":"del","start":4594.746,"end":4594.907},{"text":"Reino","start":4594.907,"end":4595.118},{"text":"Unido","start":4595.118,"end":4595.36},{"text":"por","start":4595.457,"end":4595.554},{"text":"su","start":4595.554,"end":4595.635},{"text":"intervención.","start":4595.635,"end":4596.233}]},{"text":"Thank you to the United Kingdom, and now I give the floor to Russian Federation.","start":4596.669,"end":4601.099,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4596.669,"end":4596.912},{"text":"you","start":4596.912,"end":4597.074},{"text":"to","start":4597.882,"end":4598.076},{"text":"the","start":4598.076,"end":4598.286},{"text":"United","start":4598.286,"end":4598.706},{"text":"Kingdom,","start":4598.706,"end":4599.143},{"text":"and","start":4599.579,"end":4599.628},{"text":"now","start":4599.628,"end":4599.757},{"text":"I","start":4599.773,"end":4599.902},{"text":"give","start":4599.902,"end":4600.048},{"text":"the","start":4600.08,"end":4600.161},{"text":"floor","start":4600.161,"end":4600.355},{"text":"to","start":4600.404,"end":4600.565},{"text":"Russian","start":4600.63,"end":4600.889},{"text":"Federation.","start":4600.889,"end":4601.099}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":28,"start":4606.18,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=4607","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chairperson.","start":4606.18,"end":4607.066,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4606.18,"end":4606.357},{"text":"you,","start":4606.357,"end":4606.421},{"text":"Chairperson.","start":4606.437,"end":4607.066}]},{"text":"Activities involving the exploration and use of space resources must be conducted within strict and globally recognized legal frameworks.","start":4607.42,"end":4617.287,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"Activities","start":4607.42,"end":4607.952},{"text":"involving","start":4607.985,"end":4608.516},{"text":"the","start":4608.629,"end":4608.726},{"text":"exploration","start":4608.952,"end":4609.564},{"text":"and","start":4609.822,"end":4610.047},{"text":"use","start":4610.064,"end":4610.289},{"text":"of","start":4610.628,"end":4610.821},{"text":"space","start":4610.821,"end":4611.272},{"text":"resources","start":4611.272,"end":4611.901},{"text":"must","start":4612.417,"end":4612.658},{"text":"be","start":4612.658,"end":4612.739},{"text":"conducted","start":4612.739,"end":4613.432},{"text":"within","start":4613.464,"end":4613.754},{"text":"strict","start":4613.867,"end":4614.48},{"text":"and","start":4614.822,"end":4615.083},{"text":"globally","start":4615.083,"end":4615.459},{"text":"recognized","start":4615.557,"end":4616.406},{"text":"legal","start":4616.651,"end":4616.993},{"text":"frameworks.","start":4616.993,"end":4617.287}]},{"text":"The Russian Federation has submitted CRP AAC 105 C2 2026 CRP 23 on agenda item 9 for this session.","start":4619.33,"end":4632.472,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4619.33,"end":4619.541},{"text":"Russian","start":4619.898,"end":4620.125},{"text":"Federation","start":4620.158,"end":4620.612},{"text":"has","start":4620.709,"end":4620.823},{"text":"submitted","start":4620.823,"end":4621.505},{"text":"CRP","start":4621.861,"end":4622.689},{"text":"AAC","start":4622.9,"end":4623.403},{"text":"105","start":4624.036,"end":4624.506},{"text":"C2","start":4625.571,"end":4626.266},{"text":"2026","start":4626.508,"end":4627.478},{"text":"CRP","start":4627.478,"end":4627.963},{"text":"23","start":4627.963,"end":4629.029},{"text":"on","start":4629.821,"end":4629.87},{"text":"agenda","start":4629.918,"end":4630.484},{"text":"item","start":4630.565,"end":4630.872},{"text":"9","start":4630.952,"end":4631.163},{"text":"for","start":4631.373,"end":4631.777},{"text":"this","start":4631.777,"end":4632.003},{"text":"session.","start":4632.003,"end":4632.472}]},{"text":"Our CRP outlines our delegation's approach to the legal governance of activities involving space resources.","start":4638.55,"end":4643.884,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":4638.55,"end":4638.582},{"text":"CRP","start":4638.598,"end":4639.13},{"text":"outlines","start":4639.13,"end":4639.597},{"text":"our","start":4639.694,"end":4639.791},{"text":"delegation's","start":4639.791,"end":4640.29},{"text":"approach","start":4640.29,"end":4640.629},{"text":"to","start":4640.822,"end":4640.967},{"text":"the","start":4641.064,"end":4641.322},{"text":"legal","start":4641.789,"end":4641.999},{"text":"governance","start":4642.031,"end":4642.466},{"text":"of","start":4642.466,"end":4642.547},{"text":"activities","start":4642.547,"end":4643.014},{"text":"involving","start":4643.014,"end":4643.385},{"text":"space","start":4643.417,"end":4643.594},{"text":"resources.","start":4643.594,"end":4643.884}]},{"text":"and it contains proposals on the committee's future work in this area.","start":4644.882,"end":4649.206,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":4644.882,"end":4644.947},{"text":"it","start":4644.963,"end":4645.061},{"text":"contains","start":4645.061,"end":4645.581},{"text":"proposals","start":4646.264,"end":4647.044},{"text":"on","start":4647.304,"end":4647.467},{"text":"the","start":4647.467,"end":4647.548},{"text":"committee's","start":4647.548,"end":4647.889},{"text":"future","start":4647.889,"end":4648.198},{"text":"work","start":4648.198,"end":4648.393},{"text":"in","start":4648.393,"end":4648.458},{"text":"this","start":4648.458,"end":4648.734},{"text":"area.","start":4648.864,"end":4649.206}]},{"text":"We invite the committee members and all interested persons to acquaint themselves with the CRP.","start":4651.73,"end":4657.991,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4651.73,"end":4651.778},{"text":"invite","start":4652.004,"end":4652.311},{"text":"the","start":4652.311,"end":4652.391},{"text":"committee","start":4652.391,"end":4652.698},{"text":"members","start":4652.73,"end":4653.182},{"text":"and","start":4653.295,"end":4653.424},{"text":"all","start":4653.521,"end":4653.569},{"text":"interested","start":4653.779,"end":4654.473},{"text":"persons","start":4655.216,"end":4655.603},{"text":"to","start":4655.619,"end":4655.716},{"text":"acquaint","start":4655.716,"end":4655.958},{"text":"themselves","start":4655.958,"end":4656.41},{"text":"with","start":4656.426,"end":4656.555},{"text":"the","start":4656.604,"end":4656.862},{"text":"CRP.","start":4657.346,"end":4657.991}]},{"text":"The bedrock of our discussions on space resources lies in the principles and norms of international law that are codified in the Outer Space Treaty, And it's articles 1, 2, 3, and 4.","start":4659.896,"end":4673.709,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 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They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4659.896,"end":4659.993},{"text":"bedrock","start":4660.316,"end":4660.784},{"text":"of","start":4660.784,"end":4660.864},{"text":"our","start":4660.864,"end":4661.01},{"text":"discussions","start":4661.01,"end":4661.446},{"text":"on","start":4661.51,"end":4661.591},{"text":"space","start":4661.591,"end":4661.931},{"text":"resources","start":4661.931,"end":4662.383},{"text":"lies","start":4662.48,"end":4662.787},{"text":"in","start":4663.127,"end":4663.191},{"text":"the","start":4663.385,"end":4663.628},{"text":"principles","start":4663.692,"end":4664.08},{"text":"and","start":4664.112,"end":4664.226},{"text":"norms","start":4664.226,"end":4664.452},{"text":"of","start":4664.452,"end":4664.533},{"text":"international","start":4664.581,"end":4665.147},{"text":"law","start":4665.147,"end":4665.308},{"text":"that","start":4665.308,"end":4665.405},{"text":"are","start":4665.405,"end":4665.551},{"text":"codified","start":4665.551,"end":4666.262},{"text":"in","start":4666.359,"end":4666.456},{"text":"the","start":4666.456,"end":4666.714},{"text":"Outer","start":4666.86,"end":4667.021},{"text":"Space","start":4667.021,"end":4667.345},{"text":"Treaty,","start":4667.345,"end":4667.797},{"text":"And","start":4670.279,"end":4670.617},{"text":"it's","start":4670.682,"end":4671.293},{"text":"articles","start":4671.487,"end":4672.115},{"text":"1,","start":4672.211,"end":4672.372},{"text":"2,","start":4672.533,"end":4672.726},{"text":"3,","start":4672.887,"end":4673.226},{"text":"and","start":4673.274,"end":4673.419},{"text":"4.","start":4673.419,"end":4673.709}]},{"text":"The Russian Federation continues to emphasize the need for developing a set of conceptual definitions for activities involving the exploration of space resources as a first step on the path to crafting and agreeing mutually acceptable international law provisions on this matter.","start":4676.43,"end":4693.371,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":4709.07,"end":4709.182},{"text":"means","start":4709.182,"end":4709.472},{"text":"that","start":4710.132,"end":4710.293},{"text":"all","start":4710.293,"end":4710.471},{"text":"international","start":4710.471,"end":4711.324},{"text":"principles","start":4713.031,"end":4713.466},{"text":"and","start":4713.466,"end":4713.595},{"text":"norms","start":4713.595,"end":4713.82},{"text":"applicable","start":4713.852,"end":4714.239},{"text":"to","start":4714.239,"end":4714.384},{"text":"outer","start":4714.4,"end":4714.513},{"text":"space","start":4714.513,"end":4714.819},{"text":"and","start":4714.819,"end":4714.899},{"text":"space","start":4714.899,"end":4715.157},{"text":"activities","start":4715.157,"end":4715.592},{"text":"are","start":4716.091,"end":4716.284},{"text":"applicable","start":4716.751,"end":4717.138},{"text":"also","start":4717.218,"end":4717.653},{"text":"to","start":4718.104,"end":4718.33},{"text":"space","start":4718.33,"end":4718.698},{"text":"resources","start":4718.698,"end":4719.199},{"text":"and","start":4719.199,"end":4719.35},{"text":"related","start":4719.35,"end":4719.701},{"text":"activities.","start":4719.701,"end":4720.103}]},{"text":"The principles should be enshrined in recommendations of the subcommittee.","start":4721.86,"end":4725.746,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4721.86,"end":4721.956},{"text":"principles","start":4721.956,"end":4722.566},{"text":"should","start":4722.759,"end":4722.952},{"text":"be","start":4723.064,"end":4723.16},{"text":"enshrined","start":4723.401,"end":4724.011},{"text":"in","start":4724.188,"end":4724.252},{"text":"recommendations","start":4724.445,"end":4725.007},{"text":"of","start":4725.007,"end":4725.135},{"text":"the","start":4725.151,"end":4725.232},{"text":"subcommittee.","start":4725.232,"end":4725.746}]},{"text":"We note that the scope of the concept space resources is not limited to the definition thereof proposed by the relevant working group for its internal 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concept of space resources is broader.","start":4737.21,"end":4739.217,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4737.21,"end":4737.451},{"text":"concept","start":4737.451,"end":4737.868},{"text":"of","start":4737.868,"end":4737.981},{"text":"space","start":4738.045,"end":4738.318},{"text":"resources","start":4738.318,"end":4738.671},{"text":"is","start":4738.671,"end":4738.783},{"text":"broader.","start":4738.896,"end":4739.217}]},{"text":"As well as mineral resources on celestial bodies, it includes other space resources, including celestial bodies.","start":4740.02,"end":4746.089,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":4740.02,"end":4740.068},{"text":"well","start":4740.164,"end":4740.277},{"text":"as","start":4740.277,"end":4740.389},{"text":"mineral","start":4740.421,"end":4740.71},{"text":"resources","start":4740.742,"end":4741.24},{"text":"on","start":4741.288,"end":4741.32},{"text":"celestial","start":4741.32,"end":4741.915},{"text":"bodies,","start":4741.931,"end":4742.171},{"text":"it","start":4742.204,"end":4742.332},{"text":"includes","start":4742.332,"end":4742.749},{"text":"other","start":4742.894,"end":4743.038},{"text":"space","start":4743.087,"end":4743.472},{"text":"resources,","start":4743.472,"end":4744.002},{"text":"including","start":4744.596,"end":4745.206},{"text":"celestial","start":4745.495,"end":4745.993},{"text":"bodies.","start":4745.993,"end":4746.089}]},{"text":"Their surface, satellite orbits, orbital and frequency resources, energy, and different forms of radiation and other resources.","start":4746.928,"end":4757.428,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Their","start":4746.928,"end":4747.203},{"text":"surface,","start":4747.348,"end":4747.994},{"text":"satellite","start":4749.205,"end":4749.964},{"text":"orbits,","start":4750.222,"end":4750.723},{"text":"orbital","start":4751.191,"end":4751.546},{"text":"and","start":4751.611,"end":4751.676},{"text":"frequency","start":4751.756,"end":4752.16},{"text":"resources,","start":4752.176,"end":4752.709},{"text":"energy,","start":4753.129,"end":4753.516},{"text":"and","start":4753.936,"end":4754.081},{"text":"different","start":4754.178,"end":4754.566},{"text":"forms","start":4754.582,"end":4754.97},{"text":"of","start":4755.146,"end":4755.371},{"text":"radiation","start":4755.725,"end":4756.175},{"text":"and","start":4756.367,"end":4756.48},{"text":"other","start":4756.673,"end":4756.817},{"text":"resources.","start":4756.914,"end":4757.428}]},{"text":"The restricted scope of the definition used in the working group does not prevent work being carried out on other types of space 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necessary to establish mechanisms for monitoring space resource exploration and use activities, including the matter of establishing liability and oversight obligations.","start":4768.822,"end":4781.332,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-registration","label":"Transparency, Information Sharing, and Registration","description":"Speakers highlighted the importance of data sharing, consultation, notification, repositories, and possible registration or monitoring systems for space activities and space resources. 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A recurring issue was how national frameworks can support innovation without conflicting with international law."}],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":4768.822,"end":4768.97},{"text":"necessary","start":4768.97,"end":4769.396},{"text":"to","start":4769.396,"end":4769.544},{"text":"establish","start":4769.544,"end":4769.921},{"text":"mechanisms","start":4770.036,"end":4770.512},{"text":"for","start":4770.626,"end":4770.79},{"text":"monitoring","start":4770.938,"end":4771.331},{"text":"space","start":4771.364,"end":4771.758},{"text":"resource","start":4771.758,"end":4773.955},{"text":"exploration","start":4772.356,"end":4773.079},{"text":"and","start":4773.079,"end":4773.255},{"text":"use","start":4773.255,"end":4773.689},{"text":"activities,","start":4774.219,"end":4774.749},{"text":"including","start":4776.065,"end":4776.675},{"text":"the","start":4777.815,"end":4777.88},{"text":"matter","start":4777.88,"end":4778.12},{"text":"of","start":4778.137,"end":4778.233},{"text":"establishing","start":4778.233,"end":4778.923},{"text":"liability","start":4779.598,"end":4780.144},{"text":"and","start":4780.144,"end":4780.288},{"text":"oversight","start":4780.32,"end":4780.738},{"text":"obligations.","start":4780.738,"end":4781.332}]},{"text":"We are particularly concerned at attempts by some delegations to legalize nationally the appropriation of extracted space mineral space resources and to establish a special legal regime for developed sectors of celestial bodies by creating security zones there.","start":4781.524,"end":4797.517,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. 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Delegations also raised protection of scientifically important sites, environmental impact assessment, and sustainable use for future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4980.718,"end":4981.264},{"text":"terms","start":4981.264,"end":4981.585},{"text":"of","start":4981.585,"end":4981.665},{"text":"sustainability","start":4981.665,"end":4982.597},{"text":"and","start":4983.094,"end":4983.319},{"text":"compliance.","start":4983.335,"end":4984.09}]},{"text":"Matters of governance of Moon activities and the use of space resources will therefore lie at the heart of the discussions.","start":4985.133,"end":4993.755,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 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aims to launch the lunar probe in or after 2028.","start":5236.02,"end":5241.993,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"JAXA","start":5236.02,"end":5236.502},{"text":"aims","start":5236.662,"end":5236.871},{"text":"to","start":5236.967,"end":5237.144},{"text":"launch","start":5237.144,"end":5237.755},{"text":"the","start":5238.847,"end":5239.264},{"text":"lunar","start":5239.04,"end":5239.36},{"text":"probe","start":5239.377,"end":5239.954},{"text":"in","start":5239.954,"end":5240.067},{"text":"or","start":5240.58,"end":5240.628},{"text":"after","start":5240.757,"end":5241.158},{"text":"2028.","start":5241.158,"end":5241.993}]},{"text":"Beyond the Moon, JAXA, in collaboration with NASA, CNES, DLR, and ESA, is developing the Martian Moons Exploration MMX spacecraft scheduled for launch in 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mission aims to achieve the world's first sample return from the Martian sphere in 2031.","start":5258.155,"end":5263.098,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5258.155,"end":5258.235},{"text":"mission","start":5258.235,"end":5258.621},{"text":"aims","start":5258.717,"end":5258.861},{"text":"to","start":5258.893,"end":5259.102},{"text":"achieve","start":5259.15,"end":5259.455},{"text":"the","start":5259.455,"end":5259.6},{"text":"world's","start":5259.6,"end":5259.921},{"text":"first","start":5259.921,"end":5260.242},{"text":"sample","start":5260.242,"end":5260.643},{"text":"return","start":5260.643,"end":5261.028},{"text":"from","start":5261.124,"end":5261.253},{"text":"the","start":5261.301,"end":5261.397},{"text":"Martian","start":5261.397,"end":5261.766},{"text":"sphere","start":5261.766,"end":5262.055},{"text":"in","start":5262.585,"end":5262.713},{"text":"2031.","start":5262.81,"end":5263.098}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank 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we look to the future, let us reaffirm our shared responsibility to maintain the peaceful exploration and the use of outer 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delegación.","start":5294.232,"end":5295.505,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Agradezco","start":5294.232,"end":5294.651},{"text":"la","start":5294.651,"end":5294.764},{"text":"delegación.","start":5295.038,"end":5295.505}]},{"text":"Thank Japan for their statement.","start":5296.263,"end":5297.939,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5296.263,"end":5296.408},{"text":"Japan","start":5296.408,"end":5296.875},{"text":"for","start":5296.972,"end":5297.085},{"text":"their","start":5297.085,"end":5297.246},{"text":"statement.","start":5297.246,"end":5297.939}]},{"text":"And now I give the floor to Canada.","start":5299.067,"end":5300.275,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5299.067,"end":5299.147},{"text":"now","start":5299.147,"end":5299.244},{"text":"I","start":5299.308,"end":5299.405},{"text":"give","start":5299.405,"end":5299.534},{"text":"the","start":5299.566,"end":5299.647},{"text":"floor","start":5299.647,"end":5299.84},{"text":"to","start":5299.84,"end":5300.033},{"text":"Canada.","start":5300.033,"end":5300.275}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":34,"start":5302.23,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=5303","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5302.23,"end":5302.503,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5302.23,"end":5302.326},{"text":"you,","start":5302.326,"end":5302.358},{"text":"Chair.","start":5302.375,"end":5302.503}]},{"text":"Article 1 of the Outer Space Treaty establishes that the exploration and use of outer space is the province of all humankind, which means it's open to everyone.","start":5303.309,"end":5313.986,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"Article","start":5303.309,"end":5303.68},{"text":"1","start":5303.696,"end":5303.841},{"text":"of","start":5304.115,"end":5304.179},{"text":"the","start":5304.179,"end":5304.308},{"text":"Outer","start":5304.421,"end":5304.534},{"text":"Space","start":5304.534,"end":5304.953},{"text":"Treaty","start":5305.066,"end":5305.372},{"text":"establishes","start":5305.549,"end":5306.178},{"text":"that","start":5306.371,"end":5306.532},{"text":"the","start":5306.532,"end":5306.693},{"text":"exploration","start":5306.919,"end":5307.579},{"text":"and","start":5307.579,"end":5307.724},{"text":"use","start":5307.724,"end":5308.079},{"text":"of","start":5308.143,"end":5308.288},{"text":"outer","start":5308.288,"end":5308.401},{"text":"space","start":5308.401,"end":5308.74},{"text":"is","start":5309.352,"end":5309.449},{"text":"the","start":5309.449,"end":5309.529},{"text":"province","start":5309.529,"end":5310.077},{"text":"of","start":5310.222,"end":5310.367},{"text":"all","start":5310.544,"end":5310.593},{"text":"humankind,","start":5310.951,"end":5311.75},{"text":"which","start":5312.354,"end":5312.484},{"text":"means","start":5312.582,"end":5312.811},{"text":"it's","start":5312.99,"end":5313.17},{"text":"open","start":5313.17,"end":5313.366},{"text":"to","start":5313.415,"end":5313.545},{"text":"everyone.","start":5313.578,"end":5313.986}]},{"text":"The use of outer space, which is open to everyone, includes the use of the resources in outer space.","start":5315.356,"end":5319.962,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":5320.267,"end":5320.636},{"text":"everyone","start":5320.989,"end":5321.31},{"text":"can","start":5321.486,"end":5321.615},{"text":"use","start":5321.647,"end":5321.903},{"text":"resources","start":5322.032,"end":5322.449},{"text":"in","start":5322.449,"end":5322.529},{"text":"outer","start":5322.529,"end":5322.689},{"text":"space,","start":5322.689,"end":5323.09},{"text":"which","start":5323.171,"end":5323.299},{"text":"includes","start":5323.395,"end":5323.941},{"text":"the","start":5324.117,"end":5324.197},{"text":"exploitation","start":5324.278,"end":5324.791},{"text":"of","start":5324.791,"end":5324.871},{"text":"such","start":5324.919,"end":5325.096},{"text":"resources","start":5325.16,"end":5325.625},{"text":"for","start":5326.443,"end":5326.796},{"text":"peaceful","start":5327.342,"end":5327.694},{"text":"purposes.","start":5327.823,"end":5328.352}]},{"text":"However, the concept of the province of humankind is not the same and is distinct from the concept of the common heritage of mankind.","start":5328.946,"end":5337.255,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"Common","start":5341.683,"end":5341.988},{"text":"heritage","start":5342.004,"end":5342.277},{"text":"of","start":5342.277,"end":5342.309},{"text":"humankind","start":5342.309,"end":5344.49},{"text":"has","start":5343.447,"end":5343.688},{"text":"a","start":5343.688,"end":5343.768},{"text":"specific","start":5343.768,"end":5344.442},{"text":"meaning","start":5344.57,"end":5344.778},{"text":"based","start":5344.907,"end":5345.147},{"text":"on","start":5345.147,"end":5345.228},{"text":"the","start":5345.228,"end":5345.308},{"text":"context","start":5345.308,"end":5345.853},{"text":"in","start":5345.869,"end":5345.917},{"text":"which","start":5346.029,"end":5346.142},{"text":"it","start":5346.254,"end":5346.334},{"text":"is","start":5346.334,"end":5346.43},{"text":"used.","start":5346.43,"end":5346.911}]},{"text":"Under the Moon Agreement, common heritage of mankind— or humankind, sorry— relates to the Moon and its natural resources and finds its expression in the provisions of that agreement, and in particular paragraph 5 of Article 11 of the Moon Agreement.","start":5347.777,"end":5360.607,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"Under","start":5347.777,"end":5347.938},{"text":"the","start":5347.938,"end":5348.002},{"text":"Moon","start":5348.002,"end":5348.21},{"text":"Agreement,","start":5348.21,"end":5348.659},{"text":"common","start":5349.301,"end":5349.525},{"text":"heritage","start":5349.541,"end":5349.878},{"text":"of","start":5349.878,"end":5350.007},{"text":"mankind—","start":5350.023,"end":5350.648},{"text":"or","start":5350.744,"end":5350.792},{"text":"humankind,","start":5350.824,"end":5351.306},{"text":"sorry—","start":5351.322,"end":5351.69},{"text":"relates","start":5351.947,"end":5352.268},{"text":"to","start":5352.268,"end":5352.316},{"text":"the","start":5352.364,"end":5352.428},{"text":"Moon","start":5352.428,"end":5352.637},{"text":"and","start":5352.749,"end":5352.845},{"text":"its","start":5352.845,"end":5352.989},{"text":"natural","start":5352.989,"end":5353.246},{"text":"resources","start":5353.246,"end":5353.695},{"text":"and","start":5353.888,"end":5353.952},{"text":"finds","start":5354.032,"end":5354.256},{"text":"its","start":5354.304,"end":5354.449},{"text":"expression","start":5354.449,"end":5354.978},{"text":"in","start":5355.491,"end":5355.539},{"text":"the","start":5355.555,"end":5355.636},{"text":"provisions","start":5355.636,"end":5356.053},{"text":"of","start":5356.053,"end":5356.213},{"text":"that","start":5356.213,"end":5356.389},{"text":"agreement,","start":5356.389,"end":5356.79},{"text":"and","start":5356.854,"end":5356.919},{"text":"in","start":5356.935,"end":5357.015},{"text":"particular","start":5357.015,"end":5357.688},{"text":"paragraph","start":5357.72,"end":5358.089},{"text":"5","start":5358.282,"end":5358.667},{"text":"of","start":5358.795,"end":5358.907},{"text":"Article","start":5359.003,"end":5359.292},{"text":"11","start":5359.308,"end":5359.709},{"text":"of","start":5359.901,"end":5360.014},{"text":"the","start":5360.046,"end":5360.126},{"text":"Moon","start":5360.126,"end":5360.238},{"text":"Agreement.","start":5360.238,"end":5360.607}]},{"text":"Most states are not party to the Moon Agreement.","start":5361.184,"end":5363.574,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Most","start":5361.184,"end":5361.489},{"text":"states","start":5361.489,"end":5361.826},{"text":"are","start":5361.97,"end":5362.002},{"text":"not","start":5362.002,"end":5362.227},{"text":"party","start":5362.227,"end":5362.596},{"text":"to","start":5362.788,"end":5362.868},{"text":"the","start":5362.868,"end":5362.948},{"text":"Moon","start":5362.948,"end":5363.077},{"text":"Agreement.","start":5363.125,"end":5363.574}]},{"text":"Therefore, the concept of common heritage of humankind is undefined and inapplicable applicable for most states.","start":5363.975,"end":5369.814,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":5363.975,"end":5364.344},{"text":"the","start":5364.632,"end":5364.777},{"text":"concept","start":5364.777,"end":5365.274},{"text":"of","start":5365.274,"end":5365.37},{"text":"common","start":5365.418,"end":5365.723},{"text":"heritage","start":5365.739,"end":5366.06},{"text":"of","start":5366.06,"end":5366.092},{"text":"humankind","start":5366.092,"end":5366.685},{"text":"is","start":5367.278,"end":5367.327},{"text":"undefined","start":5367.519,"end":5368.209},{"text":"and","start":5368.241,"end":5368.305},{"text":"inapplicable","start":5368.337,"end":5370.518},{"text":"applicable","start":5368.61,"end":5369.043},{"text":"for","start":5369.043,"end":5369.171},{"text":"most","start":5369.171,"end":5369.332},{"text":"states.","start":5369.364,"end":5369.814}]},{"text":"However, that does not mean that space resources are completely unregulated by the existing international space law.","start":5370.408,"end":5376.012,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5370.408,"end":5370.793},{"text":"that","start":5371.13,"end":5371.355},{"text":"does","start":5371.355,"end":5371.5},{"text":"not","start":5371.532,"end":5371.724},{"text":"mean","start":5371.837,"end":5371.997},{"text":"that","start":5371.997,"end":5372.078},{"text":"space","start":5372.078,"end":5372.399},{"text":"resources","start":5372.415,"end":5372.752},{"text":"are","start":5372.977,"end":5373.057},{"text":"completely","start":5373.057,"end":5373.667},{"text":"unregulated","start":5373.78,"end":5374.47},{"text":"by","start":5374.502,"end":5374.647},{"text":"the","start":5374.647,"end":5374.727},{"text":"existing","start":5374.727,"end":5375.112},{"text":"international","start":5375.209,"end":5375.642},{"text":"space","start":5375.642,"end":5375.947},{"text":"law.","start":5375.947,"end":5376.012}]},{"text":"As mentioned, Article 1 makes the use of space resources available to everyone.","start":5376.814,"end":5380.973,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. 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Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"Article","start":5381.647,"end":5381.953},{"text":"2","start":5381.985,"end":5382.274},{"text":"establishes","start":5382.37,"end":5382.9},{"text":"that","start":5383.478,"end":5383.671},{"text":"outer","start":5383.96,"end":5384.072},{"text":"space","start":5384.072,"end":5384.409},{"text":"is","start":5384.634,"end":5384.762},{"text":"not","start":5384.762,"end":5384.891},{"text":"subject","start":5384.939,"end":5385.421},{"text":"to","start":5385.421,"end":5385.501},{"text":"national","start":5385.501,"end":5385.854},{"text":"appropriation,","start":5385.886,"end":5386.545},{"text":"further","start":5386.93,"end":5387.476},{"text":"reinforcing","start":5387.492,"end":5388.102},{"text":"the","start":5388.311,"end":5388.391},{"text":"concept","start":5388.391,"end":5389.017},{"text":"that","start":5389.274,"end":5389.419},{"text":"space","start":5389.419,"end":5389.628},{"text":"resources","start":5389.756,"end":5390.125},{"text":"are","start":5390.318,"end":5390.398},{"text":"available","start":5390.398,"end":5390.687},{"text":"for","start":5390.719,"end":5390.864},{"text":"use","start":5390.944,"end":5391.089},{"text":"by","start":5391.281,"end":5391.426},{"text":"all.","start":5391.506,"end":5391.554}]},{"text":"And there are many other provisions of the existing legal framework which are directly applicable to space resource activities.","start":5392.165,"end":5397.267,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5392.165,"end":5392.229},{"text":"there","start":5392.229,"end":5392.325},{"text":"are","start":5392.325,"end":5392.357},{"text":"many","start":5392.357,"end":5392.694},{"text":"other","start":5392.791,"end":5392.967},{"text":"provisions","start":5393.032,"end":5393.465},{"text":"of","start":5393.465,"end":5393.529},{"text":"the","start":5393.529,"end":5393.61},{"text":"existing","start":5393.61,"end":5393.979},{"text":"legal","start":5394.011,"end":5396.034},{"text":"framework","start":5394.14,"end":5394.492},{"text":"which","start":5394.492,"end":5394.653},{"text":"are","start":5394.653,"end":5394.733},{"text":"directly","start":5394.733,"end":5395.262},{"text":"applicable","start":5395.374,"end":5395.823},{"text":"to","start":5396.016,"end":5396.096},{"text":"space","start":5396.096,"end":5396.417},{"text":"resource","start":5396.417,"end":5396.802},{"text":"activities.","start":5396.802,"end":5397.267}]},{"text":"The Working Group on Space Resource Activities is carrying out the important task of elaborating guiding principles to assist states in implementing this existing legal framework in the context of space resource activities.","start":5398.421,"end":5410.498,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5398.421,"end":5398.566},{"text":"Working","start":5398.566,"end":5398.806},{"text":"Group","start":5398.806,"end":5398.983},{"text":"on","start":5398.983,"end":5399.127},{"text":"Space","start":5399.127,"end":5399.336},{"text":"Resource","start":5399.448,"end":5399.785},{"text":"Activities","start":5399.785,"end":5400.234},{"text":"is","start":5400.346,"end":5400.442},{"text":"carrying","start":5400.49,"end":5400.715},{"text":"out","start":5400.747,"end":5400.891},{"text":"the","start":5400.891,"end":5400.971},{"text":"important","start":5400.971,"end":5401.372},{"text":"task","start":5401.372,"end":5401.821},{"text":"of","start":5401.934,"end":5401.982},{"text":"elaborating","start":5402.03,"end":5402.559},{"text":"guiding","start":5402.816,"end":5403.12},{"text":"principles","start":5403.153,"end":5403.65},{"text":"to","start":5403.778,"end":5403.89},{"text":"assist","start":5403.89,"end":5404.275},{"text":"states","start":5404.275,"end":5404.692},{"text":"in","start":5405.077,"end":5405.205},{"text":"implementing","start":5405.302,"end":5405.751},{"text":"this","start":5406.023,"end":5406.151},{"text":"existing","start":5406.296,"end":5406.809},{"text":"legal","start":5407.001,"end":5407.242},{"text":"framework","start":5407.242,"end":5407.723},{"text":"in","start":5408.669,"end":5408.766},{"text":"the","start":5408.766,"end":5408.814},{"text":"context","start":5408.846,"end":5409.327},{"text":"of","start":5409.327,"end":5409.423},{"text":"space","start":5409.423,"end":5409.728},{"text":"resource","start":5409.728,"end":5410.017},{"text":"activities.","start":5410.113,"end":5410.498}]},{"text":"The Canadian delegation welcomes the latest draft set of recommended principles for space resource activities and extends a special welcome back to its chair, Steve Stephen Freeland.","start":5411.396,"end":5420.29,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5411.396,"end":5411.476},{"text":"Canadian","start":5411.476,"end":5411.813},{"text":"delegation","start":5411.813,"end":5412.262},{"text":"welcomes","start":5412.374,"end":5412.743},{"text":"the","start":5412.775,"end":5412.871},{"text":"latest","start":5412.919,"end":5413.256},{"text":"draft","start":5413.256,"end":5413.513},{"text":"set","start":5413.513,"end":5413.721},{"text":"of","start":5413.721,"end":5413.801},{"text":"recommended","start":5413.801,"end":5414.138},{"text":"principles","start":5414.138,"end":5414.667},{"text":"for","start":5414.683,"end":5414.812},{"text":"space","start":5414.812,"end":5415.1},{"text":"resource","start":5415.1,"end":5415.421},{"text":"activities","start":5415.421,"end":5415.95},{"text":"and","start":5416.688,"end":5416.768},{"text":"extends","start":5416.784,"end":5417.121},{"text":"a","start":5417.121,"end":5417.185},{"text":"special","start":5417.185,"end":5417.682},{"text":"welcome","start":5417.73,"end":5418.051},{"text":"back","start":5418.067,"end":5418.404},{"text":"to","start":5418.468,"end":5418.613},{"text":"its","start":5418.645,"end":5418.853},{"text":"chair,","start":5418.853,"end":5419.142},{"text":"Steve","start":5419.767,"end":5421.772},{"text":"Stephen","start":5419.88,"end":5419.994},{"text":"Freeland.","start":5419.994,"end":5420.29}]},{"text":"We are very pleased to have you with us at the 65th session of the Legal Subcommittee.","start":5421.143,"end":5424.164,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5421.143,"end":5421.242},{"text":"are","start":5421.242,"end":5421.308},{"text":"very","start":5421.308,"end":5421.505},{"text":"pleased","start":5421.554,"end":5421.833},{"text":"to","start":5421.833,"end":5421.948},{"text":"have","start":5421.948,"end":5422.046},{"text":"you","start":5422.046,"end":5422.145},{"text":"with","start":5422.194,"end":5422.375},{"text":"us","start":5422.375,"end":5422.424},{"text":"at","start":5422.457,"end":5422.539},{"text":"the","start":5422.539,"end":5422.637},{"text":"65th","start":5422.637,"end":5423.08},{"text":"session","start":5423.13,"end":5423.409},{"text":"of","start":5423.458,"end":5423.524},{"text":"the","start":5423.524,"end":5423.671},{"text":"Legal","start":5423.671,"end":5423.868},{"text":"Subcommittee.","start":5423.868,"end":5424.164}]},{"text":"We also wish to welcome the Vice Chair, Dr. Ahmed, to the first full session of the LSC in his new role.","start":5426.28,"end":5432.113,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5426.28,"end":5426.377},{"text":"also","start":5426.377,"end":5426.685},{"text":"wish","start":5426.701,"end":5426.863},{"text":"to","start":5426.879,"end":5427.009},{"text":"welcome","start":5427.041,"end":5427.527},{"text":"the","start":5428.094,"end":5428.176},{"text":"Vice","start":5428.176,"end":5428.483},{"text":"Chair,","start":5428.483,"end":5428.775},{"text":"Dr.","start":5428.84,"end":5429.115},{"text":"Ahmed,","start":5429.229,"end":5429.407},{"text":"to","start":5429.472,"end":5429.569},{"text":"the","start":5429.569,"end":5429.65},{"text":"first","start":5429.699,"end":5430.007},{"text":"full","start":5430.023,"end":5430.282},{"text":"session","start":5430.282,"end":5430.606},{"text":"of","start":5430.606,"end":5430.655},{"text":"the","start":5430.655,"end":5430.849},{"text":"LSC","start":5430.93,"end":5431.433},{"text":"in","start":5431.498,"end":5431.546},{"text":"his","start":5431.579,"end":5431.708},{"text":"new","start":5431.838,"end":5432.032},{"text":"role.","start":5432.049,"end":5432.113}]},{"text":"In closing, there's another aspect of space resources that deserves special attention, and that is national regulation.","start":5433.276,"end":5438.898,"topics":[{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. A recurring issue was how national frameworks can support innovation without conflicting with international law."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5433.276,"end":5433.356},{"text":"closing,","start":5433.356,"end":5433.743},{"text":"there's","start":5434.403,"end":5434.516},{"text":"another","start":5434.516,"end":5434.806},{"text":"aspect","start":5434.806,"end":5435.161},{"text":"of","start":5435.161,"end":5435.225},{"text":"space","start":5435.225,"end":5435.547},{"text":"resources","start":5435.547,"end":5435.998},{"text":"that","start":5436.047,"end":5436.192},{"text":"deserves","start":5436.192,"end":5436.482},{"text":"special","start":5436.578,"end":5436.997},{"text":"attention,","start":5436.997,"end":5437.4},{"text":"and","start":5437.481,"end":5437.545},{"text":"that","start":5437.561,"end":5437.883},{"text":"is","start":5437.883,"end":5437.932},{"text":"national","start":5438.028,"end":5438.431},{"text":"regulation.","start":5438.431,"end":5438.898}]},{"text":"The Outer Space Treaty requires the space activities, including space resource activities, of non- non-governmental entities to be authorized and continuously supervised by the appropriate state party to the treaty.","start":5440.172,"end":5450.572,"topics":[{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. A recurring issue was how national frameworks can support innovation without conflicting with international law."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5440.172,"end":5440.236},{"text":"Outer","start":5440.252,"end":5440.414},{"text":"Space","start":5440.414,"end":5440.672},{"text":"Treaty","start":5440.672,"end":5440.865},{"text":"requires","start":5440.962,"end":5441.51},{"text":"the","start":5441.687,"end":5441.768},{"text":"space","start":5441.768,"end":5441.978},{"text":"activities,","start":5442.107,"end":5442.639},{"text":"including","start":5442.913,"end":5443.235},{"text":"space","start":5443.235,"end":5443.622},{"text":"resource","start":5443.622,"end":5443.912},{"text":"activities,","start":5444.025,"end":5444.573},{"text":"of","start":5445.089,"end":5445.234},{"text":"non-","start":5445.234,"end":5447.234},{"text":"non-governmental","start":5445.41,"end":5445.971},{"text":"entities","start":5446.003,"end":5446.371},{"text":"to","start":5446.468,"end":5446.548},{"text":"be","start":5446.548,"end":5446.596},{"text":"authorized","start":5446.788,"end":5447.333},{"text":"and","start":5447.429,"end":5447.51},{"text":"continuously","start":5447.59,"end":5448.151},{"text":"supervised","start":5448.151,"end":5448.776},{"text":"by","start":5449.049,"end":5449.129},{"text":"the","start":5449.129,"end":5449.177},{"text":"appropriate","start":5449.177,"end":5449.546},{"text":"state","start":5449.546,"end":5449.85},{"text":"party","start":5449.85,"end":5450.091},{"text":"to","start":5450.091,"end":5450.235},{"text":"the","start":5450.235,"end":5450.315},{"text":"treaty.","start":5450.315,"end":5450.572}]},{"text":"Therefore, a state must have some form of legal framework in place if non-governmental entities under its jurisdiction plan to engage in such activities.","start":5451.453,"end":5460.238,"topics":[{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. 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Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":5469.569,"end":5469.649},{"text":"the","start":5469.649,"end":5469.793},{"text":"contrary,","start":5469.793,"end":5470.178},{"text":"it","start":5470.37,"end":5470.434},{"text":"represents","start":5470.434,"end":5470.947},{"text":"a","start":5470.947,"end":5470.979},{"text":"strict","start":5471.06,"end":5471.476},{"text":"compliance","start":5471.476,"end":5472.15},{"text":"with","start":5472.214,"end":5472.374},{"text":"the","start":5472.374,"end":5472.486},{"text":"Outer","start":5472.534,"end":5472.711},{"text":"Space","start":5472.711,"end":5472.967},{"text":"Treaty","start":5473.176,"end":5473.496},{"text":"and","start":5473.977,"end":5474.041},{"text":"respect","start":5474.137,"end":5474.763},{"text":"for","start":5474.763,"end":5474.891},{"text":"the","start":5474.891,"end":5475.003},{"text":"obligations","start":5475.019,"end":5475.628},{"text":"therein.","start":5475.644,"end":5475.981}]},{"text":"It is also consistent with UN General Assembly Resolution 6874 of 2013 entitled Recommendations on National Legislation Relevant to the Peaceful Exploration and Use of Outer Space, which was developed by this legal subcommittee.","start":5476.783,"end":5489.992,"topics":[{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. 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Brazil.","start":5722.699,"end":5728.059,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5722.699,"end":5722.78},{"text":"thank","start":5722.78,"end":5723.185},{"text":"China","start":5723.185,"end":5723.606},{"text":"for","start":5723.606,"end":5723.848},{"text":"their","start":5723.848,"end":5723.946},{"text":"statement,","start":5723.946,"end":5724.707},{"text":"and","start":5725.225,"end":5725.29},{"text":"now","start":5725.306,"end":5725.468},{"text":"I","start":5726.763,"end":5726.78},{"text":"give","start":5726.925,"end":5727.136},{"text":"the","start":5727.152,"end":5727.249},{"text":"floor","start":5727.249,"end":5727.557},{"text":"to","start":5727.557,"end":5727.622},{"text":"Brazil.","start":5727.654,"end":5728.059}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":38,"start":5729.09,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=5730","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchas gracias, señor presidente.","start":5729.09,"end":5730.183,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchas","start":5729.09,"end":5729.189},{"text":"gracias,","start":5729.189,"end":5729.603},{"text":"señor","start":5729.62,"end":5730.001},{"text":"presidente.","start":5730.001,"end":5730.183}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5730.694,"end":5731.594,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5730.694,"end":5731.015},{"text":"you,","start":5731.015,"end":5731.176},{"text":"Chair.","start":5731.24,"end":5731.594}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"At the outset, my delegation wishes to express its appreciation for your leadership of the Legal Subcommittee and to commend the Chair and Co-Chair of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities for their dedication, professionalism, and 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has been closely following the work of the Working group welcomes the progress achieved so far and recognizes the working group as the appropriate multilateral forum to address the legal aspects of space resource activities in a manner consistent with existing international space law.","start":5752.827,"end":5772.071,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."},{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"Brazil","start":5752.827,"end":5753.215},{"text":"has","start":5753.231,"end":5753.377},{"text":"been","start":5753.409,"end":5753.651},{"text":"closely","start":5753.651,"end":5754.055},{"text":"following","start":5754.055,"end":5754.589},{"text":"the","start":5754.621,"end":5754.766},{"text":"work","start":5754.766,"end":5755.17},{"text":"of","start":5755.17,"end":5755.316},{"text":"the","start":5755.348,"end":5755.396},{"text":"Working","start":5755.429,"end":5755.8},{"text":"group","start":5755.79,"end":5755.982},{"text":"welcomes","start":5756.448,"end":5756.913},{"text":"the","start":5757.09,"end":5757.267},{"text":"progress","start":5757.267,"end":5757.781},{"text":"achieved","start":5757.973,"end":5758.294},{"text":"so","start":5758.294,"end":5758.471},{"text":"far","start":5758.535,"end":5758.904},{"text":"and","start":5759.354,"end":5759.434},{"text":"recognizes","start":5759.434,"end":5760.109},{"text":"the","start":5760.221,"end":5760.285},{"text":"working","start":5760.301,"end":5760.606},{"text":"group","start":5760.639,"end":5761.056},{"text":"as","start":5761.12,"end":5761.249},{"text":"the","start":5761.281,"end":5761.345},{"text":"appropriate","start":5761.345,"end":5762.068},{"text":"multilateral","start":5762.068,"end":5762.742},{"text":"forum","start":5762.742,"end":5763.256},{"text":"to","start":5764.091,"end":5764.187},{"text":"address","start":5764.187,"end":5764.524},{"text":"the","start":5764.813,"end":5764.958},{"text":"legal","start":5764.974,"end":5765.295},{"text":"aspects","start":5765.295,"end":5765.937},{"text":"of","start":5766.018,"end":5766.098},{"text":"space","start":5766.098,"end":5766.483},{"text":"resource","start":5766.483,"end":5766.82},{"text":"activities","start":5766.82,"end":5767.511},{"text":"in","start":5767.96,"end":5768.089},{"text":"a","start":5768.089,"end":5768.121},{"text":"manner","start":5768.121,"end":5768.506},{"text":"consistent","start":5768.811,"end":5769.727},{"text":"with","start":5769.871,"end":5770.144},{"text":"existing","start":5770.176,"end":5770.738},{"text":"international","start":5770.754,"end":5771.541},{"text":"space","start":5771.541,"end":5771.975},{"text":"law.","start":5772.023,"end":5772.071}]},{"text":"We fully support the initiative to discuss a draft set of initial recommended principles, which we see as valuable first step towards a current international framework for space resource activities.","start":5773.227,"end":5786.976,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5773.227,"end":5773.323},{"text":"fully","start":5773.323,"end":5773.741},{"text":"support","start":5773.741,"end":5774.592},{"text":"the","start":5774.592,"end":5774.688},{"text":"initiative","start":5774.688,"end":5775.379},{"text":"to","start":5775.475,"end":5775.571},{"text":"discuss","start":5775.571,"end":5776.149},{"text":"a","start":5776.149,"end":5776.165},{"text":"draft","start":5776.294,"end":5776.615},{"text":"set","start":5776.615,"end":5777.193},{"text":"of","start":5777.418,"end":5777.546},{"text":"initial","start":5777.594,"end":5778.092},{"text":"recommended","start":5778.205,"end":5778.911},{"text":"principles,","start":5779.007,"end":5779.601},{"text":"which","start":5780.388,"end":5780.597},{"text":"we","start":5780.629,"end":5780.725},{"text":"see","start":5780.725,"end":5781.047},{"text":"as","start":5781.191,"end":5781.239},{"text":"valuable","start":5781.416,"end":5781.816},{"text":"first","start":5781.816,"end":5782.169},{"text":"step","start":5782.169,"end":5782.65},{"text":"towards","start":5782.778,"end":5783.275},{"text":"a","start":5783.275,"end":5783.355},{"text":"current","start":5783.355,"end":5783.851},{"text":"international","start":5783.851,"end":5784.701},{"text":"framework","start":5784.701,"end":5785.342},{"text":"for","start":5785.342,"end":5785.518},{"text":"space","start":5785.518,"end":5785.983},{"text":"resource","start":5785.983,"end":5786.431},{"text":"activities.","start":5786.463,"end":5786.976}]},{"text":"Brazil also commends all participating delegations for their constructive spirit that has guided these discussions.","start":5788.226,"end":5796.783,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Brazil","start":5788.226,"end":5788.595},{"text":"also","start":5789.188,"end":5789.364},{"text":"commends","start":5789.428,"end":5789.893},{"text":"all","start":5790.229,"end":5790.277},{"text":"participating","start":5790.406,"end":5791.095},{"text":"delegations","start":5791.127,"end":5791.736},{"text":"for","start":5791.912,"end":5792.024},{"text":"their","start":5792.088,"end":5792.264},{"text":"constructive","start":5792.489,"end":5793.771},{"text":"spirit","start":5793.771,"end":5794.428},{"text":"that","start":5794.973,"end":5795.197},{"text":"has","start":5795.197,"end":5795.341},{"text":"guided","start":5795.437,"end":5795.822},{"text":"these","start":5795.854,"end":5795.982},{"text":"discussions.","start":5796.094,"end":5796.783}]},{"text":"Chair, the current international legal framework is not by itself sufficient to address all the challenges posed by the prospective use of space resources.","start":5797.761,"end":5809.207,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":5797.761,"end":5798.017},{"text":"the","start":5798.899,"end":5799.059},{"text":"current","start":5799.059,"end":5799.46},{"text":"international","start":5799.46,"end":5800.085},{"text":"legal","start":5800.085,"end":5800.357},{"text":"framework","start":5800.357,"end":5801.078},{"text":"is","start":5801.703,"end":5801.767},{"text":"not","start":5801.927,"end":5802.264},{"text":"by","start":5802.264,"end":5802.44},{"text":"itself","start":5802.44,"end":5803.001},{"text":"sufficient","start":5803.001,"end":5803.69},{"text":"to","start":5803.69,"end":5803.786},{"text":"address","start":5803.786,"end":5804.283},{"text":"all","start":5805.213,"end":5805.261},{"text":"the","start":5805.469,"end":5805.661},{"text":"challenges","start":5805.934,"end":5806.318},{"text":"posed","start":5806.43,"end":5806.719},{"text":"by","start":5806.751,"end":5806.911},{"text":"the","start":5806.911,"end":5807.264},{"text":"prospective","start":5807.12,"end":5807.601},{"text":"use","start":5807.698,"end":5808.051},{"text":"of","start":5808.34,"end":5808.404},{"text":"space","start":5808.436,"end":5808.741},{"text":"resources.","start":5808.757,"end":5809.207}]},{"text":"The absence of clear multilateral agreed rules may generate legal uncertainty and increase the risks of fragmentation, unilateral approaches, and potential disputes.","start":5810.202,"end":5821.185,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5810.202,"end":5810.267},{"text":"absence","start":5810.267,"end":5810.78},{"text":"of","start":5810.78,"end":5810.893},{"text":"clear","start":5811.005,"end":5811.519},{"text":"multilateral","start":5811.567,"end":5812.29},{"text":"agreed","start":5812.29,"end":5812.739},{"text":"rules","start":5812.836,"end":5813.141},{"text":"may","start":5813.414,"end":5813.494},{"text":"generate","start":5813.558,"end":5814.136},{"text":"legal","start":5814.136,"end":5814.441},{"text":"uncertainty","start":5814.441,"end":5815.068},{"text":"and","start":5815.565,"end":5815.742},{"text":"increase","start":5815.742,"end":5816.127},{"text":"the","start":5816.143,"end":5816.224},{"text":"risks","start":5816.288,"end":5816.561},{"text":"of","start":5816.641,"end":5816.753},{"text":"fragmentation,","start":5816.786,"end":5817.637},{"text":"unilateral","start":5818.215,"end":5819.017},{"text":"approaches,","start":5819.017,"end":5819.563},{"text":"and","start":5819.836,"end":5819.901},{"text":"potential","start":5819.997,"end":5820.527},{"text":"disputes.","start":5820.543,"end":5821.185}]},{"text":"In this context, Brazil recalls that its recently adopted law on space activities expressly foresees the possibility of space resources activities.","start":5822.165,"end":5831.526,"topics":[{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. A recurring issue was how national frameworks can support innovation without conflicting with international law."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5822.165,"end":5822.245},{"text":"this","start":5822.245,"end":5822.341},{"text":"context,","start":5822.405,"end":5822.871},{"text":"Brazil","start":5822.887,"end":5823.208},{"text":"recalls","start":5823.208,"end":5823.738},{"text":"that","start":5823.915,"end":5824.107},{"text":"its","start":5824.107,"end":5824.332},{"text":"recently","start":5824.332,"end":5824.782},{"text":"adopted","start":5824.798,"end":5825.424},{"text":"law","start":5825.44,"end":5825.569},{"text":"on","start":5825.938,"end":5826.018},{"text":"space","start":5826.034,"end":5826.436},{"text":"activities","start":5826.564,"end":5827.19},{"text":"expressly","start":5827.19,"end":5828.346},{"text":"foresees","start":5828.507,"end":5829.197},{"text":"the","start":5829.294,"end":5829.39},{"text":"possibility","start":5829.39,"end":5830},{"text":"of","start":5830.032,"end":5830.161},{"text":"space","start":5830.177,"end":5830.514},{"text":"resources","start":5830.514,"end":5830.964},{"text":"activities.","start":5830.996,"end":5831.526}]},{"text":"However, we emphasize that Brazil does not intend to proceed with detailed domestic regulation in this area in the absence of a broad and internationally agreed understanding.","start":5832.65,"end":5844.772,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."},{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. A recurring issue was how national frameworks can support innovation without conflicting with international law."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":5832.65,"end":5832.971},{"text":"we","start":5833.388,"end":5833.484},{"text":"emphasize","start":5833.645,"end":5834.255},{"text":"that","start":5834.673,"end":5834.769},{"text":"Brazil","start":5834.769,"end":5835.331},{"text":"does","start":5835.331,"end":5835.459},{"text":"not","start":5835.652,"end":5835.957},{"text":"intend","start":5835.957,"end":5836.31},{"text":"to","start":5836.31,"end":5836.455},{"text":"proceed","start":5836.455,"end":5837.065},{"text":"with","start":5837.643,"end":5837.82},{"text":"detailed","start":5837.82,"end":5838.51},{"text":"domestic","start":5838.558,"end":5839.04},{"text":"regulation","start":5839.104,"end":5839.634},{"text":"in","start":5839.666,"end":5839.747},{"text":"this","start":5839.747,"end":5839.875},{"text":"area","start":5840.052,"end":5840.421},{"text":"in","start":5841.047,"end":5841.127},{"text":"the","start":5841.176,"end":5841.24},{"text":"absence","start":5841.256,"end":5841.689},{"text":"of","start":5841.754,"end":5841.882},{"text":"a","start":5841.93,"end":5841.946},{"text":"broad","start":5842.075,"end":5842.572},{"text":"and","start":5842.701,"end":5842.878},{"text":"internationally","start":5842.878,"end":5843.568},{"text":"agreed","start":5843.6,"end":5844.05},{"text":"understanding.","start":5844.098,"end":5844.772}]},{"text":"We firmly believe that issues related to space resources should be addressed primarily through a multilateral process with a view to achieving consensus-based outcomes under the auspices of the United Nations.","start":5845.671,"end":5857.939,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5845.671,"end":5845.768},{"text":"firmly","start":5845.768,"end":5846.169},{"text":"believe","start":5846.249,"end":5846.619},{"text":"that","start":5846.651,"end":5846.844},{"text":"issues","start":5846.972,"end":5847.261},{"text":"related","start":5847.357,"end":5847.775},{"text":"to","start":5847.775,"end":5847.935},{"text":"space","start":5847.935,"end":5848.321},{"text":"resources","start":5848.321,"end":5848.706},{"text":"should","start":5848.819,"end":5848.995},{"text":"be","start":5849.059,"end":5849.188},{"text":"addressed","start":5849.204,"end":5849.67},{"text":"primarily","start":5849.702,"end":5850.151},{"text":"through","start":5850.424,"end":5850.633},{"text":"a","start":5850.649,"end":5850.681},{"text":"multilateral","start":5850.681,"end":5851.596},{"text":"process","start":5851.612,"end":5851.982},{"text":"with","start":5852.656,"end":5852.833},{"text":"a","start":5852.833,"end":5852.913},{"text":"view","start":5852.913,"end":5853.218},{"text":"to","start":5853.218,"end":5853.314},{"text":"achieving","start":5853.314,"end":5853.764},{"text":"consensus-based","start":5853.796,"end":5854.808},{"text":"outcomes","start":5854.92,"end":5855.45},{"text":"under","start":5855.787,"end":5855.964},{"text":"the","start":5855.964,"end":5856.124},{"text":"auspices","start":5856.124,"end":5856.767},{"text":"of","start":5856.767,"end":5856.895},{"text":"the","start":5857.007,"end":5857.088},{"text":"United","start":5857.088,"end":5857.569},{"text":"Nations.","start":5857.569,"end":5857.939}]},{"text":"Chair, Brazil therefore fully supports the continuation of discussions with the Working Group on key elements of the draft principles.","start":5858.758,"end":5866.69,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":5858.758,"end":5858.95},{"text":"Brazil","start":5859.721,"end":5860.058},{"text":"therefore","start":5860.058,"end":5860.476},{"text":"fully","start":5860.54,"end":5860.877},{"text":"supports","start":5860.877,"end":5861.439},{"text":"the","start":5861.439,"end":5861.584},{"text":"continuation","start":5861.584,"end":5862.29},{"text":"of","start":5862.29,"end":5862.435},{"text":"discussions","start":5862.467,"end":5862.996},{"text":"with","start":5863.093,"end":5863.334},{"text":"the","start":5863.334,"end":5863.414},{"text":"Working","start":5863.414,"end":5863.751},{"text":"Group","start":5863.751,"end":5864.088},{"text":"on","start":5864.249,"end":5864.361},{"text":"key","start":5864.458,"end":5864.698},{"text":"elements","start":5864.698,"end":5865.228},{"text":"of","start":5865.598,"end":5865.726},{"text":"the","start":5865.758,"end":5865.839},{"text":"draft","start":5865.839,"end":5866.24},{"text":"principles.","start":5866.24,"end":5866.69}]},{"text":"We underline the need to continue discussions on benefit sharing, taking into account all possible mechanisms and modalities that have been proposed, and on data sharing, bearing in mind the importance of bridging the information gap between countries whose space programs are in different stages of development.","start":5867.589,"end":5888.077,"topics":[{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. 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Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5867.589,"end":5867.685},{"text":"underline","start":5867.749,"end":5868.247},{"text":"the","start":5868.247,"end":5868.343},{"text":"need","start":5868.343,"end":5868.632},{"text":"to","start":5868.632,"end":5868.729},{"text":"continue","start":5868.729,"end":5869.146},{"text":"discussions","start":5869.21,"end":5869.821},{"text":"on","start":5870.559,"end":5870.623},{"text":"benefit","start":5870.736,"end":5871.217},{"text":"sharing,","start":5871.217,"end":5871.667},{"text":"taking","start":5872.165,"end":5872.55},{"text":"into","start":5872.582,"end":5872.679},{"text":"account","start":5872.759,"end":5873.208},{"text":"all","start":5873.289,"end":5873.337},{"text":"possible","start":5873.449,"end":5873.947},{"text":"mechanisms","start":5873.947,"end":5874.638},{"text":"and","start":5874.654,"end":5874.75},{"text":"modalities","start":5874.75,"end":5875.392},{"text":"that","start":5875.633,"end":5875.745},{"text":"have","start":5875.858,"end":5876.083},{"text":"been","start":5876.115,"end":5876.323},{"text":"proposed,","start":5876.356,"end":5876.885},{"text":"and","start":5877.624,"end":5877.977},{"text":"on","start":5878.266,"end":5878.411},{"text":"data","start":5878.748,"end":5879.069},{"text":"sharing,","start":5879.069,"end":5879.455},{"text":"bearing","start":5879.808,"end":5880.016},{"text":"in","start":5880.033,"end":5880.177},{"text":"mind","start":5880.209,"end":5880.611},{"text":"the","start":5880.611,"end":5880.707},{"text":"importance","start":5880.851,"end":5881.429},{"text":"of","start":5881.478,"end":5881.622},{"text":"bridging","start":5881.735,"end":5882.104},{"text":"the","start":5882.377,"end":5882.457},{"text":"information","start":5882.457,"end":5883.051},{"text":"gap","start":5883.099,"end":5883.34},{"text":"between","start":5883.34,"end":5883.854},{"text":"countries","start":5883.742,"end":5884.191},{"text":"whose","start":5884.785,"end":5884.994},{"text":"space","start":5885.026,"end":5885.524},{"text":"programs","start":5885.572,"end":5885.957},{"text":"are","start":5886.214,"end":5886.263},{"text":"in","start":5886.311,"end":5886.439},{"text":"different","start":5886.471,"end":5886.857},{"text":"stages","start":5886.857,"end":5887.162},{"text":"of","start":5887.258,"end":5887.37},{"text":"development.","start":5887.435,"end":5888.077}]},{"text":"Such discussions should remain inclusive, transparent, and consensus-based, paying due regard to the interests and needs of all states, irrespective of their level of economic, scientific, or technological development, ensuring that developed countries can meaningfully participate and benefit from future space resource activities is essential for the long-term sustainability and legitimacy of international space governance regime.","start":5889.506,"end":5915.141,"topics":[{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable 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Colombia.","start":5938.937,"end":5943.78,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5938.937,"end":5939.034},{"text":"thank","start":5939.098,"end":5939.42},{"text":"Brazil","start":5939.838,"end":5940.305},{"text":"for","start":5940.305,"end":5940.482},{"text":"their","start":5940.482,"end":5940.579},{"text":"statement,","start":5940.579,"end":5941.286},{"text":"and","start":5941.673,"end":5941.769},{"text":"now","start":5941.769,"end":5941.962},{"text":"I","start":5942.413,"end":5942.525},{"text":"give","start":5942.558,"end":5942.799},{"text":"the","start":5942.799,"end":5942.863},{"text":"floor","start":5942.895,"end":5943.217},{"text":"to","start":5943.217,"end":5943.346},{"text":"Colombia.","start":5943.362,"end":5943.78}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":40,"start":5945.5,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=5946","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, distinguished colleagues, Colombia believes it is relevant to refer to 2 main points.","start":5945.5,"end":5951.679,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":5945.5,"end":5945.855},{"text":"distinguished","start":5945.952,"end":5946.535},{"text":"colleagues,","start":5946.567,"end":5947.036},{"text":"Colombia","start":5947.797,"end":5948.46},{"text":"believes","start":5948.913,"end":5949.301},{"text":"it","start":5949.479,"end":5949.56},{"text":"is","start":5949.56,"end":5949.625},{"text":"relevant","start":5949.722,"end":5950.159},{"text":"to","start":5950.207,"end":5950.32},{"text":"refer","start":5950.32,"end":5950.66},{"text":"to","start":5950.692,"end":5950.854},{"text":"2","start":5950.854,"end":5951},{"text":"main","start":5951.016,"end":5951.178},{"text":"points.","start":5951.275,"end":5951.679}]},{"text":"On the one hand, we'd like to highlight that any legal model tackling the exploration, exploitation, and use of space resources should be designed in observance of the principles of non-appropriation and equitable access to outer space.","start":5952.392,"end":5966.189,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."},{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":5952.392,"end":5952.44},{"text":"the","start":5952.472,"end":5952.552},{"text":"one","start":5952.617,"end":5952.761},{"text":"hand,","start":5952.777,"end":5953.083},{"text":"we'd","start":5953.356,"end":5953.517},{"text":"like","start":5953.517,"end":5953.742},{"text":"to","start":5953.742,"end":5953.806},{"text":"highlight","start":5953.838,"end":5954.32},{"text":"that","start":5954.32,"end":5954.481},{"text":"any","start":5954.545,"end":5954.69},{"text":"legal","start":5954.867,"end":5955.253},{"text":"model","start":5955.269,"end":5955.703},{"text":"tackling","start":5956.072,"end":5956.522},{"text":"the","start":5956.571,"end":5956.731},{"text":"exploration,","start":5956.731,"end":5957.358},{"text":"exploitation,","start":5957.374,"end":5958.065},{"text":"and","start":5958.081,"end":5958.242},{"text":"use","start":5958.242,"end":5958.451},{"text":"of","start":5958.901,"end":5958.998},{"text":"space","start":5958.998,"end":5959.351},{"text":"resources","start":5959.464,"end":5960.155},{"text":"should","start":5960.573,"end":5960.814},{"text":"be","start":5960.814,"end":5960.91},{"text":"designed","start":5960.91,"end":5961.28},{"text":"in","start":5961.342,"end":5961.486},{"text":"observance","start":5961.486,"end":5962.144},{"text":"of","start":5962.144,"end":5962.273},{"text":"the","start":5962.289,"end":5962.369},{"text":"principles","start":5962.369,"end":5962.834},{"text":"of","start":5962.947,"end":5963.091},{"text":"non-appropriation","start":5963.091,"end":5964.07},{"text":"and","start":5964.07,"end":5964.199},{"text":"equitable","start":5964.311,"end":5964.809},{"text":"access","start":5964.937,"end":5965.354},{"text":"to","start":5965.354,"end":5965.451},{"text":"outer","start":5965.451,"end":5965.74},{"text":"space.","start":5965.74,"end":5966.189}]},{"text":"In this regard, we call upon all member states to reduce the risks of the exploitation of space resources leading to concentration or de facto appropriation by those stakeholders with the greatest capacity.","start":5966.959,"end":5983.86,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5966.959,"end":5967.04},{"text":"this","start":5967.04,"end":5967.28},{"text":"regard,","start":5967.28,"end":5967.649},{"text":"we","start":5968.003,"end":5968.147},{"text":"call","start":5968.147,"end":5968.34},{"text":"upon","start":5968.34,"end":5968.693},{"text":"all","start":5968.95,"end":5968.998},{"text":"member","start":5969.062,"end":5969.383},{"text":"states","start":5969.383,"end":5969.929},{"text":"to","start":5970.169,"end":5970.282},{"text":"reduce","start":5970.33,"end":5970.843},{"text":"the","start":5970.876,"end":5971.052},{"text":"risks","start":5971.116,"end":5971.694},{"text":"of","start":5972.079,"end":5972.224},{"text":"the","start":5972.641,"end":5972.802},{"text":"exploitation","start":5972.882,"end":5973.941},{"text":"of","start":5973.941,"end":5974.053},{"text":"space","start":5974.086,"end":5974.39},{"text":"resources","start":5974.503,"end":5975.113},{"text":"leading","start":5975.931,"end":5976.316},{"text":"to","start":5976.75,"end":5976.926},{"text":"concentration","start":5977.472,"end":5978.419},{"text":"or","start":5978.419,"end":5978.531},{"text":"de","start":5978.531,"end":5978.724},{"text":"facto","start":5978.74,"end":5979.077},{"text":"appropriation","start":5979.077,"end":5979.928},{"text":"by","start":5980.441,"end":5980.634},{"text":"those","start":5981.083,"end":5981.372},{"text":"stakeholders","start":5981.741,"end":5982.496},{"text":"with","start":5982.608,"end":5982.785},{"text":"the","start":5982.785,"end":5982.865},{"text":"greatest","start":5982.913,"end":5983.25},{"text":"capacity.","start":5983.25,"end":5983.86}]},{"text":"Future legal models should be built on truly multilateral processes, avoiding fragmented approaches or unilateral developments that can undermine the existing international regime.","start":5984.518,"end":5996.647,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"Future","start":5984.518,"end":5985.16},{"text":"legal","start":5985.561,"end":5985.866},{"text":"models","start":5985.882,"end":5986.219},{"text":"should","start":5986.219,"end":5986.508},{"text":"be","start":5986.54,"end":5986.733},{"text":"built","start":5986.781,"end":5988.755},{"text":"on","start":5987.424,"end":5987.472},{"text":"truly","start":5987.568,"end":5987.874},{"text":"multilateral","start":5987.986,"end":5988.773},{"text":"processes,","start":5988.87,"end":5989.609},{"text":"avoiding","start":5990.075,"end":5990.605},{"text":"fragmented","start":5991.023,"end":5991.971},{"text":"approaches","start":5992.083,"end":5992.63},{"text":"or","start":5992.71,"end":5992.79},{"text":"unilateral","start":5992.79,"end":5993.53},{"text":"developments","start":5993.53,"end":5994.092},{"text":"that","start":5994.092,"end":5994.333},{"text":"can","start":5994.333,"end":5994.542},{"text":"undermine","start":5994.638,"end":5995.104},{"text":"the","start":5995.136,"end":5995.217},{"text":"existing","start":5995.217,"end":5995.667},{"text":"international","start":5995.699,"end":5996.325},{"text":"regime.","start":5996.325,"end":5996.647}]},{"text":"Secondly, we would like to highlight the relevance of considering and analyzing the way in which states in their national legal systems have adopted legislation referring to the exploitation of space resources.","start":5997,"end":6009.758,"topics":[{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. A recurring issue was how national frameworks can support innovation without conflicting with international law."}],"words":[{"text":"Secondly,","start":5997,"end":5997.402},{"text":"we","start":5997.45,"end":5997.611},{"text":"would","start":5997.611,"end":5997.691},{"text":"like","start":5997.691,"end":5997.852},{"text":"to","start":5997.852,"end":5997.916},{"text":"highlight","start":5997.932,"end":5998.334},{"text":"the","start":5998.35,"end":5998.43},{"text":"relevance","start":5998.43,"end":5998.993},{"text":"of","start":5998.993,"end":5999.121},{"text":"considering","start":5999.153,"end":5999.684},{"text":"and","start":5999.716,"end":5999.796},{"text":"analyzing","start":5999.957,"end":6000.487},{"text":"the","start":6000.503,"end":6000.551},{"text":"way","start":6000.6,"end":6000.696},{"text":"in","start":6000.696,"end":6000.808},{"text":"which","start":6000.841,"end":6000.969},{"text":"states","start":6001.419,"end":6001.949},{"text":"in","start":6002.03,"end":6002.094},{"text":"their","start":6002.126,"end":6002.222},{"text":"national","start":6002.222,"end":6002.897},{"text":"legal","start":6004.295,"end":6004.568},{"text":"systems","start":6004.713,"end":6005.195},{"text":"have","start":6005.195,"end":6005.356},{"text":"adopted","start":6005.356,"end":6005.87},{"text":"legislation","start":6006.207,"end":6007.043},{"text":"referring","start":6007.171,"end":6007.557},{"text":"to","start":6007.653,"end":6007.798},{"text":"the","start":6007.83,"end":6008.071},{"text":"exploitation","start":6008.071,"end":6008.698},{"text":"of","start":6008.698,"end":6008.778},{"text":"space","start":6008.778,"end":6009.18},{"text":"resources.","start":6009.18,"end":6009.758}]},{"text":"We therefore need recommendations, guidelines, or principles to help in the formulation of national legislation in harmony and in respect of the principles and aims of the international space law.","start":6010.16,"end":6023.605,"topics":[{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. 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Delegations also raised protection of scientifically important sites, environmental impact assessment, and sustainable use for future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6042.444,"end":6042.636},{"text":"includes,","start":6042.749,"end":6043.086},{"text":"among","start":6043.102,"end":6043.295},{"text":"other","start":6043.471,"end":6043.535},{"text":"things,","start":6043.648,"end":6043.937},{"text":"the","start":6044.29,"end":6044.451},{"text":"verification","start":6044.451,"end":6045.51},{"text":"that","start":6045.558,"end":6045.623},{"text":"those","start":6045.735,"end":6045.944},{"text":"activities","start":6046.04,"end":6046.827},{"text":"are","start":6047.324,"end":6047.373},{"text":"in","start":6047.485,"end":6047.597},{"text":"line","start":6047.646,"end":6047.79},{"text":"with","start":6047.886,"end":6047.999},{"text":"the","start":6047.999,"end":6048.143},{"text":"principle","start":6048.143,"end":6048.561},{"text":"of","start":6048.561,"end":6048.673},{"text":"the","start":6048.689,"end":6048.786},{"text":"peaceful","start":6048.786,"end":6049.604},{"text":"use","start":6049.604,"end":6049.829},{"text":"of","start":6049.829,"end":6049.974},{"text":"outer","start":6049.974,"end":6050.166},{"text":"space","start":6050.214,"end":6050.552},{"text":"and","start":6050.937,"end":6051.033},{"text":"the","start":6051.033,"end":6051.178},{"text":"prevention","start":6051.178,"end":6051.74},{"text":"of","start":6051.74,"end":6051.804},{"text":"practices","start":6051.836,"end":6052.446},{"text":"that","start":6052.783,"end":6052.88},{"text":"can","start":6052.88,"end":6053.024},{"text":"have","start":6053.056,"end":6053.217},{"text":"an","start":6053.265,"end":6053.41},{"text":"impact","start":6053.506,"end":6054.084},{"text":"on","start":6054.325,"end":6054.373},{"text":"the","start":6054.405,"end":6054.485},{"text":"sustainability","start":6054.485,"end":6055.256},{"text":"of","start":6055.304,"end":6055.433},{"text":"the","start":6055.433,"end":6055.465},{"text":"space","start":6055.465,"end":6055.85},{"text":"environment","start":6055.85,"end":6056.46},{"text":"or","start":6056.878,"end":6057.118},{"text":"international","start":6057.134,"end":6057.841},{"text":"security","start":6057.841,"end":6058.323},{"text":"and","start":6058.323,"end":6058.403},{"text":"sovereignty","start":6058.403,"end":6058.901},{"text":"of","start":6058.901,"end":6058.997},{"text":"states.","start":6058.997,"end":6059.462}]},{"text":"The exploitation and exploration of space resources should take place following following criteria that prevent a negative impact in the long term on the space environment and celestial bodies.","start":6060.105,"end":6070.711,"topics":[{"key":"celestial-environment","label":"Environmental Protection of Celestial Bodies","description":"A significant theme was the need to prevent harmful contamination and environmental damage on the Moon and other celestial bodies. Delegations also raised protection of scientifically important sites, environmental impact assessment, and sustainable use for future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6060.105,"end":6060.346},{"text":"exploitation","start":6060.426,"end":6061.132},{"text":"and","start":6061.132,"end":6061.277},{"text":"exploration","start":6061.373,"end":6061.887},{"text":"of","start":6061.887,"end":6061.951},{"text":"space","start":6061.951,"end":6062.417},{"text":"resources","start":6062.417,"end":6062.963},{"text":"should","start":6063.46,"end":6063.797},{"text":"take","start":6063.797,"end":6064.038},{"text":"place","start":6064.038,"end":6064.44},{"text":"following","start":6064.825,"end":6065.05},{"text":"following","start":6064.97,"end":6065.082},{"text":"criteria","start":6065.082,"end":6065.643},{"text":"that","start":6065.787,"end":6066.028},{"text":"prevent","start":6066.028,"end":6066.413},{"text":"a","start":6066.605,"end":6066.621},{"text":"negative","start":6066.621,"end":6067.135},{"text":"impact","start":6067.311,"end":6067.792},{"text":"in","start":6067.792,"end":6067.856},{"text":"the","start":6067.872,"end":6067.968},{"text":"long","start":6067.968,"end":6068.145},{"text":"term","start":6068.209,"end":6068.385},{"text":"on","start":6068.53,"end":6068.578},{"text":"the","start":6068.61,"end":6068.69},{"text":"space","start":6068.69,"end":6069.091},{"text":"environment","start":6069.091,"end":6069.636},{"text":"and","start":6069.652,"end":6069.716},{"text":"celestial","start":6069.797,"end":6070.374},{"text":"bodies.","start":6070.374,"end":6070.711}]},{"text":"Colombia therefore would encourage an open and multilateral dialogue on possible legal models to regulate the use of space resources based on the principles of international cooperation, non-national appropriation, shared benefits, and sustainability.","start":6071.24,"end":6087.261,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."},{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."},{"key":"celestial-environment","label":"Environmental Protection of Celestial Bodies","description":"A significant theme was the need to prevent harmful contamination and environmental damage on the Moon and other celestial bodies. Delegations also raised protection of scientifically important sites, environmental impact assessment, and sustainable use for future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Colombia","start":6071.24,"end":6071.737},{"text":"therefore","start":6071.737,"end":6072.074},{"text":"would","start":6072.074,"end":6072.282},{"text":"encourage","start":6072.282,"end":6072.747},{"text":"an","start":6072.78,"end":6072.828},{"text":"open","start":6073.02,"end":6073.277},{"text":"and","start":6073.277,"end":6073.341},{"text":"multilateral","start":6073.341,"end":6074.159},{"text":"dialogue","start":6074.223,"end":6074.688},{"text":"on","start":6074.688,"end":6074.752},{"text":"possible","start":6074.864,"end":6075.297},{"text":"legal","start":6075.827,"end":6076.195},{"text":"models","start":6076.228,"end":6076.516},{"text":"to","start":6076.612,"end":6076.709},{"text":"regulate","start":6076.709,"end":6077.254},{"text":"the","start":6077.254,"end":6077.414},{"text":"use","start":6077.414,"end":6077.478},{"text":"of","start":6077.591,"end":6077.655},{"text":"space","start":6077.655,"end":6077.96},{"text":"resources","start":6078.072,"end":6078.601},{"text":"based","start":6079.034,"end":6079.355},{"text":"on","start":6079.355,"end":6079.451},{"text":"the","start":6079.499,"end":6079.595},{"text":"principles","start":6079.659,"end":6080.125},{"text":"of","start":6080.157,"end":6080.237},{"text":"international","start":6080.237,"end":6080.718},{"text":"cooperation,","start":6080.718,"end":6081.327},{"text":"non-national","start":6082.017,"end":6083.38},{"text":"appropriation,","start":6083.38,"end":6084.182},{"text":"shared","start":6084.823,"end":6085.304},{"text":"benefits,","start":6085.609,"end":6086.074},{"text":"and","start":6086.09,"end":6086.235},{"text":"sustainability.","start":6086.235,"end":6087.261}]},{"text":"We are in favor of a flexible regulatory framework, one which which is clear and defined for commercial activities in outer space and celestial bodies to facilitate the use of those resources in a sustainable and transparent way.","start":6087.758,"end":6101.123,"topics":[{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. A recurring issue was how national frameworks can support innovation without conflicting with international law."},{"key":"transparency-registration","label":"Transparency, Information Sharing, and Registration","description":"Speakers highlighted the importance of data sharing, consultation, notification, repositories, and possible registration or monitoring systems for space activities and space resources. These tools were presented as essential for confidence-building, coordination, and reducing disputes or harmful interference."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6087.758,"end":6087.919},{"text":"are","start":6087.919,"end":6087.967},{"text":"in","start":6088.015,"end":6088.143},{"text":"favor","start":6088.175,"end":6088.496},{"text":"of","start":6088.496,"end":6088.72},{"text":"a","start":6088.72,"end":6088.736},{"text":"flexible","start":6088.736,"end":6089.346},{"text":"regulatory","start":6089.378,"end":6090.148},{"text":"framework,","start":6090.26,"end":6090.661},{"text":"one","start":6090.741,"end":6090.869},{"text":"which","start":6090.885,"end":6091.126},{"text":"which","start":6090.95,"end":6091.062},{"text":"is","start":6091.062,"end":6091.142},{"text":"clear","start":6091.286,"end":6091.72},{"text":"and","start":6092.009,"end":6092.169},{"text":"defined","start":6092.169,"end":6092.634},{"text":"for","start":6092.667,"end":6092.907},{"text":"commercial","start":6092.907,"end":6093.34},{"text":"activities","start":6093.373,"end":6093.918},{"text":"in","start":6093.95,"end":6094.095},{"text":"outer","start":6094.095,"end":6094.303},{"text":"space","start":6094.351,"end":6094.64},{"text":"and","start":6094.737,"end":6094.801},{"text":"celestial","start":6094.817,"end":6095.587},{"text":"bodies","start":6095.635,"end":6095.924},{"text":"to","start":6096.357,"end":6096.502},{"text":"facilitate","start":6096.502,"end":6097.32},{"text":"the","start":6097.32,"end":6097.513},{"text":"use","start":6097.705,"end":6097.978},{"text":"of","start":6097.978,"end":6098.09},{"text":"those","start":6098.139,"end":6098.331},{"text":"resources","start":6098.363,"end":6098.893},{"text":"in","start":6099.39,"end":6099.486},{"text":"a","start":6099.486,"end":6099.503},{"text":"sustainable","start":6099.503,"end":6100.144},{"text":"and","start":6100.144,"end":6100.209},{"text":"transparent","start":6100.209,"end":6100.866},{"text":"way.","start":6101.011,"end":6101.123}]},{"text":"We reiterate the need for capacity building in developing countries so they can participate effectively in these activities, as well as the importance of international cooperation, including South-South cooperation, to close the divide.","start":6101.717,"end":6114.057,"topics":[{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6101.717,"end":6101.877},{"text":"reiterate","start":6101.877,"end":6102.327},{"text":"the","start":6102.776,"end":6102.856},{"text":"need","start":6102.856,"end":6103.081},{"text":"for","start":6103.081,"end":6103.241},{"text":"capacity","start":6103.241,"end":6103.707},{"text":"building","start":6103.739,"end":6104.028},{"text":"in","start":6104.044,"end":6104.092},{"text":"developing","start":6104.124,"end":6104.589},{"text":"countries","start":6104.621,"end":6104.942},{"text":"so","start":6104.942,"end":6105.151},{"text":"they","start":6105.167,"end":6105.328},{"text":"can","start":6105.328,"end":6105.488},{"text":"participate","start":6105.488,"end":6106.194},{"text":"effectively","start":6106.242,"end":6106.788},{"text":"in","start":6106.788,"end":6106.884},{"text":"these","start":6106.884,"end":6106.996},{"text":"activities,","start":6107.109,"end":6107.67},{"text":"as","start":6108.136,"end":6108.2},{"text":"well","start":6108.296,"end":6108.473},{"text":"as","start":6108.473,"end":6108.521},{"text":"the","start":6108.617,"end":6108.697},{"text":"importance","start":6108.697,"end":6109.115},{"text":"of","start":6109.115,"end":6109.243},{"text":"international","start":6109.355,"end":6109.949},{"text":"cooperation,","start":6109.997,"end":6110.495},{"text":"including","start":6110.543,"end":6110.928},{"text":"South-South","start":6110.944,"end":6111.457},{"text":"cooperation,","start":6111.522,"end":6112.131},{"text":"to","start":6112.565,"end":6112.725},{"text":"close","start":6112.725,"end":6113.239},{"text":"the","start":6113.511,"end":6113.608},{"text":"divide.","start":6113.608,"end":6114.057}]},{"text":"We also believe it is necessary to have international regulations that will penalize those who carry out bad practices, whether they are public or private actors.","start":6114.33,"end":6125.841,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. A recurring issue was how national frameworks can support innovation without conflicting with international law."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6114.33,"end":6114.474},{"text":"also","start":6114.474,"end":6114.651},{"text":"believe","start":6114.651,"end":6114.908},{"text":"it","start":6114.908,"end":6114.988},{"text":"is","start":6114.988,"end":6115.1},{"text":"necessary","start":6115.838,"end":6116.368},{"text":"to","start":6116.432,"end":6116.576},{"text":"have","start":6116.576,"end":6116.705},{"text":"international","start":6116.897,"end":6117.619},{"text":"regulations","start":6117.619,"end":6118.31},{"text":"that","start":6118.726,"end":6118.854},{"text":"will","start":6118.983,"end":6119.111},{"text":"penalize","start":6119.447,"end":6120.152},{"text":"those","start":6120.569,"end":6120.873},{"text":"who","start":6121.13,"end":6121.274},{"text":"carry","start":6122.027,"end":6122.252},{"text":"out","start":6122.332,"end":6122.604},{"text":"bad","start":6122.909,"end":6123.197},{"text":"practices,","start":6123.213,"end":6123.758},{"text":"whether","start":6123.854,"end":6124.11},{"text":"they","start":6124.11,"end":6124.271},{"text":"are","start":6124.271,"end":6124.399},{"text":"public","start":6124.415,"end":6124.848},{"text":"or","start":6124.912,"end":6124.992},{"text":"private","start":6124.992,"end":6125.36},{"text":"actors.","start":6125.537,"end":6125.841}]},{"text":"It is important to have rules which are a deterrent to bad behavior.","start":6126.274,"end":6132.764,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6126.274,"end":6126.354},{"text":"is","start":6126.354,"end":6126.402},{"text":"important","start":6126.514,"end":6127.043},{"text":"to","start":6127.139,"end":6127.38},{"text":"have","start":6127.396,"end":6127.684},{"text":"rules","start":6128.181,"end":6128.485},{"text":"which","start":6129.142,"end":6129.287},{"text":"are","start":6129.479,"end":6129.559},{"text":"a","start":6129.559,"end":6129.735},{"text":"deterrent","start":6129.799,"end":6130.456},{"text":"to","start":6130.825,"end":6131.049},{"text":"bad","start":6131.818,"end":6132.171},{"text":"behavior.","start":6132.203,"end":6132.764}]},{"text":"We should always be on the side of peaceful and equitable use.","start":6133.405,"end":6136.337,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6133.405,"end":6133.629},{"text":"should","start":6133.629,"end":6133.854},{"text":"always","start":6134.03,"end":6134.174},{"text":"be","start":6134.286,"end":6134.366},{"text":"on","start":6134.366,"end":6134.463},{"text":"the","start":6134.511,"end":6134.543},{"text":"side","start":6134.543,"end":6134.975},{"text":"of","start":6135.071,"end":6135.12},{"text":"peaceful","start":6135.232,"end":6135.552},{"text":"and","start":6135.552,"end":6135.712},{"text":"equitable","start":6135.729,"end":6136.193},{"text":"use.","start":6136.193,"end":6136.337}]},{"text":"We believe we have to close the technology divide to reduce existing inequalities, to have greater access to Thank you for giving me the floor.","start":6136.85,"end":6149.111,"topics":[{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6136.85,"end":6137.075},{"text":"believe","start":6137.075,"end":6137.347},{"text":"we","start":6137.395,"end":6137.475},{"text":"have","start":6137.475,"end":6137.619},{"text":"to","start":6137.651,"end":6137.812},{"text":"close","start":6137.876,"end":6138.164},{"text":"the","start":6138.357,"end":6138.421},{"text":"technology","start":6138.517,"end":6139.142},{"text":"divide","start":6139.174,"end":6139.623},{"text":"to","start":6139.639,"end":6139.751},{"text":"reduce","start":6139.815,"end":6140.167},{"text":"existing","start":6140.376,"end":6140.808},{"text":"inequalities,","start":6140.921,"end":6141.706},{"text":"to","start":6142.074,"end":6142.379},{"text":"have","start":6142.523,"end":6142.828},{"text":"greater","start":6143.26,"end":6143.565},{"text":"access","start":6143.645,"end":6143.917},{"text":"to","start":6143.917,"end":6144.093},{"text":"Thank","start":6145.344,"end":6145.761},{"text":"you","start":6145.921,"end":6146.306},{"text":"for","start":6146.691,"end":6147.925},{"text":"giving","start":6148.133,"end":6148.47},{"text":"me","start":6148.55,"end":6148.71},{"text":"the","start":6148.71,"end":6148.743},{"text":"floor.","start":6148.791,"end":6149.111}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COL","affiliation_full":"Colombia","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":41,"start":6150.153,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=6151","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands attaches great importance to the development of a legal framework for space resources activities and has actively contributed to discussions on this topic.","start":6150.153,"end":6159.868,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6150.153,"end":6150.233},{"text":"Kingdom","start":6150.233,"end":6150.57},{"text":"of","start":6150.57,"end":6150.682},{"text":"the","start":6150.698,"end":6150.779},{"text":"Netherlands","start":6150.779,"end":6151.163},{"text":"attaches","start":6151.195,"end":6151.612},{"text":"great","start":6151.676,"end":6151.917},{"text":"importance","start":6151.917,"end":6152.43},{"text":"to","start":6152.542,"end":6152.638},{"text":"the","start":6152.638,"end":6152.718},{"text":"development","start":6152.782,"end":6153.424},{"text":"of","start":6153.456,"end":6153.6},{"text":"a","start":6153.6,"end":6153.616},{"text":"legal","start":6153.68,"end":6153.985},{"text":"framework","start":6153.985,"end":6154.546},{"text":"for","start":6154.546,"end":6154.626},{"text":"space","start":6154.626,"end":6155.027},{"text":"resources","start":6155.027,"end":6155.492},{"text":"activities","start":6155.524,"end":6156.053},{"text":"and","start":6156.566,"end":6156.63},{"text":"has","start":6156.726,"end":6156.935},{"text":"actively","start":6157.047,"end":6157.528},{"text":"contributed","start":6157.528,"end":6158.281},{"text":"to","start":6158.313,"end":6158.457},{"text":"discussions","start":6158.49,"end":6159.067},{"text":"on","start":6159.211,"end":6159.339},{"text":"this","start":6159.355,"end":6159.467},{"text":"topic.","start":6159.532,"end":6159.868}]},{"text":"We therefore welcome the updated draft set of recommended principles.","start":6160.574,"end":6163.988,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6160.574,"end":6160.718},{"text":"therefore","start":6160.718,"end":6161.135},{"text":"welcome","start":6161.135,"end":6161.503},{"text":"the","start":6161.535,"end":6161.664},{"text":"updated","start":6161.696,"end":6162.161},{"text":"draft","start":6162.161,"end":6162.497},{"text":"set","start":6162.497,"end":6162.738},{"text":"of","start":6162.738,"end":6162.818},{"text":"recommended","start":6162.818,"end":6163.427},{"text":"principles.","start":6163.443,"end":6163.988}]},{"text":"Discussions within this subcommittee have greatly advanced our understanding But valuable contributions have also emerged from processes outside COPUOS.","start":6165.303,"end":6174.496,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."},{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"Discussions","start":6165.303,"end":6165.912},{"text":"within","start":6166.008,"end":6166.313},{"text":"this","start":6166.409,"end":6166.537},{"text":"subcommittee","start":6166.585,"end":6167.211},{"text":"have","start":6167.211,"end":6167.355},{"text":"greatly","start":6167.387,"end":6167.836},{"text":"advanced","start":6167.852,"end":6168.493},{"text":"our","start":6168.525,"end":6168.734},{"text":"understanding","start":6168.734,"end":6169.439},{"text":"But","start":6169.952,"end":6170.049},{"text":"valuable","start":6170.113,"end":6170.578},{"text":"contributions","start":6170.594,"end":6171.365},{"text":"have","start":6171.462,"end":6171.606},{"text":"also","start":6171.783,"end":6172.04},{"text":"emerged","start":6172.12,"end":6172.553},{"text":"from","start":6172.585,"end":6172.762},{"text":"processes","start":6172.762,"end":6173.372},{"text":"outside","start":6173.549,"end":6173.966},{"text":"COPUOS.","start":6174.031,"end":6174.496}]},{"text":"In particular, we would draw again attention to the building blocks developed by the Hague International Space Resources Governing Working Group, which we commend to this subcommittee as a useful point of departure.","start":6175.331,"end":6187.695,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6175.331,"end":6175.379},{"text":"particular,","start":6175.411,"end":6176.134},{"text":"we","start":6176.439,"end":6176.535},{"text":"would","start":6176.535,"end":6176.696},{"text":"draw","start":6176.696,"end":6176.889},{"text":"again","start":6177.097,"end":6177.386},{"text":"attention","start":6177.515,"end":6178.061},{"text":"to","start":6178.125,"end":6178.318},{"text":"the","start":6178.318,"end":6178.462},{"text":"building","start":6178.462,"end":6178.735},{"text":"blocks","start":6178.783,"end":6179.104},{"text":"developed","start":6179.104,"end":6179.554},{"text":"by","start":6179.586,"end":6179.747},{"text":"the","start":6179.747,"end":6179.891},{"text":"Hague","start":6179.891,"end":6180.212},{"text":"International","start":6180.228,"end":6180.806},{"text":"Space","start":6180.806,"end":6181.192},{"text":"Resources","start":6181.192,"end":6181.722},{"text":"Governing","start":6181.754,"end":6182.123},{"text":"Working","start":6182.235,"end":6182.525},{"text":"Group,","start":6182.557,"end":6182.862},{"text":"which","start":6183.905,"end":6184.291},{"text":"we","start":6184.403,"end":6184.564},{"text":"commend","start":6184.564,"end":6185.045},{"text":"to","start":6185.11,"end":6185.206},{"text":"this","start":6185.206,"end":6185.334},{"text":"subcommittee","start":6185.367,"end":6185.929},{"text":"as","start":6186.009,"end":6186.057},{"text":"a","start":6186.185,"end":6186.234},{"text":"useful","start":6186.234,"end":6186.603},{"text":"point","start":6186.731,"end":6187.036},{"text":"of","start":6187.036,"end":6187.101},{"text":"departure.","start":6187.133,"end":6187.695}]},{"text":"Contributions from the Artemis Accord signatories and states parties to the Moon Agreement are likewise relevant and should be taken into account.","start":6188.578,"end":6195.225,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"Contributions","start":6188.578,"end":6189.3},{"text":"from","start":6189.316,"end":6189.525},{"text":"the","start":6189.525,"end":6189.605},{"text":"Artemis","start":6189.686,"end":6190.216},{"text":"Accord","start":6190.248,"end":6190.569},{"text":"signatories","start":6190.569,"end":6191.195},{"text":"and","start":6191.629,"end":6191.709},{"text":"states","start":6191.709,"end":6192.11},{"text":"parties","start":6192.11,"end":6192.399},{"text":"to","start":6192.431,"end":6192.528},{"text":"the","start":6192.576,"end":6192.656},{"text":"Moon","start":6192.656,"end":6192.913},{"text":"Agreement","start":6192.913,"end":6193.379},{"text":"are","start":6193.459,"end":6193.539},{"text":"likewise","start":6193.539,"end":6194.005},{"text":"relevant","start":6194.101,"end":6194.422},{"text":"and","start":6194.422,"end":6194.487},{"text":"should","start":6194.519,"end":6194.599},{"text":"be","start":6194.599,"end":6194.711},{"text":"taken","start":6194.711,"end":6194.888},{"text":"into","start":6194.92,"end":6195.081},{"text":"account.","start":6195.081,"end":6195.225}]},{"text":"Taken into account.","start":6195.29,"end":6196.329,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Taken","start":6195.29,"end":6195.57},{"text":"into","start":6195.57,"end":6195.851},{"text":"account.","start":6195.9,"end":6196.329}]},{"text":"Effective regulation may take different forms.","start":6197.97,"end":6200.231,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"Effective","start":6197.97,"end":6198.147},{"text":"regulation","start":6198.147,"end":6198.858},{"text":"may","start":6198.955,"end":6199.133},{"text":"take","start":6199.133,"end":6199.326},{"text":"different","start":6199.326,"end":6199.779},{"text":"forms.","start":6199.779,"end":6200.231}]},{"text":"For this topic, the development of principles, norms, and a gradual, adaptive approach seems most appropriate.","start":6200.893,"end":6208.089,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"Thus,","start":6209.117,"end":6209.246},{"text":"we","start":6209.439,"end":6209.535},{"text":"may","start":6209.535,"end":6209.696},{"text":"start","start":6209.696,"end":6210.242},{"text":"with","start":6210.242,"end":6210.355},{"text":"considering","start":6210.419,"end":6210.949},{"text":"the","start":6211.062,"end":6211.19},{"text":"exploration","start":6211.223,"end":6212.074},{"text":"of","start":6212.09,"end":6212.138},{"text":"space","start":6212.171,"end":6212.508},{"text":"resources","start":6212.508,"end":6213.119},{"text":"while","start":6213.713,"end":6213.89},{"text":"allowing","start":6213.938,"end":6214.324},{"text":"for","start":6214.42,"end":6214.581},{"text":"further","start":6214.581,"end":6214.919},{"text":"regulation","start":6214.919,"end":6215.626},{"text":"of","start":6215.805,"end":6215.918},{"text":"exploitation","start":6216.048,"end":6216.991},{"text":"as","start":6217.495,"end":6217.56},{"text":"such","start":6217.609,"end":6217.885},{"text":"activities","start":6217.918,"end":6218.454},{"text":"may","start":6218.552,"end":6218.731},{"text":"evolve.","start":6218.731,"end":6219.186}]},{"text":"We would like to commend Mr. Freeland and Mr. Ahmed for their work on the updated draft set of recommended principles.","start":6220.925,"end":6227.017,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6220.925,"end":6221.007},{"text":"would","start":6221.007,"end":6221.234},{"text":"like","start":6221.234,"end":6221.478},{"text":"to","start":6221.494,"end":6221.624},{"text":"commend","start":6221.641,"end":6221.95},{"text":"Mr.","start":6222.136,"end":6222.345},{"text":"Freeland","start":6222.393,"end":6222.923},{"text":"and","start":6223.019,"end":6223.132},{"text":"Mr.","start":6223.132,"end":6223.421},{"text":"Ahmed","start":6223.501,"end":6223.902},{"text":"for","start":6223.902,"end":6224.063},{"text":"their","start":6224.063,"end":6224.175},{"text":"work","start":6224.24,"end":6224.545},{"text":"on","start":6224.561,"end":6224.641},{"text":"the","start":6224.641,"end":6224.753},{"text":"updated","start":6224.866,"end":6225.283},{"text":"draft","start":6225.283,"end":6225.604},{"text":"set","start":6225.604,"end":6225.829},{"text":"of","start":6225.829,"end":6225.925},{"text":"recommended","start":6225.925,"end":6226.455},{"text":"principles.","start":6226.487,"end":6227.017}]},{"text":"My delegation continues to believe that it's important not to rewrite existing legal obligations, but to draft language that complements those obligations and clarifies their implementation.","start":6227.852,"end":6239.622,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 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Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":6227.852,"end":6227.997},{"text":"delegation","start":6227.997,"end":6228.591},{"text":"continues","start":6228.639,"end":6229.265},{"text":"to","start":6229.362,"end":6229.474},{"text":"believe","start":6229.538,"end":6229.908},{"text":"that","start":6230.02,"end":6230.18},{"text":"it's","start":6230.18,"end":6230.293},{"text":"important","start":6230.357,"end":6230.999},{"text":"not","start":6230.999,"end":6231.401},{"text":"to","start":6231.465,"end":6231.561},{"text":"rewrite","start":6231.69,"end":6232.188},{"text":"existing","start":6232.188,"end":6232.685},{"text":"legal","start":6232.75,"end":6233.006},{"text":"obligations,","start":6233.055,"end":6233.761},{"text":"but","start":6234.275,"end":6234.516},{"text":"to","start":6234.516,"end":6234.596},{"text":"draft","start":6234.596,"end":6234.997},{"text":"language","start":6234.997,"end":6235.415},{"text":"that","start":6235.479,"end":6235.704},{"text":"complements","start":6235.704,"end":6236.362},{"text":"those","start":6236.362,"end":6236.587},{"text":"obligations","start":6236.603,"end":6237.294},{"text":"and","start":6237.807,"end":6237.952},{"text":"clarifies","start":6237.952,"end":6238.578},{"text":"their","start":6238.674,"end":6238.851},{"text":"implementation.","start":6238.851,"end":6239.622}]},{"text":"In that sense, we should be ambitious and apply the principle of adaptive governance.","start":6240.778,"end":6245.868,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 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I thank the Netherlands for their statement, and now I give the floor to France.","start":6340.167,"end":6347.411,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":6340.167,"end":6341.372},{"text":"I","start":6342.802,"end":6342.818},{"text":"thank","start":6342.818,"end":6343.284},{"text":"the","start":6343.3,"end":6343.397},{"text":"Netherlands","start":6343.397,"end":6343.991},{"text":"for","start":6344.104,"end":6344.248},{"text":"their","start":6344.264,"end":6344.377},{"text":"statement,","start":6344.377,"end":6345.003},{"text":"and","start":6345.469,"end":6345.534},{"text":"now","start":6345.55,"end":6345.71},{"text":"I","start":6346.204,"end":6346.238},{"text":"give","start":6346.289,"end":6346.527},{"text":"the","start":6346.527,"end":6346.578},{"text":"floor","start":6346.612,"end":6346.884},{"text":"to","start":6346.884,"end":6347.02},{"text":"France.","start":6347.037,"end":6347.411}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":43,"start":6350.446,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=6351","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Chairperson, distinguished delegates, France is actively involved in the Working Group on the Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities, whose establishment we supported in 2022.","start":6350.446,"end":6362.575,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6362.64,"end":6362.721},{"text":"2024,","start":6362.721,"end":6363.448},{"text":"my","start":6363.465,"end":6363.562},{"text":"delegation","start":6363.61,"end":6364.16},{"text":"submitted","start":6364.16,"end":6364.516},{"text":"2","start":6364.661,"end":6364.904},{"text":"papers","start":6364.904,"end":6365.357},{"text":"outlining","start":6365.616,"end":6366.085},{"text":"our","start":6366.667,"end":6366.715},{"text":"views","start":6366.764,"end":6366.974},{"text":"on","start":6367.087,"end":6367.249},{"text":"the","start":6367.249,"end":6367.492},{"text":"scope","start":6367.492,"end":6367.961},{"text":"of","start":6367.961,"end":6368.106},{"text":"the","start":6368.138,"end":6368.43},{"text":"Working","start":6368.43,"end":6368.608},{"text":"Group","start":6368.608,"end":6368.933},{"text":"and","start":6369.095,"end":6369.404},{"text":"the","start":6370.248,"end":6370.491},{"text":"basis","start":6372.261,"end":6372.797},{"text":"for","start":6372.845,"end":6373.203},{"text":"governance","start":6373.901,"end":6374.307},{"text":"of","start":6374.307,"end":6374.404},{"text":"these","start":6374.453,"end":6374.615},{"text":"activities.","start":6374.615,"end":6375.005}]},{"text":"As the work currently stands, France welcomes the initial draft principles to govern space activity— space resource activities under negotiation.","start":6375.958,"end":6385.736,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6375.958,"end":6376.182},{"text":"the","start":6376.295,"end":6376.375},{"text":"work","start":6376.375,"end":6376.6},{"text":"currently","start":6376.6,"end":6376.937},{"text":"stands,","start":6376.937,"end":6377.306},{"text":"France","start":6377.338,"end":6377.756},{"text":"welcomes","start":6377.82,"end":6378.35},{"text":"the","start":6378.462,"end":6378.719},{"text":"initial","start":6379.008,"end":6379.378},{"text":"draft","start":6379.426,"end":6379.747},{"text":"principles","start":6379.811,"end":6380.357},{"text":"to","start":6381.818,"end":6382.091},{"text":"govern","start":6382.782,"end":6383.039},{"text":"space","start":6383.039,"end":6383.36},{"text":"activity—","start":6383.36,"end":6383.761},{"text":"space","start":6383.906,"end":6384.114},{"text":"resource","start":6384.114,"end":6384.468},{"text":"activities","start":6384.468,"end":6384.853},{"text":"under","start":6384.965,"end":6385.126},{"text":"negotiation.","start":6385.126,"end":6385.736}]},{"text":"We thank the chair and vice chair of the group for their engagement.","start":6385.913,"end":6389.574,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6385.913,"end":6386.009},{"text":"thank","start":6386.009,"end":6386.41},{"text":"the","start":6386.41,"end":6386.603},{"text":"chair","start":6386.732,"end":6387.149},{"text":"and","start":6387.197,"end":6387.294},{"text":"vice","start":6387.294,"end":6387.615},{"text":"chair","start":6387.615,"end":6387.952},{"text":"of","start":6388.08,"end":6388.225},{"text":"the","start":6388.273,"end":6388.401},{"text":"group","start":6388.401,"end":6388.642},{"text":"for","start":6388.642,"end":6388.819},{"text":"their","start":6388.819,"end":6389.028},{"text":"engagement.","start":6389.124,"end":6389.574}]},{"text":"My delegation would like to assure them of our full support as the work progresses with a view to achieving a basic set of recommended principles by 2027.","start":6390.505,"end":6400.829,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":6390.505,"end":6390.585},{"text":"delegation","start":6390.585,"end":6390.987},{"text":"would","start":6390.987,"end":6391.147},{"text":"like","start":6391.147,"end":6391.324},{"text":"to","start":6391.372,"end":6391.468},{"text":"assure","start":6391.565,"end":6391.805},{"text":"them","start":6391.805,"end":6391.918},{"text":"of","start":6391.966,"end":6392.03},{"text":"our","start":6392.03,"end":6392.223},{"text":"full","start":6392.255,"end":6392.512},{"text":"support","start":6392.512,"end":6393.17},{"text":"as","start":6393.62,"end":6393.684},{"text":"the","start":6393.716,"end":6393.796},{"text":"work","start":6393.796,"end":6393.957},{"text":"progresses","start":6393.957,"end":6394.567},{"text":"with","start":6395.322,"end":6395.482},{"text":"a","start":6395.482,"end":6395.547},{"text":"view","start":6395.547,"end":6395.82},{"text":"to","start":6395.868,"end":6396.06},{"text":"achieving","start":6396.301,"end":6396.815},{"text":"a","start":6397.072,"end":6397.088},{"text":"basic","start":6398.292,"end":6398.629},{"text":"set","start":6398.629,"end":6398.983},{"text":"of","start":6399.079,"end":6399.24},{"text":"recommended","start":6399.24,"end":6399.577},{"text":"principles","start":6399.577,"end":6400.026},{"text":"by","start":6400.042,"end":6400.139},{"text":"2027.","start":6400.139,"end":6400.829}]},{"text":"We advocate for a clear, pragmatic, and progressive approach based on consensus areas of endeavor such as scientific research and support for exploration missions.","start":6401.488,"end":6415.514,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6401.488,"end":6401.681},{"text":"advocate","start":6401.826,"end":6402.244},{"text":"for","start":6402.244,"end":6402.581},{"text":"a","start":6402.614,"end":6402.774},{"text":"clear,","start":6402.774,"end":6403.096},{"text":"pragmatic,","start":6403.112,"end":6403.658},{"text":"and","start":6403.739,"end":6404.832},{"text":"progressive","start":6404.864,"end":6405.507},{"text":"approach","start":6405.845,"end":6406.214},{"text":"based","start":6407.999,"end":6408.401},{"text":"on","start":6408.401,"end":6408.931},{"text":"consensus","start":6409.446,"end":6409.932},{"text":"areas","start":6410.014,"end":6410.16},{"text":"of","start":6410.257,"end":6410.354},{"text":"endeavor","start":6411.409,"end":6411.831},{"text":"such","start":6411.831,"end":6412.107},{"text":"as","start":6412.204,"end":6412.269},{"text":"scientific","start":6412.447,"end":6413.015},{"text":"research","start":6413.015,"end":6413.534},{"text":"and","start":6413.745,"end":6413.826},{"text":"support","start":6413.826,"end":6414.248},{"text":"for","start":6414.248,"end":6414.443},{"text":"exploration","start":6414.557,"end":6415.027},{"text":"missions.","start":6415.141,"end":6415.514}]},{"text":"We support several key principles as follows: the extraction of space resources must be conducted in conformity with international law and for exclusive Extraction and use of resources must be conducted in a reasonable manner and must take on board the interests of all countries and future and current generations.","start":6416.852,"end":6437.707,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6416.852,"end":6416.965},{"text":"support","start":6416.965,"end":6417.625},{"text":"several","start":6418.156,"end":6418.688},{"text":"key","start":6419.058,"end":6419.38},{"text":"principles","start":6419.444,"end":6419.911},{"text":"as","start":6420.427,"end":6420.555},{"text":"follows:","start":6420.588,"end":6420.877},{"text":"the","start":6421.473,"end":6421.715},{"text":"extraction","start":6422.037,"end":6422.52},{"text":"of","start":6422.52,"end":6422.584},{"text":"space","start":6422.6,"end":6422.906},{"text":"resources","start":6422.906,"end":6423.373},{"text":"must","start":6423.389,"end":6423.566},{"text":"be","start":6423.566,"end":6423.647},{"text":"conducted","start":6423.647,"end":6424.339},{"text":"in","start":6424.452,"end":6424.5},{"text":"conformity","start":6424.613,"end":6425.064},{"text":"with","start":6425.08,"end":6425.161},{"text":"international","start":6425.161,"end":6425.724},{"text":"law","start":6425.724,"end":6425.982},{"text":"and","start":6426.052,"end":6426.24},{"text":"for","start":6426.24,"end":6426.616},{"text":"exclusive","start":6426.667,"end":6428.855},{"text":"Extraction","start":6428.955,"end":6429.324},{"text":"and","start":6429.324,"end":6429.5},{"text":"use","start":6429.5,"end":6429.773},{"text":"of","start":6429.773,"end":6429.853},{"text":"resources","start":6429.901,"end":6430.446},{"text":"must","start":6430.558,"end":6430.751},{"text":"be","start":6430.863,"end":6430.975},{"text":"conducted","start":6431.6,"end":6432.001},{"text":"in","start":6432.001,"end":6432.097},{"text":"a","start":6432.097,"end":6432.161},{"text":"reasonable","start":6432.225,"end":6432.69},{"text":"manner","start":6432.706,"end":6433.107},{"text":"and","start":6433.508,"end":6433.604},{"text":"must","start":6433.604,"end":6433.973},{"text":"take","start":6434.005,"end":6434.261},{"text":"on","start":6434.261,"end":6434.325},{"text":"board","start":6434.325,"end":6434.501},{"text":"the","start":6434.501,"end":6434.646},{"text":"interests","start":6434.646,"end":6434.982},{"text":"of","start":6435.111,"end":6435.159},{"text":"all","start":6435.431,"end":6435.608},{"text":"countries","start":6435.608,"end":6436.056},{"text":"and","start":6436.169,"end":6436.233},{"text":"future","start":6436.249,"end":6436.698},{"text":"and","start":6436.81,"end":6436.874},{"text":"current","start":6436.954,"end":6437.178},{"text":"generations.","start":6437.194,"end":6437.707}]},{"text":"The importance of information sharing and consultations between states so as to favor scientific research, protection of our own planet, and the sharing of scientific results obtained by countries in the course of their activities.","start":6438.252,"end":6453.929,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-registration","label":"Transparency, Information Sharing, and Registration","description":"Speakers highlighted the importance of data sharing, consultation, notification, repositories, and possible registration or monitoring systems for space activities and space resources. These tools were presented as essential for confidence-building, coordination, and reducing disputes or harmful interference."},{"key":"celestial-environment","label":"Environmental Protection of Celestial Bodies","description":"A significant theme was the need to prevent harmful contamination and environmental damage on the Moon and other celestial bodies. Delegations also raised protection of scientifically important sites, environmental impact assessment, and sustainable use for future generations."},{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6438.252,"end":6438.317},{"text":"importance","start":6438.317,"end":6438.894},{"text":"of","start":6439.118,"end":6439.503},{"text":"information","start":6439.551,"end":6440.625},{"text":"sharing","start":6440.801,"end":6441.266},{"text":"and","start":6441.362,"end":6441.458},{"text":"consultations","start":6441.458,"end":6442.228},{"text":"between","start":6442.26,"end":6442.516},{"text":"states","start":6442.516,"end":6442.997},{"text":"so","start":6443.783,"end":6444.007},{"text":"as","start":6444.167,"end":6444.231},{"text":"to","start":6444.328,"end":6444.424},{"text":"favor","start":6444.424,"end":6444.841},{"text":"scientific","start":6445.963,"end":6446.411},{"text":"research,","start":6446.411,"end":6446.796},{"text":"protection","start":6447.469,"end":6447.886},{"text":"of","start":6447.886,"end":6448.014},{"text":"our","start":6448.014,"end":6448.159},{"text":"own","start":6448.175,"end":6448.271},{"text":"planet,","start":6448.271,"end":6448.672},{"text":"and","start":6448.816,"end":6448.992},{"text":"the","start":6449.056,"end":6449.137},{"text":"sharing","start":6449.137,"end":6449.585},{"text":"of","start":6449.858,"end":6450.082},{"text":"scientific","start":6450.275,"end":6450.691},{"text":"results","start":6450.691,"end":6451.268},{"text":"obtained","start":6451.894,"end":6452.407},{"text":"by","start":6452.439,"end":6452.631},{"text":"countries","start":6452.759,"end":6453.208},{"text":"in","start":6453.32,"end":6453.352},{"text":"the","start":6453.352,"end":6453.464},{"text":"course","start":6453.464,"end":6453.641},{"text":"of","start":6453.641,"end":6453.721},{"text":"their","start":6453.721,"end":6453.769},{"text":"activities.","start":6453.769,"end":6453.929}]},{"text":"We underscore the need for an international legal framework that's adapted and consensus-based.","start":6454.764,"end":6460.609,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6454.764,"end":6454.909},{"text":"underscore","start":6454.909,"end":6455.342},{"text":"the","start":6455.39,"end":6455.487},{"text":"need","start":6455.487,"end":6455.712},{"text":"for","start":6455.728,"end":6456.161},{"text":"an","start":6456.193,"end":6456.338},{"text":"international","start":6456.354,"end":6456.964},{"text":"legal","start":6457.237,"end":6457.43},{"text":"framework","start":6457.43,"end":6457.895},{"text":"that's","start":6457.895,"end":6458.297},{"text":"adapted","start":6458.377,"end":6459.067},{"text":"and","start":6459.324,"end":6459.71},{"text":"consensus-based.","start":6459.886,"end":6460.609}]},{"text":"The framework should be based on the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, and it should be elaborated in a multilateral spirit within COPRIOS.","start":6460.785,"end":6469.713,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6460.785,"end":6460.866},{"text":"framework","start":6460.93,"end":6461.267},{"text":"should","start":6461.267,"end":6461.428},{"text":"be","start":6461.428,"end":6461.572},{"text":"based","start":6461.588,"end":6461.893},{"text":"on","start":6462.375,"end":6462.52},{"text":"the","start":6462.552,"end":6462.632},{"text":"1967","start":6462.632,"end":6463.643},{"text":"Outer","start":6463.981,"end":6464.077},{"text":"Space","start":6464.077,"end":6464.398},{"text":"Treaty,","start":6464.398,"end":6464.767},{"text":"and","start":6464.864,"end":6464.928},{"text":"it","start":6464.96,"end":6465.024},{"text":"should","start":6465.024,"end":6465.249},{"text":"be","start":6465.281,"end":6465.522},{"text":"elaborated","start":6466.245,"end":6467.015},{"text":"in","start":6467.449,"end":6467.561},{"text":"a","start":6467.674,"end":6467.77},{"text":"multilateral","start":6467.77,"end":6468.412},{"text":"spirit","start":6468.412,"end":6468.862},{"text":"within","start":6468.958,"end":6469.183},{"text":"COPRIOS.","start":6469.279,"end":6469.713}]},{"text":"We urge all members of the committee to work towards consensus on this matter in— with due respect for international law and in a spirit of cooperation and flexibility.","start":6469.857,"end":6479.459,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. A recurring issue was how national frameworks can support innovation without conflicting with international law."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6480.197,"end":6480.454},{"text":"framework","start":6480.518,"end":6481.015},{"text":"that","start":6481.015,"end":6481.256},{"text":"we","start":6481.256,"end":6481.336},{"text":"decide","start":6481.336,"end":6481.721},{"text":"upon","start":6481.721,"end":6482.138},{"text":"will","start":6482.138,"end":6482.314},{"text":"ensure","start":6482.442,"end":6482.811},{"text":"legal","start":6483.821,"end":6484.319},{"text":"security","start":6484.399,"end":6485.153},{"text":"and","start":6485.409,"end":6485.762},{"text":"predictability","start":6487.093,"end":6487.831},{"text":"for","start":6487.831,"end":6488.055},{"text":"the","start":6488.055,"end":6488.152},{"text":"various","start":6488.152,"end":6488.536},{"text":"public","start":6488.553,"end":6488.809},{"text":"and","start":6488.809,"end":6488.873},{"text":"private","start":6488.873,"end":6489.194},{"text":"actors","start":6489.659,"end":6490.044},{"text":"involved","start":6490.317,"end":6490.718},{"text":"in","start":6490.718,"end":6490.798},{"text":"such","start":6490.798,"end":6490.958},{"text":"activities.","start":6490.958,"end":6491.407}]},{"text":"We support finally the organization of Unispace 4 so as to set ambitious and clear guidelines for the international community, particularly when it comes to governing the governance of space resource activities based on activities carried out at Copros.","start":6491.6,"end":6507.046,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 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Mr. Chang, Malaysia welcomes this timely exchange of views as interest in lunar missions and in situ resource utilization accelerates.","start":6833.427,"end":6844.626,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6833.427,"end":6833.604},{"text":"you,","start":6833.604,"end":6833.669},{"text":"Chang.","start":6833.749,"end":6835.089},{"text":"Mr.","start":6835.524,"end":6835.783},{"text":"Chang,","start":6835.831,"end":6836.057},{"text":"Malaysia","start":6836.751,"end":6837.057},{"text":"welcomes","start":6837.074,"end":6837.671},{"text":"this","start":6837.848,"end":6838.026},{"text":"timely","start":6838.026,"end":6838.316},{"text":"exchange","start":6838.332,"end":6838.72},{"text":"of","start":6838.752,"end":6838.848},{"text":"views","start":6838.913,"end":6839.202},{"text":"as","start":6840.104,"end":6840.168},{"text":"interest","start":6840.345,"end":6840.747},{"text":"in","start":6840.764,"end":6840.812},{"text":"lunar","start":6840.925,"end":6841.166},{"text":"missions","start":6841.166,"end":6841.697},{"text":"and","start":6841.955,"end":6842.099},{"text":"in","start":6842.277,"end":6842.325},{"text":"situ","start":6842.389,"end":6842.775},{"text":"resource","start":6842.775,"end":6843.258},{"text":"utilization","start":6843.258,"end":6843.87},{"text":"accelerates.","start":6843.999,"end":6844.626}]},{"text":"We believe believe that any governance model must remain firmly anchored in the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, OST 1967.","start":6845.27,"end":6861.486,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6845.27,"end":6845.351},{"text":"believe","start":6845.351,"end":6845.447},{"text":"believe","start":6845.51,"end":6845.718},{"text":"that","start":6846.425,"end":6846.666},{"text":"any","start":6846.73,"end":6846.971},{"text":"governance","start":6846.971,"end":6847.404},{"text":"model","start":6847.404,"end":6847.838},{"text":"must","start":6848.03,"end":6848.287},{"text":"remain","start":6848.287,"end":6848.544},{"text":"firmly","start":6848.657,"end":6849.074},{"text":"anchored","start":6849.154,"end":6849.604},{"text":"in","start":6849.957,"end":6850.005},{"text":"the","start":6850.037,"end":6850.118},{"text":"Treaty","start":6850.118,"end":6850.487},{"text":"on","start":6850.599,"end":6850.728},{"text":"Principles","start":6850.76,"end":6851.29},{"text":"Governing","start":6851.483,"end":6851.852},{"text":"the","start":6851.884,"end":6852.045},{"text":"Activities","start":6852.045,"end":6852.574},{"text":"of","start":6852.607,"end":6852.735},{"text":"States","start":6852.751,"end":6853.185},{"text":"in","start":6853.73,"end":6853.859},{"text":"the","start":6853.891,"end":6854.036},{"text":"Exploration","start":6854.052,"end":6854.726},{"text":"and","start":6855.015,"end":6855.079},{"text":"Use","start":6855.176,"end":6855.561},{"text":"of","start":6855.561,"end":6855.722},{"text":"Outer","start":6855.722,"end":6855.914},{"text":"Space,","start":6855.914,"end":6856.332},{"text":"including","start":6856.942,"end":6857.391},{"text":"the","start":6857.407,"end":6857.504},{"text":"Moon","start":6857.504,"end":6857.713},{"text":"and","start":6857.889,"end":6858.05},{"text":"Other","start":6858.05,"end":6858.226},{"text":"Celestial","start":6858.226,"end":6858.772},{"text":"Bodies,","start":6858.788,"end":6859.158},{"text":"OST","start":6859.896,"end":6860.33},{"text":"1967.","start":6860.33,"end":6861.486}]},{"text":"Specifically, Malaysia emphasizes the non-appropriation principle under Article 2, which prohibits national sovereignty claims over the Moon and other celestial bodies.","start":6862.176,"end":6873.689,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"Specifically,","start":6862.176,"end":6863.091},{"text":"Malaysia","start":6863.67,"end":6864.504},{"text":"emphasizes","start":6864.569,"end":6865.259},{"text":"the","start":6865.757,"end":6865.885},{"text":"non-appropriation","start":6865.917,"end":6866.833},{"text":"principle","start":6866.833,"end":6867.411},{"text":"under","start":6867.523,"end":6867.668},{"text":"Article","start":6867.684,"end":6868.165},{"text":"2,","start":6868.181,"end":6868.422},{"text":"which","start":6869.065,"end":6869.209},{"text":"prohibits","start":6869.305,"end":6869.948},{"text":"national","start":6869.948,"end":6870.365},{"text":"sovereignty","start":6870.365,"end":6871.04},{"text":"claims","start":6871.04,"end":6871.441},{"text":"over","start":6871.618,"end":6871.794},{"text":"the","start":6871.794,"end":6871.891},{"text":"Moon","start":6871.891,"end":6872.244},{"text":"and","start":6872.34,"end":6872.42},{"text":"other","start":6872.501,"end":6872.758},{"text":"celestial","start":6872.758,"end":6873.271},{"text":"bodies.","start":6873.32,"end":6873.689}]},{"text":"We view this principle not as a constraint, but as an essential safeguard to ensure that outer space remains accessible to all states, free from territorial competition.","start":6874.444,"end":6887.899,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6874.444,"end":6874.636},{"text":"view","start":6874.668,"end":6874.925},{"text":"this","start":6874.925,"end":6875.166},{"text":"principle","start":6875.166,"end":6876.274},{"text":"not","start":6876.37,"end":6876.659},{"text":"as","start":6876.691,"end":6876.82},{"text":"a","start":6876.852,"end":6876.868},{"text":"constraint,","start":6876.932,"end":6877.542},{"text":"but","start":6878.04,"end":6878.265},{"text":"as","start":6878.442,"end":6878.506},{"text":"an","start":6878.618,"end":6878.747},{"text":"essential","start":6878.843,"end":6879.341},{"text":"safeguard","start":6879.341,"end":6879.951},{"text":"to","start":6880.641,"end":6880.77},{"text":"ensure","start":6880.85,"end":6881.284},{"text":"that","start":6881.589,"end":6881.765},{"text":"outer","start":6882.215,"end":6882.408},{"text":"space","start":6882.408,"end":6882.793},{"text":"remains","start":6882.793,"end":6883.162},{"text":"accessible","start":6883.291,"end":6884.094},{"text":"to","start":6884.399,"end":6884.527},{"text":"all","start":6884.623,"end":6884.816},{"text":"states,","start":6884.816,"end":6885.234},{"text":"free","start":6885.908,"end":6886.181},{"text":"from","start":6886.229,"end":6886.486},{"text":"territorial","start":6886.486,"end":6887.128},{"text":"competition.","start":6887.353,"end":6887.899}]},{"text":"Mr. Cheng, in Malaysia's view, space resource activities must be conducted subject to robust authorization and continuing supervision under Article 6, and consistent with the principles of due regard and peaceful use under Article 9.","start":6888.878,"end":6906.22,"topics":[{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. 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They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":6925.744,"end":6925.953},{"text":"we","start":6925.985,"end":6926.146},{"text":"recognize","start":6926.146,"end":6926.595},{"text":"the","start":6927.029,"end":6927.189},{"text":"diverse","start":6927.189,"end":6927.671},{"text":"perspectives","start":6927.671,"end":6928.362},{"text":"regarding","start":6928.458,"end":6928.843},{"text":"international","start":6928.94,"end":6929.534},{"text":"regimes,","start":6929.534,"end":6929.967},{"text":"including","start":6930.465,"end":6930.85},{"text":"those","start":6930.947,"end":6931.091},{"text":"reflected","start":6931.204,"end":6931.814},{"text":"in","start":6931.99,"end":6932.071},{"text":"the","start":6932.071,"end":6932.167},{"text":"Moon","start":6932.167,"end":6932.376},{"text":"Agreement,","start":6932.504,"end":6933.082},{"text":"Malaysia","start":6933.435,"end":6933.853},{"text":"believes","start":6933.853,"end":6934.222},{"text":"that","start":6934.656,"end":6934.881},{"text":"constructive","start":6934.881,"end":6935.426},{"text":"dialogue","start":6935.459,"end":6935.876},{"text":"under","start":6936.005,"end":6936.261},{"text":"UN","start":6936.406,"end":6936.615},{"text":"COPUS","start":6936.727,"end":6937.096},{"text":"is","start":6937.321,"end":6937.434},{"text":"the","start":6937.466,"end":6937.61},{"text":"best","start":6937.61,"end":6937.867},{"text":"path","start":6937.867,"end":6938.83},{"text":"to","start":6938.911,"end":6939.039},{"text":"bridge","start":6939.071,"end":6939.28},{"text":"differences","start":6939.473,"end":6940.163},{"text":"and","start":6940.42,"end":6940.597},{"text":"build","start":6940.661,"end":6941.046},{"text":"global","start":6941.223,"end":6941.624},{"text":"convergence.","start":6941.64,"end":6942.443}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, Malaysia wishes to express its full support for the ongoing work of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities.","start":6942.989,"end":6951.637,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6952.455,"end":6952.743},{"text":"multilateral","start":6952.776,"end":6953.433},{"text":"platform","start":6953.433,"end":6953.882},{"text":"is","start":6954.138,"end":6954.202},{"text":"crucial","start":6954.315,"end":6954.844},{"text":"for","start":6955.276,"end":6955.501},{"text":"identifying","start":6955.501,"end":6956.206},{"text":"common","start":6956.318,"end":6956.591},{"text":"understanding","start":6956.703,"end":6957.328},{"text":"and","start":6957.745,"end":6957.809},{"text":"developing","start":6957.986,"end":6958.37},{"text":"guiding","start":6958.467,"end":6958.771},{"text":"principles","start":6958.883,"end":6959.412},{"text":"that","start":6959.925,"end":6960.054},{"text":"are","start":6960.07,"end":6960.166},{"text":"consistent","start":6960.166,"end":6961},{"text":"with","start":6961.272,"end":6961.416},{"text":"existing","start":6961.513,"end":6961.961},{"text":"international","start":6962.09,"end":6962.715},{"text":"law.","start":6962.715,"end":6962.827}]},{"text":"Malaysia supports the incremental development of legal frameworks that safeguard foundational principles of the OST 1967, including equitable access, access, and the non-appropriation principle, while accommodating technological progress and the diverse interests of member states.","start":6963.757,"end":6984.07,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":6963.757,"end":6964.174},{"text":"supports","start":6964.174,"end":6964.911},{"text":"the","start":6965.28,"end":6965.44},{"text":"incremental","start":6965.44,"end":6966.226},{"text":"development","start":6966.242,"end":6966.851},{"text":"of","start":6966.899,"end":6967.027},{"text":"legal","start":6967.124,"end":6967.428},{"text":"frameworks","start":6967.444,"end":6968.133},{"text":"that","start":6968.486,"end":6968.598},{"text":"safeguard","start":6968.598,"end":6969.192},{"text":"foundational","start":6969.208,"end":6969.961},{"text":"principles","start":6970.025,"end":6970.474},{"text":"of","start":6970.682,"end":6970.763},{"text":"the","start":6970.827,"end":6971.003},{"text":"OST","start":6971.131,"end":6971.308},{"text":"1967,","start":6971.308,"end":6972.478},{"text":"including","start":6973.28,"end":6973.601},{"text":"equitable","start":6973.713,"end":6974.339},{"text":"access,","start":6974.339,"end":6974.869},{"text":"access,","start":6975.303,"end":6975.608},{"text":"and","start":6976.202,"end":6976.266},{"text":"the","start":6976.282,"end":6976.378},{"text":"non-appropriation","start":6976.378,"end":6977.454},{"text":"principle,","start":6977.486,"end":6978.209},{"text":"while","start":6978.915,"end":6979.253},{"text":"accommodating","start":6979.253,"end":6979.879},{"text":"technological","start":6980.039,"end":6980.762},{"text":"progress","start":6980.778,"end":6981.372},{"text":"and","start":6981.725,"end":6981.822},{"text":"the","start":6981.822,"end":6981.902},{"text":"diverse","start":6981.902,"end":6982.448},{"text":"interests","start":6982.528,"end":6983.09},{"text":"of","start":6983.106,"end":6983.235},{"text":"member","start":6983.331,"end":6983.604},{"text":"states.","start":6983.604,"end":6984.07}]},{"text":"We advocate for a gradual consensus-based approach that evolves alongside technological developments, ensuring that space resource governance remains careful, inclusive, and legally responsible.","start":6984.856,"end":6998.681,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."},{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6984.856,"end":6984.969},{"text":"advocate","start":6985.097,"end":6985.595},{"text":"for","start":6985.595,"end":6985.707},{"text":"a","start":6985.9,"end":6985.916},{"text":"gradual","start":6985.996,"end":6986.655},{"text":"consensus-based","start":6986.703,"end":6987.843},{"text":"approach","start":6987.843,"end":6988.292},{"text":"that","start":6989.111,"end":6989.224},{"text":"evolves","start":6989.288,"end":6989.689},{"text":"alongside","start":6989.689,"end":6990.508},{"text":"technological","start":6990.524,"end":6991.215},{"text":"developments,","start":6991.215,"end":6991.937},{"text":"ensuring","start":6992.098,"end":6992.692},{"text":"that","start":6992.804,"end":6992.965},{"text":"space","start":6992.965,"end":6993.479},{"text":"resource","start":6993.479,"end":6993.96},{"text":"governance","start":6994.089,"end":6994.667},{"text":"remains","start":6995.052,"end":6995.357},{"text":"careful,","start":6995.454,"end":6995.823},{"text":"inclusive,","start":6996.433,"end":6997.011},{"text":"and","start":6997.3,"end":6997.477},{"text":"legally","start":6997.477,"end":6997.959},{"text":"responsible.","start":6997.959,"end":6998.681}]},{"text":"In conclusion, Mr. Chair, Malaysia emphasizes that the governance of space resources must remain inclusive and equitable, particularly for emerging and developing space nations.","start":6999.805,"end":7011.976,"topics":[{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."},{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6999.805,"end":6999.869},{"text":"conclusion,","start":6999.885,"end":7000.415},{"text":"Mr.","start":7000.512,"end":7000.704},{"text":"Chair,","start":7000.752,"end":7001.122},{"text":"Malaysia","start":7001.411,"end":7001.876},{"text":"emphasizes","start":7001.892,"end":7002.663},{"text":"that","start":7003.177,"end":7003.386},{"text":"the","start":7003.883,"end":7003.98},{"text":"governance","start":7004.044,"end":7004.542},{"text":"of","start":7004.542,"end":7004.67},{"text":"space","start":7004.686,"end":7005.039},{"text":"resources","start":7005.039,"end":7005.553},{"text":"must","start":7005.666,"end":7005.858},{"text":"remain","start":7005.971,"end":7006.179},{"text":"inclusive","start":7006.292,"end":7006.886},{"text":"and","start":7007.496,"end":7007.641},{"text":"equitable,","start":7007.753,"end":7008.395},{"text":"particularly","start":7008.636,"end":7009.343},{"text":"for","start":7009.343,"end":7009.6},{"text":"emerging","start":7009.6,"end":7010.097},{"text":"and","start":7010.483,"end":7010.643},{"text":"developing","start":7010.643,"end":7011.141},{"text":"space","start":7011.141,"end":7011.51},{"text":"nations.","start":7011.526,"end":7011.976}]},{"text":"Strengthening international cooperation and capacity building is essential to ensure that the benefits of space exploration are shared by all humankind.","start":7012.891,"end":7022.75,"topics":[{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"Strengthening","start":7012.891,"end":7013.421},{"text":"international","start":7013.469,"end":7014.079},{"text":"cooperation","start":7014.079,"end":7014.786},{"text":"and","start":7015.043,"end":7015.219},{"text":"capacity","start":7015.219,"end":7015.765},{"text":"building","start":7015.765,"end":7016.119},{"text":"is","start":7016.664,"end":7016.713},{"text":"essential","start":7016.841,"end":7017.596},{"text":"to","start":7017.628,"end":7017.756},{"text":"ensure","start":7017.788,"end":7018.334},{"text":"that","start":7018.334,"end":7018.511},{"text":"the","start":7018.511,"end":7018.591},{"text":"benefits","start":7018.672,"end":7019.217},{"text":"of","start":7019.217,"end":7019.25},{"text":"space","start":7019.25,"end":7019.715},{"text":"exploration","start":7019.715,"end":7020.39},{"text":"are","start":7020.839,"end":7020.936},{"text":"shared","start":7020.936,"end":7021.289},{"text":"by","start":7021.465,"end":7021.594},{"text":"all","start":7021.947,"end":7022.108},{"text":"humankind.","start":7022.124,"end":7022.75}]},{"text":"Malaysia remains committed to contributing constructively to this committee and the working group to ensure a sustainable and legally responsible future for space resource activities.","start":7022.862,"end":7034.488,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"Malaysia","start":7022.862,"end":7023.649},{"text":"remains","start":7023.649,"end":7023.938},{"text":"committed","start":7023.97,"end":7024.372},{"text":"to","start":7024.678,"end":7024.71},{"text":"contributing","start":7024.775,"end":7025.451},{"text":"constructively","start":7025.5,"end":7026.434},{"text":"to","start":7026.853,"end":7026.95},{"text":"this","start":7026.95,"end":7027.046},{"text":"committee","start":7027.191,"end":7027.562},{"text":"and","start":7027.916,"end":7027.981},{"text":"the","start":7027.997,"end":7028.126},{"text":"working","start":7028.142,"end":7028.399},{"text":"group","start":7028.464,"end":7029.35},{"text":"to","start":7029.35,"end":7029.463},{"text":"ensure","start":7029.511,"end":7029.93},{"text":"a","start":7029.93,"end":7029.946},{"text":"sustainable","start":7029.946,"end":7030.752},{"text":"and","start":7030.881,"end":7030.945},{"text":"legally","start":7031.042,"end":7031.316},{"text":"responsible","start":7031.316,"end":7032.008},{"text":"future","start":7032.025,"end":7032.476},{"text":"for","start":7032.846,"end":7033.04},{"text":"space","start":7033.04,"end":7033.394},{"text":"resource","start":7033.394,"end":7033.78},{"text":"activities.","start":7033.86,"end":7034.488}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr.","start":7035.003,"end":7035.647,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7035.003,"end":7035.18},{"text":"you,","start":7035.18,"end":7035.245},{"text":"Mr.","start":7035.261,"end":7035.647}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair.","start":7037,"end":7037.257,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":7037,"end":7037.257}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"MYS","affiliation_full":"Malaysia","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":50,"start":7037.724,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=7038","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Malaysia for their statement.","start":7037.724,"end":7040.01,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7037.724,"end":7037.74},{"text":"thank","start":7037.74,"end":7038.287},{"text":"Malaysia","start":7038.464,"end":7039.028},{"text":"for","start":7039.028,"end":7039.269},{"text":"their","start":7039.269,"end":7039.366},{"text":"statement.","start":7039.366,"end":7040.01}]},{"text":"And now I give the floor to Chile.","start":7041.346,"end":7042.779,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7041.346,"end":7041.442},{"text":"now","start":7041.442,"end":7041.523},{"text":"I","start":7041.62,"end":7041.748},{"text":"give","start":7041.748,"end":7041.861},{"text":"the","start":7041.925,"end":7042.006},{"text":"floor","start":7042.006,"end":7042.247},{"text":"to","start":7042.247,"end":7042.473},{"text":"Chile.","start":7042.473,"end":7042.779}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":51,"start":7044.24,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=7045","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":7044.24,"end":7046.156,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7044.24,"end":7044.499},{"text":"you,","start":7044.499,"end":7044.662},{"text":"Chair.","start":7045.896,"end":7046.156}]},{"text":"My delegation is grateful for the opportunity to contribute to this essential debate on the future of space governance.","start":7047.764,"end":7054.836,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":7047.764,"end":7048.007},{"text":"delegation","start":7048.007,"end":7048.511},{"text":"is","start":7048.511,"end":7048.624},{"text":"grateful","start":7048.722,"end":7049.111},{"text":"for","start":7049.128,"end":7049.306},{"text":"the","start":7049.306,"end":7049.42},{"text":"opportunity","start":7049.452,"end":7050.2},{"text":"to","start":7050.281,"end":7050.443},{"text":"contribute","start":7050.443,"end":7051.076},{"text":"to","start":7051.076,"end":7051.19},{"text":"this","start":7051.19,"end":7051.304},{"text":"essential","start":7051.434,"end":7052.018},{"text":"debate","start":7052.132,"end":7052.359},{"text":"on","start":7052.989,"end":7053.055},{"text":"the","start":7053.089,"end":7053.172},{"text":"future","start":7053.322,"end":7053.638},{"text":"of","start":7053.655,"end":7053.771},{"text":"space","start":7053.771,"end":7054.037},{"text":"governance.","start":7054.171,"end":7054.836}]},{"text":"The high-speed technological progress means that non-state actors, including private enterprise, are taking on a primordial role in the use and exploitation of space assets.","start":7056.434,"end":7071.432,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7056.434,"end":7056.515},{"text":"high-speed","start":7056.71,"end":7057.795},{"text":"technological","start":7058.087,"end":7058.751},{"text":"progress","start":7058.751,"end":7059.318},{"text":"means","start":7059.318,"end":7059.61},{"text":"that","start":7060.112,"end":7060.242},{"text":"non-state","start":7060.371,"end":7060.938},{"text":"actors,","start":7061.003,"end":7061.311},{"text":"including","start":7061.344,"end":7061.781},{"text":"private","start":7061.911,"end":7062.364},{"text":"enterprise,","start":7062.542,"end":7063.012},{"text":"are","start":7063.596,"end":7063.758},{"text":"taking","start":7064.001,"end":7064.438},{"text":"on","start":7064.888,"end":7065.113},{"text":"a","start":7065.547,"end":7065.563},{"text":"primordial","start":7066.271,"end":7066.801},{"text":"role","start":7066.994,"end":7067.203},{"text":"in","start":7067.46,"end":7067.605},{"text":"the","start":7067.798,"end":7067.879},{"text":"use","start":7068.522,"end":7068.779},{"text":"and","start":7068.908,"end":7069.052},{"text":"exploitation","start":7069.149,"end":7070.097},{"text":"of","start":7070.451,"end":7070.548},{"text":"space","start":7070.548,"end":7070.998},{"text":"assets.","start":7071.078,"end":7071.432}]},{"text":"And therefore, we have to analyze international space law to prevent technological development from widening the gap between countries.","start":7071.56,"end":7083.615,"topics":[{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7071.56,"end":7071.657},{"text":"therefore,","start":7071.657,"end":7072.059},{"text":"we","start":7072.123,"end":7072.22},{"text":"have","start":7072.22,"end":7072.445},{"text":"to","start":7072.445,"end":7072.606},{"text":"analyze","start":7072.687,"end":7073.16},{"text":"international","start":7073.829,"end":7074.628},{"text":"space","start":7074.84,"end":7075.394},{"text":"law","start":7075.394,"end":7075.509},{"text":"to","start":7076.047,"end":7076.259},{"text":"prevent","start":7076.438,"end":7076.944},{"text":"technological","start":7076.944,"end":7079.814},{"text":"development","start":7078.898,"end":7079.572},{"text":"from","start":7080.454,"end":7080.711},{"text":"widening","start":7081.305,"end":7081.85},{"text":"the","start":7082.123,"end":7082.203},{"text":"gap","start":7082.267,"end":7082.54},{"text":"between","start":7082.748,"end":7083.053},{"text":"countries.","start":7083.15,"end":7083.615}]},{"text":"The principle of non-appropriation is essential, and this is covered in Article 1 of the Space Treaty.","start":7083.952,"end":7094.524,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7083.952,"end":7084.064},{"text":"principle","start":7084.064,"end":7084.545},{"text":"of","start":7084.593,"end":7084.658},{"text":"non-appropriation","start":7085.155,"end":7086.326},{"text":"is","start":7086.92,"end":7086.984},{"text":"essential,","start":7087.962,"end":7088.684},{"text":"and","start":7089.085,"end":7089.246},{"text":"this","start":7089.246,"end":7089.503},{"text":"is","start":7089.503,"end":7089.631},{"text":"covered","start":7089.663,"end":7089.984},{"text":"in","start":7089.984,"end":7090.112},{"text":"Article","start":7090.208,"end":7090.594},{"text":"1","start":7090.626,"end":7090.834},{"text":"of","start":7091.492,"end":7091.636},{"text":"the","start":7091.973,"end":7092.182},{"text":"Space","start":7093.529,"end":7093.963},{"text":"Treaty.","start":7094.235,"end":7094.524}]},{"text":"We are worried that implementation application depends on technical, technological, and economic capacities of states.","start":7094.957,"end":7103.235,"topics":[{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7094.957,"end":7095.134},{"text":"are","start":7095.198,"end":7095.455},{"text":"worried","start":7095.503,"end":7095.936},{"text":"that","start":7096.321,"end":7096.594},{"text":"implementation","start":7097.027,"end":7097.973},{"text":"application","start":7098.07,"end":7098.647},{"text":"depends","start":7098.647,"end":7099.096},{"text":"on","start":7099.193,"end":7099.337},{"text":"technical,","start":7099.69,"end":7100.508},{"text":"technological,","start":7100.653,"end":7101.391},{"text":"and","start":7101.439,"end":7101.535},{"text":"economic","start":7101.599,"end":7102.016},{"text":"capacities","start":7102.016,"end":7102.626},{"text":"of","start":7102.674,"end":7102.786},{"text":"states.","start":7102.802,"end":7103.235}]},{"text":"In practice, this could lead to the consolidation of structural inequalities and lead to a problem with case law.","start":7103.685,"end":7115.432,"topics":[{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7103.685,"end":7103.749},{"text":"practice,","start":7103.99,"end":7104.28},{"text":"this","start":7104.651,"end":7104.861},{"text":"could","start":7105.232,"end":7105.571},{"text":"lead","start":7106.103,"end":7106.442},{"text":"to","start":7106.442,"end":7106.587},{"text":"the","start":7106.587,"end":7106.668},{"text":"consolidation","start":7106.668,"end":7107.426},{"text":"of","start":7107.475,"end":7107.539},{"text":"structural","start":7107.572,"end":7108.411},{"text":"inequalities","start":7109.75,"end":7110.686},{"text":"and","start":7111.993,"end":7112.299},{"text":"lead","start":7112.896,"end":7113.025},{"text":"to","start":7113.138,"end":7113.364},{"text":"a","start":7113.51,"end":7113.542},{"text":"problem","start":7113.606,"end":7114.14},{"text":"with","start":7114.253,"end":7114.56},{"text":"case","start":7114.899,"end":7115.109},{"text":"law.","start":7115.238,"end":7115.432}]},{"text":"As far as resources are concerned, we believe we need a prudent legal approach granting full consideration to principles such as benefits for the whole of humankind.","start":7117.096,"end":7130.005,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 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Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":7117.096,"end":7117.225},{"text":"far","start":7117.322,"end":7117.451},{"text":"as","start":7117.564,"end":7117.629},{"text":"resources","start":7117.823,"end":7118.372},{"text":"are","start":7118.372,"end":7118.453},{"text":"concerned,","start":7118.453,"end":7118.97},{"text":"we","start":7119.358,"end":7119.6},{"text":"believe","start":7119.826,"end":7120.246},{"text":"we","start":7120.634,"end":7120.812},{"text":"need","start":7120.812,"end":7121.183},{"text":"a","start":7121.232,"end":7121.248},{"text":"prudent","start":7121.442,"end":7121.943},{"text":"legal","start":7121.943,"end":7122.395},{"text":"approach","start":7122.492,"end":7122.96},{"text":"granting","start":7123.558,"end":7124.011},{"text":"full","start":7124.205,"end":7124.576},{"text":"consideration","start":7124.592,"end":7125.529},{"text":"to","start":7125.966,"end":7126.03},{"text":"principles","start":7126.063,"end":7126.483},{"text":"such","start":7126.483,"end":7126.757},{"text":"as","start":7126.854,"end":7126.919},{"text":"benefits","start":7127.42,"end":7127.953},{"text":"for","start":7128.018,"end":7128.211},{"text":"the","start":7128.244,"end":7128.405},{"text":"whole","start":7128.405,"end":7128.825},{"text":"of","start":7128.874,"end":7128.939},{"text":"humankind.","start":7129.375,"end":7130.005}]},{"text":"Is concerned about the security areas, which could be technically justifiable, but there is a risk that they be interpreted as a de facto exclusion.","start":7130.628,"end":7142.448,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"Is","start":7130.628,"end":7130.693},{"text":"concerned","start":7130.953,"end":7131.635},{"text":"about","start":7132.024,"end":7132.43},{"text":"the","start":7132.592,"end":7132.674},{"text":"security","start":7132.836,"end":7133.534},{"text":"areas,","start":7134.118,"end":7134.427},{"text":"which","start":7134.946,"end":7135.076},{"text":"could","start":7135.19,"end":7135.32},{"text":"be","start":7135.352,"end":7135.514},{"text":"technically","start":7135.514,"end":7136.083},{"text":"justifiable,","start":7136.148,"end":7136.537},{"text":"but","start":7137.262,"end":7137.311},{"text":"there","start":7137.311,"end":7137.442},{"text":"is","start":7137.49,"end":7137.556},{"text":"a","start":7137.735,"end":7137.833},{"text":"risk","start":7137.898,"end":7138.306},{"text":"that","start":7138.73,"end":7138.893},{"text":"they","start":7138.893,"end":7139.138},{"text":"be","start":7139.138,"end":7139.382},{"text":"interpreted","start":7139.529,"end":7140.295},{"text":"as","start":7140.834,"end":7140.98},{"text":"a","start":7141.241,"end":7141.257},{"text":"de","start":7141.339,"end":7141.453},{"text":"facto","start":7141.502,"end":7141.894},{"text":"exclusion.","start":7141.91,"end":7142.448}]},{"text":"Therefore, we suggest exploring reasonable limits based on other areas of international law guaranteeing a temporary non-exclusive basis.","start":7143.61,"end":7155.241,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":7143.61,"end":7143.884},{"text":"we","start":7144.287,"end":7144.448},{"text":"suggest","start":7144.593,"end":7145.093},{"text":"exploring","start":7145.093,"end":7145.626},{"text":"reasonable","start":7145.739,"end":7146.368},{"text":"limits","start":7146.771,"end":7147.126},{"text":"based","start":7147.513,"end":7148.013},{"text":"on","start":7148.142,"end":7148.206},{"text":"other","start":7148.464,"end":7148.706},{"text":"areas","start":7148.787,"end":7149.093},{"text":"of","start":7149.142,"end":7149.271},{"text":"international","start":7149.271,"end":7149.932},{"text":"law","start":7149.932,"end":7150.158},{"text":"guaranteeing","start":7151.11,"end":7151.839},{"text":"a","start":7152.341,"end":7152.357},{"text":"temporary","start":7152.827,"end":7153.459},{"text":"non-exclusive","start":7153.653,"end":7154.755},{"text":"basis.","start":7154.788,"end":7155.241}]},{"text":"Really strongly supports the sustainable environmental sustainability, including preservation of historic areas.","start":7155.98,"end":7167.777,"topics":[{"key":"celestial-environment","label":"Environmental Protection of Celestial Bodies","description":"A significant theme was the need to prevent harmful contamination and environmental damage on the Moon and other celestial bodies. Delegations also raised protection of scientifically important sites, environmental impact assessment, and sustainable use for future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Really","start":7155.98,"end":7156.141},{"text":"strongly","start":7157,"end":7157.485},{"text":"supports","start":7157.485,"end":7158.085},{"text":"the","start":7158.441,"end":7158.538},{"text":"sustainable","start":7158.748,"end":7160.06},{"text":"environmental","start":7160.06,"end":7160.724},{"text":"sustainability,","start":7160.724,"end":7161.841},{"text":"including","start":7162.392,"end":7163.023},{"text":"preservation","start":7163.525,"end":7164.14},{"text":"of","start":7164.173,"end":7164.319},{"text":"historic","start":7164.4,"end":7165.541},{"text":"areas.","start":7167.471,"end":7167.777}]},{"text":"Regarding benefits, we believe there have to be gradual technology transfer and capacity building.","start":7168.694,"end":7176.483,"topics":[{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":7168.694,"end":7169.144},{"text":"benefits,","start":7169.482,"end":7170.141},{"text":"we","start":7170.302,"end":7170.447},{"text":"believe","start":7170.463,"end":7170.752},{"text":"there","start":7170.785,"end":7171.01},{"text":"have","start":7171.01,"end":7171.235},{"text":"to","start":7171.331,"end":7171.508},{"text":"be","start":7171.508,"end":7171.605},{"text":"gradual","start":7172.863,"end":7173.509},{"text":"technology","start":7174.156,"end":7174.786},{"text":"transfer","start":7174.802,"end":7175.368},{"text":"and","start":7175.368,"end":7175.465},{"text":"capacity","start":7175.465,"end":7176.031},{"text":"building.","start":7176.095,"end":7176.483}]},{"text":"We would like to reiterate that international responsibility is— falls uniquely on states who have to guarantee full compliance with international law by private actors.","start":7177.324,"end":7190.992,"topics":[{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. A recurring issue was how national frameworks can support innovation without conflicting with international law."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7177.324,"end":7177.469},{"text":"would","start":7177.469,"end":7177.566},{"text":"like","start":7177.566,"end":7177.809},{"text":"to","start":7177.809,"end":7177.922},{"text":"reiterate","start":7177.97,"end":7178.698},{"text":"that","start":7179.166,"end":7180.411},{"text":"international","start":7180.476,"end":7181.09},{"text":"responsibility","start":7181.187,"end":7181.979},{"text":"is—","start":7182.577,"end":7182.722},{"text":"falls","start":7183.075,"end":7183.445},{"text":"uniquely","start":7184.023,"end":7184.488},{"text":"on","start":7184.665,"end":7184.729},{"text":"states","start":7184.826,"end":7185.339},{"text":"who","start":7185.645,"end":7185.869},{"text":"have","start":7186.11,"end":7186.255},{"text":"to","start":7186.303,"end":7186.448},{"text":"guarantee","start":7186.448,"end":7186.994},{"text":"full","start":7187.234,"end":7187.491},{"text":"compliance","start":7187.491,"end":7188.053},{"text":"with","start":7188.053,"end":7188.214},{"text":"international","start":7188.359,"end":7189.017},{"text":"law","start":7189.017,"end":7189.274},{"text":"by","start":7189.659,"end":7189.772},{"text":"private","start":7190.061,"end":7190.43},{"text":"actors.","start":7190.607,"end":7190.992}]},{"text":"Chair, Chile believes that this subcommittee is the right place to make progress gradually and to reach consensus towards a common understanding to consolidate innovation with equity and that all activities are for the benefit of the whole of humanity.","start":7191.586,"end":7210.182,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."},{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."},{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":7191.586,"end":7191.988},{"text":"Chile","start":7192.229,"end":7192.518},{"text":"believes","start":7192.55,"end":7192.839},{"text":"that","start":7192.871,"end":7193.048},{"text":"this","start":7193.096,"end":7193.16},{"text":"subcommittee","start":7193.208,"end":7194.14},{"text":"is","start":7194.397,"end":7194.445},{"text":"the","start":7194.541,"end":7194.638},{"text":"right","start":7194.638,"end":7194.862},{"text":"place","start":7194.959,"end":7195.232},{"text":"to","start":7195.746,"end":7195.81},{"text":"make","start":7195.842,"end":7196.099},{"text":"progress","start":7196.243,"end":7196.773},{"text":"gradually","start":7197.849,"end":7198.379},{"text":"and","start":7198.652,"end":7198.813},{"text":"to","start":7198.813,"end":7198.909},{"text":"reach","start":7198.973,"end":7199.343},{"text":"consensus","start":7199.375,"end":7200.017},{"text":"towards","start":7200.017,"end":7200.419},{"text":"a","start":7200.435,"end":7200.451},{"text":"common","start":7200.499,"end":7200.852},{"text":"understanding","start":7200.965,"end":7201.719},{"text":"to","start":7202.169,"end":7202.298},{"text":"consolidate","start":7202.426,"end":7203.566},{"text":"innovation","start":7204.193,"end":7204.755},{"text":"with","start":7204.755,"end":7204.963},{"text":"equity","start":7205.06,"end":7205.525},{"text":"and","start":7206.023,"end":7206.248},{"text":"that","start":7206.601,"end":7206.714},{"text":"all","start":7206.987,"end":7207.228},{"text":"activities","start":7207.228,"end":7207.934},{"text":"are","start":7208.063,"end":7208.143},{"text":"for","start":7208.143,"end":7208.271},{"text":"the","start":7208.271,"end":7208.368},{"text":"benefit","start":7208.368,"end":7208.785},{"text":"of","start":7208.785,"end":7208.898},{"text":"the","start":7208.914,"end":7209.01},{"text":"whole","start":7209.01,"end":7209.396},{"text":"of","start":7209.476,"end":7209.572},{"text":"humanity.","start":7209.572,"end":7210.182}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"CHL","affiliation_full":"Chile","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":52,"start":7210.841,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=7211","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Chile for their statement.","start":7210.841,"end":7211.997,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7210.841,"end":7210.857},{"text":"thank","start":7210.921,"end":7211.242},{"text":"Chile","start":7211.242,"end":7211.467},{"text":"for","start":7211.564,"end":7211.724},{"text":"their","start":7211.724,"end":7211.82},{"text":"statement.","start":7211.82,"end":7211.997}]},{"text":"And now I give the floor to Mexico.","start":7212.724,"end":7214.526,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7212.724,"end":7212.84},{"text":"now","start":7212.89,"end":7212.974},{"text":"I","start":7213.224,"end":7213.274},{"text":"give","start":7213.308,"end":7213.525},{"text":"the","start":7213.558,"end":7213.642},{"text":"floor","start":7213.642,"end":7213.892},{"text":"to","start":7213.892,"end":7213.992},{"text":"Mexico.","start":7213.992,"end":7214.526}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":53,"start":7218.47,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=7219","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":7218.47,"end":7219.084,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7218.47,"end":7218.566},{"text":"you,","start":7218.566,"end":7218.663},{"text":"Chair.","start":7218.728,"end":7219.084}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, space and space race with countries and private— the private sector means new challenges, and we need a responsible, steadfast, visionary, and sustainable and long-reach position.","start":7219.94,"end":7242.314,"topics":[{"key":"celestial-environment","label":"Environmental Protection of Celestial Bodies","description":"A significant theme was the need to prevent harmful contamination and environmental damage on the Moon and other celestial bodies. Delegations also raised protection of scientifically important sites, environmental impact assessment, and sustainable use for future generations."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several speakers raised the need for better coordination of space operations through conjunction data sharing, space situational awareness, collision avoidance, and operational rules. This was presented as increasingly urgent due to congestion, commercialization, and expanding satellite activity."}],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":7219.94,"end":7220.603},{"text":"delegates,","start":7220.603,"end":7223.802},{"text":"space","start":7226.016,"end":7226.469},{"text":"and","start":7227.048,"end":7227.273},{"text":"space","start":7227.61,"end":7227.98},{"text":"race","start":7228.574,"end":7228.799},{"text":"with","start":7229.137,"end":7229.362},{"text":"countries","start":7230.021,"end":7230.567},{"text":"and","start":7231.146,"end":7231.531},{"text":"private—","start":7231.628,"end":7232.142},{"text":"the","start":7232.592,"end":7232.688},{"text":"private","start":7232.688,"end":7233.042},{"text":"sector","start":7233.074,"end":7233.492},{"text":"means","start":7233.813,"end":7234.022},{"text":"new","start":7234.119,"end":7234.295},{"text":"challenges,","start":7234.295,"end":7234.826},{"text":"and","start":7235.243,"end":7235.404},{"text":"we","start":7235.404,"end":7235.501},{"text":"need","start":7235.501,"end":7235.71},{"text":"a","start":7235.71,"end":7235.742},{"text":"responsible,","start":7235.742,"end":7236.56},{"text":"steadfast,","start":7236.821,"end":7237.704},{"text":"visionary,","start":7237.786,"end":7238.243},{"text":"and","start":7238.276,"end":7238.358},{"text":"sustainable","start":7238.505,"end":7239.796},{"text":"and","start":7240.012,"end":7240.271},{"text":"long-reach","start":7240.985,"end":7241.682},{"text":"position.","start":7241.795,"end":7242.314}]},{"text":"In light of the current development of space science and technology, it is a priority to strengthen the effective implementation of the prevailing legal framework on outer space using practical mechanisms at multilateral level to help guide states to have predictable domestic regulations so that all states can participate in the benefits regardless of their economic or technological development.","start":7244.21,"end":7274.644,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."},{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. A recurring issue was how national frameworks can support innovation without conflicting with international law."},{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. 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Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7286.746,"end":7286.973},{"text":"given","start":7287.167,"end":7287.443},{"text":"that","start":7287.492,"end":7287.654},{"text":"there","start":7287.654,"end":7287.767},{"text":"is","start":7287.816,"end":7287.864},{"text":"an","start":7287.978,"end":7288.107},{"text":"increase","start":7288.204,"end":7288.48},{"text":"in","start":7288.48,"end":7288.561},{"text":"the","start":7288.561,"end":7288.626},{"text":"number","start":7288.626,"end":7289.031},{"text":"of","start":7289.031,"end":7289.161},{"text":"countries","start":7289.663,"end":7290.133},{"text":"and","start":7290.635,"end":7291.024},{"text":"actors","start":7291.607,"end":7292.077},{"text":"involved","start":7292.337,"end":7292.985},{"text":"in","start":7292.985,"end":7293.049},{"text":"space","start":7293.514,"end":7293.869},{"text":"activities.","start":7293.998,"end":7294.61}]},{"text":"We need to work on the existing space law in the 5 treaties to respond to the rapid evolution of disruptive technologies and space activities through their consistent interpretation and implementation and through non-binding tools that have been designed by COPUOS.","start":7295.109,"end":7316.121,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7318.33,"end":7318.395},{"text":"The","start":7318.61,"end":7318.786},{"text":"main","start":7318.786,"end":7319.011},{"text":"challenges","start":7319.027,"end":7319.653},{"text":"faced","start":7320.151,"end":7320.697},{"text":"by","start":7320.73,"end":7320.922},{"text":"space","start":7321.147,"end":7321.484},{"text":"law","start":7321.677,"end":7321.806},{"text":"are","start":7322.4,"end":7322.673},{"text":"related","start":7322.721,"end":7323.364},{"text":"to","start":7323.364,"end":7323.621},{"text":"potential","start":7324.167,"end":7324.809},{"text":"activities","start":7325.291,"end":7326.078},{"text":"from","start":7326.431,"end":7326.769},{"text":"scientific","start":7327.09,"end":7327.813},{"text":"and","start":7327.813,"end":7327.925},{"text":"technological","start":7327.957,"end":7328.953},{"text":"advances","start":7329.065,"end":7329.692},{"text":"leading","start":7330.768,"end":7331.057},{"text":"to","start":7331.314,"end":7331.426},{"text":"the","start":7331.651,"end":7331.78},{"text":"increased","start":7331.796,"end":7332.213},{"text":"commercialization","start":7332.213,"end":7333.145},{"text":"of","start":7333.177,"end":7333.273},{"text":"space","start":7333.273,"end":7333.53},{"text":"activities.","start":7333.643,"end":7334.269}]},{"text":"These developments mean it is more relevant to have principles such as peaceful use, non-appropriation, due consideration of the interests of other states, international cooperation and activities in space for the benefit of the whole of humankind.","start":7335.088,"end":7353.98,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":7335.088,"end":7335.313},{"text":"developments","start":7335.49,"end":7336.293},{"text":"mean","start":7336.614,"end":7336.839},{"text":"it","start":7337.176,"end":7337.273},{"text":"is","start":7337.273,"end":7337.321},{"text":"more","start":7337.433,"end":7337.771},{"text":"relevant","start":7337.819,"end":7338.381},{"text":"to","start":7338.638,"end":7338.702},{"text":"have","start":7338.702,"end":7338.847},{"text":"principles","start":7339.023,"end":7339.73},{"text":"such","start":7340.099,"end":7340.373},{"text":"as","start":7340.485,"end":7340.613},{"text":"peaceful","start":7340.806,"end":7341.32},{"text":"use,","start":7341.368,"end":7341.609},{"text":"non-appropriation,","start":7341.995,"end":7343.103},{"text":"due","start":7343.601,"end":7343.826},{"text":"consideration","start":7343.858,"end":7344.934},{"text":"of","start":7345.127,"end":7345.287},{"text":"the","start":7345.287,"end":7345.384},{"text":"interests","start":7345.384,"end":7345.769},{"text":"of","start":7345.769,"end":7345.93},{"text":"other","start":7345.93,"end":7346.042},{"text":"states,","start":7346.042,"end":7346.604},{"text":"international","start":7346.99,"end":7349.335},{"text":"cooperation","start":7347.552,"end":7348.369},{"text":"and","start":7349.059,"end":7349.315},{"text":"activities","start":7350.181,"end":7350.806},{"text":"in","start":7351.062,"end":7351.126},{"text":"space","start":7351.158,"end":7351.527},{"text":"for","start":7351.784,"end":7351.864},{"text":"the","start":7351.864,"end":7352.024},{"text":"benefit","start":7352.024,"end":7352.601},{"text":"of","start":7352.601,"end":7352.762},{"text":"the","start":7352.762,"end":7352.842},{"text":"whole","start":7352.842,"end":7353.146},{"text":"of","start":7353.146,"end":7353.291},{"text":"humankind.","start":7353.307,"end":7353.98}]},{"text":"The growing amount of space debris in the Earth's orbit is a source of serious concern for the international scientific community.","start":7355.006,"end":7363.838,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. Many linked debris governance to the long-term sustainability and safety of space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7355.006,"end":7355.246},{"text":"growing","start":7355.791,"end":7356.176},{"text":"amount","start":7356.192,"end":7356.529},{"text":"of","start":7356.529,"end":7356.625},{"text":"space","start":7356.673,"end":7357.122},{"text":"debris","start":7357.17,"end":7357.635},{"text":"in","start":7358.116,"end":7358.26},{"text":"the","start":7358.356,"end":7358.548},{"text":"Earth's","start":7358.677,"end":7358.965},{"text":"orbit","start":7358.997,"end":7359.382},{"text":"is","start":7359.558,"end":7359.622},{"text":"a","start":7359.719,"end":7359.735},{"text":"source","start":7359.735,"end":7360.135},{"text":"of","start":7360.135,"end":7360.216},{"text":"serious","start":7360.216,"end":7360.777},{"text":"concern","start":7360.777,"end":7361.322},{"text":"for","start":7361.322,"end":7361.45},{"text":"the","start":7361.45,"end":7361.61},{"text":"international","start":7362.059,"end":7362.636},{"text":"scientific","start":7362.636,"end":7363.245},{"text":"community.","start":7363.245,"end":7363.838}]},{"text":"We need to consolidate and come up with effective responses in the technical work of COPOS and in the current framework in order to avoid the proliferation of space debris and to manage and mitigate the that which already exists, because we are constantly seeing the launch of new satellites in megaconstellations.","start":7364.848,"end":7387.72,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. 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They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."},{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7388.57,"end":7388.666},{"text":"have","start":7388.73,"end":7388.874},{"text":"to","start":7389.05,"end":7389.227},{"text":"strengthen","start":7389.323,"end":7390.156},{"text":"existing","start":7390.252,"end":7390.797},{"text":"governance","start":7390.909,"end":7391.422},{"text":"mechanisms","start":7391.534,"end":7392.319},{"text":"to","start":7392.896,"end":7393.041},{"text":"consider","start":7393.057,"end":7393.682},{"text":"the","start":7394.114,"end":7394.274},{"text":"interests","start":7394.274,"end":7394.627},{"text":"of","start":7394.675,"end":7394.883},{"text":"all","start":7394.98,"end":7395.108},{"text":"countries","start":7395.236,"end":7395.845},{"text":"and","start":7396.822,"end":7397.047},{"text":"the","start":7397.159,"end":7397.351},{"text":"many","start":7397.399,"end":7397.688},{"text":"stakeholders.","start":7397.72,"end":7398.409}]},{"text":"This framework should include measures to foster confidence, transparency, cooperation, and to guarantee the peaceful use of outer space and that the benefits of activities in outer space reach everyone.","start":7399.466,"end":7413.793,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-registration","label":"Transparency, Information Sharing, and Registration","description":"Speakers highlighted the importance of data sharing, consultation, notification, repositories, and possible registration or monitoring systems for space activities and space resources. These tools were presented as essential for confidence-building, coordination, and reducing disputes or harmful interference."},{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. 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Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7525.646,"end":7525.743},{"text":"this","start":7525.743,"end":7525.903},{"text":"context,","start":7525.903,"end":7526.385},{"text":"it","start":7526.465,"end":7526.546},{"text":"is","start":7526.546,"end":7526.674},{"text":"important","start":7526.706,"end":7527.252},{"text":"to","start":7527.252,"end":7527.429},{"text":"reaffirm","start":7527.429,"end":7527.959},{"text":"that","start":7527.991,"end":7528.199},{"text":"space","start":7528.215,"end":7528.472},{"text":"resources","start":7528.472,"end":7529.083},{"text":"should","start":7529.661,"end":7529.966},{"text":"be","start":7529.998,"end":7530.142},{"text":"utilized","start":7530.142,"end":7530.688},{"text":"in","start":7530.785,"end":7530.881},{"text":"a","start":7530.881,"end":7530.897},{"text":"manner","start":7530.897,"end":7531.443},{"text":"that","start":7531.668,"end":7531.812},{"text":"benefits","start":7532.069,"end":7532.438},{"text":"all","start":7532.567,"end":7532.679},{"text":"humankind.","start":7532.727,"end":7533.354}]},{"text":"Enhancing international cooperation, promoting the sharing of knowledge and technology, supporting capacity building, and encouraging joint research and development efforts can play a meaningful role in addressing those— these disparities and fostering broader participation.","start":7534.573,"end":7553.137,"topics":[{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. 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The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7565.905,"end":7566.066},{"text":"believe","start":7566.066,"end":7566.547},{"text":"that","start":7566.547,"end":7566.932},{"text":"addressing","start":7567.687,"end":7568.184},{"text":"both","start":7568.249,"end":7568.457},{"text":"the","start":7568.489,"end":7568.634},{"text":"opportunities","start":7568.634,"end":7569.26},{"text":"and","start":7569.356,"end":7569.661},{"text":"challenges","start":7570.351,"end":7570.961},{"text":"in","start":7570.961,"end":7571.106},{"text":"this","start":7571.138,"end":7571.25},{"text":"field","start":7571.459,"end":7571.812},{"text":"requires","start":7571.812,"end":7572.309},{"text":"the","start":7572.341,"end":7572.389},{"text":"international","start":7572.422,"end":7572.983},{"text":"community","start":7572.983,"end":7573.513},{"text":"to","start":7573.545,"end":7573.673},{"text":"continue","start":7573.706,"end":7574.235},{"text":"working","start":7574.412,"end":7574.717},{"text":"toward","start":7574.829,"end":7575.198},{"text":"the","start":7575.23,"end":7575.295},{"text":"eventual","start":7575.295,"end":7575.888},{"text":"establishment","start":7575.888,"end":7576.675},{"text":"of","start":7576.739,"end":7576.835},{"text":"a","start":7576.835,"end":7576.916},{"text":"comprehensive","start":7576.916,"end":7577.75},{"text":"and","start":7577.863,"end":7578.184},{"text":"legally","start":7578.184,"end":7578.488},{"text":"binding","start":7578.521,"end":7578.97},{"text":"framework","start":7579.002,"end":7579.628},{"text":"for","start":7580.11,"end":7580.286},{"text":"the","start":7580.286,"end":7580.366},{"text":"governance","start":7580.366,"end":7580.928},{"text":"of","start":7580.928,"end":7581.089},{"text":"space","start":7581.089,"end":7581.361},{"text":"resource","start":7581.41,"end":7581.795},{"text":"activities.","start":7581.795,"end":7582.34}]},{"text":"With further refinement, the draft principles prepared by the chair of the working group may serve as a useful and constructive basis for continued discussions.","start":7583.496,"end":7593.7,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 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delegation remains committed to engaging actively and constructively in deliberations of the working group.","start":7594.968,"end":7600.904,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":7594.968,"end":7595.128},{"text":"delegation","start":7595.128,"end":7595.658},{"text":"remains","start":7595.77,"end":7596.139},{"text":"committed","start":7596.171,"end":7596.62},{"text":"to","start":7596.652,"end":7596.797},{"text":"engaging","start":7596.797,"end":7597.342},{"text":"actively","start":7597.454,"end":7597.952},{"text":"and","start":7598.16,"end":7598.321},{"text":"constructively","start":7598.321,"end":7599.107},{"text":"in","start":7599.283,"end":7599.379},{"text":"deliberations","start":7599.379,"end":7600.069},{"text":"of","start":7600.101,"end":7600.198},{"text":"the","start":7600.198,"end":7600.326},{"text":"working","start":7600.326,"end":7600.631},{"text":"group.","start":7600.647,"end":7600.904}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IRN","affiliation_full":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":56,"start":7601.289,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=7602","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":7601.289,"end":7603.166,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7601.289,"end":7601.449},{"text":"you,","start":7601.449,"end":7601.481},{"text":"Chair.","start":7601.529,"end":7603.166}]},{"text":"I thank the delegation of Iran for this statement.","start":7604.016,"end":7607.561,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7604.016,"end":7604.192},{"text":"thank","start":7604.674,"end":7605.075},{"text":"the","start":7605.396,"end":7605.54},{"text":"delegation","start":7605.54,"end":7606.118},{"text":"of","start":7606.118,"end":7606.246},{"text":"Iran","start":7606.278,"end":7606.567},{"text":"for","start":7606.663,"end":7606.807},{"text":"this","start":7606.823,"end":7606.952},{"text":"statement.","start":7607,"end":7607.561}]},{"text":"And now I give the floor to Argentina.","start":7608.508,"end":7610.273,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7608.508,"end":7608.588},{"text":"now","start":7608.588,"end":7608.636},{"text":"I","start":7608.765,"end":7608.845},{"text":"give","start":7608.845,"end":7609.005},{"text":"the","start":7609.005,"end":7609.15},{"text":"floor","start":7609.15,"end":7609.39},{"text":"to","start":7609.39,"end":7609.551},{"text":"Argentina.","start":7609.631,"end":7610.273}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":57,"start":7611.3,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=7612","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair, delegates.","start":7611.3,"end":7614.995,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7611.3,"end":7611.396},{"text":"you,","start":7611.396,"end":7611.59},{"text":"Chair,","start":7613.171,"end":7613.51},{"text":"delegates.","start":7614.398,"end":7614.995}]},{"text":"We are at one of the most relevant moments of space history for the work of this legal subcommittee.","start":7616.318,"end":7622.542,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7616.318,"end":7616.511},{"text":"are","start":7617.124,"end":7617.237},{"text":"at","start":7617.286,"end":7617.383},{"text":"one","start":7617.447,"end":7617.512},{"text":"of","start":7617.56,"end":7617.689},{"text":"the","start":7617.689,"end":7617.77},{"text":"most","start":7617.77,"end":7618.141},{"text":"relevant","start":7618.173,"end":7618.867},{"text":"moments","start":7619.158,"end":7619.513},{"text":"of","start":7619.561,"end":7619.658},{"text":"space","start":7619.658,"end":7620.061},{"text":"history","start":7620.11,"end":7620.465},{"text":"for","start":7620.465,"end":7620.674},{"text":"the","start":7620.674,"end":7620.739},{"text":"work","start":7620.82,"end":7621.077},{"text":"of","start":7621.158,"end":7621.319},{"text":"this","start":7621.319,"end":7621.447},{"text":"legal","start":7621.576,"end":7621.802},{"text":"subcommittee.","start":7621.818,"end":7622.542}]},{"text":"We are starting the era of the exploration and use of space resources, which is a new stage in space activities.","start":7623.589,"end":7631.287,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7623.589,"end":7623.734},{"text":"are","start":7623.75,"end":7623.83},{"text":"starting","start":7623.83,"end":7624.313},{"text":"the","start":7624.394,"end":7624.587},{"text":"era","start":7624.7,"end":7625.022},{"text":"of","start":7625.102,"end":7625.167},{"text":"the","start":7625.263,"end":7625.328},{"text":"exploration","start":7625.424,"end":7626.149},{"text":"and","start":7626.229,"end":7626.39},{"text":"use","start":7626.39,"end":7626.664},{"text":"of","start":7626.664,"end":7626.777},{"text":"space","start":7626.793,"end":7627.131},{"text":"resources,","start":7627.131,"end":7627.743},{"text":"which","start":7628.58,"end":7628.789},{"text":"is","start":7629.047,"end":7629.111},{"text":"a","start":7629.369,"end":7629.401},{"text":"new","start":7629.401,"end":7629.643},{"text":"stage","start":7629.788,"end":7630.271},{"text":"in","start":7630.271,"end":7630.319},{"text":"space","start":7630.4,"end":7630.674},{"text":"activities.","start":7630.674,"end":7631.287}]},{"text":"In this regard, the legal framework of prevailing international space law is not enough to regulate these activities.","start":7632.11,"end":7639.599,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 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These tools were presented as essential for confidence-building, coordination, and reducing disputes or harmful interference."}],"words":[{"text":"Contributions","start":7754.121,"end":7754.843},{"text":"and","start":7754.843,"end":7754.971},{"text":"interactions","start":7755.147,"end":7755.981},{"text":"with","start":7756.526,"end":7756.814},{"text":"ATLAS","start":7757.311,"end":7757.856},{"text":"mean","start":7758.834,"end":7759.059},{"text":"that","start":7759.411,"end":7759.524},{"text":"we","start":7759.572,"end":7759.716},{"text":"will","start":7759.716,"end":7759.812},{"text":"have","start":7759.812,"end":7760.02},{"text":"more","start":7760.052,"end":7760.229},{"text":"information","start":7760.373,"end":7761.127},{"text":"for","start":7761.639,"end":7761.992},{"text":"the","start":7762.217,"end":7762.377},{"text":"recommendations","start":7762.441,"end":7763.467},{"text":"and","start":7763.563,"end":7763.659},{"text":"principles","start":7763.659,"end":7764.349},{"text":"that","start":7764.525,"end":7764.701},{"text":"are","start":7764.701,"end":7764.781},{"text":"being","start":7764.781,"end":7764.91},{"text":"designed.","start":7765.006,"end":7765.487}]},{"text":"And finally, we suggest giving priority to scientific activity and research regarding resources and reserving preserving the rights of developing countries and their rights to enjoy the benefit of those activities, indistinctively of whether these are carried out by government, non-governmental, or intergovernmental institutions.","start":7765.984,"end":7788.985,"topics":[{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. 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as technology gives us ever greater access to resources in outer space, we must not repeat the same mistake.","start":7822.567,"end":7829.87,"topics":[{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. 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They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7906.843,"end":7906.987},{"text":"also","start":7906.987,"end":7907.228},{"text":"welcome","start":7907.244,"end":7907.581},{"text":"the","start":7907.629,"end":7907.71},{"text":"explicit","start":7907.71,"end":7908.191},{"text":"reference","start":7908.191,"end":7908.689},{"text":"to","start":7908.689,"end":7908.834},{"text":"the","start":7908.834,"end":7908.914},{"text":"existing","start":7908.914,"end":7909.364},{"text":"legal","start":7909.476,"end":7909.765},{"text":"framework","start":7909.797,"end":7910.52},{"text":"for","start":7910.841,"end":7910.953},{"text":"the","start":7910.953,"end":7911.082},{"text":"exploration","start":7911.082,"end":7911.868},{"text":"and","start":7912.222,"end":7912.286},{"text":"use","start":7912.366,"end":7912.623},{"text":"of","start":7912.623,"end":7912.768},{"text":"outer","start":7912.768,"end":7912.96},{"text":"space.","start":7912.96,"end":7913.426}]},{"text":"This reference may seem self-evident, but it reminds states and other actors of the achievements reached by this very subcommittee.","start":7914.63,"end":7922.755,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7914.63,"end":7914.791},{"text":"reference","start":7914.791,"end":7915.176},{"text":"may","start":7915.176,"end":7915.288},{"text":"seem","start":7915.288,"end":7915.529},{"text":"self-evident,","start":7915.577,"end":7916.477},{"text":"but","start":7916.958,"end":7917.071},{"text":"it","start":7917.103,"end":7917.199},{"text":"reminds","start":7917.199,"end":7917.552},{"text":"states","start":7917.552,"end":7917.954},{"text":"and","start":7918.066,"end":7918.13},{"text":"other","start":7918.227,"end":7918.387},{"text":"actors","start":7918.468,"end":7918.853},{"text":"of","start":7919.431,"end":7919.495},{"text":"the","start":7919.527,"end":7919.592},{"text":"achievements","start":7919.592,"end":7920.314},{"text":"reached","start":7920.314,"end":7920.812},{"text":"by","start":7920.972,"end":7921.181},{"text":"this","start":7921.197,"end":7921.39},{"text":"very","start":7921.615,"end":7921.904},{"text":"subcommittee.","start":7922.032,"end":7922.755}]},{"text":"The spirit of cooperation and compromise should also guide our current discussions.","start":7923.702,"end":7928.487,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7923.702,"end":7923.798},{"text":"spirit","start":7923.798,"end":7924.248},{"text":"of","start":7924.248,"end":7924.393},{"text":"cooperation","start":7924.409,"end":7925.067},{"text":"and","start":7925.067,"end":7925.179},{"text":"compromise","start":7925.211,"end":7925.918},{"text":"should","start":7926.335,"end":7926.512},{"text":"also","start":7926.512,"end":7926.753},{"text":"guide","start":7926.753,"end":7927.122},{"text":"our","start":7927.459,"end":7927.556},{"text":"current","start":7927.556,"end":7927.941},{"text":"discussions.","start":7927.941,"end":7928.487}]},{"text":"Moreover, Austria attaches particular importance to Principle 6 on scientific research.","start":7930.252,"end":7935.68,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Moreover,","start":7930.252,"end":7930.723},{"text":"Austria","start":7930.902,"end":7931.243},{"text":"attaches","start":7931.308,"end":7931.78},{"text":"particular","start":7931.812,"end":7932.381},{"text":"importance","start":7932.381,"end":7933.063},{"text":"to","start":7933.356,"end":7933.437},{"text":"Principle","start":7933.437,"end":7933.908},{"text":"6","start":7933.908,"end":7934.363},{"text":"on","start":7934.721,"end":7934.802},{"text":"scientific","start":7934.802,"end":7935.322},{"text":"research.","start":7935.371,"end":7935.68}]},{"text":"We strongly believe that scientific research that promotes the interests of all countries should be given explicit priority.","start":7936.97,"end":7942.485,"topics":[{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7936.97,"end":7937.002},{"text":"strongly","start":7937.002,"end":7937.325},{"text":"believe","start":7937.325,"end":7937.697},{"text":"that","start":7937.73,"end":7937.875},{"text":"scientific","start":7937.875,"end":7938.458},{"text":"research","start":7938.458,"end":7938.91},{"text":"that","start":7938.943,"end":7939.104},{"text":"promotes","start":7939.104,"end":7939.654},{"text":"the","start":7939.654,"end":7939.735},{"text":"interests","start":7939.816,"end":7940.253},{"text":"of","start":7940.253,"end":7940.334},{"text":"all","start":7940.382,"end":7940.544},{"text":"countries","start":7940.544,"end":7940.932},{"text":"should","start":7940.964,"end":7941.142},{"text":"be","start":7941.191,"end":7941.272},{"text":"given","start":7941.288,"end":7941.531},{"text":"explicit","start":7941.531,"end":7942},{"text":"priority.","start":7942,"end":7942.485}]},{"text":"We look forward to continuing the discussion in a constructive manner to approach this complex issue.","start":7944.63,"end":7950.137,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7944.63,"end":7944.678},{"text":"look","start":7944.694,"end":7944.759},{"text":"forward","start":7944.759,"end":7945.033},{"text":"to","start":7945.066,"end":7945.195},{"text":"continuing","start":7945.227,"end":7945.76},{"text":"the","start":7945.857,"end":7945.954},{"text":"discussion","start":7945.954,"end":7946.455},{"text":"in","start":7946.745,"end":7946.794},{"text":"a","start":7946.826,"end":7946.842},{"text":"constructive","start":7946.842,"end":7947.505},{"text":"manner","start":7947.505,"end":7947.86},{"text":"to","start":7948.377,"end":7948.506},{"text":"approach","start":7948.781,"end":7949.152},{"text":"this","start":7949.168,"end":7949.33},{"text":"complex","start":7949.33,"end":7949.831},{"text":"issue.","start":7949.831,"end":7950.137}]},{"text":"Finally, Mr. Chair, Austria became the 50th signatory to the the Artemis Accords in December '24.","start":7951.187,"end":7956.812,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":7951.187,"end":7951.527},{"text":"Mr.","start":7951.543,"end":7951.785},{"text":"Chair,","start":7951.85,"end":7952.043},{"text":"Austria","start":7952.496,"end":7952.754},{"text":"became","start":7952.754,"end":7953.013},{"text":"the","start":7953.061,"end":7953.093},{"text":"50th","start":7953.11,"end":7953.615},{"text":"signatory","start":7953.733,"end":7954.541},{"text":"to","start":7954.592,"end":7954.659},{"text":"the","start":7954.659,"end":7954.693},{"text":"the","start":7954.74,"end":7954.772},{"text":"Artemis","start":7954.772,"end":7955.189},{"text":"Accords","start":7955.189,"end":7955.623},{"text":"in","start":7955.8,"end":7955.848},{"text":"December","start":7955.848,"end":7956.298},{"text":"'24.","start":7956.298,"end":7956.812}]},{"text":"We view the Accords as a complementary framework to the outer space treaties, particularly in the area of resources, and we will carry out our activities under the Accords in full compliance with our international obligations.","start":7957.968,"end":7971.123,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7957.968,"end":7958.064},{"text":"view","start":7958.064,"end":7958.241},{"text":"the","start":7958.289,"end":7958.386},{"text":"Accords","start":7958.386,"end":7958.755},{"text":"as","start":7958.787,"end":7958.867},{"text":"a","start":7958.867,"end":7958.948},{"text":"complementary","start":7958.948,"end":7959.767},{"text":"framework","start":7959.767,"end":7960.297},{"text":"to","start":7960.474,"end":7960.57},{"text":"the","start":7960.57,"end":7960.699},{"text":"outer","start":7960.699,"end":7960.875},{"text":"space","start":7960.875,"end":7961.148},{"text":"treaties,","start":7961.261,"end":7961.646},{"text":"particularly","start":7962.546,"end":7963.14},{"text":"in","start":7963.365,"end":7963.445},{"text":"the","start":7963.445,"end":7963.558},{"text":"area","start":7963.67,"end":7964.072},{"text":"of","start":7964.152,"end":7964.264},{"text":"resources,","start":7964.264,"end":7964.778},{"text":"and","start":7965.533,"end":7965.597},{"text":"we","start":7965.678,"end":7965.758},{"text":"will","start":7965.758,"end":7965.838},{"text":"carry","start":7965.919,"end":7966.224},{"text":"out","start":7966.32,"end":7966.561},{"text":"our","start":7966.561,"end":7966.609},{"text":"activities","start":7966.674,"end":7967.236},{"text":"under","start":7967.364,"end":7967.461},{"text":"the","start":7967.461,"end":7967.637},{"text":"Accords","start":7967.637,"end":7968.103},{"text":"in","start":7968.183,"end":7968.232},{"text":"full","start":7968.264,"end":7968.505},{"text":"compliance","start":7968.505,"end":7969.228},{"text":"with","start":7969.308,"end":7969.452},{"text":"our","start":7969.452,"end":7969.597},{"text":"international","start":7969.613,"end":7970.175},{"text":"obligations.","start":7970.512,"end":7971.123}]},{"text":"And finally, we would just like to reiterate our strong support for COPOS and this subcommittee as a primary multilateral body to promote the progressive development of international space law.","start":7972.038,"end":7982.435,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. 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I thank Austria for their statement.","start":7984.883,"end":7988.2,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":7984.883,"end":7985.72},{"text":"I","start":7985.849,"end":7985.897},{"text":"thank","start":7986.171,"end":7986.493},{"text":"Austria","start":7986.574,"end":7987.089},{"text":"for","start":7987.089,"end":7987.346},{"text":"their","start":7987.395,"end":7987.491},{"text":"statement.","start":7987.491,"end":7988.2}]},{"text":"And now I give the floor to Türkiye, who is the last speaker on my list under this agenda item.","start":7989.086,"end":7995.756,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7989.086,"end":7989.214},{"text":"now","start":7989.247,"end":7989.327},{"text":"I","start":7989.649,"end":7989.665},{"text":"give","start":7989.81,"end":7990.02},{"text":"the","start":7990.02,"end":7990.134},{"text":"floor","start":7990.134,"end":7990.72},{"text":"to","start":7990.851,"end":7990.997},{"text":"Türkiye,","start":7991.6,"end":7992.089},{"text":"who","start":7992.154,"end":7992.317},{"text":"is","start":7992.334,"end":7992.383},{"text":"the","start":7992.497,"end":7992.643},{"text":"last","start":7992.643,"end":7992.92},{"text":"speaker","start":7992.92,"end":7993.523},{"text":"on","start":7993.621,"end":7993.768},{"text":"my","start":7993.8,"end":7993.882},{"text":"list","start":7994.192,"end":7994.534},{"text":"under","start":7994.534,"end":7994.778},{"text":"this","start":7994.778,"end":7994.909},{"text":"agenda","start":7995.039,"end":7995.398},{"text":"item.","start":7995.43,"end":7995.756}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":61,"start":7997.44,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=7998","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair. Distinguished Chair and delegates, we believe that strengthening space governance to maintain a safe and sustainable outer space for the benefit of both today's and future generations is our common goal.","start":7997.44,"end":8010.417,"topics":[{"key":"celestial-environment","label":"Environmental Protection of Celestial Bodies","description":"A significant theme was the need to prevent harmful contamination and environmental damage on the Moon and other celestial bodies. Delegations also raised protection of scientifically important sites, environmental impact assessment, and sustainable use for future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7997.44,"end":7997.618},{"text":"you,","start":7997.618,"end":7997.65},{"text":"Chair.","start":7997.698,"end":7998.022},{"text":"Distinguished","start":7998.605,"end":7999.172},{"text":"Chair","start":7999.172,"end":7999.414},{"text":"and","start":7999.414,"end":7999.511},{"text":"delegates,","start":7999.56,"end":8000.062},{"text":"we","start":8000.774,"end":8000.871},{"text":"believe","start":8000.871,"end":8001.146},{"text":"that","start":8001.195,"end":8001.421},{"text":"strengthening","start":8001.421,"end":8002.053},{"text":"space","start":8002.069,"end":8002.441},{"text":"governance","start":8002.571,"end":8003.056},{"text":"to","start":8003.056,"end":8003.234},{"text":"maintain","start":8003.234,"end":8003.752},{"text":"a","start":8003.801,"end":8003.817},{"text":"safe","start":8003.866,"end":8004.368},{"text":"and","start":8004.497,"end":8004.594},{"text":"sustainable","start":8004.594,"end":8005.225},{"text":"outer","start":8005.306,"end":8005.501},{"text":"space","start":8005.501,"end":8005.841},{"text":"for","start":8005.954,"end":8006.035},{"text":"the","start":8006.035,"end":8006.326},{"text":"benefit","start":8006.162,"end":8007.061},{"text":"of","start":8007.189,"end":8007.334},{"text":"both","start":8007.446,"end":8007.559},{"text":"today's","start":8007.832,"end":8008.153},{"text":"and","start":8008.313,"end":8008.474},{"text":"future","start":8008.474,"end":8008.731},{"text":"generations","start":8008.795,"end":8009.389},{"text":"is","start":8009.517,"end":8009.582},{"text":"our","start":8009.758,"end":8009.919},{"text":"common","start":8009.919,"end":8010.176},{"text":"goal.","start":8010.176,"end":8010.417}]},{"text":"Space law serves as a practical necessity for the future of human exploration and expansion into space.","start":8011.203,"end":8017.032,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Space","start":8011.203,"end":8011.492},{"text":"law","start":8011.685,"end":8011.733},{"text":"serves","start":8011.846,"end":8012.359},{"text":"as","start":8012.488,"end":8012.552},{"text":"a","start":8012.584,"end":8012.6},{"text":"practical","start":8012.665,"end":8013.227},{"text":"necessity","start":8013.227,"end":8013.724},{"text":"for","start":8013.724,"end":8013.949},{"text":"the","start":8013.949,"end":8014.029},{"text":"future","start":8014.029,"end":8014.35},{"text":"of","start":8014.415,"end":8014.479},{"text":"human","start":8014.511,"end":8014.72},{"text":"exploration","start":8014.816,"end":8015.523},{"text":"and","start":8015.715,"end":8015.78},{"text":"expansion","start":8015.876,"end":8016.438},{"text":"into","start":8016.438,"end":8016.631},{"text":"space.","start":8016.679,"end":8017.032}]},{"text":"Furthermore, we believe that the technical mandate of COPROS and its subcommittees should be strictly preserved, including in relation to working on potential legal models for activities in the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources.","start":8017.706,"end":8032.945,"topics":[{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 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in concluding, we would like to reaffirm Turkey's commitment to support the Legal Subcommittee's work, and we stand ready to work collectively with member states to address shared 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thank you.","start":8080.352,"end":8080.833,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8080.352,"end":8080.432},{"text":"thank","start":8080.432,"end":8080.673},{"text":"you.","start":8080.673,"end":8080.833}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"TUR","affiliation_full":"Türkiye","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":62,"start":8081.941,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=8082","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation.","start":8081.941,"end":8082.968,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8081.941,"end":8082.037},{"text":"thank","start":8082.037,"end":8082.438},{"text":"the","start":8082.438,"end":8082.47},{"text":"delegation.","start":8082.47,"end":8082.968}]},{"text":"Thank Turkey for their 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Delegations also raised protection of scientifically important sites, environmental impact assessment, and sustainable use for future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"Señor","start":8128.2,"end":8128.426},{"text":"Presidente,","start":8128.426,"end":8128.911},{"text":"the","start":8128.975,"end":8129.137},{"text":"issue—","start":8129.218,"end":8129.444},{"text":"this","start":8129.46,"end":8129.994},{"text":"debris","start":8130.107,"end":8130.462},{"text":"is","start":8130.592,"end":8130.737},{"text":"and","start":8130.996,"end":8131.077},{"text":"its","start":8131.077,"end":8131.206},{"text":"proliferation","start":8131.254,"end":8132.014},{"text":"and","start":8132.127,"end":8132.192},{"text":"challenges","start":8132.224,"end":8132.725},{"text":"posed","start":8132.855,"end":8133.226},{"text":"both","start":8133.921,"end":8134.115},{"text":"by","start":8134.245,"end":8134.406},{"text":"its","start":8134.406,"end":8134.632},{"text":"removal","start":8134.632,"end":8135.004},{"text":"are","start":8135.106,"end":8135.282},{"text":"of","start":8135.282,"end":8135.411},{"text":"growing","start":8135.427,"end":8135.732},{"text":"cause","start":8135.828,"end":8136.214},{"text":"for","start":8136.246,"end":8136.406},{"text":"concern","start":8136.406,"end":8136.776},{"text":"in","start":8136.808,"end":8136.952},{"text":"space","start":8136.952,"end":8137.29},{"text":"environment.","start":8137.29,"end":8137.948}]},{"text":"The group believes that the proliferation of space debris may disproportionately affect developing countries.","start":8138.719,"end":8143.6,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. 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Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8138.719,"end":8138.815},{"text":"group","start":8138.815,"end":8139.136},{"text":"believes","start":8139.136,"end":8139.457},{"text":"that","start":8139.457,"end":8139.586},{"text":"the","start":8139.602,"end":8139.698},{"text":"proliferation","start":8139.698,"end":8140.421},{"text":"of","start":8140.421,"end":8140.501},{"text":"space","start":8140.501,"end":8140.822},{"text":"debris","start":8140.822,"end":8141.159},{"text":"may","start":8141.159,"end":8141.368},{"text":"disproportionately","start":8141.368,"end":8142.396},{"text":"affect","start":8142.428,"end":8142.765},{"text":"developing","start":8142.765,"end":8143.198},{"text":"countries.","start":8143.23,"end":8143.6}]},{"text":"Therefore, the group is of the view that the issue of preventing and mitigating its creation is of utmost importance and should continue to be treated as a priority with the view to prevent collisions.","start":8144.338,"end":8154.679,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. Many linked debris governance to the long-term sustainability and safety of space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":8144.338,"end":8144.708},{"text":"the","start":8144.82,"end":8144.916},{"text":"group","start":8144.916,"end":8145.157},{"text":"is","start":8145.157,"end":8145.254},{"text":"of","start":8145.318,"end":8145.462},{"text":"the","start":8145.462,"end":8145.559},{"text":"view","start":8145.559,"end":8145.783},{"text":"that","start":8145.816,"end":8146.008},{"text":"the","start":8146.04,"end":8146.201},{"text":"issue","start":8146.201,"end":8146.426},{"text":"of","start":8146.426,"end":8146.57},{"text":"preventing","start":8146.586,"end":8147.052},{"text":"and","start":8147.148,"end":8147.245},{"text":"mitigating","start":8147.245,"end":8147.694},{"text":"its","start":8147.742,"end":8147.887},{"text":"creation","start":8147.887,"end":8148.497},{"text":"is","start":8148.593,"end":8148.658},{"text":"of","start":8148.77,"end":8148.898},{"text":"utmost","start":8148.995,"end":8149.493},{"text":"importance","start":8149.493,"end":8150.022},{"text":"and","start":8150.119,"end":8150.199},{"text":"should","start":8150.279,"end":8150.456},{"text":"continue","start":8150.52,"end":8150.954},{"text":"to","start":8150.954,"end":8151.066},{"text":"be","start":8151.098,"end":8151.179},{"text":"treated","start":8151.179,"end":8151.628},{"text":"as","start":8151.66,"end":8151.708},{"text":"a","start":8151.757,"end":8151.821},{"text":"priority","start":8151.821,"end":8152.431},{"text":"with","start":8152.848,"end":8153.009},{"text":"the","start":8153.009,"end":8153.105},{"text":"view","start":8153.105,"end":8153.362},{"text":"to","start":8153.362,"end":8153.507},{"text":"prevent","start":8153.507,"end":8154.117},{"text":"collisions.","start":8154.213,"end":8154.679}]},{"text":"The group underscores the need for developing countries to have access to technologies, equipment, and methodologies for the measurement, monitoring, and characterization of space debris and other space objects, and calls for increased cooperation in addressing these issues.","start":8155.755,"end":8170.013,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. Many linked debris governance to the long-term sustainability and safety of space operations."},{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."},{"key":"transparency-registration","label":"Transparency, Information Sharing, and Registration","description":"Speakers highlighted the importance of data sharing, consultation, notification, repositories, and possible registration or monitoring systems for space activities and space resources. These tools were presented as essential for confidence-building, coordination, and reducing disputes or harmful interference."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8155.755,"end":8155.835},{"text":"group","start":8155.835,"end":8156.076},{"text":"underscores","start":8156.092,"end":8156.654},{"text":"the","start":8156.718,"end":8156.863},{"text":"need","start":8156.863,"end":8157.039},{"text":"for","start":8157.039,"end":8157.264},{"text":"developing","start":8157.264,"end":8157.649},{"text":"countries","start":8157.746,"end":8158.051},{"text":"to","start":8158.147,"end":8158.211},{"text":"have","start":8158.243,"end":8158.532},{"text":"access","start":8158.725,"end":8159.11},{"text":"to","start":8159.11,"end":8159.159},{"text":"technologies,","start":8159.207,"end":8159.817},{"text":"equipment,","start":8159.849,"end":8160.411},{"text":"and","start":8160.475,"end":8160.861},{"text":"methodologies","start":8160.54,"end":8161.021},{"text":"for","start":8161.118,"end":8161.214},{"text":"the","start":8161.278,"end":8161.374},{"text":"measurement,","start":8161.374,"end":8162.001},{"text":"monitoring,","start":8162.402,"end":8162.868},{"text":"and","start":8163.606,"end":8163.751},{"text":"characterization","start":8163.783,"end":8164.65},{"text":"of","start":8164.65,"end":8164.714},{"text":"space","start":8164.73,"end":8164.939},{"text":"debris","start":8165.051,"end":8165.421},{"text":"and","start":8165.469,"end":8165.533},{"text":"other","start":8165.629,"end":8165.87},{"text":"space","start":8165.87,"end":8166.191},{"text":"objects,","start":8166.256,"end":8166.753},{"text":"and","start":8167.219,"end":8167.283},{"text":"calls","start":8167.38,"end":8167.604},{"text":"for","start":8167.701,"end":8167.829},{"text":"increased","start":8167.861,"end":8168.343},{"text":"cooperation","start":8168.343,"end":8168.921},{"text":"in","start":8168.921,"end":8169.017},{"text":"addressing","start":8169.017,"end":8169.451},{"text":"these","start":8169.483,"end":8169.611},{"text":"issues.","start":8169.724,"end":8170.013}]},{"text":"The group reiterates the need to take active measures to reduce pollution in the Earth's orbit and prevent accidental collisions of debris with space objects.","start":8171.008,"end":8179.197,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. Many linked debris governance to the long-term sustainability and safety of space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8171.008,"end":8171.089},{"text":"group","start":8171.089,"end":8171.33},{"text":"reiterates","start":8171.33,"end":8171.795},{"text":"the","start":8171.795,"end":8171.827},{"text":"need","start":8171.827,"end":8172.052},{"text":"to","start":8172.052,"end":8172.213},{"text":"take","start":8172.213,"end":8172.437},{"text":"active","start":8172.534,"end":8172.871},{"text":"measures","start":8172.919,"end":8173.224},{"text":"to","start":8173.321,"end":8173.401},{"text":"reduce","start":8173.401,"end":8173.802},{"text":"pollution","start":8173.802,"end":8174.348},{"text":"in","start":8174.38,"end":8174.428},{"text":"the","start":8174.461,"end":8174.605},{"text":"Earth's","start":8174.621,"end":8174.894},{"text":"orbit","start":8175.023,"end":8175.424},{"text":"and","start":8175.825,"end":8175.89},{"text":"prevent","start":8175.97,"end":8176.548},{"text":"accidental","start":8176.548,"end":8177.158},{"text":"collisions","start":8177.174,"end":8177.608},{"text":"of","start":8177.688,"end":8177.8},{"text":"debris","start":8177.832,"end":8178.234},{"text":"with","start":8178.234,"end":8178.394},{"text":"space","start":8178.394,"end":8178.732},{"text":"objects.","start":8178.796,"end":8179.197}]},{"text":"The group also expresses its concern regarding falling space debris, including during launch and uncontrolled reentry.","start":8180.562,"end":8185.909,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. Many linked debris governance to the long-term sustainability and safety of space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8180.562,"end":8180.642},{"text":"group","start":8180.642,"end":8180.899},{"text":"also","start":8180.947,"end":8181.188},{"text":"expresses","start":8181.188,"end":8181.702},{"text":"its","start":8181.702,"end":8181.911},{"text":"concern","start":8181.911,"end":8182.296},{"text":"regarding","start":8182.344,"end":8182.746},{"text":"falling","start":8182.794,"end":8183.083},{"text":"space","start":8183.131,"end":8183.34},{"text":"debris,","start":8183.452,"end":8183.757},{"text":"including","start":8183.773,"end":8184.223},{"text":"during","start":8184.255,"end":8184.544},{"text":"launch","start":8184.64,"end":8184.913},{"text":"and","start":8185.042,"end":8185.122},{"text":"uncontrolled","start":8185.202,"end":8185.7},{"text":"reentry.","start":8185.7,"end":8185.909}]},{"text":"Which pose a threat to human life, infrastructure, environment, and the communities on Earth.","start":8186.744,"end":8191.448,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. 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These tools were presented as essential for confidence-building, coordination, and reducing disputes or harmful interference."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8210.749,"end":8210.893},{"text":"group","start":8210.893,"end":8211.15},{"text":"believes","start":8211.15,"end":8211.519},{"text":"that","start":8211.535,"end":8213.446},{"text":"that","start":8211.6,"end":8211.776},{"text":"it's","start":8211.776,"end":8211.953},{"text":"important","start":8211.953,"end":8212.434},{"text":"for","start":8212.434,"end":8212.611},{"text":"all","start":8212.659,"end":8212.82},{"text":"states","start":8212.82,"end":8213.237},{"text":"to","start":8213.237,"end":8213.382},{"text":"register","start":8213.382,"end":8213.928},{"text":"all","start":8213.96,"end":8214.104},{"text":"space","start":8214.104,"end":8214.425},{"text":"objects","start":8214.506,"end":8214.811},{"text":"launched","start":8214.987,"end":8215.325},{"text":"into","start":8215.325,"end":8215.533},{"text":"outer","start":8215.63,"end":8215.822},{"text":"space.","start":8215.822,"end":8216.192}]},{"text":"The group also believes that no space object should be removed or eliminated without prior consent or authorization of the registering state.","start":8216.85,"end":8224.493,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. 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Many linked debris governance to the long-term sustainability and safety of space operations."},{"key":"transparency-registration","label":"Transparency, Information Sharing, and Registration","description":"Speakers highlighted the importance of data sharing, consultation, notification, repositories, and possible registration or monitoring systems for space activities and space resources. These tools were presented as essential for confidence-building, coordination, and reducing disputes or harmful interference."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several speakers raised the need for better coordination of space operations through conjunction data sharing, space situational awareness, collision avoidance, and operational rules. 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They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8381.925,"end":8382.119},{"text":"challenge","start":8382.491,"end":8383.057},{"text":"requires","start":8383.381,"end":8383.85},{"text":"international","start":8384.271,"end":8384.692},{"text":"cooperation,","start":8384.692,"end":8385.318},{"text":"transparency,","start":8385.399,"end":8386.186},{"text":"operational","start":8386.379,"end":8387.23},{"text":"coordination,","start":8387.825,"end":8388.596},{"text":"and","start":8389.255,"end":8391.906},{"text":"regulations","start":8391.906,"end":8392.742},{"text":"which","start":8392.806,"end":8392.935},{"text":"are","start":8393.111,"end":8393.304},{"text":"proving","start":8393.352,"end":8393.658},{"text":"their","start":8393.77,"end":8393.995},{"text":"use","start":8393.995,"end":8395.972},{"text":"The","start":8395.327,"end":8395.439},{"text":"work","start":8395.487,"end":8395.873},{"text":"of","start":8396.756,"end":8396.853},{"text":"the","start":8396.853,"end":8396.933},{"text":"Scientific","start":8396.933,"end":8397.576},{"text":"and","start":8397.576,"end":8397.656},{"text":"Technical","start":8397.656,"end":8398.074},{"text":"Subcommittee,","start":8398.074,"end":8398.877},{"text":"together","start":8399.327,"end":8399.729},{"text":"with","start":8399.729,"end":8399.905},{"text":"the","start":8399.905,"end":8400.146},{"text":"practical","start":8400.146,"end":8400.741},{"text":"application","start":8400.853,"end":8401.432},{"text":"of","start":8401.432,"end":8401.576},{"text":"the","start":8401.576,"end":8401.672},{"text":"21","start":8401.672,"end":8402.347},{"text":"guidelines","start":8403.199,"end":8403.809},{"text":"for","start":8403.922,"end":8404.339},{"text":"the","start":8404.886,"end":8405.046},{"text":"long-term","start":8405.046,"end":8405.432},{"text":"sustainability","start":8405.432,"end":8406.139},{"text":"of","start":8406.155,"end":8406.299},{"text":"outer","start":8406.396,"end":8406.653},{"text":"space,","start":8406.653,"end":8407.038},{"text":"paves","start":8407.456,"end":8407.842},{"text":"the","start":8407.842,"end":8407.922},{"text":"way","start":8407.922,"end":8408.099},{"text":"for","start":8408.099,"end":8408.275},{"text":"the","start":8408.275,"end":8408.372},{"text":"work","start":8408.404,"end":8408.661},{"text":"of","start":8408.661,"end":8408.806},{"text":"this","start":8408.806,"end":8409.095},{"text":"legal","start":8409.545,"end":8409.802},{"text":"subcommittee.","start":8409.802,"end":8410.669}]},{"text":"Chair, for Spain, the question of space debris cannot be considered just from the point of view of traditional mitigation.","start":8411.633,"end":8420.277,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. 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and advancing the legal framework governing space activities, as well as for continuing the consideration of this important agenda item on legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and remediation measures.","start":8665.56,"end":8681.618,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. Many linked debris governance to the long-term sustainability and safety of space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"Space","start":8665.56,"end":8665.948},{"text":"and","start":8666.386,"end":8666.467},{"text":"advancing","start":8666.564,"end":8667.18},{"text":"the","start":8667.293,"end":8667.439},{"text":"legal","start":8667.439,"end":8667.925},{"text":"framework","start":8667.925,"end":8668.573},{"text":"governing","start":8668.735,"end":8669.124},{"text":"space","start":8669.335,"end":8669.805},{"text":"activities,","start":8669.886,"end":8670.502},{"text":"as","start":8670.777,"end":8670.826},{"text":"well","start":8670.939,"end":8671.166},{"text":"as","start":8671.247,"end":8671.393},{"text":"for","start":8671.425,"end":8671.571},{"text":"continuing","start":8671.571,"end":8672.187},{"text":"the","start":8672.381,"end":8672.462},{"text":"consideration","start":8672.462,"end":8673.175},{"text":"of","start":8673.354,"end":8673.499},{"text":"this","start":8673.5,"end":8673.58},{"text":"important","start":8675.22,"end":8675.927},{"text":"agenda","start":8676.264,"end":8676.57},{"text":"item","start":8676.57,"end":8676.875},{"text":"on","start":8676.972,"end":8677.02},{"text":"legal","start":8677.133,"end":8677.47},{"text":"mechanisms","start":8677.47,"end":8678.049},{"text":"relating","start":8678.113,"end":8678.563},{"text":"to","start":8678.66,"end":8678.724},{"text":"space","start":8678.756,"end":8679.078},{"text":"debris","start":8679.078,"end":8679.48},{"text":"mitigation","start":8679.48,"end":8680.139},{"text":"and","start":8680.203,"end":8680.348},{"text":"remediation","start":8680.348,"end":8681.135},{"text":"measures.","start":8681.232,"end":8681.618}]},{"text":"The Kingdom affirms that space debris represents an increasing challenge that necessitates strengthening the relevant legal and regulatory framework frameworks in a manner that keeps pace with the rapid expansion of space activities and ensures the sustainability of outer space and the safety of space operations.","start":8681.891,"end":8701.455,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. Many linked debris governance to the long-term sustainability and safety of space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8681.891,"end":8682.02},{"text":"Kingdom","start":8682.02,"end":8682.326},{"text":"affirms","start":8682.391,"end":8682.988},{"text":"that","start":8683.246,"end":8683.488},{"text":"space","start":8683.488,"end":8683.827},{"text":"debris","start":8683.827,"end":8684.247},{"text":"represents","start":8684.295,"end":8684.957},{"text":"an","start":8684.957,"end":8685.054},{"text":"increasing","start":8685.054,"end":8685.571},{"text":"challenge","start":8685.684,"end":8686.313},{"text":"that","start":8686.555,"end":8686.733},{"text":"necessitates","start":8686.733,"end":8687.604},{"text":"strengthening","start":8687.604,"end":8688.153},{"text":"the","start":8688.25,"end":8688.363},{"text":"relevant","start":8688.363,"end":8688.912},{"text":"legal","start":8688.912,"end":8689.364},{"text":"and","start":8689.864,"end":8690.058},{"text":"regulatory","start":8690.058,"end":8690.736},{"text":"framework","start":8690.768,"end":8693.06},{"text":"frameworks","start":8691.15,"end":8691.454},{"text":"in","start":8691.823,"end":8691.919},{"text":"a","start":8691.919,"end":8691.935},{"text":"manner","start":8691.967,"end":8692.416},{"text":"that","start":8692.464,"end":8692.784},{"text":"keeps","start":8692.784,"end":8693.265},{"text":"pace","start":8693.265,"end":8693.602},{"text":"with","start":8693.65,"end":8693.89},{"text":"the","start":8693.89,"end":8694.067},{"text":"rapid","start":8694.067,"end":8694.435},{"text":"expansion","start":8694.531,"end":8695.076},{"text":"of","start":8695.108,"end":8695.237},{"text":"space","start":8695.253,"end":8695.589},{"text":"activities","start":8695.589,"end":8696.278},{"text":"and","start":8696.455,"end":8696.615},{"text":"ensures","start":8696.615,"end":8697},{"text":"the","start":8697.112,"end":8697.208},{"text":"sustainability","start":8697.208,"end":8698.122},{"text":"of","start":8698.618,"end":8698.779},{"text":"outer","start":8698.779,"end":8699.115},{"text":"space","start":8699.115,"end":8699.58},{"text":"and","start":8699.58,"end":8699.66},{"text":"the","start":8699.676,"end":8699.724},{"text":"safety","start":8699.756,"end":8700.141},{"text":"of","start":8700.221,"end":8700.285},{"text":"space","start":8700.333,"end":8700.798},{"text":"operations.","start":8700.798,"end":8701.455}]},{"text":"Therefore, the Kingdom underscores the importance of enhancing adherence to relevant international principles and guidelines, advancing information-sharing mechanisms to promote transparency and confidence-building among states, and strengthening the link between legal frameworks and technical capabilities to support their effective implementation.","start":8702.241,"end":8721.927,"topics":[{"key":"transparency-registration","label":"Transparency, Information Sharing, and Registration","description":"Speakers highlighted the importance of data sharing, consultation, notification, repositories, and possible registration or monitoring systems for space activities and space resources. These tools were presented as essential for confidence-building, coordination, and reducing disputes or harmful interference."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":8702.241,"end":8702.609},{"text":"the","start":8702.706,"end":8702.802},{"text":"Kingdom","start":8702.802,"end":8703.138},{"text":"underscores","start":8703.186,"end":8703.619},{"text":"the","start":8703.619,"end":8703.667},{"text":"importance","start":8703.683,"end":8704.228},{"text":"of","start":8704.228,"end":8704.276},{"text":"enhancing","start":8704.324,"end":8704.853},{"text":"adherence","start":8705.27,"end":8706.071},{"text":"to","start":8706.071,"end":8706.216},{"text":"relevant","start":8706.232,"end":8706.648},{"text":"international","start":8706.648,"end":8707.274},{"text":"principles","start":8707.274,"end":8707.786},{"text":"and","start":8707.851,"end":8708.011},{"text":"guidelines,","start":8708.011,"end":8708.62},{"text":"advancing","start":8709.053,"end":8709.501},{"text":"information-sharing","start":8709.598,"end":8710.703},{"text":"mechanisms","start":8710.816,"end":8711.585},{"text":"to","start":8711.681,"end":8711.745},{"text":"promote","start":8711.777,"end":8712.515},{"text":"transparency","start":8712.819,"end":8713.428},{"text":"and","start":8713.444,"end":8713.508},{"text":"confidence-building","start":8713.605,"end":8714.47},{"text":"among","start":8714.566,"end":8714.791},{"text":"states,","start":8715.159,"end":8715.576},{"text":"and","start":8716.105,"end":8716.185},{"text":"strengthening","start":8716.185,"end":8716.714},{"text":"the","start":8716.81,"end":8716.89},{"text":"link","start":8716.89,"end":8717.131},{"text":"between","start":8717.131,"end":8717.435},{"text":"legal","start":8717.547,"end":8717.772},{"text":"frameworks","start":8717.772,"end":8718.349},{"text":"and","start":8718.413,"end":8718.493},{"text":"technical","start":8718.509,"end":8718.91},{"text":"capabilities","start":8718.91,"end":8719.663},{"text":"to","start":8719.711,"end":8719.823},{"text":"support","start":8719.92,"end":8720.369},{"text":"their","start":8720.417,"end":8720.69},{"text":"effective","start":8720.754,"end":8721.22},{"text":"implementation.","start":8721.22,"end":8721.927}]},{"text":"Hence, the Kingdom continues to develop its national legislative and regulatory environment in support of the sustainability of space activities in a manner that ensures keeping pace with the rapid development and growth of the sector and enhances its international presence and standing among leading countries in this field.","start":8722.585,"end":8741.949,"topics":[{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. 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Many linked debris governance to the long-term sustainability and safety of space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":9101.321,"end":9101.385},{"text":"an","start":9101.417,"end":9101.546},{"text":"Artemis","start":9101.642,"end":9102.06},{"text":"Accord","start":9102.06,"end":9102.397},{"text":"signatory,","start":9102.397,"end":9103.024},{"text":"the","start":9103.104,"end":9103.169},{"text":"United","start":9103.169,"end":9103.603},{"text":"States","start":9103.603,"end":9103.988},{"text":"is","start":9103.988,"end":9104.036},{"text":"committed","start":9104.133,"end":9104.599},{"text":"to","start":9104.631,"end":9104.76},{"text":"plan","start":9104.76,"end":9105.081},{"text":"for","start":9105.514,"end":9105.659},{"text":"the","start":9105.659,"end":9105.739},{"text":"mitigation","start":9105.739,"end":9106.301},{"text":"of","start":9106.301,"end":9106.365},{"text":"orbital","start":9106.462,"end":9106.863},{"text":"debris","start":9106.863,"end":9107.296},{"text":"and","start":9107.361,"end":9107.473},{"text":"its","start":9107.521,"end":9107.666},{"text":"civil","start":9107.666,"end":9107.987},{"text":"space","start":9108.003,"end":9108.404},{"text":"activities.","start":9108.404,"end":9108.934}]},{"text":"The success of these guidelines, built upon the foundation of the core 4 space treaties, demonstrate how non-binding principles can successfully address outer space's current challenges.","start":9109.769,"end":9122.422,"topics":[{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. 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States of America","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":71,"start":9226.492,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=9227","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":9226.492,"end":9229.014,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9226.492,"end":9226.733},{"text":"you,","start":9226.733,"end":9226.765},{"text":"Chair.","start":9226.813,"end":9229.014}]},{"text":"I thank the delegation of the United States for their 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These tools were presented as essential for confidence-building, coordination, and reducing disputes or harmful interference."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":9262.14,"end":9262.638},{"text":"in","start":9262.782,"end":9262.83},{"text":"light","start":9262.943,"end":9263.408},{"text":"of","start":9263.585,"end":9263.681},{"text":"emerging","start":9263.746,"end":9264.211},{"text":"practice","start":9264.243,"end":9264.597},{"text":"involving","start":9264.966,"end":9265.496},{"text":"the","start":9265.753,"end":9265.849},{"text":"transfer","start":9265.849,"end":9266.363},{"text":"of","start":9266.411,"end":9266.636},{"text":"ownership","start":9266.636,"end":9267.118},{"text":"of","start":9267.134,"end":9267.23},{"text":"space","start":9267.23,"end":9267.599},{"text":"objects","start":9267.68,"end":9267.936},{"text":"in","start":9268.001,"end":9268.049},{"text":"orbit,","start":9268.161,"end":9268.418},{"text":"and","start":9268.803,"end":9268.868},{"text":"considering","start":9268.9,"end":9269.43},{"text":"the","start":9269.462,"end":9269.542},{"text":"crucial","start":9269.606,"end":9270.024},{"text":"role","start":9270.024,"end":9270.168},{"text":"of","start":9270.329,"end":9270.425},{"text":"ownership","start":9270.522,"end":9271.003},{"text":"traceability","start":9271.067,"end":9271.774},{"text":"for","start":9271.774,"end":9271.935},{"text":"the","start":9271.935,"end":9272.031},{"text":"identification","start":9272.175,"end":9273.54},{"text":"in","start":9273.54,"end":9273.604},{"text":"the","start":9273.637,"end":9273.781},{"text":"context","start":9273.781,"end":9274.199},{"text":"of","start":9274.263,"end":9274.407},{"text":"on-orbit","start":9274.744,"end":9275.082},{"text":"servicing,","start":9275.082,"end":9275.531},{"text":"as","start":9275.965,"end":9276.029},{"text":"an","start":9276.109,"end":9276.206},{"text":"important","start":9276.206,"end":9276.655},{"text":"measure","start":9276.671,"end":9276.928},{"text":"for","start":9276.928,"end":9277.089},{"text":"the","start":9277.089,"end":9277.185},{"text":"space","start":9277.185,"end":9277.506},{"text":"debris","start":9277.506,"end":9277.747},{"text":"remediation,","start":9277.747,"end":9278.421},{"text":"it","start":9278.534,"end":9278.63},{"text":"appears","start":9278.63,"end":9279.064},{"text":"necessary","start":9279.176,"end":9279.786},{"text":"to","start":9280.059,"end":9280.139},{"text":"regulate","start":9280.139,"end":9280.509},{"text":"the","start":9280.541,"end":9280.685},{"text":"formal","start":9280.685,"end":9281.071},{"text":"exchange","start":9281.103,"end":9281.633},{"text":"of","start":9281.729,"end":9281.89},{"text":"information","start":9281.89,"end":9282.484},{"text":"between","start":9282.548,"end":9282.869},{"text":"states","start":9282.869,"end":9283.56},{"text":"Regarding","start":9284.073,"end":9284.523},{"text":"the","start":9284.555,"end":9284.78},{"text":"transfer","start":9284.94,"end":9285.39},{"text":"of","start":9285.438,"end":9285.486},{"text":"ownership","start":9285.663,"end":9286.145},{"text":"of","start":9286.161,"end":9286.241},{"text":"the","start":9286.241,"end":9286.321},{"text":"space","start":9286.321,"end":9286.707},{"text":"object,","start":9286.803,"end":9287.124},{"text":"including","start":9287.269,"end":9287.654},{"text":"debris.","start":9287.686,"end":9288.087}]},{"text":"In addition, the delegation of Ukraine advocates for the holistic approach to the regulation of the space debris mitigation and remediation.","start":9288.971,"end":9296.244,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. Many linked debris governance to the long-term sustainability and safety of space operations."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9288.971,"end":9289.051},{"text":"addition,","start":9289.051,"end":9289.42},{"text":"the","start":9289.693,"end":9289.789},{"text":"delegation","start":9289.789,"end":9290.319},{"text":"of","start":9290.335,"end":9290.416},{"text":"Ukraine","start":9290.416,"end":9290.785},{"text":"advocates","start":9290.962,"end":9291.556},{"text":"for","start":9291.604,"end":9291.797},{"text":"the","start":9291.797,"end":9291.941},{"text":"holistic","start":9291.941,"end":9292.503},{"text":"approach","start":9292.503,"end":9292.872},{"text":"to","start":9292.921,"end":9293.065},{"text":"the","start":9293.065,"end":9293.306},{"text":"regulation","start":9293.306,"end":9293.932},{"text":"of","start":9293.932,"end":9294.028},{"text":"the","start":9294.028,"end":9294.109},{"text":"space","start":9294.109,"end":9294.494},{"text":"debris","start":9294.51,"end":9294.815},{"text":"mitigation","start":9294.831,"end":9295.361},{"text":"and","start":9295.474,"end":9295.538},{"text":"remediation.","start":9295.65,"end":9296.244}]},{"text":"Such as approach should encompass not only technical requirements for satellite design aimed at minimizing debris generation and preventing collision, but also issues related to the space situation awareness.","start":9296.935,"end":9309.009,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. 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Delegations also raised protection of scientifically important sites, environmental impact assessment, and sustainable use for future generations."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":9321.148,"end":9321.244},{"text":"should","start":9321.244,"end":9321.453},{"text":"further","start":9321.485,"end":9321.871},{"text":"include","start":9321.951,"end":9322.288},{"text":"financial","start":9322.288,"end":9322.786},{"text":"mechanisms","start":9322.786,"end":9323.3},{"text":"designed","start":9323.332,"end":9323.813},{"text":"to","start":9323.813,"end":9323.942},{"text":"incentivize","start":9324.054,"end":9324.745},{"text":"the","start":9324.777,"end":9324.921},{"text":"implementation","start":9324.921,"end":9325.612},{"text":"of","start":9325.74,"end":9325.82},{"text":"environmentally","start":9325.82,"end":9326.511},{"text":"sustainable","start":9326.527,"end":9327.089},{"text":"practice","start":9327.105,"end":9327.506},{"text":"in","start":9327.506,"end":9327.555},{"text":"space","start":9327.667,"end":9328.004},{"text":"activities.","start":9328.004,"end":9328.518}]},{"text":"We fully support the implementation by states of space debris mitigation Guidelines and Guidelines for Long-Term Sustainability of Space Activities.","start":9329.257,"end":9338.794,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. 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Many linked debris governance to the long-term sustainability and safety of space 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you, Mr.","start":9383.811,"end":9384.26,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9383.811,"end":9383.988},{"text":"you,","start":9383.988,"end":9384.052},{"text":"Mr.","start":9384.068,"end":9384.26}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair.","start":9384.308,"end":9385.847,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":9384.308,"end":9385.847}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"UKR","affiliation_full":"Ukraine","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":73,"start":9386.54,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=9387","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank Ukraine for their statement.","start":9386.54,"end":9388.814,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9386.54,"end":9386.636},{"text":"thank","start":9386.636,"end":9387.12},{"text":"Ukraine","start":9387.185,"end":9387.734},{"text":"for","start":9387.766,"end":9387.943},{"text":"their","start":9387.943,"end":9388.105},{"text":"statement.","start":9388.105,"end":9388.814}]},{"text":"We will now adjourn our— or we shall suspend our considerations of this agenda item, and we will continue and conclude it this afternoon.","start":9390.508,"end":9401.143,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9390.508,"end":9390.654},{"text":"will","start":9390.654,"end":9390.767},{"text":"now","start":9390.767,"end":9390.912},{"text":"adjourn","start":9391.46,"end":9391.977},{"text":"our—","start":9392.186,"end":9392.493},{"text":"or","start":9393.638,"end":9393.671},{"text":"we","start":9393.671,"end":9393.8},{"text":"shall","start":9393.8,"end":9393.977},{"text":"suspend","start":9393.977,"end":9394.542},{"text":"our","start":9394.606,"end":9394.703},{"text":"considerations","start":9394.703,"end":9395.59},{"text":"of","start":9395.671,"end":9395.72},{"text":"this","start":9395.72,"end":9395.8},{"text":"agenda","start":9395.914,"end":9396.319},{"text":"item,","start":9396.319,"end":9396.756},{"text":"and","start":9397.597,"end":9397.695},{"text":"we","start":9397.695,"end":9397.921},{"text":"will","start":9397.921,"end":9398.148},{"text":"continue","start":9398.18,"end":9398.795},{"text":"and","start":9399.459,"end":9399.556},{"text":"conclude","start":9399.556,"end":9400.188},{"text":"it","start":9400.188,"end":9400.35},{"text":"this","start":9400.35,"end":9400.463},{"text":"afternoon.","start":9400.592,"end":9401.143}]},{"text":"So I will adjourn this meeting so that the Working Group on the Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activity can hold its second meeting.","start":9403.689,"end":9414.8,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":9403.689,"end":9403.995},{"text":"I","start":9404.48,"end":9404.512},{"text":"will","start":9404.625,"end":9404.787},{"text":"adjourn","start":9404.787,"end":9405.142},{"text":"this","start":9405.19,"end":9405.32},{"text":"meeting","start":9405.449,"end":9405.82},{"text":"so","start":9406.417,"end":9406.74},{"text":"that","start":9406.74,"end":9406.95},{"text":"the","start":9407.047,"end":9407.176},{"text":"Working","start":9407.289,"end":9407.677},{"text":"Group","start":9407.774,"end":9408.048},{"text":"on","start":9408.581,"end":9408.678},{"text":"the","start":9408.678,"end":9408.759},{"text":"Legal","start":9408.904,"end":9409.372},{"text":"Aspects","start":9409.469,"end":9410.115},{"text":"of","start":9410.115,"end":9410.18},{"text":"Space","start":9410.196,"end":9410.583},{"text":"Resource","start":9411.245,"end":9411.859},{"text":"Activity","start":9411.891,"end":9412.521},{"text":"can","start":9413.283,"end":9413.461},{"text":"hold","start":9413.461,"end":9413.784},{"text":"its","start":9413.784,"end":9413.929},{"text":"second","start":9413.929,"end":9414.397},{"text":"meeting.","start":9414.429,"end":9414.8}]},{"text":"Before doing so, I would like to inform delegates of our schedule of work for this afternoon.","start":9416.446,"end":9423.058,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Before","start":9416.446,"end":9416.85},{"text":"doing","start":9416.85,"end":9417.14},{"text":"so,","start":9417.172,"end":9417.35},{"text":"I","start":9418.383,"end":9418.399},{"text":"would","start":9418.464,"end":9418.625},{"text":"like","start":9418.625,"end":9418.932},{"text":"to","start":9418.932,"end":9419.077},{"text":"inform","start":9419.125,"end":9419.561},{"text":"delegates","start":9419.674,"end":9420.174},{"text":"of","start":9420.223,"end":9420.303},{"text":"our","start":9420.303,"end":9420.4},{"text":"schedule","start":9420.416,"end":9421.062},{"text":"of","start":9421.062,"end":9421.272},{"text":"work","start":9421.272,"end":9421.594},{"text":"for","start":9421.925,"end":9422.094},{"text":"this","start":9422.111,"end":9422.23},{"text":"afternoon.","start":9422.365,"end":9423.058}]},{"text":"We will meet promptly at 3:00 PM and we will consider— sorry, we will continue our consideration of agenda item 4, general exchange of 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will continue and conclude our consideration of agenda item 10, And we will then begin and conclude our consideration of agenda item 11, general exchange of information on non-legally binding United Nations instruments on outer 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Space Resource Activities to hold their second 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the meeting is adjourned.","start":9617.818,"end":9619.64,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":9617.818,"end":9618.076},{"text":"the","start":9618.608,"end":9618.705},{"text":"meeting","start":9618.705,"end":9618.979},{"text":"is","start":9619.076,"end":9619.14},{"text":"adjourned.","start":9619.237,"end":9619.64}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","affiliation_full":"COPUOS Legal Subcommittee","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":79,"start":13095.148,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k19/k19wzl2ruq?lang=en&t=13096","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"First, ambassadors invite people, and then they're very organized.","start":13095.148,"end":13098.672,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":13095.148,"end":13095.705},{"text":"ambassadors","start":13095.738,"end":13096.033},{"text":"invite","start":13096.049,"end":13096.426},{"text":"people,","start":13096.459,"end":13096.721},{"text":"and","start":13096.787,"end":13096.951},{"text":"then","start":13096.951,"end":13097.18},{"text":"they're","start":13097.689,"end":13098.279},{"text":"very","start":13098.279,"end":13098.426},{"text":"organized.","start":13098.426,"end":13098.672}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":null}}],"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris Mitigation and Remediation","description":"Delegations discussed legal and policy responses to the growing debris problem, including debris mitigation, remediation, re-entry risks, object removal, and responsibility for cleanup. Many linked debris governance to the long-term sustainability and safety of space operations."},{"key":"celestial-environment","label":"Environmental Protection of Celestial Bodies","description":"A significant theme was the need to prevent harmful contamination and environmental damage on the Moon and other celestial bodies. Delegations also raised protection of scientifically important sites, environmental impact assessment, and sustainable use for future generations."},{"key":"national-authorization","label":"National Authorization and Supervision","description":"Several delegations addressed how states should regulate private and commercial space activities through domestic laws, licensing, and continuing supervision under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. A recurring issue was how national frameworks can support innovation without conflicting with international law."},{"key":"multilateral-governance","label":"Multilateral Governance Through COPUOS","description":"Many delegations emphasized that COPUOS and its Legal Subcommittee should remain the main intergovernmental forum for developing space rules. They warned against fragmented, unilateral, or parallel approaches that could weaken coherent global governance."},{"key":"non-appropriation-equity","label":"Non-Appropriation and Equitable Access","description":"Many statements stressed that space resource activities must respect the Outer Space Treaty's non-appropriation principle and preserve access for all states. Speakers also linked this to fairness, benefit-sharing, and avoiding de facto monopolization by the most capable actors."},{"key":"space-traffic-management","label":"Space Traffic Management","description":"Several speakers raised the need for better coordination of space operations through conjunction data sharing, space situational awareness, collision avoidance, and operational rules. This was presented as increasingly urgent due to congestion, commercialization, and expanding satellite activity."},{"key":"space-resource-governance","label":"Space Resource Governance","description":"Delegations repeatedly discussed the need for international principles or legal models to govern the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of space resources on the Moon and other celestial bodies. The debate centered on how new guidance should be developed within the existing UN space law framework."},{"key":"transparency-registration","label":"Transparency, Information Sharing, and Registration","description":"Speakers highlighted the importance of data sharing, consultation, notification, repositories, and possible registration or monitoring systems for space activities and space resources. These tools were presented as essential for confidence-building, coordination, and reducing disputes or harmful interference."},{"key":"developing-country-inclusion","label":"Developing Country Inclusion and Capacity Building","description":"A cross-cutting concern was ensuring that developing countries, emerging space actors, and non-spacefaring states can participate meaningfully in shaping and benefiting from space governance. Delegations called for capacity building, access to knowledge and technology, and consideration of development needs."}]}}