{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/fr/asset/k1m/k1msxyv5oq?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. 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extend a particular warm welcome to our distinguished panelists.","start":24.35,"end":28.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":24.35,"end":24.51},{"text":"extend","start":24.51,"end":25.07},{"text":"a","start":25.07,"end":25.15},{"text":"particular","start":25.15,"end":25.79},{"text":"warm","start":25.79,"end":26.19},{"text":"welcome","start":26.19,"end":26.83},{"text":"to","start":26.83,"end":26.99},{"text":"our","start":26.99,"end":27.23},{"text":"distinguished","start":27.23,"end":27.99},{"text":"panelists.","start":27.99,"end":28.83}]},{"text":"The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights is pleased to convene this high-level dialogue on reparatory justice at a pivotal 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we commemorate the 25th anniversary, of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, we also take stock of a year marked by important developments and growing momentum in the field of reparatory justice for legacy of enslavement and colonialism and increasing recognition of its key role in dismantling the systemic racism faced by Africans and people of African descent globally.","start":42.59,"end":73.91,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. 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begin with a keynote address by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Mr. Volker Turk.","start":74.71,"end":82.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We'll","start":74.71,"end":75.07},{"text":"begin","start":75.07,"end":75.51},{"text":"with","start":76.19,"end":76.59},{"text":"a","start":76.59,"end":76.75},{"text":"keynote","start":76.99,"end":77.51},{"text":"address","start":77.51,"end":77.95},{"text":"by","start":77.95,"end":78.19},{"text":"the","start":78.19,"end":78.31},{"text":"United","start":78.31,"end":78.79},{"text":"Nations","start":78.83,"end":79.39},{"text":"High","start":79.39,"end":79.55},{"text":"Commissioner","start":79.55,"end":80.11},{"text":"for","start":80.11,"end":80.27},{"text":"Human","start":80.27,"end":80.59},{"text":"Rights,","start":80.59,"end":80.91},{"text":"Mr.","start":80.91,"end":81.31},{"text":"Volker","start":81.31,"end":81.83},{"text":"Turk.","start":81.83,"end":82.35}]},{"text":"This will be followed by a roundtable discussion moderated by 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Rado Bambach, thank you for accepting our invitation.","start":99.15,"end":104.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mrs.","start":99.15,"end":99.71},{"text":"Rado","start":100.23,"end":100.79},{"text":"Bambach,","start":100.79,"end":101.27},{"text":"thank","start":101.51,"end":101.83},{"text":"you","start":101.83,"end":101.91},{"text":"for","start":101.91,"end":102.19},{"text":"accepting","start":102.19,"end":102.87},{"text":"our","start":103.51,"end":103.91},{"text":"invitation.","start":104.07,"end":104.91}]},{"text":"We will then open the floor for question and answer, uh, session, providing an opportunity for all in the room and online to make interventions and engage directly with our 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note that the event is being broadcast live, will be recorded, and interpretation is available in English, French, Portuguese, and 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hope that the discussions today will contribute to furthering the momentum towards reparatory justice.","start":131.47,"end":140.43,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. 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invite you to take one of the printed cards in the room, which provide links to the explainers.","start":177.87,"end":186.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":177.87,"end":178.07},{"text":"invite","start":178.07,"end":178.51},{"text":"you","start":178.51,"end":178.67},{"text":"to","start":178.67,"end":178.91},{"text":"take","start":178.91,"end":179.31},{"text":"one","start":179.31,"end":179.59},{"text":"of","start":179.59,"end":179.71},{"text":"the","start":179.71,"end":179.79},{"text":"printed","start":179.79,"end":180.35},{"text":"cards","start":180.35,"end":180.87},{"text":"in","start":182.59,"end":182.83},{"text":"the","start":182.83,"end":182.95},{"text":"room,","start":182.95,"end":183.39},{"text":"which","start":183.75,"end":184.11},{"text":"provide","start":184.11,"end":184.59},{"text":"links","start":184.59,"end":184.95},{"text":"to","start":184.95,"end":185.07},{"text":"the","start":185.07,"end":185.19},{"text":"explainers.","start":185.19,"end":186.11}]},{"text":"We also joined here by the Her Excellency, the Ambassador of the Bahamas and the Ambassador Al Joweni from the African Union, who is in charge of the file of reparatory 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Commissioner, you have the floor.","start":203.51,"end":205.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"High","start":203.51,"end":203.63},{"text":"Commissioner,","start":203.63,"end":204.35},{"text":"you","start":204.67,"end":204.83},{"text":"have","start":204.83,"end":205.11},{"text":"the","start":205.11,"end":205.23},{"text":"floor.","start":205.23,"end":205.55}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":205.63,"end":206.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":205.63,"end":205.95},{"text":"you.","start":205.95,"end":206.03}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"OHCHR","group":null,"function":"Chief, Equality and Non-Discrimination Branch","affiliation_full":"OHCHR"}},{"statement_number":2,"start":209.15,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1m/k1msxyv5oq?lang=en&t=3:30","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Well, great to be 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really great that we have this event, a very important one.","start":218.67,"end":221.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":218.67,"end":218.91},{"text":"really","start":219.07,"end":219.31},{"text":"great","start":219.31,"end":219.63},{"text":"that","start":219.63,"end":219.79},{"text":"we","start":219.79,"end":219.87},{"text":"have","start":219.87,"end":220.03},{"text":"this","start":220.03,"end":220.19},{"text":"event,","start":220.19,"end":220.59},{"text":"a","start":220.59,"end":220.63},{"text":"very","start":220.63,"end":220.79},{"text":"important","start":220.79,"end":221.23},{"text":"one.","start":221.23,"end":221.55}]},{"text":"It's my pleasure to welcome you to this high-level dialogue on reparatory justice for Africans and people of African descent.","start":222.67,"end":229.95,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human 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They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":363.83,"end":364.07},{"text":"these","start":364.23,"end":364.71},{"text":"technologies","start":364.71,"end":365.51},{"text":"are","start":365.51,"end":365.67},{"text":"already","start":365.67,"end":366.47},{"text":"reproducing","start":366.71,"end":367.83},{"text":"human","start":367.83,"end":368.47},{"text":"biases.","start":368.87,"end":369.67}]},{"text":"And if we are not careful, they could deepen systemic racism against Africans and people of African descent.","start":369.91,"end":376.31,"topics":[{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":369.91,"end":370.07},{"text":"if","start":370.07,"end":370.15},{"text":"we","start":370.15,"end":370.23},{"text":"are","start":370.23,"end":370.31},{"text":"not","start":370.31,"end":370.55},{"text":"careful,","start":370.55,"end":371.19},{"text":"they","start":371.43,"end":371.67},{"text":"could","start":371.67,"end":372.19},{"text":"deepen","start":372.19,"end":372.71},{"text":"systemic","start":372.87,"end":373.43},{"text":"racism","start":373.43,"end":373.99},{"text":"against","start":373.99,"end":374.39},{"text":"Africans","start":374.39,"end":374.91},{"text":"and","start":374.91,"end":375.03},{"text":"people","start":375.03,"end":375.35},{"text":"of","start":375.35,"end":375.43},{"text":"African","start":375.43,"end":375.83},{"text":"descent.","start":375.83,"end":376.31}]},{"text":"At the global level, our economic and governance systems still reflect centuries of exploitation.","start":377.11,"end":385.59,"topics":[{"key":"global-governance-reform","label":"Global Governance Reform","description":"Participants connected reparatory justice to structural reform of international institutions and the global financial architecture. 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These measures were presented as essential to acknowledgment, healing, and preventing denial or erasure."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":531.51,"end":531.67},{"text":"France,","start":531.67,"end":532.15},{"text":"Namibia,","start":532.15,"end":532.63},{"text":"Switzerland,","start":532.63,"end":533.23},{"text":"and","start":533.23,"end":533.35},{"text":"the","start":533.35,"end":533.43},{"text":"United","start":533.43,"end":533.75},{"text":"Kingdom,","start":533.75,"end":534.31},{"text":"some","start":534.55,"end":535.03},{"text":"public","start":535.03,"end":535.47},{"text":"spaces","start":535.47,"end":535.99},{"text":"and","start":535.99,"end":536.15},{"text":"monuments","start":536.15,"end":536.95},{"text":"are","start":536.95,"end":537.11},{"text":"being","start":537.11,"end":537.47},{"text":"revisited","start":537.47,"end":538.19},{"text":"to","start":538.19,"end":538.59},{"text":"acknowledge","start":538.59,"end":539.27},{"text":"the","start":539.27,"end":539.35},{"text":"legacies","start":539.35,"end":539.91},{"text":"of","start":539.91,"end":540.07},{"text":"enslavement,","start":540.07,"end":540.79},{"text":"the","start":541.11,"end":541.27},{"text":"trade","start":541.27,"end":541.75},{"text":"in","start":541.83,"end":541.99},{"text":"enslaved","start":541.99,"end":542.63},{"text":"Africans,","start":542.87,"end":543.59},{"text":"and","start":543.59,"end":543.83},{"text":"colonialism.","start":543.83,"end":544.55}]},{"text":"Governments and institutions have started returning the Benin Bronzes to Nigeria, for example.","start":545.51,"end":555.35,"topics":[{"key":"cultural-restitution","label":"Cultural Restitution","description":"The return of looted cultural artifacts, human remains, and access to archives was discussed as a concrete form of repair. 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These measures were presented as essential to acknowledgment, healing, and preventing denial or erasure."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":564.75,"end":564.91},{"text":"example,","start":564.91,"end":565.39},{"text":"earlier","start":565.39,"end":565.75},{"text":"this","start":565.75,"end":565.95},{"text":"year,","start":565.95,"end":566.35},{"text":"Pope","start":566.99,"end":567.27},{"text":"Leo","start":567.27,"end":567.71},{"text":"apologized","start":568.67,"end":570.27},{"text":"for","start":570.51,"end":570.67},{"text":"the","start":570.67,"end":570.75},{"text":"Catholic","start":570.75,"end":571.39},{"text":"Church's","start":571.39,"end":572.11},{"text":"involvement","start":572.11,"end":572.99},{"text":"in","start":573.07,"end":573.31},{"text":"legitimizing","start":573.31,"end":574.27},{"text":"slavery","start":574.27,"end":574.91},{"text":"and","start":575.23,"end":575.43},{"text":"the","start":575.43,"end":575.51},{"text":"delay","start":575.51,"end":576.19},{"text":"in","start":576.51,"end":576.71},{"text":"condemning","start":576.71,"end":577.31},{"text":"it","start":577.31,"end":577.55},{"text":"for","start":577.55,"end":577.79},{"text":"centuries.","start":577.79,"end":578.51}]},{"text":"These are all important steps.","start":579.31,"end":581.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":579.31,"end":579.63},{"text":"are","start":579.63,"end":579.71},{"text":"all","start":579.71,"end":580.11},{"text":"important","start":580.11,"end":580.63},{"text":"steps.","start":580.63,"end":581.23}]},{"text":"At the same time, no state has fully accounted for the harms of the past or systemic racism today.","start":582.27,"end":590.99,"topics":[{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. 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They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."}],"words":[{"text":"Decisive","start":685.11,"end":685.67},{"text":"action","start":685.67,"end":685.99},{"text":"on","start":685.99,"end":686.07},{"text":"climate","start":686.07,"end":686.43},{"text":"justice","start":686.43,"end":686.87},{"text":"can","start":686.87,"end":687.03},{"text":"help","start":687.03,"end":687.27},{"text":"acknowledge","start":687.27,"end":687.91},{"text":"that","start":688.31,"end":688.47},{"text":"Africans","start":688.47,"end":688.99},{"text":"and","start":688.99,"end":689.15},{"text":"people","start":689.15,"end":689.43},{"text":"of","start":689.43,"end":689.51},{"text":"African","start":689.51,"end":689.91},{"text":"descent","start":689.91,"end":690.31},{"text":"are","start":690.31,"end":690.47},{"text":"among","start":690.47,"end":690.79},{"text":"those","start":690.79,"end":691.19},{"text":"who","start":691.19,"end":691.35},{"text":"face","start":691.35,"end":691.75},{"text":"its","start":691.75,"end":691.99},{"text":"harshest","start":691.99,"end":692.63},{"text":"impacts.","start":692.63,"end":693.27}]},{"text":"My office, as you know, is a steadfast partner.","start":694.27,"end":697.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":694.27,"end":694.51},{"text":"office,","start":694.51,"end":695.07},{"text":"as","start":695.07,"end":695.23},{"text":"you","start":695.23,"end":695.31},{"text":"know,","start":695.31,"end":695.55},{"text":"is","start":695.55,"end":695.71},{"text":"a","start":695.71,"end":695.75},{"text":"steadfast","start":695.75,"end":696.51},{"text":"partner.","start":696.51,"end":697.07}]},{"text":"We support states in advancing the rights of Africans and people of African descent.","start":697.63,"end":702.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":697.63,"end":697.75},{"text":"support","start":697.75,"end":698.19},{"text":"states","start":698.19,"end":698.55},{"text":"in","start":698.55,"end":698.67},{"text":"advancing","start":698.67,"end":699.39},{"text":"the","start":699.55,"end":699.67},{"text":"rights","start":699.67,"end":699.99},{"text":"of","start":699.99,"end":700.11},{"text":"Africans","start":700.11,"end":700.75},{"text":"and","start":701.23,"end":701.43},{"text":"people","start":701.43,"end":701.71},{"text":"of","start":701.71,"end":701.79},{"text":"African","start":701.79,"end":702.19},{"text":"descent.","start":702.19,"end":702.55}]},{"text":"For example, we have and you have just mentioned it we have developed a set of tools to assist states in their efforts to address reparatory justice, and we are launching this explainer today on apologies as one measure that can contribute to this process.","start":702.55,"end":719.31,"topics":[{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. 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Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":860.07,"end":860.55},{"text":"we","start":860.95,"end":861.19},{"text":"understand","start":861.19,"end":861.75},{"text":"restorative","start":861.75,"end":862.31},{"text":"justice","start":862.31,"end":863.03},{"text":"as","start":863.19,"end":863.47},{"text":"a","start":863.47,"end":863.51},{"text":"process","start":863.51,"end":864.15},{"text":"of","start":864.27,"end":864.39},{"text":"dialogue","start":864.39,"end":864.95},{"text":"and","start":865.03,"end":865.23},{"text":"collaboration","start":865.23,"end":866.23},{"text":"aimed","start":866.39,"end":866.71},{"text":"at","start":866.71,"end":866.79},{"text":"repair","start":866.79,"end":867.15},{"text":"and","start":867.15,"end":867.27},{"text":"healing","start":867.27,"end":867.83},{"text":"between","start":868.31,"end":868.67},{"text":"the","start":868.67,"end":868.75},{"text":"Guardian","start":868.75,"end":869.15},{"text":"newspaper,","start":869.15,"end":869.91},{"text":"that","start":870.35,"end":870.75},{"text":"profited","start":870.99,"end":871.51},{"text":"from","start":871.51,"end":871.71},{"text":"enslavement","start":871.71,"end":872.43},{"text":"and","start":872.83,"end":873.07},{"text":"the","start":873.07,"end":873.15},{"text":"descendants","start":873.15,"end":873.95},{"text":"of","start":873.99,"end":874.11},{"text":"the","start":874.11,"end":874.23},{"text":"enslaved.","start":874.23,"end":875.07}]},{"text":"And so our work focuses on the geographies where the Guardian founder and his investors were linked to enslavement.","start":875.35,"end":881.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":875.35,"end":875.47},{"text":"so","start":875.47,"end":875.59},{"text":"our","start":875.59,"end":875.71},{"text":"work","start":875.71,"end":876.11},{"text":"focuses","start":876.11,"end":876.63},{"text":"on","start":876.63,"end":876.75},{"text":"the","start":876.75,"end":876.83},{"text":"geographies","start":876.83,"end":877.47},{"text":"where","start":877.47,"end":877.87},{"text":"the","start":877.87,"end":877.99},{"text":"Guardian","start":877.99,"end":878.43},{"text":"founder","start":878.43,"end":878.83},{"text":"and","start":878.83,"end":878.95},{"text":"his","start":878.95,"end":879.07},{"text":"investors","start":879.07,"end":879.95},{"text":"were","start":880.19,"end":880.35},{"text":"linked","start":880.35,"end":880.79},{"text":"to","start":880.79,"end":880.87},{"text":"enslavement.","start":880.87,"end":881.55}]},{"text":"So that is the low country region of the southeast of the United States and Jamaica.","start":881.55,"end":887.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":881.55,"end":881.71},{"text":"that","start":881.71,"end":881.95},{"text":"is","start":881.95,"end":882.35},{"text":"the","start":882.35,"end":882.47},{"text":"low","start":883.07,"end":883.31},{"text":"country","start":883.31,"end":883.71},{"text":"region","start":883.71,"end":884.03},{"text":"of","start":884.03,"end":884.11},{"text":"the","start":884.11,"end":884.19},{"text":"southeast","start":884.19,"end":884.79},{"text":"of","start":884.79,"end":884.87},{"text":"the","start":884.87,"end":884.95},{"text":"United","start":884.95,"end":885.35},{"text":"States","start":885.35,"end":886.11},{"text":"and","start":886.43,"end":886.83},{"text":"Jamaica.","start":886.83,"end":887.47}]},{"text":"The work focuses on descendant communities and has a really relational basis.","start":888.99,"end":895.95,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":888.99,"end":889.15},{"text":"work","start":889.15,"end":889.55},{"text":"focuses","start":889.55,"end":890.19},{"text":"on","start":890.19,"end":890.67},{"text":"descendant","start":890.67,"end":891.27},{"text":"communities","start":891.27,"end":892.27},{"text":"and","start":892.27,"end":892.91},{"text":"has","start":893.39,"end":893.59},{"text":"a","start":893.59,"end":893.63},{"text":"really","start":893.63,"end":893.95},{"text":"relational","start":893.95,"end":894.83},{"text":"basis.","start":895.15,"end":895.95}]},{"text":"So we understand our work as taking a rights-based approach to this work that is descendant community-led.","start":896.11,"end":901.55,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":896.11,"end":896.43},{"text":"we","start":896.43,"end":896.63},{"text":"understand","start":896.63,"end":897.11},{"text":"our","start":897.11,"end":897.19},{"text":"work","start":897.19,"end":897.55},{"text":"as","start":897.55,"end":897.63},{"text":"taking","start":897.63,"end":898.03},{"text":"a","start":898.03,"end":898.07},{"text":"rights-based","start":898.07,"end":898.75},{"text":"approach","start":898.75,"end":899.03},{"text":"to","start":899.03,"end":899.15},{"text":"this","start":899.15,"end":899.39},{"text":"work","start":899.39,"end":899.79},{"text":"that","start":899.79,"end":899.95},{"text":"is","start":899.95,"end":900.07},{"text":"descendant","start":900.07,"end":900.59},{"text":"community-led.","start":900.59,"end":901.55}]},{"text":"So I'm going to hand over now to our panelists, but I'll introduce them first and I'll ask them a question in turn, and then we'll have opportunity for questions from in the room and also our online audience.","start":902.51,"end":914.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":902.51,"end":902.67},{"text":"I'm","start":902.67,"end":902.87},{"text":"going","start":902.87,"end":903.03},{"text":"to","start":903.15,"end":903.23},{"text":"hand","start":903.23,"end":903.55},{"text":"over","start":903.55,"end":903.79},{"text":"now","start":903.79,"end":904.11},{"text":"to","start":904.11,"end":904.47},{"text":"our","start":905.63,"end":905.71},{"text":"panelists,","start":905.71,"end":906.51},{"text":"but","start":906.51,"end":906.63},{"text":"I'll","start":906.63,"end":906.83},{"text":"introduce","start":906.83,"end":907.23},{"text":"them","start":907.23,"end":907.39},{"text":"first","start":907.39,"end":907.79},{"text":"and","start":908.07,"end":908.31},{"text":"I'll","start":908.31,"end":908.51},{"text":"ask","start":908.51,"end":908.63},{"text":"them","start":908.63,"end":908.75},{"text":"a","start":908.75,"end":908.83},{"text":"question","start":908.83,"end":909.19},{"text":"in","start":909.19,"end":909.31},{"text":"turn,","start":909.31,"end":909.51},{"text":"and","start":909.51,"end":909.75},{"text":"then","start":910.19,"end":910.35},{"text":"we'll","start":910.35,"end":910.59},{"text":"have","start":910.59,"end":910.79},{"text":"opportunity","start":910.79,"end":911.35},{"text":"for","start":911.35,"end":911.47},{"text":"questions","start":911.47,"end":912.11},{"text":"from","start":912.11,"end":912.31},{"text":"in","start":912.31,"end":912.43},{"text":"the","start":912.43,"end":912.55},{"text":"room","start":912.55,"end":912.99},{"text":"and","start":913.23,"end":913.55},{"text":"also","start":913.55,"end":913.87},{"text":"our","start":913.87,"end":913.99},{"text":"online","start":913.99,"end":914.43},{"text":"audience.","start":914.43,"end":914.95}]},{"text":"So thank you all for joining us.","start":914.95,"end":916.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":914.95,"end":915.07},{"text":"thank","start":915.07,"end":915.35},{"text":"you","start":915.35,"end":915.47},{"text":"all","start":915.47,"end":915.63},{"text":"for","start":915.63,"end":915.75},{"text":"joining","start":915.75,"end":916.15},{"text":"us.","start":916.15,"end":916.51}]},{"text":"So first I'd like to introduce His Excellency Amir Al-Jawili, who is the Director of the Citizens and Diaspora Directorate at the African Union Commission.","start":917.03,"end":926.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":917.03,"end":917.19},{"text":"first","start":917.19,"end":917.43},{"text":"I'd","start":917.43,"end":917.63},{"text":"like","start":917.63,"end":917.75},{"text":"to","start":917.75,"end":917.83},{"text":"introduce","start":917.83,"end":918.63},{"text":"His","start":918.63,"end":918.87},{"text":"Excellency","start":918.87,"end":919.67},{"text":"Amir","start":919.67,"end":920.15},{"text":"Al-Jawili,","start":920.19,"end":920.95},{"text":"who","start":921.03,"end":921.35},{"text":"is","start":921.35,"end":921.51},{"text":"the","start":921.51,"end":921.63},{"text":"Director","start":921.63,"end":922.11},{"text":"of","start":922.11,"end":922.23},{"text":"the","start":922.23,"end":922.31},{"text":"Citizens","start":922.31,"end":922.99},{"text":"and","start":922.99,"end":923.15},{"text":"Diaspora","start":923.15,"end":923.63},{"text":"Directorate","start":923.63,"end":924.95},{"text":"at","start":925.43,"end":925.55},{"text":"the","start":925.55,"end":925.63},{"text":"African","start":925.63,"end":926.03},{"text":"Union","start":926.03,"end":926.31},{"text":"Commission.","start":926.31,"end":926.87}]},{"text":"Then we have Her Excellency Patricia A. Hermans, who is the Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the Bahamas to the United Nations Office and other international organizations in Geneva on behalf of CARICOM.","start":927.99,"end":941.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Then","start":927.99,"end":928.19},{"text":"we","start":928.19,"end":928.31},{"text":"have","start":928.31,"end":928.71},{"text":"Her","start":928.71,"end":928.91},{"text":"Excellency","start":928.91,"end":929.51},{"text":"Patricia","start":929.51,"end":930.39},{"text":"A.","start":930.47,"end":930.51},{"text":"Hermans,","start":930.51,"end":931.11},{"text":"who","start":931.11,"end":931.43},{"text":"is","start":931.43,"end":931.75},{"text":"the","start":931.75,"end":931.95},{"text":"Ambassador","start":931.95,"end":932.43},{"text":"and","start":932.43,"end":932.55},{"text":"Permanent","start":932.55,"end":932.95},{"text":"Representative","start":932.95,"end":933.91},{"text":"of","start":933.91,"end":933.99},{"text":"the","start":933.99,"end":934.11},{"text":"Bahamas","start":934.11,"end":934.79},{"text":"to","start":935.11,"end":935.19},{"text":"the","start":935.19,"end":935.27},{"text":"United","start":935.27,"end":935.71},{"text":"Nations","start":935.71,"end":936.07},{"text":"Office","start":936.07,"end":936.71},{"text":"and","start":936.71,"end":936.91},{"text":"other","start":936.91,"end":937.15},{"text":"international","start":937.15,"end":937.67},{"text":"organizations","start":937.67,"end":938.55},{"text":"in","start":938.55,"end":938.71},{"text":"Geneva","start":938.71,"end":939.27},{"text":"on","start":939.59,"end":939.67},{"text":"behalf","start":939.67,"end":939.91},{"text":"of","start":939.91,"end":939.99},{"text":"CARICOM.","start":939.99,"end":941.03}]},{"text":"This includes being the focal point ambassador for CARICOM on human rights matters.","start":941.43,"end":945.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":941.43,"end":941.59},{"text":"includes","start":941.59,"end":942.07},{"text":"being","start":942.07,"end":942.23},{"text":"the","start":942.23,"end":942.31},{"text":"focal","start":942.31,"end":942.71},{"text":"point","start":942.71,"end":943.11},{"text":"ambassador","start":943.11,"end":943.47},{"text":"for","start":943.47,"end":943.59},{"text":"CARICOM","start":943.59,"end":944.63},{"text":"on","start":944.63,"end":944.71},{"text":"human","start":944.71,"end":944.99},{"text":"rights","start":944.99,"end":945.27},{"text":"matters.","start":945.27,"end":945.83}]},{"text":"Then we have Ms. Almaz Tefera, who is senior researcher on racism in Europe at Human Rights Watch, and her work focuses on human rights, implications of racism, and discrimination based on racial, ethnic, or religious identity in the European Union and the United Kingdom.","start":947.19,"end":964.71,"topics":[{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."}],"words":[{"text":"Then","start":947.19,"end":947.39},{"text":"we","start":947.39,"end":947.51},{"text":"have","start":947.51,"end":947.91},{"text":"Ms.","start":947.91,"end":948.31},{"text":"Almaz","start":948.31,"end":948.79},{"text":"Tefera,","start":948.79,"end":949.35},{"text":"who","start":949.35,"end":949.59},{"text":"is","start":949.59,"end":949.75},{"text":"senior","start":949.75,"end":950.15},{"text":"researcher","start":950.15,"end":950.71},{"text":"on","start":950.71,"end":950.87},{"text":"racism","start":950.87,"end":951.67},{"text":"in","start":952.07,"end":952.23},{"text":"Europe","start":952.23,"end":952.67},{"text":"at","start":952.67,"end":952.79},{"text":"Human","start":952.79,"end":953.11},{"text":"Rights","start":953.11,"end":953.35},{"text":"Watch,","start":953.35,"end":953.83},{"text":"and","start":953.83,"end":953.99},{"text":"her","start":953.99,"end":954.15},{"text":"work","start":954.15,"end":954.55},{"text":"focuses","start":954.55,"end":954.99},{"text":"on","start":954.99,"end":955.11},{"text":"human","start":955.11,"end":955.51},{"text":"rights,","start":955.51,"end":955.91},{"text":"implications","start":955.91,"end":956.63},{"text":"of","start":956.63,"end":956.71},{"text":"racism,","start":956.71,"end":957.43},{"text":"and","start":957.75,"end":957.95},{"text":"discrimination","start":957.95,"end":958.87},{"text":"based","start":958.95,"end":959.35},{"text":"on","start":959.35,"end":959.51},{"text":"racial,","start":959.51,"end":960.07},{"text":"ethnic,","start":960.07,"end":960.71},{"text":"or","start":960.71,"end":960.91},{"text":"religious","start":960.91,"end":961.27},{"text":"identity","start":961.27,"end":962.07},{"text":"in","start":962.31,"end":962.47},{"text":"the","start":962.47,"end":962.55},{"text":"European","start":962.55,"end":962.99},{"text":"Union","start":962.99,"end":963.51},{"text":"and","start":963.51,"end":963.71},{"text":"the","start":963.71,"end":963.79},{"text":"United","start":963.79,"end":964.23},{"text":"Kingdom.","start":964.23,"end":964.71}]},{"text":"Ms. Sueli Carneiro from Guedes, Instituto da Mulher Negra.","start":965.75,"end":970.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Ms.","start":965.75,"end":966.07},{"text":"Sueli","start":966.07,"end":966.39},{"text":"Carneiro","start":966.39,"end":966.95},{"text":"from","start":967.75,"end":967.99},{"text":"Guedes,","start":967.99,"end":968.71},{"text":"Instituto","start":968.79,"end":969.43},{"text":"da","start":969.43,"end":969.59},{"text":"Mulher","start":969.59,"end":969.87},{"text":"Negra.","start":969.87,"end":970.39}]},{"text":"Sueli is the founder of Guelares Black Women's Institute in Brazil and executive coordinator of the program on memory and reparations.","start":971.11,"end":979.11,"topics":[{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. 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They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."}],"words":[{"text":"She's","start":979.67,"end":979.95},{"text":"a","start":979.95,"end":979.99},{"text":"philosopher,","start":979.99,"end":980.71},{"text":"feminist,","start":981.11,"end":981.95},{"text":"and","start":981.95,"end":982.15},{"text":"anti-racist","start":982.15,"end":983.03},{"text":"activist","start":983.03,"end":983.95},{"text":"and","start":983.95,"end":984.07},{"text":"writer,","start":984.07,"end":984.55},{"text":"focusing","start":984.95,"end":985.59},{"text":"on","start":985.59,"end":985.75},{"text":"exposing","start":985.75,"end":986.31},{"text":"how","start":986.31,"end":986.47},{"text":"racism","start":986.47,"end":987.11},{"text":"and","start":987.19,"end":987.35},{"text":"sexism","start":987.35,"end":987.99},{"text":"intersect","start":987.99,"end":988.79},{"text":"in","start":988.79,"end":988.95},{"text":"the","start":988.95,"end":989.03},{"text":"lives","start":989.03,"end":989.39},{"text":"of","start":989.39,"end":989.51},{"text":"black","start":989.51,"end":989.83},{"text":"women.","start":989.83,"end":990.23}]},{"text":"And last but by no means least, Camilla Moore, who is the former chairperson of the California Reparations Task Force in the United States.","start":991.19,"end":1000.55,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. 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The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Camilla","start":1001.11,"end":1001.39},{"text":"is","start":1001.39,"end":1001.55},{"text":"an","start":1001.55,"end":1001.63},{"text":"attorney","start":1001.63,"end":1002.31},{"text":"and","start":1002.31,"end":1002.43},{"text":"a","start":1002.43,"end":1002.47},{"text":"reparatory","start":1002.47,"end":1002.95},{"text":"justice","start":1002.95,"end":1003.31},{"text":"scholar.","start":1003.31,"end":1003.83}]},{"text":"She served as chairperson of the California Reparations Task Force from June 2021 to June 2023, and under her leadership, the task force produced comprehensive reports and recommendations aimed at addressing the historical injustices, systemic discrimination faced by African American descendants of enslaved individuals.","start":1004.15,"end":1024.47,"topics":[{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. 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I'm going to ask a question to each of our panelists in turn.","start":1025.43,"end":1029.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":1025.43,"end":1025.55},{"text":"I'm","start":1025.55,"end":1025.75},{"text":"going","start":1025.75,"end":1025.95},{"text":"to","start":1025.95,"end":1026.03},{"text":"ask","start":1026.03,"end":1026.19},{"text":"a","start":1026.19,"end":1026.23},{"text":"question","start":1026.23,"end":1026.71},{"text":"to","start":1026.71,"end":1026.87},{"text":"each","start":1026.87,"end":1027.43},{"text":"of","start":1027.71,"end":1027.91},{"text":"our","start":1027.91,"end":1027.99},{"text":"panelists","start":1027.99,"end":1028.63},{"text":"in","start":1028.63,"end":1028.79},{"text":"turn.","start":1028.79,"end":1029.43}]},{"text":"I ask them all to speak slowly and clearly for our interpreters, and also to stick to the time limit so that we have time for this to be a genuinely interactive 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first, Your Excellency, Amir Al-Jawwili, I have a question for you.","start":1039.27,"end":1043.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":1039.27,"end":1039.51},{"text":"first,","start":1039.51,"end":1039.83},{"text":"Your","start":1039.83,"end":1039.95},{"text":"Excellency,","start":1039.95,"end":1040.87},{"text":"Amir","start":1040.99,"end":1041.51},{"text":"Al-Jawwili,","start":1041.51,"end":1042.31},{"text":"I","start":1042.31,"end":1042.39},{"text":"have","start":1042.39,"end":1042.51},{"text":"a","start":1042.51,"end":1042.55},{"text":"question","start":1042.55,"end":1042.95},{"text":"for","start":1042.95,"end":1043.19},{"text":"you.","start":1043.19,"end":1043.51}]},{"text":"In relation to recent developments on reparatory justice, the UN resolution in March, and the third general recommendation, can you reflect on how we ensure the next steps are grounded in human rights, as well as national, regional, and global 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me to recognize the co-panelist, Her Excellency Patricia Herrmans, Permanent Representative of the Bahamas.","start":1081.83,"end":1087.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Allow","start":1081.83,"end":1082.03},{"text":"me","start":1082.03,"end":1082.23},{"text":"to","start":1082.23,"end":1082.39},{"text":"recognize","start":1082.39,"end":1083.03},{"text":"the","start":1083.03,"end":1083.11},{"text":"co-panelist,","start":1083.11,"end":1083.83},{"text":"Her","start":1083.83,"end":1083.99},{"text":"Excellency","start":1083.99,"end":1084.43},{"text":"Patricia","start":1084.43,"end":1084.87},{"text":"Herrmans,","start":1084.87,"end":1085.51},{"text":"Permanent","start":1085.51,"end":1085.87},{"text":"Representative","start":1085.87,"end":1086.39},{"text":"of","start":1086.39,"end":1086.47},{"text":"the","start":1086.47,"end":1086.55},{"text":"Bahamas.","start":1086.55,"end":1087.03}]},{"text":"on behalf of CARICOM, Ms. Tefera, Ms. Carneiro, and Ms. Camilla Moore.","start":1087.67,"end":1092.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"on","start":1087.67,"end":1087.79},{"text":"behalf","start":1087.79,"end":1088.03},{"text":"of","start":1088.03,"end":1088.19},{"text":"CARICOM,","start":1088.19,"end":1089.59},{"text":"Ms.","start":1089.59,"end":1089.99},{"text":"Tefera,","start":1089.99,"end":1090.23},{"text":"Ms.","start":1090.23,"end":1090.39},{"text":"Carneiro,","start":1090.83,"end":1091.43},{"text":"and","start":1091.43,"end":1091.55},{"text":"Ms.","start":1091.55,"end":1091.79},{"text":"Camilla","start":1091.79,"end":1092.27},{"text":"Moore.","start":1092.27,"end":1092.67}]},{"text":"But allow me to take the question you've posed to us heads on, and for it contains basically the whole matter.","start":1093.15,"end":1100.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":1093.15,"end":1093.31},{"text":"allow","start":1093.31,"end":1093.43},{"text":"me","start":1093.43,"end":1093.63},{"text":"to","start":1093.63,"end":1093.71},{"text":"take","start":1093.71,"end":1093.95},{"text":"the","start":1093.95,"end":1094.03},{"text":"question","start":1094.03,"end":1094.51},{"text":"you've","start":1094.51,"end":1094.67},{"text":"posed","start":1094.67,"end":1095.03},{"text":"to","start":1095.03,"end":1095.11},{"text":"us","start":1095.11,"end":1095.47},{"text":"heads","start":1095.63,"end":1096.03},{"text":"on,","start":1096.03,"end":1096.27},{"text":"and","start":1096.35,"end":1096.83},{"text":"for","start":1097.39,"end":1097.63},{"text":"it","start":1097.63,"end":1097.75},{"text":"contains","start":1097.75,"end":1098.19},{"text":"basically","start":1098.19,"end":1098.67},{"text":"the","start":1098.67,"end":1098.83},{"text":"whole","start":1098.83,"end":1099.23},{"text":"matter.","start":1099.47,"end":1100.03}]},{"text":"How do we keep the next steps, and I recall that the next steps was the title of the conference in Ghana that was organized earlier this year under the custodianship of His Excellency President John Mahama, the President of Ghana, but in his capacity as the champion of the African Union for reparatory justice.","start":1100.35,"end":1119.75,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. 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for these audiences, these mechanisms are enriched by the participation of the African human rights mechanism, which is the African Commission on Human and People's Rights, the African Court on Human and People's Rights, the African Committee of Experts on the Rights on Welfare of the Child, and of course, the African Union Commission on International 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of these are represented within our two mechanisms.","start":1445.87,"end":1450.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"All","start":1445.87,"end":1446.07},{"text":"of","start":1446.07,"end":1446.19},{"text":"these","start":1446.19,"end":1446.43},{"text":"are","start":1446.43,"end":1446.63},{"text":"represented","start":1446.63,"end":1447.39},{"text":"within","start":1448.51,"end":1449.07},{"text":"our","start":1449.07,"end":1449.31},{"text":"two","start":1449.31,"end":1449.71},{"text":"mechanisms.","start":1449.87,"end":1450.67}]},{"text":"So reparatory justice for the African Union encompasses already, by definition, by structure, by composition, a human rights project carried by its human rights institutions.","start":1450.91,"end":1463.39,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. 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was adopted by the second Africa-CARICOM Summit that took place on the 7th of September, 2025, in Addis Ababa.","start":1527.03,"end":1533.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":1527.03,"end":1527.11},{"text":"was","start":1527.11,"end":1527.23},{"text":"adopted","start":1527.23,"end":1527.51},{"text":"by","start":1527.51,"end":1527.59},{"text":"the","start":1527.59,"end":1527.71},{"text":"second","start":1527.71,"end":1527.91},{"text":"Africa-CARICOM","start":1527.91,"end":1529.35},{"text":"Summit","start":1529.35,"end":1529.67},{"text":"that","start":1529.67,"end":1529.83},{"text":"took","start":1529.83,"end":1529.95},{"text":"place","start":1529.95,"end":1530.23},{"text":"on","start":1530.23,"end":1530.31},{"text":"the","start":1530.31,"end":1530.39},{"text":"7th","start":1530.39,"end":1530.79},{"text":"of","start":1530.99,"end":1531.11},{"text":"September,","start":1531.11,"end":1531.67},{"text":"2025,","start":1531.67,"end":1532.35},{"text":"in","start":1532.47,"end":1532.63},{"text":"Addis","start":1532.63,"end":1532.83},{"text":"Ababa.","start":1532.83,"end":1533.27}]},{"text":"In fact, it was the first summit to be held in presence, because the first one was virtual.","start":1533.43,"end":1538.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1533.43,"end":1533.59},{"text":"fact,","start":1533.59,"end":1533.87},{"text":"it","start":1533.87,"end":1533.95},{"text":"was","start":1533.95,"end":1534.11},{"text":"the","start":1534.11,"end":1534.23},{"text":"first","start":1534.23,"end":1534.51},{"text":"summit","start":1534.51,"end":1534.83},{"text":"to","start":1534.83,"end":1534.95},{"text":"be","start":1534.95,"end":1535.03},{"text":"held","start":1535.03,"end":1535.35},{"text":"in","start":1535.59,"end":1535.99},{"text":"presence,","start":1536.07,"end":1536.47},{"text":"because","start":1536.47,"end":1536.71},{"text":"the","start":1536.71,"end":1536.79},{"text":"first","start":1536.79,"end":1537.11},{"text":"one","start":1537.11,"end":1537.35},{"text":"was","start":1537.51,"end":1537.91},{"text":"virtual.","start":1538.07,"end":1538.71}]},{"text":"And two days ago, I had the big honor to sign on behalf of the chairperson of the African Union Commission a memorandum of understanding with the Federative Republic of Brazil through the ministry and I underline the Ministry of Human Rights and Citizenship, and that was on the memory of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade anchoring that reparatory justice squarely falls within a partnership between also human rights institutions.","start":1539.75,"end":1569.11,"topics":[{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. 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this bridge, too, runs in both directions.","start":1610.11,"end":1612.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":1610.11,"end":1610.27},{"text":"this","start":1610.27,"end":1610.47},{"text":"bridge,","start":1610.47,"end":1610.83},{"text":"too,","start":1610.83,"end":1611.15},{"text":"runs","start":1611.15,"end":1611.63},{"text":"in","start":1611.63,"end":1611.79},{"text":"both","start":1611.79,"end":1612.23},{"text":"directions.","start":1612.23,"end":1612.91}]},{"text":"The relevant UN human rights bodies, including the UN Permanent Forum for People of African Descent and the Working Group of Experts of People of African Descent, each have representatives within our own African Union mechanisms, AUSSUR and AUUR, so that the Geneva and the continental processes are quite literally members of one another.","start":1612.91,"end":1633.87,"topics":[{"key":"global-governance-reform","label":"Global Governance Reform","description":"Participants connected reparatory justice to 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The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Can","start":1749.87,"end":1750.11},{"text":"you","start":1750.11,"end":1750.19},{"text":"share","start":1750.19,"end":1750.43},{"text":"the","start":1750.43,"end":1750.51},{"text":"key","start":1750.51,"end":1750.67},{"text":"elements","start":1750.67,"end":1751.23},{"text":"of","start":1751.23,"end":1751.35},{"text":"the","start":1751.35,"end":1751.43},{"text":"recent","start":1751.43,"end":1751.91},{"text":"update","start":1751.91,"end":1752.71},{"text":"to","start":1752.71,"end":1752.79},{"text":"the","start":1753.15,"end":1753.27},{"text":"10-point","start":1753.31,"end":1753.79},{"text":"plan","start":1753.79,"end":1754.07},{"text":"for","start":1754.07,"end":1754.19},{"text":"reparations,","start":1754.19,"end":1755.79},{"text":"which","start":1755.79,"end":1756.03},{"text":"obviously","start":1756.03,"end":1756.59},{"text":"was","start":1756.59,"end":1756.83},{"text":"originally","start":1756.83,"end":1757.19},{"text":"approved","start":1757.19,"end":1757.43},{"text":"in","start":1757.43,"end":1757.51},{"text":"2014,","start":1757.51,"end":1758.43},{"text":"there","start":1758.91,"end":1759.07},{"text":"was","start":1759.07,"end":1759.19},{"text":"a","start":1759.19,"end":1759.23},{"text":"revision","start":1759.23,"end":1759.63},{"text":"in","start":1759.63,"end":1759.71},{"text":"2018,","start":1759.71,"end":1760.75},{"text":"and","start":1760.75,"end":1761.23},{"text":"there","start":1761.39,"end":1761.55},{"text":"has","start":1761.55,"end":1761.71},{"text":"been","start":1761.71,"end":1761.87},{"text":"a","start":1761.87,"end":1761.91},{"text":"very","start":1761.91,"end":1762.11},{"text":"recent","start":1762.11,"end":1762.55},{"text":"update.","start":1762.55,"end":1763.23}]},{"text":"Could you let us know what warranted that change, what were the driving factors, and what was the process in developing the amended 10-point plan?","start":1763.71,"end":1771.95,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. 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Speakers stressed state responsibility, full remedies, and guarantees of non-repetition."}],"words":[{"text":"They","start":1810.67,"end":1810.83},{"text":"require","start":1810.83,"end":1811.59},{"text":"remedy.","start":1811.59,"end":1812.11}]},{"text":"In that sense, perhaps the most important development since the plan was first revised in 2018 is not simply what has changed within the document itself, but what has changed around it.","start":1813.07,"end":1825.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1813.07,"end":1813.19},{"text":"that","start":1813.19,"end":1813.39},{"text":"sense,","start":1813.39,"end":1813.95},{"text":"perhaps","start":1814.35,"end":1814.79},{"text":"the","start":1814.79,"end":1814.87},{"text":"most","start":1814.87,"end":1815.15},{"text":"important","start":1815.15,"end":1815.63},{"text":"development","start":1815.63,"end":1816.27},{"text":"since","start":1816.27,"end":1816.43},{"text":"the","start":1816.43,"end":1816.51},{"text":"plan","start":1816.51,"end":1816.83},{"text":"was","start":1816.83,"end":1816.99},{"text":"first","start":1816.99,"end":1817.23},{"text":"revised","start":1817.23,"end":1817.71},{"text":"in","start":1817.71,"end":1817.87},{"text":"2018","start":1817.87,"end":1818.75},{"text":"is","start":1819.23,"end":1819.47},{"text":"not","start":1819.47,"end":1819.59},{"text":"simply","start":1819.59,"end":1820.03},{"text":"what","start":1820.03,"end":1820.35},{"text":"has","start":1820.35,"end":1820.51},{"text":"changed","start":1820.51,"end":1821.15},{"text":"within","start":1821.31,"end":1821.67},{"text":"the","start":1821.67,"end":1821.79},{"text":"document","start":1821.79,"end":1822.23},{"text":"itself,","start":1822.23,"end":1822.83},{"text":"but","start":1823.39,"end":1823.59},{"text":"what","start":1823.59,"end":1823.75},{"text":"has","start":1823.75,"end":1823.87},{"text":"changed","start":1823.87,"end":1824.35},{"text":"around","start":1824.35,"end":1824.91},{"text":"it.","start":1824.91,"end":1825.23}]},{"text":"global conversation has significantly shifted.","start":1825.87,"end":1829.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"global","start":1825.87,"end":1826.19},{"text":"conversation","start":1826.19,"end":1827.15},{"text":"has","start":1827.15,"end":1827.63},{"text":"significantly","start":1827.71,"end":1828.75},{"text":"shifted.","start":1828.75,"end":1829.31}]},{"text":"The original 10-point plan was groundbreaking because it articulated a vision of reparatory justice rooted not primarily in financial compensation, but in development.","start":1830.59,"end":1840.35,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. 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Several speakers argued that development aid alone is not a substitute for reparative responsibility, but material repair must be part of the agenda."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1830.59,"end":1830.79},{"text":"original","start":1830.79,"end":1831.15},{"text":"10-point","start":1831.15,"end":1831.59},{"text":"plan","start":1831.59,"end":1831.95},{"text":"was","start":1831.95,"end":1832.11},{"text":"groundbreaking","start":1832.11,"end":1832.91},{"text":"because","start":1832.91,"end":1833.23},{"text":"it","start":1833.23,"end":1833.31},{"text":"articulated","start":1833.31,"end":1834.23},{"text":"a","start":1834.23,"end":1834.27},{"text":"vision","start":1834.27,"end":1834.63},{"text":"of","start":1834.63,"end":1834.75},{"text":"reparatory","start":1834.75,"end":1835.31},{"text":"justice","start":1835.31,"end":1835.87},{"text":"rooted","start":1835.87,"end":1836.27},{"text":"not","start":1836.27,"end":1836.59},{"text":"primarily","start":1836.59,"end":1837.23},{"text":"in","start":1837.23,"end":1837.39},{"text":"financial","start":1837.39,"end":1837.95},{"text":"compensation,","start":1837.95,"end":1838.83},{"text":"but","start":1839.23,"end":1839.43},{"text":"in","start":1839.43,"end":1839.55},{"text":"development.","start":1839.55,"end":1840.35}]},{"text":"It identified 10 areas requiring repair, ranging from formal apologies, repatriation, and indigenous people's development, to public health, education, technology transfer, psychological rehabilitation, and debt cancellation.","start":1840.75,"end":1856.71,"topics":[{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. These measures were presented as essential to acknowledgment, healing, and preventing denial or erasure."},{"key":"cultural-restitution","label":"Cultural Restitution","description":"The return of looted cultural artifacts, human remains, and access to archives was discussed as a concrete form of repair. Participants framed restitution as tied to dignity, identity, historical recognition, and more equal relations between states and communities."},{"key":"compensation-and-development","label":"Compensation and Development","description":"The debate addressed compensation alongside broader developmental remedies such as debt relief, public health, education, technology transfer, and investment. Several speakers argued that development aid alone is not a substitute for reparative responsibility, but material repair must be part of the agenda."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":1840.75,"end":1840.95},{"text":"identified","start":1840.95,"end":1841.71},{"text":"10","start":1841.79,"end":1842.19},{"text":"areas","start":1842.19,"end":1842.59},{"text":"requiring","start":1842.59,"end":1843.15},{"text":"repair,","start":1843.15,"end":1843.71},{"text":"ranging","start":1844.19,"end":1844.67},{"text":"from","start":1844.67,"end":1844.83},{"text":"formal","start":1844.83,"end":1845.23},{"text":"apologies,","start":1845.23,"end":1846.11},{"text":"repatriation,","start":1846.59,"end":1847.79},{"text":"and","start":1847.79,"end":1848.03},{"text":"indigenous","start":1848.03,"end":1848.59},{"text":"people's","start":1848.59,"end":1849.03},{"text":"development,","start":1849.03,"end":1849.79},{"text":"to","start":1850.31,"end":1850.43},{"text":"public","start":1850.43,"end":1850.79},{"text":"health,","start":1850.79,"end":1851.19},{"text":"education,","start":1851.35,"end":1852.23},{"text":"technology","start":1852.23,"end":1852.95},{"text":"transfer,","start":1852.95,"end":1853.59},{"text":"psychological","start":1853.59,"end":1854.63},{"text":"rehabilitation,","start":1854.63,"end":1855.51},{"text":"and","start":1855.51,"end":1855.63},{"text":"debt","start":1855.63,"end":1855.79},{"text":"cancellation.","start":1855.79,"end":1856.71}]},{"text":"The premise was simple.","start":1857.67,"end":1858.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1857.67,"end":1857.75},{"text":"premise","start":1857.75,"end":1858.15},{"text":"was","start":1858.15,"end":1858.31},{"text":"simple.","start":1858.31,"end":1858.79}]},{"text":"The legacies of genocide, enslavement, and colonialism continue to affect the social, economic, and developmental realities of Caribbean societies today.","start":1859.51,"end":1869.67,"topics":[{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."},{"key":"compensation-and-development","label":"Compensation and Development","description":"The debate addressed compensation alongside broader developmental remedies such as debt relief, public health, education, technology transfer, and investment. Several speakers argued that development aid alone is not a substitute for reparative responsibility, but material repair must be part of the agenda."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1859.51,"end":1859.63},{"text":"legacies","start":1859.63,"end":1860.23},{"text":"of","start":1860.23,"end":1860.31},{"text":"genocide,","start":1860.31,"end":1861.15},{"text":"enslavement,","start":1861.15,"end":1861.99},{"text":"and","start":1861.99,"end":1862.19},{"text":"colonialism","start":1862.19,"end":1863.03},{"text":"continue","start":1863.03,"end":1863.83},{"text":"to","start":1863.83,"end":1864.03},{"text":"affect","start":1864.03,"end":1864.55},{"text":"the","start":1864.71,"end":1864.83},{"text":"social,","start":1864.83,"end":1865.43},{"text":"economic,","start":1865.79,"end":1866.43},{"text":"and","start":1866.43,"end":1866.59},{"text":"developmental","start":1866.59,"end":1867.43},{"text":"realities","start":1867.43,"end":1868.15},{"text":"of","start":1868.15,"end":1868.23},{"text":"Caribbean","start":1868.23,"end":1868.71},{"text":"societies","start":1868.71,"end":1869.27},{"text":"today.","start":1869.27,"end":1869.67}]},{"text":"Importantly, the plan never accepted the notion that reparations are unfamiliar in international affairs.","start":1870.63,"end":1877.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Importantly,","start":1870.63,"end":1871.59},{"text":"the","start":1871.99,"end":1872.15},{"text":"plan","start":1872.15,"end":1872.67},{"text":"never","start":1872.67,"end":1872.91},{"text":"accepted","start":1872.91,"end":1873.47},{"text":"the","start":1873.47,"end":1873.55},{"text":"notion","start":1873.55,"end":1874.07},{"text":"that","start":1874.07,"end":1874.23},{"text":"reparations","start":1874.23,"end":1875.19},{"text":"are","start":1875.19,"end":1875.31},{"text":"unfamiliar","start":1875.35,"end":1876.15},{"text":"in","start":1876.15,"end":1876.31},{"text":"international","start":1876.31,"end":1876.99},{"text":"affairs.","start":1876.99,"end":1877.67}]},{"text":"Throughout history, societies have recognized obligations to repair profound harms.","start":1878.19,"end":1884.23,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. 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central question, therefore, has never been whether societies can repair perceived historical wrongs.","start":1952.83,"end":1958.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1952.83,"end":1952.99},{"text":"central","start":1952.99,"end":1953.35},{"text":"question,","start":1953.35,"end":1953.87},{"text":"therefore,","start":1953.87,"end":1954.35},{"text":"has","start":1954.35,"end":1954.51},{"text":"never","start":1954.51,"end":1954.83},{"text":"been","start":1954.83,"end":1954.99},{"text":"whether","start":1954.99,"end":1955.35},{"text":"societies","start":1955.35,"end":1955.95},{"text":"can","start":1955.95,"end":1956.35},{"text":"repair","start":1956.35,"end":1956.75},{"text":"perceived","start":1957.03,"end":1957.51},{"text":"historical","start":1957.51,"end":1958.11},{"text":"wrongs.","start":1958.11,"end":1958.75}]},{"text":"The question is why some harms have generated broad acceptance of that principle, while others continue to be 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evolution of content, but its core premise remains unchanged.","start":1968.23,"end":1974.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1968.23,"end":1968.35},{"text":"revised","start":1968.35,"end":1968.79},{"text":"plan","start":1968.79,"end":1969.27},{"text":"protects","start":1969.27,"end":1970.07},{"text":"an","start":1970.15,"end":1970.39},{"text":"evolution","start":1970.39,"end":1970.91},{"text":"of","start":1970.91,"end":1971.03},{"text":"content,","start":1971.03,"end":1971.67},{"text":"but","start":1972.07,"end":1972.31},{"text":"its","start":1972.31,"end":1972.47},{"text":"core","start":1972.47,"end":1972.71},{"text":"premise","start":1972.71,"end":1973.27},{"text":"remains","start":1973.27,"end":1973.75},{"text":"unchanged.","start":1973.75,"end":1974.51}]},{"text":"Acknowledgement must be accompanied by measures capable of repairing enduring harms.","start":1976.55,"end":1981.59,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The 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The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2250.35,"end":2250.63},{"text":"you,","start":2250.63,"end":2250.71},{"text":"Ambassador,","start":2250.71,"end":2251.15},{"text":"for","start":2251.15,"end":2251.27},{"text":"your","start":2251.27,"end":2251.39},{"text":"comments","start":2251.39,"end":2251.87},{"text":"on","start":2251.87,"end":2251.95},{"text":"the","start":2251.95,"end":2252.03},{"text":"10-point","start":2252.03,"end":2252.51},{"text":"plan.","start":2252.51,"end":2252.91}]},{"text":"and how the profound comment about the world changing around it and this roadmap for dialogue and action, it remains the roadmap for dialogue and action that it always was.","start":2253.71,"end":2264.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"and","start":2253.71,"end":2253.87},{"text":"how","start":2253.87,"end":2254.27},{"text":"the","start":2254.35,"end":2254.47},{"text":"profound","start":2254.47,"end":2254.83},{"text":"comment","start":2254.83,"end":2255.11},{"text":"about","start":2255.11,"end":2255.31},{"text":"the","start":2255.31,"end":2255.43},{"text":"world","start":2255.43,"end":2255.63},{"text":"changing","start":2255.63,"end":2256.07},{"text":"around","start":2256.07,"end":2256.43},{"text":"it","start":2256.43,"end":2256.83},{"text":"and","start":2258.03,"end":2258.51},{"text":"this","start":2258.67,"end":2258.91},{"text":"roadmap","start":2258.91,"end":2259.47},{"text":"for","start":2259.63,"end":2259.79},{"text":"dialogue","start":2259.79,"end":2260.19},{"text":"and","start":2260.19,"end":2260.35},{"text":"action,","start":2260.35,"end":2260.83},{"text":"it","start":2260.91,"end":2261.03},{"text":"remains","start":2261.03,"end":2261.39},{"text":"the","start":2261.39,"end":2261.55},{"text":"roadmap","start":2261.95,"end":2262.31},{"text":"for","start":2262.31,"end":2262.43},{"text":"dialogue","start":2262.43,"end":2262.75},{"text":"and","start":2262.75,"end":2262.87},{"text":"action","start":2262.87,"end":2263.11},{"text":"that","start":2263.11,"end":2263.23},{"text":"it","start":2263.23,"end":2263.31},{"text":"always","start":2263.31,"end":2263.63},{"text":"was.","start":2263.63,"end":2264.03}]},{"text":"So thank you.","start":2264.11,"end":2264.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2264.11,"end":2264.35},{"text":"thank","start":2264.35,"end":2264.67},{"text":"you.","start":2264.67,"end":2264.83}]},{"text":"My next question is for Almaz Tefera from Human Rights Watch.","start":2265.47,"end":2269.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2265.47,"end":2265.63},{"text":"next","start":2265.63,"end":2265.91},{"text":"question","start":2265.91,"end":2266.51},{"text":"is","start":2266.51,"end":2266.99},{"text":"for","start":2266.99,"end":2267.55},{"text":"Almaz","start":2267.95,"end":2268.27},{"text":"Tefera","start":2268.27,"end":2268.75},{"text":"from","start":2268.75,"end":2268.91},{"text":"Human","start":2268.91,"end":2269.15},{"text":"Rights","start":2269.15,"end":2269.39},{"text":"Watch.","start":2269.39,"end":2269.87}]},{"text":"And so I want to hear your reflections, Almaz, on states in Europe and how they've engaged to address the legacies of the past.","start":2271.07,"end":2277.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2271.07,"end":2271.31},{"text":"so","start":2271.31,"end":2271.67},{"text":"I","start":2271.67,"end":2271.71},{"text":"want","start":2271.71,"end":2272.07},{"text":"to","start":2272.07,"end":2272.15},{"text":"hear","start":2272.19,"end":2272.35},{"text":"your","start":2272.35,"end":2272.47},{"text":"reflections,","start":2272.47,"end":2272.99},{"text":"Almaz,","start":2272.99,"end":2273.47},{"text":"on","start":2273.47,"end":2273.79},{"text":"states","start":2273.79,"end":2274.15},{"text":"in","start":2274.15,"end":2274.27},{"text":"Europe","start":2274.27,"end":2274.59},{"text":"and","start":2274.63,"end":2274.75},{"text":"how","start":2274.75,"end":2274.91},{"text":"they've","start":2274.91,"end":2275.11},{"text":"engaged","start":2275.11,"end":2275.47},{"text":"to","start":2275.47,"end":2275.59},{"text":"address","start":2275.59,"end":2276.03},{"text":"the","start":2276.03,"end":2276.11},{"text":"legacies","start":2276.11,"end":2276.59},{"text":"of","start":2276.59,"end":2276.67},{"text":"the","start":2276.67,"end":2276.75},{"text":"past.","start":2276.75,"end":2277.39}]},{"text":"We've seen some measures, some apologies, some actions towards restitution or returns of colonial era cultural heritage.","start":2277.91,"end":2284.63,"topics":[{"key":"cultural-restitution","label":"Cultural Restitution","description":"The return of looted cultural artifacts, human remains, and access to archives was discussed as a concrete form of repair. Participants framed restitution as tied to dignity, identity, historical recognition, and more equal relations between states and communities."},{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. These measures were presented as essential to acknowledgment, healing, and preventing denial or erasure."}],"words":[{"text":"We've","start":2277.91,"end":2278.07},{"text":"seen","start":2278.07,"end":2278.31},{"text":"some","start":2278.31,"end":2278.51},{"text":"measures,","start":2278.51,"end":2279.03},{"text":"some","start":2279.03,"end":2279.19},{"text":"apologies,","start":2279.19,"end":2279.99},{"text":"some","start":2279.99,"end":2280.23},{"text":"actions","start":2280.23,"end":2280.63},{"text":"towards","start":2280.63,"end":2281.11},{"text":"restitution","start":2281.11,"end":2281.75},{"text":"or","start":2281.75,"end":2281.83},{"text":"returns","start":2281.83,"end":2282.23},{"text":"of","start":2282.23,"end":2282.31},{"text":"colonial","start":2282.31,"end":2282.95},{"text":"era","start":2282.95,"end":2283.35},{"text":"cultural","start":2283.51,"end":2283.95},{"text":"heritage.","start":2283.95,"end":2284.63}]},{"text":"I'm wondering how those measures have been received by descendant or affected communities and what measures you think should be taken going forward.","start":2285.07,"end":2292.39,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"I'm","start":2285.07,"end":2285.27},{"text":"wondering","start":2285.27,"end":2285.59},{"text":"how","start":2285.59,"end":2285.75},{"text":"those","start":2285.75,"end":2285.99},{"text":"measures","start":2285.99,"end":2286.23},{"text":"have","start":2286.23,"end":2286.35},{"text":"been","start":2286.35,"end":2286.47},{"text":"received","start":2286.47,"end":2287.03},{"text":"by","start":2287.03,"end":2287.35},{"text":"descendant","start":2287.35,"end":2287.83},{"text":"or","start":2287.83,"end":2287.95},{"text":"affected","start":2287.95,"end":2288.31},{"text":"communities","start":2288.31,"end":2289.19},{"text":"and","start":2289.67,"end":2289.83},{"text":"what","start":2289.83,"end":2289.99},{"text":"measures","start":2289.99,"end":2290.63},{"text":"you","start":2290.71,"end":2290.91},{"text":"think","start":2290.91,"end":2291.15},{"text":"should","start":2291.15,"end":2291.27},{"text":"be","start":2291.27,"end":2291.35},{"text":"taken","start":2291.35,"end":2291.75},{"text":"going","start":2291.75,"end":2291.95},{"text":"forward.","start":2291.95,"end":2292.39}]},{"text":"Thanks, Amos.","start":2292.63,"end":2293.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thanks,","start":2292.63,"end":2292.95},{"text":"Amos.","start":2292.95,"end":2293.27}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Director, Scott Trust Legacies of Enslavement program","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":9,"start":2296.47,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1m/k1msxyv5oq?lang=en&t=38:17","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you for the opportunity to participate in this important event that seeks to meet global momentum for reparatory justice.","start":2296.47,"end":2303.99,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. 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Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"allowing","start":2356.31,"end":2356.87},{"text":"for","start":2356.87,"end":2357.23},{"text":"all","start":2357.23,"end":2357.35},{"text":"voices","start":2357.35,"end":2357.99},{"text":"to","start":2357.99,"end":2358.15},{"text":"be","start":2358.15,"end":2358.31},{"text":"heard","start":2358.31,"end":2358.71},{"text":"and","start":2358.71,"end":2358.87},{"text":"to","start":2358.87,"end":2358.95},{"text":"participate","start":2358.95,"end":2359.59},{"text":"in","start":2359.59,"end":2359.71},{"text":"the","start":2359.71,"end":2359.83},{"text":"process,","start":2359.83,"end":2360.47},{"text":"see","start":2360.71,"end":2361.03},{"text":"states'","start":2361.03,"end":2361.43},{"text":"recognition","start":2361.43,"end":2362.15},{"text":"of","start":2362.15,"end":2362.31},{"text":"wrongs,","start":2362.31,"end":2362.79},{"text":"and","start":2363.11,"end":2363.43},{"text":"seek","start":2363.43,"end":2363.67},{"text":"accountability","start":2363.67,"end":2364.47},{"text":"and","start":2364.47,"end":2364.63},{"text":"redress","start":2364.63,"end":2365.19},{"text":"for","start":2365.43,"end":2365.67},{"text":"the","start":2365.67,"end":2365.79},{"text":"wrongs","start":2365.79,"end":2366.31},{"text":"in","start":2366.47,"end":2366.63},{"text":"a","start":2366.63,"end":2366.67},{"text":"holistic","start":2366.67,"end":2367.27},{"text":"manner","start":2367.27,"end":2367.67},{"text":"to","start":2367.91,"end":2368.07},{"text":"ensure","start":2368.07,"end":2368.55},{"text":"that","start":2368.55,"end":2368.79},{"text":"the","start":2368.79,"end":2368.87},{"text":"full","start":2368.87,"end":2369.11},{"text":"scale","start":2369.11,"end":2369.59},{"text":"of","start":2369.59,"end":2369.75},{"text":"injustices","start":2369.75,"end":2370.55},{"text":"is","start":2370.55,"end":2370.71},{"text":"addressed.","start":2370.71,"end":2371.27}]},{"text":"While reparatory justice is not about the payment of a sum of money, financial compensation should never be denied by states from the outset of a process, because compensation may be a necessary remedy to redress harm and loss suffered.","start":2371.87,"end":2388.15,"topics":[{"key":"compensation-and-development","label":"Compensation and Development","description":"The debate addressed compensation alongside broader developmental remedies such as debt relief, public health, education, technology transfer, and investment. Several speakers argued that development aid alone is not a substitute for reparative responsibility, but material repair must be part of the agenda."},{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. Speakers stressed state responsibility, full remedies, and guarantees of non-repetition."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":2371.87,"end":2372.23},{"text":"reparatory","start":2372.23,"end":2372.95},{"text":"justice","start":2372.95,"end":2373.59},{"text":"is","start":2373.59,"end":2373.75},{"text":"not","start":2373.75,"end":2374.23},{"text":"about","start":2374.47,"end":2375.03},{"text":"the","start":2375.27,"end":2375.43},{"text":"payment","start":2375.43,"end":2375.83},{"text":"of","start":2375.83,"end":2375.91},{"text":"a","start":2375.91,"end":2375.99},{"text":"sum","start":2375.99,"end":2376.27},{"text":"of","start":2376.27,"end":2376.39},{"text":"money,","start":2376.39,"end":2376.95},{"text":"financial","start":2377.11,"end":2377.75},{"text":"compensation","start":2377.75,"end":2378.79},{"text":"should","start":2378.87,"end":2379.11},{"text":"never","start":2379.11,"end":2379.39},{"text":"be","start":2379.39,"end":2379.67},{"text":"denied","start":2379.67,"end":2380.31},{"text":"by","start":2380.31,"end":2380.47},{"text":"states","start":2380.47,"end":2380.95},{"text":"from","start":2380.95,"end":2381.19},{"text":"the","start":2381.23,"end":2381.31},{"text":"outset","start":2381.35,"end":2381.83},{"text":"of","start":2381.91,"end":2382.07},{"text":"a","start":2382.07,"end":2382.11},{"text":"process,","start":2382.11,"end":2382.79},{"text":"because","start":2382.95,"end":2383.35},{"text":"compensation","start":2383.35,"end":2384.23},{"text":"may","start":2384.47,"end":2384.71},{"text":"be","start":2384.71,"end":2384.83},{"text":"a","start":2384.83,"end":2384.87},{"text":"necessary","start":2384.87,"end":2385.55},{"text":"remedy","start":2385.55,"end":2386.07},{"text":"to","start":2386.23,"end":2386.39},{"text":"redress","start":2386.39,"end":2386.87},{"text":"harm","start":2386.87,"end":2387.19},{"text":"and","start":2387.27,"end":2387.43},{"text":"loss","start":2387.43,"end":2387.71},{"text":"suffered.","start":2387.71,"end":2388.15}]},{"text":"Such compensation should be directly provided to affected communities.","start":2388.79,"end":2393.19,"topics":[{"key":"compensation-and-development","label":"Compensation and Development","description":"The debate addressed compensation alongside broader developmental remedies such as debt relief, public health, education, technology transfer, and investment. Several speakers argued that development aid alone is not a substitute for reparative responsibility, but material repair must be part of the agenda."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":2388.79,"end":2389.27},{"text":"compensation","start":2389.27,"end":2390.07},{"text":"should","start":2390.07,"end":2390.27},{"text":"be","start":2390.27,"end":2390.39},{"text":"directly","start":2390.39,"end":2390.99},{"text":"provided","start":2390.99,"end":2391.67},{"text":"to","start":2391.75,"end":2391.91},{"text":"affected","start":2391.91,"end":2392.39},{"text":"communities.","start":2392.39,"end":2393.19}]},{"text":"The tireless efforts of social movements in former colonies and in the European diaspora to put reparatory justice onto political agendas is the reason why European states have even felt compelled to take measures.","start":2393.75,"end":2408.75,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2393.75,"end":2393.87},{"text":"tireless","start":2393.91,"end":2394.55},{"text":"efforts","start":2394.55,"end":2395.11},{"text":"of","start":2395.11,"end":2395.19},{"text":"social","start":2395.19,"end":2395.63},{"text":"movements","start":2395.63,"end":2396.39},{"text":"in","start":2397.23,"end":2397.39},{"text":"former","start":2397.39,"end":2397.71},{"text":"colonies","start":2397.71,"end":2398.27},{"text":"and","start":2398.35,"end":2398.59},{"text":"in","start":2398.59,"end":2398.67},{"text":"the","start":2398.67,"end":2398.79},{"text":"European","start":2398.79,"end":2399.67},{"text":"diaspora","start":2399.95,"end":2400.67},{"text":"to","start":2400.99,"end":2401.15},{"text":"put","start":2401.15,"end":2401.39},{"text":"reparatory","start":2401.39,"end":2402.03},{"text":"justice","start":2402.03,"end":2402.59},{"text":"onto","start":2402.59,"end":2402.91},{"text":"political","start":2402.91,"end":2403.47},{"text":"agendas","start":2403.47,"end":2404.19},{"text":"is","start":2404.35,"end":2404.51},{"text":"the","start":2404.51,"end":2404.63},{"text":"reason","start":2404.63,"end":2405.07},{"text":"why","start":2405.07,"end":2405.23},{"text":"European","start":2405.23,"end":2405.71},{"text":"states","start":2405.71,"end":2406.11},{"text":"have","start":2406.11,"end":2406.27},{"text":"even","start":2406.27,"end":2406.51},{"text":"felt","start":2406.51,"end":2406.79},{"text":"compelled","start":2406.79,"end":2407.55},{"text":"to","start":2407.79,"end":2407.99},{"text":"take","start":2407.99,"end":2408.19},{"text":"measures.","start":2408.19,"end":2408.75}]},{"text":"However, to this day, communities and civil society continue to experience strong pushback against full reparatory justice from European states.","start":2408.99,"end":2418.11,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. Speakers stressed state responsibility, full remedies, and guarantees of non-repetition."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":2408.99,"end":2409.47},{"text":"to","start":2409.47,"end":2409.71},{"text":"this","start":2409.71,"end":2409.95},{"text":"day,","start":2409.95,"end":2410.43},{"text":"communities","start":2410.75,"end":2411.55},{"text":"and","start":2411.55,"end":2411.79},{"text":"civil","start":2411.79,"end":2412.03},{"text":"society","start":2412.03,"end":2412.67},{"text":"continue","start":2412.67,"end":2413.23},{"text":"to","start":2413.23,"end":2413.35},{"text":"experience","start":2413.35,"end":2414.15},{"text":"strong","start":2414.15,"end":2414.51},{"text":"pushback","start":2414.51,"end":2415.15},{"text":"against","start":2415.15,"end":2415.51},{"text":"full","start":2415.51,"end":2415.71},{"text":"reparatory","start":2415.71,"end":2416.35},{"text":"justice","start":2416.35,"end":2416.87},{"text":"from","start":2416.87,"end":2417.07},{"text":"European","start":2417.07,"end":2417.59},{"text":"states.","start":2417.59,"end":2418.11}]},{"text":"So what about past European states' apologies?","start":2418.67,"end":2421.79,"topics":[{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. These measures were presented as essential to acknowledgment, healing, and preventing denial or erasure."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2418.67,"end":2419.07},{"text":"what","start":2419.07,"end":2419.39},{"text":"about","start":2419.39,"end":2419.79},{"text":"past","start":2419.79,"end":2420.19},{"text":"European","start":2420.19,"end":2420.67},{"text":"states'","start":2420.67,"end":2420.99},{"text":"apologies?","start":2420.99,"end":2421.79}]},{"text":"We have seen that some European governments have chosen to express regret rather than issue full apologies to avoid any acknowledgement of wrongdoing and legal responsibility.","start":2422.15,"end":2432.55,"topics":[{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. These measures were presented as essential to acknowledgment, healing, and preventing denial or erasure."},{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. Speakers stressed state responsibility, full remedies, and guarantees of non-repetition."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2422.15,"end":2422.35},{"text":"have","start":2422.35,"end":2422.47},{"text":"seen","start":2422.47,"end":2422.87},{"text":"that","start":2422.87,"end":2423.11},{"text":"some","start":2423.11,"end":2423.35},{"text":"European","start":2423.35,"end":2423.83},{"text":"governments","start":2423.83,"end":2424.39},{"text":"have","start":2424.39,"end":2424.55},{"text":"chosen","start":2424.55,"end":2425.03},{"text":"to","start":2425.03,"end":2425.15},{"text":"express","start":2425.15,"end":2425.67},{"text":"regret","start":2425.67,"end":2426.31},{"text":"rather","start":2426.55,"end":2426.95},{"text":"than","start":2426.95,"end":2427.19},{"text":"issue","start":2427.19,"end":2427.59},{"text":"full","start":2427.59,"end":2427.91},{"text":"apologies","start":2427.91,"end":2428.63},{"text":"to","start":2428.63,"end":2428.79},{"text":"avoid","start":2428.79,"end":2429.35},{"text":"any","start":2429.35,"end":2429.59},{"text":"acknowledgement","start":2429.63,"end":2430.31},{"text":"of","start":2430.31,"end":2430.39},{"text":"wrongdoing","start":2430.39,"end":2431.03},{"text":"and","start":2431.03,"end":2431.23},{"text":"legal","start":2431.23,"end":2431.51},{"text":"responsibility.","start":2431.51,"end":2432.55}]},{"text":"When looking at how communities received these political statements, we see that many rejected them because European governments had failed to meaningfully consult them beforehand.","start":2432.95,"end":2442.87,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"When","start":2432.95,"end":2433.27},{"text":"looking","start":2433.27,"end":2433.75},{"text":"at","start":2433.75,"end":2433.91},{"text":"how","start":2433.91,"end":2434.15},{"text":"communities","start":2434.15,"end":2434.79},{"text":"received","start":2434.79,"end":2435.31},{"text":"these","start":2435.31,"end":2435.51},{"text":"political","start":2435.51,"end":2435.99},{"text":"statements,","start":2435.99,"end":2436.71},{"text":"we","start":2436.87,"end":2437.03},{"text":"see","start":2437.03,"end":2437.35},{"text":"that","start":2437.35,"end":2437.59},{"text":"many","start":2437.59,"end":2437.83},{"text":"rejected","start":2437.83,"end":2438.43},{"text":"them","start":2438.43,"end":2438.71},{"text":"because","start":2438.71,"end":2439.03},{"text":"European","start":2439.03,"end":2439.51},{"text":"governments","start":2439.51,"end":2440.15},{"text":"had","start":2440.15,"end":2440.31},{"text":"failed","start":2440.31,"end":2440.67},{"text":"to","start":2440.67,"end":2440.79},{"text":"meaningfully","start":2440.79,"end":2441.51},{"text":"consult","start":2441.51,"end":2442.03},{"text":"them","start":2442.03,"end":2442.23},{"text":"beforehand.","start":2442.23,"end":2442.87}]},{"text":"International human rights standards require that communities are consulted in decisions that concern their livelihoods and future.","start":2443.55,"end":2451.15,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"International","start":2443.55,"end":2444.31},{"text":"human","start":2444.31,"end":2444.59},{"text":"rights","start":2444.59,"end":2444.87},{"text":"standards","start":2444.87,"end":2445.63},{"text":"require","start":2445.79,"end":2446.43},{"text":"that","start":2446.43,"end":2446.55},{"text":"communities","start":2446.55,"end":2447.15},{"text":"are","start":2447.15,"end":2447.23},{"text":"consulted","start":2447.23,"end":2447.91},{"text":"in","start":2447.91,"end":2448.03},{"text":"decisions","start":2448.03,"end":2448.59},{"text":"that","start":2448.59,"end":2448.75},{"text":"concern","start":2448.75,"end":2449.31},{"text":"their","start":2449.31,"end":2449.51},{"text":"livelihoods","start":2449.51,"end":2450.23},{"text":"and","start":2450.43,"end":2450.67},{"text":"future.","start":2450.67,"end":2451.15}]},{"text":"Therefore, states need to also embed apologies in meaningful consultative reparatory processes.","start":2451.63,"end":2458.91,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."},{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. These measures were presented as essential to acknowledgment, healing, and preventing denial or erasure."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":2451.63,"end":2452.15},{"text":"states","start":2452.19,"end":2452.91},{"text":"need","start":2453.07,"end":2453.43},{"text":"to","start":2453.43,"end":2453.59},{"text":"also","start":2453.59,"end":2453.95},{"text":"embed","start":2453.95,"end":2454.43},{"text":"apologies","start":2454.43,"end":2455.31},{"text":"in","start":2455.55,"end":2455.71},{"text":"meaningful","start":2455.71,"end":2456.19},{"text":"consultative","start":2456.19,"end":2457.23},{"text":"reparatory","start":2457.31,"end":2458.03},{"text":"processes.","start":2458.03,"end":2458.91}]},{"text":"Past state apologies were often tied to declarations that full reparatory justice, such as compensation, were off the table.","start":2459.35,"end":2467.67,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. Speakers stressed state responsibility, full remedies, and guarantees of non-repetition."}],"words":[{"text":"Past","start":2459.35,"end":2459.67},{"text":"state","start":2459.67,"end":2459.99},{"text":"apologies","start":2459.99,"end":2460.79},{"text":"were","start":2460.95,"end":2461.19},{"text":"often","start":2461.19,"end":2461.51},{"text":"tied","start":2461.51,"end":2461.91},{"text":"to","start":2461.91,"end":2462.07},{"text":"declarations","start":2462.07,"end":2462.79},{"text":"that","start":2462.79,"end":2462.95},{"text":"full","start":2462.95,"end":2463.43},{"text":"reparatory","start":2463.99,"end":2464.63},{"text":"justice,","start":2464.63,"end":2465.15},{"text":"such","start":2465.15,"end":2465.39},{"text":"as","start":2465.39,"end":2465.51},{"text":"compensation,","start":2465.51,"end":2466.47},{"text":"were","start":2466.63,"end":2466.79},{"text":"off","start":2466.79,"end":2467.07},{"text":"the","start":2467.07,"end":2467.19},{"text":"table.","start":2467.19,"end":2467.67}]},{"text":"Reparatory justice requires states' genuine political willingness to engage in a process where the outcome is not predetermined or decided by states.","start":2467.99,"end":2477.59,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."},{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. Speakers stressed state responsibility, full remedies, and guarantees of non-repetition."}],"words":[{"text":"Reparatory","start":2467.99,"end":2468.71},{"text":"justice","start":2468.71,"end":2469.19},{"text":"requires","start":2469.19,"end":2469.75},{"text":"states'","start":2469.75,"end":2470.27},{"text":"genuine","start":2470.39,"end":2470.87},{"text":"political","start":2470.87,"end":2471.43},{"text":"willingness","start":2471.43,"end":2472.07},{"text":"to","start":2472.31,"end":2472.43},{"text":"engage","start":2472.43,"end":2472.87},{"text":"in","start":2472.87,"end":2472.99},{"text":"a","start":2472.99,"end":2473.03},{"text":"process","start":2473.03,"end":2473.75},{"text":"where","start":2473.83,"end":2474.07},{"text":"the","start":2474.07,"end":2474.19},{"text":"outcome","start":2474.23,"end":2474.71},{"text":"is","start":2474.71,"end":2474.87},{"text":"not","start":2474.87,"end":2475.11},{"text":"predetermined","start":2475.11,"end":2475.99},{"text":"or","start":2476.07,"end":2476.31},{"text":"decided","start":2476.31,"end":2476.83},{"text":"by","start":2476.83,"end":2477.03},{"text":"states.","start":2477.03,"end":2477.59}]},{"text":"European governments have responded to these issues through interstate dialogue between them and the governments of former colonies.","start":2478.31,"end":2485.19,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"European","start":2478.31,"end":2478.79},{"text":"governments","start":2478.79,"end":2479.35},{"text":"have","start":2479.35,"end":2479.51},{"text":"responded","start":2479.51,"end":2480.07},{"text":"to","start":2480.07,"end":2480.31},{"text":"these","start":2480.31,"end":2480.55},{"text":"issues","start":2480.55,"end":2481.03},{"text":"through","start":2481.03,"end":2481.35},{"text":"interstate","start":2481.35,"end":2482.03},{"text":"dialogue","start":2482.03,"end":2482.63},{"text":"between","start":2482.63,"end":2483.11},{"text":"them","start":2483.11,"end":2483.35},{"text":"and","start":2483.35,"end":2483.47},{"text":"the","start":2483.47,"end":2483.55},{"text":"governments","start":2483.55,"end":2484.07},{"text":"of","start":2484.07,"end":2484.15},{"text":"former","start":2484.15,"end":2484.55},{"text":"colonies.","start":2484.55,"end":2485.19}]},{"text":"That is problematic for many reasons, including that many indigenous peoples or minorities seeking remedies for colonial injustices are marginalized by their own governments, leaving them effectively unrepresented in any political process.","start":2485.51,"end":2500.07,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":2485.51,"end":2485.75},{"text":"is","start":2485.75,"end":2485.83},{"text":"problematic","start":2485.83,"end":2486.63},{"text":"for","start":2486.63,"end":2486.79},{"text":"many","start":2486.79,"end":2487.03},{"text":"reasons,","start":2487.03,"end":2487.67},{"text":"including","start":2487.67,"end":2488.23},{"text":"that","start":2488.23,"end":2488.35},{"text":"many","start":2488.35,"end":2488.59},{"text":"indigenous","start":2488.59,"end":2489.19},{"text":"peoples","start":2489.19,"end":2489.75},{"text":"or","start":2489.83,"end":2490.03},{"text":"minorities","start":2490.03,"end":2490.59},{"text":"seeking","start":2490.59,"end":2491.11},{"text":"remedies","start":2491.11,"end":2491.67},{"text":"for","start":2491.99,"end":2492.23},{"text":"colonial","start":2492.23,"end":2492.71},{"text":"injustices","start":2492.71,"end":2493.51},{"text":"are","start":2493.51,"end":2493.63},{"text":"marginalized","start":2493.63,"end":2494.39},{"text":"by","start":2494.39,"end":2494.55},{"text":"their","start":2494.55,"end":2494.79},{"text":"own","start":2494.79,"end":2495.11},{"text":"governments,","start":2495.11,"end":2495.67},{"text":"leaving","start":2495.91,"end":2496.31},{"text":"them","start":2496.31,"end":2496.51},{"text":"effectively","start":2496.51,"end":2497.27},{"text":"unrepresented","start":2497.27,"end":2498.23},{"text":"in","start":2498.23,"end":2498.39},{"text":"any","start":2498.39,"end":2498.63},{"text":"political","start":2498.63,"end":2499.43},{"text":"process.","start":2499.51,"end":2500.07}]},{"text":"The indigenous Nama and Ovaherero communities in Namibia have therefore long demanded to be made a formal and equal part to a process between the German and Namibian government to discuss how Germany should address its colonial legacy in Namibia.","start":2500.59,"end":2514.27,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2500.59,"end":2500.71},{"text":"indigenous","start":2500.75,"end":2501.31},{"text":"Nama","start":2501.31,"end":2501.63},{"text":"and","start":2501.63,"end":2501.87},{"text":"Ovaherero","start":2501.87,"end":2502.59},{"text":"communities","start":2502.59,"end":2503.15},{"text":"in","start":2503.15,"end":2503.31},{"text":"Namibia","start":2503.31,"end":2503.87},{"text":"have","start":2504.11,"end":2504.27},{"text":"therefore","start":2504.27,"end":2504.67},{"text":"long","start":2504.67,"end":2504.99},{"text":"demanded","start":2504.99,"end":2505.55},{"text":"to","start":2505.55,"end":2505.79},{"text":"be","start":2505.79,"end":2505.87},{"text":"made","start":2505.87,"end":2506.27},{"text":"a","start":2506.27,"end":2506.35},{"text":"formal","start":2506.35,"end":2506.79},{"text":"and","start":2506.79,"end":2506.99},{"text":"equal","start":2506.99,"end":2507.39},{"text":"part","start":2507.39,"end":2507.99},{"text":"to","start":2507.99,"end":2508.07},{"text":"a","start":2508.07,"end":2508.11},{"text":"process","start":2508.11,"end":2508.59},{"text":"between","start":2508.59,"end":2508.91},{"text":"the","start":2508.91,"end":2508.99},{"text":"German","start":2508.99,"end":2509.39},{"text":"and","start":2509.39,"end":2509.51},{"text":"Namibian","start":2509.51,"end":2509.95},{"text":"government","start":2509.95,"end":2510.39},{"text":"to","start":2510.39,"end":2510.47},{"text":"discuss","start":2510.47,"end":2510.91},{"text":"how","start":2510.91,"end":2511.07},{"text":"Germany","start":2511.07,"end":2511.55},{"text":"should","start":2511.55,"end":2511.95},{"text":"address","start":2511.95,"end":2512.35},{"text":"its","start":2512.51,"end":2512.67},{"text":"colonial","start":2512.67,"end":2513.19},{"text":"legacy","start":2513.19,"end":2513.63},{"text":"in","start":2513.63,"end":2513.83},{"text":"Namibia.","start":2513.83,"end":2514.27}]},{"text":"What about European states' return of colonial-era artifacts and ancestral remains?","start":2515.15,"end":2520.59,"topics":[{"key":"cultural-restitution","label":"Cultural Restitution","description":"The return of looted cultural artifacts, human remains, and access to archives was discussed as a concrete form of repair. Participants framed restitution as tied to dignity, identity, historical recognition, and more equal relations between states and communities."}],"words":[{"text":"What","start":2515.15,"end":2515.39},{"text":"about","start":2515.39,"end":2516.27},{"text":"European","start":2516.51,"end":2516.95},{"text":"states'","start":2516.95,"end":2517.23},{"text":"return","start":2517.23,"end":2517.63},{"text":"of","start":2517.63,"end":2517.71},{"text":"colonial-era","start":2517.71,"end":2518.51},{"text":"artifacts","start":2518.51,"end":2519.15},{"text":"and","start":2519.15,"end":2519.35},{"text":"ancestral","start":2519.35,"end":2520.03},{"text":"remains?","start":2520.03,"end":2520.59}]},{"text":"Some European governments recently made pledges at the UN General Assembly to return colonial artifacts.","start":2521.07,"end":2527.31,"topics":[{"key":"cultural-restitution","label":"Cultural Restitution","description":"The return of looted cultural artifacts, human remains, and access to archives was discussed as a concrete form of repair. Participants framed restitution as tied to dignity, identity, historical recognition, and more equal relations between states and communities."}],"words":[{"text":"Some","start":2521.07,"end":2521.39},{"text":"European","start":2521.39,"end":2521.87},{"text":"governments","start":2521.87,"end":2522.31},{"text":"recently","start":2522.31,"end":2522.75},{"text":"made","start":2522.75,"end":2523.15},{"text":"pledges","start":2523.15,"end":2523.75},{"text":"at","start":2523.75,"end":2523.87},{"text":"the","start":2523.87,"end":2523.99},{"text":"UN","start":2523.99,"end":2524.51},{"text":"General","start":2524.51,"end":2524.83},{"text":"Assembly","start":2524.83,"end":2525.39},{"text":"to","start":2525.63,"end":2525.75},{"text":"return","start":2525.75,"end":2526.19},{"text":"colonial","start":2526.19,"end":2526.67},{"text":"artifacts.","start":2526.67,"end":2527.31}]},{"text":"While that is welcome, It is once again important that communities become equal parties in these processes.","start":2527.39,"end":2533.99,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."},{"key":"cultural-restitution","label":"Cultural Restitution","description":"The return of looted cultural artifacts, human remains, and access to archives was discussed as a concrete form of repair. Participants framed restitution as tied to dignity, identity, historical recognition, and more equal relations between states and communities."}],"words":[{"text":"While","start":2527.39,"end":2527.63},{"text":"that","start":2527.63,"end":2527.87},{"text":"is","start":2527.87,"end":2528.03},{"text":"welcome,","start":2528.03,"end":2528.59},{"text":"It","start":2529.11,"end":2529.23},{"text":"is","start":2529.23,"end":2529.35},{"text":"once","start":2529.35,"end":2529.63},{"text":"again","start":2529.63,"end":2529.91},{"text":"important","start":2529.91,"end":2530.47},{"text":"that","start":2530.47,"end":2530.63},{"text":"communities","start":2530.63,"end":2531.19},{"text":"become","start":2531.19,"end":2531.51},{"text":"equal","start":2531.51,"end":2531.99},{"text":"parties","start":2531.99,"end":2532.63},{"text":"in","start":2532.87,"end":2533.03},{"text":"these","start":2533.03,"end":2533.27},{"text":"processes.","start":2533.27,"end":2533.99}]},{"text":"Restitution is a remedy that should seek to restore the rights of victims that were harmed by putting them in a position had the harm not occurred.","start":2534.23,"end":2543.11,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. 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Speakers stressed state responsibility, full remedies, and guarantees of non-repetition."},{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. 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Several speakers argued that development aid alone is not a substitute for reparative responsibility, but material repair must be part of the agenda."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2694.23,"end":2694.24},{"text":"therefore","start":2694.23,"end":2694.79},{"text":"appeal","start":2694.87,"end":2695.27},{"text":"to","start":2695.27,"end":2695.43},{"text":"European","start":2695.43,"end":2695.99},{"text":"governments","start":2695.99,"end":2696.63},{"text":"to","start":2696.95,"end":2697.07},{"text":"view","start":2697.11,"end":2697.35},{"text":"reparatory","start":2697.35,"end":2698.03},{"text":"justice","start":2698.03,"end":2698.63},{"text":"as","start":2698.63,"end":2698.83},{"text":"a","start":2698.83,"end":2698.87},{"text":"necessary","start":2698.87,"end":2699.51},{"text":"means","start":2699.51,"end":2699.83},{"text":"to","start":2699.83,"end":2700.03},{"text":"reckon","start":2700.03,"end":2700.47},{"text":"with","start":2700.47,"end":2700.75},{"text":"their","start":2700.75,"end":2700.95},{"text":"legacies","start":2701.27,"end":2701.75},{"text":"of","start":2701.75,"end":2701.91},{"text":"colonialism","start":2701.91,"end":2702.71},{"text":"and","start":2702.87,"end":2703.19},{"text":"enslavement,","start":2703.19,"end":2703.83},{"text":"and","start":2703.83,"end":2704.03},{"text":"not","start":2704.03,"end":2704.31},{"text":"as","start":2704.31,"end":2704.55},{"text":"a","start":2704.55,"end":2704.59},{"text":"deal","start":2704.59,"end":2704.95},{"text":"struck","start":2704.95,"end":2705.35},{"text":"between","start":2705.35,"end":2705.75},{"text":"states","start":2705.75,"end":2706.31},{"text":"or","start":2706.47,"end":2706.63},{"text":"as","start":2706.63,"end":2706.83},{"text":"a","start":2706.83,"end":2706.87},{"text":"form","start":2706.87,"end":2707.27},{"text":"of","start":2707.27,"end":2707.47},{"text":"development","start":2707.47,"end":2708.07},{"text":"aid,","start":2708.07,"end":2708.31},{"text":"but","start":2708.63,"end":2708.95},{"text":"instead","start":2708.95,"end":2709.51},{"text":"as","start":2709.51,"end":2709.67},{"text":"an","start":2709.67,"end":2709.79},{"text":"opportunity","start":2709.79,"end":2710.47},{"text":"to","start":2710.47,"end":2710.67},{"text":"finally","start":2710.67,"end":2711.35},{"text":"restore","start":2711.43,"end":2711.95},{"text":"communities'","start":2711.95,"end":2712.63},{"text":"dignity","start":2712.63,"end":2713.27},{"text":"and","start":2713.35,"end":2713.51},{"text":"rights.","start":2713.51,"end":2713.99}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":2714.19,"end":2714.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2714.19,"end":2714.43},{"text":"you.","start":2714.43,"end":2714.55}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"HRW","group":null,"function":"Senior Researcher on racism in Europe","affiliation_full":"HRW"}},{"statement_number":10,"start":2721.75,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1m/k1msxyv5oq?lang=en&t=45:22","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Ferro, for the reminder for the need for meaningful acknowledgment engagement of descendant communities and accountability at the heart of reparatory justice.","start":2721.75,"end":2731.91,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. 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They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."}],"words":[{"text":"Criminal","start":2828.11,"end":2828.75},{"text":"accountability","start":2829.07,"end":2830.27},{"text":"for","start":2830.27,"end":2830.63},{"text":"racism","start":2830.63,"end":2831.63},{"text":"remains","start":2832.27,"end":2832.83},{"text":"extremely","start":2832.83,"end":2833.55},{"text":"limited,","start":2833.55,"end":2834.51},{"text":"even","start":2834.51,"end":2834.91},{"text":"though","start":2834.99,"end":2835.55},{"text":"Discriminatory","start":2836.39,"end":2837.15},{"text":"practices","start":2837.15,"end":2838.03},{"text":"persist","start":2838.03,"end":2838.99},{"text":"and","start":2838.99,"end":2839.31},{"text":"are","start":2839.31,"end":2839.55},{"text":"frequently","start":2839.55,"end":2840.43},{"text":"reported.","start":2840.43,"end":2841.31}]},{"text":"Since 1995, black civil society has called on the Brazilian state to adopt public policies to promote racial equality.","start":2843.79,"end":2856.83,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. 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Speakers stressed state responsibility, full remedies, and guarantees of non-repetition."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2860.35,"end":2860.55},{"text":"that","start":2860.55,"end":2860.83},{"text":"is","start":2860.83,"end":2860.99},{"text":"the","start":2860.99,"end":2861.07},{"text":"meaning","start":2861.07,"end":2861.43},{"text":"for","start":2861.43,"end":2861.63},{"text":"reparations","start":2861.63,"end":2862.75},{"text":"in","start":2862.83,"end":2863.07},{"text":"our","start":2863.07,"end":2863.27},{"text":"country.","start":2863.27,"end":2864.11}]},{"text":"Some of these targeted policies allow us to measure both progress and the structural barriers that underpin our assertion that everything works imperfectly, but with real achievements.","start":2865.03,"end":2879.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Some","start":2865.03,"end":2865.35},{"text":"of","start":2865.35,"end":2865.43},{"text":"these","start":2865.43,"end":2865.75},{"text":"targeted","start":2865.75,"end":2866.55},{"text":"policies","start":2866.55,"end":2867.23},{"text":"allow","start":2867.23,"end":2867.51},{"text":"us","start":2867.51,"end":2867.67},{"text":"to","start":2867.67,"end":2868.11},{"text":"measure","start":2868.39,"end":2868.79},{"text":"both","start":2868.79,"end":2869.19},{"text":"progress","start":2869.19,"end":2870.07},{"text":"and","start":2870.79,"end":2871.23},{"text":"the","start":2871.23,"end":2871.31},{"text":"structural","start":2871.31,"end":2872.07},{"text":"barriers","start":2872.07,"end":2872.71},{"text":"that","start":2872.71,"end":2873.03},{"text":"underpin","start":2873.03,"end":2874.07},{"text":"our","start":2874.07,"end":2874.31},{"text":"assertion","start":2874.31,"end":2874.87},{"text":"that","start":2874.87,"end":2875.03},{"text":"everything","start":2875.03,"end":2875.43},{"text":"works","start":2875.43,"end":2875.83},{"text":"imperfectly,","start":2876.39,"end":2877.59},{"text":"but","start":2877.59,"end":2877.75},{"text":"with","start":2877.75,"end":2877.91},{"text":"real","start":2877.91,"end":2878.11},{"text":"achievements.","start":2878.11,"end":2879.03}]},{"text":"And I would like to highlight three ongoing experiences in Brazil.","start":2879.91,"end":2883.35,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2879.91,"end":2880.07},{"text":"I","start":2880.07,"end":2880.15},{"text":"would","start":2880.15,"end":2880.27},{"text":"like","start":2880.27,"end":2880.43},{"text":"to","start":2880.43,"end":2880.51},{"text":"highlight","start":2880.51,"end":2881.15},{"text":"three","start":2881.15,"end":2881.43},{"text":"ongoing","start":2881.43,"end":2881.95},{"text":"experiences","start":2881.95,"end":2882.71},{"text":"in","start":2882.71,"end":2882.87},{"text":"Brazil.","start":2882.87,"end":2883.35}]},{"text":"First, the issue of land rights.","start":2884.15,"end":2886.47,"topics":[{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."},{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":2884.15,"end":2884.71},{"text":"the","start":2884.79,"end":2884.91},{"text":"issue","start":2884.91,"end":2885.15},{"text":"of","start":2885.15,"end":2885.27},{"text":"land","start":2885.35,"end":2885.75},{"text":"rights.","start":2885.75,"end":2886.47}]},{"text":"The Communities and the black movements have been identifying these.","start":2889.91,"end":2898.23,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2889.91,"end":2890.11},{"text":"Communities","start":2894.55,"end":2895.43},{"text":"and","start":2895.43,"end":2895.59},{"text":"the","start":2895.59,"end":2895.67},{"text":"black","start":2895.67,"end":2895.99},{"text":"movements","start":2895.99,"end":2896.63},{"text":"have","start":2896.63,"end":2896.79},{"text":"been","start":2896.79,"end":2897.03},{"text":"identifying","start":2897.03,"end":2897.75},{"text":"these.","start":2897.75,"end":2898.23}]},{"text":"Now, the Brazilian census identified over 7,600 quilombola communities across the country.","start":2898.23,"end":2908.63,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":2898.23,"end":2898.63},{"text":"the","start":2898.71,"end":2898.95},{"text":"Brazilian","start":2898.95,"end":2899.67},{"text":"census","start":2899.67,"end":2900.63},{"text":"identified","start":2901.51,"end":2902.39},{"text":"over","start":2902.39,"end":2903.27},{"text":"7,600","start":2903.83,"end":2905.19},{"text":"quilombola","start":2905.83,"end":2906.63},{"text":"communities","start":2906.95,"end":2907.43},{"text":"across","start":2907.43,"end":2907.75},{"text":"the","start":2907.75,"end":2907.83},{"text":"country.","start":2907.83,"end":2908.63}]},{"text":"They're descendants of enslaved Africans.","start":2911.27,"end":2915.27,"topics":[{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."}],"words":[{"text":"They're","start":2911.27,"end":2911.67},{"text":"descendants","start":2912.67,"end":2913.35},{"text":"of","start":2913.39,"end":2913.67},{"text":"enslaved","start":2914.07,"end":2914.67},{"text":"Africans.","start":2914.67,"end":2915.27}]},{"text":"Now, only some 200 of those territories have been fully granted legal title.","start":2915.27,"end":2923.67,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Now,","start":2915.27,"end":2915.67},{"text":"only","start":2918.15,"end":2918.55},{"text":"some","start":2918.55,"end":2919.19},{"text":"200","start":2919.19,"end":2920.31},{"text":"of","start":2920.35,"end":2920.51},{"text":"those","start":2920.51,"end":2920.79},{"text":"territories","start":2920.79,"end":2921.51},{"text":"have","start":2921.51,"end":2921.67},{"text":"been","start":2921.67,"end":2921.91},{"text":"fully","start":2921.91,"end":2922.31},{"text":"granted","start":2922.31,"end":2922.71},{"text":"legal","start":2922.71,"end":2923.03},{"text":"title.","start":2923.03,"end":2923.67}]},{"text":"That means that less than 5% of that population has formal ownership of its lands.","start":2924.67,"end":2932.11,"topics":[{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":2924.67,"end":2924.91},{"text":"means","start":2924.99,"end":2925.39},{"text":"that","start":2925.39,"end":2925.87},{"text":"less","start":2926.59,"end":2926.99},{"text":"than","start":2926.99,"end":2927.23},{"text":"5%","start":2927.23,"end":2927.27},{"text":"of","start":2927.27,"end":2927.55},{"text":"that","start":2928.11,"end":2928.27},{"text":"population","start":2928.27,"end":2929.15},{"text":"has","start":2929.15,"end":2929.55},{"text":"formal","start":2929.55,"end":2930.11},{"text":"ownership","start":2930.11,"end":2930.75},{"text":"of","start":2930.83,"end":2931.23},{"text":"its","start":2931.23,"end":2931.47},{"text":"lands.","start":2931.47,"end":2932.11}]},{"text":"And even where land titles have been granted, there's still a lack of basic services, food security and protection against land-related conflicts, undermining the ability of these communities to remain in their ancestral lands.","start":2933.27,"end":2952.11,"topics":[{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."},{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2933.27,"end":2933.47},{"text":"even","start":2933.47,"end":2933.67},{"text":"where","start":2933.67,"end":2933.87},{"text":"land","start":2933.87,"end":2934.23},{"text":"titles","start":2934.23,"end":2934.75},{"text":"have","start":2934.75,"end":2935.07},{"text":"been","start":2935.07,"end":2935.39},{"text":"granted,","start":2935.39,"end":2936.03},{"text":"there's","start":2936.19,"end":2936.47},{"text":"still","start":2936.47,"end":2936.83},{"text":"a","start":2936.83,"end":2936.87},{"text":"lack","start":2936.87,"end":2937.15},{"text":"of","start":2937.19,"end":2937.39},{"text":"basic","start":2938.51,"end":2938.99},{"text":"services,","start":2938.99,"end":2939.63},{"text":"food","start":2939.63,"end":2939.95},{"text":"security","start":2939.95,"end":2940.79},{"text":"and","start":2940.79,"end":2940.95},{"text":"protection","start":2940.95,"end":2941.71},{"text":"against","start":2941.71,"end":2942.35},{"text":"land-related","start":2942.67,"end":2944.51},{"text":"conflicts,","start":2944.59,"end":2945.39},{"text":"undermining","start":2946.91,"end":2947.55},{"text":"the","start":2947.55,"end":2947.63},{"text":"ability","start":2947.63,"end":2947.99},{"text":"of","start":2947.99,"end":2948.11},{"text":"these","start":2948.11,"end":2948.27},{"text":"communities","start":2948.27,"end":2949.03},{"text":"to","start":2949.03,"end":2949.23},{"text":"remain","start":2949.23,"end":2949.87},{"text":"in","start":2950.35,"end":2950.63},{"text":"their","start":2950.63,"end":2950.79},{"text":"ancestral","start":2950.79,"end":2951.75},{"text":"lands.","start":2951.75,"end":2952.11}]},{"text":"Secondly, the dimension of memory and knowledge.","start":2952.11,"end":2956.95,"topics":[{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. These measures were presented as essential to acknowledgment, healing, and preventing denial or erasure."}],"words":[{"text":"Secondly,","start":2952.11,"end":2952.99},{"text":"the","start":2954.11,"end":2954.15},{"text":"dimension","start":2954.15,"end":2954.87},{"text":"of","start":2954.87,"end":2955.19},{"text":"memory","start":2955.19,"end":2955.75},{"text":"and","start":2955.75,"end":2956.23},{"text":"knowledge.","start":2956.23,"end":2956.95}]},{"text":"Law 10,639 of 2003 made teaching of Afro-Brazilian history and culture mandatory, and yet research on the implementation of this law shows that 71% of municipal education departments undertake little or no effective action to comply with it.","start":2957.67,"end":2984.31,"topics":[{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. These measures were presented as essential to acknowledgment, healing, and preventing denial or erasure."},{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Law","start":2957.67,"end":2957.95},{"text":"10,639","start":2957.95,"end":2960.23},{"text":"of","start":2960.23,"end":2960.31},{"text":"2003","start":2960.31,"end":2961.75},{"text":"made","start":2962.55,"end":2963.11},{"text":"teaching","start":2963.51,"end":2964.07},{"text":"of","start":2964.15,"end":2964.55},{"text":"Afro-Brazilian","start":2964.55,"end":2965.35},{"text":"history","start":2965.35,"end":2965.71},{"text":"and","start":2965.71,"end":2965.83},{"text":"culture","start":2965.83,"end":2966.39},{"text":"mandatory,","start":2966.39,"end":2967.11},{"text":"and","start":2967.11,"end":2967.39},{"text":"yet","start":2967.43,"end":2967.91},{"text":"research","start":2969.67,"end":2970.47},{"text":"on","start":2970.47,"end":2970.95},{"text":"the","start":2971.75,"end":2971.87},{"text":"implementation","start":2971.87,"end":2972.67},{"text":"of","start":2972.67,"end":2972.75},{"text":"this","start":2972.75,"end":2972.95},{"text":"law","start":2972.95,"end":2973.19},{"text":"shows","start":2973.19,"end":2973.59},{"text":"that","start":2973.59,"end":2974.11},{"text":"71%","start":2974.11,"end":2974.15},{"text":"of","start":2974.15,"end":2974.31},{"text":"municipal","start":2974.31,"end":2977.11},{"text":"education","start":2977.11,"end":2977.79},{"text":"departments","start":2977.79,"end":2978.71},{"text":"undertake","start":2979.63,"end":2980.23},{"text":"little","start":2980.23,"end":2980.79},{"text":"or","start":2980.79,"end":2981.03},{"text":"no","start":2981.03,"end":2981.75},{"text":"effective","start":2982.15,"end":2982.95},{"text":"action","start":2982.95,"end":2983.35},{"text":"to","start":2983.35,"end":2983.51},{"text":"comply","start":2983.51,"end":2983.87},{"text":"with","start":2983.87,"end":2984.03},{"text":"it.","start":2984.03,"end":2984.31}]},{"text":"Third example.","start":2985.51,"end":2986.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Third","start":2985.51,"end":2985.99},{"text":"example.","start":2986.15,"end":2986.71}]},{"text":"Access to higher education.","start":2988.79,"end":2990.63,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. 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They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3004.07,"end":3004.19},{"text":"1997,","start":3004.19,"end":3005.35},{"text":"only","start":3007.23,"end":3007.43},{"text":"2%","start":3007.43,"end":3007.47},{"text":"of","start":3007.47,"end":3007.55},{"text":"university","start":3007.63,"end":3009.19},{"text":"students","start":3009.19,"end":3009.71},{"text":"were","start":3009.71,"end":3010.19},{"text":"black.","start":3010.27,"end":3010.67}]},{"text":"In 2018, for the first time in history, black students accounted for over 50% of enrollment in public universities.","start":3012.39,"end":3024.75,"topics":[{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. 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They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."},{"key":"compensation-and-development","label":"Compensation and Development","description":"The debate addressed compensation alongside broader developmental remedies such as debt relief, public health, education, technology transfer, and investment. 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you very much.","start":3211.51,"end":3212.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3211.51,"end":3211.75},{"text":"you","start":3211.75,"end":3211.83},{"text":"very","start":3211.83,"end":3211.99},{"text":"much.","start":3211.99,"end":3212.39}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Founder and Executive Coordinator, Geledés Black Women's Institute","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":12,"start":3217.27,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1m/k1msxyv5oq?lang=en&t=53:38","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Ms. Carneiro, for reminding us of the important role of civil society, Black women-led organizations, and also the importance of implementing legal instruments that we have and the continuing struggle.","start":3217.27,"end":3227.95,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. 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The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3235.63,"end":3235.87},{"text":"I","start":3235.87,"end":3235.91},{"text":"wanted","start":3235.91,"end":3236.15},{"text":"to","start":3236.15,"end":3236.31},{"text":"ask","start":3236.31,"end":3236.51},{"text":"you","start":3236.51,"end":3236.63},{"text":"about","start":3236.63,"end":3237.07},{"text":"progress","start":3237.79,"end":3238.67},{"text":"in","start":3238.83,"end":3238.95},{"text":"relation","start":3238.95,"end":3239.39},{"text":"to","start":3239.39,"end":3239.51},{"text":"your","start":3239.51,"end":3239.75},{"text":"work,","start":3239.75,"end":3240.03},{"text":"but","start":3240.03,"end":3240.19},{"text":"also","start":3240.19,"end":3240.43},{"text":"more","start":3240.43,"end":3240.59},{"text":"broadly","start":3240.59,"end":3240.99},{"text":"federally","start":3240.99,"end":3241.43},{"text":"in","start":3241.43,"end":3241.51},{"text":"the","start":3241.51,"end":3241.59},{"text":"United","start":3241.59,"end":3241.95},{"text":"States.","start":3241.95,"end":3242.59}]},{"text":"So federal efforts aimed at reparatory justice have seen little progress in the US, but there's been more significant progress at state and municipal level.","start":3242.99,"end":3252.19,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3242.99,"end":3243.23},{"text":"federal","start":3243.23,"end":3243.59},{"text":"efforts","start":3243.59,"end":3244.19},{"text":"aimed","start":3244.19,"end":3244.43},{"text":"at","start":3244.43,"end":3244.51},{"text":"reparatory","start":3244.51,"end":3244.99},{"text":"justice","start":3244.99,"end":3245.79},{"text":"have","start":3245.87,"end":3246.43},{"text":"seen","start":3246.43,"end":3246.83},{"text":"little","start":3246.91,"end":3247.23},{"text":"progress","start":3247.23,"end":3247.79},{"text":"in","start":3247.79,"end":3247.95},{"text":"the","start":3247.95,"end":3248.23},{"text":"US,","start":3248.23,"end":3248.51},{"text":"but","start":3248.75,"end":3248.95},{"text":"there's","start":3248.95,"end":3249.23},{"text":"been","start":3249.23,"end":3249.35},{"text":"more","start":3249.35,"end":3249.51},{"text":"significant","start":3249.51,"end":3250.11},{"text":"progress","start":3250.11,"end":3250.75},{"text":"at","start":3250.75,"end":3250.91},{"text":"state","start":3250.91,"end":3251.19},{"text":"and","start":3251.19,"end":3251.31},{"text":"municipal","start":3251.31,"end":3251.87},{"text":"level.","start":3251.87,"end":3252.19}]},{"text":"including the work of your task force.","start":3252.99,"end":3254.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"including","start":3252.99,"end":3253.47},{"text":"the","start":3253.47,"end":3253.55},{"text":"work","start":3253.55,"end":3253.79},{"text":"of","start":3253.79,"end":3253.87},{"text":"your","start":3253.87,"end":3254.03},{"text":"task","start":3254.03,"end":3254.43},{"text":"force.","start":3254.43,"end":3254.91}]},{"text":"So what have been some of the essential building blocks for that at state and local level, and what lessons can you share with us in terms of that experience?","start":3255.23,"end":3263.23,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. 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Speakers stressed state responsibility, full remedies, and guarantees of non-repetition."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3351.71,"end":3351.91},{"text":"does","start":3351.91,"end":3352.11},{"text":"not","start":3352.11,"end":3352.35},{"text":"capture,","start":3352.35,"end":3352.99},{"text":"for","start":3352.99,"end":3353.15},{"text":"instance,","start":3353.15,"end":3353.63},{"text":"the","start":3353.63,"end":3353.79},{"text":"full","start":3353.79,"end":3354.43},{"text":"human","start":3354.43,"end":3354.95},{"text":"cost","start":3354.95,"end":3355.63},{"text":"of","start":3355.95,"end":3356.03},{"text":"slavery","start":3356.03,"end":3356.75},{"text":"or","start":3357.07,"end":3357.31},{"text":"all","start":3357.31,"end":3357.63},{"text":"the","start":3357.63,"end":3357.75},{"text":"wealth","start":3357.75,"end":3358.07},{"text":"and","start":3358.07,"end":3358.19},{"text":"opportunity","start":3358.19,"end":3358.83},{"text":"denied","start":3358.83,"end":3359.63},{"text":"to","start":3360.03,"end":3360.43},{"text":"ex-slaves","start":3360.43,"end":3361.23},{"text":"and","start":3361.23,"end":3361.43},{"text":"their","start":3361.43,"end":3361.55},{"text":"descendants","start":3361.55,"end":3362.35},{"text":"across","start":3362.35,"end":3362.83},{"text":"generations.","start":3362.83,"end":3363.79}]},{"text":"Federal action, national action, United States action on a federal level remains essential.","start":3364.59,"end":3371.47,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Federal","start":3364.59,"end":3365.23},{"text":"action,","start":3365.23,"end":3366.03},{"text":"national","start":3366.19,"end":3366.91},{"text":"action,","start":3366.91,"end":3367.55},{"text":"United","start":3367.71,"end":3368.19},{"text":"States","start":3368.19,"end":3368.51},{"text":"action","start":3368.51,"end":3368.87},{"text":"on","start":3368.87,"end":3368.99},{"text":"a","start":3368.99,"end":3369.03},{"text":"federal","start":3369.03,"end":3369.79},{"text":"level","start":3369.79,"end":3370.11},{"text":"remains","start":3370.11,"end":3370.75},{"text":"essential.","start":3370.75,"end":3371.47}]},{"text":"And federal legislation in the United States like HR 40 remains necessary, although we're at an impasse on the federal level.","start":3372.03,"end":3380.43,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3372.03,"end":3372.27},{"text":"federal","start":3372.27,"end":3372.63},{"text":"legislation","start":3372.63,"end":3373.63},{"text":"in","start":3373.63,"end":3373.79},{"text":"the","start":3373.79,"end":3373.87},{"text":"United","start":3373.87,"end":3374.27},{"text":"States","start":3374.27,"end":3374.67},{"text":"like","start":3374.67,"end":3375.03},{"text":"HR","start":3375.03,"end":3375.39},{"text":"40","start":3375.39,"end":3375.79},{"text":"remains","start":3375.79,"end":3376.35},{"text":"necessary,","start":3376.35,"end":3377.23},{"text":"although","start":3377.95,"end":3378.35},{"text":"we're","start":3378.35,"end":3378.59},{"text":"at","start":3378.59,"end":3378.83},{"text":"an","start":3378.83,"end":3378.95},{"text":"impasse","start":3378.95,"end":3379.39},{"text":"on","start":3379.39,"end":3379.47},{"text":"the","start":3379.47,"end":3379.55},{"text":"federal","start":3379.55,"end":3379.99},{"text":"level.","start":3379.99,"end":3380.43}]},{"text":"California and local governments must also repair the harms they caused or sustained.","start":3381.47,"end":3387.47,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"California","start":3381.47,"end":3382.23},{"text":"and","start":3382.23,"end":3382.35},{"text":"local","start":3382.35,"end":3382.75},{"text":"governments","start":3382.75,"end":3383.39},{"text":"must","start":3383.39,"end":3383.87},{"text":"also","start":3384.03,"end":3384.47},{"text":"repair","start":3384.47,"end":3384.91},{"text":"the","start":3384.91,"end":3385.07},{"text":"harms","start":3385.07,"end":3385.55},{"text":"they","start":3385.55,"end":3385.71},{"text":"caused","start":3385.71,"end":3386.35},{"text":"or","start":3386.43,"end":3386.59},{"text":"sustained.","start":3386.59,"end":3387.47}]},{"text":"State action cannot discharge the federal government's responsibility, however.","start":3387.95,"end":3393.07,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"State","start":3387.95,"end":3388.43},{"text":"action","start":3388.43,"end":3388.83},{"text":"cannot","start":3388.83,"end":3389.47},{"text":"discharge","start":3389.47,"end":3390.27},{"text":"the","start":3390.35,"end":3390.55},{"text":"federal","start":3390.55,"end":3390.95},{"text":"government's","start":3390.95,"end":3391.47},{"text":"responsibility,","start":3391.47,"end":3392.43},{"text":"however.","start":3392.43,"end":3393.07}]},{"text":"So even though we have been on an impasse at the federal government trying to get reparations on the federal level, The point is, states within the United States, cities within the United States, counties within the United States are taking it upon themselves to create reparations commissions, to force the question of reparations.","start":3393.39,"end":3414.07,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. 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The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3415.59,"end":3416.07},{"text":"the","start":3416.07,"end":3416.31},{"text":"rest","start":3416.31,"end":3416.55},{"text":"of","start":3416.55,"end":3416.63},{"text":"my","start":3416.63,"end":3416.75},{"text":"remarks","start":3416.75,"end":3417.27},{"text":"will","start":3417.27,"end":3417.43},{"text":"just","start":3417.59,"end":3417.79},{"text":"detail","start":3417.79,"end":3418.47},{"text":"in","start":3418.47,"end":3418.71},{"text":"brief","start":3418.71,"end":3419.19},{"text":"the","start":3419.19,"end":3419.43},{"text":"process","start":3419.43,"end":3420.07},{"text":"that","start":3420.07,"end":3420.23},{"text":"the","start":3420.23,"end":3420.31},{"text":"state","start":3420.31,"end":3420.63},{"text":"of","start":3420.63,"end":3420.71},{"text":"California","start":3420.71,"end":3421.67},{"text":"took","start":3422.07,"end":3422.31},{"text":"upon.","start":3422.31,"end":3422.87}]},{"text":"First, California needed a clear legal mandate to create the California Reparations Task Force.","start":3423.79,"end":3429.63,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. 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The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":3450.47,"end":3450.95},{"text":"mandate","start":3450.95,"end":3451.43},{"text":"gave","start":3451.43,"end":3451.91},{"text":"the","start":3451.91,"end":3452.07},{"text":"work","start":3452.07,"end":3452.39},{"text":"legitimacy","start":3452.39,"end":3453.27},{"text":"and","start":3453.43,"end":3453.59},{"text":"made","start":3453.59,"end":3453.83},{"text":"California's","start":3453.83,"end":3454.59},{"text":"responsibility","start":3454.59,"end":3455.43},{"text":"a","start":3455.43,"end":3455.51},{"text":"central","start":3455.51,"end":3455.99},{"text":"part","start":3455.99,"end":3456.31},{"text":"of","start":3456.35,"end":3456.47},{"text":"the","start":3456.47,"end":3456.55},{"text":"inquiry.","start":3456.55,"end":3457.19}]},{"text":"Second, California needed a full evidence-based account of the harm.","start":3458.63,"end":3464.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Second,","start":3458.63,"end":3459.11},{"text":"California","start":3459.75,"end":3460.71},{"text":"needed","start":3460.79,"end":3461.19},{"text":"a","start":3461.19,"end":3461.27},{"text":"full","start":3461.27,"end":3461.99},{"text":"evidence-based","start":3462.07,"end":3463.03},{"text":"account","start":3463.03,"end":3463.83},{"text":"of","start":3464.03,"end":3464.15},{"text":"the","start":3464.15,"end":3464.31},{"text":"harm.","start":3464.31,"end":3464.87}]},{"text":"So we needed the legal mandate, we needed our legislature to say, yes, we need a reparations task force.","start":3465.31,"end":3470.15,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3465.31,"end":3465.39},{"text":"we","start":3465.39,"end":3465.51},{"text":"needed","start":3465.51,"end":3465.79},{"text":"the","start":3465.79,"end":3465.87},{"text":"legal","start":3465.87,"end":3466.15},{"text":"mandate,","start":3466.15,"end":3466.67},{"text":"we","start":3466.67,"end":3466.79},{"text":"needed","start":3466.79,"end":3467.03},{"text":"our","start":3467.03,"end":3467.19},{"text":"legislature","start":3467.19,"end":3467.79},{"text":"to","start":3467.79,"end":3467.87},{"text":"say,","start":3467.87,"end":3468.15},{"text":"yes,","start":3468.15,"end":3468.55},{"text":"we","start":3468.55,"end":3468.71},{"text":"need","start":3468.71,"end":3468.87},{"text":"a","start":3468.87,"end":3468.91},{"text":"reparations","start":3468.91,"end":3469.51},{"text":"task","start":3469.51,"end":3469.83},{"text":"force.","start":3469.83,"end":3470.15}]},{"text":"But then once the reparations task force was commissioned, the task force had to come up with the evidence-based account of harm.","start":3470.31,"end":3477.03,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":3470.31,"end":3470.51},{"text":"then","start":3470.51,"end":3470.71},{"text":"once","start":3470.71,"end":3470.95},{"text":"the","start":3470.95,"end":3471.03},{"text":"reparations","start":3471.03,"end":3471.51},{"text":"task","start":3471.51,"end":3471.75},{"text":"force","start":3471.75,"end":3471.99},{"text":"was","start":3471.99,"end":3472.15},{"text":"commissioned,","start":3472.15,"end":3472.87},{"text":"the","start":3473.27,"end":3473.39},{"text":"task","start":3473.43,"end":3473.75},{"text":"force","start":3473.75,"end":3473.91},{"text":"had","start":3473.91,"end":3474.11},{"text":"to","start":3474.11,"end":3474.23},{"text":"come","start":3474.23,"end":3474.55},{"text":"up","start":3474.55,"end":3474.71},{"text":"with","start":3474.71,"end":3474.91},{"text":"the","start":3474.91,"end":3474.99},{"text":"evidence-based","start":3474.99,"end":3475.91},{"text":"account","start":3475.91,"end":3476.35},{"text":"of","start":3476.35,"end":3476.51},{"text":"harm.","start":3476.51,"end":3477.03}]},{"text":"And that's where we created our 1,000-page final report.","start":3477.35,"end":3481.83,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3477.35,"end":3477.55},{"text":"that's","start":3477.55,"end":3477.95},{"text":"where","start":3477.95,"end":3478.23},{"text":"we","start":3478.23,"end":3478.39},{"text":"created","start":3478.39,"end":3478.87},{"text":"our","start":3478.87,"end":3479.19},{"text":"1,000-page","start":3479.39,"end":3480.35},{"text":"final","start":3480.79,"end":3481.27},{"text":"report.","start":3481.27,"end":3481.83}]},{"text":"It actually exceeded a thousand pages.","start":3482.15,"end":3484.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3482.15,"end":3482.27},{"text":"actually","start":3482.27,"end":3482.63},{"text":"exceeded","start":3482.63,"end":3483.19},{"text":"a","start":3483.19,"end":3483.23},{"text":"thousand","start":3483.23,"end":3483.51},{"text":"pages.","start":3483.51,"end":3484.07}]},{"text":"This 1,000-plus page final report traces a through line from slavery to white supremacist terror, political disenfranchisement, housing segregation, unequal education, environmental racism, over-policing, mass incarceration, health disparities, labor discrimination, and the destruction and devaluation of Black businesses and communities.","start":3484.95,"end":3512.55,"topics":[{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."},{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. 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They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":3670.19,"end":3670.51},{"text":"economists","start":3670.51,"end":3671.23},{"text":"actually","start":3671.23,"end":3671.63},{"text":"estimated,","start":3671.63,"end":3672.35},{"text":"for","start":3672.35,"end":3672.59},{"text":"instance,","start":3672.59,"end":3673.07},{"text":"in","start":3673.07,"end":3673.15},{"text":"California,","start":3673.15,"end":3673.95},{"text":"the","start":3673.95,"end":3674.07},{"text":"idea","start":3674.07,"end":3674.55},{"text":"of","start":3674.55,"end":3674.75},{"text":"redlining,","start":3674.75,"end":3675.55},{"text":"right,","start":3675.55,"end":3675.87},{"text":"facilitated","start":3676.35,"end":3677.07},{"text":"by","start":3677.07,"end":3677.23},{"text":"California","start":3677.23,"end":3677.79},{"text":"contributed","start":3677.79,"end":3678.43},{"text":"to","start":3678.43,"end":3678.59},{"text":"an","start":3678.63,"end":3678.75},{"text":"average","start":3678.75,"end":3679.23},{"text":"per","start":3679.23,"end":3679.55},{"text":"capita","start":3679.55,"end":3680.11},{"text":"home","start":3680.11,"end":3680.67},{"text":"ownership","start":3680.67,"end":3681.23},{"text":"wealth","start":3681.23,"end":3681.63},{"text":"loss","start":3681.63,"end":3682.19},{"text":"of","start":3682.63,"end":3682.75},{"text":"over","start":3682.75,"end":3684.79},{"text":"$161,000","start":3684.79,"end":3684.83},{"text":"for","start":3684.83,"end":3685.23},{"text":"Black","start":3685.23,"end":3685.59},{"text":"Californians","start":3685.59,"end":3686.59},{"text":"in","start":3686.83,"end":3686.99},{"text":"2020","start":3686.99,"end":3687.51},{"text":"dollars.","start":3687.55,"end":3688.35}]},{"text":"This measures only one harm that our economists measured.","start":3688.83,"end":3692.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3688.83,"end":3689.23},{"text":"measures","start":3689.23,"end":3689.63},{"text":"only","start":3689.63,"end":3689.87},{"text":"one","start":3689.87,"end":3690.27},{"text":"harm","start":3690.27,"end":3690.67},{"text":"that","start":3690.67,"end":3690.83},{"text":"our","start":3690.83,"end":3690.99},{"text":"economists","start":3690.99,"end":3691.63},{"text":"measured.","start":3691.63,"end":3692.03}]},{"text":"not the total debt.","start":3692.55,"end":3693.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"not","start":3692.55,"end":3692.87},{"text":"the","start":3692.87,"end":3692.95},{"text":"total","start":3692.95,"end":3693.35},{"text":"debt.","start":3693.35,"end":3693.75}]},{"text":"And so the point of this, point is no calculation can capture generations of stolen labor, land, opportunity, family separation, and life.","start":3693.91,"end":3703.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3693.91,"end":3694.15},{"text":"so","start":3694.15,"end":3694.35},{"text":"the","start":3694.35,"end":3694.47},{"text":"point","start":3694.47,"end":3694.83},{"text":"of","start":3694.83,"end":3694.95},{"text":"this,","start":3695.27,"end":3695.59},{"text":"point","start":3695.59,"end":3695.83},{"text":"is","start":3695.83,"end":3696.07},{"text":"no","start":3696.07,"end":3696.39},{"text":"calculation","start":3696.39,"end":3697.43},{"text":"can","start":3697.51,"end":3697.67},{"text":"capture","start":3697.67,"end":3698.23},{"text":"generations","start":3698.23,"end":3698.91},{"text":"of","start":3698.91,"end":3698.99},{"text":"stolen","start":3698.99,"end":3699.39},{"text":"labor,","start":3699.39,"end":3699.83},{"text":"land,","start":3699.83,"end":3700.31},{"text":"opportunity,","start":3700.31,"end":3701.19},{"text":"family","start":3701.51,"end":3701.91},{"text":"separation,","start":3701.91,"end":3702.71},{"text":"and","start":3702.71,"end":3702.83},{"text":"life.","start":3702.87,"end":3703.35}]},{"text":"But we did use the economic evidence that we could compile to make the case for repair and not to reduce human suffering to a number.","start":3703.59,"end":3713.35,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. 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now is the time for questions.","start":3939.27,"end":3941.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3939.27,"end":3939.51},{"text":"now","start":3939.51,"end":3939.91},{"text":"is","start":3939.91,"end":3940.15},{"text":"the","start":3940.15,"end":3940.27},{"text":"time","start":3940.27,"end":3940.63},{"text":"for","start":3940.63,"end":3940.75},{"text":"questions.","start":3940.75,"end":3941.55}]},{"text":"So we'd like to invite questions from in the room and questions from our audience online, which I think I'm going to be assisted with 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firstly, in the room, are there any requests for questions?","start":3949.99,"end":3953.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3949.99,"end":3950.23},{"text":"firstly,","start":3950.23,"end":3950.87},{"text":"in","start":3951.03,"end":3951.27},{"text":"the","start":3951.27,"end":3951.35},{"text":"room,","start":3951.35,"end":3951.55},{"text":"are","start":3951.55,"end":3951.63},{"text":"there","start":3951.63,"end":3951.79},{"text":"any","start":3951.79,"end":3952.15},{"text":"requests","start":3952.39,"end":3952.79},{"text":"for","start":3952.79,"end":3952.91},{"text":"questions?","start":3952.91,"end":3953.35}]},{"text":"Okay, South Africa.","start":3962.91,"end":3963.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Okay,","start":3962.91,"end":3963.07},{"text":"South","start":3963.07,"end":3963.31},{"text":"Africa.","start":3963.31,"end":3963.79}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Director, Scott Trust Legacies of Enslavement program","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":15,"start":3966.19,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1m/k1msxyv5oq?lang=en&t=1:06:07","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"And thank you for an excellent panel.","start":3966.19,"end":3967.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3966.19,"end":3966.35},{"text":"thank","start":3966.35,"end":3966.55},{"text":"you","start":3966.55,"end":3966.63},{"text":"for","start":3966.63,"end":3966.83},{"text":"an","start":3966.83,"end":3966.95},{"text":"excellent","start":3966.95,"end":3967.39},{"text":"panel.","start":3967.39,"end":3967.79}]},{"text":"Yesterday, the Human Rights Council adopted a resolution entitled, \"From Rhetoric to Reality: A Global Call for Concrete Action Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance.\"","start":3968.91,"end":3978.83,"topics":[{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism 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They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."}],"words":[{"text":"Yesterday,","start":3968.91,"end":3969.47},{"text":"the","start":3969.47,"end":3969.59},{"text":"Human","start":3969.59,"end":3969.87},{"text":"Rights","start":3969.87,"end":3970.15},{"text":"Council","start":3970.15,"end":3970.55},{"text":"adopted","start":3970.55,"end":3970.99},{"text":"a","start":3970.99,"end":3971.03},{"text":"resolution","start":3971.03,"end":3971.59},{"text":"entitled,","start":3971.59,"end":3972.03},{"text":"\"From","start":3972.03,"end":3972.19},{"text":"Rhetoric","start":3972.19,"end":3972.59},{"text":"to","start":3972.59,"end":3972.71},{"text":"Reality:","start":3972.71,"end":3973.39},{"text":"A","start":3973.39,"end":3973.43},{"text":"Global","start":3973.43,"end":3973.75},{"text":"Call","start":3973.75,"end":3973.95},{"text":"for","start":3973.95,"end":3974.11},{"text":"Concrete","start":3974.11,"end":3974.51},{"text":"Action","start":3974.51,"end":3974.83},{"text":"Against","start":3974.83,"end":3975.23},{"text":"Racism,","start":3975.23,"end":3975.79},{"text":"Racial","start":3976.11,"end":3976.43},{"text":"Discrimination,","start":3976.43,"end":3977.15},{"text":"Xenophobia,","start":3977.15,"end":3977.67},{"text":"and","start":3977.67,"end":3977.79},{"text":"Related","start":3977.79,"end":3978.11},{"text":"Intolerance.\"","start":3978.11,"end":3978.83}]},{"text":"It is unfortunate that the resolution was not adopted by consensus.","start":3979.47,"end":3982.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":3979.47,"end":3979.55},{"text":"is","start":3979.55,"end":3979.75},{"text":"unfortunate","start":3979.75,"end":3980.43},{"text":"that","start":3980.43,"end":3980.55},{"text":"the","start":3980.55,"end":3980.67},{"text":"resolution","start":3980.67,"end":3981.15},{"text":"was","start":3981.15,"end":3981.31},{"text":"not","start":3981.31,"end":3981.47},{"text":"adopted","start":3981.47,"end":3981.95},{"text":"by","start":3981.95,"end":3982.11},{"text":"consensus.","start":3982.11,"end":3982.91}]},{"text":"The resolution provided a possibility for states to reach out and find common ground on an important imperative to take the discourse on reparations forward through concrete global action.","start":3983.27,"end":3993.19,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. 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The Egyptian delegation would like to thank the High Commissioner for Human Rights and the distinguished panelists for their insightful presentations on this pressing and enduring issue.","start":4562.59,"end":4573.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4562.59,"end":4562.91},{"text":"you,","start":4562.91,"end":4562.99},{"text":"Madam","start":4562.99,"end":4563.39},{"text":"Moderator.","start":4563.39,"end":4564.03},{"text":"The","start":4564.19,"end":4564.31},{"text":"Egyptian","start":4564.31,"end":4564.75},{"text":"delegation","start":4564.75,"end":4565.35},{"text":"would","start":4565.35,"end":4565.47},{"text":"like","start":4565.47,"end":4565.71},{"text":"to","start":4565.71,"end":4565.83},{"text":"thank","start":4565.87,"end":4566.11},{"text":"the","start":4566.11,"end":4566.23},{"text":"High","start":4566.27,"end":4566.51},{"text":"Commissioner","start":4566.51,"end":4567.03},{"text":"for","start":4567.03,"end":4567.19},{"text":"Human","start":4567.19,"end":4567.47},{"text":"Rights","start":4567.47,"end":4567.95},{"text":"and","start":4567.95,"end":4568.11},{"text":"the","start":4568.11,"end":4568.19},{"text":"distinguished","start":4568.19,"end":4568.75},{"text":"panelists","start":4568.75,"end":4569.39},{"text":"for","start":4569.39,"end":4569.63},{"text":"their","start":4569.63,"end":4569.79},{"text":"insightful","start":4569.79,"end":4570.43},{"text":"presentations","start":4570.43,"end":4571.47},{"text":"on","start":4571.51,"end":4571.63},{"text":"this","start":4571.63,"end":4571.79},{"text":"pressing","start":4571.79,"end":4572.35},{"text":"and","start":4572.39,"end":4572.55},{"text":"enduring","start":4572.55,"end":4572.99},{"text":"issue.","start":4572.99,"end":4573.39}]},{"text":"Eradicating racism and racial discrimination in all their forms requires full recognition of the gravity of historical injustices and their lasting consequences, which continue to affect millions of people today.","start":4575.19,"end":4588.55,"topics":[{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. 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Participants framed restitution as tied to dignity, identity, historical recognition, and more equal relations between states and communities."}],"words":[{"text":"when","start":4853.39,"end":4853.59},{"text":"it","start":4853.59,"end":4853.71},{"text":"comes","start":4853.71,"end":4853.99},{"text":"to","start":4853.99,"end":4854.11},{"text":"reparative","start":4854.11,"end":4854.71},{"text":"justice,","start":4854.71,"end":4855.43},{"text":"and","start":4855.91,"end":4856.07},{"text":"that","start":4856.07,"end":4856.19},{"text":"it","start":4856.19,"end":4856.27},{"text":"be","start":4856.27,"end":4856.39},{"text":"based","start":4856.39,"end":4856.71},{"text":"on","start":4856.71,"end":4856.87},{"text":"four","start":4856.87,"end":4857.43},{"text":"demands:","start":4857.75,"end":4858.39},{"text":"the","start":4858.39,"end":4858.55},{"text":"recognition","start":4858.55,"end":4859.23},{"text":"of","start":4859.23,"end":4859.31},{"text":"the","start":4859.31,"end":4859.39},{"text":"crimes,","start":4859.39,"end":4859.91},{"text":"restoring","start":4860.55,"end":4861.23},{"text":"that","start":4861.23,"end":4861.35},{"text":"which","start":4861.35,"end":4861.55},{"text":"was","start":4861.55,"end":4861.67},{"text":"taken,","start":4861.67,"end":4862.31},{"text":"repairing","start":4863.03,"end":4863.55},{"text":"what","start":4863.55,"end":4863.71},{"text":"can","start":4863.71,"end":4863.83},{"text":"be","start":4863.83,"end":4863.99},{"text":"repaired,","start":4863.99,"end":4864.63},{"text":"and","start":4865.19,"end":4865.75},{"text":"more","start":4866.47,"end":4867.03},{"text":"to","start":4867.03,"end":4867.23},{"text":"ensure","start":4867.23,"end":4867.91},{"text":"that","start":4867.91,"end":4868.11},{"text":"these","start":4868.11,"end":4868.55},{"text":"injustices","start":4868.55,"end":4869.67},{"text":"do","start":4870.07,"end":4870.19},{"text":"not","start":4870.19,"end":4870.43},{"text":"reoccur.","start":4870.43,"end":4871.19}]},{"text":"Allow me, along these lines, to launch four calls.","start":4871.59,"end":4874.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Allow","start":4871.59,"end":4871.95},{"text":"me,","start":4871.95,"end":4872.31},{"text":"along","start":4872.31,"end":4872.59},{"text":"these","start":4872.59,"end":4872.79},{"text":"lines,","start":4872.79,"end":4873.15},{"text":"to","start":4873.15,"end":4873.27},{"text":"launch","start":4873.27,"end":4873.67},{"text":"four","start":4873.67,"end":4873.99},{"text":"calls.","start":4873.99,"end":4874.71}]},{"text":"First, to all states.","start":4875.03,"end":4876.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":4875.03,"end":4875.51},{"text":"to","start":4875.99,"end":4876.15},{"text":"all","start":4876.15,"end":4876.39},{"text":"states.","start":4876.39,"end":4876.95}]},{"text":"that they implement the resolution, the correct the map resolution, adopting this map with its proper dimensions in schools, in media, and in its administration.","start":4878.71,"end":4889.51,"topics":[{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. 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brief.","start":4945.31,"end":4947.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4945.31,"end":4945.71},{"text":"I","start":4946.11,"end":4946.27},{"text":"can","start":4946.27,"end":4946.47},{"text":"ask","start":4946.47,"end":4946.59},{"text":"everyone","start":4946.59,"end":4946.91},{"text":"to","start":4946.91,"end":4946.99},{"text":"be","start":4946.99,"end":4947.15},{"text":"brief.","start":4947.15,"end":4947.63}]},{"text":"So the next intervention is from Ghana.","start":4947.95,"end":4950.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4947.95,"end":4948.07},{"text":"the","start":4948.07,"end":4948.19},{"text":"next","start":4948.19,"end":4948.67},{"text":"intervention","start":4949.15,"end":4949.71},{"text":"is","start":4949.71,"end":4949.87},{"text":"from","start":4949.87,"end":4950.03},{"text":"Ghana.","start":4950.03,"end":4950.51}]},{"text":"Thank 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gentlemen.","start":4956.91,"end":4959.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Excellencies,","start":4956.91,"end":4957.79},{"text":"distinguished","start":4957.79,"end":4958.35},{"text":"speakers,","start":4958.35,"end":4958.83},{"text":"ladies","start":4958.83,"end":4959.15},{"text":"and","start":4959.15,"end":4959.35},{"text":"gentlemen.","start":4959.35,"end":4959.87}]},{"text":"Ghana welcomes this dialogue and thanks the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights for convening 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General Assembly Resolution 8250 on the trafficking and racialized chattel enslavement of Africans.","start":4966.91,"end":4978.75,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. 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These measures were presented as essential to acknowledgment, healing, and preventing denial or erasure."},{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. Speakers stressed state responsibility, full remedies, and guarantees of non-repetition."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":5245.95,"end":5246.03},{"text":"co-sponsorship","start":5246.03,"end":5247.15},{"text":"and","start":5247.15,"end":5247.31},{"text":"support","start":5247.31,"end":5247.87},{"text":"for","start":5247.87,"end":5248.03},{"text":"General","start":5248.03,"end":5248.35},{"text":"Assembly","start":5248.35,"end":5248.83},{"text":"Resolution","start":5248.83,"end":5249.63},{"text":"80/250","start":5249.71,"end":5251.19},{"text":"reflects","start":5252.03,"end":5252.59},{"text":"that","start":5252.59,"end":5252.83},{"text":"longstanding","start":5252.83,"end":5253.71},{"text":"engagement","start":5253.71,"end":5254.51},{"text":"and","start":5254.99,"end":5255.15},{"text":"our","start":5255.15,"end":5255.31},{"text":"conviction","start":5255.31,"end":5255.95},{"text":"that","start":5255.95,"end":5256.19},{"text":"acknowledgment","start":5256.19,"end":5257.15},{"text":"of","start":5257.15,"end":5257.31},{"text":"historical","start":5257.31,"end":5258.03},{"text":"wrongs","start":5258.03,"end":5258.67},{"text":"must","start":5259.47,"end":5259.87},{"text":"lead","start":5259.95,"end":5260.43},{"text":"to","start":5260.43,"end":5260.59},{"text":"meaningful","start":5260.59,"end":5261.31},{"text":"repair.","start":5261.31,"end":5262.03}]},{"text":"The Durban Declaration and Program of Action remains a fundamental reference.","start":5263.07,"end":5268.83,"topics":[{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. These measures were presented as essential to acknowledgment, healing, and preventing denial or erasure."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5263.07,"end":5263.19},{"text":"Durban","start":5263.19,"end":5263.87},{"text":"Declaration","start":5263.87,"end":5264.75},{"text":"and","start":5264.75,"end":5264.91},{"text":"Program","start":5264.91,"end":5265.47},{"text":"of","start":5265.47,"end":5265.71},{"text":"Action","start":5265.71,"end":5266.19},{"text":"remains","start":5266.19,"end":5266.83},{"text":"a","start":5266.91,"end":5266.95},{"text":"fundamental","start":5266.95,"end":5267.87},{"text":"reference.","start":5268.03,"end":5268.83}]},{"text":"We also welcome the adoption of CERD's General Recommendation number 40 on reparatory justice for historical harms and their continuing consequences.","start":5269.63,"end":5281.15,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. Speakers stressed state responsibility, full remedies, and guarantees of non-repetition."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5269.63,"end":5269.87},{"text":"also","start":5269.87,"end":5270.35},{"text":"welcome","start":5270.43,"end":5270.99},{"text":"the","start":5270.99,"end":5271.11},{"text":"adoption","start":5271.11,"end":5271.71},{"text":"of","start":5271.79,"end":5271.95},{"text":"CERD's","start":5271.95,"end":5272.95},{"text":"General","start":5272.95,"end":5273.31},{"text":"Recommendation","start":5273.31,"end":5274.43},{"text":"number","start":5274.83,"end":5275.27},{"text":"40","start":5275.27,"end":5275.79},{"text":"on","start":5275.79,"end":5276.03},{"text":"reparatory","start":5276.03,"end":5276.67},{"text":"justice","start":5276.67,"end":5277.31},{"text":"for","start":5277.71,"end":5277.87},{"text":"historical","start":5277.87,"end":5278.51},{"text":"harms","start":5278.51,"end":5279.07},{"text":"and","start":5279.07,"end":5279.27},{"text":"their","start":5279.27,"end":5279.39},{"text":"continuing","start":5279.39,"end":5280.03},{"text":"consequences.","start":5280.03,"end":5281.15}]},{"text":"Madam Moderator, The Gambia would emphasize three priorities.","start":5281.95,"end":5285.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam","start":5281.95,"end":5282.23},{"text":"Moderator,","start":5282.23,"end":5282.83},{"text":"The","start":5282.83,"end":5282.91},{"text":"Gambia","start":5282.91,"end":5283.31},{"text":"would","start":5283.31,"end":5283.55},{"text":"emphasize","start":5283.55,"end":5284.27},{"text":"three","start":5284.27,"end":5284.51},{"text":"priorities.","start":5284.51,"end":5285.63}]},{"text":"First, affected communities must help shape reparatory measures.","start":5286.43,"end":5292.11,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":5286.43,"end":5287.07},{"text":"affected","start":5287.71,"end":5288.35},{"text":"communities","start":5288.35,"end":5289.23},{"text":"must","start":5289.23,"end":5289.87},{"text":"help","start":5289.87,"end":5290.27},{"text":"shape","start":5290.27,"end":5290.59},{"text":"reparatory","start":5290.67,"end":5291.39},{"text":"measures.","start":5291.39,"end":5292.11}]},{"text":"Their experiences and aspirations, including those of our women, our young people, and the diaspora, must guide our response.","start":5292.91,"end":5302.91,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"Their","start":5292.91,"end":5293.35},{"text":"experiences","start":5293.35,"end":5294.59},{"text":"and","start":5294.59,"end":5294.79},{"text":"aspirations,","start":5294.79,"end":5295.79},{"text":"including","start":5295.79,"end":5296.59},{"text":"those","start":5296.59,"end":5297.07},{"text":"of","start":5297.07,"end":5297.31},{"text":"our","start":5297.31,"end":5297.55},{"text":"women,","start":5297.55,"end":5298.11},{"text":"our","start":5298.59,"end":5298.83},{"text":"young","start":5298.91,"end":5299.15},{"text":"people,","start":5299.15,"end":5299.63},{"text":"and","start":5299.63,"end":5299.99},{"text":"the","start":5299.99,"end":5300.07},{"text":"diaspora,","start":5300.07,"end":5300.75},{"text":"must","start":5301.15,"end":5301.47},{"text":"guide","start":5301.47,"end":5301.87},{"text":"our","start":5301.87,"end":5302.15},{"text":"response.","start":5302.15,"end":5302.91}]},{"text":"And second, reparatory justice must be comprehensive.","start":5303.83,"end":5307.43,"topics":[{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. Speakers stressed state responsibility, full remedies, and guarantees of non-repetition."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5303.83,"end":5304.03},{"text":"second,","start":5304.03,"end":5304.63},{"text":"reparatory","start":5304.79,"end":5305.51},{"text":"justice","start":5305.51,"end":5306.07},{"text":"must","start":5306.07,"end":5306.39},{"text":"be","start":5306.39,"end":5306.55},{"text":"comprehensive.","start":5306.55,"end":5307.43}]},{"text":"Compensation should remain part of the discussion, alongside acknowledgment and apology, cultural restitution, access to archives, rehabilitation, and education.","start":5308.31,"end":5321.51,"topics":[{"key":"compensation-and-development","label":"Compensation and Development","description":"The debate addressed compensation alongside broader developmental remedies such as debt relief, public health, education, technology transfer, and investment. Several speakers argued that development aid alone is not a substitute for reparative responsibility, but material repair must be part of the agenda."},{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. These measures were presented as essential to acknowledgment, healing, and preventing denial or erasure."},{"key":"cultural-restitution","label":"Cultural Restitution","description":"The return of looted cultural artifacts, human remains, and access to archives was discussed as a concrete form of repair. Participants framed restitution as tied to dignity, identity, historical recognition, and more equal relations between states and communities."}],"words":[{"text":"Compensation","start":5308.31,"end":5309.27},{"text":"should","start":5309.27,"end":5309.51},{"text":"remain","start":5309.51,"end":5310.07},{"text":"part","start":5310.07,"end":5310.47},{"text":"of","start":5310.47,"end":5310.63},{"text":"the","start":5310.63,"end":5310.75},{"text":"discussion,","start":5310.75,"end":5311.51},{"text":"alongside","start":5312.31,"end":5312.99},{"text":"acknowledgment","start":5312.99,"end":5313.99},{"text":"and","start":5313.99,"end":5314.31},{"text":"apology,","start":5314.31,"end":5315.11},{"text":"cultural","start":5315.91,"end":5316.51},{"text":"restitution,","start":5316.51,"end":5317.59},{"text":"access","start":5317.67,"end":5318.15},{"text":"to","start":5318.15,"end":5318.31},{"text":"archives,","start":5318.31,"end":5319.11},{"text":"rehabilitation,","start":5319.51,"end":5320.47},{"text":"and","start":5320.47,"end":5320.67},{"text":"education.","start":5320.67,"end":5321.51}]},{"text":"Measures must also address continuing racial discrimination and inequality.","start":5322.23,"end":5327.67,"topics":[{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."}],"words":[{"text":"Measures","start":5322.23,"end":5322.79},{"text":"must","start":5322.79,"end":5323.11},{"text":"also","start":5323.11,"end":5323.59},{"text":"address","start":5323.59,"end":5324.07},{"text":"continuing","start":5324.07,"end":5325.03},{"text":"racial","start":5325.03,"end":5325.59},{"text":"discrimination","start":5325.59,"end":5326.55},{"text":"and","start":5326.55,"end":5326.75},{"text":"inequality.","start":5326.75,"end":5327.67}]},{"text":"Development assistance, I submit, cannot substitute for responsibility and repair.","start":5328.47,"end":5335.75,"topics":[{"key":"compensation-and-development","label":"Compensation and Development","description":"The debate addressed compensation alongside broader developmental remedies such as debt relief, public health, education, technology transfer, and investment. Several speakers argued that development aid alone is not a substitute for reparative responsibility, but material repair must be part of the agenda."},{"key":"reparatory-justice","label":"Reparatory Justice","description":"The discussion centered on reparatory justice for the legacies of enslavement and colonialism as a human rights issue, not only a moral question. Speakers stressed state responsibility, full remedies, and guarantees of non-repetition."}],"words":[{"text":"Development","start":5328.47,"end":5329.27},{"text":"assistance,","start":5329.27,"end":5330.07},{"text":"I","start":5330.07,"end":5330.23},{"text":"submit,","start":5330.23,"end":5330.95},{"text":"cannot","start":5331.59,"end":5332.31},{"text":"substitute","start":5332.79,"end":5333.67},{"text":"for","start":5333.67,"end":5333.79},{"text":"responsibility","start":5333.79,"end":5335.03},{"text":"and","start":5335.03,"end":5335.19},{"text":"repair.","start":5335.19,"end":5335.75}]},{"text":"Third, commitments must translate into action, supported by adequate resources, clear responsibilities, and transparent reporting.","start":5336.71,"end":5346.71,"topics":[{"key":"national-reparations-plans","label":"National and Regional Reparations Plans","description":"Several interventions focused on concrete implementation through national, local, and regional initiatives, including CARICOM's revised 10-point plan, Brazil's racial equality policies, California's reparations task force, and European state measures. The emphasis was on turning recognition into funded programs, laws, and accountable institutions."}],"words":[{"text":"Third,","start":5336.71,"end":5337.19},{"text":"commitments","start":5337.51,"end":5338.15},{"text":"must","start":5338.15,"end":5338.59},{"text":"translate","start":5338.59,"end":5339.19},{"text":"into","start":5339.19,"end":5339.51},{"text":"action,","start":5339.51,"end":5340.15},{"text":"supported","start":5340.71,"end":5341.35},{"text":"by","start":5341.35,"end":5341.51},{"text":"adequate","start":5341.51,"end":5342.23},{"text":"resources,","start":5342.23,"end":5343.11},{"text":"clear","start":5343.59,"end":5344.03},{"text":"responsibilities,","start":5344.03,"end":5345.07},{"text":"and","start":5345.07,"end":5345.27},{"text":"transparent","start":5345.27,"end":5345.99},{"text":"reporting.","start":5345.99,"end":5346.71}]},{"text":"The Gambia supports stronger cooperation between the African Union, CARICOM, and United Nations mechanisms.","start":5347.27,"end":5354.55,"topics":[{"key":"global-governance-reform","label":"Global Governance Reform","description":"Participants connected reparatory justice to structural reform of international institutions and the global financial architecture. They called for stronger African representation in decision-making, debt reform, and changes to systems that still reflect colonial-era exclusions."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5347.27,"end":5347.39},{"text":"Gambia","start":5347.43,"end":5347.91},{"text":"supports","start":5347.91,"end":5348.43},{"text":"stronger","start":5348.43,"end":5348.95},{"text":"cooperation","start":5348.95,"end":5349.75},{"text":"between","start":5349.75,"end":5350.15},{"text":"the","start":5350.15,"end":5350.23},{"text":"African","start":5350.23,"end":5350.79},{"text":"Union,","start":5350.79,"end":5351.35},{"text":"CARICOM,","start":5351.39,"end":5352.47},{"text":"and","start":5352.55,"end":5352.67},{"text":"United","start":5352.67,"end":5353.15},{"text":"Nations","start":5353.15,"end":5353.59},{"text":"mechanisms.","start":5353.59,"end":5354.55}]},{"text":"We encourage practical support for historical research, community consultations, and the preservation of our shared heritage.","start":5355.11,"end":5363.35,"topics":[{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. These measures were presented as essential to acknowledgment, healing, and preventing denial or erasure."},{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."},{"key":"cultural-restitution","label":"Cultural Restitution","description":"The return of looted cultural artifacts, human remains, and access to archives was discussed as a concrete form of repair. Participants framed restitution as tied to dignity, identity, historical recognition, and more equal relations between states and communities."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5355.11,"end":5355.23},{"text":"encourage","start":5355.23,"end":5355.71},{"text":"practical","start":5355.75,"end":5356.39},{"text":"support","start":5356.39,"end":5356.95},{"text":"for","start":5356.95,"end":5357.11},{"text":"historical","start":5357.11,"end":5357.75},{"text":"research,","start":5357.75,"end":5358.39},{"text":"community","start":5358.95,"end":5359.43},{"text":"consultations,","start":5359.43,"end":5360.47},{"text":"and","start":5360.87,"end":5361.07},{"text":"the","start":5361.07,"end":5361.15},{"text":"preservation","start":5361.15,"end":5361.91},{"text":"of","start":5361.91,"end":5362.07},{"text":"our","start":5362.07,"end":5362.31},{"text":"shared","start":5362.31,"end":5362.63},{"text":"heritage.","start":5362.63,"end":5363.35}]},{"text":"We owe it to those whose lives were taken or profoundly altered to ensure that their history is acknowledged and that its continuing consequences are addressed with seriousness and resolve.","start":5363.91,"end":5379.75,"topics":[{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. These measures were presented as essential to acknowledgment, healing, and preventing denial or erasure."},{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5363.91,"end":5364.15},{"text":"owe","start":5364.23,"end":5364.47},{"text":"it","start":5364.47,"end":5364.83},{"text":"to","start":5364.83,"end":5364.91},{"text":"those","start":5364.95,"end":5365.43},{"text":"whose","start":5365.43,"end":5365.71},{"text":"lives","start":5365.71,"end":5367.27},{"text":"were","start":5367.67,"end":5367.91},{"text":"taken","start":5367.91,"end":5368.47},{"text":"or","start":5368.87,"end":5369.03},{"text":"profoundly","start":5369.03,"end":5370.07},{"text":"altered","start":5370.07,"end":5370.79},{"text":"to","start":5371.11,"end":5371.23},{"text":"ensure","start":5371.27,"end":5371.67},{"text":"that","start":5371.67,"end":5371.87},{"text":"their","start":5371.87,"end":5372.07},{"text":"history","start":5372.07,"end":5372.87},{"text":"is","start":5373.27,"end":5373.51},{"text":"acknowledged","start":5373.51,"end":5374.15},{"text":"and","start":5374.23,"end":5374.51},{"text":"that","start":5374.51,"end":5374.71},{"text":"its","start":5374.71,"end":5374.95},{"text":"continuing","start":5374.95,"end":5375.67},{"text":"consequences","start":5375.67,"end":5376.79},{"text":"are","start":5377.27,"end":5377.35},{"text":"addressed","start":5377.43,"end":5377.91},{"text":"with","start":5377.91,"end":5378.07},{"text":"seriousness","start":5378.07,"end":5378.95},{"text":"and","start":5378.95,"end":5379.19},{"text":"resolve.","start":5379.19,"end":5379.75}]},{"text":"With this backdrop, let me advance short questions to the panel.","start":5380.71,"end":5385.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":5380.71,"end":5380.99},{"text":"this","start":5380.99,"end":5381.19},{"text":"backdrop,","start":5381.19,"end":5381.83},{"text":"let","start":5382.15,"end":5382.35},{"text":"me","start":5382.35,"end":5382.55},{"text":"advance","start":5382.55,"end":5383.19},{"text":"short","start":5383.35,"end":5383.87},{"text":"questions","start":5383.87,"end":5384.51},{"text":"to","start":5384.51,"end":5384.63},{"text":"the","start":5384.63,"end":5384.71},{"text":"panel.","start":5384.71,"end":5385.19}]},{"text":"Who speaks for the affected communities?","start":5385.99,"end":5388.55,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"Who","start":5385.99,"end":5386.39},{"text":"speaks","start":5386.39,"end":5386.87},{"text":"for","start":5386.87,"end":5387.03},{"text":"the","start":5387.07,"end":5387.15},{"text":"affected","start":5387.15,"end":5387.63},{"text":"communities?","start":5387.63,"end":5388.55}]},{"text":"The statement that I just delivered calls for affected communities, including women, young people, and the diaspora, to shape reparatory measures.","start":5389.31,"end":5398.03,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5389.31,"end":5389.43},{"text":"statement","start":5389.43,"end":5389.99},{"text":"that","start":5389.99,"end":5390.11},{"text":"I","start":5390.11,"end":5390.27},{"text":"just","start":5390.27,"end":5390.55},{"text":"delivered","start":5390.55,"end":5390.99},{"text":"calls","start":5390.99,"end":5391.43},{"text":"for","start":5391.43,"end":5391.55},{"text":"affected","start":5391.55,"end":5392.07},{"text":"communities,","start":5392.07,"end":5392.91},{"text":"including","start":5393.23,"end":5393.79},{"text":"women,","start":5393.79,"end":5394.27},{"text":"young","start":5394.27,"end":5394.59},{"text":"people,","start":5394.59,"end":5394.99},{"text":"and","start":5394.99,"end":5395.11},{"text":"the","start":5395.11,"end":5395.19},{"text":"diaspora,","start":5395.19,"end":5395.79},{"text":"to","start":5395.79,"end":5395.99},{"text":"shape","start":5395.99,"end":5396.35},{"text":"reparatory","start":5396.75,"end":5397.39},{"text":"measures.","start":5397.39,"end":5398.03}]},{"text":"Who should decide which communities count as affected?","start":5398.51,"end":5402.11,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. Speakers emphasized meaningful consultation, community-led design, and the central role of rights holders, including women, youth, and the diaspora."}],"words":[{"text":"Who","start":5398.51,"end":5398.75},{"text":"should","start":5398.75,"end":5399.03},{"text":"decide","start":5399.03,"end":5399.63},{"text":"which","start":5399.67,"end":5399.95},{"text":"communities","start":5399.95,"end":5400.67},{"text":"count","start":5400.67,"end":5401.15},{"text":"as","start":5401.15,"end":5401.39},{"text":"affected?","start":5401.39,"end":5402.11}]},{"text":"And how should the claims of Africans on the continent be weighted against those of the diaspora when the two disagree?","start":5402.59,"end":5410.99,"topics":[{"key":"community-participation","label":"Community Participation","description":"A recurring theme was that descendants and affected communities must shape reparations processes themselves. 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Camilla, over to you.","start":5634.71,"end":5635.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5634.71,"end":5634.95},{"text":"Camilla,","start":5634.95,"end":5635.35},{"text":"over","start":5635.43,"end":5635.67},{"text":"to","start":5635.67,"end":5635.79},{"text":"you.","start":5635.79,"end":5635.99}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Director, Scott Trust Legacies of Enslavement program","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":36,"start":5637.03,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1m/k1msxyv5oq?lang=en&t=1:33:58","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Yes, I'll try to be as responsive as possible to all the comments and the questions in the 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participated.","start":5643.27,"end":5646.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5643.27,"end":5643.51},{"text":"you","start":5643.51,"end":5643.67},{"text":"again","start":5643.67,"end":5644.07},{"text":"to","start":5644.07,"end":5644.23},{"text":"all","start":5644.23,"end":5644.39},{"text":"the","start":5644.39,"end":5644.51},{"text":"states","start":5644.51,"end":5644.99},{"text":"that","start":5644.99,"end":5645.11},{"text":"have","start":5645.11,"end":5645.35},{"text":"participated.","start":5645.35,"end":5646.15}]},{"text":"So I do not see my state in the room, which is the United States.","start":5646.39,"end":5650.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5646.39,"end":5646.59},{"text":"I","start":5646.59,"end":5646.63},{"text":"do","start":5646.63,"end":5646.79},{"text":"not","start":5646.79,"end":5647.03},{"text":"see","start":5647.03,"end":5647.27},{"text":"my","start":5647.27,"end":5647.43},{"text":"state","start":5647.43,"end":5647.83},{"text":"in","start":5647.83,"end":5648.03},{"text":"the","start":5648.03,"end":5648.11},{"text":"room,","start":5648.11,"end":5648.55},{"text":"which","start":5648.75,"end":5649.11},{"text":"is","start":5649.11,"end":5649.19},{"text":"the","start":5649.19,"end":5649.31},{"text":"United","start":5649.31,"end":5649.71},{"text":"States.","start":5649.71,"end":5650.15}]},{"text":"Well, first I would just say, I think for the states in the room, I think it's imperative to investigate, continue to investigate and interrogate your own state's history as it relates to Africans and people of African descent, as it relates to slavery and anti-Black discrimination, to the extent that it exists.","start":5654.23,"end":5676.23,"topics":[{"key":"truth-and-memory","label":"Truth, Memory, and Education","description":"Speakers repeatedly called for formal apologies, truth-telling, memorialization, research, and more accurate teaching of slavery and colonialism. 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They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."}],"words":[{"text":"There","start":5735.47,"end":5735.79},{"text":"may","start":5735.79,"end":5735.95},{"text":"be","start":5735.95,"end":5736.11},{"text":"some","start":5736.11,"end":5736.35},{"text":"states","start":5736.35,"end":5736.71},{"text":"in","start":5736.71,"end":5736.83},{"text":"here","start":5736.83,"end":5737.07},{"text":"that","start":5737.07,"end":5737.31},{"text":"don't","start":5737.39,"end":5737.79},{"text":"have","start":5737.79,"end":5738.35},{"text":"that","start":5738.67,"end":5738.99},{"text":"clear","start":5738.99,"end":5739.67},{"text":"of","start":5739.67,"end":5739.83},{"text":"a","start":5739.83,"end":5739.87},{"text":"history","start":5739.87,"end":5740.43},{"text":"as","start":5740.43,"end":5740.59},{"text":"it","start":5740.59,"end":5740.67},{"text":"relates","start":5740.67,"end":5741.15},{"text":"to","start":5741.15,"end":5741.55},{"text":"you","start":5741.99,"end":5742.15},{"text":"know,","start":5742.15,"end":5742.23},{"text":"slavery","start":5742.23,"end":5742.95},{"text":"or","start":5742.95,"end":5743.27},{"text":"anti-Black","start":5743.27,"end":5743.91},{"text":"discrimination.","start":5743.91,"end":5744.87}]},{"text":"And if that is your state, that doesn't mean that you can sit on the sideline.","start":5745.35,"end":5750.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5745.35,"end":5745.63},{"text":"if","start":5745.63,"end":5745.71},{"text":"that","start":5745.75,"end":5746.03},{"text":"is","start":5746.03,"end":5746.23},{"text":"your","start":5746.23,"end":5746.55},{"text":"state,","start":5746.55,"end":5747.11},{"text":"that","start":5747.27,"end":5747.55},{"text":"doesn't","start":5747.55,"end":5747.87},{"text":"mean","start":5747.87,"end":5748.11},{"text":"that","start":5748.11,"end":5748.31},{"text":"you","start":5748.31,"end":5748.63},{"text":"can","start":5748.87,"end":5749.11},{"text":"sit","start":5749.11,"end":5749.31},{"text":"on","start":5749.31,"end":5749.43},{"text":"the","start":5749.43,"end":5749.51},{"text":"sideline.","start":5749.51,"end":5750.31}]},{"text":"You can still help.","start":5750.31,"end":5751.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":5750.31,"end":5750.55},{"text":"can","start":5750.55,"end":5750.71},{"text":"still","start":5750.71,"end":5751.11},{"text":"help.","start":5751.11,"end":5751.59}]},{"text":"Particularly, you can still help descendants of enslaved Africans who are in the United States, who are in Brazil, who are in Colombia, right?","start":5751.91,"end":5761.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Particularly,","start":5751.91,"end":5752.67},{"text":"you","start":5752.67,"end":5752.79},{"text":"can","start":5752.79,"end":5752.95},{"text":"still","start":5752.95,"end":5753.27},{"text":"help","start":5753.27,"end":5753.63},{"text":"descendants","start":5753.63,"end":5754.55},{"text":"of","start":5754.83,"end":5755.03},{"text":"enslaved","start":5755.03,"end":5755.59},{"text":"Africans","start":5755.59,"end":5756.35},{"text":"who","start":5756.35,"end":5756.47},{"text":"are","start":5756.47,"end":5756.71},{"text":"in","start":5756.71,"end":5756.83},{"text":"the","start":5756.83,"end":5756.91},{"text":"United","start":5756.91,"end":5757.35},{"text":"States,","start":5757.35,"end":5757.91},{"text":"who","start":5758.07,"end":5758.23},{"text":"are","start":5758.23,"end":5758.39},{"text":"in","start":5758.39,"end":5758.55},{"text":"Brazil,","start":5758.55,"end":5759.27},{"text":"who","start":5759.35,"end":5759.51},{"text":"are","start":5759.51,"end":5759.67},{"text":"in","start":5759.67,"end":5759.83},{"text":"Colombia,","start":5759.83,"end":5760.55},{"text":"right?","start":5760.71,"end":5761.03}]},{"text":"We are a captured group, right?","start":5761.03,"end":5762.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5761.03,"end":5761.27},{"text":"are","start":5761.27,"end":5761.47},{"text":"a","start":5761.47,"end":5761.51},{"text":"captured","start":5761.51,"end":5762.11},{"text":"group,","start":5762.11,"end":5762.51},{"text":"right?","start":5762.51,"end":5762.83}]},{"text":"We are still living in the countries that enslaved us without political power.","start":5762.83,"end":5768.39,"topics":[{"key":"systemic-racism","label":"Systemic Racism","description":"Multiple speakers linked historical slavery and colonialism to present-day systemic racism affecting Africans and people of African descent. They highlighted ongoing inequalities in policing, prisons, education, health, housing, employment, and political power."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5762.83,"end":5763.27},{"text":"are","start":5763.67,"end":5763.99},{"text":"still","start":5763.99,"end":5764.43},{"text":"living","start":5764.43,"end":5765.03},{"text":"in","start":5765.03,"end":5765.19},{"text":"the","start":5765.19,"end":5765.31},{"text":"countries","start":5765.31,"end":5765.87},{"text":"that","start":5765.87,"end":5766.03},{"text":"enslaved","start":5766.03,"end":5766.55},{"text":"us","start":5766.55,"end":5766.71},{"text":"without","start":5766.71,"end":5767.27},{"text":"political","start":5767.27,"end":5767.79},{"text":"power.","start":5767.79,"end":5768.39}]},{"text":"You all can utilize your state's power to speak up for us.","start":5768.99,"end":5774.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":5768.99,"end":5769.39},{"text":"all","start":5769.39,"end":5769.71},{"text":"can","start":5769.71,"end":5769.95},{"text":"utilize","start":5769.95,"end":5770.83},{"text":"your","start":5770.83,"end":5771.07},{"text":"state's","start":5771.07,"end":5771.79},{"text":"power","start":5772.11,"end":5772.83},{"text":"to","start":5773.15,"end":5773.27},{"text":"speak","start":5773.39,"end":5773.79},{"text":"up","start":5773.79,"end":5773.91},{"text":"for","start":5773.91,"end":5774.19},{"text":"us.","start":5774.19,"end":5774.67}]},{"text":"And I want to also make that comment more pointedly to the African nations in the room.","start":5775.31,"end":5781.47,"topics":[{"key":"global-governance-reform","label":"Global Governance Reform","description":"Participants connected reparatory justice to structural reform of international institutions and the global financial architecture. 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