{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/fr/asset/k1t/k1tnz3bxpk?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/fr/asset/k1t/k1tnz3bxpk.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k1t/k1tnz3bxpk","kaltura_id":"1_tnz3bxpk","title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 64th session, 1084th meeting","clean_title":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 64th session, 1084th meeting","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1t/k1tnz3bxpk","date":"2025-05-12T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2025-05-12T08:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"04:23:32","category":"General Assembly","body":"General Assembly","event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":"64th session","pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k1t/k1tnz3bxpk"},"metadata":{"summary":"Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 64th session","description":null,"categories":["Meetings & Events","General Assembly","Subsidiary organs of the General Assembly","Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space"],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":[],"corporate_name":["UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS - UNOOSA"],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[{"title":"United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs","url":"https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/lsc/2025/index.html"}]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"assemblyai-universal-3-5-pro-321d00c3-e742-4f2e-9bea-567e99fb76db","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":2280.081,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1t/k1tnz3bxpk?lang=en&t=2281","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Buenos días.","start":2280.081,"end":2281.121,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Buenos","start":2280.081,"end":2280.731},{"text":"días.","start":2280.731,"end":2281.121}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":null}},{"statement_number":2,"start":2283.07,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1t/k1tnz3bxpk?lang=en&t=2284","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Good morning.","start":2283.07,"end":2283.487,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":2283.07,"end":2283.203},{"text":"morning.","start":2283.253,"end":2283.487}]},{"text":"Good morning, distinguished delegates.","start":2304.412,"end":2305.729,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":2304.412,"end":2304.573},{"text":"morning,","start":2304.573,"end":2304.829},{"text":"distinguished","start":2304.894,"end":2305.295},{"text":"delegates.","start":2305.295,"end":2305.729}]},{"text":"I now declare open the 1,084th meeting of the Legal Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.","start":2307.142,"end":2316.133,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2307.142,"end":2307.19},{"text":"now","start":2307.222,"end":2307.415},{"text":"declare","start":2307.463,"end":2307.864},{"text":"open","start":2307.864,"end":2308.233},{"text":"the","start":2308.426,"end":2308.587},{"text":"1,084th","start":2308.587,"end":2310.321},{"text":"meeting","start":2310.433,"end":2310.883},{"text":"of","start":2311.573,"end":2311.686},{"text":"the","start":2311.718,"end":2311.798},{"text":"Legal","start":2311.798,"end":2312.199},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":2312.199,"end":2312.842},{"text":"of","start":2313.147,"end":2313.452},{"text":"the","start":2313.564,"end":2313.709},{"text":"Committee","start":2313.709,"end":2314.094},{"text":"on","start":2314.431,"end":2314.496},{"text":"the","start":2314.512,"end":2314.592},{"text":"Peaceful","start":2314.592,"end":2314.993},{"text":"Uses","start":2314.993,"end":2315.298},{"text":"of","start":2315.411,"end":2315.475},{"text":"Outer","start":2315.475,"end":2315.716},{"text":"Space.","start":2315.716,"end":2316.133}]},{"text":"I hope that you had a good weekend, and we will kick off our second week of this meeting of the subcommittee.","start":2325.11,"end":2335.675,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2325.11,"end":2325.159},{"text":"hope","start":2325.191,"end":2325.531},{"text":"that","start":2325.531,"end":2325.661},{"text":"you","start":2325.677,"end":2325.758},{"text":"had","start":2325.758,"end":2325.871},{"text":"a","start":2325.871,"end":2325.936},{"text":"good","start":2325.936,"end":2326.082},{"text":"weekend,","start":2326.098,"end":2326.649},{"text":"and","start":2328.591,"end":2329.093},{"text":"we","start":2329.093,"end":2329.336},{"text":"will","start":2329.336,"end":2329.676},{"text":"kick","start":2330.065,"end":2330.372},{"text":"off","start":2330.372,"end":2330.615},{"text":"our","start":2330.696,"end":2331.004},{"text":"second","start":2331.036,"end":2331.83},{"text":"week","start":2331.83,"end":2332.153},{"text":"of","start":2333.044,"end":2333.125},{"text":"this","start":2333.19,"end":2333.418},{"text":"meeting","start":2334.089,"end":2334.58},{"text":"of","start":2335.005,"end":2335.07},{"text":"the","start":2335.103,"end":2335.136},{"text":"subcommittee.","start":2335.185,"end":2335.675}]},{"text":"We'll begin this session this morning, and we'll continue our consideration of agenda item 3, general exchange of views.","start":2343.427,"end":2350.468,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We'll","start":2343.427,"end":2343.751},{"text":"begin","start":2344.254,"end":2344.627},{"text":"this","start":2344.725,"end":2344.79},{"text":"session","start":2344.838,"end":2345.212},{"text":"this","start":2345.212,"end":2345.276},{"text":"morning,","start":2345.39,"end":2345.763},{"text":"and","start":2346.023,"end":2346.12},{"text":"we'll","start":2346.12,"end":2346.282},{"text":"continue","start":2346.282,"end":2346.769},{"text":"our","start":2346.769,"end":2346.85},{"text":"consideration","start":2346.85,"end":2347.613},{"text":"of","start":2347.661,"end":2347.759},{"text":"agenda","start":2347.759,"end":2348.067},{"text":"item","start":2348.067,"end":2348.456},{"text":"3,","start":2348.456,"end":2348.813},{"text":"general","start":2349.43,"end":2349.706},{"text":"exchange","start":2349.706,"end":2350.192},{"text":"of","start":2350.192,"end":2350.241},{"text":"views.","start":2350.241,"end":2350.468}]},{"text":"We will suspend our consideration of agenda item 11, which is general exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management, at the request of Germany, and this will be reopened this afternoon.","start":2352.58,"end":2372.689,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2352.58,"end":2352.76},{"text":"will","start":2352.76,"end":2352.89},{"text":"suspend","start":2352.923,"end":2353.347},{"text":"our","start":2353.347,"end":2353.412},{"text":"consideration","start":2353.412,"end":2354.277},{"text":"of","start":2354.538,"end":2354.603},{"text":"agenda","start":2354.701,"end":2355.027},{"text":"item","start":2355.109,"end":2355.37},{"text":"11,","start":2355.533,"end":2355.99},{"text":"which","start":2360.54,"end":2360.637},{"text":"is","start":2360.637,"end":2360.703},{"text":"general","start":2360.8,"end":2361.078},{"text":"exchange","start":2361.078,"end":2361.534},{"text":"of","start":2361.534,"end":2361.599},{"text":"views","start":2361.632,"end":2361.925},{"text":"on","start":2362.105,"end":2362.154},{"text":"the","start":2362.268,"end":2362.431},{"text":"legal","start":2362.431,"end":2362.757},{"text":"aspects","start":2362.757,"end":2363.344},{"text":"of","start":2363.344,"end":2363.474},{"text":"space","start":2363.491,"end":2363.784},{"text":"traffic","start":2363.98,"end":2364.387},{"text":"management,","start":2364.387,"end":2365.056},{"text":"at","start":2367.38,"end":2367.541},{"text":"the","start":2367.541,"end":2367.622},{"text":"request","start":2367.622,"end":2368.187},{"text":"of","start":2368.267,"end":2368.413},{"text":"Germany,","start":2368.509,"end":2368.977},{"text":"and","start":2369.397,"end":2369.542},{"text":"this","start":2369.8,"end":2369.93},{"text":"will","start":2370.059,"end":2370.22},{"text":"be","start":2370.22,"end":2370.462},{"text":"reopened","start":2371.511,"end":2372.14},{"text":"this","start":2372.14,"end":2372.205},{"text":"afternoon.","start":2372.318,"end":2372.689}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"LSC","affiliation_full":"LSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":3,"start":2372.786,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1t/k1tnz3bxpk?lang=en&t=2373","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you.","start":2372.786,"end":2373.093,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2372.786,"end":2373.044},{"text":"you.","start":2373.044,"end":2373.093}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":null}},{"statement_number":4,"start":2379.596,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1t/k1tnz3bxpk?lang=en&t=2380","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"We will continue and hopefully conclude our consideration of agenda item 12, which is the general exchange of views on the application of international law to small satellite activities.","start":2379.596,"end":2392.882,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2379.596,"end":2379.692},{"text":"will","start":2380.062,"end":2380.32},{"text":"continue","start":2380.32,"end":2381.092},{"text":"and","start":2381.848,"end":2381.944},{"text":"hopefully","start":2381.944,"end":2382.298},{"text":"conclude","start":2382.33,"end":2382.765},{"text":"our","start":2382.765,"end":2382.893},{"text":"consideration","start":2382.893,"end":2383.665},{"text":"of","start":2384.003,"end":2384.067},{"text":"agenda","start":2384.196,"end":2384.647},{"text":"item","start":2384.663,"end":2385.065},{"text":"12,","start":2385.145,"end":2385.596},{"text":"which","start":2386.657,"end":2386.898},{"text":"is","start":2386.898,"end":2386.963},{"text":"the","start":2387.075,"end":2387.156},{"text":"general","start":2387.22,"end":2387.494},{"text":"exchange","start":2387.494,"end":2388.056},{"text":"of","start":2388.056,"end":2388.169},{"text":"views","start":2388.25,"end":2388.412},{"text":"on","start":2388.688,"end":2388.737},{"text":"the","start":2388.786,"end":2388.916},{"text":"application","start":2388.916,"end":2389.534},{"text":"of","start":2389.664,"end":2389.794},{"text":"international","start":2389.826,"end":2390.476},{"text":"law","start":2390.476,"end":2390.574},{"text":"to","start":2391.191,"end":2391.289},{"text":"small","start":2391.289,"end":2391.63},{"text":"satellite","start":2391.63,"end":2392.248},{"text":"activities.","start":2392.329,"end":2392.882}]},{"text":"Time permitting, we will begin our consideration of agenda item 13, entitled Proposals to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space for new items to be considered by the Legal Subcommittee at its 65th session.","start":2397.505,"end":2414.883,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Time","start":2397.505,"end":2397.684},{"text":"permitting,","start":2397.684,"end":2398.138},{"text":"we","start":2398.658,"end":2398.804},{"text":"will","start":2398.804,"end":2398.966},{"text":"begin","start":2398.966,"end":2399.275},{"text":"our","start":2399.454,"end":2399.519},{"text":"consideration","start":2399.551,"end":2400.217},{"text":"of","start":2400.217,"end":2400.298},{"text":"agenda","start":2400.298,"end":2400.671},{"text":"item","start":2400.688,"end":2401.012},{"text":"13,","start":2401.012,"end":2401.597},{"text":"entitled","start":2402.202,"end":2402.828},{"text":"Proposals","start":2402.828,"end":2403.342},{"text":"to","start":2403.342,"end":2403.471},{"text":"the","start":2403.471,"end":2403.567},{"text":"Committee","start":2403.567,"end":2403.937},{"text":"on","start":2403.969,"end":2404.033},{"text":"the","start":2404.033,"end":2404.13},{"text":"Peaceful","start":2404.13,"end":2404.515},{"text":"Uses","start":2404.515,"end":2404.837},{"text":"of","start":2404.837,"end":2404.901},{"text":"Outer","start":2404.997,"end":2405.19},{"text":"Space","start":2405.19,"end":2405.624},{"text":"for","start":2406.926,"end":2406.99},{"text":"new","start":2407.022,"end":2407.199},{"text":"items","start":2407.408,"end":2407.954},{"text":"to","start":2408.291,"end":2408.773},{"text":"be","start":2408.773,"end":2409.111},{"text":"considered","start":2409.512,"end":2410.284},{"text":"by","start":2411.264,"end":2411.392},{"text":"the","start":2411.521,"end":2411.601},{"text":"Legal","start":2411.65,"end":2411.892},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":2411.924,"end":2412.668},{"text":"at","start":2413.202,"end":2413.363},{"text":"its","start":2413.363,"end":2413.573},{"text":"65th","start":2413.622,"end":2414.398},{"text":"session.","start":2414.43,"end":2414.883}]},{"text":"We will then adjourn the plenary meeting so that the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities can hold its 4th Following the adjournment of the Working Group meeting, the Action Team on the Lunar Activities Consultation will hold its second meeting.","start":2418.963,"end":2444.528,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2418.963,"end":2419.093},{"text":"will","start":2419.125,"end":2419.222},{"text":"then","start":2419.222,"end":2419.514},{"text":"adjourn","start":2419.773,"end":2420.161},{"text":"the","start":2420.194,"end":2420.291},{"text":"plenary","start":2420.339,"end":2420.696},{"text":"meeting","start":2420.696,"end":2421.133},{"text":"so","start":2421.23,"end":2421.473},{"text":"that","start":2421.489,"end":2421.651},{"text":"the","start":2421.651,"end":2421.699},{"text":"Working","start":2421.796,"end":2422.185},{"text":"Group","start":2422.201,"end":2422.476},{"text":"on","start":2422.606,"end":2422.671},{"text":"Legal","start":2422.703,"end":2423.027},{"text":"Aspects","start":2423.027,"end":2423.448},{"text":"of","start":2423.448,"end":2423.561},{"text":"Space","start":2424.063,"end":2424.419},{"text":"Resource","start":2424.468,"end":2424.775},{"text":"Activities","start":2424.953,"end":2425.666},{"text":"can","start":2427.22,"end":2427.366},{"text":"hold","start":2427.382,"end":2427.673},{"text":"its","start":2427.727,"end":2427.911},{"text":"4th","start":2428.044,"end":2428.362},{"text":"Following","start":2431.54,"end":2431.925},{"text":"the","start":2432.118,"end":2432.472},{"text":"adjournment","start":2433.741,"end":2434.448},{"text":"of","start":2434.914,"end":2435.139},{"text":"the","start":2435.235,"end":2435.3},{"text":"Working","start":2435.332,"end":2435.701},{"text":"Group","start":2435.733,"end":2435.974},{"text":"meeting,","start":2435.974,"end":2436.344},{"text":"the","start":2438.626,"end":2438.754},{"text":"Action","start":2438.786,"end":2439.172},{"text":"Team","start":2439.172,"end":2439.461},{"text":"on","start":2439.975,"end":2440.04},{"text":"the","start":2440.04,"end":2440.137},{"text":"Lunar","start":2440.154,"end":2440.48},{"text":"Activities","start":2440.562,"end":2441.101},{"text":"Consultation","start":2441.198,"end":2441.917},{"text":"will","start":2442.504,"end":2442.619},{"text":"hold","start":2442.668,"end":2443.125},{"text":"its","start":2443.321,"end":2443.516},{"text":"second","start":2443.745,"end":2444.202},{"text":"meeting.","start":2444.235,"end":2444.528}]},{"text":"I would like to inform delegates that the informal consultations led by Germany on the proposal for a study group on legal and policy aspects of space traffic will be held in Conference Room M3 today from 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM.","start":2450.027,"end":2476.045,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2450.027,"end":2450.108},{"text":"would","start":2450.108,"end":2450.204},{"text":"like","start":2450.204,"end":2450.431},{"text":"to","start":2450.431,"end":2450.528},{"text":"inform","start":2450.528,"end":2450.835},{"text":"delegates","start":2450.851,"end":2451.4},{"text":"that","start":2452.693,"end":2453.113},{"text":"the","start":2453.113,"end":2453.355},{"text":"informal","start":2453.517,"end":2454.147},{"text":"consultations","start":2454.147,"end":2454.858},{"text":"led","start":2455.73,"end":2455.876},{"text":"by","start":2455.973,"end":2456.07},{"text":"Germany","start":2456.07,"end":2456.603},{"text":"on","start":2458.09,"end":2458.138},{"text":"the","start":2458.17,"end":2458.316},{"text":"proposal","start":2458.316,"end":2458.801},{"text":"for","start":2458.801,"end":2459.075},{"text":"a","start":2459.204,"end":2459.221},{"text":"study","start":2459.221,"end":2459.705},{"text":"group","start":2459.705,"end":2460.045},{"text":"on","start":2460.352,"end":2460.4},{"text":"legal","start":2460.513,"end":2460.982},{"text":"and","start":2460.998,"end":2461.224},{"text":"policy","start":2461.224,"end":2461.612},{"text":"aspects","start":2461.79,"end":2462.178},{"text":"of","start":2462.291,"end":2462.323},{"text":"space","start":2462.323,"end":2462.646},{"text":"traffic","start":2462.775,"end":2463.26},{"text":"will","start":2464.954,"end":2465.066},{"text":"be","start":2465.179,"end":2465.276},{"text":"held","start":2465.276,"end":2465.727},{"text":"in","start":2467.437,"end":2467.566},{"text":"Conference","start":2467.936,"end":2468.436},{"text":"Room","start":2468.501,"end":2468.743},{"text":"M3","start":2469.049,"end":2469.887},{"text":"today","start":2470.113,"end":2470.516},{"text":"from","start":2472.109,"end":2472.254},{"text":"12:00","start":2472.366,"end":2472.768},{"text":"PM","start":2472.768,"end":2473.105},{"text":"to","start":2473.394,"end":2473.619},{"text":"1:00","start":2473.732,"end":2475.547},{"text":"PM.","start":2475.724,"end":2476.045}]},{"text":"As you know, the schedule of consultations is available on the webpage of the session.","start":2477.989,"end":2482.188,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":2477.989,"end":2478.118},{"text":"you","start":2478.134,"end":2478.246},{"text":"know,","start":2478.246,"end":2478.439},{"text":"the","start":2478.937,"end":2479.034},{"text":"schedule","start":2479.034,"end":2479.419},{"text":"of","start":2479.419,"end":2479.5},{"text":"consultations","start":2479.5,"end":2480.207},{"text":"is","start":2480.383,"end":2480.448},{"text":"available","start":2480.544,"end":2481.058},{"text":"on","start":2481.117,"end":2481.185},{"text":"the","start":2481.219,"end":2481.27},{"text":"webpage","start":2481.304,"end":2481.78},{"text":"of","start":2481.831,"end":2481.95},{"text":"the","start":2481.984,"end":2482.069},{"text":"session.","start":2482.069,"end":2482.188}]},{"text":"And finally, before we start considering item 3, I'd like to remind you that concerning the Vice Chair of the Working Group on 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si no es así, if not, then we shall.","start":2554.389,"end":2559.652,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Pues","start":2554.389,"end":2555.483},{"text":"si","start":2555.5,"end":2555.612},{"text":"no","start":2555.612,"end":2555.709},{"text":"es","start":2555.725,"end":2555.805},{"text":"así,","start":2555.838,"end":2556.127},{"text":"if","start":2557.753,"end":2557.897},{"text":"not,","start":2558.477,"end":2558.766},{"text":"then","start":2558.895,"end":2559.088},{"text":"we","start":2559.281,"end":2559.378},{"text":"shall.","start":2559.378,"end":2559.652}]},{"text":"continue with our first topic, which is once again the general exchange of 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Mr. Chairman, distinguished colleagues, as this is the first time that we are taking the floor on this agenda item, We would like to join previous speakers in wishing you success in your important task.","start":2580.622,"end":2592.994,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2580.622,"end":2580.863},{"text":"you,","start":2580.863,"end":2580.928},{"text":"Mr.","start":2580.944,"end":2581.121},{"text":"Chairman.","start":2581.185,"end":2581.555},{"text":"Mr.","start":2582.311,"end":2582.552},{"text":"Chairman,","start":2582.632,"end":2583.083},{"text":"distinguished","start":2583.115,"end":2583.742},{"text":"colleagues,","start":2583.742,"end":2584.289},{"text":"as","start":2584.868,"end":2584.932},{"text":"this","start":2584.948,"end":2585.125},{"text":"is","start":2585.125,"end":2585.173},{"text":"the","start":2585.27,"end":2585.35},{"text":"first","start":2585.35,"end":2585.672},{"text":"time","start":2585.672,"end":2585.897},{"text":"that","start":2585.994,"end":2586.203},{"text":"we","start":2586.235,"end":2586.315},{"text":"are","start":2586.315,"end":2586.364},{"text":"taking","start":2586.492,"end":2586.862},{"text":"the","start":2586.878,"end":2586.959},{"text":"floor","start":2586.959,"end":2587.248},{"text":"on","start":2587.296,"end":2587.377},{"text":"this","start":2587.377,"end":2587.538},{"text":"agenda","start":2587.538,"end":2587.924},{"text":"item,","start":2587.924,"end":2588.197},{"text":"We","start":2588.726,"end":2588.822},{"text":"would","start":2588.822,"end":2588.951},{"text":"like","start":2588.983,"end":2589.223},{"text":"to","start":2589.223,"end":2589.384},{"text":"join","start":2589.384,"end":2589.593},{"text":"previous","start":2589.689,"end":2589.978},{"text":"speakers","start":2590.058,"end":2590.555},{"text":"in","start":2590.748,"end":2590.796},{"text":"wishing","start":2590.908,"end":2591.197},{"text":"you","start":2591.229,"end":2591.326},{"text":"success","start":2591.326,"end":2591.871},{"text":"in","start":2591.871,"end":2591.935},{"text":"your","start":2591.967,"end":2592.112},{"text":"important","start":2592.112,"end":2592.706},{"text":"task.","start":2592.706,"end":2592.994}]},{"text":"We would also like to express our appreciation to the Director of the UNUSA, Mrs. Arti Holomaini, for the skillful guidance of UNUSA.","start":2593.476,"end":2601.643,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2593.476,"end":2593.62},{"text":"would","start":2593.62,"end":2593.781},{"text":"also","start":2593.781,"end":2594.021},{"text":"like","start":2594.102,"end":2594.342},{"text":"to","start":2594.342,"end":2594.39},{"text":"express","start":2594.423,"end":2594.824},{"text":"our","start":2594.984,"end":2595.08},{"text":"appreciation","start":2595.08,"end":2595.722},{"text":"to","start":2595.722,"end":2595.867},{"text":"the","start":2595.867,"end":2595.963},{"text":"Director","start":2596.027,"end":2596.926},{"text":"of","start":2596.99,"end":2597.038},{"text":"the","start":2597.086,"end":2597.263},{"text":"UNUSA,","start":2597.263,"end":2597.808},{"text":"Mrs.","start":2597.824,"end":2598.097},{"text":"Arti","start":2598.21,"end":2598.498},{"text":"Holomaini,","start":2598.514,"end":2599.22},{"text":"for","start":2599.654,"end":2599.798},{"text":"the","start":2599.798,"end":2599.894},{"text":"skillful","start":2599.894,"end":2600.392},{"text":"guidance","start":2600.392,"end":2600.873},{"text":"of","start":2600.873,"end":2601.162},{"text":"UNUSA.","start":2601.162,"end":2601.643}]},{"text":"On another note, allow us to express for once more our condolences for the sudden loss of Ambassador Andre Mistal, former Chair of the LSE and Chair of the Working Group on the Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities, who has contributed significantly and guided successfully the work of the Working Group since its establishment.","start":2602.141,"end":2621.384,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Governance of Space Resource Activities","description":"A major topic was the development of legal principles and governance arrangements for the exploration and use of space resources. 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aligns itself with the EU statement and would like to add the following in its national 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change presents us opportunities and risks, and we need to develop further the existing governance so that we can sustainably accelerate innovation and discovery with a view to achieve the Sustainable Development 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is our shared responsibility to ensure that existing international space law is fully implemented and that effective governance is in place to propel innovation and mitigate risks.","start":2655.906,"end":2666.92,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2655.906,"end":2656.002},{"text":"is","start":2656.002,"end":2656.05},{"text":"our","start":2656.147,"end":2656.259},{"text":"shared","start":2656.323,"end":2656.628},{"text":"responsibility","start":2656.628,"end":2657.576},{"text":"to","start":2657.608,"end":2657.656},{"text":"ensure","start":2657.688,"end":2658.121},{"text":"that","start":2658.17,"end":2658.603},{"text":"existing","start":2658.667,"end":2659.181},{"text":"international","start":2659.213,"end":2659.791},{"text":"space","start":2659.791,"end":2660.241},{"text":"law","start":2660.241,"end":2660.369},{"text":"is","start":2660.819,"end":2660.947},{"text":"fully","start":2661.044,"end":2661.365},{"text":"implemented","start":2661.365,"end":2662.104},{"text":"and","start":2662.425,"end":2662.489},{"text":"that","start":2662.505,"end":2662.682},{"text":"effective","start":2662.682,"end":2663.147},{"text":"governance","start":2663.147,"end":2663.677},{"text":"is","start":2663.886,"end":2663.998},{"text":"in","start":2664.03,"end":2664.078},{"text":"place","start":2664.175,"end":2664.496},{"text":"to","start":2664.496,"end":2664.592},{"text":"propel","start":2664.592,"end":2664.913},{"text":"innovation","start":2664.913,"end":2665.443},{"text":"and","start":2665.475,"end":2665.716},{"text":"mitigate","start":2665.716,"end":2666.439},{"text":"risks.","start":2666.439,"end":2666.92}]},{"text":"Greece strongly believes that the 5 UN treaties on outer space and the relevant UN General Assembly sets of principles constitute the cornerstone of international space law.","start":2667.723,"end":2677.41,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"Greece","start":2667.723,"end":2668.011},{"text":"strongly","start":2668.284,"end":2668.749},{"text":"believes","start":2668.765,"end":2669.214},{"text":"that","start":2669.407,"end":2669.567},{"text":"the","start":2669.567,"end":2669.647},{"text":"5","start":2669.711,"end":2669.984},{"text":"UN","start":2670.032,"end":2670.16},{"text":"treaties","start":2670.273,"end":2670.577},{"text":"on","start":2670.674,"end":2670.77},{"text":"outer","start":2670.77,"end":2670.946},{"text":"space","start":2670.946,"end":2671.411},{"text":"and","start":2671.411,"end":2671.492},{"text":"the","start":2671.492,"end":2671.572},{"text":"relevant","start":2671.572,"end":2671.973},{"text":"UN","start":2671.973,"end":2672.165},{"text":"General","start":2672.213,"end":2672.534},{"text":"Assembly","start":2672.534,"end":2672.935},{"text":"sets","start":2672.935,"end":2673.272},{"text":"of","start":2673.272,"end":2673.384},{"text":"principles","start":2673.416,"end":2674.026},{"text":"constitute","start":2674.443,"end":2675.004},{"text":"the","start":2675.004,"end":2675.164},{"text":"cornerstone","start":2675.164,"end":2675.87},{"text":"of","start":2676.207,"end":2676.303},{"text":"international","start":2676.303,"end":2676.8},{"text":"space","start":2676.8,"end":2677.249},{"text":"law.","start":2677.249,"end":2677.41}]},{"text":"In this context, Greece considers COPUOS and its subcommittees as the main fora for the development of international space law guidelines, best practices, confidence-building measures, policy issues, and international cooperation.","start":2678.067,"end":2691.106,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."},{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. Particular attention was given to supporting developing countries through regional forums, advisory missions, and stronger international cooperation mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2678.067,"end":2678.115},{"text":"this","start":2678.147,"end":2678.372},{"text":"context,","start":2678.372,"end":2678.885},{"text":"Greece","start":2678.949,"end":2679.334},{"text":"considers","start":2679.334,"end":2679.767},{"text":"COPUOS","start":2679.831,"end":2680.28},{"text":"and","start":2680.473,"end":2680.681},{"text":"its","start":2680.794,"end":2681.002},{"text":"subcommittees","start":2681.002,"end":2681.563},{"text":"as","start":2681.916,"end":2682.045},{"text":"the","start":2682.061,"end":2682.141},{"text":"main","start":2682.141,"end":2682.333},{"text":"fora","start":2682.381,"end":2682.959},{"text":"for","start":2683.199,"end":2683.295},{"text":"the","start":2683.295,"end":2683.44},{"text":"development","start":2683.44,"end":2684.065},{"text":"of","start":2684.065,"end":2684.161},{"text":"international","start":2684.161,"end":2684.835},{"text":"space","start":2684.835,"end":2685.268},{"text":"law","start":2685.284,"end":2685.364},{"text":"guidelines,","start":2685.509,"end":2686.054},{"text":"best","start":2686.15,"end":2686.391},{"text":"practices,","start":2686.391,"end":2686.936},{"text":"confidence-building","start":2687.289,"end":2688.219},{"text":"measures,","start":2688.235,"end":2688.62},{"text":"policy","start":2688.893,"end":2689.262},{"text":"issues,","start":2689.294,"end":2689.662},{"text":"and","start":2689.759,"end":2689.871},{"text":"international","start":2689.871,"end":2690.464},{"text":"cooperation.","start":2690.48,"end":2691.106}]},{"text":"As to international cooperation in particular, we believe that it should by all means prevail over any use of force in space.","start":2691.844,"end":2699.378,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Several delegations stressed that outer space must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, in line with international law and the UN Charter. 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Speakers also warned against conflict and an arms race in space and emphasized multilateral cooperation as the preferred path."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2733.845,"end":2733.909},{"text":"importance","start":2733.909,"end":2734.488},{"text":"of","start":2734.488,"end":2734.568},{"text":"international","start":2734.568,"end":2735.098},{"text":"cooperation","start":2735.13,"end":2735.741},{"text":"was","start":2735.773,"end":2735.901},{"text":"also","start":2735.998,"end":2736.415},{"text":"solemnly","start":2736.48,"end":2736.945},{"text":"confirmed","start":2737.058,"end":2737.588},{"text":"in","start":2737.684,"end":2737.749},{"text":"Action","start":2737.845,"end":2738.102},{"text":"56","start":2738.102,"end":2738.825},{"text":"of","start":2739.307,"end":2739.468},{"text":"Resolution","start":2739.468,"end":2739.998},{"text":"79/1","start":2740.046,"end":2741.524},{"text":"of","start":2741.62,"end":2741.685},{"text":"2024","start":2741.733,"end":2742.857},{"text":"on","start":2742.922,"end":2742.97},{"text":"the","start":2743.002,"end":2743.082},{"text":"Pact","start":2743.147,"end":2743.388},{"text":"for","start":2743.388,"end":2743.484},{"text":"the","start":2743.484,"end":2743.564},{"text":"Future.","start":2743.564,"end":2743.966}]},{"text":"Mr. Chairman, the Corpus Legal Subcommittee has proven its ability to deliver on its mandate and should continue to be the primary forum for the discussions on an international legal framework for the development of space resource activities.","start":2744.753,"end":2758.224,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Governance of Space Resource Activities","description":"A major topic was the development of legal principles and governance arrangements for the exploration and use of space resources. Speakers highlighted the work of the dedicated working group, the need for sustainability and legal clarity, and the importance of equitable benefits for developing countries."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":2744.753,"end":2744.93},{"text":"Chairman,","start":2745.01,"end":2745.46},{"text":"the","start":2745.653,"end":2745.813},{"text":"Corpus","start":2745.813,"end":2746.215},{"text":"Legal","start":2746.215,"end":2746.44},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":2746.44,"end":2747.243},{"text":"has","start":2747.42,"end":2747.548},{"text":"proven","start":2747.661,"end":2748.095},{"text":"its","start":2748.127,"end":2748.303},{"text":"ability","start":2748.303,"end":2748.834},{"text":"to","start":2748.866,"end":2748.994},{"text":"deliver","start":2749.026,"end":2749.412},{"text":"on","start":2749.492,"end":2749.573},{"text":"its","start":2749.573,"end":2749.733},{"text":"mandate","start":2749.733,"end":2750.328},{"text":"and","start":2750.536,"end":2750.617},{"text":"should","start":2750.617,"end":2750.857},{"text":"continue","start":2750.857,"end":2751.355},{"text":"to","start":2751.355,"end":2751.515},{"text":"be","start":2751.515,"end":2751.676},{"text":"the","start":2751.676,"end":2751.836},{"text":"primary","start":2751.836,"end":2752.398},{"text":"forum","start":2752.398,"end":2752.799},{"text":"for","start":2752.799,"end":2752.944},{"text":"the","start":2752.944,"end":2753.04},{"text":"discussions","start":2753.04,"end":2753.65},{"text":"on","start":2753.987,"end":2754.035},{"text":"an","start":2754.083,"end":2754.18},{"text":"international","start":2754.18,"end":2754.87},{"text":"legal","start":2754.87,"end":2755.175},{"text":"framework","start":2755.191,"end":2755.753},{"text":"for","start":2755.753,"end":2755.913},{"text":"the","start":2755.913,"end":2756.009},{"text":"development","start":2756.009,"end":2756.619},{"text":"of","start":2756.812,"end":2756.908},{"text":"space","start":2756.908,"end":2757.358},{"text":"resource","start":2757.358,"end":2757.695},{"text":"activities.","start":2757.695,"end":2758.224}]},{"text":"In developing such a legal framework, the Working Group on Space Resources could be guided and use as a tool the long-established solid international legal practice adopted within the framework of specialized agencies of the UN system, part of which is also COPUOS, such as the administration of international seabed by the International Seabed Authority in accordance with the UNCLOS, or the frequency spectrum management regime of the ITU and the legal regime governing Antarctica.","start":2759.043,"end":2789.436,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Governance of Space Resource Activities","description":"A major topic was the development of legal principles and governance arrangements for the exploration and use of space resources. Speakers highlighted the work of the dedicated working group, the need for sustainability and legal clarity, and the importance of equitable benefits for developing 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Chairman, allow me to give you, in addition, a brief insight into my country's endeavors in the space 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Greek space law establishes the legal framework for the authorization of space activities and provides among other things, for the procedure for the licensing of space activities and their registration to the National Space Registry.","start":2797.063,"end":2809.497,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2797.063,"end":2797.143},{"text":"Greek","start":2797.223,"end":2797.528},{"text":"space","start":2797.528,"end":2797.944},{"text":"law","start":2797.944,"end":2798.024},{"text":"establishes","start":2798.041,"end":2798.714},{"text":"the","start":2798.762,"end":2798.89},{"text":"legal","start":2798.89,"end":2799.114},{"text":"framework","start":2799.21,"end":2799.771},{"text":"for","start":2799.771,"end":2799.931},{"text":"the","start":2799.931,"end":2800.011},{"text":"authorization","start":2800.011,"end":2800.636},{"text":"of","start":2800.668,"end":2800.765},{"text":"space","start":2800.765,"end":2801.149},{"text":"activities","start":2801.149,"end":2801.678},{"text":"and","start":2801.854,"end":2801.95},{"text":"provides","start":2801.95,"end":2802.559},{"text":"among","start":2802.832,"end":2803.12},{"text":"other","start":2803.136,"end":2803.312},{"text":"things,","start":2803.312,"end":2803.681},{"text":"for","start":2804.097,"end":2804.21},{"text":"the","start":2804.21,"end":2804.338},{"text":"procedure","start":2804.338,"end":2804.995},{"text":"for","start":2804.995,"end":2805.219},{"text":"the","start":2805.219,"end":2805.379},{"text":"licensing","start":2805.379,"end":2806.004},{"text":"of","start":2806.02,"end":2806.116},{"text":"space","start":2806.116,"end":2806.437},{"text":"activities","start":2806.437,"end":2806.965},{"text":"and","start":2806.997,"end":2807.142},{"text":"their","start":2807.142,"end":2807.27},{"text":"registration","start":2807.27,"end":2808.007},{"text":"to","start":2808.039,"end":2808.183},{"text":"the","start":2808.183,"end":2808.215},{"text":"National","start":2808.215,"end":2808.68},{"text":"Space","start":2808.68,"end":2809.064},{"text":"Registry.","start":2809.064,"end":2809.497}]},{"text":"The Greek Space Law has been revised in 2024 in order to provide for a third-party liability amount requested by the satellite operators as a mandatory condition.","start":2810.362,"end":2821.818,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2810.362,"end":2810.522},{"text":"Greek","start":2810.522,"end":2810.827},{"text":"Space","start":2810.827,"end":2811.147},{"text":"Law","start":2811.243,"end":2811.484},{"text":"has","start":2811.548,"end":2811.692},{"text":"been","start":2811.724,"end":2811.884},{"text":"revised","start":2811.884,"end":2812.557},{"text":"in","start":2812.749,"end":2812.813},{"text":"2024","start":2812.829,"end":2813.903},{"text":"in","start":2814.207,"end":2814.335},{"text":"order","start":2814.351,"end":2814.528},{"text":"to","start":2814.528,"end":2814.688},{"text":"provide","start":2814.688,"end":2815.249},{"text":"for","start":2815.249,"end":2815.473},{"text":"a","start":2815.473,"end":2815.489},{"text":"third-party","start":2815.489,"end":2816.258},{"text":"liability","start":2816.29,"end":2816.851},{"text":"amount","start":2816.915,"end":2817.38},{"text":"requested","start":2817.636,"end":2818.293},{"text":"by","start":2818.293,"end":2818.453},{"text":"the","start":2818.453,"end":2818.549},{"text":"satellite","start":2818.549,"end":2819.174},{"text":"operators","start":2819.174,"end":2819.783},{"text":"as","start":2820.199,"end":2820.264},{"text":"a","start":2820.36,"end":2820.376},{"text":"mandatory","start":2820.376,"end":2821.225},{"text":"condition.","start":2821.321,"end":2821.818}]},{"text":"Through this legislative approach, the growth of the small satellite sector is encouraged.","start":2822.459,"end":2827.089,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellites","label":"Small Satellites, Constellations, and Orbital Access","description":"Several statements addressed the rise of small satellites and large constellations, highlighting their benefits for communications, Earth observation, and access to space services. At the same time, delegations raised questions about equitable access to orbital positions, especially for developing countries and in the geostationary orbit."}],"words":[{"text":"Through","start":2822.459,"end":2822.683},{"text":"this","start":2822.683,"end":2822.859},{"text":"legislative","start":2822.859,"end":2823.436},{"text":"approach,","start":2823.436,"end":2823.949},{"text":"the","start":2824.205,"end":2824.381},{"text":"growth","start":2824.381,"end":2824.782},{"text":"of","start":2824.782,"end":2824.926},{"text":"the","start":2824.926,"end":2824.958},{"text":"small","start":2824.958,"end":2825.278},{"text":"satellite","start":2825.278,"end":2825.791},{"text":"sector","start":2825.823,"end":2826.368},{"text":"is","start":2826.448,"end":2826.512},{"text":"encouraged.","start":2826.56,"end":2827.089}]},{"text":"Greece has recently enacted a specific national regulatory framework describing the procedures to be followed by companies and other organizations for the management and processing of satellite filings that are submitted through Greece to the ITU.","start":2828.066,"end":2841.882,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. 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The Philippines would like to take this opportunity to express our support to your chairmanship and commend the excellent work in the planning and preparations for the 64th session of the Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations COPUSS.","start":2955.395,"end":2972.462,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2955.395,"end":2955.88},{"text":"you,","start":2955.88,"end":2955.977},{"text":"Mr.","start":2956.429,"end":2956.623},{"text":"Chair.","start":2956.671,"end":2956.849},{"text":"The","start":2958.303,"end":2958.545},{"text":"Philippines","start":2958.545,"end":2959.046},{"text":"would","start":2959.111,"end":2959.208},{"text":"like","start":2959.256,"end":2959.45},{"text":"to","start":2959.45,"end":2959.579},{"text":"take","start":2959.579,"end":2959.741},{"text":"this","start":2959.741,"end":2959.902},{"text":"opportunity","start":2959.902,"end":2960.532},{"text":"to","start":2960.71,"end":2960.791},{"text":"express","start":2960.791,"end":2961.292},{"text":"our","start":2961.292,"end":2961.421},{"text":"support","start":2961.453,"end":2962.18},{"text":"to","start":2962.584,"end":2962.729},{"text":"your","start":2962.729,"end":2962.826},{"text":"chairmanship","start":2962.826,"end":2963.489},{"text":"and","start":2964.017,"end":2964.114},{"text":"commend","start":2964.114,"end":2964.437},{"text":"the","start":2964.437,"end":2964.501},{"text":"excellent","start":2964.501,"end":2964.985},{"text":"work","start":2964.985,"end":2965.081},{"text":"in","start":2965.243,"end":2965.291},{"text":"the","start":2965.323,"end":2965.404},{"text":"planning","start":2965.404,"end":2965.775},{"text":"and","start":2965.871,"end":2965.968},{"text":"preparations","start":2965.968,"end":2966.661},{"text":"for","start":2966.774,"end":2966.887},{"text":"the","start":2966.935,"end":2967.016},{"text":"64th","start":2967.016,"end":2967.629},{"text":"session","start":2967.919,"end":2968.435},{"text":"of","start":2969.112,"end":2969.208},{"text":"the","start":2969.208,"end":2969.289},{"text":"Legal","start":2969.289,"end":2969.595},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":2969.595,"end":2970.256},{"text":"of","start":2970.804,"end":2970.95},{"text":"the","start":2970.95,"end":2971.014},{"text":"United","start":2971.014,"end":2971.304},{"text":"Nations","start":2971.304,"end":2971.74},{"text":"COPUSS.","start":2972.35,"end":2972.462}]},{"text":"We recognize the subcommittee's role in fostering frameworks that ensure the responsible and sustainable use of outer space, and we appreciate the discussions in this session.","start":2973.511,"end":2984.022,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. Particular attention was given to supporting developing countries through regional forums, advisory missions, and stronger international cooperation mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2973.511,"end":2973.704},{"text":"recognize","start":2973.736,"end":2974.204},{"text":"the","start":2974.22,"end":2974.301},{"text":"subcommittee's","start":2974.301,"end":2974.946},{"text":"role","start":2974.946,"end":2975.284},{"text":"in","start":2975.849,"end":2975.897},{"text":"fostering","start":2976.075,"end":2976.462},{"text":"frameworks","start":2976.558,"end":2977.107},{"text":"that","start":2977.203,"end":2977.316},{"text":"ensure","start":2977.365,"end":2977.736},{"text":"the","start":2977.849,"end":2977.945},{"text":"responsible","start":2977.945,"end":2978.671},{"text":"and","start":2978.671,"end":2978.816},{"text":"sustainable","start":2978.816,"end":2979.477},{"text":"use","start":2979.477,"end":2979.751},{"text":"of","start":2979.864,"end":2980.026},{"text":"outer","start":2980.026,"end":2980.219},{"text":"space,","start":2980.219,"end":2980.719},{"text":"and","start":2981.757,"end":2981.855},{"text":"we","start":2981.855,"end":2981.936},{"text":"appreciate","start":2981.936,"end":2982.653},{"text":"the","start":2982.653,"end":2982.735},{"text":"discussions","start":2982.735,"end":2983.321},{"text":"in","start":2983.403,"end":2983.452},{"text":"this","start":2983.484,"end":2983.647},{"text":"session.","start":2983.647,"end":2984.022}]},{"text":"We also express our deep appreciation to the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs under the leadership of Director R.T.","start":2985.592,"end":2993.013,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2985.592,"end":2985.657},{"text":"also","start":2985.738,"end":2985.851},{"text":"express","start":2985.851,"end":2986.254},{"text":"our","start":2986.254,"end":2986.335},{"text":"deep","start":2986.335,"end":2986.577},{"text":"appreciation","start":2986.577,"end":2987.351},{"text":"to","start":2987.351,"end":2987.448},{"text":"the","start":2987.448,"end":2987.674},{"text":"United","start":2987.674,"end":2987.964},{"text":"Nations","start":2988.012,"end":2988.416},{"text":"Office","start":2988.561,"end":2988.851},{"text":"for","start":2989.045,"end":2989.287},{"text":"Outer","start":2989.287,"end":2989.561},{"text":"Space","start":2989.561,"end":2989.9},{"text":"Affairs","start":2990.013,"end":2990.239},{"text":"under","start":2991.007,"end":2991.183},{"text":"the","start":2991.183,"end":2991.328},{"text":"leadership","start":2991.328,"end":2991.97},{"text":"of","start":2991.97,"end":2992.114},{"text":"Director","start":2992.146,"end":2992.596},{"text":"R.T.","start":2992.692,"end":2993.013}]},{"text":"Holamaini, for their continued efforts in holding these activities.","start":2993.093,"end":2996.288,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Holamaini,","start":2993.093,"end":2993.639},{"text":"for","start":2993.992,"end":2994.121},{"text":"their","start":2994.153,"end":2994.313},{"text":"continued","start":2994.313,"end":2994.715},{"text":"efforts","start":2994.715,"end":2995.116},{"text":"in","start":2995.116,"end":2995.244},{"text":"holding","start":2995.26,"end":2995.533},{"text":"these","start":2995.597,"end":2995.726},{"text":"activities.","start":2995.822,"end":2996.288}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, the Philippines remains steadfast in our commitment to uphold treaties and principles promulgated by the United Nations.","start":2997.363,"end":3005.357,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":2997.363,"end":2997.588},{"text":"Chair,","start":2997.668,"end":2997.941},{"text":"the","start":2998.39,"end":2998.599},{"text":"Philippines","start":2998.631,"end":2999.177},{"text":"remains","start":2999.289,"end":2999.626},{"text":"steadfast","start":2999.626,"end":3000.268},{"text":"in","start":3000.83,"end":3000.911},{"text":"our","start":3000.911,"end":3001.055},{"text":"commitment","start":3001.055,"end":3001.537},{"text":"to","start":3001.617,"end":3001.681},{"text":"uphold","start":3001.681,"end":3002.098},{"text":"treaties","start":3002.243,"end":3002.708},{"text":"and","start":3002.74,"end":3002.901},{"text":"principles","start":3002.901,"end":3003.431},{"text":"promulgated","start":3003.543,"end":3004.233},{"text":"by","start":3004.265,"end":3004.426},{"text":"the","start":3004.426,"end":3004.506},{"text":"United","start":3004.57,"end":3004.907},{"text":"Nations.","start":3004.907,"end":3005.357}]},{"text":"We emphasize that outer space activities must be conducted exclusively for peaceful purposes and in accordance with international law.","start":3006.336,"end":3014.089,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Several delegations stressed that outer space must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, in line with international law and the UN Charter. Speakers also warned against conflict and an arms race in space and emphasized multilateral cooperation as the preferred path."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3006.336,"end":3006.448},{"text":"emphasize","start":3006.497,"end":3007.042},{"text":"that","start":3007.139,"end":3007.411},{"text":"outer","start":3007.556,"end":3007.732},{"text":"space","start":3007.732,"end":3008.037},{"text":"activities","start":3008.037,"end":3008.567},{"text":"must","start":3008.663,"end":3008.84},{"text":"be","start":3008.84,"end":3008.92},{"text":"conducted","start":3008.92,"end":3009.434},{"text":"exclusively","start":3009.964,"end":3010.654},{"text":"for","start":3010.686,"end":3011.007},{"text":"peaceful","start":3011.007,"end":3011.489},{"text":"purposes","start":3011.489,"end":3011.986},{"text":"and","start":3012.275,"end":3012.371},{"text":"in","start":3012.371,"end":3012.452},{"text":"accordance","start":3012.452,"end":3012.981},{"text":"with","start":3013.094,"end":3013.27},{"text":"international","start":3013.27,"end":3013.977},{"text":"law.","start":3013.977,"end":3014.089}]},{"text":"In May 2024, the Philippines reinforced this commitment by acceding to the Registration Convention.","start":3015.502,"end":3021.733,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3015.502,"end":3015.63},{"text":"May","start":3015.662,"end":3015.855},{"text":"2024,","start":3016.063,"end":3016.898},{"text":"the","start":3017.091,"end":3017.171},{"text":"Philippines","start":3017.171,"end":3017.636},{"text":"reinforced","start":3017.733,"end":3018.712},{"text":"this","start":3018.728,"end":3018.873},{"text":"commitment","start":3018.873,"end":3019.435},{"text":"by","start":3019.435,"end":3019.548},{"text":"acceding","start":3019.676,"end":3020.206},{"text":"to","start":3020.319,"end":3020.399},{"text":"the","start":3020.399,"end":3020.544},{"text":"Registration","start":3020.544,"end":3021.267},{"text":"Convention.","start":3021.267,"end":3021.733}]},{"text":"Following this accession, we conducted a forum on the Philippine accession and implementation of the Registration Convention, engaging stakeholders from relevant industries to ensure its effective implementation.","start":3022.793,"end":3036.352,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"Following","start":3022.793,"end":3023.179},{"text":"this","start":3023.275,"end":3023.388},{"text":"accession,","start":3023.452,"end":3023.998},{"text":"we","start":3024.095,"end":3024.191},{"text":"conducted","start":3024.255,"end":3024.802},{"text":"a","start":3024.802,"end":3024.898},{"text":"forum","start":3024.962,"end":3025.477},{"text":"on","start":3025.605,"end":3025.669},{"text":"the","start":3025.701,"end":3025.782},{"text":"Philippine","start":3025.782,"end":3026.232},{"text":"accession","start":3026.344,"end":3026.955},{"text":"and","start":3027.164,"end":3027.373},{"text":"implementation","start":3027.373,"end":3028.08},{"text":"of","start":3028.274,"end":3028.436},{"text":"the","start":3028.436,"end":3028.517},{"text":"Registration","start":3028.581,"end":3029.294},{"text":"Convention,","start":3029.326,"end":3029.925},{"text":"engaging","start":3030.848,"end":3031.398},{"text":"stakeholders","start":3031.431,"end":3032.208},{"text":"from","start":3032.305,"end":3032.45},{"text":"relevant","start":3032.548,"end":3032.952},{"text":"industries","start":3032.952,"end":3033.503},{"text":"to","start":3034.409,"end":3034.506},{"text":"ensure","start":3034.506,"end":3034.927},{"text":"its","start":3034.927,"end":3035.138},{"text":"effective","start":3035.138,"end":3035.656},{"text":"implementation.","start":3035.656,"end":3036.352}]},{"text":"We are complying with national procedures to accede to the Liability Convention, the Outer Space Treaty, and Rescue Agreement.","start":3037.98,"end":3045.135,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3037.98,"end":3038.012},{"text":"are","start":3038.012,"end":3038.174},{"text":"complying","start":3038.174,"end":3038.628},{"text":"with","start":3038.807,"end":3038.953},{"text":"national","start":3038.969,"end":3039.472},{"text":"procedures","start":3039.472,"end":3040.089},{"text":"to","start":3040.202,"end":3040.283},{"text":"accede","start":3040.283,"end":3040.77},{"text":"to","start":3040.77,"end":3040.867},{"text":"the","start":3040.867,"end":3040.997},{"text":"Liability","start":3041.013,"end":3041.581},{"text":"Convention,","start":3041.581,"end":3042.198},{"text":"the","start":3042.717,"end":3042.863},{"text":"Outer","start":3042.863,"end":3043.058},{"text":"Space","start":3043.058,"end":3043.317},{"text":"Treaty,","start":3043.447,"end":3043.82},{"text":"and","start":3044.015,"end":3044.242},{"text":"Rescue","start":3044.242,"end":3044.615},{"text":"Agreement.","start":3044.826,"end":3045.135}]},{"text":"In this regard, we would like to highlight the capacity-building activities by the Philippines.","start":3046.428,"end":3051.066,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. Particular attention was given to supporting developing countries through regional forums, advisory missions, and stronger international cooperation mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3046.428,"end":3046.509},{"text":"this","start":3046.509,"end":3046.621},{"text":"regard,","start":3046.669,"end":3047.247},{"text":"we","start":3047.407,"end":3047.632},{"text":"would","start":3047.648,"end":3047.809},{"text":"like","start":3047.809,"end":3048.049},{"text":"to","start":3048.113,"end":3048.21},{"text":"highlight","start":3048.21,"end":3048.675},{"text":"the","start":3048.675,"end":3048.771},{"text":"capacity-building","start":3048.771,"end":3049.558},{"text":"activities","start":3049.654,"end":3050.184},{"text":"by","start":3050.296,"end":3050.408},{"text":"the","start":3050.456,"end":3050.537},{"text":"Philippines.","start":3050.537,"end":3051.066}]},{"text":"We place great importance on building national capacity in space science and technology.","start":3052.206,"end":3058.047,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. Particular attention was given to supporting developing countries through regional forums, advisory missions, and stronger international cooperation mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3052.206,"end":3052.382},{"text":"place","start":3052.382,"end":3052.655},{"text":"great","start":3052.783,"end":3053.024},{"text":"importance","start":3053.024,"end":3053.618},{"text":"on","start":3053.73,"end":3053.971},{"text":"building","start":3053.971,"end":3054.276},{"text":"national","start":3054.308,"end":3054.773},{"text":"capacity","start":3054.773,"end":3055.319},{"text":"in","start":3055.351,"end":3055.447},{"text":"space","start":3055.496,"end":3055.865},{"text":"science","start":3056.539,"end":3057.148},{"text":"and","start":3057.261,"end":3057.389},{"text":"technology.","start":3057.502,"end":3058.047}]},{"text":"Thus, we are committed to developing a highly capable cadre of professionals, researchers, and policymakers who can contribute to advancing our national space initiatives.","start":3058.946,"end":3069.12,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. Particular attention was given to supporting developing countries through regional forums, advisory missions, and stronger international cooperation mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"Thus,","start":3058.946,"end":3059.106},{"text":"we","start":3059.267,"end":3059.347},{"text":"are","start":3059.363,"end":3059.443},{"text":"committed","start":3059.443,"end":3059.845},{"text":"to","start":3059.845,"end":3059.989},{"text":"developing","start":3059.989,"end":3060.519},{"text":"a","start":3060.567,"end":3060.647},{"text":"highly","start":3060.647,"end":3061.016},{"text":"capable","start":3061.128,"end":3061.61},{"text":"cadre","start":3061.61,"end":3061.947},{"text":"of","start":3062.492,"end":3062.621},{"text":"professionals,","start":3062.717,"end":3063.263},{"text":"researchers,","start":3063.616,"end":3064.386},{"text":"and","start":3064.498,"end":3064.611},{"text":"policymakers","start":3064.659,"end":3065.51},{"text":"who","start":3066.248,"end":3066.344},{"text":"can","start":3066.344,"end":3066.472},{"text":"contribute","start":3066.569,"end":3067.066},{"text":"to","start":3067.066,"end":3067.162},{"text":"advancing","start":3067.162,"end":3067.676},{"text":"our","start":3067.708,"end":3067.804},{"text":"national","start":3067.804,"end":3068.19},{"text":"space","start":3068.19,"end":3068.591},{"text":"initiatives.","start":3068.591,"end":3069.12}]},{"text":"On November 4th to 6th, 2024, a Space Law Technical Advisory Mission, or TAM to the Philippines was conducted.","start":3070.276,"end":3077.867,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. Particular attention was given to supporting developing countries through regional forums, advisory missions, and stronger international cooperation mechanisms."},{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3070.276,"end":3070.324},{"text":"November","start":3070.34,"end":3070.789},{"text":"4th","start":3070.902,"end":3071.207},{"text":"to","start":3071.319,"end":3071.415},{"text":"6th,","start":3071.415,"end":3072.009},{"text":"2024,","start":3072.025,"end":3072.876},{"text":"a","start":3073.068,"end":3073.084},{"text":"Space","start":3073.1,"end":3073.534},{"text":"Law","start":3073.646,"end":3073.758},{"text":"Technical","start":3073.951,"end":3074.32},{"text":"Advisory","start":3074.352,"end":3074.978},{"text":"Mission,","start":3075.01,"end":3075.395},{"text":"or","start":3075.427,"end":3075.507},{"text":"TAM","start":3075.572,"end":3075.764},{"text":"to","start":3076.374,"end":3076.471},{"text":"the","start":3076.471,"end":3076.599},{"text":"Philippines","start":3076.599,"end":3077.145},{"text":"was","start":3077.161,"end":3077.273},{"text":"conducted.","start":3077.322,"end":3077.867}]},{"text":"We extend our gratitude to UNUSA, the Government of Japan, and all the experts who participated in person and online.","start":3078.863,"end":3085.863,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3078.863,"end":3078.943},{"text":"extend","start":3078.943,"end":3079.216},{"text":"our","start":3079.216,"end":3079.345},{"text":"gratitude","start":3079.345,"end":3079.987},{"text":"to","start":3079.987,"end":3080.163},{"text":"UNUSA,","start":3080.211,"end":3080.789},{"text":"the","start":3081.191,"end":3081.271},{"text":"Government","start":3081.335,"end":3081.689},{"text":"of","start":3081.689,"end":3081.801},{"text":"Japan,","start":3081.833,"end":3082.122},{"text":"and","start":3082.861,"end":3082.957},{"text":"all","start":3082.957,"end":3083.101},{"text":"the","start":3083.101,"end":3083.182},{"text":"experts","start":3083.198,"end":3083.744},{"text":"who","start":3083.744,"end":3083.808},{"text":"participated","start":3083.84,"end":3084.562},{"text":"in","start":3084.562,"end":3084.691},{"text":"person","start":3084.803,"end":3085.172},{"text":"and","start":3085.269,"end":3085.333},{"text":"online.","start":3085.365,"end":3085.863}]},{"text":"These country-specific missions are crucial in advancing our understanding and implementation of international space law at the national level.","start":3086.89,"end":3095.207,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. 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again, we invite everyone to the launching of our book, Sitala at Ang Kanyang Lakbay Kalawakan, translated in English Tala and her journey through space at a side event on May 14th, 2025, from 1:00 PM to 1:45 PM at the UN M5 conference 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encourage you to join us, engage with fellow attendees, and obtain your own copy of the 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Mr.","start":3206.352,"end":3207.367,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3206.352,"end":3206.578},{"text":"you,","start":3206.578,"end":3206.771},{"text":"Mr.","start":3206.916,"end":3207.367}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair.","start":3208.671,"end":3208.752,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair.","start":3208.671,"end":3208.752}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"PHL","affiliation_full":"Philippines","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":8,"start":3213.38,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1t/k1tnz3bxpk?lang=en&t=3214","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchas gracias.","start":3213.38,"end":3214.724,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchas","start":3213.38,"end":3213.871},{"text":"gracias.","start":3214.052,"end":3214.724}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the 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fact, it's already half of the session, so we thank you for effective proceedings and the I would like to express our sincere appreciation to Madame Holmeier, the Director of the UNOSA, and the entire Secretariat for their exceptional work.","start":3237.37,"end":3253.992,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3237.37,"end":3237.402},{"text":"fact,","start":3237.402,"end":3237.646},{"text":"it's","start":3237.711,"end":3238.344},{"text":"already","start":3238.783,"end":3239.481},{"text":"half","start":3239.741,"end":3240.001},{"text":"of","start":3240.001,"end":3240.082},{"text":"the","start":3240.082,"end":3240.163},{"text":"session,","start":3240.163,"end":3240.456},{"text":"so","start":3240.488,"end":3240.586},{"text":"we","start":3240.635,"end":3240.7},{"text":"thank","start":3240.716,"end":3240.976},{"text":"you","start":3240.976,"end":3241.024},{"text":"for","start":3241.057,"end":3241.236},{"text":"effective","start":3242.503,"end":3243.169},{"text":"proceedings","start":3243.169,"end":3243.705},{"text":"and","start":3243.737,"end":3243.851},{"text":"the","start":3243.851,"end":3244.062},{"text":"I","start":3245.569,"end":3245.634},{"text":"would","start":3245.634,"end":3245.81},{"text":"like","start":3245.81,"end":3245.987},{"text":"to","start":3245.987,"end":3246.067},{"text":"express","start":3246.067,"end":3246.58},{"text":"our","start":3247.013,"end":3247.11},{"text":"sincere","start":3247.11,"end":3247.431},{"text":"appreciation","start":3247.431,"end":3248.04},{"text":"to","start":3248.072,"end":3248.152},{"text":"Madame","start":3248.152,"end":3248.538},{"text":"Holmeier,","start":3248.939,"end":3249.259},{"text":"the","start":3249.436,"end":3249.5},{"text":"Director","start":3249.5,"end":3249.869},{"text":"of","start":3249.917,"end":3250.014},{"text":"the","start":3250.062,"end":3250.158},{"text":"UNOSA,","start":3250.158,"end":3250.575},{"text":"and","start":3250.623,"end":3250.719},{"text":"the","start":3250.719,"end":3250.768},{"text":"entire","start":3250.784,"end":3251.056},{"text":"Secretariat","start":3251.056,"end":3252.789},{"text":"for","start":3252.789,"end":3252.917},{"text":"their","start":3252.949,"end":3253.078},{"text":"exceptional","start":3253.19,"end":3253.752},{"text":"work.","start":3253.752,"end":3253.992}]},{"text":"Poland aligns itself with the statement delivered by the EU, including strong condemnation of Russian war of aggression and manifestation of full solidarity with Ukraine, and wishes to add the following remarks on its national capacity.","start":3254.57,"end":3266.282,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Poland","start":3254.57,"end":3254.891},{"text":"aligns","start":3254.891,"end":3255.18},{"text":"itself","start":3255.372,"end":3255.837},{"text":"with","start":3255.837,"end":3255.934},{"text":"the","start":3255.934,"end":3256.014},{"text":"statement","start":3256.014,"end":3256.415},{"text":"delivered","start":3256.415,"end":3256.784},{"text":"by","start":3256.8,"end":3256.96},{"text":"the","start":3256.976,"end":3257.137},{"text":"EU,","start":3257.137,"end":3257.329},{"text":"including","start":3257.602,"end":3257.955},{"text":"strong","start":3257.955,"end":3258.228},{"text":"condemnation","start":3258.26,"end":3258.902},{"text":"of","start":3258.902,"end":3259.03},{"text":"Russian","start":3259.046,"end":3259.351},{"text":"war","start":3259.367,"end":3259.495},{"text":"of","start":3259.543,"end":3259.704},{"text":"aggression","start":3259.704,"end":3260.089},{"text":"and","start":3260.602,"end":3260.666},{"text":"manifestation","start":3260.666,"end":3261.324},{"text":"of","start":3261.324,"end":3261.388},{"text":"full","start":3261.388,"end":3261.613},{"text":"solidarity","start":3261.613,"end":3262.158},{"text":"with","start":3262.174,"end":3262.271},{"text":"Ukraine,","start":3262.271,"end":3262.72},{"text":"and","start":3263.233,"end":3263.298},{"text":"wishes","start":3263.378,"end":3263.634},{"text":"to","start":3263.699,"end":3263.843},{"text":"add","start":3263.859,"end":3263.939},{"text":"the","start":3264.196,"end":3264.276},{"text":"following","start":3264.276,"end":3264.565},{"text":"remarks","start":3264.597,"end":3265.11},{"text":"on","start":3265.335,"end":3265.399},{"text":"its","start":3265.399,"end":3265.544},{"text":"national","start":3265.544,"end":3265.881},{"text":"capacity.","start":3265.881,"end":3266.282}]},{"text":"Poland, as a firm supporter of the multilateral terrorism, is deeply attached to the work of the Legal Subcommittee and believes that the Outer Space Treaties should remain a fundamental framework for the whole international community and for all stakeholders undertaking space activities.","start":3267.324,"end":3283.427,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"Poland,","start":3267.324,"end":3267.645},{"text":"as","start":3267.726,"end":3267.774},{"text":"a","start":3267.774,"end":3267.87},{"text":"firm","start":3267.87,"end":3267.982},{"text":"supporter","start":3267.982,"end":3268.431},{"text":"of","start":3268.464,"end":3268.544},{"text":"the","start":3268.592,"end":3268.8},{"text":"multilateral","start":3268.833,"end":3269.715},{"text":"terrorism,","start":3269.94,"end":3270.501},{"text":"is","start":3270.999,"end":3271.063},{"text":"deeply","start":3271.802,"end":3272.107},{"text":"attached","start":3272.203,"end":3272.46},{"text":"to","start":3272.46,"end":3272.605},{"text":"the","start":3272.605,"end":3272.669},{"text":"work","start":3272.701,"end":3273.006},{"text":"of","start":3273.006,"end":3273.103},{"text":"the","start":3273.103,"end":3273.135},{"text":"Legal","start":3273.183,"end":3273.408},{"text":"Subcommittee","start":3273.408,"end":3274.05},{"text":"and","start":3274.05,"end":3274.162},{"text":"believes","start":3274.211,"end":3274.516},{"text":"that","start":3275.11,"end":3275.238},{"text":"the","start":3275.254,"end":3275.335},{"text":"Outer","start":3275.415,"end":3275.591},{"text":"Space","start":3275.591,"end":3276.025},{"text":"Treaties","start":3276.057,"end":3276.362},{"text":"should","start":3276.539,"end":3276.683},{"text":"remain","start":3276.715,"end":3277.085},{"text":"a","start":3277.101,"end":3277.117},{"text":"fundamental","start":3277.117,"end":3277.711},{"text":"framework","start":3277.743,"end":3278.16},{"text":"for","start":3278.305,"end":3278.45},{"text":"the","start":3278.482,"end":3278.578},{"text":"whole","start":3278.578,"end":3278.755},{"text":"international","start":3278.803,"end":3279.365},{"text":"community","start":3279.365,"end":3279.975},{"text":"and","start":3280.328,"end":3280.392},{"text":"for","start":3280.473,"end":3280.585},{"text":"all","start":3280.713,"end":3280.762},{"text":"stakeholders","start":3280.826,"end":3281.5},{"text":"undertaking","start":3281.613,"end":3282.143},{"text":"space","start":3282.239,"end":3282.897},{"text":"activities.","start":3282.897,"end":3283.427}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, our delegation would like to stress that Poland remains actively involved in Artemis Accords, an international partnership established to facilitate human and robotic space exploration.","start":3284.407,"end":3295.132,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":3284.407,"end":3284.615},{"text":"Chair,","start":3284.663,"end":3285.017},{"text":"our","start":3285.771,"end":3285.948},{"text":"delegation","start":3285.948,"end":3286.414},{"text":"would","start":3286.414,"end":3286.51},{"text":"like","start":3286.51,"end":3286.735},{"text":"to","start":3286.735,"end":3286.783},{"text":"stress","start":3286.815,"end":3287.136},{"text":"that","start":3287.152,"end":3287.377},{"text":"Poland","start":3287.377,"end":3287.698},{"text":"remains","start":3287.698,"end":3288.003},{"text":"actively","start":3288.035,"end":3288.437},{"text":"involved","start":3288.437,"end":3288.918},{"text":"in","start":3288.918,"end":3288.967},{"text":"Artemis","start":3289.079,"end":3289.416},{"text":"Accords,","start":3289.496,"end":3289.882},{"text":"an","start":3290.524,"end":3290.572},{"text":"international","start":3290.685,"end":3291.391},{"text":"partnership","start":3291.391,"end":3291.985},{"text":"established","start":3291.985,"end":3292.531},{"text":"to","start":3292.531,"end":3292.579},{"text":"facilitate","start":3292.611,"end":3293.141},{"text":"human","start":3293.157,"end":3293.398},{"text":"and","start":3293.398,"end":3293.495},{"text":"robotic","start":3293.495,"end":3293.96},{"text":"space","start":3294.281,"end":3294.506},{"text":"exploration.","start":3294.619,"end":3295.132}]},{"text":"Polish Space Agency prepared a prototype of a lunar repository intended to supplement the efforts made by UNOSA and COPUOS member states in order to provide information about conducting space activities under Article 11 of the Outer Space Treaty.","start":3295.986,"end":3318.728,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-activities","label":"Lunar Activities and Moon Governance","description":"Delegations and observers discussed the growing need for coordination of lunar exploration, including consultation mechanisms, safety, transparency, and sustainable operations on the Moon. 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The Action Team on Lunar Activities and related practical tools were presented as important forums for shaping future rules."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3319.28,"end":3319.345},{"text":"repository","start":3319.345,"end":3319.913},{"text":"will","start":3320.173,"end":3320.238},{"text":"be","start":3320.27,"end":3320.416},{"text":"a","start":3320.416,"end":3320.433},{"text":"practical","start":3320.433,"end":3320.968},{"text":"tool","start":3320.985,"end":3322.981},{"text":"for","start":3321.156,"end":3321.317},{"text":"Artemis","start":3321.413,"end":3321.815},{"text":"Accord","start":3321.815,"end":3322.136},{"text":"signatories,","start":3322.136,"end":3322.827},{"text":"which","start":3323.18,"end":3323.309},{"text":"in","start":3323.421,"end":3323.566},{"text":"long-term","start":3323.566,"end":3324},{"text":"perspective","start":3324.048,"end":3324.787},{"text":"will","start":3324.867,"end":3325.012},{"text":"have","start":3325.012,"end":3325.189},{"text":"an","start":3325.189,"end":3325.317},{"text":"open","start":3326.137,"end":3326.362},{"text":"access","start":3326.458,"end":3326.731},{"text":"to","start":3326.78,"end":3326.86},{"text":"it.","start":3326.94,"end":3327.037}]},{"text":"The repository aims to mitigate potential interference between lunar missions that might occur on the lunar surface in the near future.","start":3327.599,"end":3336.581,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-activities","label":"Lunar Activities and Moon Governance","description":"Delegations and observers discussed the growing need for coordination of lunar exploration, including consultation mechanisms, safety, transparency, and sustainable operations on the Moon. 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The Action Team on Lunar Activities and related practical tools were presented as important forums for shaping future rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Its","start":3337.159,"end":3337.304},{"text":"purpose","start":3337.304,"end":3337.609},{"text":"is","start":3337.866,"end":3337.93},{"text":"to","start":3337.979,"end":3338.107},{"text":"increase","start":3338.107,"end":3338.573},{"text":"the","start":3339.007,"end":3339.087},{"text":"safety","start":3339.087,"end":3339.457},{"text":"of","start":3339.489,"end":3339.601},{"text":"lunar","start":3339.601,"end":3339.794},{"text":"operations","start":3339.81,"end":3340.501},{"text":"and","start":3341.176,"end":3341.24},{"text":"international","start":3341.353,"end":3341.899},{"text":"cooperation","start":3341.899,"end":3342.461},{"text":"on","start":3342.461,"end":3342.542},{"text":"the","start":3342.542,"end":3342.638},{"text":"Moon.","start":3342.638,"end":3342.895}]},{"text":"In this context, I would like to stress that Poland highly appreciates the establishment of action team on lunar activities, and we hope that the work of the ATLAS will promote the development of safe, sustainable, and transparent lunar activities for peaceful purposes.","start":3343.666,"end":3358.842,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-activities","label":"Lunar Activities and Moon Governance","description":"Delegations and observers discussed the growing need for coordination of lunar exploration, including consultation mechanisms, safety, transparency, and sustainable operations on the Moon. 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Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":3450.842,"end":3451.02},{"text":"Chair,","start":3451.085,"end":3451.36},{"text":"Poland","start":3452.944,"end":3453.38},{"text":"continues","start":3453.59,"end":3453.994},{"text":"to","start":3454.075,"end":3454.156},{"text":"work","start":3454.156,"end":3454.415},{"text":"on","start":3454.463,"end":3454.512},{"text":"the","start":3454.56,"end":3454.609},{"text":"adoption","start":3454.625,"end":3455.077},{"text":"of","start":3455.126,"end":3455.207},{"text":"the","start":3455.207,"end":3455.304},{"text":"national","start":3455.304,"end":3455.692},{"text":"legislation","start":3455.692,"end":3456.387},{"text":"on","start":3457.146,"end":3457.227},{"text":"the","start":3457.227,"end":3457.292},{"text":"activity","start":3457.308,"end":3457.922},{"text":"in","start":3458.181,"end":3458.246},{"text":"outer","start":3458.343,"end":3458.504},{"text":"space.","start":3458.504,"end":3458.795}]},{"text":"In the ongoing legislative work, achievement of the COPUOS are taken into account, starting from the treaty regulations to non-binding provisions resulting from the activities of the working— of the working groups.","start":3459.62,"end":3471.136,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3459.62,"end":3459.652},{"text":"the","start":3459.652,"end":3459.733},{"text":"ongoing","start":3459.733,"end":3460.105},{"text":"legislative","start":3460.283,"end":3460.752},{"text":"work,","start":3460.784,"end":3461.124},{"text":"achievement","start":3461.771,"end":3462.224},{"text":"of","start":3462.224,"end":3462.256},{"text":"the","start":3462.256,"end":3462.401},{"text":"COPUOS","start":3462.466,"end":3462.854},{"text":"are","start":3463.129,"end":3463.275},{"text":"taken","start":3463.275,"end":3463.55},{"text":"into","start":3463.55,"end":3463.728},{"text":"account,","start":3463.776,"end":3464.164},{"text":"starting","start":3464.261,"end":3464.633},{"text":"from","start":3464.65,"end":3464.86},{"text":"the","start":3464.908,"end":3464.989},{"text":"treaty","start":3464.989,"end":3465.377},{"text":"regulations","start":3465.458,"end":3466.251},{"text":"to","start":3466.526,"end":3466.623},{"text":"non-binding","start":3466.623,"end":3467.14},{"text":"provisions","start":3467.318,"end":3467.787},{"text":"resulting","start":3467.82,"end":3468.273},{"text":"from","start":3468.289,"end":3468.548},{"text":"the","start":3468.92,"end":3468.952},{"text":"activities","start":3468.952,"end":3469.389},{"text":"of","start":3469.502,"end":3469.583},{"text":"the","start":3469.583,"end":3469.68},{"text":"working—","start":3469.68,"end":3470.052},{"text":"of","start":3470.165,"end":3470.343},{"text":"the","start":3470.408,"end":3470.489},{"text":"working","start":3470.489,"end":3470.812},{"text":"groups.","start":3470.812,"end":3471.136}]},{"text":"In the draft act, we put emphasis on the need to implement guidelines long-term sustainability of outer space activities, to eliminate and mitigate the negative impact of the national space activities on Earth natural environment and the outer space, including space debris prevention.","start":3472.09,"end":3488.704,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris, Re-entry, and Sustainability","description":"A recurring concern was how to prevent and mitigate space debris, manage satellite removal responsibly, and ensure safe re-entry of large objects. 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delegations welcome the progress made within the Working Group under the illustrious leadership of Vice Chair Mr. Shivan Flierand, and now the 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we congratulate you, Professor, after sudden passing of the chair of the Working Group, Mr. Andrzej 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behalf of my delegation, I would like to thank the chairs of the STSC and LSC, director of the UNOSA, all delegations of member states and observers, for their condolences expressed during the STSC as well as 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Mr. Chair, on a less formal note, I wish to admit that we are overwhelmed and touched by the number of positive, nice words and kind, kind memories of Andrzej and recognition of his dedication, talent, and skills, so we appreciate that very much and we thank 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are confident that your wise and able leadership will enable us to manage our negotiations and bring them to a fruitful 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would like to express our appreciation to you and the criteria for preparing this LAC meeting.","start":3630.117,"end":3635.376,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3630.117,"end":3630.165},{"text":"would","start":3630.165,"end":3630.341},{"text":"like","start":3630.341,"end":3630.517},{"text":"to","start":3630.533,"end":3630.662},{"text":"express","start":3630.662,"end":3631.159},{"text":"our","start":3631.159,"end":3631.383},{"text":"appreciation","start":3631.383,"end":3632.008},{"text":"to","start":3632.04,"end":3632.249},{"text":"you","start":3632.265,"end":3632.409},{"text":"and","start":3632.425,"end":3632.585},{"text":"the","start":3632.585,"end":3632.858},{"text":"criteria","start":3632.746,"end":3633.403},{"text":"for","start":3633.403,"end":3633.58},{"text":"preparing","start":3633.644,"end":3634.173},{"text":"this","start":3634.205,"end":3634.542},{"text":"LAC","start":3634.59,"end":3635.008},{"text":"meeting.","start":3635.072,"end":3635.376}]},{"text":"My delegation associates itself with the statement of the Group of 77 and China.","start":3636.355,"end":3640.959,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":3636.355,"end":3636.387},{"text":"delegation","start":3636.387,"end":3637.029},{"text":"associates","start":3637.093,"end":3637.735},{"text":"itself","start":3637.735,"end":3638.216},{"text":"with","start":3638.216,"end":3638.441},{"text":"the","start":3638.441,"end":3638.473},{"text":"statement","start":3638.473,"end":3639.018},{"text":"of","start":3639.018,"end":3639.066},{"text":"the","start":3639.162,"end":3639.323},{"text":"Group","start":3639.323,"end":3639.58},{"text":"of","start":3639.58,"end":3639.66},{"text":"77","start":3639.66,"end":3640.382},{"text":"and","start":3640.446,"end":3640.606},{"text":"China.","start":3640.606,"end":3640.959}]},{"text":"Furthermore, we would like to add the following remarks in our national 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Affairs.","start":3646.702,"end":3654.948,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":3646.702,"end":3646.895},{"text":"Chair,","start":3646.959,"end":3647.36},{"text":"my","start":3648.226,"end":3648.274},{"text":"delegation","start":3648.323,"end":3648.884},{"text":"also","start":3648.948,"end":3649.141},{"text":"welcomes","start":3649.189,"end":3649.815},{"text":"and","start":3649.991,"end":3650.151},{"text":"takes","start":3650.151,"end":3650.44},{"text":"note","start":3650.552,"end":3650.873},{"text":"of","start":3650.873,"end":3650.921},{"text":"the","start":3650.986,"end":3651.034},{"text":"opening","start":3651.114,"end":3651.419},{"text":"remark","start":3651.515,"end":3651.836},{"text":"of","start":3651.868,"end":3652.012},{"text":"the","start":3652.012,"end":3652.093},{"text":"Director","start":3652.157,"end":3652.734},{"text":"of","start":3652.814,"end":3652.959},{"text":"the","start":3652.959,"end":3653.039},{"text":"Office","start":3653.119,"end":3653.488},{"text":"of","start":3653.52,"end":3653.584},{"text":"Outer","start":3653.761,"end":3654.002},{"text":"Space","start":3654.002,"end":3654.29},{"text":"Affairs.","start":3654.499,"end":3654.948}]},{"text":"We also thank the Director for her report on the budgetary My government attaches importance to enhancing international cooperation, including on capacity building and transfer of technology.","start":3655.526,"end":3668.881,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. 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Particular attention was given to supporting developing countries through regional forums, advisory missions, and stronger international cooperation mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"Online","start":3680.249,"end":3680.555},{"text":"training","start":3680.651,"end":3681.036},{"text":"could","start":3681.293,"end":3681.518},{"text":"probably","start":3681.55,"end":3682.08},{"text":"be","start":3682.899,"end":3682.979},{"text":"an","start":3683.059,"end":3683.108},{"text":"alternative","start":3683.22,"end":3683.734},{"text":"in","start":3683.862,"end":3683.91},{"text":"some","start":3683.959,"end":3684.28},{"text":"cases.","start":3684.28,"end":3684.649}]},{"text":"For efficiency purposes.","start":3684.986,"end":3686.657,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":3684.986,"end":3685.243},{"text":"efficiency","start":3685.243,"end":3685.934},{"text":"purposes.","start":3686.046,"end":3686.657}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, while noting with appreciation the fruitful meeting of the previous LAC meeting and the decision of this 67th session of the committee, my delegation would like to express some views in this session.","start":3688.118,"end":3701.997,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":3688.118,"end":3688.311},{"text":"Chair,","start":3688.44,"end":3688.777},{"text":"while","start":3688.922,"end":3689.179},{"text":"noting","start":3689.179,"end":3689.628},{"text":"with","start":3689.725,"end":3689.901},{"text":"appreciation","start":3689.901,"end":3690.753},{"text":"the","start":3691.026,"end":3691.17},{"text":"fruitful","start":3691.17,"end":3691.588},{"text":"meeting","start":3691.588,"end":3691.957},{"text":"of","start":3691.99,"end":3692.134},{"text":"the","start":3692.134,"end":3692.311},{"text":"previous","start":3692.311,"end":3692.744},{"text":"LAC","start":3693.178,"end":3693.403},{"text":"meeting","start":3693.532,"end":3693.965},{"text":"and","start":3694.078,"end":3694.142},{"text":"the","start":3694.238,"end":3694.383},{"text":"decision","start":3694.383,"end":3694.849},{"text":"of","start":3694.881,"end":3695.041},{"text":"this","start":3695.041,"end":3695.154},{"text":"67th","start":3695.539,"end":3696.535},{"text":"session","start":3696.583,"end":3697.033},{"text":"of","start":3697.033,"end":3697.13},{"text":"the","start":3697.13,"end":3697.29},{"text":"committee,","start":3697.29,"end":3697.708},{"text":"my","start":3698.399,"end":3698.495},{"text":"delegation","start":3698.495,"end":3699.105},{"text":"would","start":3699.121,"end":3699.186},{"text":"like","start":3699.218,"end":3699.443},{"text":"to","start":3699.443,"end":3699.523},{"text":"express","start":3699.523,"end":3700.133},{"text":"some","start":3700.422,"end":3700.744},{"text":"views","start":3700.744,"end":3701.113},{"text":"in","start":3701.37,"end":3701.434},{"text":"this","start":3701.467,"end":3701.659},{"text":"session.","start":3701.659,"end":3701.997}]},{"text":"First, my delegation would like to restate that outer space shall be used and explored exclusively for peaceful purposes, maintaining peace and security and for all the benefit of all humanity in accordance with international law, including the UN Charter, through cooperation and mutual understanding of mutual state member states and stakeholders.","start":3702.976,"end":3727.289,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Several delegations stressed that outer space must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, in line with international law and the UN Charter. Speakers also warned against conflict and an arms race in space and emphasized multilateral cooperation as the preferred path."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":3702.976,"end":3703.362},{"text":"my","start":3703.715,"end":3703.796},{"text":"delegation","start":3703.86,"end":3704.326},{"text":"would","start":3704.422,"end":3704.502},{"text":"like","start":3704.518,"end":3704.84},{"text":"to","start":3704.84,"end":3705.097},{"text":"restate","start":3705.097,"end":3705.9},{"text":"that","start":3706.044,"end":3706.317},{"text":"outer","start":3706.43,"end":3706.574},{"text":"space","start":3706.607,"end":3707.008},{"text":"shall","start":3707.008,"end":3707.41},{"text":"be","start":3707.41,"end":3707.667},{"text":"used","start":3707.715,"end":3708.02},{"text":"and","start":3708.036,"end":3708.116},{"text":"explored","start":3708.197,"end":3708.743},{"text":"exclusively","start":3708.855,"end":3709.626},{"text":"for","start":3709.98,"end":3710.606},{"text":"peaceful","start":3710.606,"end":3711.12},{"text":"purposes,","start":3711.168,"end":3711.714},{"text":"maintaining","start":3712.148,"end":3712.597},{"text":"peace","start":3712.774,"end":3713.047},{"text":"and","start":3713.111,"end":3713.175},{"text":"security","start":3713.191,"end":3713.882},{"text":"and","start":3714.058,"end":3714.139},{"text":"for","start":3714.219,"end":3714.46},{"text":"all","start":3714.54,"end":3714.588},{"text":"the","start":3715.038,"end":3715.134},{"text":"benefit","start":3715.134,"end":3715.68},{"text":"of","start":3715.68,"end":3715.776},{"text":"all","start":3715.905,"end":3716.001},{"text":"humanity","start":3716.001,"end":3716.772},{"text":"in","start":3717.205,"end":3717.302},{"text":"accordance","start":3717.302,"end":3717.88},{"text":"with","start":3718.008,"end":3718.217},{"text":"international","start":3718.265,"end":3718.972},{"text":"law,","start":3718.972,"end":3719.068},{"text":"including","start":3719.694,"end":3720.128},{"text":"the","start":3720.176,"end":3720.32},{"text":"UN","start":3720.336,"end":3720.69},{"text":"Charter,","start":3720.722,"end":3721.38},{"text":"through","start":3721.605,"end":3721.717},{"text":"cooperation","start":3721.782,"end":3722.552},{"text":"and","start":3722.905,"end":3722.97},{"text":"mutual","start":3722.986,"end":3723.387},{"text":"understanding","start":3723.387,"end":3723.997},{"text":"of","start":3724.11,"end":3724.238},{"text":"mutual","start":3724.335,"end":3724.624},{"text":"state","start":3724.672,"end":3725.169},{"text":"member","start":3725.715,"end":3726.02},{"text":"states","start":3726.02,"end":3726.39},{"text":"and","start":3726.518,"end":3726.582},{"text":"stakeholders.","start":3726.599,"end":3727.289}]},{"text":"Second, regarding the issue of definition and delimitation of outer space, my delegation is of the view that this topic should be maintained on the LSC agenda.","start":3728.525,"end":3740.552,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. 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The Action Team on Lunar Activities and related practical tools were presented as important forums for shaping future rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Fourth,","start":3833.701,"end":3834.005},{"text":"on","start":3835.063,"end":3835.128},{"text":"the","start":3835.16,"end":3835.224},{"text":"issue","start":3835.224,"end":3835.641},{"text":"of","start":3835.641,"end":3835.849},{"text":"the","start":3835.865,"end":3835.929},{"text":"action","start":3835.945,"end":3836.33},{"text":"theme","start":3836.458,"end":3836.747},{"text":"of","start":3836.763,"end":3836.891},{"text":"lunar","start":3836.988,"end":3837.228},{"text":"activities","start":3837.308,"end":3838.014},{"text":"consultation,","start":3838.19,"end":3839.136},{"text":"my","start":3839.313,"end":3839.473},{"text":"delegation","start":3839.473,"end":3840.098},{"text":"would","start":3840.195,"end":3840.355},{"text":"like","start":3840.355,"end":3840.611},{"text":"We","start":3840.66,"end":3840.692},{"text":"would","start":3840.756,"end":3840.82},{"text":"like","start":3840.82,"end":3840.868},{"text":"to","start":3840.868,"end":3840.917},{"text":"extend","start":3840.917,"end":3841.382},{"text":"our","start":3841.479,"end":3841.704},{"text":"appreciation","start":3841.736,"end":3842.491},{"text":"to","start":3842.603,"end":3842.7},{"text":"the","start":3842.7,"end":3842.86},{"text":"chairs","start":3842.86,"end":3843.39},{"text":"and","start":3844.611,"end":3844.692},{"text":"hope","start":3844.708,"end":3845.045},{"text":"that","start":3845.109,"end":3845.334},{"text":"we","start":3845.334,"end":3845.495},{"text":"could","start":3845.495,"end":3845.639},{"text":"finalize","start":3845.671,"end":3846.282},{"text":"the","start":3846.378,"end":3846.443},{"text":"work","start":3846.539,"end":3846.796},{"text":"plan","start":3846.796,"end":3847.069},{"text":"of","start":3847.342,"end":3847.455},{"text":"the","start":3847.455,"end":3847.583},{"text":"ATLEC.","start":3847.599,"end":3847.985}]},{"text":"We would like to suggest that the ATLEC in its program could discuss the cross-cutting issues of the scientific and technical aspects of lunar exploration, its legal aspects, and international cooperation.","start":3848.643,"end":3861.462,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-activities","label":"Lunar Activities and Moon Governance","description":"Delegations and observers discussed the growing need for coordination of lunar exploration, including consultation mechanisms, safety, transparency, and sustainable operations on the Moon. 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Particular attention was given to supporting developing countries through regional forums, advisory missions, and stronger international cooperation mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3848.643,"end":3848.804},{"text":"would","start":3848.804,"end":3848.949},{"text":"like","start":3848.949,"end":3849.141},{"text":"to","start":3849.141,"end":3849.222},{"text":"suggest","start":3849.27,"end":3849.768},{"text":"that","start":3849.768,"end":3849.993},{"text":"the","start":3849.993,"end":3850.057},{"text":"ATLEC","start":3850.089,"end":3850.587},{"text":"in","start":3850.796,"end":3850.892},{"text":"its","start":3850.892,"end":3851.069},{"text":"program","start":3851.133,"end":3851.728},{"text":"could","start":3851.92,"end":3852.049},{"text":"discuss","start":3852.097,"end":3852.483},{"text":"the","start":3852.563,"end":3852.724},{"text":"cross-cutting","start":3852.724,"end":3853.334},{"text":"issues","start":3853.446,"end":3853.832},{"text":"of","start":3854.089,"end":3854.25},{"text":"the","start":3854.25,"end":3854.282},{"text":"scientific","start":3854.282,"end":3855.053},{"text":"and","start":3855.053,"end":3855.213},{"text":"technical","start":3855.213,"end":3855.711},{"text":"aspects","start":3855.711,"end":3856.37},{"text":"of","start":3856.675,"end":3856.852},{"text":"lunar","start":3856.852,"end":3857.205},{"text":"exploration,","start":3857.238,"end":3858.009},{"text":"its","start":3858.442,"end":3858.667},{"text":"legal","start":3858.667,"end":3858.924},{"text":"aspects,","start":3858.924,"end":3859.631},{"text":"and","start":3859.743,"end":3859.872},{"text":"international","start":3859.872,"end":3860.739},{"text":"cooperation.","start":3860.756,"end":3861.462}]},{"text":"Fifth, on the issue of space traffic management, we welcome any proposal to move forward the discussion, including the proposal of Germany, with a note that any form of negotiation forum in LSE is established to implement the mandate of the 2024 Pact of the Future, namely to create a legal framework on STM.","start":3862.844,"end":3884.975,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."}],"words":[{"text":"Fifth,","start":3862.844,"end":3863.229},{"text":"on","start":3863.808,"end":3863.904},{"text":"the","start":3863.904,"end":3864.161},{"text":"issue","start":3864.322,"end":3864.595},{"text":"of","start":3864.852,"end":3864.884},{"text":"space","start":3864.884,"end":3865.43},{"text":"traffic","start":3865.43,"end":3865.767},{"text":"management,","start":3865.832,"end":3866.378},{"text":"we","start":3866.394,"end":3866.587},{"text":"welcome","start":3866.619,"end":3867.069},{"text":"any","start":3867.181,"end":3867.326},{"text":"proposal","start":3867.358,"end":3867.968},{"text":"to","start":3867.984,"end":3868.081},{"text":"move","start":3868.081,"end":3868.306},{"text":"forward","start":3868.29,"end":3868.594},{"text":"the","start":3868.803,"end":3868.883},{"text":"discussion,","start":3868.883,"end":3869.573},{"text":"including","start":3870.022,"end":3870.487},{"text":"the","start":3870.487,"end":3870.568},{"text":"proposal","start":3870.568,"end":3871.049},{"text":"of","start":3871.049,"end":3871.161},{"text":"Germany,","start":3871.209,"end":3871.659},{"text":"with","start":3871.851,"end":3872.012},{"text":"a","start":3872.012,"end":3872.076},{"text":"note","start":3872.076,"end":3872.573},{"text":"that","start":3872.573,"end":3872.814},{"text":"any","start":3872.878,"end":3873.103},{"text":"form","start":3873.119,"end":3873.456},{"text":"of","start":3873.52,"end":3873.68},{"text":"negotiation","start":3873.68,"end":3874.29},{"text":"forum","start":3874.338,"end":3874.915},{"text":"in","start":3875.445,"end":3875.589},{"text":"LSE","start":3875.686,"end":3876.183},{"text":"is","start":3876.263,"end":3876.311},{"text":"established","start":3876.408,"end":3877.065},{"text":"to","start":3877.065,"end":3877.194},{"text":"implement","start":3877.21,"end":3877.787},{"text":"the","start":3877.787,"end":3877.867},{"text":"mandate","start":3877.867,"end":3878.573},{"text":"of","start":3878.846,"end":3878.958},{"text":"the","start":3878.991,"end":3879.135},{"text":"2024","start":3879.135,"end":3880.242},{"text":"Pact","start":3880.258,"end":3880.611},{"text":"of","start":3880.659,"end":3880.755},{"text":"the","start":3880.755,"end":3880.836},{"text":"Future,","start":3880.836,"end":3881.301},{"text":"namely","start":3881.798,"end":3882.119},{"text":"to","start":3882.199,"end":3882.36},{"text":"create","start":3882.36,"end":3882.761},{"text":"a","start":3882.761,"end":3882.777},{"text":"legal","start":3882.857,"end":3883.242},{"text":"framework","start":3883.242,"end":3883.804},{"text":"on","start":3884.108,"end":3884.157},{"text":"STM.","start":3884.365,"end":3884.975}]},{"text":"Sixth, on Unispace, my delegation would like to reiterate the need to have some topics on how to support outer space activities in the developing countries, particularly on space economy, and to have equal representative of speakers, especially from new and non-spacefaring countries.","start":3885.793,"end":3905.506,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. Particular attention was given to supporting developing countries through regional forums, advisory missions, and stronger international cooperation mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"Sixth,","start":3885.793,"end":3886.419},{"text":"on","start":3887.157,"end":3887.205},{"text":"Unispace,","start":3887.253,"end":3887.943},{"text":"my","start":3888.857,"end":3889.018},{"text":"delegation","start":3889.018,"end":3889.627},{"text":"would","start":3889.643,"end":3889.724},{"text":"like","start":3889.724,"end":3889.9},{"text":"to","start":3889.9,"end":3889.996},{"text":"reiterate","start":3889.996,"end":3890.622},{"text":"the","start":3890.702,"end":3890.799},{"text":"need","start":3890.799,"end":3891.232},{"text":"to","start":3891.328,"end":3891.472},{"text":"have","start":3891.488,"end":3891.633},{"text":"some","start":3891.665,"end":3891.938},{"text":"topics","start":3891.97,"end":3892.387},{"text":"on","start":3892.451,"end":3892.499},{"text":"how","start":3892.611,"end":3892.804},{"text":"to","start":3893.093,"end":3893.157},{"text":"support","start":3893.189,"end":3893.734},{"text":"outer","start":3893.734,"end":3894.103},{"text":"space","start":3894.12,"end":3894.344},{"text":"activities","start":3894.376,"end":3894.921},{"text":"in","start":3895.034,"end":3895.098},{"text":"the","start":3895.098,"end":3895.194},{"text":"developing","start":3895.194,"end":3895.771},{"text":"countries,","start":3895.835,"end":3896.285},{"text":"particularly","start":3896.878,"end":3897.567},{"text":"on","start":3897.68,"end":3897.776},{"text":"space","start":3897.776,"end":3898.225},{"text":"economy,","start":3898.225,"end":3898.69},{"text":"and","start":3899.203,"end":3899.267},{"text":"to","start":3899.283,"end":3899.412},{"text":"have","start":3899.444,"end":3899.668},{"text":"equal","start":3899.668,"end":3900.069},{"text":"representative","start":3900.069,"end":3900.855},{"text":"of","start":3901.031,"end":3901.256},{"text":"speakers,","start":3901.609,"end":3902.138},{"text":"especially","start":3902.395,"end":3902.956},{"text":"from","start":3902.956,"end":3903.148},{"text":"new","start":3903.277,"end":3903.405},{"text":"and","start":3903.838,"end":3903.918},{"text":"non-spacefaring","start":3903.998,"end":3904.945},{"text":"countries.","start":3905.041,"end":3905.506}]},{"text":"Seventh, on the issue of GSO, my delegation believes that COPUSS has the authority to discuss various aspects of GSO.","start":3906.356,"end":3913.781,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellites","label":"Small Satellites, Constellations, and Orbital Access","description":"Several statements addressed the rise of small satellites and large constellations, highlighting their benefits for communications, Earth observation, and access to space services. At the same time, delegations raised questions about equitable access to orbital positions, especially for developing countries and in the geostationary orbit."}],"words":[{"text":"Seventh,","start":3906.356,"end":3906.949},{"text":"on","start":3907.446,"end":3907.478},{"text":"the","start":3907.478,"end":3907.526},{"text":"issue","start":3907.543,"end":3907.943},{"text":"of","start":3907.943,"end":3908.072},{"text":"GSO,","start":3908.104,"end":3908.745},{"text":"my","start":3908.906,"end":3909.05},{"text":"delegation","start":3909.05,"end":3909.515},{"text":"believes","start":3909.611,"end":3909.916},{"text":"that","start":3909.948,"end":3910.173},{"text":"COPUSS","start":3910.189,"end":3910.654},{"text":"has","start":3910.654,"end":3910.798},{"text":"the","start":3910.894,"end":3910.99},{"text":"authority","start":3910.99,"end":3911.6},{"text":"to","start":3911.648,"end":3911.776},{"text":"discuss","start":3911.776,"end":3912.257},{"text":"various","start":3912.257,"end":3912.658},{"text":"aspects","start":3912.674,"end":3913.075},{"text":"of","start":3913.075,"end":3913.204},{"text":"GSO.","start":3913.236,"end":3913.781}]},{"text":"We would like to reiterate the need to create a sui generis law of GSO in order to guarantee equitable access to GSO, taking into account the needs and interests of developing countries, as well as geographical position on certain countries.","start":3914.342,"end":3930.379,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellites","label":"Small Satellites, Constellations, and Orbital Access","description":"Several statements addressed the rise of small satellites and large constellations, highlighting their benefits for communications, Earth observation, and access to space services. 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Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":3931.455,"end":3931.648},{"text":"allow","start":3932.018,"end":3932.178},{"text":"me","start":3932.194,"end":3932.419},{"text":"to","start":3932.419,"end":3932.548},{"text":"update","start":3932.564,"end":3932.981},{"text":"you","start":3932.981,"end":3933.062},{"text":"on","start":3933.062,"end":3933.206},{"text":"the","start":3933.206,"end":3933.303},{"text":"development","start":3933.303,"end":3933.849},{"text":"of","start":3933.849,"end":3933.993},{"text":"national","start":3934.025,"end":3934.411},{"text":"legislation","start":3934.411,"end":3935.198},{"text":"of","start":3935.294,"end":3935.439},{"text":"outer","start":3935.535,"end":3935.712},{"text":"space.","start":3935.712,"end":3936.081}]},{"text":"The Government of Republic Indonesia is currently in the process of finalization of a national legal instrument of the establishment and operationalization of a spaceport.","start":3936.595,"end":3947.036,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3936.595,"end":3936.676},{"text":"Government","start":3936.676,"end":3937.157},{"text":"of","start":3937.157,"end":3937.318},{"text":"Republic","start":3937.318,"end":3937.704},{"text":"Indonesia","start":3937.704,"end":3938.073},{"text":"is","start":3938.185,"end":3938.25},{"text":"currently","start":3938.426,"end":3938.892},{"text":"in","start":3938.924,"end":3938.989},{"text":"the","start":3938.989,"end":3939.085},{"text":"process","start":3939.085,"end":3939.438},{"text":"of","start":3939.567,"end":3939.647},{"text":"finalization","start":3939.647,"end":3940.579},{"text":"of","start":3940.996,"end":3941.093},{"text":"a","start":3941.093,"end":3941.109},{"text":"national","start":3941.109,"end":3941.526},{"text":"legal","start":3941.558,"end":3941.88},{"text":"instrument","start":3941.88,"end":3942.458},{"text":"of","start":3942.458,"end":3942.554},{"text":"the","start":3942.619,"end":3942.667},{"text":"establishment","start":3942.683,"end":3943.63},{"text":"and","start":3943.727,"end":3943.791},{"text":"operationalization","start":3943.823,"end":3945.783},{"text":"of","start":3946.072,"end":3946.152},{"text":"a","start":3946.152,"end":3946.233},{"text":"spaceport.","start":3946.233,"end":3947.036}]},{"text":"Regarding international cooperation, allow me to inform you that Government of the Republic Indonesia in the process of negotiating with the UN OSA Secretariat to hold an international workshop on GNSS in Indonesia in 2025.","start":3948.225,"end":3962.186,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. Particular attention was given to supporting developing countries through regional forums, advisory missions, and stronger international cooperation mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":3948.225,"end":3948.642},{"text":"international","start":3948.642,"end":3949.285},{"text":"cooperation,","start":3949.285,"end":3949.992},{"text":"allow","start":3950.072,"end":3950.249},{"text":"me","start":3950.329,"end":3950.57},{"text":"to","start":3950.57,"end":3950.699},{"text":"inform","start":3950.715,"end":3951.036},{"text":"you","start":3951.068,"end":3951.197},{"text":"that","start":3951.197,"end":3951.374},{"text":"Government","start":3951.438,"end":3951.904},{"text":"of","start":3951.936,"end":3951.968},{"text":"the","start":3951.968,"end":3952.081},{"text":"Republic","start":3952.081,"end":3952.579},{"text":"Indonesia","start":3952.643,"end":3953.253},{"text":"in","start":3953.639,"end":3953.703},{"text":"the","start":3953.703,"end":3953.735},{"text":"process","start":3953.783,"end":3954.249},{"text":"of","start":3954.249,"end":3954.41},{"text":"negotiating","start":3954.41,"end":3955.117},{"text":"with","start":3955.133,"end":3955.262},{"text":"the","start":3955.294,"end":3955.454},{"text":"UN","start":3955.454,"end":3955.599},{"text":"OSA","start":3955.695,"end":3955.968},{"text":"Secretariat","start":3955.968,"end":3956.74},{"text":"to","start":3956.74,"end":3956.836},{"text":"hold","start":3956.9,"end":3957.286},{"text":"an","start":3957.639,"end":3957.784},{"text":"international","start":3957.784,"end":3958.507},{"text":"workshop","start":3958.507,"end":3959.069},{"text":"on","start":3959.149,"end":3959.214},{"text":"GNSS","start":3959.326,"end":3960.194},{"text":"in","start":3960.21,"end":3960.306},{"text":"Indonesia","start":3960.306,"end":3960.852},{"text":"in","start":3960.852,"end":3960.933},{"text":"2025.","start":3960.933,"end":3962.186}]},{"text":"We would like to invite our other member states and stakeholders to join the meeting.","start":3962.925,"end":3968.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3962.925,"end":3963.021},{"text":"would","start":3963.021,"end":3963.166},{"text":"like","start":3963.166,"end":3963.407},{"text":"to","start":3963.407,"end":3963.503},{"text":"invite","start":3963.503,"end":3963.889},{"text":"our","start":3963.889,"end":3964.162},{"text":"other","start":3965.174,"end":3965.431},{"text":"member","start":3965.431,"end":3965.913},{"text":"states","start":3965.913,"end":3966.315},{"text":"and","start":3966.379,"end":3966.459},{"text":"stakeholders","start":3966.475,"end":3967.166},{"text":"to","start":3967.263,"end":3967.359},{"text":"join","start":3967.359,"end":3967.568},{"text":"the","start":3967.664,"end":3967.745},{"text":"meeting.","start":3967.745,"end":3968.05}]},{"text":"The Government of Republic Indonesia would like to express our sincere appreciation to COPUS member states for the existing cooperation.","start":3968.725,"end":3976.202,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. Particular attention was given to supporting developing countries through regional forums, advisory missions, and stronger international cooperation mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3968.725,"end":3968.805},{"text":"Government","start":3968.805,"end":3969.223},{"text":"of","start":3969.223,"end":3969.367},{"text":"Republic","start":3969.383,"end":3969.833},{"text":"Indonesia","start":3969.833,"end":3970.331},{"text":"would","start":3970.331,"end":3970.428},{"text":"like","start":3970.428,"end":3970.588},{"text":"to","start":3970.636,"end":3970.733},{"text":"express","start":3970.733,"end":3971.279},{"text":"our","start":3971.279,"end":3971.472},{"text":"sincere","start":3971.472,"end":3972.018},{"text":"appreciation","start":3972.018,"end":3972.757},{"text":"to","start":3972.757,"end":3973.03},{"text":"COPUS","start":3972.902,"end":3973.286},{"text":"member","start":3973.286,"end":3973.526},{"text":"states","start":3973.526,"end":3974.28},{"text":"for","start":3974.344,"end":3974.504},{"text":"the","start":3974.52,"end":3974.664},{"text":"existing","start":3974.728,"end":3975.353},{"text":"cooperation.","start":3975.465,"end":3976.202}]},{"text":"We also would like to thank the Government of China for inviting us to conduct a site visit to Beihang University while attending the International Conference on Space for Climate Change last year.","start":3976.827,"end":3988.685,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. Particular attention was given to supporting developing countries through regional forums, advisory missions, and stronger international cooperation mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3976.827,"end":3976.972},{"text":"also","start":3976.972,"end":3977.372},{"text":"would","start":3977.372,"end":3977.436},{"text":"like","start":3977.468,"end":3977.773},{"text":"to","start":3977.773,"end":3977.821},{"text":"thank","start":3977.869,"end":3978.189},{"text":"the","start":3978.189,"end":3978.269},{"text":"Government","start":3978.269,"end":3978.718},{"text":"of","start":3978.75,"end":3978.878},{"text":"China","start":3978.894,"end":3979.311},{"text":"for","start":3979.311,"end":3979.487},{"text":"inviting","start":3979.487,"end":3979.904},{"text":"us","start":3980.096,"end":3980.272},{"text":"to","start":3980.272,"end":3980.385},{"text":"conduct","start":3980.417,"end":3980.753},{"text":"a","start":3980.753,"end":3980.769},{"text":"site","start":3980.769,"end":3981.138},{"text":"visit","start":3981.138,"end":3981.554},{"text":"to","start":3981.554,"end":3981.602},{"text":"Beihang","start":3981.698,"end":3982.051},{"text":"University","start":3982.115,"end":3982.884},{"text":"while","start":3983.317,"end":3983.493},{"text":"attending","start":3983.621,"end":3984.086},{"text":"the","start":3984.438,"end":3984.503},{"text":"International","start":3984.503,"end":3985.111},{"text":"Conference","start":3985.224,"end":3985.833},{"text":"on","start":3986.201,"end":3986.345},{"text":"Space","start":3986.345,"end":3986.746},{"text":"for","start":3986.746,"end":3986.97},{"text":"Climate","start":3986.986,"end":3987.387},{"text":"Change","start":3987.387,"end":3987.771},{"text":"last","start":3988.044,"end":3988.236},{"text":"year.","start":3988.364,"end":3988.685}]},{"text":"Lastly, I would like to reiterate Indonesia's firm commitment to support the effort of the— of this legal subcommittee to further enhance legal cooperation and mutual understanding many in the field of peaceful uses of outer space.","start":3989.23,"end":4003.075,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Several delegations stressed that outer space must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, in line with international law and the UN Charter. 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you, Mr. Chair.","start":4003.401,"end":4004.395,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4003.401,"end":4003.646},{"text":"you,","start":4003.646,"end":4003.743},{"text":"Mr.","start":4003.792,"end":4004.037},{"text":"Chair.","start":4004.118,"end":4004.395}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IDN","affiliation_full":"Indonesia","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":12,"start":4011.003,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1t/k1tnz3bxpk?lang=en&t=4012","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Indonesia for this 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statement.","start":4030.36,"end":4038.215,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4030.36,"end":4030.52},{"text":"align","start":4030.52,"end":4030.777},{"text":"ourselves","start":4030.777,"end":4031.29},{"text":"with","start":4031.402,"end":4031.546},{"text":"the","start":4031.546,"end":4031.643},{"text":"statement","start":4031.643,"end":4032.139},{"text":"made","start":4032.268,"end":4032.572},{"text":"by","start":4032.685,"end":4032.797},{"text":"the","start":4033.085,"end":4033.278},{"text":"Group","start":4033.326,"end":4033.582},{"text":"of","start":4033.582,"end":4033.662},{"text":"77","start":4033.662,"end":4034.207},{"text":"plus","start":4034.207,"end":4034.336},{"text":"China,","start":4034.432,"end":4034.929},{"text":"and","start":4035.394,"end":4035.49},{"text":"in","start":4035.506,"end":4035.602},{"text":"our","start":4035.65,"end":4035.73},{"text":"national","start":4035.73,"end":4036.131},{"text":"capacity,","start":4036.131,"end":4036.676},{"text":"we","start":4036.756,"end":4036.836},{"text":"would","start":4036.836,"end":4036.916},{"text":"like","start":4036.916,"end":4037.093},{"text":"to","start":4037.093,"end":4037.173},{"text":"make","start":4037.173,"end":4037.269},{"text":"the","start":4037.317,"end":4037.381},{"text":"following","start":4037.397,"end":4037.702},{"text":"statement.","start":4037.718,"end":4038.215}]},{"text":"Colombia would like to express our concern at recent geopolitical trends which diverge from the spirit of cooperation and multilateralism for the peaceful and consensus-based resolution of conflict.","start":4039.481,"end":4052.305,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Several delegations stressed that outer space must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, in line with international law and the UN Charter. 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Speakers also warned against conflict and an arms race in space and emphasized multilateral cooperation as the preferred path."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":4069.87,"end":4069.919},{"text":"are","start":4070.05,"end":4070.099},{"text":"spaces","start":4070.099,"end":4070.688},{"text":"for","start":4070.803,"end":4071.048},{"text":"dialogue","start":4071.048,"end":4071.621},{"text":"and","start":4072.014,"end":4072.244},{"text":"for","start":4072.342,"end":4072.44},{"text":"seeking","start":4072.44,"end":4072.898},{"text":"peaceful","start":4073.259,"end":4073.832},{"text":"solutions.","start":4073.832,"end":4074.454}]},{"text":"This is why we would like to make a call to maintain the spirit of cooperation and multilateralism for the well-being and coexistence of humanity.","start":4075.928,"end":4084.028,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Several delegations stressed that outer space must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, in line with international law and the UN Charter. 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Chair, distinguished delegate, it is an honor for the Moon Village Association as an observer member to address this session of the Legal 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the MVA delegation takes the floor for the first time, we would like to congratulate you for the second year as chair of this 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your wise leadership, important results were achieved in 2024, and this session will reach fruitful results.","start":4356.784,"end":4363.267,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Under","start":4356.784,"end":4356.961},{"text":"your","start":4356.961,"end":4357.185},{"text":"wise","start":4357.185,"end":4357.41},{"text":"leadership,","start":4357.603,"end":4358.244},{"text":"important","start":4358.646,"end":4359.143},{"text":"results","start":4359.143,"end":4359.528},{"text":"were","start":4359.528,"end":4359.641},{"text":"achieved","start":4359.785,"end":4360.234},{"text":"in","start":4360.234,"end":4360.282},{"text":"2024,","start":4360.331,"end":4361.406},{"text":"and","start":4362.015,"end":4362.176},{"text":"this","start":4362.176,"end":4362.352},{"text":"session","start":4362.352,"end":4362.738},{"text":"will","start":4362.738,"end":4362.866},{"text":"reach","start":4362.866,"end":4362.93},{"text":"fruitful","start":4362.93,"end":4363.139},{"text":"results.","start":4363.139,"end":4363.267}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr. President.","start":4363.315,"end":4364.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4363.315,"end":4363.46},{"text":"you,","start":4363.46,"end":4363.508},{"text":"Mr.","start":4363.524,"end":4363.781},{"text":"President.","start":4363.861,"end":4364.07}]},{"text":"My delegation would also like to extend its gratitude to the Director of UNOSA, Dr. Harty Olamayini, and their team for the excellent operation of this 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these activities are included in the CRP 19, and the 2024 Annual Report is available on the GEGRA 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and observers not yet involved are welcome to join and support the group.","start":4446.874,"end":4451.291,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Delegation","start":4446.874,"end":4447.356},{"text":"and","start":4447.356,"end":4447.501},{"text":"observers","start":4447.501,"end":4448.288},{"text":"not","start":4448.384,"end":4448.641},{"text":"yet","start":4448.641,"end":4448.866},{"text":"involved","start":4448.866,"end":4449.348},{"text":"are","start":4449.348,"end":4449.444},{"text":"welcome","start":4449.444,"end":4449.781},{"text":"to","start":4449.91,"end":4450.006},{"text":"join","start":4450.006,"end":4450.407},{"text":"and","start":4450.407,"end":4450.504},{"text":"support","start":4450.504,"end":4450.889},{"text":"the","start":4450.889,"end":4450.97},{"text":"group.","start":4451.034,"end":4451.291}]},{"text":"NVA, together with International Astronomical Union, COSPAR, and IWA, consider urgent the issue of defining and protecting lunar sites of special scientific interest to balance the scientific and commercial activities.","start":4452.078,"end":4467.238,"topics":[{"key":"space-heritage","label":"Protection of Cultural and Scientific Heritage in Space","description":"Some speakers urged the international community to identify and safeguard historically significant lunar sites and other locations of special scientific value. They argued that heritage protection should be integrated into future legal and diplomatic frameworks for lunar activity and space resource use."}],"words":[{"text":"NVA,","start":4452.078,"end":4452.335},{"text":"together","start":4452.415,"end":4452.816},{"text":"with","start":4452.816,"end":4453.073},{"text":"International","start":4453.073,"end":4453.603},{"text":"Astronomical","start":4453.603,"end":4454.262},{"text":"Union,","start":4454.262,"end":4454.711},{"text":"COSPAR,","start":4454.808,"end":4455.37},{"text":"and","start":4455.45,"end":4455.707},{"text":"IWA,","start":4455.932,"end":4456.141},{"text":"consider","start":4457.137,"end":4457.859},{"text":"urgent","start":4457.956,"end":4458.469},{"text":"the","start":4458.502,"end":4458.678},{"text":"issue","start":4458.678,"end":4459.032},{"text":"of","start":4459.096,"end":4459.176},{"text":"defining","start":4459.176,"end":4459.69},{"text":"and","start":4459.802,"end":4459.947},{"text":"protecting","start":4459.947,"end":4460.557},{"text":"lunar","start":4461.151,"end":4461.408},{"text":"sites","start":4461.408,"end":4461.826},{"text":"of","start":4461.826,"end":4461.906},{"text":"special","start":4461.906,"end":4462.324},{"text":"scientific","start":4462.372,"end":4463.03},{"text":"interest","start":4463.03,"end":4463.673},{"text":"to","start":4464.155,"end":4464.315},{"text":"balance","start":4464.379,"end":4464.861},{"text":"the","start":4464.861,"end":4464.958},{"text":"scientific","start":4464.958,"end":4465.728},{"text":"and","start":4465.728,"end":4465.825},{"text":"commercial","start":4465.825,"end":4466.515},{"text":"activities.","start":4466.548,"end":4467.238}]},{"text":"At the latest STC, NVA issued CRP 18, as well as organized a relevant side event.","start":4467.977,"end":4475.557,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":4467.977,"end":4468.041},{"text":"the","start":4468.073,"end":4468.218},{"text":"latest","start":4468.218,"end":4469.358},{"text":"STC,","start":4469.503,"end":4470.129},{"text":"NVA","start":4470.161,"end":4470.659},{"text":"issued","start":4470.723,"end":4471.285},{"text":"CRP","start":4471.671,"end":4472.329},{"text":"18,","start":4472.474,"end":4473.036},{"text":"as","start":4473.116,"end":4473.212},{"text":"well","start":4473.212,"end":4473.437},{"text":"as","start":4473.437,"end":4473.534},{"text":"organized","start":4473.534,"end":4474.176},{"text":"a","start":4474.24,"end":4474.256},{"text":"relevant","start":4474.256,"end":4474.754},{"text":"side","start":4474.754,"end":4475.123},{"text":"event.","start":4475.123,"end":4475.557}]},{"text":"A brainstorming call was held in April to discuss the way forward.","start":4476.166,"end":4480.173,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"A","start":4476.166,"end":4476.263},{"text":"brainstorming","start":4476.263,"end":4477.032},{"text":"call","start":4477.064,"end":4477.256},{"text":"was","start":4477.769,"end":4478.01},{"text":"held","start":4478.01,"end":4478.346},{"text":"in","start":4478.346,"end":4478.49},{"text":"April","start":4478.49,"end":4478.827},{"text":"to","start":4478.827,"end":4478.907},{"text":"discuss","start":4478.907,"end":4479.324},{"text":"the","start":4479.372,"end":4479.468},{"text":"way","start":4479.468,"end":4479.548},{"text":"forward.","start":4479.693,"end":4480.173}]},{"text":"Delegations interested in this topic are invited to contact the NVA delegation.","start":4480.67,"end":4485.319,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Delegations","start":4480.67,"end":4481.215},{"text":"interested","start":4481.215,"end":4481.953},{"text":"in","start":4481.953,"end":4482.097},{"text":"this","start":4482.097,"end":4482.273},{"text":"topic","start":4482.273,"end":4482.77},{"text":"are","start":4482.818,"end":4482.866},{"text":"invited","start":4482.914,"end":4483.459},{"text":"to","start":4483.459,"end":4483.555},{"text":"contact","start":4483.555,"end":4484.181},{"text":"the","start":4484.181,"end":4484.373},{"text":"NVA","start":4484.421,"end":4484.693},{"text":"delegation.","start":4484.758,"end":4485.319}]},{"text":"NVA and GEXLA welcome and support the creation of the United Nations Action Team on Lunar Activity Consultations, as this should be the focal point for any future consultation on lunar activity.","start":4486.505,"end":4499.792,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-activities","label":"Lunar Activities and Moon Governance","description":"Delegations and observers discussed the growing need for coordination of lunar exploration, including consultation mechanisms, safety, transparency, and sustainable operations on the Moon. 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The Action Team on Lunar Activities and related practical tools were presented as important forums for shaping future 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main event took place on 20th of July in Harbin, China.","start":4551.646,"end":4554.855,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4551.646,"end":4551.726},{"text":"main","start":4551.726,"end":4551.967},{"text":"event","start":4551.967,"end":4552.432},{"text":"took","start":4552.432,"end":4552.609},{"text":"place","start":4552.609,"end":4553.042},{"text":"on","start":4553.234,"end":4553.266},{"text":"20th","start":4553.266,"end":4553.587},{"text":"of","start":4553.587,"end":4553.651},{"text":"July","start":4553.651,"end":4553.892},{"text":"in","start":4553.892,"end":4554.052},{"text":"Harbin,","start":4554.052,"end":4554.502},{"text":"China.","start":4554.518,"end":4554.855}]},{"text":"This event was hosted by Harbin Institute of Technology and the Chinese Society of 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CRP-19.","start":4562.315,"end":4565.814,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Details","start":4562.315,"end":4562.716},{"text":"of","start":4562.716,"end":4562.797},{"text":"the","start":4562.797,"end":4562.957},{"text":"events","start":4562.957,"end":4563.246},{"text":"are","start":4563.423,"end":4563.599},{"text":"included","start":4563.599,"end":4564.048},{"text":"in","start":4564.081,"end":4564.321},{"text":"the","start":4564.321,"end":4564.418},{"text":"CRP-19.","start":4564.418,"end":4565.814}]},{"text":"The annual report is also available on the IMD website.","start":4566.568,"end":4569.714,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4566.568,"end":4566.697},{"text":"annual","start":4566.713,"end":4566.889},{"text":"report","start":4566.889,"end":4567.371},{"text":"is","start":4567.371,"end":4567.515},{"text":"also","start":4567.531,"end":4567.916},{"text":"available","start":4568.013,"end":4568.446},{"text":"on","start":4568.494,"end":4568.654},{"text":"the","start":4568.654,"end":4568.799},{"text":"IMD","start":4568.975,"end":4569.152},{"text":"website.","start":4569.216,"end":4569.714}]},{"text":"International Moon Day 2025 is themed One Moon, One Vision, and One 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together.","start":4576.839,"end":4583.74,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":4576.839,"end":4576.968},{"text":"reflect","start":4577.096,"end":4577.658},{"text":"the","start":4578.043,"end":4578.187},{"text":"united","start":4578.187,"end":4578.749},{"text":"ambition","start":4578.749,"end":4579.214},{"text":"to","start":4579.231,"end":4579.327},{"text":"explore,","start":4579.327,"end":4579.872},{"text":"innovate,","start":4579.905,"end":4580.418},{"text":"and","start":4580.53,"end":4580.643},{"text":"create","start":4580.755,"end":4581.975},{"text":"a","start":4581.975,"end":4581.991},{"text":"sustainable","start":4581.991,"end":4582.649},{"text":"future","start":4582.697,"end":4583.227},{"text":"together.","start":4583.243,"end":4583.74}]},{"text":"The main event is set to take place in Dubai UAE on July 20th, 2025, in cooperation with the University of Dubai.","start":4584.543,"end":4593.683,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4584.543,"end":4584.639},{"text":"main","start":4584.639,"end":4584.928},{"text":"event","start":4584.928,"end":4585.409},{"text":"is","start":4585.409,"end":4585.457},{"text":"set","start":4585.457,"end":4585.714},{"text":"to","start":4585.746,"end":4585.826},{"text":"take","start":4585.891,"end":4586.051},{"text":"place","start":4586.067,"end":4586.404},{"text":"in","start":4586.452,"end":4586.549},{"text":"Dubai","start":4586.549,"end":4586.805},{"text":"UAE","start":4587.6,"end":4588.035},{"text":"on","start":4588.665,"end":4588.713},{"text":"July","start":4588.761,"end":4589.165},{"text":"20th,","start":4589.552,"end":4590.02},{"text":"2025,","start":4590.036,"end":4591.231},{"text":"in","start":4591.489,"end":4591.553},{"text":"cooperation","start":4591.586,"end":4592.183},{"text":"with","start":4592.312,"end":4592.457},{"text":"the","start":4592.457,"end":4592.618},{"text":"University","start":4592.618,"end":4593.328},{"text":"of","start":4593.425,"end":4593.49},{"text":"Dubai.","start":4593.522,"end":4593.683}]},{"text":"We cordially invite all members and observers of the Legal Subcommittee to participate in this important 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Speakers highlighted the work of the dedicated working group, the need for sustainability and legal clarity, and the importance of equitable benefits for developing countries."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":4613.4,"end":4613.448},{"text":"Moon","start":4613.448,"end":4613.674},{"text":"Village","start":4613.674,"end":4613.965},{"text":"Association","start":4613.997,"end":4614.578},{"text":"has","start":4614.788,"end":4614.934},{"text":"recently","start":4615.031,"end":4615.531},{"text":"completed","start":4615.596,"end":4616.436},{"text":"the","start":4616.581,"end":4616.807},{"text":"benefit","start":4616.807,"end":4617.292},{"text":"sharing","start":4617.292,"end":4617.663},{"text":"project.","start":4617.776,"end":4618.115}]},{"text":"This is very relevant for establishing space resources utilization.","start":4618.664,"end":4624.548,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Governance of Space Resource Activities","description":"A major topic was the development of legal principles and governance arrangements for the exploration and use of space resources. 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19.","start":4625.146,"end":4628.609,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Details","start":4625.146,"end":4625.6},{"text":"of","start":4625.616,"end":4625.68},{"text":"this","start":4625.713,"end":4625.891},{"text":"project","start":4625.939,"end":4626.409},{"text":"can","start":4626.441,"end":4626.603},{"text":"be","start":4626.603,"end":4626.748},{"text":"found","start":4626.748,"end":4627.185},{"text":"in","start":4627.185,"end":4627.299},{"text":"CRP","start":4627.331,"end":4627.978},{"text":"19.","start":4628.124,"end":4628.609}]},{"text":"A technical presentation took place on May 9th.","start":4629.192,"end":4632.901,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"A","start":4629.192,"end":4629.208},{"text":"technical","start":4629.273,"end":4629.888},{"text":"presentation","start":4629.92,"end":4630.567},{"text":"took","start":4630.6,"end":4630.94},{"text":"place","start":4630.94,"end":4631.25},{"text":"on","start":4631.937,"end":4632.166},{"text":"May","start":4632.182,"end":4632.394},{"text":"9th.","start":4632.607,"end":4632.901}]},{"text":"Thank you for your 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Chair, distinguished delegates, it's my privilege to make this statement on behalf of the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization.","start":4656.604,"end":4664.52,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. 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APSCO Space Law Alliance in 2024.","start":4821.171,"end":4824.697,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Establishment","start":4821.171,"end":4821.892},{"text":"of","start":4821.892,"end":4822.1},{"text":"APSCO","start":4822.1,"end":4822.453},{"text":"Space","start":4822.453,"end":4822.806},{"text":"Law","start":4822.918,"end":4823.03},{"text":"Alliance","start":4823.078,"end":4823.527},{"text":"in","start":4823.655,"end":4823.8},{"text":"2024.","start":4823.8,"end":4824.697}]},{"text":"Which is a network of 24 space organizations, institutions, universities, and member states of APSCO.","start":4825.002,"end":4832.309,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Which","start":4825.002,"end":4825.162},{"text":"is","start":4825.162,"end":4825.226},{"text":"a","start":4825.322,"end":4825.338},{"text":"network","start":4825.338,"end":4825.819},{"text":"of","start":4825.819,"end":4825.931},{"text":"24","start":4825.979,"end":4826.861},{"text":"space","start":4827.341,"end":4827.79},{"text":"organizations,","start":4827.79,"end":4828.736},{"text":"institutions,","start":4828.848,"end":4829.617},{"text":"universities,","start":4829.713,"end":4830.659},{"text":"and","start":4830.995,"end":4831.075},{"text":"member","start":4831.091,"end":4831.396},{"text":"states","start":4831.396,"end":4831.668},{"text":"of","start":4831.748,"end":4831.893},{"text":"APSCO.","start":4831.893,"end":4832.309}]},{"text":"This alliance aims to promote the joint activities, joint research, and collaboration on matters related to space law and 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this year, we also finished the first board meeting of ASLA, under which implementation plan for 6 projects and activities were finalized, which are to be led by China, Pakistan, Peru, and 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ABSKO is going to hold an international conference on space law and policy, which will be organized in Zhuhai, China in November this year, with collaborative partners from Peru, Pakistan, and 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the ABSKO Leadership Development Forum is planned to be organized in the December 1st week in Bangkok, 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with the support of the National Board of Digital Economy and Society Office, Ministry of Digital Economy and Society of 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Chair, ABSKO considers capacity building as the most crucial pillar for developing responsible behavior and promotion of international space law.","start":4885.443,"end":4894.419,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. 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this, I thank you all for your attention.","start":4936.55,"end":4938.132,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":4936.55,"end":4936.647},{"text":"this,","start":4936.647,"end":4936.776},{"text":"I","start":4936.953,"end":4937.049},{"text":"thank","start":4937.114,"end":4937.307},{"text":"you","start":4937.307,"end":4937.436},{"text":"all","start":4937.455,"end":4937.544},{"text":"for","start":4937.544,"end":4937.793},{"text":"your","start":4937.793,"end":4937.9},{"text":"attention.","start":4937.9,"end":4938.132}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"APSCO","affiliation_full":"APSCO","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":18,"start":4943.72,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1t/k1tnz3bxpk?lang=en&t=4944","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Muchas gracias, Alejandra.","start":4943.72,"end":4944.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Muchas","start":4943.72,"end":4943.931},{"text":"gracias,","start":4943.931,"end":4944.142},{"text":"Alejandra.","start":4944.239,"end":4944.71}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of APSCO for her statement.","start":4945.197,"end":4951.417,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4945.197,"end":4945.23},{"text":"thank","start":4945.295,"end":4945.685},{"text":"the","start":4945.847,"end":4946.042},{"text":"distinguished","start":4946.107,"end":4947.26},{"text":"representative","start":4947.406,"end":4948.429},{"text":"of","start":4948.77,"end":4948.916},{"text":"APSCO","start":4949.436,"end":4949.923},{"text":"for","start":4950.654,"end":4950.816},{"text":"her","start":4950.816,"end":4950.914},{"text":"statement.","start":4950.914,"end":4951.417}]},{"text":"And next on my list is the distinguished observer for All 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representatives.","start":4959.167,"end":4963.165,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4959.167,"end":4960.162},{"text":"you,","start":4960.21,"end":4960.323},{"text":"Chair,","start":4960.371,"end":4960.644},{"text":"distinguished","start":4961.19,"end":4961.703},{"text":"delegates","start":4961.752,"end":4962.298},{"text":"and","start":4962.298,"end":4962.378},{"text":"representatives.","start":4962.394,"end":4963.165}]},{"text":"It is a privilege to deliver this statement on behalf of For All Moonkind.","start":4963.775,"end":4967.773,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":4963.775,"end":4963.903},{"text":"is","start":4963.903,"end":4963.967},{"text":"a","start":4964.016,"end":4964.032},{"text":"privilege","start":4964.08,"end":4964.562},{"text":"to","start":4964.562,"end":4964.642},{"text":"deliver","start":4964.642,"end":4965.043},{"text":"this","start":4965.043,"end":4965.124},{"text":"statement","start":4965.124,"end":4965.798},{"text":"on","start":4965.846,"end":4965.91},{"text":"behalf","start":4965.926,"end":4966.504},{"text":"of","start":4966.633,"end":4966.697},{"text":"For","start":4966.729,"end":4966.906},{"text":"All","start":4966.97,"end":4967.05},{"text":"Moonkind.","start":4967.05,"end":4967.773}]},{"text":"We convey our appreciation for your leadership and our gratitude to the UNOOSA Secretariat for their work in organizing and managing these 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They argued that heritage protection should be integrated into future legal and diplomatic frameworks for lunar activity and space resource use."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5037.092,"end":5037.172},{"text":"is","start":5037.172,"end":5037.3},{"text":"the","start":5037.316,"end":5037.557},{"text":"ethical","start":5037.557,"end":5038.006},{"text":"and","start":5038.295,"end":5038.359},{"text":"legal","start":5038.456,"end":5038.713},{"text":"duty","start":5038.761,"end":5039.226},{"text":"of","start":5039.338,"end":5039.467},{"text":"our","start":5039.643,"end":5039.884},{"text":"generation","start":5039.884,"end":5040.494},{"text":"to","start":5040.703,"end":5040.783},{"text":"safeguard","start":5040.783,"end":5041.425},{"text":"these","start":5041.425,"end":5041.601},{"text":"sites","start":5041.601,"end":5042.019},{"text":"as","start":5042.548,"end":5042.677},{"text":"the","start":5042.693,"end":5042.773},{"text":"symbols","start":5042.773,"end":5043.319},{"text":"and","start":5043.431,"end":5043.495},{"text":"seeds","start":5043.527,"end":5044.041},{"text":"of","start":5044.218,"end":5044.314},{"text":"our","start":5044.314,"end":5044.458},{"text":"multi-planetary","start":5044.458,"end":5045.518},{"text":"future.","start":5045.518,"end":5046.015}]},{"text":"We are their custodians, but these lunar sites belong also to future generations.","start":5046.721,"end":5052.114,"topics":[{"key":"space-heritage","label":"Protection of Cultural and Scientific Heritage in Space","description":"Some speakers urged the international community to identify and safeguard historically significant lunar sites and other locations of special scientific value. They argued that heritage protection should be integrated into future legal and diplomatic frameworks for lunar activity and space resource use."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5046.721,"end":5046.818},{"text":"are","start":5047.106,"end":5047.155},{"text":"their","start":5047.524,"end":5047.62},{"text":"custodians,","start":5047.668,"end":5048.374},{"text":"but","start":5048.792,"end":5048.952},{"text":"these","start":5048.952,"end":5049.097},{"text":"lunar","start":5049.193,"end":5049.466},{"text":"sites","start":5049.466,"end":5049.803},{"text":"belong","start":5049.931,"end":5050.22},{"text":"also","start":5050.477,"end":5050.846},{"text":"to","start":5050.878,"end":5050.974},{"text":"future","start":5050.974,"end":5051.36},{"text":"generations.","start":5051.376,"end":5052.114}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates, the COPUSS is a beacon of international cooperation in space, a platform for peace, governance, and inclusion.","start":5053.221,"end":5061.213,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Several delegations stressed that outer space must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, in line with international law and the UN Charter. 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Particular attention was given to supporting developing countries through regional forums, advisory missions, and stronger international cooperation mechanisms."}],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":5053.221,"end":5053.719},{"text":"delegates,","start":5053.719,"end":5054.2},{"text":"the","start":5054.425,"end":5054.505},{"text":"COPUSS","start":5054.505,"end":5055.067},{"text":"is","start":5055.484,"end":5055.597},{"text":"a","start":5055.629,"end":5055.645},{"text":"beacon","start":5055.709,"end":5055.998},{"text":"of","start":5056.03,"end":5056.126},{"text":"international","start":5056.174,"end":5056.72},{"text":"cooperation","start":5056.736,"end":5057.362},{"text":"in","start":5057.394,"end":5057.49},{"text":"space,","start":5057.49,"end":5058.052},{"text":"a","start":5058.437,"end":5058.582},{"text":"platform","start":5058.582,"end":5059.128},{"text":"for","start":5059.24,"end":5059.4},{"text":"peace,","start":5059.4,"end":5059.689},{"text":"governance,","start":5059.962,"end":5060.587},{"text":"and","start":5060.684,"end":5060.748},{"text":"inclusion.","start":5060.764,"end":5061.213}]},{"text":"We applaud the work concluded within this body and the work that continues, especially in respect of the Working Group on the Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities and the Action Team on Lunar Activity Consultation.","start":5061.967,"end":5074.572,"topics":[{"key":"space-resources","label":"Governance of Space Resource Activities","description":"A major topic was the development of legal principles and governance arrangements for the exploration and use of space resources. 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The Action Team on Lunar Activities and related practical tools were presented as important forums for shaping future rules."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":5159.826,"end":5159.907},{"text":"assist","start":5159.907,"end":5160.179},{"text":"this","start":5160.179,"end":5160.468},{"text":"effort,","start":5160.468,"end":5160.869},{"text":"the","start":5160.965,"end":5161.03},{"text":"innovative","start":5161.11,"end":5161.655},{"text":"For","start":5161.687,"end":5161.832},{"text":"All","start":5161.832,"end":5161.864},{"text":"Mankind's","start":5161.864,"end":5162.65},{"text":"Moon","start":5162.65,"end":5162.778},{"text":"Registry","start":5162.875,"end":5163.34},{"text":"A","start":5163.934,"end":5163.95},{"text":"digital","start":5163.966,"end":5164.368},{"text":"catalog","start":5164.48,"end":5165.058},{"text":"of","start":5165.379,"end":5165.46},{"text":"the","start":5165.46,"end":5165.54},{"text":"more","start":5165.54,"end":5165.716},{"text":"than","start":5165.781,"end":5165.909},{"text":"115","start":5165.941,"end":5166.873},{"text":"sites","start":5166.889,"end":5167.21},{"text":"on","start":5167.21,"end":5167.306},{"text":"the","start":5167.306,"end":5167.386},{"text":"Moon","start":5167.386,"end":5167.675},{"text":"which","start":5167.707,"end":5167.836},{"text":"bear","start":5167.948,"end":5168.221},{"text":"evidence","start":5168.35,"end":5168.687},{"text":"of","start":5168.751,"end":5168.799},{"text":"human","start":5168.831,"end":5169.04},{"text":"activity","start":5169.137,"end":5169.602},{"text":"offers","start":5170.341,"end":5170.646},{"text":"an","start":5170.758,"end":5170.887},{"text":"inventory","start":5171.063,"end":5171.69},{"text":"of","start":5172.3,"end":5172.38},{"text":"sites","start":5172.428,"end":5173.022},{"text":"that","start":5173.167,"end":5173.343},{"text":"may","start":5173.343,"end":5173.488},{"text":"be","start":5173.488,"end":5173.713},{"text":"identified","start":5173.713,"end":5174.451},{"text":"and","start":5174.451,"end":5174.515},{"text":"prioritized","start":5174.532,"end":5175.318},{"text":"for","start":5175.334,"end":5175.399},{"text":"safeguarding","start":5175.415,"end":5176.025},{"text":"by","start":5176.217,"end":5176.33},{"text":"COPOS","start":5176.523,"end":5176.828},{"text":"member","start":5176.94,"end":5177.245},{"text":"states.","start":5177.245,"end":5177.743}]},{"text":"Our space law and heritage law experts from various countries, including Poland, Nigeria, Italy, Qatar, Greece, and Mexico are eager to offer their expertise to assist the COPOS member states in their consideration of the potential identification and safeguarding measures of cultural sites on the Moon.","start":5178.69,"end":5199.446,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. 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The Action Team on Lunar Activities and related practical tools were presented as important forums for shaping future rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":5178.69,"end":5178.867},{"text":"space","start":5178.867,"end":5179.332},{"text":"law","start":5179.332,"end":5179.525},{"text":"and","start":5179.75,"end":5179.814},{"text":"heritage","start":5179.894,"end":5180.296},{"text":"law","start":5180.376,"end":5180.505},{"text":"experts","start":5180.617,"end":5181.051},{"text":"from","start":5181.051,"end":5181.179},{"text":"various","start":5181.275,"end":5181.661},{"text":"countries,","start":5181.661,"end":5182.126},{"text":"including","start":5182.704,"end":5183.25},{"text":"Poland,","start":5183.347,"end":5184.133},{"text":"Nigeria,","start":5184.647,"end":5185.386},{"text":"Italy,","start":5185.996,"end":5186.269},{"text":"Qatar,","start":5186.815,"end":5187.248},{"text":"Greece,","start":5188.019,"end":5188.453},{"text":"and","start":5188.742,"end":5188.806},{"text":"Mexico","start":5188.902,"end":5189.543},{"text":"are","start":5189.623,"end":5189.847},{"text":"eager","start":5189.847,"end":5190.104},{"text":"to","start":5190.104,"end":5190.2},{"text":"offer","start":5190.328,"end":5190.584},{"text":"their","start":5190.584,"end":5190.696},{"text":"expertise","start":5190.745,"end":5191.434},{"text":"to","start":5191.45,"end":5191.562},{"text":"assist","start":5191.562,"end":5191.946},{"text":"the","start":5191.946,"end":5192.027},{"text":"COPOS","start":5192.027,"end":5192.395},{"text":"member","start":5192.491,"end":5192.7},{"text":"states","start":5192.748,"end":5193.212},{"text":"in","start":5193.629,"end":5193.677},{"text":"their","start":5193.773,"end":5193.933},{"text":"consideration","start":5193.933,"end":5194.719},{"text":"of","start":5194.735,"end":5194.767},{"text":"the","start":5194.767,"end":5194.911},{"text":"potential","start":5194.911,"end":5195.552},{"text":"identification","start":5195.552,"end":5196.481},{"text":"and","start":5196.898,"end":5196.994},{"text":"safeguarding","start":5196.994,"end":5197.523},{"text":"measures","start":5197.555,"end":5197.923},{"text":"of","start":5198.036,"end":5198.164},{"text":"cultural","start":5198.196,"end":5198.516},{"text":"sites","start":5198.516,"end":5198.997},{"text":"on","start":5198.997,"end":5199.077},{"text":"the","start":5199.077,"end":5199.173},{"text":"Moon.","start":5199.173,"end":5199.446}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates and nations— nations and companies are racing to the Moon.","start":5200.359,"end":5204.173,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-activities","label":"Lunar Activities and Moon Governance","description":"Delegations and observers discussed the growing need for coordination of lunar exploration, including consultation mechanisms, safety, transparency, and sustainable operations on the Moon. The Action Team on Lunar Activities and related practical tools were presented as important forums for shaping future rules."}],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":5200.359,"end":5200.856},{"text":"delegates","start":5200.856,"end":5201.321},{"text":"and","start":5201.321,"end":5201.417},{"text":"nations—","start":5201.417,"end":5201.929},{"text":"nations","start":5202.522,"end":5202.779},{"text":"and","start":5202.779,"end":5202.907},{"text":"companies","start":5202.907,"end":5203.291},{"text":"are","start":5203.34,"end":5203.468},{"text":"racing","start":5203.468,"end":5203.692},{"text":"to","start":5203.788,"end":5203.868},{"text":"the","start":5203.868,"end":5203.948},{"text":"Moon.","start":5203.948,"end":5204.173}]},{"text":"Without action, uncoordinated missions risk turning cultural heritage sites into collateral damage.","start":5204.67,"end":5210.663,"topics":[{"key":"space-heritage","label":"Protection of Cultural and Scientific Heritage in Space","description":"Some speakers urged the international community to identify and safeguard historically significant lunar sites and other locations of special scientific value. 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They argued that heritage protection should be integrated into future legal and diplomatic frameworks for lunar activity and space resource use."}],"words":[{"text":"Starting","start":5233.068,"end":5233.454},{"text":"with","start":5233.47,"end":5233.598},{"text":"shared","start":5233.646,"end":5233.952},{"text":"heritage","start":5233.952,"end":5234.449},{"text":"that","start":5234.53,"end":5234.69},{"text":"representative","start":5234.69,"end":5235.429},{"text":"of","start":5235.573,"end":5235.734},{"text":"all","start":5235.878,"end":5235.926},{"text":"collective","start":5236.055,"end":5236.665},{"text":"human","start":5236.697,"end":5237.211},{"text":"achievements","start":5237.243,"end":5237.917},{"text":"encourages","start":5237.982,"end":5238.512},{"text":"collaboration","start":5238.608,"end":5239.314},{"text":"and","start":5239.748,"end":5239.812},{"text":"conservation","start":5239.828,"end":5240.599},{"text":"that","start":5240.856,"end":5240.968},{"text":"can","start":5241.016,"end":5241.225},{"text":"be","start":5241.354,"end":5241.514},{"text":"adopted","start":5241.514,"end":5242.028},{"text":"for","start":5242.06,"end":5242.205},{"text":"sites","start":5242.237,"end":5242.606},{"text":"of","start":5242.815,"end":5242.911},{"text":"scientific","start":5242.943,"end":5243.746},{"text":"resource","start":5243.907,"end":5244.501},{"text":"and","start":5244.87,"end":5244.95},{"text":"other","start":5245.031,"end":5245.207},{"text":"values.","start":5245.207,"end":5245.737}]},{"text":"Safeguarding our heritage is another step toward responsible and sustainable space exploration.","start":5246.588,"end":5251.999,"topics":[{"key":"space-heritage","label":"Protection of Cultural and Scientific Heritage in Space","description":"Some speakers urged the international community to identify and safeguard historically significant lunar sites and other locations of special scientific value. They argued that heritage protection should be integrated into future legal and diplomatic frameworks for lunar activity and space resource use."}],"words":[{"text":"Safeguarding","start":5246.588,"end":5247.295},{"text":"our","start":5247.295,"end":5247.391},{"text":"heritage","start":5247.439,"end":5247.905},{"text":"is","start":5248.097,"end":5248.178},{"text":"another","start":5248.178,"end":5248.386},{"text":"step","start":5248.435,"end":5248.74},{"text":"toward","start":5248.74,"end":5249.077},{"text":"responsible","start":5249.077,"end":5249.848},{"text":"and","start":5249.848,"end":5249.912},{"text":"sustainable","start":5249.944,"end":5250.522},{"text":"space","start":5250.522,"end":5250.955},{"text":"exploration.","start":5251.373,"end":5251.999}]},{"text":"Only by harmonizing existing cultural heritage law principles into the legal frameworks of space law can we safeguard our past while ensuring a future of peace, innovation, and unity for human humanity, both here on Earth and in space.","start":5252.979,"end":5268.829,"topics":[{"key":"space-heritage","label":"Protection of Cultural and Scientific Heritage in Space","description":"Some speakers urged the international community to identify and safeguard historically significant lunar sites and other locations of special scientific value. They argued that heritage protection should be integrated into future legal and diplomatic frameworks for lunar activity and space resource use."},{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."},{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Several delegations stressed that outer space must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, in line with international law and the UN Charter. 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They argued that heritage protection should be integrated into future legal and diplomatic frameworks for lunar activity and space resource use."}],"words":[{"text":"Distinguished","start":5269.298,"end":5269.734},{"text":"delegates,","start":5269.734,"end":5270.203},{"text":"it","start":5270.284,"end":5270.365},{"text":"may","start":5270.365,"end":5270.462},{"text":"be","start":5270.527,"end":5270.802},{"text":"that","start":5270.85,"end":5270.996},{"text":"no","start":5271.028,"end":5271.174},{"text":"one","start":5271.254,"end":5271.351},{"text":"in","start":5271.416,"end":5271.465},{"text":"this","start":5271.562,"end":5271.723},{"text":"room","start":5271.723,"end":5271.966},{"text":"will","start":5271.966,"end":5272.128},{"text":"have","start":5272.128,"end":5272.289},{"text":"the","start":5272.289,"end":5272.387},{"text":"opportunity","start":5272.451,"end":5273.082},{"text":"to","start":5273.114,"end":5273.26},{"text":"visit","start":5273.26,"end":5273.535},{"text":"historic","start":5273.583,"end":5274.068},{"text":"lunar","start":5274.068,"end":5274.424},{"text":"landing","start":5274.57,"end":5274.861},{"text":"sites.","start":5274.893,"end":5275.233}]},{"text":"We do, however, have a positive obligation to preserve that opportunity for future generations.","start":5275.621,"end":5281.19,"topics":[{"key":"space-heritage","label":"Protection of Cultural and Scientific Heritage in Space","description":"Some speakers urged the international community to identify and safeguard historically significant lunar sites and other locations of special scientific value. 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delegates, I would now like to continue our consideration of agenda item 12, which is General Exchange of Views on the Application of International Law to small space 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first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Kenya, who will speak on behalf of G77 and 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Delegations referred to debris mitigation guidelines, long-term sustainability, and the legal and environmental implications of disposing of spacecraft."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5398.12,"end":5398.393},{"text":"since","start":5398.393,"end":5398.78},{"text":"space","start":5398.78,"end":5399.198},{"text":"debris","start":5399.198,"end":5399.584},{"text":"generation","start":5399.584,"end":5400.195},{"text":"goes","start":5400.308,"end":5400.517},{"text":"against","start":5400.63,"end":5401.144},{"text":"the","start":5401.257,"end":5401.354},{"text":"interests","start":5401.354,"end":5401.756},{"text":"of","start":5401.756,"end":5401.917},{"text":"all","start":5401.981,"end":5402.094},{"text":"states,","start":5402.094,"end":5402.528},{"text":"satellite","start":5402.978,"end":5403.332},{"text":"removal","start":5403.365,"end":5404.008},{"text":"or","start":5404.008,"end":5404.121},{"text":"elimination","start":5404.314,"end":5404.957},{"text":"should","start":5404.973,"end":5405.166},{"text":"be","start":5405.215,"end":5405.359},{"text":"done","start":5405.376,"end":5405.488},{"text":"in","start":5405.697,"end":5405.794},{"text":"a","start":5405.842,"end":5405.858},{"text":"responsible","start":5405.858,"end":5406.503},{"text":"manner.","start":5406.503,"end":5406.842}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5407.417,"end":5408.093,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5407.417,"end":5407.671},{"text":"you,","start":5407.671,"end":5407.704},{"text":"Chair.","start":5407.772,"end":5408.093}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"KEN","affiliation_full":"Kenya","group":"G77 + China","function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":22,"start":5413.247,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1t/k1tnz3bxpk?lang=en&t=5414","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Kenya speaking on behalf of G77 and China.","start":5413.247,"end":5418.602,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5413.247,"end":5413.263},{"text":"thank","start":5413.328,"end":5413.555},{"text":"the","start":5413.555,"end":5413.587},{"text":"distinguished","start":5413.636,"end":5414.058},{"text":"representative","start":5414.058,"end":5414.756},{"text":"of","start":5414.934,"end":5414.999},{"text":"Kenya","start":5415.113,"end":5415.616},{"text":"speaking","start":5416.265,"end":5416.703},{"text":"on","start":5416.8,"end":5416.882},{"text":"behalf","start":5416.898,"end":5417.303},{"text":"of","start":5417.303,"end":5417.336},{"text":"G77","start":5417.482,"end":5418.034},{"text":"and","start":5418.034,"end":5418.147},{"text":"China.","start":5418.196,"end":5418.602}]},{"text":"I will now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Canada.","start":5420.574,"end":5423.463,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5420.574,"end":5420.706},{"text":"will","start":5420.755,"end":5420.854},{"text":"now","start":5420.854,"end":5421.036},{"text":"give","start":5421.333,"end":5421.498},{"text":"the","start":5421.498,"end":5421.581},{"text":"floor","start":5421.581,"end":5421.829},{"text":"to","start":5421.829,"end":5421.911},{"text":"the","start":5421.911,"end":5421.977},{"text":"distinguished","start":5421.994,"end":5422.473},{"text":"representative","start":5422.473,"end":5423.067},{"text":"of","start":5423.067,"end":5423.199},{"text":"Canada.","start":5423.216,"end":5423.463}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"LSC","affiliation_full":"LSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":23,"start":5427.033,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1t/k1tnz3bxpk?lang=en&t=5428","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr. President.","start":5427.033,"end":5427.756,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":5427.033,"end":5427.258},{"text":"President.","start":5427.354,"end":5427.756}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Chair, distinguished delegates, Canada would like to underscore the essential nature of space services for almost all aspects of modern life.","start":5428.558,"end":5436.65,"topics":[{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. 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conclusion, much remains to be done to contribute to the realization of the SDGs and to bring the advantages of small satellites to all states.","start":5688.953,"end":5696.622,"topics":[{"key":"small-satellites","label":"Small Satellites, Constellations, and Orbital Access","description":"Several statements addressed the rise of small satellites and large constellations, highlighting their benefits for communications, Earth observation, and access to space services. 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which was launched in 1972 to observe Venus.","start":5763.202,"end":5768.725,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"400,","start":5763.202,"end":5763.733},{"text":"which","start":5763.749,"end":5763.878},{"text":"was","start":5763.91,"end":5764.071},{"text":"launched","start":5764.071,"end":5764.667},{"text":"in","start":5765.118,"end":5765.263},{"text":"1972","start":5765.376,"end":5767.066},{"text":"to","start":5767.066,"end":5767.324},{"text":"observe","start":5767.614,"end":5768.29},{"text":"Venus.","start":5768.338,"end":5768.725}]},{"text":"By doing this, we wanted to communicate that this object has stopped to 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you very much for your attention.","start":5797.534,"end":5798.562,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5797.534,"end":5797.726},{"text":"you","start":5797.726,"end":5797.761},{"text":"very","start":5797.761,"end":5797.9},{"text":"much","start":5797.9,"end":5798.109},{"text":"for","start":5798.109,"end":5798.162},{"text":"your","start":5798.162,"end":5798.249},{"text":"attention.","start":5798.249,"end":5798.562}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"RUS","affiliation_full":"Russian Federation","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":26,"start":5806.944,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1t/k1tnz3bxpk?lang=en&t=5807","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the delegation of the Russian Federation for that piece of 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regret that the travel visa for Mr. Shahrokh Shakarian, head of the Department for Bilateral and Multilateral Space Diplomacy at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran and a key member of our delegation to the 64th session of the Legal Subcommittee has not been issued for totally unjustifiable 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again, let me explain that the current rules have been communicated.","start":5977.38,"end":5984.744,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5977.38,"end":5977.622},{"text":"again,","start":5979.108,"end":5979.382},{"text":"let","start":5981.288,"end":5981.53},{"text":"me","start":5981.53,"end":5981.692},{"text":"explain","start":5981.692,"end":5982.322},{"text":"that","start":5982.322,"end":5982.548},{"text":"the","start":5982.58,"end":5982.725},{"text":"current","start":5982.725,"end":5983.129},{"text":"rules","start":5983.129,"end":5983.436},{"text":"have","start":5983.468,"end":5983.646},{"text":"been","start":5983.711,"end":5983.92},{"text":"communicated.","start":5983.937,"end":5984.744}]},{"text":"Our protocol guide are well known and in place for 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applications as soon as the travel dates are known in order to allow for sufficient time for the processing of 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will continue to give utmost importance to fulfill all host country obligations.","start":6023.72,"end":6029.274,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Austria","start":6023.72,"end":6024.123},{"text":"will","start":6024.123,"end":6024.268},{"text":"continue","start":6024.284,"end":6024.913},{"text":"to","start":6024.913,"end":6025.01},{"text":"give","start":6025.01,"end":6025.219},{"text":"utmost","start":6025.477,"end":6025.912},{"text":"importance","start":6025.912,"end":6026.525},{"text":"to","start":6026.525,"end":6026.621},{"text":"fulfill","start":6026.621,"end":6027.314},{"text":"all","start":6027.572,"end":6027.685},{"text":"host","start":6027.814,"end":6028.04},{"text":"country","start":6028.04,"end":6028.451},{"text":"obligations.","start":6028.566,"end":6029.274}]},{"text":"Thank you very 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it is not my delegation's wish to engage in details of what's happened in this regard.","start":6064.719,"end":6070.905,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Indeed,","start":6064.719,"end":6065.105},{"text":"it","start":6065.185,"end":6065.282},{"text":"is","start":6065.282,"end":6065.33},{"text":"not","start":6065.507,"end":6065.846},{"text":"my","start":6065.846,"end":6066.12},{"text":"delegation's","start":6066.168,"end":6066.812},{"text":"wish","start":6066.893,"end":6067.006},{"text":"to","start":6067.521,"end":6067.57},{"text":"engage","start":6067.602,"end":6068.101},{"text":"in","start":6068.101,"end":6068.23},{"text":"details","start":6068.263,"end":6068.794},{"text":"of","start":6068.891,"end":6069.068},{"text":"what's","start":6069.068,"end":6069.31},{"text":"happened","start":6069.31,"end":6069.842},{"text":"in","start":6070.196,"end":6070.244},{"text":"this","start":6070.341,"end":6070.47},{"text":"regard.","start":6070.583,"end":6070.905}]},{"text":"And we did not elaborate on 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I just want to react to the statement made by my Austrian colleague that we have requested for the visa On the scheduled timelines, and we expected that this will be done without further delays or bringing unjustifiable reasons to the 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Chairman.","start":6134.835,"end":6136.152,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6134.835,"end":6135.012},{"text":"you","start":6135.012,"end":6135.076},{"text":"very","start":6135.076,"end":6135.204},{"text":"much,","start":6135.236,"end":6135.397},{"text":"Mr.","start":6135.461,"end":6135.718},{"text":"Chairman.","start":6135.783,"end":6136.152}]},{"text":"I just wanted to add additional information from the part of the Secretariat on this issue because we have been also working closely with our distinguished delegates from Austria to help this 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this is then the next slide.","start":10122.307,"end":10125.574,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":10122.307,"end":10122.63},{"text":"this","start":10122.63,"end":10123.083},{"text":"is","start":10123.293,"end":10123.504},{"text":"then","start":10123.617,"end":10123.827},{"text":"the","start":10123.94,"end":10124.199},{"text":"next","start":10124.83,"end":10125.073},{"text":"slide.","start":10125.073,"end":10125.574}]},{"text":"We have entered into a new project since 2 years on space traffic management.","start":10126.367,"end":10133.244,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. 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you very much, Mr. Chairman.","start":10262.83,"end":10264.855,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10262.83,"end":10263.008},{"text":"you","start":10263.008,"end":10263.089},{"text":"very","start":10263.089,"end":10263.251},{"text":"much,","start":10263.251,"end":10263.462},{"text":"Mr.","start":10264.142,"end":10264.369},{"text":"Chairman.","start":10264.45,"end":10264.855}]},{"text":"Thank you very much, committee, for your 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addition to avoiding disputes and litigations, proactive law seeks to promote and strengthen ways to use the law to create value, do what's right, and build a solid foundation for 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are living in the era of new actors.","start":10388.771,"end":10391.197,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":10388.771,"end":10388.931},{"text":"are","start":10388.931,"end":10389.012},{"text":"living","start":10389.012,"end":10389.301},{"text":"in","start":10389.333,"end":10389.413},{"text":"the","start":10389.413,"end":10389.558},{"text":"era","start":10389.558,"end":10389.976},{"text":"of","start":10390.522,"end":10390.619},{"text":"new","start":10390.619,"end":10390.747},{"text":"actors.","start":10390.844,"end":10391.197}]},{"text":"carrying out space activities, and for a good part of them, space is a business.","start":10391.503,"end":10396.478,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"carrying","start":10391.503,"end":10391.793},{"text":"out","start":10391.889,"end":10392.066},{"text":"space","start":10392.066,"end":10392.388},{"text":"activities,","start":10392.388,"end":10393},{"text":"and","start":10393.515,"end":10393.741},{"text":"for","start":10393.741,"end":10393.902},{"text":"a","start":10393.902,"end":10393.982},{"text":"good","start":10393.999,"end":10394.24},{"text":"part","start":10394.24,"end":10394.498},{"text":"of","start":10394.498,"end":10394.61},{"text":"them,","start":10394.659,"end":10394.981},{"text":"space","start":10395.142,"end":10395.705},{"text":"is","start":10395.834,"end":10395.899},{"text":"a","start":10396.092,"end":10396.156},{"text":"business.","start":10396.156,"end":10396.478}]},{"text":"For the space definition and delimitation, there are theories that are apparently conflicting.","start":10397.444,"end":10402.021,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":10397.444,"end":10397.605},{"text":"the","start":10397.605,"end":10397.702},{"text":"space","start":10397.702,"end":10397.96},{"text":"definition","start":10397.96,"end":10398.475},{"text":"and","start":10398.523,"end":10398.652},{"text":"delimitation,","start":10398.652,"end":10399.135},{"text":"there","start":10399.75,"end":10399.879},{"text":"are","start":10399.879,"end":10399.944},{"text":"theories","start":10399.944,"end":10400.317},{"text":"that","start":10400.431,"end":10400.577},{"text":"are","start":10400.577,"end":10400.755},{"text":"apparently","start":10400.755,"end":10401.291},{"text":"conflicting.","start":10401.404,"end":10402.021}]},{"text":"However, they can be harmonized using the principle of practical concordance.","start":10402.443,"end":10406.872,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":10402.443,"end":10402.848},{"text":"they","start":10403.514,"end":10403.66},{"text":"can","start":10403.66,"end":10403.789},{"text":"be","start":10403.838,"end":10403.984},{"text":"harmonized","start":10403.984,"end":10404.601},{"text":"using","start":10404.601,"end":10404.86},{"text":"the","start":10404.893,"end":10404.974},{"text":"principle","start":10404.974,"end":10405.412},{"text":"of","start":10405.526,"end":10405.672},{"text":"practical","start":10405.704,"end":10406.239},{"text":"concordance.","start":10406.337,"end":10406.872}]},{"text":"In that sense, I would like to demonstrate how this issue seems to be much closer to a consensus than it might appear.","start":10407.918,"end":10414.542,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":10407.918,"end":10407.982},{"text":"that","start":10407.982,"end":10408.16},{"text":"sense,","start":10408.16,"end":10408.514},{"text":"I","start":10409.03,"end":10409.078},{"text":"would","start":10409.11,"end":10409.223},{"text":"like","start":10409.272,"end":10409.433},{"text":"to","start":10409.433,"end":10409.562},{"text":"demonstrate","start":10409.594,"end":10410.4},{"text":"how","start":10410.48,"end":10410.674},{"text":"this","start":10410.803,"end":10410.98},{"text":"issue","start":10410.98,"end":10411.222},{"text":"seems","start":10411.222,"end":10411.496},{"text":"to","start":10411.528,"end":10411.689},{"text":"be","start":10411.689,"end":10411.866},{"text":"much","start":10411.866,"end":10412.14},{"text":"closer","start":10412.173,"end":10412.576},{"text":"to","start":10412.576,"end":10412.688},{"text":"a","start":10412.737,"end":10412.801},{"text":"consensus","start":10412.801,"end":10413.397},{"text":"than","start":10413.623,"end":10413.752},{"text":"it","start":10413.784,"end":10413.945},{"text":"might","start":10413.945,"end":10414.252},{"text":"appear.","start":10414.252,"end":10414.542}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Next, please.","start":10415.46,"end":10416.008,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next,","start":10415.46,"end":10415.734},{"text":"please.","start":10415.783,"end":10416.008}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"Starting from a basic legal concept, a law must be applied at a specific time and space.","start":10419.425,"end":10424.707,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."}],"words":[{"text":"Starting","start":10419.425,"end":10419.762},{"text":"from","start":10419.762,"end":10419.938},{"text":"a","start":10420.003,"end":10420.019},{"text":"basic","start":10420.083,"end":10420.484},{"text":"legal","start":10420.484,"end":10420.789},{"text":"concept,","start":10420.805,"end":10421.367},{"text":"a","start":10421.592,"end":10421.608},{"text":"law","start":10421.608,"end":10421.705},{"text":"must","start":10421.705,"end":10422.01},{"text":"be","start":10422.01,"end":10422.09},{"text":"applied","start":10422.09,"end":10422.62},{"text":"at","start":10422.813,"end":10422.925},{"text":"a","start":10423.053,"end":10423.069},{"text":"specific","start":10423.069,"end":10423.712},{"text":"time","start":10423.776,"end":10423.985},{"text":"and","start":10424.242,"end":10424.338},{"text":"space.","start":10424.338,"end":10424.707}]},{"text":"If we consider that today we have 116 countries that have ratified the Outer Space Treaty, and that these same countries have also ratified the Chicago Convention, we can say that they have made a commitment, albeit implicit, to say in which time and space this law should be applied.","start":10425.542,"end":10442.097,"topics":[{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. 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Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."}],"words":[{"text":"Even","start":10459.743,"end":10460.048},{"text":"countries","start":10460.048,"end":10460.353},{"text":"that","start":10460.449,"end":10460.674},{"text":"claim","start":10460.706,"end":10460.915},{"text":"that","start":10460.947,"end":10461.124},{"text":"space","start":10461.124,"end":10461.429},{"text":"delimitation","start":10461.429,"end":10461.959},{"text":"is","start":10462.007,"end":10462.119},{"text":"not","start":10462.167,"end":10462.328},{"text":"necessary","start":10462.392,"end":10462.922},{"text":"have","start":10463.195,"end":10463.404},{"text":"national","start":10463.452,"end":10463.869},{"text":"legislation","start":10463.901,"end":10464.528},{"text":"for","start":10464.544,"end":10464.64},{"text":"this","start":10464.64,"end":10464.801},{"text":"purpose,","start":10464.801,"end":10465.234},{"text":"whether","start":10465.587,"end":10465.828},{"text":"in","start":10465.828,"end":10465.892},{"text":"the","start":10465.925,"end":10466.021},{"text":"civil","start":10466.021,"end":10466.503},{"text":"or","start":10466.567,"end":10466.663},{"text":"military","start":10466.663,"end":10467.129},{"text":"sphere.","start":10467.129,"end":10467.402}]},{"text":"And even though these rules are national, they have international impact, since, for example, it's not acceptable for one country to invade another's airspace without authorization in respect of its sovereignty.","start":10468.092,"end":10481.045,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Several delegations stressed that outer space must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, in line with international law and the UN Charter. 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Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":10468.092,"end":10468.252},{"text":"even","start":10468.252,"end":10468.445},{"text":"though","start":10468.557,"end":10468.813},{"text":"these","start":10469.038,"end":10469.182},{"text":"rules","start":10469.214,"end":10469.422},{"text":"are","start":10469.471,"end":10469.551},{"text":"national,","start":10469.551,"end":10470.144},{"text":"they","start":10471.378,"end":10471.539},{"text":"have","start":10471.603,"end":10471.827},{"text":"international","start":10472.1,"end":10472.789},{"text":"impact,","start":10472.885,"end":10473.382},{"text":"since,","start":10473.719,"end":10473.959},{"text":"for","start":10474.007,"end":10474.088},{"text":"example,","start":10474.088,"end":10474.536},{"text":"it's","start":10474.569,"end":10474.745},{"text":"not","start":10474.745,"end":10474.905},{"text":"acceptable","start":10474.905,"end":10475.546},{"text":"for","start":10475.546,"end":10475.851},{"text":"one","start":10475.851,"end":10475.995},{"text":"country","start":10476.091,"end":10476.428},{"text":"to","start":10476.428,"end":10476.508},{"text":"invade","start":10476.508,"end":10476.909},{"text":"another's","start":10476.909,"end":10477.278},{"text":"airspace","start":10477.31,"end":10477.823},{"text":"without","start":10478.272,"end":10478.753},{"text":"authorization","start":10478.753,"end":10479.442},{"text":"in","start":10479.57,"end":10479.634},{"text":"respect","start":10479.634,"end":10480.115},{"text":"of","start":10480.115,"end":10480.212},{"text":"its","start":10480.212,"end":10480.324},{"text":"sovereignty.","start":10480.356,"end":10481.045}]},{"text":"So, with all due respect, saying that the absence of definitions has never caused problems is not a valid argument.","start":10481.975,"end":10488.147,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."}],"words":[{"text":"So,","start":10481.975,"end":10482.344},{"text":"with","start":10482.36,"end":10482.584},{"text":"all","start":10482.584,"end":10482.76},{"text":"due","start":10482.76,"end":10482.905},{"text":"respect,","start":10482.905,"end":10483.418},{"text":"saying","start":10483.738,"end":10484.091},{"text":"that","start":10484.187,"end":10484.364},{"text":"the","start":10484.364,"end":10484.508},{"text":"absence","start":10484.508,"end":10484.845},{"text":"of","start":10484.845,"end":10484.989},{"text":"definitions","start":10484.989,"end":10485.534},{"text":"has","start":10485.63,"end":10485.694},{"text":"never","start":10485.79,"end":10486.047},{"text":"caused","start":10486.047,"end":10486.335},{"text":"problems","start":10486.368,"end":10486.816},{"text":"is","start":10486.929,"end":10487.025},{"text":"not","start":10487.025,"end":10487.185},{"text":"a","start":10487.185,"end":10487.201},{"text":"valid","start":10487.249,"end":10487.634},{"text":"argument.","start":10487.634,"end":10488.147}]},{"text":"It may have been valid in the past when space activities were not so representative, but these are argument is no longer sustainable, or there would be also no need to discuss other new topics like regulations for managing or coordinating space traffic, once the arguments would be the same, and delimitating space is strictly related to these new matters.","start":10488.548,"end":10507.12,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":10488.548,"end":10488.692},{"text":"may","start":10488.692,"end":10488.82},{"text":"have","start":10488.916,"end":10489.237},{"text":"been","start":10489.237,"end":10489.381},{"text":"valid","start":10489.478,"end":10489.798},{"text":"in","start":10489.798,"end":10489.862},{"text":"the","start":10489.878,"end":10489.975},{"text":"past","start":10489.975,"end":10490.455},{"text":"when","start":10490.455,"end":10490.616},{"text":"space","start":10490.616,"end":10490.92},{"text":"activities","start":10490.92,"end":10491.465},{"text":"were","start":10491.498,"end":10491.594},{"text":"not","start":10491.594,"end":10491.77},{"text":"so","start":10491.802,"end":10491.962},{"text":"representative,","start":10491.978,"end":10492.748},{"text":"but","start":10493.325,"end":10493.421},{"text":"these","start":10493.421,"end":10493.485},{"text":"are","start":10493.485,"end":10495.441},{"text":"argument","start":10493.566,"end":10493.936},{"text":"is","start":10493.984,"end":10494.033},{"text":"no","start":10494.065,"end":10494.226},{"text":"longer","start":10494.226,"end":10494.403},{"text":"sustainable,","start":10494.403,"end":10495.111},{"text":"or","start":10495.45,"end":10495.53},{"text":"there","start":10495.594,"end":10495.691},{"text":"would","start":10495.755,"end":10495.981},{"text":"be","start":10495.981,"end":10496.094},{"text":"also","start":10496.142,"end":10496.335},{"text":"no","start":10496.335,"end":10496.48},{"text":"need","start":10496.496,"end":10496.722},{"text":"to","start":10496.722,"end":10496.866},{"text":"discuss","start":10496.866,"end":10497.285},{"text":"other","start":10497.285,"end":10497.43},{"text":"new","start":10497.462,"end":10497.688},{"text":"topics","start":10497.688,"end":10498.235},{"text":"like","start":10498.235,"end":10498.477},{"text":"regulations","start":10498.477,"end":10498.992},{"text":"for","start":10499.298,"end":10499.475},{"text":"managing","start":10499.475,"end":10499.99},{"text":"or","start":10500.022,"end":10500.183},{"text":"coordinating","start":10500.183,"end":10500.763},{"text":"space","start":10500.763,"end":10501.069},{"text":"traffic,","start":10501.069,"end":10501.552},{"text":"once","start":10502.035,"end":10502.261},{"text":"the","start":10502.261,"end":10502.293},{"text":"arguments","start":10502.293,"end":10502.824},{"text":"would","start":10502.824,"end":10502.985},{"text":"be","start":10502.985,"end":10503.05},{"text":"the","start":10503.05,"end":10503.082},{"text":"same,","start":10503.082,"end":10503.489},{"text":"and","start":10503.978,"end":10504.043},{"text":"delimitating","start":10504.059,"end":10504.58},{"text":"space","start":10504.58,"end":10505.003},{"text":"is","start":10505.134,"end":10505.248},{"text":"strictly","start":10505.296,"end":10505.85},{"text":"related","start":10505.85,"end":10506.355},{"text":"to","start":10506.404,"end":10506.452},{"text":"these","start":10506.501,"end":10506.632},{"text":"new","start":10506.664,"end":10506.811},{"text":"matters.","start":10506.811,"end":10507.12}]},{"text":"Next one, please.","start":10507.804,"end":10508.504,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":10507.804,"end":10508.113},{"text":"one,","start":10508.113,"end":10508.26},{"text":"please.","start":10508.292,"end":10508.504}]},{"text":"For those countries that are in favor of the definition and delimitation, there is also no consensus on which theory should be adopted, where the special Specialist or functionalist theory.","start":10511.651,"end":10520.866,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":10511.651,"end":10511.797},{"text":"those","start":10511.829,"end":10512.04},{"text":"countries","start":10512.072,"end":10512.364},{"text":"that","start":10512.396,"end":10512.574},{"text":"are","start":10512.574,"end":10512.655},{"text":"in","start":10512.655,"end":10512.882},{"text":"favor","start":10512.882,"end":10513.255},{"text":"of","start":10513.271,"end":10513.449},{"text":"the","start":10513.449,"end":10513.53},{"text":"definition","start":10513.806,"end":10514.227},{"text":"and","start":10514.324,"end":10514.405},{"text":"delimitation,","start":10514.405,"end":10514.956},{"text":"there","start":10515.134,"end":10515.231},{"text":"is","start":10515.231,"end":10515.361},{"text":"also","start":10515.393,"end":10515.636},{"text":"no","start":10515.636,"end":10515.863},{"text":"consensus","start":10515.863,"end":10516.382},{"text":"on","start":10516.43,"end":10516.495},{"text":"which","start":10516.673,"end":10516.803},{"text":"theory","start":10516.933,"end":10517.224},{"text":"should","start":10517.257,"end":10517.581},{"text":"be","start":10517.581,"end":10517.678},{"text":"adopted,","start":10517.678,"end":10518.229},{"text":"where","start":10518.634,"end":10518.796},{"text":"the","start":10518.861,"end":10518.893},{"text":"special","start":10518.893,"end":10519.476},{"text":"Specialist","start":10519.308,"end":10519.87},{"text":"or","start":10519.87,"end":10519.918},{"text":"functionalist","start":10519.918,"end":10520.577},{"text":"theory.","start":10520.577,"end":10520.866}]},{"text":"The specialist theory emphasizes the importance of the physical and geographical characteristics of space.","start":10521.541,"end":10526.634,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":10521.541,"end":10521.637},{"text":"specialist","start":10521.637,"end":10522.264},{"text":"theory","start":10522.264,"end":10522.553},{"text":"emphasizes","start":10522.73,"end":10523.276},{"text":"the","start":10523.292,"end":10523.372},{"text":"importance","start":10523.372,"end":10524.015},{"text":"of","start":10524.015,"end":10524.063},{"text":"the","start":10524.111,"end":10524.192},{"text":"physical","start":10524.192,"end":10524.658},{"text":"and","start":10524.658,"end":10524.754},{"text":"geographical","start":10524.754,"end":10525.38},{"text":"characteristics","start":10525.397,"end":10526.184},{"text":"of","start":10526.184,"end":10526.264},{"text":"space.","start":10526.28,"end":10526.634}]},{"text":"Functional theory focuses on the purpose, objectives, and characteristics of space activities.","start":10527.565,"end":10532.77,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."}],"words":[{"text":"Functional","start":10527.565,"end":10528.031},{"text":"theory","start":10528.031,"end":10528.337},{"text":"focuses","start":10528.449,"end":10528.899},{"text":"on","start":10528.931,"end":10529.027},{"text":"the","start":10529.06,"end":10529.092},{"text":"purpose,","start":10529.092,"end":10529.543},{"text":"objectives,","start":10529.737,"end":10530.318},{"text":"and","start":10530.382,"end":10530.511},{"text":"characteristics","start":10530.544,"end":10531.447},{"text":"of","start":10531.512,"end":10531.608},{"text":"space","start":10531.608,"end":10532.076},{"text":"activities.","start":10532.076,"end":10532.77}]},{"text":"These are the 2 main theories, and the idea here is to show a 3rd one, which is the sum of the first 2, demonstrating that they do not exclude each other, but they are complementary.","start":10533.851,"end":10543.864,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":10533.851,"end":10534.06},{"text":"are","start":10534.093,"end":10534.173},{"text":"the","start":10534.173,"end":10534.319},{"text":"2","start":10534.319,"end":10534.464},{"text":"main","start":10534.48,"end":10534.609},{"text":"theories,","start":10534.657,"end":10535.109},{"text":"and","start":10535.303,"end":10535.367},{"text":"the","start":10535.383,"end":10535.48},{"text":"idea","start":10535.48,"end":10535.867},{"text":"here","start":10535.867,"end":10536.061},{"text":"is","start":10536.335,"end":10536.4},{"text":"to","start":10536.496,"end":10536.593},{"text":"show","start":10536.593,"end":10536.997},{"text":"a","start":10537.545,"end":10537.561},{"text":"3rd","start":10537.561,"end":10537.964},{"text":"one,","start":10537.964,"end":10538.094},{"text":"which","start":10538.432,"end":10538.578},{"text":"is","start":10538.61,"end":10538.658},{"text":"the","start":10538.755,"end":10538.82},{"text":"sum","start":10538.82,"end":10539.08},{"text":"of","start":10539.08,"end":10539.194},{"text":"the","start":10539.243,"end":10539.324},{"text":"first","start":10539.324,"end":10539.649},{"text":"2,","start":10539.649,"end":10539.926},{"text":"demonstrating","start":10540.154,"end":10540.772},{"text":"that","start":10540.805,"end":10541},{"text":"they","start":10541.13,"end":10541.212},{"text":"do","start":10541.293,"end":10541.391},{"text":"not","start":10541.391,"end":10541.619},{"text":"exclude","start":10541.619,"end":10542.107},{"text":"each","start":10542.107,"end":10542.237},{"text":"other,","start":10542.351,"end":10542.579},{"text":"but","start":10542.758,"end":10542.872},{"text":"they","start":10542.904,"end":10543.002},{"text":"are","start":10543.002,"end":10543.165},{"text":"complementary.","start":10543.165,"end":10543.864}]},{"text":"So, So the functional specialist theory delimitates airspace and outer space based on their physical and geographical characteristics, relativizing those delimitations according to the purpose, objectives, and characteristics of space objects and activities, promoting harmonization of legal, social, political, and economic relations among the nations.","start":10544.011,"end":10564.86,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."}],"words":[{"text":"So,","start":10544.011,"end":10544.109},{"text":"So","start":10544.79,"end":10544.902},{"text":"the","start":10544.902,"end":10545.046},{"text":"functional","start":10545.046,"end":10545.56},{"text":"specialist","start":10545.56,"end":10546.202},{"text":"theory","start":10546.267,"end":10546.556},{"text":"delimitates","start":10546.748,"end":10547.471},{"text":"airspace","start":10547.551,"end":10548.193},{"text":"and","start":10548.274,"end":10548.434},{"text":"outer","start":10548.434,"end":10548.691},{"text":"space","start":10548.691,"end":10549.189},{"text":"based","start":10549.398,"end":10549.719},{"text":"on","start":10549.719,"end":10549.799},{"text":"their","start":10549.799,"end":10549.96},{"text":"physical","start":10549.96,"end":10550.473},{"text":"and","start":10550.538,"end":10550.682},{"text":"geographical","start":10550.682,"end":10551.244},{"text":"characteristics,","start":10551.244,"end":10552.207},{"text":"relativizing","start":10552.609,"end":10553.219},{"text":"those","start":10553.251,"end":10553.46},{"text":"delimitations","start":10553.733,"end":10554.375},{"text":"according","start":10554.375,"end":10554.825},{"text":"to","start":10554.921,"end":10555.017},{"text":"the","start":10555.017,"end":10555.098},{"text":"purpose,","start":10555.098,"end":10555.74},{"text":"objectives,","start":10555.981,"end":10556.671},{"text":"and","start":10556.783,"end":10556.928},{"text":"characteristics","start":10556.928,"end":10557.634},{"text":"of","start":10557.731,"end":10557.763},{"text":"space","start":10557.763,"end":10558.1},{"text":"objects","start":10558.212,"end":10558.71},{"text":"and","start":10558.71,"end":10558.79},{"text":"activities,","start":10558.79,"end":10559.401},{"text":"promoting","start":10560.075,"end":10560.524},{"text":"harmonization","start":10560.541,"end":10561.327},{"text":"of","start":10561.504,"end":10561.648},{"text":"legal,","start":10561.697,"end":10562.146},{"text":"social,","start":10562.162,"end":10562.58},{"text":"political,","start":10562.628,"end":10563.029},{"text":"and","start":10563.045,"end":10563.19},{"text":"economic","start":10563.19,"end":10563.623},{"text":"relations","start":10563.688,"end":10564.137},{"text":"among","start":10564.169,"end":10564.378},{"text":"the","start":10564.41,"end":10564.49},{"text":"nations.","start":10564.49,"end":10564.86}]},{"text":"I present now a draft regulation which clarifies how this theory can be applied respecting the sovereignty of countries and the principles applicable to space law.","start":10565.935,"end":10574.874,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10565.935,"end":10565.967},{"text":"present","start":10566.016,"end":10566.401},{"text":"now","start":10566.401,"end":10566.529},{"text":"a","start":10566.642,"end":10566.818},{"text":"draft","start":10566.818,"end":10567.091},{"text":"regulation","start":10567.204,"end":10567.75},{"text":"which","start":10567.926,"end":10568.055},{"text":"clarifies","start":10568.103,"end":10568.793},{"text":"how","start":10568.97,"end":10569.066},{"text":"this","start":10569.227,"end":10569.42},{"text":"theory","start":10569.532,"end":10569.757},{"text":"can","start":10569.789,"end":10569.917},{"text":"be","start":10570.014,"end":10570.062},{"text":"applied","start":10570.11,"end":10570.688},{"text":"respecting","start":10570.672,"end":10571.204},{"text":"the","start":10571.236,"end":10571.316},{"text":"sovereignty","start":10571.316,"end":10571.848},{"text":"of","start":10571.88,"end":10572.009},{"text":"countries","start":10572.105,"end":10572.492},{"text":"and","start":10573.007,"end":10573.071},{"text":"the","start":10573.087,"end":10573.232},{"text":"principles","start":10573.232,"end":10573.699},{"text":"applicable","start":10573.731,"end":10574.214},{"text":"to","start":10574.214,"end":10574.359},{"text":"space","start":10574.359,"end":10574.778},{"text":"law.","start":10574.778,"end":10574.874}]},{"text":"And at the end, I demonstrate how this same merger idea can be applied to new discussions, such as the coordination and management of outer space.","start":10575.583,"end":10584.71,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":10575.583,"end":10575.647},{"text":"at","start":10575.679,"end":10575.824},{"text":"the","start":10575.824,"end":10575.921},{"text":"end,","start":10575.985,"end":10576.291},{"text":"I","start":10576.388,"end":10576.468},{"text":"demonstrate","start":10576.468,"end":10577.209},{"text":"how","start":10577.257,"end":10577.354},{"text":"this","start":10577.515,"end":10577.788},{"text":"same","start":10577.853,"end":10578.239},{"text":"merger","start":10578.239,"end":10578.642},{"text":"idea","start":10578.787,"end":10579.35},{"text":"can","start":10579.35,"end":10579.431},{"text":"be","start":10579.527,"end":10579.672},{"text":"applied","start":10579.672,"end":10580.091},{"text":"to","start":10580.091,"end":10580.187},{"text":"new","start":10580.236,"end":10580.332},{"text":"discussions,","start":10580.332,"end":10580.863},{"text":"such","start":10581.539,"end":10581.781},{"text":"as","start":10581.781,"end":10581.877},{"text":"the","start":10581.877,"end":10582.006},{"text":"coordination","start":10582.006,"end":10582.553},{"text":"and","start":10582.746,"end":10582.827},{"text":"management","start":10582.891,"end":10583.712},{"text":"of","start":10583.857,"end":10584.018},{"text":"outer","start":10584.018,"end":10584.195},{"text":"space.","start":10584.195,"end":10584.71}]},{"text":"Next, please.","start":10585.321,"end":10585.933,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next,","start":10585.321,"end":10585.627},{"text":"please.","start":10585.643,"end":10585.933}]},{"text":"So here are some rules.","start":10587.977,"end":10588.749,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":10587.977,"end":10588.105},{"text":"here","start":10588.121,"end":10588.234},{"text":"are","start":10588.234,"end":10588.282},{"text":"some","start":10588.282,"end":10588.54},{"text":"rules.","start":10588.54,"end":10588.749}]},{"text":"Number 1, each country is free to delimit the height or the limit of its airspace, which is respect for its sovereignty.","start":10589.684,"end":10596.811,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Number","start":10589.684,"end":10589.942},{"text":"1,","start":10589.942,"end":10590.022},{"text":"each","start":10590.376,"end":10590.505},{"text":"country","start":10590.602,"end":10590.924},{"text":"is","start":10590.924,"end":10590.988},{"text":"free","start":10591.085,"end":10591.326},{"text":"to","start":10591.326,"end":10591.439},{"text":"delimit","start":10591.487,"end":10591.841},{"text":"the","start":10591.986,"end":10592.067},{"text":"height","start":10592.131,"end":10592.63},{"text":"or","start":10592.968,"end":10593.049},{"text":"the","start":10593.258,"end":10593.339},{"text":"limit","start":10593.339,"end":10593.628},{"text":"of","start":10593.757,"end":10593.902},{"text":"its","start":10593.902,"end":10594.079},{"text":"airspace,","start":10594.16,"end":10594.675},{"text":"which","start":10594.965,"end":10595.126},{"text":"is","start":10595.126,"end":10595.174},{"text":"respect","start":10595.271,"end":10595.77},{"text":"for","start":10595.77,"end":10595.866},{"text":"its","start":10595.866,"end":10596.382},{"text":"sovereignty.","start":10596.09,"end":10596.811}]},{"text":"If it's understood that each country wants to extend its sovereignty as far as possible in defense of its national interests, and that an airspace of 8 kilometers in altitude, for example, is considered sufficient for this, it's not unreasonable to state that the area beyond this limit is considered outer space, considering that military activities have restrictions in outer space.","start":10597.951,"end":10619.433,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Several delegations stressed that outer space must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, in line with international law and the UN Charter. Speakers also warned against conflict and an arms race in space and emphasized multilateral cooperation as the preferred path."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":10597.951,"end":10598.127},{"text":"it's","start":10598.127,"end":10598.287},{"text":"understood","start":10598.287,"end":10598.769},{"text":"that","start":10598.769,"end":10599.025},{"text":"each","start":10599.025,"end":10599.122},{"text":"country","start":10599.234,"end":10599.539},{"text":"wants","start":10599.571,"end":10599.876},{"text":"to","start":10599.876,"end":10600.02},{"text":"extend","start":10600.036,"end":10600.469},{"text":"its","start":10600.469,"end":10600.566},{"text":"sovereignty","start":10600.678,"end":10601.304},{"text":"as","start":10601.416,"end":10601.464},{"text":"far","start":10601.576,"end":10601.673},{"text":"as","start":10601.673,"end":10601.785},{"text":"possible","start":10601.897,"end":10602.491},{"text":"in","start":10602.555,"end":10602.603},{"text":"defense","start":10602.619,"end":10603.02},{"text":"of","start":10603.02,"end":10603.117},{"text":"its","start":10603.117,"end":10603.341},{"text":"national","start":10603.341,"end":10603.839},{"text":"interests,","start":10603.839,"end":10604.32},{"text":"and","start":10604.865,"end":10604.929},{"text":"that","start":10604.946,"end":10605.106},{"text":"an","start":10605.106,"end":10605.154},{"text":"airspace","start":10605.186,"end":10605.828},{"text":"of","start":10605.828,"end":10606.036},{"text":"8","start":10606.085,"end":10606.293},{"text":"kilometers","start":10606.293,"end":10606.71},{"text":"in","start":10606.71,"end":10606.758},{"text":"altitude,","start":10606.871,"end":10607.288},{"text":"for","start":10607.336,"end":10607.432},{"text":"example,","start":10607.432,"end":10607.978},{"text":"is","start":10608.01,"end":10608.122},{"text":"considered","start":10608.154,"end":10608.652},{"text":"sufficient","start":10608.652,"end":10609.277},{"text":"for","start":10609.277,"end":10609.39},{"text":"this,","start":10609.518,"end":10609.726},{"text":"it's","start":10610.256,"end":10610.352},{"text":"not","start":10610.416,"end":10610.593},{"text":"unreasonable","start":10610.705,"end":10611.475},{"text":"to","start":10611.908,"end":10611.957},{"text":"state","start":10612.005,"end":10612.454},{"text":"that","start":10612.47,"end":10612.646},{"text":"the","start":10612.646,"end":10612.807},{"text":"area","start":10612.807,"end":10613.112},{"text":"beyond","start":10613.128,"end":10613.368},{"text":"this","start":10613.368,"end":10613.593},{"text":"limit","start":10613.593,"end":10614.01},{"text":"is","start":10614.074,"end":10614.138},{"text":"considered","start":10614.171,"end":10614.796},{"text":"outer","start":10614.796,"end":10615.037},{"text":"space,","start":10615.037,"end":10615.342},{"text":"considering","start":10615.598,"end":10616.144},{"text":"that","start":10616.32,"end":10616.465},{"text":"military","start":10616.754,"end":10617.235},{"text":"activities","start":10617.235,"end":10617.748},{"text":"have","start":10617.925,"end":10618.117},{"text":"restrictions","start":10618.165,"end":10618.823},{"text":"in","start":10618.887,"end":10618.935},{"text":"outer","start":10618.968,"end":10619.144},{"text":"space.","start":10619.144,"end":10619.433}]},{"text":"Number 2, this limit can cannot be higher than 100 kilometers in altitude, which is the Kármán line, respecting the scientific limited limit accepted by a good part, if not the majority, of international community.","start":10620.331,"end":10632.677,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."},{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. 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the absence of a formal declaration by the state, its airspace is presumed to extend up to 100 kilometers above sea 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one, please.","start":10705.768,"end":10706.524,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":10705.768,"end":10706.058},{"text":"one,","start":10706.058,"end":10706.202},{"text":"please.","start":10706.234,"end":10706.524}]},{"text":"Number 8, the right of passage will be recognized for objects or activities above each state's declared limit under the terms of international space law.","start":10708.615,"end":10717.455,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Number","start":10708.615,"end":10708.873},{"text":"8,","start":10708.873,"end":10708.921},{"text":"the","start":10709.712,"end":10709.792},{"text":"right","start":10709.792,"end":10710.099},{"text":"of","start":10710.099,"end":10710.212},{"text":"passage","start":10710.26,"end":10710.696},{"text":"will","start":10710.744,"end":10710.922},{"text":"be","start":10710.922,"end":10710.954},{"text":"recognized","start":10710.986,"end":10711.809},{"text":"for","start":10711.809,"end":10711.954},{"text":"objects","start":10711.97,"end":10712.519},{"text":"or","start":10712.519,"end":10712.567},{"text":"activities","start":10712.615,"end":10713.18},{"text":"above","start":10713.18,"end":10713.551},{"text":"each","start":10713.729,"end":10713.793},{"text":"state's","start":10713.825,"end":10714.309},{"text":"declared","start":10714.374,"end":10714.858},{"text":"limit","start":10714.858,"end":10715.326},{"text":"under","start":10715.519,"end":10715.761},{"text":"the","start":10715.761,"end":10715.923},{"text":"terms","start":10715.923,"end":10716.213},{"text":"of","start":10716.245,"end":10716.342},{"text":"international","start":10716.342,"end":10716.971},{"text":"space","start":10716.971,"end":10717.358},{"text":"law.","start":10717.358,"end":10717.455}]},{"text":"For objects or activities below the declared limit, prior authorization by the state will be mandatory in accordance with international 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for operations involving overflights of multiple states, it's recommended that the states involved coordinate through international notification the times and trajectories of the planned objects or activities with reasonable advance notice.","start":10726.216,"end":10743.297,"topics":[{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. 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Chair.","start":10894.07,"end":10894.521,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":10894.07,"end":10894.247},{"text":"you,","start":10894.247,"end":10894.312},{"text":"Chair.","start":10894.328,"end":10894.521}]},{"text":"Distinguished delegates and representatives, it is a privilege and honor to address this 64th session of the Legal Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space on behalf of For All 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Speakers highlighted the work of the dedicated working group, the need for sustainability and legal clarity, and the importance of equitable benefits for developing countries."},{"key":"space-heritage","label":"Protection of Cultural and Scientific Heritage in Space","description":"Some speakers urged the international community to identify and safeguard historically significant lunar sites and other locations of special scientific value. They argued that heritage protection should be integrated into future legal and diplomatic frameworks for lunar activity and space resource use."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":11136.051,"end":11136.18},{"text":"gasp—","start":11136.292,"end":11136.838},{"text":"this","start":11137.256,"end":11137.529},{"text":"gap,","start":11137.593,"end":11137.85},{"text":"sorry,","start":11137.994,"end":11138.364},{"text":"risks","start":11138.556,"end":11139.038},{"text":"escalating","start":11139.102,"end":11139.648},{"text":"tensions","start":11139.76,"end":11140.017},{"text":"over","start":11140.403,"end":11140.628},{"text":"access","start":11140.644,"end":11141.093},{"text":"and","start":11141.206,"end":11141.27},{"text":"use","start":11141.35,"end":11141.527},{"text":"of","start":11141.527,"end":11141.575},{"text":"space","start":11141.591,"end":11141.912},{"text":"resources","start":11141.912,"end":11142.538},{"text":"and","start":11143.052,"end":11143.116},{"text":"the","start":11143.197,"end":11143.229},{"text":"sites","start":11143.229,"end":11143.694},{"text":"where","start":11143.694,"end":11143.807},{"text":"those","start":11143.855,"end":11143.983},{"text":"resources","start":11144.08,"end":11144.626},{"text":"can","start":11144.738,"end":11144.963},{"text":"be","start":11144.963,"end":11145.011},{"text":"found,","start":11145.059,"end":11145.509},{"text":"necessitating","start":11145.862,"end":11146.633},{"text":"a","start":11146.745,"end":11146.825},{"text":"new","start":11146.825,"end":11146.954},{"text":"approach","start":11147.002,"end":11147.596},{"text":"to","start":11147.628,"end":11147.757},{"text":"ensure","start":11147.789,"end":11148.11},{"text":"sustainability","start":11148.11,"end":11148.961},{"text":"and","start":11149.073,"end":11149.234},{"text":"cooperation.","start":11149.234,"end":11150.037}]},{"text":"Under the UN regime, a legal and diplomatic scheme to identify and safeguard cultural heritage sites beyond Earth, and thus beyond national jurisdiction, must be led and developed by the member states of the UN COPUIS.","start":11150.84,"end":11165.018,"topics":[{"key":"space-heritage","label":"Protection of Cultural and Scientific Heritage in Space","description":"Some speakers urged the international community to identify and safeguard historically significant lunar sites and other locations of special scientific value. They argued that heritage protection should be integrated into future legal and diplomatic frameworks for lunar activity and space resource use."}],"words":[{"text":"Under","start":11150.84,"end":11151.08},{"text":"the","start":11151.08,"end":11151.225},{"text":"UN","start":11151.225,"end":11151.642},{"text":"regime,","start":11151.642,"end":11152.236},{"text":"a","start":11152.349,"end":11152.429},{"text":"legal","start":11152.445,"end":11152.766},{"text":"and","start":11152.766,"end":11152.847},{"text":"diplomatic","start":11152.847,"end":11153.425},{"text":"scheme","start":11153.425,"end":11153.778},{"text":"to","start":11153.89,"end":11154.019},{"text":"identify","start":11154.035,"end":11154.629},{"text":"and","start":11154.934,"end":11154.998},{"text":"safeguard","start":11155.03,"end":11155.657},{"text":"cultural","start":11155.657,"end":11156.122},{"text":"heritage","start":11156.122,"end":11156.475},{"text":"sites","start":11156.54,"end":11156.925},{"text":"beyond","start":11156.925,"end":11157.278},{"text":"Earth,","start":11157.278,"end":11157.712},{"text":"and","start":11158.129,"end":11158.193},{"text":"thus","start":11158.226,"end":11158.418},{"text":"beyond","start":11158.547,"end":11159.028},{"text":"national","start":11159.028,"end":11159.51},{"text":"jurisdiction,","start":11159.51,"end":11160.281},{"text":"must","start":11160.714,"end":11161.292},{"text":"be","start":11161.341,"end":11161.501},{"text":"led","start":11161.501,"end":11161.806},{"text":"and","start":11161.919,"end":11162.079},{"text":"developed","start":11162.079,"end":11162.721},{"text":"by","start":11162.721,"end":11162.882},{"text":"the","start":11162.882,"end":11162.962},{"text":"member","start":11162.962,"end":11163.283},{"text":"states","start":11163.283,"end":11163.845},{"text":"of","start":11163.926,"end":11164.022},{"text":"the","start":11164.07,"end":11164.167},{"text":"UN","start":11164.167,"end":11164.439},{"text":"COPUIS.","start":11164.552,"end":11165.018}]},{"text":"The concept of managed access protocols can be found in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty.","start":11166.174,"end":11171.761,"topics":[{"key":"lunar-activities","label":"Lunar Activities and Moon Governance","description":"Delegations and observers discussed the growing need for coordination of lunar exploration, including consultation mechanisms, safety, transparency, and sustainable operations on the Moon. The Action Team on Lunar Activities and related practical tools were presented as important forums for shaping future rules."},{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Several delegations stressed that outer space must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, in line with international law and the UN Charter. Speakers also warned against conflict and an arms race in space and emphasized multilateral cooperation as the preferred path."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11166.174,"end":11166.254},{"text":"concept","start":11166.254,"end":11166.832},{"text":"of","start":11166.832,"end":11166.976},{"text":"managed","start":11166.992,"end":11167.378},{"text":"access","start":11167.522,"end":11167.94},{"text":"protocols","start":11167.94,"end":11168.55},{"text":"can","start":11168.743,"end":11168.919},{"text":"be","start":11168.984,"end":11169.064},{"text":"found","start":11169.064,"end":11169.61},{"text":"in","start":11169.61,"end":11169.658},{"text":"the","start":11169.69,"end":11169.77},{"text":"1967","start":11169.77,"end":11170.766},{"text":"Outer","start":11170.814,"end":11170.991},{"text":"Space","start":11170.991,"end":11171.392},{"text":"Treaty.","start":11171.392,"end":11171.761}]},{"text":"Article 1 designates the exploration and use of outer space as the province of all humankind and enshrines the right to freely access all areas of celestial bodies.","start":11172.516,"end":11182.6,"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Several delegations stressed that outer space must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, in line with international law and the UN Charter. 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implementing protective measures to manage competing 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measures would foster cooperation by ensuring that scientific and commercial activities respect shared interests.","start":11230.918,"end":11238.405,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":11230.918,"end":11231.239},{"text":"measures","start":11231.239,"end":11231.688},{"text":"would","start":11231.784,"end":11231.944},{"text":"foster","start":11231.944,"end":11232.361},{"text":"cooperation","start":11232.361,"end":11233.211},{"text":"by","start":11233.563,"end":11233.676},{"text":"ensuring","start":11233.708,"end":11234.253},{"text":"that","start":11234.285,"end":11234.445},{"text":"scientific","start":11234.445,"end":11235.231},{"text":"and","start":11235.247,"end":11235.311},{"text":"commercial","start":11235.471,"end":11235.968},{"text":"activities","start":11235.968,"end":11236.577},{"text":"respect","start":11236.994,"end":11237.491},{"text":"shared","start":11237.491,"end":11237.956},{"text":"interests.","start":11237.956,"end":11238.405}]},{"text":"Article 9 of the Outer Space Treaty offers a legal basis for conflict prevention by requiring states to conduct activities with due regard for others' interests and to avoid harmful contamination of celestial 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a framework within the UN COPUIS to identify and safeguard heritage sites can help establish collaborative procedures utilizing diplomatic, scientific, and legal means to facilitate the advancements of complex space laws.","start":11293.545,"end":11309.337,"topics":[{"key":"space-heritage","label":"Protection of Cultural and Scientific Heritage in Space","description":"Some speakers urged the international community to identify and safeguard historically significant lunar sites and other locations of special scientific value. 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you for your kind attention.","start":11449.065,"end":11450.588,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":11449.065,"end":11449.308},{"text":"you","start":11449.308,"end":11449.503},{"text":"for","start":11449.632,"end":11449.778},{"text":"your","start":11449.778,"end":11449.907},{"text":"kind","start":11449.907,"end":11450.15},{"text":"attention.","start":11450.15,"end":11450.588}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"For All Moonkind","affiliation_full":"For All Moonkind","group":null,"function":"Observer"}},{"statement_number":42,"start":11455.19,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1t/k1tnz3bxpk?lang=en&t=11456","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you for this very interesting 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pleased to be here today representing the International Committee of the National Space Society.","start":11480.8,"end":11482.16,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'm","start":11480.8,"end":11480.8},{"text":"pleased","start":11480.8,"end":11480.8},{"text":"to","start":11480.8,"end":11480.8},{"text":"be","start":11480.8,"end":11480.8},{"text":"here","start":11480.8,"end":11480.8},{"text":"today","start":11480.8,"end":11480.8},{"text":"representing","start":11480.8,"end":11480.8},{"text":"the","start":11480.8,"end":11480.8},{"text":"International","start":11480.8,"end":11480.8},{"text":"Committee","start":11480.8,"end":11480.8},{"text":"of","start":11480.8,"end":11481},{"text":"the","start":11481,"end":11481.16},{"text":"National","start":11481.16,"end":11481.44},{"text":"Space","start":11481.44,"end":11481.66},{"text":"Society.","start":11481.66,"end":11482.16}]},{"text":"The National Space Society, colloquially known as NSS, is an independent educational grassroots nonprofit organization 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it's my pleasure to present to you the orbiting large space objects legal challenges and considerations.","start":11499.7,"end":11505.7,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris, Re-entry, and Sustainability","description":"A recurring concern was how to prevent and mitigate space debris, manage satellite removal responsibly, and ensure safe re-entry of large objects. 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protection of space from harmful contamination by space debris and the protection of space activities from harmful interference.","start":11590.77,"end":11600.51,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris, Re-entry, and Sustainability","description":"A recurring concern was how to prevent and mitigate space debris, manage satellite removal responsibly, and ensure safe re-entry of large objects. 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Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."}],"words":[{"text":"First","start":11590.77,"end":11591.27},{"text":"and","start":11591.27,"end":11591.334},{"text":"foremost,","start":11591.35,"end":11591.995},{"text":"these","start":11592.237,"end":11592.366},{"text":"concern","start":11592.463,"end":11592.801},{"text":"the","start":11592.801,"end":11592.85},{"text":"protection","start":11592.85,"end":11593.415},{"text":"of","start":11593.932,"end":11593.997},{"text":"space","start":11593.997,"end":11594.53},{"text":"from","start":11594.563,"end":11594.724},{"text":"harmful","start":11594.724,"end":11595.047},{"text":"contamination","start":11595.064,"end":11595.839},{"text":"by","start":11595.872,"end":11596.033},{"text":"space","start":11596.033,"end":11596.357},{"text":"debris","start":11596.357,"end":11596.761},{"text":"and","start":11597.31,"end":11597.456},{"text":"the","start":11597.488,"end":11597.569},{"text":"protection","start":11597.569,"end":11598.151},{"text":"of","start":11598.215,"end":11598.296},{"text":"space","start":11598.296,"end":11598.619},{"text":"activities","start":11598.619,"end":11599.153},{"text":"from","start":11599.25,"end":11599.427},{"text":"harmful","start":11599.492,"end":11599.896},{"text":"interference.","start":11599.928,"end":11600.51}]},{"text":"Next slide.","start":11601.182,"end":11601.602,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":11601.182,"end":11601.376},{"text":"slide.","start":11601.376,"end":11601.602}]},{"text":"In addition to protecting space and space activities, the orbiting large space objects also raises legal questions regarding the protection of people and property and the environment.","start":11603.607,"end":11613.42,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris, Re-entry, and Sustainability","description":"A recurring concern was how to prevent and mitigate space debris, manage satellite removal responsibly, and ensure safe re-entry of large objects. 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a key issue arises with this provision.","start":11728.682,"end":11731.86,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":11728.682,"end":11729.182},{"text":"a","start":11729.553,"end":11729.569},{"text":"key","start":11729.634,"end":11729.811},{"text":"issue","start":11729.811,"end":11730.053},{"text":"arises","start":11730.053,"end":11730.505},{"text":"with","start":11731.021,"end":11731.247},{"text":"this","start":11731.247,"end":11731.344},{"text":"provision.","start":11731.344,"end":11731.86}]},{"text":"It only applies to impacts caused by the introduction of extraterrestrial matter.","start":11732.167,"end":11735.88,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":11732.167,"end":11732.296},{"text":"only","start":11732.377,"end":11732.554},{"text":"applies","start":11732.554,"end":11732.925},{"text":"to","start":11732.958,"end":11733.119},{"text":"impacts","start":11733.119,"end":11733.555},{"text":"caused","start":11733.603,"end":11733.877},{"text":"by","start":11733.926,"end":11734.087},{"text":"the","start":11734.087,"end":11734.152},{"text":"introduction","start":11734.152,"end":11734.652},{"text":"of","start":11734.652,"end":11734.783},{"text":"extraterrestrial","start":11734.816,"end":11735.585},{"text":"matter.","start":11735.585,"end":11735.88}]},{"text":"Since space debris is manmade, it does not fall under this category.","start":11736.469,"end":11739.823,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Since","start":11736.469,"end":11736.698},{"text":"space","start":11736.698,"end":11737.009},{"text":"debris","start":11737.009,"end":11737.287},{"text":"is","start":11737.287,"end":11737.401},{"text":"manmade,","start":11737.5,"end":11737.974},{"text":"it","start":11738.007,"end":11738.285},{"text":"does","start":11738.25,"end":11738.394},{"text":"not","start":11738.458,"end":11738.667},{"text":"fall","start":11738.667,"end":11738.908},{"text":"under","start":11738.908,"end":11739.084},{"text":"this","start":11739.084,"end":11739.325},{"text":"category.","start":11739.325,"end":11739.823}]},{"text":"This means that state parties, when engaging in exploration and the use of outer space, are not required by Article 9 to prevent harmful effects from space debris on Earth environment.","start":11740.353,"end":11750.822,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":11740.353,"end":11740.53},{"text":"means","start":11740.53,"end":11740.819},{"text":"that","start":11740.851,"end":11740.995},{"text":"state","start":11740.995,"end":11741.22},{"text":"parties,","start":11741.252,"end":11741.621},{"text":"when","start":11741.734,"end":11741.862},{"text":"engaging","start":11741.894,"end":11742.424},{"text":"in","start":11742.456,"end":11742.505},{"text":"exploration","start":11742.601,"end":11743.307},{"text":"and","start":11743.741,"end":11743.95},{"text":"the","start":11743.982,"end":11744.126},{"text":"use","start":11744.142,"end":11744.399},{"text":"of","start":11744.399,"end":11744.479},{"text":"outer","start":11744.608,"end":11744.72},{"text":"space,","start":11744.72,"end":11745.202},{"text":"are","start":11745.411,"end":11745.443},{"text":"not","start":11745.443,"end":11745.652},{"text":"required","start":11745.652,"end":11746.133},{"text":"by","start":11746.133,"end":11746.214},{"text":"Article","start":11746.214,"end":11746.647},{"text":"9","start":11746.647,"end":11746.92},{"text":"to","start":11747.289,"end":11747.402},{"text":"prevent","start":11747.434,"end":11747.787},{"text":"harmful","start":11747.819,"end":11748.237},{"text":"effects","start":11748.237,"end":11748.799},{"text":"from","start":11749.04,"end":11749.2},{"text":"space","start":11749.264,"end":11749.505},{"text":"debris","start":11749.585,"end":11749.842},{"text":"on","start":11749.907,"end":11750.083},{"text":"Earth","start":11750.083,"end":11750.26},{"text":"environment.","start":11750.26,"end":11750.822}]},{"text":"Similarly, they have no obligation to adopt appropriate measures to avoid environmental impacts.","start":11751.143,"end":11756.265,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Similarly,","start":11751.143,"end":11751.737},{"text":"they","start":11752.171,"end":11752.315},{"text":"have","start":11752.315,"end":11752.476},{"text":"no","start":11752.508,"end":11752.652},{"text":"obligation","start":11752.652,"end":11753.262},{"text":"to","start":11753.295,"end":11753.423},{"text":"adopt","start":11753.439,"end":11753.76},{"text":"appropriate","start":11753.76,"end":11754.242},{"text":"measures","start":11754.242,"end":11754.547},{"text":"to","start":11754.724,"end":11754.884},{"text":"avoid","start":11754.884,"end":11755.093},{"text":"environmental","start":11755.141,"end":11755.655},{"text":"impacts.","start":11755.783,"end":11756.265}]},{"text":"Nevertheless, the provision reflects a clear underlying principle within the treaty: the responsibility to protect Earth environment from the negative effects of space activities, including the orbiting 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slide.","start":11768.83,"end":11769.284,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":11768.83,"end":11769.025},{"text":"slide.","start":11769.025,"end":11769.284}]},{"text":"At the 40th session of this subcommittee in 2001, Latin American countries comprising the Rio Group raised concerns about the environmental risk of the orbiting and called for a legal regime to address environmental issues.","start":11770.919,"end":11783.402,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":11770.919,"end":11771.016},{"text":"the","start":11771.016,"end":11771.162},{"text":"40th","start":11771.162,"end":11771.518},{"text":"session","start":11771.518,"end":11772.036},{"text":"of","start":11772.311,"end":11772.36},{"text":"this","start":11772.36,"end":11772.44},{"text":"subcommittee","start":11772.488,"end":11773.116},{"text":"in","start":11773.116,"end":11773.165},{"text":"2001,","start":11773.261,"end":11773.97},{"text":"Latin","start":11774.485,"end":11774.743},{"text":"American","start":11774.743,"end":11775.194},{"text":"countries","start":11775.194,"end":11775.58},{"text":"comprising","start":11775.677,"end":11776.144},{"text":"the","start":11776.176,"end":11776.321},{"text":"Rio","start":11776.321,"end":11776.563},{"text":"Group","start":11776.563,"end":11776.885},{"text":"raised","start":11777.126,"end":11777.384},{"text":"concerns","start":11777.384,"end":11777.835},{"text":"about","start":11777.867,"end":11778.189},{"text":"the","start":11778.189,"end":11778.27},{"text":"environmental","start":11778.27,"end":11778.914},{"text":"risk","start":11778.914,"end":11779.156},{"text":"of","start":11779.156,"end":11779.236},{"text":"the","start":11779.236,"end":11779.381},{"text":"orbiting","start":11779.462,"end":11779.768},{"text":"and","start":11780.267,"end":11780.331},{"text":"called","start":11780.363,"end":11780.605},{"text":"for","start":11780.605,"end":11780.75},{"text":"a","start":11780.83,"end":11780.911},{"text":"legal","start":11780.927,"end":11781.169},{"text":"regime","start":11781.169,"end":11781.879},{"text":"to","start":11781.879,"end":11781.976},{"text":"address","start":11781.976,"end":11782.398},{"text":"environmental","start":11782.446,"end":11783.094},{"text":"issues.","start":11783.094,"end":11783.402}]},{"text":"Almost 25 years later, space law still contains no binding obligation to conduct environmental impact assessments.","start":11783.921,"end":11790.425,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Almost","start":11783.921,"end":11784.197},{"text":"25","start":11784.229,"end":11784.78},{"text":"years","start":11784.813,"end":11785.023},{"text":"later,","start":11785.056,"end":11785.428},{"text":"space","start":11785.623,"end":11786.012},{"text":"law","start":11786.012,"end":11786.061},{"text":"still","start":11786.109,"end":11786.352},{"text":"contains","start":11786.352,"end":11786.774},{"text":"no","start":11786.839,"end":11787.066},{"text":"binding","start":11787.066,"end":11787.341},{"text":"obligation","start":11787.341,"end":11787.957},{"text":"to","start":11788.297,"end":11788.395},{"text":"conduct","start":11788.395,"end":11788.929},{"text":"environmental","start":11788.929,"end":11789.562},{"text":"impact","start":11789.526,"end":11789.863},{"text":"assessments.","start":11789.863,"end":11790.425}]},{"text":"But what if we examine this issue through the lens of the law of the sea?","start":11790.987,"end":11794.712,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":11790.987,"end":11791.164},{"text":"what","start":11791.212,"end":11791.388},{"text":"if","start":11791.388,"end":11791.533},{"text":"we","start":11791.549,"end":11791.645},{"text":"examine","start":11791.645,"end":11792.159},{"text":"this","start":11792.432,"end":11792.544},{"text":"issue","start":11792.737,"end":11792.962},{"text":"through","start":11793.074,"end":11793.331},{"text":"the","start":11793.331,"end":11793.46},{"text":"lens","start":11793.46,"end":11793.685},{"text":"of","start":11793.797,"end":11793.925},{"text":"the","start":11793.941,"end":11794.022},{"text":"law","start":11794.038,"end":11794.15},{"text":"of","start":11794.182,"end":11794.295},{"text":"the","start":11794.295,"end":11794.375},{"text":"sea?","start":11794.375,"end":11794.712}]},{"text":"From the law of the sea perspective, the relevant framework is the Convention on the Law of the Sea, particularly Part 12.","start":11795.627,"end":11801.873,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"From","start":11795.627,"end":11795.724},{"text":"the","start":11795.788,"end":11795.868},{"text":"law","start":11795.884,"end":11795.997},{"text":"of","start":11796.27,"end":11796.366},{"text":"the","start":11796.366,"end":11796.446},{"text":"sea","start":11796.446,"end":11796.671},{"text":"perspective,","start":11796.671,"end":11797.297},{"text":"the","start":11797.41,"end":11797.554},{"text":"relevant","start":11797.554,"end":11797.891},{"text":"framework","start":11797.891,"end":11798.469},{"text":"is","start":11798.469,"end":11798.55},{"text":"the","start":11798.598,"end":11798.678},{"text":"Convention","start":11798.678,"end":11799.256},{"text":"on","start":11799.256,"end":11799.401},{"text":"the","start":11799.401,"end":11799.481},{"text":"Law","start":11799.497,"end":11799.609},{"text":"of","start":11799.658,"end":11799.786},{"text":"the","start":11799.818,"end":11799.898},{"text":"Sea,","start":11799.898,"end":11800.22},{"text":"particularly","start":11800.3,"end":11800.91},{"text":"Part","start":11801.167,"end":11801.44},{"text":"12.","start":11801.44,"end":11801.873}]},{"text":"Article 192 establishes a general duty to protect and preserve the marine environment, while Article 194 requires measures to control pollution from any source.","start":11802.467,"end":11812.455,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Article","start":11802.467,"end":11802.853},{"text":"192","start":11802.869,"end":11803.88},{"text":"establishes","start":11803.929,"end":11804.523},{"text":"a","start":11804.715,"end":11804.796},{"text":"general","start":11804.796,"end":11805.197},{"text":"duty","start":11805.197,"end":11805.486},{"text":"to","start":11805.518,"end":11805.599},{"text":"protect","start":11805.599,"end":11805.968},{"text":"and","start":11806.064,"end":11806.144},{"text":"preserve","start":11806.144,"end":11806.53},{"text":"the","start":11806.562,"end":11806.626},{"text":"marine","start":11806.626,"end":11806.915},{"text":"environment,","start":11806.947,"end":11807.525},{"text":"while","start":11807.846,"end":11807.959},{"text":"Article","start":11808.071,"end":11808.457},{"text":"194","start":11808.489,"end":11809.548},{"text":"requires","start":11809.773,"end":11810.223},{"text":"measures","start":11810.335,"end":11810.705},{"text":"to","start":11810.737,"end":11810.897},{"text":"control","start":11810.897,"end":11811.25},{"text":"pollution","start":11811.363,"end":11811.764},{"text":"from","start":11811.764,"end":11811.877},{"text":"any","start":11812.005,"end":11812.117},{"text":"source.","start":11812.117,"end":11812.455}]},{"text":"Article 210 specifically explicitly regulates pollution by dumping.","start":11813.049,"end":11817.177,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Article","start":11813.049,"end":11813.418},{"text":"210","start":11813.547,"end":11814.141},{"text":"specifically","start":11814.606,"end":11814.96},{"text":"explicitly","start":11815.008,"end":11815.683},{"text":"regulates","start":11815.715,"end":11816.261},{"text":"pollution","start":11816.261,"end":11816.631},{"text":"by","start":11816.679,"end":11816.84},{"text":"dumping.","start":11816.84,"end":11817.177}]},{"text":"The question is whether deorbiting space objects into the ocean constitutes pollution under Article 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harm.","start":11823.331,"end":11829.727,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regardless","start":11823.331,"end":11823.813},{"text":"of","start":11823.813,"end":11823.91},{"text":"that,","start":11823.91,"end":11824.617},{"text":"environmental","start":11824.874,"end":11825.517},{"text":"assessments","start":11825.517,"end":11826.224},{"text":"under","start":11826.304,"end":11826.481},{"text":"the","start":11826.481,"end":11826.561},{"text":"convention","start":11826.561,"end":11827.107},{"text":"are","start":11827.107,"end":11827.284},{"text":"only","start":11827.284,"end":11827.525},{"text":"triggered","start":11827.525,"end":11827.895},{"text":"when","start":11827.927,"end":11828.039},{"text":"there","start":11828.088,"end":11828.2},{"text":"is","start":11828.248,"end":11828.297},{"text":"a","start":11828.473,"end":11828.489},{"text":"risk","start":11828.57,"end":11828.907},{"text":"of","start":11828.907,"end":11829.036},{"text":"significant","start":11829.036,"end":11829.518},{"text":"harm.","start":11829.518,"end":11829.727}]},{"text":"Whether or not deorbiting large space objects meets that threshold, it is important to interpret Part 12 in the light of Article 194, which makes explicit reference to rare and fragile ecosystems as well as the habitat of depleted, threatened, and endangered 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new treaty aims to protect marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction.","start":11856.822,"end":11861.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":11856.822,"end":11857.079},{"text":"new","start":11857.079,"end":11857.224},{"text":"treaty","start":11857.224,"end":11857.529},{"text":"aims","start":11857.706,"end":11857.818},{"text":"to","start":11857.818,"end":11857.93},{"text":"protect","start":11857.946,"end":11858.364},{"text":"marine","start":11858.364,"end":11858.653},{"text":"biodiversity","start":11858.685,"end":11859.536},{"text":"in","start":11859.568,"end":11859.697},{"text":"areas","start":11859.793,"end":11859.937},{"text":"beyond","start":11860.034,"end":11860.371},{"text":"national","start":11860.371,"end":11860.692},{"text":"jurisdiction.","start":11860.692,"end":11861.35}]},{"text":"As of now, 114 states have signed and 21 have ratified.","start":11861.88,"end":11867.291,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":11861.88,"end":11862.041},{"text":"of","start":11862.041,"end":11862.105},{"text":"now,","start":11862.153,"end":11862.33},{"text":"114","start":11862.844,"end":11863.534},{"text":"states","start":11863.534,"end":11864.08},{"text":"have","start":11864.208,"end":11864.353},{"text":"signed","start":11864.465,"end":11864.995},{"text":"and","start":11865.252,"end":11865.798},{"text":"21","start":11866.2,"end":11866.585},{"text":"have","start":11866.617,"end":11866.729},{"text":"ratified.","start":11866.729,"end":11867.291}]},{"text":"60 ratifications are required for it to enter into force.","start":11867.773,"end":11870.567,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"60","start":11867.773,"end":11868.142},{"text":"ratifications","start":11868.142,"end":11868.801},{"text":"are","start":11868.801,"end":11868.881},{"text":"required","start":11868.881,"end":11869.363},{"text":"for","start":11869.363,"end":11869.507},{"text":"it","start":11869.523,"end":11869.668},{"text":"to","start":11869.668,"end":11869.828},{"text":"enter","start":11869.844,"end":11870.005},{"text":"into","start":11870.005,"end":11870.182},{"text":"force.","start":11870.23,"end":11870.567}]},{"text":"The treaty remains open for signature until September 20, 2025.","start":11871.129,"end":11875.191,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11871.129,"end":11871.209},{"text":"treaty","start":11871.209,"end":11871.45},{"text":"remains","start":11871.45,"end":11871.819},{"text":"open","start":11871.916,"end":11872.237},{"text":"for","start":11872.237,"end":11872.333},{"text":"signature","start":11872.333,"end":11872.879},{"text":"until","start":11872.959,"end":11873.136},{"text":"September","start":11873.136,"end":11873.618},{"text":"20,","start":11873.618,"end":11874.067},{"text":"2025.","start":11874.34,"end":11875.191}]},{"text":"Article 29 of the treaty promotes the use of environmental impact assessments, while Article 30 sets thresholds for when a screening and an environmental impact assessment are required.","start":11875.93,"end":11885.885,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Article","start":11875.93,"end":11876.251},{"text":"29","start":11876.251,"end":11876.877},{"text":"of","start":11876.893,"end":11876.99},{"text":"the","start":11876.99,"end":11877.134},{"text":"treaty","start":11877.134,"end":11877.455},{"text":"promotes","start":11877.455,"end":11877.953},{"text":"the","start":11877.953,"end":11878.033},{"text":"use","start":11878.114,"end":11878.354},{"text":"of","start":11878.354,"end":11878.499},{"text":"environmental","start":11878.499,"end":11879.237},{"text":"impact","start":11879.237,"end":11879.51},{"text":"assessments,","start":11879.559,"end":11880.281},{"text":"while","start":11880.506,"end":11880.634},{"text":"Article","start":11880.747,"end":11881.068},{"text":"30","start":11881.068,"end":11881.405},{"text":"sets","start":11881.405,"end":11881.71},{"text":"thresholds","start":11881.71,"end":11882.176},{"text":"for","start":11882.593,"end":11882.722},{"text":"when","start":11882.77,"end":11882.898},{"text":"a","start":11882.995,"end":11883.027},{"text":"screening","start":11883.027,"end":11883.541},{"text":"and","start":11883.814,"end":11883.878},{"text":"an","start":11883.894,"end":11883.974},{"text":"environmental","start":11883.974,"end":11884.616},{"text":"impact","start":11884.616,"end":11884.889},{"text":"assessment","start":11884.922,"end":11885.339},{"text":"are","start":11885.339,"end":11885.403},{"text":"required.","start":11885.403,"end":11885.885}]},{"text":"These thresholds range from substantial to even minor or transitory environmental effects, which could apply to deorbiting.","start":11886.367,"end":11892.852,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":11886.367,"end":11886.511},{"text":"thresholds","start":11886.543,"end":11887.073},{"text":"range","start":11887.169,"end":11887.426},{"text":"from","start":11887.426,"end":11887.555},{"text":"substantial","start":11887.587,"end":11888.261},{"text":"to","start":11888.47,"end":11888.631},{"text":"even","start":11888.631,"end":11888.775},{"text":"minor","start":11888.871,"end":11889.289},{"text":"or","start":11889.353,"end":11889.417},{"text":"transitory","start":11889.417,"end":11889.995},{"text":"environmental","start":11889.995,"end":11890.573},{"text":"effects,","start":11890.638,"end":11891.007},{"text":"which","start":11891.521,"end":11891.633},{"text":"could","start":11891.633,"end":11893.576},{"text":"apply","start":11891.906,"end":11892.114},{"text":"to","start":11892.163,"end":11892.307},{"text":"deorbiting.","start":11892.307,"end":11892.852}]},{"text":"However, it remains unclear whether such activities meet these thresholds, and of course, whether the agreement will enter into force.","start":11893.109,"end":11899.508,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":11893.109,"end":11893.558},{"text":"it","start":11893.862,"end":11893.927},{"text":"remains","start":11893.927,"end":11894.263},{"text":"unclear","start":11894.408,"end":11894.793},{"text":"whether","start":11894.793,"end":11894.969},{"text":"such","start":11894.985,"end":11895.178},{"text":"activities","start":11895.226,"end":11895.819},{"text":"meet","start":11895.931,"end":11896.156},{"text":"these","start":11896.156,"end":11896.3},{"text":"thresholds,","start":11896.332,"end":11896.861},{"text":"and","start":11897.134,"end":11897.198},{"text":"of","start":11897.214,"end":11897.343},{"text":"course,","start":11897.359,"end":11897.727},{"text":"whether","start":11897.936,"end":11898.16},{"text":"the","start":11898.16,"end":11898.273},{"text":"agreement","start":11898.273,"end":11898.626},{"text":"will","start":11898.722,"end":11898.818},{"text":"enter","start":11898.882,"end":11899.059},{"text":"into","start":11899.059,"end":11899.219},{"text":"force.","start":11899.235,"end":11899.508}]},{"text":"In summary, there is currently no legally binding international framework that directly addresses the environmental impact of deorbiting space objects.","start":11900.358,"end":11907.703,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":11900.358,"end":11900.422},{"text":"summary,","start":11900.438,"end":11900.871},{"text":"there","start":11901.304,"end":11901.464},{"text":"is","start":11901.464,"end":11901.512},{"text":"currently","start":11901.609,"end":11901.993},{"text":"no","start":11902.009,"end":11902.154},{"text":"legally","start":11902.266,"end":11902.555},{"text":"binding","start":11902.587,"end":11902.924},{"text":"international","start":11902.924,"end":11903.453},{"text":"framework","start":11903.453,"end":11904.014},{"text":"that","start":11904.014,"end":11904.126},{"text":"directly","start":11904.126,"end":11904.672},{"text":"addresses","start":11904.672,"end":11905.121},{"text":"the","start":11905.217,"end":11905.297},{"text":"environmental","start":11905.297,"end":11905.842},{"text":"impact","start":11905.939,"end":11906.275},{"text":"of","start":11906.275,"end":11906.372},{"text":"deorbiting","start":11906.372,"end":11906.853},{"text":"space","start":11906.853,"end":11907.238},{"text":"objects.","start":11907.238,"end":11907.703}]},{"text":"However, the 1972 London Convention and its 1996 Protocol, which regulate and restrict ocean dumping, could be potential venues for addressing this issue in maritime law.","start":11908.04,"end":11918.155,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":11908.04,"end":11908.473},{"text":"the","start":11908.697,"end":11908.777},{"text":"1972","start":11908.777,"end":11909.772},{"text":"London","start":11909.868,"end":11910.092},{"text":"Convention","start":11910.124,"end":11910.734},{"text":"and","start":11910.99,"end":11911.087},{"text":"its","start":11911.087,"end":11911.247},{"text":"1996","start":11911.247,"end":11912.113},{"text":"Protocol,","start":11912.113,"end":11912.642},{"text":"which","start":11912.851,"end":11912.979},{"text":"regulate","start":11913.091,"end":11913.637},{"text":"and","start":11913.637,"end":11913.717},{"text":"restrict","start":11913.733,"end":11914.198},{"text":"ocean","start":11914.198,"end":11914.471},{"text":"dumping,","start":11914.535,"end":11914.823},{"text":"could","start":11915.24,"end":11915.353},{"text":"be","start":11915.401,"end":11915.497},{"text":"potential","start":11915.497,"end":11915.978},{"text":"venues","start":11915.978,"end":11916.347},{"text":"for","start":11916.379,"end":11916.523},{"text":"addressing","start":11916.523,"end":11916.908},{"text":"this","start":11916.924,"end":11916.988},{"text":"issue","start":11917.165,"end":11917.357},{"text":"in","start":11917.421,"end":11917.79},{"text":"maritime","start":11917.47,"end":11917.878},{"text":"law.","start":11917.976,"end":11918.155}]},{"text":"Next slide.","start":11919.053,"end":11919.511,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":11919.053,"end":11919.249},{"text":"slide.","start":11919.249,"end":11919.511}]},{"text":"To put things into perspective, orbital reentries are not yet a major source of ocean pollution.","start":11921.731,"end":11926.769,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"To","start":11921.731,"end":11921.829},{"text":"put","start":11921.829,"end":11922.074},{"text":"things","start":11922.074,"end":11922.303},{"text":"into","start":11922.303,"end":11922.417},{"text":"perspective,","start":11922.466,"end":11922.907},{"text":"orbital","start":11923.63,"end":11923.905},{"text":"reentries","start":11923.905,"end":11924.358},{"text":"are","start":11924.536,"end":11924.617},{"text":"not","start":11924.633,"end":11924.859},{"text":"yet","start":11924.859,"end":11925.199},{"text":"a","start":11925.264,"end":11925.28},{"text":"major","start":11925.296,"end":11925.604},{"text":"source","start":11925.604,"end":11925.944},{"text":"of","start":11925.944,"end":11926.073},{"text":"ocean","start":11926.089,"end":11926.332},{"text":"pollution.","start":11926.332,"end":11926.769}]},{"text":"For comparison, the total mass reentered from orbit is still less than that of a sunken World War II battleship, and over 2,000 garbage trucks of plastic enter the ocean every single day.","start":11927.044,"end":11937.093,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":11927.044,"end":11927.222},{"text":"comparison,","start":11927.222,"end":11927.837},{"text":"the","start":11928.193,"end":11928.338},{"text":"total","start":11928.338,"end":11928.63},{"text":"mass","start":11928.63,"end":11928.808},{"text":"reentered","start":11928.986,"end":11929.633},{"text":"from","start":11929.633,"end":11929.779},{"text":"orbit","start":11929.892,"end":11930.199},{"text":"is","start":11930.199,"end":11930.248},{"text":"still","start":11930.248,"end":11930.491},{"text":"less","start":11930.523,"end":11930.733},{"text":"than","start":11930.944,"end":11931.073},{"text":"that","start":11931.17,"end":11931.413},{"text":"of","start":11931.413,"end":11931.51},{"text":"a","start":11931.575,"end":11931.607},{"text":"sunken","start":11931.607,"end":11932.044},{"text":"World","start":11932.141,"end":11932.319},{"text":"War","start":11932.319,"end":11932.562},{"text":"II","start":11932.562,"end":11932.674},{"text":"battleship,","start":11932.674,"end":11933.028},{"text":"and","start":11933.51,"end":11933.59},{"text":"over","start":11933.67,"end":11933.847},{"text":"2,000","start":11933.911,"end":11934.409},{"text":"garbage","start":11934.409,"end":11934.795},{"text":"trucks","start":11934.811,"end":11935.132},{"text":"of","start":11935.132,"end":11935.229},{"text":"plastic","start":11935.277,"end":11935.679},{"text":"enter","start":11935.679,"end":11935.855},{"text":"the","start":11935.855,"end":11936.016},{"text":"ocean","start":11936.016,"end":11936.386},{"text":"every","start":11936.498,"end":11936.643},{"text":"single","start":11936.659,"end":11936.948},{"text":"day.","start":11936.98,"end":11937.093}]},{"text":"Since 1971, just over 260 space objects have been deorbited to Point Nemo.","start":11937.783,"end":11943.513,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Since","start":11937.783,"end":11938.105},{"text":"1971,","start":11938.105,"end":11939.197},{"text":"just","start":11939.294,"end":11939.615},{"text":"over","start":11939.615,"end":11939.84},{"text":"260","start":11939.872,"end":11940.756},{"text":"space","start":11940.756,"end":11941.158},{"text":"objects","start":11941.158,"end":11941.736},{"text":"have","start":11941.881,"end":11942.09},{"text":"been","start":11942.09,"end":11942.213},{"text":"deorbited","start":11942.213,"end":11942.829},{"text":"to","start":11942.829,"end":11943.022},{"text":"Point","start":11943,"end":11943.272},{"text":"Nemo.","start":11943.272,"end":11943.513}]},{"text":"While this impact remains small, it is not just about the ISS or one day the Tangzhong space station.","start":11944.156,"end":11950.032,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"While","start":11944.156,"end":11944.316},{"text":"this","start":11944.316,"end":11944.589},{"text":"impact","start":11944.621,"end":11944.958},{"text":"remains","start":11944.958,"end":11945.215},{"text":"small,","start":11945.215,"end":11945.665},{"text":"it","start":11945.842,"end":11945.906},{"text":"is","start":11945.906,"end":11945.97},{"text":"not","start":11946.002,"end":11946.163},{"text":"just","start":11946.163,"end":11946.42},{"text":"about","start":11946.42,"end":11946.869},{"text":"the","start":11946.869,"end":11946.949},{"text":"ISS","start":11947.351,"end":11947.463},{"text":"or","start":11947.768,"end":11947.849},{"text":"one","start":11947.913,"end":11948.041},{"text":"day","start":11948.089,"end":11948.202},{"text":"the","start":11948.314,"end":11948.459},{"text":"Tangzhong","start":11948.571,"end":11949.101},{"text":"space","start":11949.31,"end":11949.599},{"text":"station.","start":11949.679,"end":11950.032}]},{"text":"With 13 new space stations underway, these 6 commercial space stations currently scheduled to launch before 2029, more economical and sustainable solutions are needed.","start":11950.578,"end":11960.951,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris, Re-entry, and Sustainability","description":"A recurring concern was how to prevent and mitigate space debris, manage satellite removal responsibly, and ensure safe re-entry of large objects. Delegations referred to debris mitigation guidelines, long-term sustainability, and the legal and environmental implications of disposing of 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slide.","start":11962.219,"end":11962.749,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":11962.219,"end":11962.412},{"text":"slide.","start":11962.412,"end":11962.749}]},{"text":"The long-term answer may lie in reusing or recycling space structures.","start":11963.969,"end":11967.165,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":11963.969,"end":11964.05},{"text":"long-term","start":11964.05,"end":11964.355},{"text":"answer","start":11964.451,"end":11964.836},{"text":"may","start":11964.933,"end":11965.093},{"text":"lie","start":11965.093,"end":11965.222},{"text":"in","start":11965.27,"end":11965.334},{"text":"reusing","start":11965.415,"end":11965.848},{"text":"or","start":11965.848,"end":11965.912},{"text":"recycling","start":11965.912,"end":11966.41},{"text":"space","start":11966.41,"end":11966.683},{"text":"structures.","start":11966.779,"end":11967.165}]},{"text":"Although current systems systems are not designed for this, now is the time to begin developing capability and create a new space market sector.","start":11967.743,"end":11975.519,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Although","start":11967.743,"end":11968.064},{"text":"current","start":11968.064,"end":11968.353},{"text":"systems","start":11968.353,"end":11968.786},{"text":"systems","start":11968.53,"end":11968.722},{"text":"are","start":11968.866,"end":11968.914},{"text":"not","start":11968.978,"end":11969.267},{"text":"designed","start":11969.267,"end":11969.684},{"text":"for","start":11969.684,"end":11969.844},{"text":"this,","start":11969.86,"end":11970.036},{"text":"now","start":11970.565,"end":11970.678},{"text":"is","start":11970.79,"end":11970.854},{"text":"the","start":11970.95,"end":11971.046},{"text":"time","start":11971.046,"end":11971.319},{"text":"to","start":11971.367,"end":11971.447},{"text":"begin","start":11971.447,"end":11971.768},{"text":"developing","start":11971.768,"end":11972.297},{"text":"capability","start":11972.409,"end":11973.098},{"text":"and","start":11973.114,"end":11973.211},{"text":"create","start":11973.211,"end":11973.595},{"text":"a","start":11973.595,"end":11973.611},{"text":"new","start":11973.611,"end":11973.788},{"text":"space","start":11973.788,"end":11974.173},{"text":"market","start":11974.173,"end":11974.445},{"text":"sector.","start":11975.07,"end":11975.519}]},{"text":"NSS welcomes ESA's recent campaign called Lattice, Large Space Structure Construction, Maintenance, and Recycling Technologies, which supports technology for reusable and sustainable large space 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encourage better space debris management, NSS published a position paper titled disposal of the ISS and future large space objects, with a CRP to follow at COPUS.","start":11988.745,"end":12000.033,"topics":[{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris, Re-entry, and Sustainability","description":"A recurring concern was how to prevent and mitigate space debris, manage satellite removal responsibly, and ensure safe re-entry of large objects. 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will continue our consideration of agenda item 8, general exchange of views on potential legal models for activities in the Exploration, Exploitation and Utilisation of Space Resources, to inform the delegates of the status of nominations for the Vice Chair of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource 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will then adjourn the plenary meeting so that the Working Group on the Status and Application of the 5 UN Treaties on Outer Space can hold its 4th 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will have no technical presentations this afternoon.","start":12128.934,"end":12132.134,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":12128.934,"end":12129.063},{"text":"will","start":12129.095,"end":12129.208},{"text":"have","start":12129.241,"end":12129.515},{"text":"no","start":12129.645,"end":12129.839},{"text":"technical","start":12129.984,"end":12130.598},{"text":"presentations","start":12130.615,"end":12131.406},{"text":"this","start":12131.423,"end":12131.487},{"text":"afternoon.","start":12131.584,"end":12132.134}]},{"text":"Delegates are reminded that the full schedule of technical presentations is available on the session's 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consultations will also be available via the MS Teams link contained in the circular dispatched on 29th of April, 2025, 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schedule of consultations is available on the webpage of the session.","start":12184.333,"end":12186.813,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":12184.333,"end":12184.43},{"text":"schedule","start":12184.43,"end":12184.576},{"text":"of","start":12184.576,"end":12184.608},{"text":"consultations","start":12184.608,"end":12184.981},{"text":"is","start":12184.981,"end":12185.03},{"text":"available","start":12185.078,"end":12185.532},{"text":"on","start":12185.613,"end":12185.678},{"text":"the","start":12185.694,"end":12185.759},{"text":"webpage","start":12185.792,"end":12186.246},{"text":"of","start":12186.343,"end":12186.44},{"text":"the","start":12186.44,"end":12186.521},{"text":"session.","start":12186.521,"end":12186.813}]},{"text":"Are there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule?","start":12188.463,"end":12191.202,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Are","start":12188.463,"end":12188.544},{"text":"there","start":12188.544,"end":12188.641},{"text":"any","start":12188.641,"end":12188.755},{"text":"questions","start":12188.787,"end":12189.241},{"text":"or","start":12189.419,"end":12189.565},{"text":"comments","start":12189.581,"end":12190.067},{"text":"on","start":12190.067,"end":12190.132},{"text":"this","start":12190.164,"end":12190.294},{"text":"proposed","start":12190.391,"end":12190.732},{"text":"schedule?","start":12190.732,"end":12191.202}]},{"text":"I see none.","start":12193.605,"end":12194.171,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":12193.605,"end":12193.637},{"text":"see","start":12193.67,"end":12193.847},{"text":"none.","start":12193.847,"end":12194.171}]},{"text":"So, distinguished delegates, this meeting is adjourned until 3 PM.","start":12195.546,"end":12199.896,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So,","start":12195.546,"end":12195.74},{"text":"distinguished","start":12196.079,"end":12196.564},{"text":"delegates,","start":12196.564,"end":12197.017},{"text":"this","start":12197.939,"end":12198.117},{"text":"meeting","start":12198.117,"end":12198.408},{"text":"is","start":12198.602,"end":12198.651},{"text":"adjourned","start":12198.699,"end":12199.039},{"text":"until","start":12199.152,"end":12199.362},{"text":"3","start":12199.411,"end":12199.572},{"text":"PM.","start":12199.653,"end":12199.896}]},{"text":"Thank you.","start":12199.961,"end":12200.252,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":12199.961,"end":12200.203},{"text":"you.","start":12200.203,"end":12200.252}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"LSC","affiliation_full":"LSC","group":null,"function":"Chair"}}],"topics":[{"key":"peaceful-use","label":"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space","description":"Several delegations stressed that outer space must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, in line with international law and the UN Charter. Speakers also warned against conflict and an arms race in space and emphasized multilateral cooperation as the preferred path."},{"key":"space-debris","label":"Space Debris, Re-entry, and Sustainability","description":"A recurring concern was how to prevent and mitigate space debris, manage satellite removal responsibly, and ensure safe re-entry of large objects. Delegations referred to debris mitigation guidelines, long-term sustainability, and the legal and environmental implications of disposing of spacecraft."},{"key":"space-traffic","label":"Space Traffic Management and Delimitation","description":"Speakers linked the growing congestion of outer space to the need for clearer rules on space traffic management and, in some cases, clearer definition and delimitation of outer space. Proposals included legal frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and practical manuals to improve safety and reduce conflict."},{"key":"space-heritage","label":"Protection of Cultural and Scientific Heritage in Space","description":"Some speakers urged the international community to identify and safeguard historically significant lunar sites and other locations of special scientific value. They argued that heritage protection should be integrated into future legal and diplomatic frameworks for lunar activity and space resource use."},{"key":"space-resources","label":"Governance of Space Resource Activities","description":"A major topic was the development of legal principles and governance arrangements for the exploration and use of space resources. Speakers highlighted the work of the dedicated working group, the need for sustainability and legal clarity, and the importance of equitable benefits for developing countries."},{"key":"lunar-activities","label":"Lunar Activities and Moon Governance","description":"Delegations and observers discussed the growing need for coordination of lunar exploration, including consultation mechanisms, safety, transparency, and sustainable operations on the Moon. The Action Team on Lunar Activities and related practical tools were presented as important forums for shaping future rules."},{"key":"small-satellites","label":"Small Satellites, Constellations, and Orbital Access","description":"Several statements addressed the rise of small satellites and large constellations, highlighting their benefits for communications, Earth observation, and access to space services. At the same time, delegations raised questions about equitable access to orbital positions, especially for developing countries and in the geostationary orbit."},{"key":"capacity-building","label":"Capacity Building and Inclusive Participation","description":"Numerous interventions emphasized training, technical assistance, education, and institutional development as essential for broader participation in space activities. Particular attention was given to supporting developing countries through regional forums, advisory missions, and stronger international cooperation mechanisms."},{"key":"treaty-implementation","label":"Implementation of Space Treaties and National Law","description":"Many statements focused on the continued centrality of the UN outer space treaties and on the need to implement them through national legislation, registration systems, licensing rules, and liability frameworks. Countries also reported on accession to treaties and the development of domestic legal instruments for space activities."}]}}