{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. 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then after that, start with the reading of the boxes four and five, all with the intent to finish the complete reading of the text, box by box, today before six 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one more technical thing.","start":86.03,"end":88.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Then,","start":86.03,"end":86.51},{"text":"one","start":86.51,"end":86.79},{"text":"more","start":86.79,"end":87.39},{"text":"technical","start":87.39,"end":87.87},{"text":"thing.","start":87.87,"end":88.27}]},{"text":"If you have prepared statements, the interpreters would highly appreciate it to receive them in 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I also reread the draft articles which were presented by a group of delegations in previous years.","start":419.67,"end":426.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"and","start":419.67,"end":419.91},{"text":"I","start":419.91,"end":420.07},{"text":"also","start":420.07,"end":420.63},{"text":"reread","start":420.79,"end":421.39},{"text":"the","start":421.39,"end":421.51},{"text":"draft","start":421.51,"end":421.91},{"text":"articles","start":421.91,"end":422.51},{"text":"which","start":422.51,"end":422.75},{"text":"were","start":422.75,"end":422.95},{"text":"presented","start":422.95,"end":423.59},{"text":"by","start":423.59,"end":423.91},{"text":"a","start":423.99,"end":424.07},{"text":"group","start":424.07,"end":424.39},{"text":"of","start":424.39,"end":424.55},{"text":"delegations","start":424.55,"end":425.35},{"text":"in","start":425.43,"end":425.51},{"text":"previous","start":425.51,"end":425.99},{"text":"years.","start":425.99,"end":426.39}]},{"text":"To some extent, we feel that they 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main point, and why we need to do this, uh, and why it is re- uh, necessary, uh, to look more deeply into, uh, new issues and also into, uh, elements that are not currently spelled out that, uh, specifically in IHL is what is in, uh, para 8.","start":442.71,"end":461.79,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. 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reason is the one that I have spelled out already.","start":491.27,"end":493.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":491.27,"end":491.39},{"text":"reason","start":491.39,"end":491.91},{"text":"is","start":491.91,"end":492.07},{"text":"the","start":492.07,"end":492.19},{"text":"one","start":492.19,"end":492.39},{"text":"that","start":492.39,"end":492.51},{"text":"I","start":492.51,"end":492.55},{"text":"have","start":492.55,"end":492.71},{"text":"spelled","start":492.71,"end":493.11},{"text":"out","start":493.11,"end":493.31},{"text":"already.","start":493.31,"end":493.83}]},{"text":"We are facing new problems.","start":493.83,"end":495.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":493.83,"end":493.91},{"text":"are","start":493.91,"end":494.07},{"text":"facing","start":494.07,"end":494.51},{"text":"new","start":494.51,"end":494.63},{"text":"problems.","start":494.63,"end":495.23}]},{"text":"We are having a different kind of technology.","start":495.23,"end":497.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":495.23,"end":495.35},{"text":"are","start":495.35,"end":495.51},{"text":"having","start":495.51,"end":495.75},{"text":"a","start":495.83,"end":495.87},{"text":"different","start":495.87,"end":496.35},{"text":"kind","start":496.35,"end":496.51},{"text":"of","start":496.51,"end":496.63},{"text":"technology.","start":496.63,"end":497.35}]},{"text":"Very many of the issues which are related to IHL are already predetermined or fixed in at the development and design phase.","start":497.35,"end":506.79,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. 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Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":524.63,"end":525.03},{"text":"issue","start":525.03,"end":525.43},{"text":"is","start":525.43,"end":525.67},{"text":"the","start":525.67,"end":525.79},{"text":"discussion","start":525.79,"end":526.31},{"text":"about","start":526.31,"end":526.63},{"text":"context","start":526.63,"end":527.03},{"text":"appropriate","start":527.03,"end":527.75},{"text":"human","start":527.83,"end":528.23},{"text":"judgment","start":528.23,"end":528.67},{"text":"and","start":528.67,"end":528.79},{"text":"control.","start":528.79,"end":529.43}]},{"text":"This issue also belongs into box three.","start":530.87,"end":533.83,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":530.87,"end":531.11},{"text":"issue","start":531.11,"end":531.43},{"text":"also","start":531.43,"end":531.67},{"text":"belongs","start":531.67,"end":532.39},{"text":"into","start":532.63,"end":532.99},{"text":"box","start":532.99,"end":533.43},{"text":"three.","start":533.43,"end":533.83}]},{"text":"I think there's not much leeway for us.","start":534.11,"end":536.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":534.11,"end":534.27},{"text":"think","start":534.27,"end":534.43},{"text":"there's","start":534.43,"end":534.71},{"text":"not","start":534.71,"end":534.91},{"text":"much","start":534.91,"end":535.23},{"text":"leeway","start":535.23,"end":535.63},{"text":"for","start":535.63,"end":535.95},{"text":"us.","start":535.95,"end":536.27}]},{"text":"We would have liked it in box two and in box three.","start":536.27,"end":538.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":536.27,"end":536.43},{"text":"would","start":536.43,"end":536.63},{"text":"have","start":536.63,"end":536.75},{"text":"liked","start":536.75,"end":537.11},{"text":"it","start":537.11,"end":537.19},{"text":"in","start":537.19,"end":537.31},{"text":"box","start":537.31,"end":537.59},{"text":"two","start":537.59,"end":537.87},{"text":"and","start":537.87,"end":538.11},{"text":"in","start":538.11,"end":538.19},{"text":"box","start":538.19,"end":538.55},{"text":"three.","start":538.55,"end":538.91}]},{"text":"We had a lot of language on this, which was much more stricter.","start":539.55,"end":543.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":539.55,"end":539.71},{"text":"had","start":539.71,"end":539.95},{"text":"a","start":539.95,"end":540.03},{"text":"lot","start":540.03,"end":540.23},{"text":"of","start":540.23,"end":540.35},{"text":"language","start":540.35,"end":540.83},{"text":"on","start":540.83,"end":540.99},{"text":"this,","start":540.99,"end":541.23},{"text":"which","start":541.23,"end":541.39},{"text":"was","start":541.39,"end":541.95},{"text":"much","start":541.95,"end":542.19},{"text":"more","start":542.19,"end":542.35},{"text":"stricter.","start":542.35,"end":543.07}]},{"text":"And what we have in front of us is the last compromise that we can take on this issue.","start":544.11,"end":550.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":544.11,"end":544.63},{"text":"what","start":544.63,"end":544.87},{"text":"we","start":544.87,"end":544.99},{"text":"have","start":544.99,"end":545.23},{"text":"in","start":545.23,"end":545.31},{"text":"front","start":545.31,"end":545.59},{"text":"of","start":545.59,"end":545.71},{"text":"us","start":545.71,"end":545.95},{"text":"is","start":545.95,"end":546.27},{"text":"the","start":546.47,"end":546.59},{"text":"last","start":546.59,"end":546.91},{"text":"compromise","start":546.91,"end":547.63},{"text":"that","start":547.95,"end":548.43},{"text":"we","start":548.59,"end":548.75},{"text":"can","start":548.75,"end":549.23},{"text":"take","start":549.71,"end":549.95},{"text":"on","start":549.95,"end":550.11},{"text":"this","start":550.11,"end":550.27},{"text":"issue.","start":550.27,"end":550.67}]},{"text":"There have been some comments also that delegations have five different positions on what human control means and how it applies.","start":552.67,"end":562.03,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. 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Some delegations also supported explicit prohibition of anti-personnel autonomous weapon systems because of risks to distinction, accountability, and human dignity."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":581.95,"end":582.19},{"text":"us,","start":582.19,"end":582.35},{"text":"it","start":582.35,"end":582.47},{"text":"would","start":582.47,"end":582.67},{"text":"have","start":582.67,"end":582.83},{"text":"been","start":582.83,"end":583.15},{"text":"appropriate","start":583.47,"end":584.11},{"text":"to","start":584.11,"end":584.19},{"text":"make","start":584.19,"end":584.39},{"text":"this","start":584.39,"end":584.75},{"text":"a","start":584.99,"end":585.07},{"text":"prohibition","start":585.07,"end":585.63},{"text":"part,","start":585.63,"end":585.95},{"text":"since","start":586.67,"end":586.95},{"text":"it","start":586.95,"end":587.07},{"text":"is","start":587.07,"end":587.19},{"text":"so","start":587.19,"end":587.39},{"text":"crucial","start":587.39,"end":588.03},{"text":"to","start":588.35,"end":588.75},{"text":"have","start":588.75,"end":589.15},{"text":"IHL","start":589.15,"end":589.71},{"text":"still","start":589.71,"end":590.19},{"text":"relevant","start":590.67,"end":591.31},{"text":"in","start":591.31,"end":591.75},{"text":"the","start":591.75,"end":591.87},{"text":"day","start":591.87,"end":592.07},{"text":"and","start":592.07,"end":592.19},{"text":"age","start":592.19,"end":592.51},{"text":"of","start":592.79,"end":592.95},{"text":"artificial","start":592.95,"end":593.43},{"text":"intelligence.","start":593.43,"end":594.11}]},{"text":"That we are now have moved into it as a principle and a concept that translates it or even less.","start":594.43,"end":601.15,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":594.43,"end":594.59},{"text":"we","start":594.59,"end":594.75},{"text":"are","start":594.75,"end":594.83},{"text":"now","start":594.83,"end":595.15},{"text":"have","start":595.15,"end":595.39},{"text":"moved","start":595.39,"end":595.95},{"text":"into","start":595.95,"end":596.23},{"text":"it","start":596.23,"end":596.43},{"text":"as","start":596.43,"end":596.59},{"text":"a","start":596.83,"end":596.91},{"text":"principle","start":596.91,"end":597.51},{"text":"and","start":597.51,"end":597.67},{"text":"a","start":597.67,"end":597.71},{"text":"concept","start":597.71,"end":598.39},{"text":"that","start":598.39,"end":598.51},{"text":"translates","start":598.51,"end":599.35},{"text":"it","start":599.35,"end":599.63},{"text":"or","start":599.95,"end":600.43},{"text":"even","start":600.43,"end":600.75},{"text":"less.","start":600.75,"end":601.15}]},{"text":"I think this is a part of our discussion and a result of our discussion and also a result of us compromising.","start":601.55,"end":608.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":601.55,"end":601.75},{"text":"think","start":601.75,"end":601.95},{"text":"this","start":601.95,"end":602.11},{"text":"is","start":602.11,"end":602.43},{"text":"a","start":602.67,"end":602.75},{"text":"part","start":602.75,"end":603.15},{"text":"of","start":603.27,"end":603.39},{"text":"our","start":603.39,"end":603.59},{"text":"discussion","start":603.59,"end":604.27},{"text":"and","start":604.27,"end":604.47},{"text":"a","start":604.47,"end":604.51},{"text":"result","start":604.51,"end":605.03},{"text":"of","start":605.03,"end":605.15},{"text":"our","start":605.15,"end":605.31},{"text":"discussion","start":605.31,"end":605.87},{"text":"and","start":605.87,"end":606.19},{"text":"also","start":606.19,"end":606.47},{"text":"a","start":606.47,"end":606.51},{"text":"result","start":606.51,"end":607.07},{"text":"of","start":607.15,"end":607.39},{"text":"us","start":607.39,"end":607.79},{"text":"compromising.","start":608.11,"end":608.99}]},{"text":"So this should be appreciated and not criticized, I have to say.","start":609.15,"end":613.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":609.15,"end":609.31},{"text":"this","start":609.31,"end":609.47},{"text":"should","start":609.47,"end":609.67},{"text":"be","start":609.67,"end":609.79},{"text":"appreciated","start":609.79,"end":610.67},{"text":"and","start":610.87,"end":611.03},{"text":"not","start":611.03,"end":611.23},{"text":"criticized,","start":611.23,"end":612.03},{"text":"I","start":612.43,"end":612.59},{"text":"have","start":612.59,"end":612.75},{"text":"to","start":612.75,"end":612.91},{"text":"say.","start":612.91,"end":613.15}]},{"text":"That it is a concept that is relevant.","start":614.59,"end":616.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":614.59,"end":614.75},{"text":"it","start":614.75,"end":614.87},{"text":"is","start":614.87,"end":614.99},{"text":"a","start":614.99,"end":615.07},{"text":"concept","start":615.07,"end":615.47},{"text":"that","start":615.47,"end":615.63},{"text":"is","start":615.63,"end":615.71},{"text":"relevant.","start":615.71,"end":616.27}]},{"text":"I mean, we, I think what is more important is to look into the basic idea.","start":616.67,"end":620.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":616.67,"end":616.75},{"text":"mean,","start":616.75,"end":616.99},{"text":"we,","start":617.07,"end":617.39},{"text":"I","start":617.71,"end":617.87},{"text":"think","start":617.87,"end":618.03},{"text":"what","start":618.03,"end":618.19},{"text":"is","start":618.19,"end":618.31},{"text":"more","start":618.31,"end":618.47},{"text":"important","start":618.47,"end":618.83},{"text":"is","start":618.83,"end":618.99},{"text":"to","start":618.99,"end":619.07},{"text":"look","start":619.07,"end":619.27},{"text":"into","start":619.27,"end":619.47},{"text":"the","start":619.47,"end":619.55},{"text":"basic","start":619.55,"end":620.03},{"text":"idea.","start":620.03,"end":620.39}]},{"text":"In one of our previous working papers, we have spelled it out in such a way that the effects of the use of force need to be traced back to human agency.","start":620.39,"end":629.23,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. 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We still think that it's extremely necessary to have such a limitation.","start":806.91,"end":822.35,"topics":[{"key":"engagement-limits","label":"Limits on Autonomous Engagements","description":"Delegations debated operational limits on autonomy, including restrictions on the scale of operations, target types, duration, geographic scope, mission parameters, and the number of engagements a system can undertake autonomously. 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to make some points on the earlier paragraphs in the box.","start":1215.43,"end":1218.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":1215.43,"end":1215.67},{"text":"to","start":1215.75,"end":1216.11},{"text":"make","start":1216.11,"end":1216.31},{"text":"some","start":1216.31,"end":1216.47},{"text":"points","start":1216.47,"end":1216.95},{"text":"on","start":1216.95,"end":1217.03},{"text":"the","start":1217.03,"end":1217.15},{"text":"earlier","start":1217.19,"end":1217.55},{"text":"paragraphs","start":1217.55,"end":1218.23},{"text":"in","start":1218.23,"end":1218.31},{"text":"the","start":1218.31,"end":1218.39},{"text":"box.","start":1218.39,"end":1218.95}]},{"text":"On paragraph three, we note the comments made by the US that this paragraph could be grounded in the principle of distinction.","start":1219.75,"end":1226.31,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international 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Some delegations also supported explicit prohibition of anti-personnel autonomous weapon systems because of risks to distinction, accountability, and human dignity."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":1304.47,"end":1304.63},{"text":"the","start":1304.63,"end":1304.75},{"text":"point","start":1304.75,"end":1305.27},{"text":"of","start":1305.35,"end":1305.51},{"text":"determination","start":1305.51,"end":1306.39},{"text":"that","start":1306.39,"end":1306.51},{"text":"a","start":1306.51,"end":1306.55},{"text":"capability","start":1306.55,"end":1307.51},{"text":"cannot","start":1307.51,"end":1307.99},{"text":"be","start":1307.99,"end":1308.15},{"text":"used","start":1308.15,"end":1308.47},{"text":"in","start":1308.47,"end":1308.63},{"text":"compliance","start":1308.63,"end":1309.27},{"text":"with","start":1309.27,"end":1309.43},{"text":"IHL,","start":1309.43,"end":1310.15},{"text":"certain","start":1310.39,"end":1310.87},{"text":"questions","start":1310.87,"end":1311.43},{"text":"need","start":1311.43,"end":1311.59},{"text":"to","start":1311.59,"end":1311.67},{"text":"be","start":1311.67,"end":1311.83},{"text":"asked.","start":1312.03,"end":1312.39}]},{"text":"Is the capability simply so unpredictable that there is no case in which it could be used with discrimination?","start":1312.95,"end":1320.23,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability and Explainability","description":"Several delegations called for explicit references to systems being predictable, reliable, traceable, and explainable to those responsible for their use. 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A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."}],"words":[{"text":"Is","start":1312.95,"end":1313.19},{"text":"the","start":1313.19,"end":1313.27},{"text":"capability","start":1313.27,"end":1314.15},{"text":"simply","start":1314.15,"end":1314.71},{"text":"so","start":1314.71,"end":1315.11},{"text":"unpredictable","start":1315.11,"end":1315.99},{"text":"that","start":1315.99,"end":1316.15},{"text":"there","start":1316.15,"end":1316.39},{"text":"is","start":1316.39,"end":1316.55},{"text":"no","start":1316.55,"end":1316.87},{"text":"case","start":1316.87,"end":1317.43},{"text":"in","start":1317.67,"end":1317.75},{"text":"which","start":1317.75,"end":1317.99},{"text":"it","start":1317.99,"end":1318.07},{"text":"could","start":1318.07,"end":1318.27},{"text":"be","start":1318.27,"end":1318.39},{"text":"used","start":1318.39,"end":1318.79},{"text":"with","start":1318.95,"end":1319.31},{"text":"discrimination?","start":1319.31,"end":1320.23}]},{"text":"If that is the case, it is not clear to the UK what value there is in maintaining the capability for the purposes of training or countermeasure.","start":1321.03,"end":1329.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":1321.03,"end":1321.27},{"text":"that","start":1321.27,"end":1321.51},{"text":"is","start":1321.51,"end":1321.67},{"text":"the","start":1321.67,"end":1321.75},{"text":"case,","start":1321.75,"end":1322.39},{"text":"it","start":1322.39,"end":1322.59},{"text":"is","start":1322.59,"end":1322.71},{"text":"not","start":1322.71,"end":1322.95},{"text":"clear","start":1322.95,"end":1323.27},{"text":"to","start":1323.27,"end":1323.43},{"text":"the","start":1323.43,"end":1323.55},{"text":"UK","start":1323.55,"end":1324.55},{"text":"what","start":1324.67,"end":1324.95},{"text":"value","start":1325.03,"end":1325.43},{"text":"there","start":1325.43,"end":1325.67},{"text":"is","start":1325.67,"end":1325.91},{"text":"in","start":1325.91,"end":1326.07},{"text":"maintaining","start":1326.07,"end":1326.79},{"text":"the","start":1326.79,"end":1326.87},{"text":"capability","start":1326.87,"end":1327.67},{"text":"for","start":1327.75,"end":1327.91},{"text":"the","start":1327.91,"end":1327.99},{"text":"purposes","start":1327.99,"end":1328.51},{"text":"of","start":1328.51,"end":1328.63},{"text":"training","start":1328.63,"end":1329.03},{"text":"or","start":1329.03,"end":1329.15},{"text":"countermeasure.","start":1329.15,"end":1329.95}]},{"text":"both of which would need to be predicated on the idea that something in the behaviour can be predicted or planned for.","start":1330.51,"end":1337.15,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability and Explainability","description":"Several delegations called for explicit references to systems being predictable, reliable, traceable, and explainable to those responsible for their use. 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These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"both","start":1330.51,"end":1330.83},{"text":"of","start":1330.83,"end":1330.91},{"text":"which","start":1330.91,"end":1331.23},{"text":"would","start":1331.23,"end":1331.43},{"text":"need","start":1331.43,"end":1331.63},{"text":"to","start":1331.63,"end":1331.71},{"text":"be","start":1331.71,"end":1331.87},{"text":"predicated","start":1331.87,"end":1332.67},{"text":"on","start":1332.67,"end":1332.79},{"text":"the","start":1332.79,"end":1332.87},{"text":"idea","start":1332.87,"end":1333.47},{"text":"that","start":1333.55,"end":1333.79},{"text":"something","start":1333.79,"end":1334.23},{"text":"in","start":1334.23,"end":1334.35},{"text":"the","start":1334.35,"end":1334.43},{"text":"behaviour","start":1334.43,"end":1334.99},{"text":"can","start":1334.99,"end":1335.15},{"text":"be","start":1335.15,"end":1335.31},{"text":"predicted","start":1335.31,"end":1336.03},{"text":"or","start":1336.27,"end":1336.39},{"text":"planned","start":1336.39,"end":1336.83},{"text":"for.","start":1336.83,"end":1337.15}]},{"text":"Separately, and of particular relevance to whether this concept can be meaningful for laws, the stage at which behaviour of a capability is determined for autonomous weapons is not the same as the stage at which behaviour is determined for other weapons.","start":1338.35,"end":1353.87,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability and Explainability","description":"Several delegations called for explicit references to systems being predictable, reliable, traceable, and explainable to those responsible for their use. 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Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Separately,","start":1338.35,"end":1339.31},{"text":"and","start":1339.39,"end":1339.79},{"text":"of","start":1339.87,"end":1340.03},{"text":"particular","start":1340.03,"end":1340.63},{"text":"relevance","start":1340.63,"end":1341.23},{"text":"to","start":1341.23,"end":1341.35},{"text":"whether","start":1341.35,"end":1341.63},{"text":"this","start":1341.63,"end":1341.79},{"text":"concept","start":1341.79,"end":1342.35},{"text":"can","start":1342.35,"end":1342.51},{"text":"be","start":1342.51,"end":1342.67},{"text":"meaningful","start":1342.67,"end":1343.23},{"text":"for","start":1343.23,"end":1343.39},{"text":"laws,","start":1343.39,"end":1343.87},{"text":"the","start":1344.19,"end":1344.35},{"text":"stage","start":1344.35,"end":1344.75},{"text":"at","start":1344.75,"end":1344.83},{"text":"which","start":1344.83,"end":1345.07},{"text":"behaviour","start":1345.07,"end":1345.59},{"text":"of","start":1345.59,"end":1345.67},{"text":"a","start":1345.67,"end":1345.71},{"text":"capability","start":1345.71,"end":1346.51},{"text":"is","start":1346.51,"end":1346.63},{"text":"determined","start":1346.63,"end":1347.47},{"text":"for","start":1347.71,"end":1347.87},{"text":"autonomous","start":1347.87,"end":1348.35},{"text":"weapons","start":1348.35,"end":1348.99},{"text":"is","start":1349.23,"end":1349.47},{"text":"not","start":1349.47,"end":1349.79},{"text":"the","start":1349.79,"end":1349.91},{"text":"same","start":1349.91,"end":1350.51},{"text":"as","start":1350.51,"end":1350.67},{"text":"the","start":1350.67,"end":1350.79},{"text":"stage","start":1350.79,"end":1351.31},{"text":"at","start":1351.31,"end":1351.43},{"text":"which","start":1351.43,"end":1351.71},{"text":"behaviour","start":1351.71,"end":1352.15},{"text":"is","start":1352.15,"end":1352.31},{"text":"determined","start":1352.31,"end":1352.79},{"text":"for","start":1352.79,"end":1352.99},{"text":"other","start":1352.99,"end":1353.23},{"text":"weapons.","start":1353.23,"end":1353.87}]},{"text":"Those issues are reliant on training.","start":1354.35,"end":1356.75,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"Those","start":1354.35,"end":1354.67},{"text":"issues","start":1354.67,"end":1355.23},{"text":"are","start":1355.23,"end":1355.35},{"text":"reliant","start":1355.35,"end":1355.87},{"text":"on","start":1355.87,"end":1356.03},{"text":"training.","start":1356.03,"end":1356.75}]},{"text":"on the proper processing of sensor data, on the match between those issues and the parameters set for any particular operation.","start":1357.15,"end":1364.83,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"on","start":1357.15,"end":1357.31},{"text":"the","start":1357.31,"end":1357.43},{"text":"proper","start":1357.43,"end":1357.79},{"text":"processing","start":1357.79,"end":1358.55},{"text":"of","start":1358.55,"end":1358.63},{"text":"sensor","start":1358.63,"end":1359.11},{"text":"data,","start":1359.11,"end":1359.63},{"text":"on","start":1359.87,"end":1360.03},{"text":"the","start":1360.03,"end":1360.11},{"text":"match","start":1360.11,"end":1360.43},{"text":"between","start":1360.43,"end":1360.83},{"text":"those","start":1360.83,"end":1361.07},{"text":"issues","start":1361.07,"end":1361.55},{"text":"and","start":1361.55,"end":1361.75},{"text":"the","start":1361.75,"end":1361.87},{"text":"parameters","start":1361.87,"end":1362.59},{"text":"set","start":1362.67,"end":1363.07},{"text":"for","start":1363.07,"end":1363.23},{"text":"any","start":1363.23,"end":1363.43},{"text":"particular","start":1363.43,"end":1364.03},{"text":"operation.","start":1364.03,"end":1364.83}]},{"text":"When applying rules of, for example, Article 57 of Additional Protocol I, autonomous weapons systems can be thought of as empty vessels waiting to be populated with behaviors, the commander's intent, and the legal parameters necessary in the circumstances.","start":1366.15,"end":1386.11,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. 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Delegations raised concerns about proliferation to illicit markets, terrorist groups, and other actors outside responsible state control."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1386.63,"end":1386.75},{"text":"item","start":1386.87,"end":1387.75},{"text":"that","start":1387.75,"end":1387.99},{"text":"might","start":1387.99,"end":1388.31},{"text":"be","start":1388.31,"end":1388.47},{"text":"retained","start":1388.47,"end":1389.11},{"text":"or","start":1389.11,"end":1389.27},{"text":"transferred","start":1389.27,"end":1389.99},{"text":"is","start":1389.99,"end":1390.39},{"text":"largely","start":1390.39,"end":1391.11},{"text":"this","start":1391.11,"end":1391.35},{"text":"empty","start":1391.35,"end":1391.71},{"text":"vessel.","start":1391.71,"end":1392.23}]},{"text":"This feature of these systems renders these measures redundant.","start":1392.87,"end":1396.71,"topics":[{"key":"proliferation-diversion","label":"Proliferation, Transfer, and Diversion","description":"The meeting also addressed how to prevent the spread of autonomous weapons systems through transfer, stockpiling, retention, or diversion to unauthorized users. Delegations raised concerns about proliferation to illicit markets, terrorist groups, and other actors outside responsible state control."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1392.87,"end":1393.11},{"text":"feature","start":1393.11,"end":1393.55},{"text":"of","start":1393.55,"end":1393.63},{"text":"these","start":1393.63,"end":1393.79},{"text":"systems","start":1393.79,"end":1394.39},{"text":"renders","start":1394.39,"end":1395.11},{"text":"these","start":1395.11,"end":1395.43},{"text":"measures","start":1395.43,"end":1395.91},{"text":"redundant.","start":1395.91,"end":1396.71}]},{"text":"The UK recognize that the aims of many states in this room include addressing concerns about proliferation and is open in the spirit of compromise on this provision.","start":1398.39,"end":1407.83,"topics":[{"key":"proliferation-diversion","label":"Proliferation, Transfer, and Diversion","description":"The meeting also addressed how to prevent the spread of autonomous weapons systems through transfer, stockpiling, retention, or diversion to unauthorized users. Delegations raised concerns about proliferation to illicit markets, terrorist groups, and other actors outside responsible state control."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1398.39,"end":1398.51},{"text":"UK","start":1398.51,"end":1398.87},{"text":"recognize","start":1398.87,"end":1399.47},{"text":"that","start":1399.47,"end":1399.59},{"text":"the","start":1399.59,"end":1399.71},{"text":"aims","start":1399.71,"end":1399.99},{"text":"of","start":1399.99,"end":1400.07},{"text":"many","start":1400.07,"end":1400.31},{"text":"states","start":1400.31,"end":1400.67},{"text":"in","start":1400.67,"end":1400.75},{"text":"this","start":1400.75,"end":1400.87},{"text":"room","start":1400.87,"end":1401.35},{"text":"include","start":1401.43,"end":1401.91},{"text":"addressing","start":1401.91,"end":1402.31},{"text":"concerns","start":1402.31,"end":1402.79},{"text":"about","start":1402.79,"end":1402.99},{"text":"proliferation","start":1402.99,"end":1403.91},{"text":"and","start":1404.15,"end":1404.35},{"text":"is","start":1404.35,"end":1404.55},{"text":"open","start":1404.55,"end":1405.11},{"text":"in","start":1405.11,"end":1405.27},{"text":"the","start":1405.27,"end":1405.35},{"text":"spirit","start":1405.35,"end":1405.67},{"text":"of","start":1405.67,"end":1405.75},{"text":"compromise","start":1405.75,"end":1406.47},{"text":"on","start":1406.47,"end":1406.63},{"text":"this","start":1406.63,"end":1406.87},{"text":"provision.","start":1407.11,"end":1407.83}]},{"text":"However, we would suggest that whatever is retained in this paragraph could be reduced in length and simply refer to manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling and transfer of systems that cannot be used in compliance with IHL, and it could be moved to the subsequent to paragraph 5 to sit more naturally with the flow of this section.","start":1408.27,"end":1430.27,"topics":[{"key":"proliferation-diversion","label":"Proliferation, Transfer, and Diversion","description":"The meeting also addressed how to prevent the spread of autonomous weapons systems through transfer, stockpiling, retention, or diversion to unauthorized users. Delegations raised concerns about proliferation to illicit markets, terrorist groups, and other actors outside responsible state control."},{"key":"prohibited-systems","label":"Prohibited Autonomous Weapon Systems","description":"A recurring topic was which autonomous weapons systems should be prohibited, especially systems that cannot be used in compliance with IHL. Some delegations also supported explicit prohibition of anti-personnel autonomous weapon systems because of risks to distinction, accountability, and human dignity."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":1408.27,"end":1408.63},{"text":"we","start":1408.63,"end":1408.75},{"text":"would","start":1408.79,"end":1408.91},{"text":"suggest","start":1408.91,"end":1409.43},{"text":"that","start":1409.43,"end":1409.79},{"text":"whatever","start":1409.83,"end":1410.35},{"text":"is","start":1410.35,"end":1410.43},{"text":"retained","start":1410.43,"end":1410.99},{"text":"in","start":1410.99,"end":1411.07},{"text":"this","start":1411.07,"end":1411.23},{"text":"paragraph","start":1411.23,"end":1411.79},{"text":"could","start":1411.79,"end":1411.95},{"text":"be","start":1411.95,"end":1412.11},{"text":"reduced","start":1412.11,"end":1412.59},{"text":"in","start":1412.59,"end":1412.83},{"text":"length","start":1412.83,"end":1413.23},{"text":"and","start":1413.47,"end":1413.71},{"text":"simply","start":1413.71,"end":1414.03},{"text":"refer","start":1414.03,"end":1414.43},{"text":"to","start":1414.43,"end":1414.59},{"text":"manufacture,","start":1414.59,"end":1415.39},{"text":"acquisition,","start":1415.39,"end":1416.27},{"text":"stockpiling","start":1416.43,"end":1417.23},{"text":"and","start":1417.23,"end":1417.43},{"text":"transfer","start":1417.43,"end":1418.55},{"text":"of","start":1418.55,"end":1418.67},{"text":"systems","start":1418.67,"end":1419.31},{"text":"that","start":1419.55,"end":1419.79},{"text":"cannot","start":1419.79,"end":1420.27},{"text":"be","start":1420.27,"end":1420.51},{"text":"used","start":1420.51,"end":1421.15},{"text":"in","start":1421.15,"end":1421.39},{"text":"compliance","start":1421.39,"end":1421.91},{"text":"with","start":1421.91,"end":1422.03},{"text":"IHL,","start":1422.03,"end":1422.75},{"text":"and","start":1423.47,"end":1423.71},{"text":"it","start":1423.71,"end":1423.79},{"text":"could","start":1423.79,"end":1424.03},{"text":"be","start":1424.03,"end":1424.27},{"text":"moved","start":1424.27,"end":1424.71},{"text":"to","start":1424.71,"end":1424.87},{"text":"the","start":1424.87,"end":1424.99},{"text":"subsequent","start":1424.99,"end":1426.23},{"text":"to","start":1426.23,"end":1426.31},{"text":"paragraph","start":1426.31,"end":1426.87},{"text":"5","start":1426.87,"end":1427.39},{"text":"to","start":1427.55,"end":1427.67},{"text":"sit","start":1427.67,"end":1428.03},{"text":"more","start":1428.03,"end":1428.23},{"text":"naturally","start":1428.23,"end":1428.83},{"text":"with","start":1428.83,"end":1428.99},{"text":"the","start":1428.99,"end":1429.07},{"text":"flow","start":1429.07,"end":1429.47},{"text":"of","start":1429.47,"end":1429.55},{"text":"this","start":1429.55,"end":1429.75},{"text":"section.","start":1429.75,"end":1430.27}]},{"text":"So that brings me to paragraph 6.","start":1433.63,"end":1436.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":1433.63,"end":1434.19},{"text":"that","start":1434.35,"end":1434.63},{"text":"brings","start":1434.63,"end":1434.87},{"text":"me","start":1434.87,"end":1435.15},{"text":"to","start":1435.15,"end":1435.39},{"text":"paragraph","start":1435.39,"end":1435.87},{"text":"6.","start":1435.87,"end":1436.43}]},{"text":"The UK believes that the removal of context-appropriate human judgment and control from the second box improves the structure of the document generally and better reflects what we understand to be the intent of the phraseology.","start":1437.47,"end":1450.51,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1437.47,"end":1437.59},{"text":"UK","start":1437.59,"end":1438.03},{"text":"believes","start":1438.03,"end":1438.31},{"text":"that","start":1438.31,"end":1438.43},{"text":"the","start":1438.43,"end":1438.55},{"text":"removal","start":1438.55,"end":1439.07},{"text":"of","start":1439.07,"end":1439.23},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":1439.23,"end":1440.43},{"text":"human","start":1440.43,"end":1440.83},{"text":"judgment","start":1440.83,"end":1441.27},{"text":"and","start":1441.27,"end":1441.39},{"text":"control","start":1441.39,"end":1441.79},{"text":"from","start":1441.79,"end":1441.99},{"text":"the","start":1441.99,"end":1442.11},{"text":"second","start":1442.11,"end":1442.59},{"text":"box","start":1442.59,"end":1443.07},{"text":"improves","start":1443.07,"end":1443.71},{"text":"the","start":1443.71,"end":1443.79},{"text":"structure","start":1443.79,"end":1444.27},{"text":"of","start":1444.27,"end":1444.35},{"text":"the","start":1444.35,"end":1444.51},{"text":"document","start":1444.51,"end":1445.07},{"text":"generally","start":1445.07,"end":1445.71},{"text":"and","start":1446.03,"end":1446.19},{"text":"better","start":1446.19,"end":1446.47},{"text":"reflects","start":1446.47,"end":1447.07},{"text":"what","start":1447.07,"end":1447.31},{"text":"we","start":1447.31,"end":1447.43},{"text":"understand","start":1447.43,"end":1447.95},{"text":"to","start":1447.95,"end":1448.03},{"text":"be","start":1448.03,"end":1448.23},{"text":"the","start":1448.23,"end":1448.31},{"text":"intent","start":1448.31,"end":1448.91},{"text":"of","start":1449.27,"end":1449.39},{"text":"the","start":1449.39,"end":1449.51},{"text":"phraseology.","start":1449.55,"end":1450.51}]},{"text":"We agree that the concept should not be held up as a legal rule or a fundamental IHL principle in itself.","start":1451.31,"end":1458.35,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1451.31,"end":1451.55},{"text":"agree","start":1451.55,"end":1451.95},{"text":"that","start":1451.95,"end":1452.07},{"text":"the","start":1452.07,"end":1452.15},{"text":"concept","start":1452.19,"end":1452.75},{"text":"should","start":1452.75,"end":1452.99},{"text":"not","start":1452.99,"end":1453.31},{"text":"be","start":1453.31,"end":1453.39},{"text":"held","start":1453.39,"end":1453.71},{"text":"up","start":1453.71,"end":1453.87},{"text":"as","start":1453.87,"end":1454.03},{"text":"a","start":1454.03,"end":1454.11},{"text":"legal","start":1454.19,"end":1454.91},{"text":"rule","start":1454.91,"end":1455.31},{"text":"or","start":1455.31,"end":1455.51},{"text":"a","start":1455.51,"end":1455.55},{"text":"fundamental","start":1455.55,"end":1456.43},{"text":"IHL","start":1456.43,"end":1457.07},{"text":"principle","start":1457.07,"end":1457.55},{"text":"in","start":1457.55,"end":1457.75},{"text":"itself.","start":1457.75,"end":1458.35}]},{"text":"It was encouraging to hear from various delegations yesterday to suggest that that was not, in fact, the intent that they had attributed to the statement.","start":1459.07,"end":1469.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":1459.07,"end":1459.15},{"text":"was","start":1459.15,"end":1459.27},{"text":"encouraging","start":1459.27,"end":1460.11},{"text":"to","start":1460.11,"end":1460.27},{"text":"hear","start":1460.27,"end":1460.59},{"text":"from","start":1460.59,"end":1461.07},{"text":"various","start":1461.07,"end":1461.47},{"text":"delegations","start":1461.47,"end":1462.43},{"text":"yesterday","start":1462.43,"end":1462.99},{"text":"to","start":1463.59,"end":1463.71},{"text":"suggest","start":1463.71,"end":1464.15},{"text":"that","start":1464.15,"end":1464.27},{"text":"that","start":1464.27,"end":1464.47},{"text":"was","start":1464.47,"end":1464.63},{"text":"not,","start":1464.63,"end":1464.91},{"text":"in","start":1464.91,"end":1465.03},{"text":"fact,","start":1465.03,"end":1465.51},{"text":"the","start":1465.51,"end":1465.67},{"text":"intent","start":1465.67,"end":1466.23},{"text":"that","start":1466.23,"end":1466.55},{"text":"they","start":1466.55,"end":1466.95},{"text":"had","start":1466.95,"end":1467.27},{"text":"attributed","start":1467.27,"end":1468.35},{"text":"to","start":1468.95,"end":1469.19},{"text":"the","start":1469.19,"end":1469.27},{"text":"statement.","start":1469.27,"end":1469.99}]},{"text":"The concept cannot, therefore, be held up to be an end in itself.","start":1470.87,"end":1474.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1470.87,"end":1470.99},{"text":"concept","start":1470.99,"end":1471.51},{"text":"cannot,","start":1471.51,"end":1472.07},{"text":"therefore,","start":1472.07,"end":1472.51},{"text":"be","start":1472.51,"end":1472.63},{"text":"held","start":1472.63,"end":1472.91},{"text":"up","start":1472.91,"end":1472.99},{"text":"to","start":1472.99,"end":1473.15},{"text":"be","start":1473.15,"end":1473.39},{"text":"an","start":1473.39,"end":1473.59},{"text":"end","start":1473.59,"end":1473.91},{"text":"in","start":1473.91,"end":1474.11},{"text":"itself.","start":1474.11,"end":1474.71}]},{"text":"It is more true to the discussions of the group to set out measures which are required for the achievement of the goal of compliance with IHL, or which may be helpful for achieving lawfulness, or even further policy standards.","start":1475.11,"end":1488.31,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":1475.11,"end":1475.31},{"text":"is","start":1475.31,"end":1475.43},{"text":"more","start":1475.43,"end":1475.75},{"text":"true","start":1475.75,"end":1476.07},{"text":"to","start":1476.07,"end":1476.19},{"text":"the","start":1476.19,"end":1476.27},{"text":"discussions","start":1476.27,"end":1476.79},{"text":"of","start":1476.79,"end":1476.87},{"text":"the","start":1476.87,"end":1476.95},{"text":"group","start":1476.95,"end":1477.27},{"text":"to","start":1477.27,"end":1477.39},{"text":"set","start":1477.39,"end":1477.67},{"text":"out","start":1477.67,"end":1477.83},{"text":"measures","start":1477.83,"end":1478.39},{"text":"which","start":1478.51,"end":1478.87},{"text":"are","start":1478.87,"end":1478.95},{"text":"required","start":1478.95,"end":1479.43},{"text":"for","start":1479.43,"end":1479.59},{"text":"the","start":1479.59,"end":1479.67},{"text":"achievement","start":1479.67,"end":1480.27},{"text":"of","start":1480.27,"end":1480.39},{"text":"the","start":1480.39,"end":1480.51},{"text":"goal","start":1480.51,"end":1480.83},{"text":"of","start":1480.83,"end":1480.95},{"text":"compliance","start":1480.95,"end":1481.59},{"text":"with","start":1481.59,"end":1481.79},{"text":"IHL,","start":1481.83,"end":1482.47},{"text":"or","start":1482.87,"end":1482.99},{"text":"which","start":1482.99,"end":1483.27},{"text":"may","start":1483.27,"end":1483.43},{"text":"be","start":1483.43,"end":1483.51},{"text":"helpful","start":1483.51,"end":1484.15},{"text":"for","start":1484.15,"end":1484.35},{"text":"achieving","start":1484.35,"end":1484.79},{"text":"lawfulness,","start":1484.79,"end":1485.59},{"text":"or","start":1485.91,"end":1486.15},{"text":"even","start":1486.15,"end":1486.55},{"text":"further","start":1486.71,"end":1487.03},{"text":"policy","start":1487.03,"end":1487.51},{"text":"standards.","start":1487.51,"end":1488.31}]},{"text":"In our intervention on Monday, we spoke of the need for a bridge from the law to that concept.","start":1489.35,"end":1495.75,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1489.35,"end":1489.59},{"text":"our","start":1489.59,"end":1489.75},{"text":"intervention","start":1489.75,"end":1490.47},{"text":"on","start":1490.47,"end":1490.63},{"text":"Monday,","start":1490.63,"end":1491.11},{"text":"we","start":1491.11,"end":1491.27},{"text":"spoke","start":1491.27,"end":1491.75},{"text":"of","start":1491.75,"end":1491.87},{"text":"the","start":1491.87,"end":1491.95},{"text":"need","start":1491.95,"end":1492.39},{"text":"for","start":1492.39,"end":1492.67},{"text":"a","start":1492.67,"end":1492.71},{"text":"bridge","start":1492.71,"end":1493.27},{"text":"from","start":1493.27,"end":1493.59},{"text":"the","start":1493.67,"end":1493.83},{"text":"law","start":1493.83,"end":1494.39},{"text":"to","start":1494.47,"end":1494.59},{"text":"that","start":1494.59,"end":1494.87},{"text":"concept.","start":1494.95,"end":1495.75}]},{"text":"The UK recognises the context-appropriate formulation, because it is similar to the concept of context-appropriate human involvement, which is central to our national policy approach.","start":1496.31,"end":1508.63,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1496.31,"end":1496.43},{"text":"UK","start":1496.43,"end":1496.87},{"text":"recognises","start":1496.87,"end":1497.83},{"text":"the","start":1498.07,"end":1498.15},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":1498.15,"end":1499.27},{"text":"formulation,","start":1499.27,"end":1500.15},{"text":"because","start":1500.31,"end":1500.63},{"text":"it","start":1500.63,"end":1500.75},{"text":"is","start":1500.75,"end":1500.83},{"text":"similar","start":1500.83,"end":1501.35},{"text":"to","start":1501.35,"end":1501.55},{"text":"the","start":1501.55,"end":1501.63},{"text":"concept","start":1501.63,"end":1502.31},{"text":"of","start":1502.31,"end":1502.55},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":1502.79,"end":1504.07},{"text":"human","start":1504.07,"end":1504.47},{"text":"involvement,","start":1504.47,"end":1505.19},{"text":"which","start":1505.39,"end":1505.67},{"text":"is","start":1505.67,"end":1505.79},{"text":"central","start":1505.79,"end":1506.23},{"text":"to","start":1506.23,"end":1506.47},{"text":"our","start":1506.47,"end":1506.55},{"text":"national","start":1506.55,"end":1507.27},{"text":"policy","start":1507.43,"end":1507.99},{"text":"approach.","start":1507.99,"end":1508.63}]},{"text":"The UK has set out what we mean by our concept.","start":1509.23,"end":1512.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":1509.23,"end":1509.35},{"text":"UK","start":1509.35,"end":1509.71},{"text":"has","start":1509.71,"end":1509.99},{"text":"set","start":1509.99,"end":1510.27},{"text":"out","start":1510.27,"end":1510.63},{"text":"what","start":1510.63,"end":1510.87},{"text":"we","start":1510.87,"end":1511.07},{"text":"mean","start":1511.07,"end":1511.31},{"text":"by","start":1511.31,"end":1511.95},{"text":"our","start":1511.95,"end":1512.11},{"text":"concept.","start":1512.11,"end":1512.83}]},{"text":"It focuses on the role of the human as the accountable actor and the effector of the obligations that sit with the state under IHL.","start":1513.15,"end":1522.99,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":1513.15,"end":1513.39},{"text":"focuses","start":1513.39,"end":1514.19},{"text":"on","start":1514.19,"end":1514.31},{"text":"the","start":1514.31,"end":1514.43},{"text":"role","start":1514.43,"end":1514.71},{"text":"of","start":1514.71,"end":1514.79},{"text":"the","start":1514.79,"end":1514.87},{"text":"human","start":1514.87,"end":1515.55},{"text":"as","start":1515.87,"end":1516.11},{"text":"the","start":1516.11,"end":1516.23},{"text":"accountable","start":1516.23,"end":1516.91},{"text":"actor","start":1516.91,"end":1517.51},{"text":"and","start":1517.79,"end":1517.99},{"text":"the","start":1517.99,"end":1518.07},{"text":"effector","start":1518.07,"end":1518.71},{"text":"of","start":1518.71,"end":1518.99},{"text":"the","start":1519.03,"end":1519.11},{"text":"obligations","start":1519.11,"end":1519.87},{"text":"that","start":1520.03,"end":1520.27},{"text":"sit","start":1520.27,"end":1520.67},{"text":"with","start":1520.67,"end":1520.91},{"text":"the","start":1520.91,"end":1520.99},{"text":"state","start":1520.99,"end":1521.55},{"text":"under","start":1521.91,"end":1522.19},{"text":"IHL.","start":1522.19,"end":1522.99}]},{"text":"It therefore frames the necessity of human interventions to the servicing of their legal obligations.","start":1523.71,"end":1530.19,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":1523.71,"end":1523.87},{"text":"therefore","start":1523.87,"end":1524.39},{"text":"frames","start":1524.39,"end":1524.91},{"text":"the","start":1524.91,"end":1525.07},{"text":"necessity","start":1525.07,"end":1525.79},{"text":"of","start":1525.79,"end":1525.87},{"text":"human","start":1525.87,"end":1526.35},{"text":"interventions","start":1526.35,"end":1527.23},{"text":"to","start":1527.39,"end":1527.51},{"text":"the","start":1527.51,"end":1527.63},{"text":"servicing","start":1527.63,"end":1528.43},{"text":"of","start":1528.43,"end":1528.59},{"text":"their","start":1528.59,"end":1528.79},{"text":"legal","start":1528.79,"end":1529.23},{"text":"obligations.","start":1529.23,"end":1530.19}]},{"text":"Guiding principle B and the draft articles that were contained in the joint paper provided by us, the USA, the Republic of Korea, Canada, Australia, Japan, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Czechia, each recognise that human responsibility for decisions on the use of weapons systems must be retained, since accountability cannot be transferred to machines.","start":1531.27,"end":1554.07,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. 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Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1602.79,"end":1603.03},{"text":"acknowledge","start":1603.03,"end":1603.59},{"text":"that","start":1603.59,"end":1603.83},{"text":"the","start":1603.83,"end":1603.99},{"text":"term","start":1603.99,"end":1604.47},{"text":"context","start":1604.47,"end":1605.11},{"text":"in","start":1605.11,"end":1605.23},{"text":"this","start":1605.23,"end":1605.35},{"text":"formulation","start":1605.35,"end":1606.23},{"text":"is","start":1606.39,"end":1606.63},{"text":"different","start":1606.63,"end":1607.11},{"text":"to","start":1607.11,"end":1607.19},{"text":"the","start":1607.19,"end":1607.31},{"text":"term","start":1607.31,"end":1607.75},{"text":"context","start":1607.91,"end":1608.71},{"text":"used","start":1608.71,"end":1609.03},{"text":"in","start":1609.03,"end":1609.19},{"text":"the","start":1609.19,"end":1609.31},{"text":"consensus","start":1609.31,"end":1609.99},{"text":"language","start":1609.99,"end":1610.39},{"text":"that","start":1610.39,"end":1610.55},{"text":"we","start":1610.55,"end":1610.67},{"text":"have","start":1610.67,"end":1610.79},{"text":"found","start":1610.79,"end":1611.19},{"text":"in","start":1611.19,"end":1611.35},{"text":"this","start":1611.35,"end":1611.51},{"text":"group,","start":1611.51,"end":1611.83},{"text":"including","start":1612.15,"end":1612.83},{"text":"in","start":1612.83,"end":1612.95},{"text":"guiding","start":1612.95,"end":1613.35},{"text":"principle","start":1613.35,"end":1613.75},{"text":"C,","start":1613.75,"end":1614.23},{"text":"which","start":1614.43,"end":1614.71},{"text":"has","start":1614.71,"end":1614.83},{"text":"referred","start":1614.83,"end":1615.19},{"text":"to","start":1615.19,"end":1615.31},{"text":"operational","start":1615.31,"end":1615.91},{"text":"context","start":1615.91,"end":1616.55},{"text":"among","start":1616.87,"end":1617.19},{"text":"the","start":1617.19,"end":1617.27},{"text":"factors","start":1617.27,"end":1617.67},{"text":"that","start":1617.67,"end":1617.83},{"text":"should","start":1617.83,"end":1618.07},{"text":"be","start":1618.07,"end":1618.23},{"text":"considered.","start":1618.23,"end":1618.87}]},{"text":"In determining the quality and extent of human-machine interaction, the other factors are the characteristics and capabilities of the weapons system itself.","start":1619.51,"end":1628.55,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":1619.51,"end":1619.63},{"text":"determining","start":1619.63,"end":1620.19},{"text":"the","start":1620.19,"end":1620.27},{"text":"quality","start":1620.27,"end":1620.79},{"text":"and","start":1620.79,"end":1620.91},{"text":"extent","start":1620.91,"end":1621.31},{"text":"of","start":1621.31,"end":1621.39},{"text":"human-machine","start":1621.39,"end":1622.07},{"text":"interaction,","start":1622.07,"end":1622.79},{"text":"the","start":1623.19,"end":1623.31},{"text":"other","start":1623.43,"end":1623.63},{"text":"factors","start":1623.63,"end":1624.31},{"text":"are","start":1624.31,"end":1624.55},{"text":"the","start":1624.55,"end":1624.63},{"text":"characteristics","start":1624.63,"end":1625.67},{"text":"and","start":1625.75,"end":1625.91},{"text":"capabilities","start":1625.91,"end":1626.79},{"text":"of","start":1626.79,"end":1626.87},{"text":"the","start":1626.87,"end":1626.99},{"text":"weapons","start":1626.99,"end":1627.47},{"text":"system","start":1627.47,"end":1627.91},{"text":"itself.","start":1627.91,"end":1628.55}]},{"text":"The UK does not believe that it is the intent behind the concept of context-appropriate human judgement and control to similarly limit the term context to operational context.","start":1629.87,"end":1641.63,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. 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These limits were discussed as safeguards to preserve human control and reduce unintended effects."}],"words":[{"text":"which","start":1771.71,"end":1772.07},{"text":"includes","start":1772.07,"end":1772.79},{"text":"the","start":1772.79,"end":1772.87},{"text":"types","start":1772.87,"end":1773.47},{"text":"of","start":1773.47,"end":1773.59},{"text":"targets,","start":1773.59,"end":1774.23},{"text":"duration,","start":1774.59,"end":1775.43},{"text":"geographical","start":1775.83,"end":1776.55},{"text":"scope","start":1776.55,"end":1777.03},{"text":"and","start":1777.27,"end":1777.47},{"text":"the","start":1777.47,"end":1777.55},{"text":"number","start":1777.55,"end":1777.99},{"text":"of","start":1777.99,"end":1778.07},{"text":"engagements","start":1778.07,"end":1778.87},{"text":"that","start":1778.87,"end":1779.11},{"text":"laws","start":1779.11,"end":1779.51},{"text":"can","start":1779.51,"end":1779.75},{"text":"undertake","start":1779.75,"end":1780.39},{"text":"autonomously.","start":1780.39,"end":1781.35}]},{"text":"We will provide that language to you, Mr. Chair.","start":1781.91,"end":1785.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1781.91,"end":1782.15},{"text":"will","start":1782.23,"end":1782.87},{"text":"provide","start":1783.19,"end":1783.59},{"text":"that","start":1783.59,"end":1783.75},{"text":"language","start":1783.75,"end":1784.15},{"text":"to","start":1784.15,"end":1784.27},{"text":"you,","start":1784.27,"end":1784.47},{"text":"Mr.","start":1785.03,"end":1785.31},{"text":"Chair.","start":1785.31,"end":1785.59}]},{"text":"On 7C, We agree that the term \"significantly modified\" is unclear and does not conform to the standards that might otherwise be applied in areas such as legal review, which would require material modification.","start":1786.79,"end":1801.71,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. 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on this box, we also agree with the suggestion in 7e to replace \"military objects\" with \"military 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indulging my long intervention, Mr. Chair.","start":1839.91,"end":1842.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1839.91,"end":1840.11},{"text":"you","start":1840.11,"end":1840.19},{"text":"for","start":1840.19,"end":1840.31},{"text":"indulging","start":1840.31,"end":1840.79},{"text":"my","start":1840.79,"end":1841.07},{"text":"long","start":1841.23,"end":1841.55},{"text":"intervention,","start":1841.55,"end":1842.15},{"text":"Mr.","start":1842.15,"end":1842.39},{"text":"Chair.","start":1842.39,"end":1842.67}]},{"text":"We will send our suggestions in 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on my list is the U.S., to be followed by Chad, the EAU, and Sri Lanka.","start":1859.15,"end":1862.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1859.15,"end":1859.43},{"text":"on","start":1859.43,"end":1859.51},{"text":"my","start":1859.51,"end":1859.63},{"text":"list","start":1859.63,"end":1859.87},{"text":"is","start":1859.87,"end":1860.03},{"text":"the","start":1860.07,"end":1860.15},{"text":"U.S.,","start":1860.15,"end":1860.59},{"text":"to","start":1860.59,"end":1860.67},{"text":"be","start":1860.67,"end":1860.83},{"text":"followed","start":1860.83,"end":1861.23},{"text":"by","start":1861.23,"end":1861.39},{"text":"Chad,","start":1861.39,"end":1861.67},{"text":"the","start":1861.67,"end":1861.83},{"text":"EAU,","start":1861.83,"end":1861.95},{"text":"and","start":1861.95,"end":1862.07},{"text":"Sri","start":1862.07,"end":1862.35},{"text":"Lanka.","start":1862.35,"end":1862.75}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of the U.S.","start":1862.75,"end":1865.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":1862.75,"end":1862.91},{"text":"let","start":1862.91,"end":1863.03},{"text":"me","start":1863.03,"end":1863.15},{"text":"first","start":1863.15,"end":1863.47},{"text":"pass","start":1863.47,"end":1863.71},{"text":"the","start":1863.71,"end":1863.79},{"text":"floor","start":1863.79,"end":1864.07},{"text":"to","start":1864.07,"end":1864.15},{"text":"the","start":1864.23,"end":1864.31},{"text":"distinguished","start":1864.31,"end":1864.83},{"text":"representative","start":1864.83,"end":1865.47},{"text":"of","start":1865.51,"end":1865.59},{"text":"the","start":1865.59,"end":1865.67},{"text":"U.S.","start":1865.67,"end":1865.95}]},{"text":"You have the floor, sir.","start":1865.95,"end":1867.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":1865.95,"end":1866.07},{"text":"have","start":1866.07,"end":1866.27},{"text":"the","start":1866.27,"end":1866.35},{"text":"floor,","start":1866.51,"end":1866.83},{"text":"sir.","start":1866.83,"end":1867.07}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":6,"start":1871.31,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=31:12","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair, and good morning, colleagues.","start":1871.31,"end":1873.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1871.31,"end":1871.55},{"text":"you,","start":1871.55,"end":1871.63},{"text":"Chair,","start":1871.63,"end":1872.03},{"text":"and","start":1872.03,"end":1872.31},{"text":"good","start":1872.51,"end":1872.67},{"text":"morning,","start":1872.67,"end":1872.95},{"text":"colleagues.","start":1872.95,"end":1873.55}]},{"text":"So I know this is the third time that we've taken the floor to intervene in this discussion, so we'll try to be 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our delegation did want to respond to several of the questions that were posed by the Russian Federation at the end of the evening last 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then listening to the debate this morning, I think we wanted to make a few additional 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we hope to avoid that.","start":2066.83,"end":2068.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2066.83,"end":2067.11},{"text":"we","start":2067.11,"end":2067.31},{"text":"hope","start":2067.31,"end":2067.47},{"text":"to","start":2067.47,"end":2067.63},{"text":"avoid","start":2067.63,"end":2067.99},{"text":"that.","start":2067.99,"end":2068.19}]},{"text":"I think we hope to make progress earlier.","start":2068.19,"end":2069.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2068.19,"end":2068.27},{"text":"think","start":2068.27,"end":2068.43},{"text":"we","start":2068.43,"end":2068.51},{"text":"hope","start":2068.51,"end":2068.75},{"text":"to","start":2068.75,"end":2068.83},{"text":"make","start":2068.83,"end":2068.99},{"text":"progress","start":2068.99,"end":2069.39},{"text":"earlier.","start":2069.39,"end":2069.87}]},{"text":"But it seems a little bit premature to this delegation to say that we have reached that point on the second day of our negotiations, or that we have reached that 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Chair, on the second more general misgiving, whether the interventions of the United States should be intended to call into question the commitment to the prior decisions and the prior agreement that's been reached in this 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one to us sounded, didn't correspond to the reality that we think we've seen.","start":2110.43,"end":2123.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":2110.43,"end":2110.83},{"text":"one","start":2110.83,"end":2111.39},{"text":"to","start":2111.79,"end":2111.99},{"text":"us","start":2111.99,"end":2112.67},{"text":"sounded,","start":2113.71,"end":2114.59},{"text":"didn't","start":2117.19,"end":2117.95},{"text":"correspond","start":2117.95,"end":2118.87},{"text":"to","start":2118.87,"end":2119.39},{"text":"the","start":2120.67,"end":2121.31},{"text":"reality","start":2121.55,"end":2122.19},{"text":"that","start":2122.19,"end":2122.35},{"text":"we","start":2122.35,"end":2122.51},{"text":"think","start":2122.51,"end":2122.83},{"text":"we've","start":2122.83,"end":2123.23},{"text":"seen.","start":2123.23,"end":2123.59}]},{"text":"I think yesterday I mentioned that I wasn't sure if we were going to different meetings or if we just weren't listening to one 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this point, I'm not sure we're even in the same reality.","start":2136.19,"end":2139.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"At","start":2136.19,"end":2136.35},{"text":"this","start":2136.35,"end":2136.59},{"text":"point,","start":2136.59,"end":2136.79},{"text":"I'm","start":2136.79,"end":2136.99},{"text":"not","start":2136.99,"end":2137.15},{"text":"sure","start":2137.15,"end":2137.39},{"text":"we're","start":2137.39,"end":2137.67},{"text":"even","start":2137.67,"end":2137.91},{"text":"in","start":2137.91,"end":2137.99},{"text":"the","start":2137.99,"end":2138.07},{"text":"same","start":2138.07,"end":2138.35},{"text":"reality.","start":2138.35,"end":2139.07}]},{"text":"The United States has been one of the clearest voices in this room about the importance of the past decisions and past agreement in this -- in this 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are so focused on these past agreements that we have tried very hard to build them in to this rolling 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think what has surprised us, Chair, is the reluctance of this group to use the foundation that we've built in the past to anchor this 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so many of the interventions we've made have been to make that point.","start":2176.07,"end":2180.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2176.07,"end":2176.43},{"text":"so","start":2176.43,"end":2177.03},{"text":"many","start":2177.19,"end":2177.63},{"text":"of","start":2177.63,"end":2177.71},{"text":"the","start":2177.71,"end":2177.79},{"text":"interventions","start":2177.79,"end":2178.39},{"text":"we've","start":2178.39,"end":2178.67},{"text":"made","start":2178.67,"end":2179.03},{"text":"have","start":2179.03,"end":2179.27},{"text":"been","start":2179.27,"end":2179.55},{"text":"to","start":2179.55,"end":2179.63},{"text":"make","start":2179.63,"end":2179.83},{"text":"that","start":2179.83,"end":2179.99},{"text":"point.","start":2179.99,"end":2180.55}]},{"text":"And I take the point that the Russian Federation made yesterday that, well, there's a simple way to do this.","start":2181.03,"end":2186.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2181.03,"end":2181.23},{"text":"I","start":2181.23,"end":2181.27},{"text":"take","start":2181.27,"end":2181.51},{"text":"the","start":2181.51,"end":2181.67},{"text":"point","start":2181.67,"end":2182.07},{"text":"that","start":2182.07,"end":2182.23},{"text":"the","start":2182.23,"end":2182.31},{"text":"Russian","start":2182.31,"end":2182.63},{"text":"Federation","start":2182.63,"end":2183.11},{"text":"made","start":2183.11,"end":2183.31},{"text":"yesterday","start":2183.31,"end":2183.91},{"text":"that,","start":2183.91,"end":2184.31},{"text":"well,","start":2184.71,"end":2184.95},{"text":"there's","start":2184.95,"end":2185.27},{"text":"a","start":2185.27,"end":2185.31},{"text":"simple","start":2185.31,"end":2185.59},{"text":"way","start":2185.59,"end":2185.67},{"text":"to","start":2185.67,"end":2185.79},{"text":"do","start":2185.79,"end":2185.99},{"text":"this.","start":2185.99,"end":2186.23}]},{"text":"We simply have something at the very end that recalls all of the previous decisions and all of the previous agreed 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I think our point is a little bit different.","start":2194.07,"end":2196.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":2194.07,"end":2194.31},{"text":"I","start":2194.31,"end":2194.39},{"text":"think","start":2194.39,"end":2194.67},{"text":"our","start":2194.67,"end":2194.79},{"text":"point","start":2194.79,"end":2195.11},{"text":"is","start":2195.11,"end":2195.19},{"text":"a","start":2195.19,"end":2195.23},{"text":"little","start":2195.23,"end":2195.47},{"text":"bit","start":2195.47,"end":2195.67},{"text":"different.","start":2195.67,"end":2196.15}]},{"text":"And it's the first misgiving that I think really illustrates the point that we've been trying to 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dimension.","start":2202.15,"end":2211.03,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2202.15,"end":2202.39},{"text":"the","start":2202.39,"end":2202.51},{"text":"misgiving","start":2202.51,"end":2203.27},{"text":"that","start":2204.31,"end":2204.71},{"text":"we","start":2204.71,"end":2204.95},{"text":"were","start":2204.95,"end":2205.51},{"text":"rejecting","start":2205.83,"end":2206.79},{"text":"the","start":2206.79,"end":2206.99},{"text":"agreed","start":2206.99,"end":2207.75},{"text":"principles","start":2208.07,"end":2209.19},{"text":"related","start":2209.35,"end":2209.87},{"text":"to","start":2209.87,"end":2209.99},{"text":"the","start":2209.99,"end":2210.07},{"text":"human","start":2210.07,"end":2210.39},{"text":"dimension.","start":2210.39,"end":2211.03}]},{"text":"Chair This was exactly what we tried to do with our first intervention on Monday, where our recommendation to address the human dimension was to include the exact language that the Russian Federation quoted yesterday.","start":2212.07,"end":2228.67,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. 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also wanted to react to a few of the points that were made by our colleague from 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just to express our appreciation to him for his continued engagement on these 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think the Austrian delegation has been one of the most serious and most focused delegations, and we appreciate the ability to really engage on the 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we don't always agree.","start":2289.63,"end":2291.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2289.63,"end":2290.11},{"text":"we","start":2290.11,"end":2290.31},{"text":"don't","start":2290.31,"end":2290.63},{"text":"always","start":2290.63,"end":2290.91},{"text":"agree.","start":2290.91,"end":2291.55}]},{"text":"And in fact, I will probably describe a few areas right now where we don't agree.","start":2291.67,"end":2295.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":2291.67,"end":2291.79},{"text":"in","start":2291.79,"end":2291.87},{"text":"fact,","start":2291.87,"end":2292.19},{"text":"I","start":2292.19,"end":2292.27},{"text":"will","start":2292.27,"end":2292.51},{"text":"probably","start":2292.51,"end":2292.99},{"text":"describe","start":2292.99,"end":2293.43},{"text":"a","start":2293.43,"end":2293.47},{"text":"few","start":2293.47,"end":2293.79},{"text":"areas","start":2293.79,"end":2294.27},{"text":"right","start":2294.27,"end":2294.43},{"text":"now","start":2294.43,"end":2294.59},{"text":"where","start":2294.59,"end":2294.75},{"text":"we","start":2294.75,"end":2294.91},{"text":"don't","start":2294.91,"end":2295.23},{"text":"agree.","start":2295.23,"end":2295.63}]},{"text":"But it's precisely this back and forth that is what makes this body so valuable.","start":2295.95,"end":2302.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":2295.95,"end":2296.27},{"text":"it's","start":2296.27,"end":2296.51},{"text":"precisely","start":2296.51,"end":2297.47},{"text":"this","start":2297.47,"end":2297.79},{"text":"back","start":2297.79,"end":2298.07},{"text":"and","start":2298.07,"end":2298.19},{"text":"forth","start":2298.19,"end":2298.59},{"text":"that","start":2298.83,"end":2299.47},{"text":"is","start":2299.63,"end":2299.79},{"text":"what","start":2299.79,"end":2300.03},{"text":"makes","start":2300.03,"end":2300.43},{"text":"this","start":2300.43,"end":2300.83},{"text":"body","start":2300.83,"end":2301.27},{"text":"so","start":2301.27,"end":2301.47},{"text":"valuable.","start":2301.47,"end":2302.07}]},{"text":"And it's precisely this back and forth that is ultimately going to get us to the consensus that we need to move 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we did want to thank the Austrian delegation for that level of engagement.","start":2310.19,"end":2314.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2310.19,"end":2310.51},{"text":"we","start":2310.51,"end":2310.75},{"text":"did","start":2310.75,"end":2310.99},{"text":"want","start":2310.99,"end":2311.19},{"text":"to","start":2311.19,"end":2311.27},{"text":"thank","start":2311.27,"end":2311.47},{"text":"the","start":2311.47,"end":2311.59},{"text":"Austrian","start":2311.59,"end":2311.99},{"text":"delegation","start":2311.99,"end":2312.75},{"text":"for","start":2313.15,"end":2313.55},{"text":"that","start":2313.55,"end":2313.87},{"text":"level","start":2313.87,"end":2314.15},{"text":"of","start":2314.15,"end":2314.27},{"text":"engagement.","start":2314.27,"end":2314.99}]},{"text":"And I do want to make very clear that to the extent that we're pointing out what we see to be differences in the approach to human control that we see reflected, I identified five different perspectives 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are probably more.","start":2334.51,"end":2335.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"There","start":2334.51,"end":2334.75},{"text":"are","start":2334.75,"end":2334.87},{"text":"probably","start":2334.87,"end":2335.47},{"text":"more.","start":2335.47,"end":2335.87}]},{"text":"We heard another one this morning from the UK delegation.","start":2335.87,"end":2338.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2335.87,"end":2336.27},{"text":"heard","start":2336.27,"end":2336.47},{"text":"another","start":2336.47,"end":2336.75},{"text":"one","start":2336.75,"end":2336.91},{"text":"this","start":2336.91,"end":2337.07},{"text":"morning","start":2337.07,"end":2337.39},{"text":"from","start":2337.39,"end":2337.55},{"text":"the","start":2337.55,"end":2337.67},{"text":"UK","start":2337.67,"end":2337.95},{"text":"delegation.","start":2337.95,"end":2338.83}]},{"text":"It is not a reflection that we don't appreciate the need to engage on these issues.","start":2340.35,"end":2346.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2340.35,"end":2340.51},{"text":"is","start":2340.51,"end":2340.67},{"text":"not","start":2340.67,"end":2340.95},{"text":"a","start":2340.95,"end":2340.99},{"text":"reflection","start":2340.99,"end":2341.59},{"text":"that","start":2341.59,"end":2341.71},{"text":"we","start":2341.71,"end":2341.87},{"text":"don't","start":2341.87,"end":2342.19},{"text":"appreciate","start":2342.19,"end":2343.39},{"text":"the","start":2343.99,"end":2344.19},{"text":"need","start":2344.19,"end":2344.55},{"text":"to","start":2344.55,"end":2344.71},{"text":"engage","start":2344.71,"end":2345.19},{"text":"on","start":2345.19,"end":2345.35},{"text":"these","start":2345.35,"end":2345.51},{"text":"issues.","start":2345.51,"end":2346.15}]},{"text":"It's not an expression of the that that we do not appreciate the positions of other 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anyone.","start":2362.95,"end":2365.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":2362.95,"end":2363.11},{"text":"please,","start":2363.11,"end":2363.83},{"text":"we","start":2364.15,"end":2364.27},{"text":"are","start":2364.27,"end":2364.35},{"text":"not","start":2364.35,"end":2364.47},{"text":"criticizing","start":2364.47,"end":2365.35},{"text":"anyone.","start":2365.43,"end":2365.99}]},{"text":"We are grappling with difficult issues when we have a position We are going to say what we think is 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all we're doing.","start":2377.03,"end":2378.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That's","start":2377.03,"end":2377.35},{"text":"all","start":2377.35,"end":2377.59},{"text":"we're","start":2377.59,"end":2377.79},{"text":"doing.","start":2377.79,"end":2378.23}]},{"text":"If we disagree with you, it's because we have a principled difference of 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critical.","start":2383.67,"end":2385.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2383.67,"end":2383.91},{"text":"are","start":2383.91,"end":2383.99},{"text":"not","start":2383.99,"end":2384.31},{"text":"being","start":2384.31,"end":2384.55},{"text":"critical.","start":2384.55,"end":2385.03}]},{"text":"I'm reminded that Pakistan has very, very helpfully focused us on the three categories that really are at the heart of the current rolling 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have organized a lot of our internal thinking around those three categories because we think it's, and we believe it's reflected in the rolling 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Pakistani colleagues have identified the need to, in a first category, identify existing international humanitarian law.","start":2416.07,"end":2426.07,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. 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A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2426.79,"end":2426.95},{"text":"a","start":2426.95,"end":2427.03},{"text":"second","start":2427.03,"end":2427.35},{"text":"category,","start":2427.35,"end":2428.47},{"text":"identify","start":2429.39,"end":2429.87},{"text":"the","start":2429.87,"end":2430.03},{"text":"measures","start":2430.03,"end":2430.71},{"text":"that","start":2430.71,"end":2430.91},{"text":"should","start":2430.91,"end":2431.03},{"text":"be","start":2431.03,"end":2431.15},{"text":"taken","start":2431.15,"end":2431.43},{"text":"by","start":2431.43,"end":2431.55},{"text":"states","start":2431.55,"end":2432.03},{"text":"to","start":2432.03,"end":2432.11},{"text":"achieve","start":2432.11,"end":2432.67},{"text":"compliance","start":2432.67,"end":2433.39},{"text":"with","start":2433.39,"end":2433.87},{"text":"existing","start":2433.87,"end":2434.43},{"text":"IHL.","start":2434.43,"end":2435.07}]},{"text":"And in a third category, they've pointed out that where those rules and those measures fall short, there is a need for new legal rules.","start":2435.71,"end":2447.07,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. 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we are talking about legal rules.","start":2529.63,"end":2534.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":2529.63,"end":2530.11},{"text":"we","start":2531.55,"end":2531.79},{"text":"are","start":2531.79,"end":2531.95},{"text":"talking","start":2531.95,"end":2532.59},{"text":"about","start":2532.59,"end":2533.07},{"text":"legal","start":2533.71,"end":2534.11},{"text":"rules.","start":2534.11,"end":2534.83}]},{"text":"From our delegation's perspective, not only is there nothing wrong with being clinical and technical, when we are identifying the contours of legal rules, we think it's our responsibility to do 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I think, uh, bear that also in mind, uh, as the US colleague said, we have five, possibly six, um, um, um, uh, 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Sierra Leone views Box 3 as a cornerstone for the rolling text.","start":2885.55,"end":2891.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2885.55,"end":2885.83},{"text":"you,","start":2885.83,"end":2885.91},{"text":"Chair.","start":2885.91,"end":2886.35},{"text":"Sierra","start":2886.75,"end":2887.07},{"text":"Leone","start":2887.07,"end":2887.43},{"text":"views","start":2887.43,"end":2887.79},{"text":"Box","start":2887.79,"end":2888.15},{"text":"3","start":2888.15,"end":2888.43},{"text":"as","start":2888.43,"end":2888.59},{"text":"a","start":2888.67,"end":2888.83},{"text":"cornerstone","start":2889.27,"end":2889.91},{"text":"for","start":2889.91,"end":2890.15},{"text":"the","start":2890.15,"end":2890.27},{"text":"rolling","start":2890.27,"end":2890.63},{"text":"text.","start":2890.63,"end":2891.03}]},{"text":"We welcome the retention of key prohibitions in the two-tier structure, combination prohibitions with positive obligation to ensure meaningful human control.","start":2891.19,"end":2900.63,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."},{"key":"prohibited-systems","label":"Prohibited Autonomous Weapon Systems","description":"A recurring topic was which autonomous weapons systems should be prohibited, especially systems that cannot be used in compliance with IHL. 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Some delegations also supported explicit prohibition of anti-personnel autonomous weapon systems because of risks to distinction, accountability, and human dignity."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2926.95,"end":2927.27},{"text":"prohibition","start":2927.27,"end":2927.99},{"text":"using","start":2927.99,"end":2928.39},{"text":"language","start":2928.39,"end":2928.95},{"text":"from","start":2928.95,"end":2929.27},{"text":"Additional","start":2929.27,"end":2929.67},{"text":"Protocol","start":2929.67,"end":2930.15},{"text":"I","start":2930.15,"end":2930.23},{"text":"is","start":2930.23,"end":2930.63},{"text":"crucial","start":2930.63,"end":2931.11},{"text":"for","start":2931.11,"end":2931.35},{"text":"prohibiting","start":2931.35,"end":2931.99},{"text":"unpredictable","start":2931.99,"end":2932.79},{"text":"autonomous","start":2933.35,"end":2933.79},{"text":"open","start":2933.79,"end":2934.03},{"text":"systems","start":2934.03,"end":2934.55},{"text":"that","start":2934.55,"end":2934.71},{"text":"prevent","start":2934.71,"end":2935.35},{"text":"users","start":2935.35,"end":2935.75},{"text":"from","start":2935.75,"end":2935.91},{"text":"understanding,","start":2935.91,"end":2936.79},{"text":"predicting,","start":2936.95,"end":2937.59},{"text":"and","start":2937.59,"end":2937.75},{"text":"explaining","start":2937.75,"end":2938.23},{"text":"system","start":2938.23,"end":2938.67},{"text":"outputs.","start":2938.67,"end":2939.27}]},{"text":"However, in our view, this is there is a critical gap regarding the removal of explicit, explicit language on ensuring systems are adequately predictable, reliable, traceable and explainable to those responsible for their use.","start":2939.67,"end":2955.83,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability and Explainability","description":"Several delegations called for explicit references to systems being predictable, reliable, traceable, and explainable to those responsible for their use. These qualities were described as necessary for lawful operation, effective oversight, and meaningful human involvement."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":2939.67,"end":2940.19},{"text":"in","start":2940.19,"end":2940.31},{"text":"our","start":2940.31,"end":2940.47},{"text":"view,","start":2940.47,"end":2940.95},{"text":"this","start":2940.95,"end":2941.43},{"text":"is","start":2941.51,"end":2942.07},{"text":"there","start":2942.15,"end":2942.39},{"text":"is","start":2942.39,"end":2942.55},{"text":"a","start":2942.63,"end":2942.67},{"text":"critical","start":2942.67,"end":2943.19},{"text":"gap","start":2943.19,"end":2943.51},{"text":"regarding","start":2943.51,"end":2943.99},{"text":"the","start":2943.99,"end":2944.11},{"text":"removal","start":2944.11,"end":2944.47},{"text":"of","start":2944.51,"end":2944.59},{"text":"explicit,","start":2944.59,"end":2945.23},{"text":"explicit","start":2945.23,"end":2945.71},{"text":"language","start":2945.71,"end":2946.23},{"text":"on","start":2946.23,"end":2946.47},{"text":"ensuring","start":2946.51,"end":2946.95},{"text":"systems","start":2946.95,"end":2947.59},{"text":"are","start":2949.35,"end":2949.63},{"text":"adequately","start":2949.63,"end":2950.39},{"text":"predictable,","start":2950.71,"end":2951.43},{"text":"reliable,","start":2951.43,"end":2952.07},{"text":"traceable","start":2952.07,"end":2952.71},{"text":"and","start":2952.71,"end":2952.95},{"text":"explainable","start":2952.95,"end":2953.59},{"text":"to","start":2953.59,"end":2953.75},{"text":"those","start":2953.75,"end":2954.07},{"text":"responsible","start":2954.31,"end":2954.95},{"text":"for","start":2954.95,"end":2955.11},{"text":"their","start":2955.11,"end":2955.35},{"text":"use.","start":2955.35,"end":2955.83}]},{"text":"These characteristics, which reflects consensus among many states, were recognized in the 2023 GGE report, as mentioned by several delegations.","start":2956.55,"end":2965.03,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability and Explainability","description":"Several delegations called for explicit references to systems being predictable, reliable, traceable, and explainable to those responsible for their use. These qualities were described as necessary for lawful operation, effective oversight, and meaningful human involvement."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":2956.55,"end":2956.79},{"text":"characteristics,","start":2956.79,"end":2957.59},{"text":"which","start":2957.59,"end":2957.83},{"text":"reflects","start":2957.83,"end":2958.23},{"text":"consensus","start":2958.23,"end":2958.95},{"text":"among","start":2958.95,"end":2959.27},{"text":"many","start":2959.27,"end":2959.55},{"text":"states,","start":2959.55,"end":2959.99},{"text":"were","start":2959.99,"end":2960.23},{"text":"recognized","start":2960.23,"end":2960.87},{"text":"in","start":2960.87,"end":2961.07},{"text":"the","start":2961.07,"end":2961.19},{"text":"2023","start":2961.19,"end":2961.83},{"text":"GGE","start":2961.83,"end":2962.27},{"text":"report,","start":2962.27,"end":2962.63},{"text":"as","start":2962.63,"end":2962.79},{"text":"mentioned","start":2962.79,"end":2963.11},{"text":"by","start":2963.11,"end":2963.43},{"text":"several","start":2963.75,"end":2964.23},{"text":"delegations.","start":2964.23,"end":2965.03}]},{"text":"and we believe are fundamental prerequisites for meaningful human control.","start":2965.55,"end":2969.07,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."},{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability and Explainability","description":"Several delegations called for explicit references to systems being predictable, reliable, traceable, and explainable to those responsible for their use. These qualities were described as necessary for lawful operation, effective oversight, and meaningful human involvement."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":2965.55,"end":2965.83},{"text":"we","start":2965.83,"end":2965.95},{"text":"believe","start":2965.95,"end":2966.35},{"text":"are","start":2966.35,"end":2966.43},{"text":"fundamental","start":2966.43,"end":2967.07},{"text":"prerequisites","start":2967.07,"end":2967.71},{"text":"for","start":2967.71,"end":2967.95},{"text":"meaningful","start":2967.95,"end":2968.31},{"text":"human","start":2968.31,"end":2968.59},{"text":"control.","start":2968.59,"end":2969.07}]},{"text":"We therefore support the proposal by delegations to reinsert this language to the rolling text.","start":2969.15,"end":2974.11,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability and Explainability","description":"Several delegations called for explicit references to systems being predictable, reliable, traceable, and explainable to those responsible for their use. These qualities were described as necessary for lawful operation, effective oversight, and meaningful human involvement."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2969.15,"end":2969.39},{"text":"therefore","start":2969.39,"end":2969.87},{"text":"support","start":2969.87,"end":2970.27},{"text":"the","start":2970.27,"end":2970.35},{"text":"proposal","start":2970.35,"end":2970.99},{"text":"by","start":2970.99,"end":2971.07},{"text":"delegations","start":2971.07,"end":2971.71},{"text":"to","start":2971.71,"end":2971.83},{"text":"reinsert","start":2971.83,"end":2972.39},{"text":"this","start":2972.39,"end":2972.59},{"text":"language","start":2972.59,"end":2973.03},{"text":"to","start":2973.03,"end":2973.23},{"text":"the","start":2973.23,"end":2973.35},{"text":"rolling","start":2973.35,"end":2973.63},{"text":"text.","start":2973.63,"end":2974.11}]},{"text":"On paragraph four, retention, we share the perspective of delegations who spoke before us that unlike conventional weapons such as cluster munitions and alike, autonomous weapon systems are not countable items, but often consist of software-driven systems, integrated components, and technologies that are continuously developed and updated.","start":2974.99,"end":2994.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":2974.99,"end":2975.15},{"text":"paragraph","start":2975.15,"end":2975.67},{"text":"four,","start":2975.67,"end":2975.91},{"text":"retention,","start":2975.91,"end":2976.67},{"text":"we","start":2976.91,"end":2977.03},{"text":"share","start":2977.03,"end":2977.23},{"text":"the","start":2977.23,"end":2977.31},{"text":"perspective","start":2977.31,"end":2977.87},{"text":"of","start":2977.87,"end":2977.95},{"text":"delegations","start":2977.95,"end":2978.55},{"text":"who","start":2978.55,"end":2978.63},{"text":"spoke","start":2978.63,"end":2978.87},{"text":"before","start":2978.87,"end":2979.23},{"text":"us","start":2979.23,"end":2979.39},{"text":"that","start":2979.39,"end":2979.63},{"text":"unlike","start":2979.67,"end":2980.07},{"text":"conventional","start":2980.07,"end":2980.67},{"text":"weapons","start":2980.67,"end":2981.07},{"text":"such","start":2981.07,"end":2981.31},{"text":"as","start":2981.31,"end":2981.47},{"text":"cluster","start":2981.47,"end":2981.83},{"text":"munitions","start":2981.83,"end":2982.43},{"text":"and","start":2982.99,"end":2983.47},{"text":"alike,","start":2984.11,"end":2984.67},{"text":"autonomous","start":2984.87,"end":2985.23},{"text":"weapon","start":2985.23,"end":2985.47},{"text":"systems","start":2985.47,"end":2985.91},{"text":"are","start":2985.91,"end":2986.03},{"text":"not","start":2986.03,"end":2986.27},{"text":"countable","start":2986.35,"end":2986.99},{"text":"items,","start":2986.99,"end":2987.63},{"text":"but","start":2987.87,"end":2988.11},{"text":"often","start":2988.11,"end":2988.39},{"text":"consist","start":2988.39,"end":2989.23},{"text":"of","start":2989.43,"end":2989.51},{"text":"software-driven","start":2989.51,"end":2990.43},{"text":"systems,","start":2990.43,"end":2990.95},{"text":"integrated","start":2990.95,"end":2991.39},{"text":"components,","start":2991.39,"end":2992.03},{"text":"and","start":2992.03,"end":2992.19},{"text":"technologies","start":2992.19,"end":2992.75},{"text":"that","start":2992.75,"end":2992.91},{"text":"are","start":2992.91,"end":2993.07},{"text":"continuously","start":2993.07,"end":2993.71},{"text":"developed","start":2993.71,"end":2994.27},{"text":"and","start":2994.27,"end":2994.43},{"text":"updated.","start":2994.43,"end":2994.99}]},{"text":"Concepts such as minimum quantity and destruction may not be applicable, and the ease with which autonomous systems and related capabilities may proliferate suggests that a retention framework based on limiting quantities or physical destruction may be less effective.","start":2995.51,"end":3013.19,"topics":[{"key":"proliferation-diversion","label":"Proliferation, Transfer, and Diversion","description":"The meeting also addressed how to prevent the spread of autonomous weapons systems through transfer, stockpiling, retention, or diversion to unauthorized users. Delegations raised concerns about proliferation to illicit markets, terrorist groups, and other actors outside responsible state control."}],"words":[{"text":"Concepts","start":2995.51,"end":2995.95},{"text":"such","start":2995.95,"end":2996.19},{"text":"as","start":2996.19,"end":2996.39},{"text":"minimum","start":2996.39,"end":2996.87},{"text":"quantity","start":2996.87,"end":2997.39},{"text":"and","start":2997.39,"end":2997.51},{"text":"destruction","start":2997.51,"end":2998.31},{"text":"may","start":2998.31,"end":2998.43},{"text":"not","start":2998.43,"end":2998.71},{"text":"be","start":2998.71,"end":2998.83},{"text":"applicable,","start":2998.83,"end":2999.51},{"text":"and","start":2999.91,"end":3000.39},{"text":"the","start":3001.03,"end":3001.19},{"text":"ease","start":3001.19,"end":3001.51},{"text":"with","start":3001.51,"end":3001.71},{"text":"which","start":3001.71,"end":3002.07},{"text":"autonomous","start":3002.07,"end":3002.63},{"text":"systems","start":3002.63,"end":3003.11},{"text":"and","start":3003.15,"end":3003.43},{"text":"related","start":3005.75,"end":3006.15},{"text":"capabilities","start":3006.15,"end":3006.95},{"text":"may","start":3006.95,"end":3007.11},{"text":"proliferate","start":3007.11,"end":3007.67},{"text":"suggests","start":3007.67,"end":3008.23},{"text":"that","start":3008.23,"end":3008.59},{"text":"a","start":3008.59,"end":3008.63},{"text":"retention","start":3008.63,"end":3009.19},{"text":"framework","start":3009.19,"end":3009.67},{"text":"based","start":3009.67,"end":3009.91},{"text":"on","start":3009.91,"end":3009.99},{"text":"limiting","start":3009.99,"end":3010.47},{"text":"quantities","start":3010.47,"end":3011.11},{"text":"or","start":3011.11,"end":3011.27},{"text":"physical","start":3011.27,"end":3011.59},{"text":"destruction","start":3011.59,"end":3012.15},{"text":"may","start":3012.15,"end":3012.31},{"text":"be","start":3012.31,"end":3012.39},{"text":"less","start":3012.39,"end":3012.59},{"text":"effective.","start":3012.59,"end":3013.19}]},{"text":"We therefore support the proposal from delegations to remove this sentence.","start":3013.67,"end":3017.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3013.67,"end":3013.83},{"text":"therefore","start":3013.83,"end":3014.23},{"text":"support","start":3014.23,"end":3014.59},{"text":"the","start":3014.59,"end":3014.67},{"text":"proposal","start":3014.67,"end":3015.19},{"text":"from","start":3015.19,"end":3015.35},{"text":"delegations","start":3015.35,"end":3015.87},{"text":"to","start":3015.87,"end":3015.95},{"text":"remove","start":3015.95,"end":3016.31},{"text":"this","start":3016.31,"end":3016.83},{"text":"sentence.","start":3016.83,"end":3017.51}]},{"text":"Additionally, on anti-personal autonomous weapons systems, in our view, it's difficult to envision realistic combat situations where the use of autonomous weapons systems against humans would not pose a significant risk of IHL violations.","start":3018.51,"end":3031.15,"topics":[{"key":"prohibited-systems","label":"Prohibited Autonomous Weapon Systems","description":"A recurring topic was which autonomous weapons systems should be prohibited, especially systems that cannot be used in compliance with IHL. Some delegations also supported explicit prohibition of anti-personnel autonomous weapon systems because of risks to distinction, accountability, and human dignity."},{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."}],"words":[{"text":"Additionally,","start":3018.51,"end":3019.31},{"text":"on","start":3019.63,"end":3019.79},{"text":"anti-personal","start":3019.95,"end":3020.91},{"text":"autonomous","start":3020.99,"end":3021.35},{"text":"weapons","start":3021.35,"end":3021.59},{"text":"systems,","start":3021.59,"end":3022.19},{"text":"in","start":3022.19,"end":3022.35},{"text":"our","start":3022.35,"end":3022.51},{"text":"view,","start":3022.51,"end":3022.91},{"text":"it's","start":3022.91,"end":3023.15},{"text":"difficult","start":3023.15,"end":3023.67},{"text":"to","start":3023.67,"end":3023.75},{"text":"envision","start":3023.75,"end":3024.11},{"text":"realistic","start":3024.11,"end":3024.63},{"text":"combat","start":3024.63,"end":3024.91},{"text":"situations","start":3024.91,"end":3025.43},{"text":"where","start":3025.43,"end":3025.63},{"text":"the","start":3025.63,"end":3025.75},{"text":"use","start":3025.75,"end":3025.95},{"text":"of","start":3025.95,"end":3026.03},{"text":"autonomous","start":3026.03,"end":3026.43},{"text":"weapons","start":3026.43,"end":3026.71},{"text":"systems","start":3026.71,"end":3027.07},{"text":"against","start":3027.07,"end":3027.47},{"text":"humans","start":3027.47,"end":3028.03},{"text":"would","start":3028.35,"end":3028.55},{"text":"not","start":3028.55,"end":3028.75},{"text":"pose","start":3028.75,"end":3028.95},{"text":"a","start":3028.95,"end":3028.99},{"text":"significant","start":3028.99,"end":3029.55},{"text":"risk","start":3029.55,"end":3029.87},{"text":"of","start":3029.87,"end":3030.03},{"text":"IHL","start":3030.03,"end":3030.43},{"text":"violations.","start":3030.43,"end":3031.15}]},{"text":"The challenge of distinction, a risk of algorithmic bias, and the fundamental questions of human dignity make anti-personal systems particularly problematic.","start":3031.63,"end":3039.55,"topics":[{"key":"prohibited-systems","label":"Prohibited Autonomous Weapon Systems","description":"A recurring topic was which autonomous weapons systems should be prohibited, especially systems that cannot be used in compliance with IHL. Some delegations also supported explicit prohibition of anti-personnel autonomous weapon systems because of risks to distinction, accountability, and human dignity."},{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."},{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."},{"key":"ethics-and-dignity","label":"Ethical Considerations and Human Dignity","description":"Beyond legal rules, several speakers argued that ethical considerations and human dignity must remain part of the framework on autonomous weapons. This included concern about delegating life-and-death decisions to machines and the broader humanitarian implications of doing so."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3031.63,"end":3031.79},{"text":"challenge","start":3031.79,"end":3032.19},{"text":"of","start":3032.19,"end":3032.27},{"text":"distinction,","start":3032.27,"end":3032.91},{"text":"a","start":3033.31,"end":3033.35},{"text":"risk","start":3033.35,"end":3033.67},{"text":"of","start":3033.67,"end":3033.79},{"text":"algorithmic","start":3033.79,"end":3034.35},{"text":"bias,","start":3034.35,"end":3034.91},{"text":"and","start":3034.91,"end":3035.11},{"text":"the","start":3035.11,"end":3035.19},{"text":"fundamental","start":3035.19,"end":3035.63},{"text":"questions","start":3035.63,"end":3036.11},{"text":"of","start":3036.11,"end":3036.19},{"text":"human","start":3036.19,"end":3036.47},{"text":"dignity","start":3036.47,"end":3036.91},{"text":"make","start":3036.91,"end":3037.15},{"text":"anti-personal","start":3037.15,"end":3037.87},{"text":"systems","start":3037.87,"end":3038.27},{"text":"particularly","start":3038.27,"end":3038.83},{"text":"problematic.","start":3038.83,"end":3039.55}]},{"text":"Therefore, our delegation supports the proposal to include an additional paragraph on the prohibition of anti-personal autonomous weapons systems.","start":3039.95,"end":3046.83,"topics":[{"key":"prohibited-systems","label":"Prohibited Autonomous Weapon Systems","description":"A recurring topic was which autonomous weapons systems should be prohibited, especially systems that cannot be used in compliance with IHL. Some delegations also supported explicit prohibition of anti-personnel autonomous weapon systems because of risks to distinction, accountability, and human dignity."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":3039.95,"end":3040.59},{"text":"our","start":3040.59,"end":3040.75},{"text":"delegation","start":3040.75,"end":3041.23},{"text":"supports","start":3041.23,"end":3041.59},{"text":"the","start":3041.59,"end":3041.67},{"text":"proposal","start":3041.67,"end":3042.27},{"text":"to","start":3042.27,"end":3042.35},{"text":"include","start":3042.35,"end":3042.71},{"text":"an","start":3042.71,"end":3042.79},{"text":"additional","start":3042.79,"end":3043.15},{"text":"paragraph","start":3043.15,"end":3043.71},{"text":"on","start":3044.11,"end":3044.23},{"text":"the","start":3044.23,"end":3044.35},{"text":"prohibition","start":3044.35,"end":3044.79},{"text":"of","start":3044.79,"end":3044.87},{"text":"anti-personal","start":3044.87,"end":3045.63},{"text":"autonomous","start":3045.63,"end":3046.03},{"text":"weapons","start":3046.03,"end":3046.27},{"text":"systems.","start":3046.27,"end":3046.83}]},{"text":"On paragraph six, context appropriate in judgment and control, Sierra Leone strongly supports these provisions at the corner of the regulatory framework.","start":3047.47,"end":3057.67,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3047.47,"end":3047.67},{"text":"paragraph","start":3047.67,"end":3048.07},{"text":"six,","start":3048.07,"end":3048.63},{"text":"context","start":3049.59,"end":3049.99},{"text":"appropriate","start":3049.99,"end":3050.47},{"text":"in","start":3050.47,"end":3050.63},{"text":"judgment","start":3050.63,"end":3051.03},{"text":"and","start":3051.03,"end":3051.15},{"text":"control,","start":3051.15,"end":3051.83},{"text":"Sierra","start":3052.47,"end":3052.83},{"text":"Leone","start":3052.83,"end":3053.07},{"text":"strongly","start":3053.07,"end":3053.39},{"text":"supports","start":3053.39,"end":3053.75},{"text":"these","start":3053.75,"end":3053.91},{"text":"provisions","start":3053.91,"end":3054.55},{"text":"at","start":3054.55,"end":3054.63},{"text":"the","start":3054.63,"end":3054.79},{"text":"corner","start":3054.79,"end":3055.39},{"text":"of","start":3055.39,"end":3055.51},{"text":"the","start":3056.15,"end":3056.23},{"text":"regulatory","start":3056.23,"end":3056.71},{"text":"framework.","start":3056.71,"end":3057.67}]},{"text":"Whatever language is ultimately used, it's essential to retain a formulation that establishes the crucial red line.","start":3058.07,"end":3064.47,"topics":[{"key":"prohibited-systems","label":"Prohibited Autonomous Weapon Systems","description":"A recurring topic was which autonomous weapons systems should be prohibited, especially systems that cannot be used in compliance with IHL. 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Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3064.47,"end":3064.55},{"text":"believe","start":3064.55,"end":3065.11},{"text":"operators","start":3065.55,"end":3066.23},{"text":"must","start":3066.23,"end":3066.55},{"text":"sufficiently","start":3066.63,"end":3067.31},{"text":"understand","start":3067.31,"end":3067.91},{"text":"and","start":3067.95,"end":3068.07},{"text":"be","start":3068.07,"end":3068.19},{"text":"able","start":3068.19,"end":3068.47},{"text":"to","start":3068.47,"end":3068.59},{"text":"limit","start":3068.59,"end":3068.91},{"text":"the","start":3068.91,"end":3068.99},{"text":"operation","start":3068.99,"end":3069.39},{"text":"and","start":3069.39,"end":3069.55},{"text":"effects","start":3069.55,"end":3069.83},{"text":"of","start":3069.83,"end":3069.91},{"text":"systems","start":3069.91,"end":3070.95},{"text":"such","start":3071.99,"end":3072.31},{"text":"that","start":3072.31,"end":3072.55},{"text":"human","start":3072.55,"end":3073.11},{"text":"deliberative","start":3073.67,"end":3074.31},{"text":"decision","start":3074.31,"end":3074.63},{"text":"making,","start":3074.63,"end":3075.03},{"text":"judgments,","start":3075.03,"end":3075.67},{"text":"and","start":3075.67,"end":3075.87},{"text":"accountability","start":3075.87,"end":3076.63},{"text":"are","start":3076.63,"end":3076.79},{"text":"preserved.","start":3076.79,"end":3077.43}]},{"text":"On paragraph 7, operationalizing the human control aspect, Sierra Leone welcomes this paragraph and supports the retention of the measures outlined therein, which reflects key components of meaningful human control.","start":3078.27,"end":3089.59,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3078.27,"end":3078.39},{"text":"paragraph","start":3078.39,"end":3078.87},{"text":"7,","start":3078.87,"end":3079.43},{"text":"operationalizing","start":3079.43,"end":3080.39},{"text":"the","start":3080.39,"end":3080.51},{"text":"human","start":3080.51,"end":3080.79},{"text":"control","start":3080.79,"end":3081.15},{"text":"aspect,","start":3081.15,"end":3081.67},{"text":"Sierra","start":3081.91,"end":3082.23},{"text":"Leone","start":3082.23,"end":3082.43},{"text":"welcomes","start":3082.43,"end":3082.83},{"text":"this","start":3082.83,"end":3083.03},{"text":"paragraph","start":3083.03,"end":3083.55},{"text":"and","start":3083.55,"end":3083.67},{"text":"supports","start":3083.67,"end":3084.03},{"text":"the","start":3084.03,"end":3084.11},{"text":"retention","start":3084.11,"end":3084.51},{"text":"of","start":3084.51,"end":3084.59},{"text":"the","start":3084.59,"end":3084.71},{"text":"measures","start":3084.71,"end":3085.11},{"text":"outlined","start":3085.11,"end":3085.55},{"text":"therein,","start":3085.55,"end":3085.99},{"text":"which","start":3086.35,"end":3086.63},{"text":"reflects","start":3086.63,"end":3087.03},{"text":"key","start":3087.03,"end":3087.27},{"text":"components","start":3087.59,"end":3088.15},{"text":"of","start":3088.19,"end":3088.39},{"text":"meaningful","start":3088.39,"end":3088.83},{"text":"human","start":3088.83,"end":3089.11},{"text":"control.","start":3089.11,"end":3089.59}]},{"text":"We further support the proposal by delegation to replace \"should\" with \"must\" for a strong formulation.","start":3089.99,"end":3095.75,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3089.99,"end":3090.23},{"text":"further","start":3090.23,"end":3090.63},{"text":"support","start":3090.63,"end":3091.03},{"text":"the","start":3091.03,"end":3091.11},{"text":"proposal","start":3091.11,"end":3091.59},{"text":"by","start":3091.59,"end":3091.75},{"text":"delegation","start":3091.75,"end":3092.23},{"text":"to","start":3092.23,"end":3092.35},{"text":"replace","start":3092.35,"end":3092.87},{"text":"\"should\"","start":3092.87,"end":3093.35},{"text":"with","start":3093.35,"end":3093.59},{"text":"\"must\"","start":3093.59,"end":3094.07},{"text":"for","start":3094.07,"end":3094.59},{"text":"a","start":3094.59,"end":3094.63},{"text":"strong","start":3094.63,"end":3095.03},{"text":"formulation.","start":3095.03,"end":3095.75}]},{"text":"On 7, we support this provision and support further work for clarity.","start":3096.63,"end":3100.47,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3096.63,"end":3096.79},{"text":"7,","start":3096.79,"end":3097.19},{"text":"we","start":3097.23,"end":3097.67},{"text":"support","start":3097.67,"end":3098.03},{"text":"this","start":3098.03,"end":3098.15},{"text":"provision","start":3098.15,"end":3098.59},{"text":"and","start":3098.59,"end":3098.71},{"text":"support","start":3098.71,"end":3099.11},{"text":"further","start":3099.11,"end":3099.43},{"text":"work","start":3099.43,"end":3099.63},{"text":"for","start":3099.63,"end":3099.83},{"text":"clarity.","start":3099.83,"end":3100.47}]},{"text":"However, We support the proposal to delete, which includes to avoid conflating distinct forms of restriction.","start":3100.79,"end":3107.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":3100.79,"end":3101.51},{"text":"We","start":3102.51,"end":3102.67},{"text":"support","start":3102.67,"end":3103.03},{"text":"the","start":3103.03,"end":3103.11},{"text":"proposal","start":3103.11,"end":3103.63},{"text":"to","start":3103.63,"end":3103.75},{"text":"delete,","start":3103.75,"end":3104.07},{"text":"which","start":3104.07,"end":3104.27},{"text":"includes","start":3104.27,"end":3104.99},{"text":"to","start":3104.99,"end":3105.15},{"text":"avoid","start":3105.15,"end":3105.47},{"text":"conflating","start":3105.47,"end":3105.99},{"text":"distinct","start":3105.99,"end":3106.39},{"text":"forms","start":3106.39,"end":3106.63},{"text":"of","start":3106.63,"end":3106.75},{"text":"restriction.","start":3106.75,"end":3107.39}]},{"text":"The scale of an operation does not necessarily encompass all of the elements listed after, in particular, the target types.","start":3107.95,"end":3115.87,"topics":[{"key":"engagement-limits","label":"Limits on Autonomous Engagements","description":"Delegations debated operational limits on autonomy, including restrictions on the scale of operations, target types, duration, geographic scope, mission parameters, and the number of engagements a system can undertake autonomously. These limits were discussed as safeguards to preserve human control and reduce unintended effects."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":3107.95,"end":3108.11},{"text":"scale","start":3108.11,"end":3108.43},{"text":"of","start":3108.43,"end":3108.51},{"text":"an","start":3108.51,"end":3108.59},{"text":"operation","start":3108.63,"end":3108.99},{"text":"does","start":3108.99,"end":3109.15},{"text":"not","start":3109.15,"end":3109.31},{"text":"necessarily","start":3109.31,"end":3109.75},{"text":"encompass","start":3109.75,"end":3110.35},{"text":"all","start":3110.35,"end":3110.75},{"text":"of","start":3111.47,"end":3111.55},{"text":"the","start":3111.55,"end":3111.75},{"text":"elements","start":3111.75,"end":3112.43},{"text":"listed","start":3112.43,"end":3112.83},{"text":"after,","start":3112.83,"end":3113.31},{"text":"in","start":3113.71,"end":3113.87},{"text":"particular,","start":3113.87,"end":3114.43},{"text":"the","start":3114.43,"end":3114.51},{"text":"target","start":3114.51,"end":3115.27},{"text":"types.","start":3115.27,"end":3115.87}]},{"text":"On paragraph 7C, Sierra Leone supports this provision.","start":3117.87,"end":3121.07,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":3117.87,"end":3118.19},{"text":"paragraph","start":3118.19,"end":3118.67},{"text":"7C,","start":3118.67,"end":3119.55},{"text":"Sierra","start":3119.55,"end":3119.87},{"text":"Leone","start":3119.87,"end":3120.07},{"text":"supports","start":3120.07,"end":3120.43},{"text":"this","start":3120.43,"end":3120.55},{"text":"provision.","start":3120.55,"end":3121.07}]},{"text":"However, we support the recommendation to remove significantly as it creates unnecessary ambiguity, we believe, regarding the threshold of modification that would trigger application of this provision.","start":3121.07,"end":3129.71,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the 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the interest of providing further clarity, we support the proposal for further elaboration of this paragraph.","start":3130.15,"end":3136.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3130.15,"end":3130.31},{"text":"the","start":3130.31,"end":3130.39},{"text":"interest","start":3130.39,"end":3130.71},{"text":"of","start":3130.71,"end":3130.79},{"text":"providing","start":3130.79,"end":3131.27},{"text":"further","start":3131.27,"end":3131.55},{"text":"clarity,","start":3131.55,"end":3132.23},{"text":"we","start":3132.47,"end":3132.63},{"text":"support","start":3132.63,"end":3132.95},{"text":"the","start":3132.95,"end":3133.07},{"text":"proposal","start":3133.07,"end":3133.75},{"text":"for","start":3133.91,"end":3134.15},{"text":"further","start":3134.15,"end":3134.59},{"text":"elaboration","start":3134.59,"end":3135.43},{"text":"of","start":3135.71,"end":3135.87},{"text":"this","start":3135.87,"end":3136.07},{"text":"paragraph.","start":3136.07,"end":3136.71}]},{"text":"I thank you, Chair.","start":3137.03,"end":3137.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3137.03,"end":3137.19},{"text":"thank","start":3137.19,"end":3137.35},{"text":"you,","start":3137.35,"end":3137.47},{"text":"Chair.","start":3137.47,"end":3137.83}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"SLE","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Sierra Leone"}},{"statement_number":9,"start":3140.43,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=52:21","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Sierra Leone for sharing the views of her delegation and making proposals for changes, amendments.","start":3140.43,"end":3149.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":3140.43,"end":3140.59},{"text":"me","start":3140.59,"end":3140.87},{"text":"thank","start":3140.87,"end":3141.19},{"text":"the","start":3141.19,"end":3141.27},{"text":"distinguished","start":3141.27,"end":3141.83},{"text":"representative","start":3141.83,"end":3142.55},{"text":"of","start":3142.55,"end":3142.71},{"text":"Sierra","start":3142.71,"end":3143.07},{"text":"Leone","start":3143.07,"end":3143.67},{"text":"for","start":3143.83,"end":3143.99},{"text":"sharing","start":3143.99,"end":3144.31},{"text":"the","start":3144.31,"end":3144.39},{"text":"views","start":3144.39,"end":3144.95},{"text":"of","start":3145.03,"end":3145.19},{"text":"her","start":3145.19,"end":3145.31},{"text":"delegation","start":3145.31,"end":3146.07},{"text":"and","start":3146.07,"end":3146.19},{"text":"making","start":3146.23,"end":3146.79},{"text":"proposals","start":3146.91,"end":3147.67},{"text":"for","start":3147.99,"end":3148.15},{"text":"changes,","start":3148.15,"end":3148.59},{"text":"amendments.","start":3148.59,"end":3149.19}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Sri Lanka, to be followed by Bangladesh and the Russian Federation.","start":3149.59,"end":3154.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":3149.59,"end":3149.83},{"text":"on","start":3149.83,"end":3149.91},{"text":"my","start":3149.91,"end":3150.07},{"text":"list","start":3150.07,"end":3150.39},{"text":"is","start":3150.55,"end":3150.95},{"text":"Sri","start":3151.11,"end":3151.39},{"text":"Lanka,","start":3151.39,"end":3151.71},{"text":"to","start":3151.71,"end":3151.83},{"text":"be","start":3151.83,"end":3151.99},{"text":"followed","start":3151.99,"end":3152.27},{"text":"by","start":3152.27,"end":3152.39},{"text":"Bangladesh","start":3152.39,"end":3152.99},{"text":"and","start":3152.99,"end":3153.15},{"text":"the","start":3153.15,"end":3153.23},{"text":"Russian","start":3153.23,"end":3153.47},{"text":"Federation.","start":3153.47,"end":3154.07}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished delegate of Sri Lanka, Madam, you have the floor.","start":3154.07,"end":3158.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":3154.07,"end":3154.23},{"text":"let","start":3154.23,"end":3154.35},{"text":"me","start":3154.35,"end":3154.55},{"text":"first","start":3154.55,"end":3154.79},{"text":"pass","start":3154.79,"end":3155.11},{"text":"the","start":3155.11,"end":3155.19},{"text":"floor","start":3155.19,"end":3155.51},{"text":"to","start":3155.51,"end":3155.59},{"text":"the","start":3155.83,"end":3155.95},{"text":"distinguished","start":3155.95,"end":3156.51},{"text":"delegate","start":3156.51,"end":3156.87},{"text":"of","start":3157.15,"end":3157.23},{"text":"Sri","start":3157.23,"end":3157.51},{"text":"Lanka,","start":3157.51,"end":3157.83},{"text":"Madam,","start":3157.83,"end":3158.03},{"text":"you","start":3158.03,"end":3158.11},{"text":"have","start":3158.11,"end":3158.23},{"text":"the","start":3158.23,"end":3158.31},{"text":"floor.","start":3158.31,"end":3158.51}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":10,"start":3162.55,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=52:43","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair, for giving my delegation the opportunity to share a few additional comments on the Box 3.","start":3162.55,"end":3169.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3162.55,"end":3162.79},{"text":"you,","start":3162.79,"end":3162.87},{"text":"Mr.","start":3162.87,"end":3163.15},{"text":"Chair,","start":3163.15,"end":3163.51},{"text":"for","start":3163.51,"end":3163.91},{"text":"giving","start":3163.91,"end":3164.19},{"text":"my","start":3164.19,"end":3164.39},{"text":"delegation","start":3164.39,"end":3164.95},{"text":"the","start":3164.95,"end":3165.07},{"text":"opportunity","start":3165.07,"end":3165.75},{"text":"to","start":3165.75,"end":3165.91},{"text":"share","start":3165.91,"end":3166.39},{"text":"a","start":3166.39,"end":3166.47},{"text":"few","start":3166.55,"end":3167.03},{"text":"additional","start":3167.03,"end":3167.67},{"text":"comments","start":3167.67,"end":3168.23},{"text":"on","start":3168.23,"end":3168.39},{"text":"the","start":3168.39,"end":3168.51},{"text":"Box","start":3168.51,"end":3168.79},{"text":"3.","start":3168.79,"end":3169.19}]},{"text":"In general, Sri Lanka would like to mention that the Box 3 is very important in setting rules to prohibit laws which are inconsistent with the international law, particularly with the IHL.","start":3170.15,"end":3181.83,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."},{"key":"prohibited-systems","label":"Prohibited Autonomous Weapon Systems","description":"A recurring topic was which autonomous weapons systems should be prohibited, especially systems that cannot be used in compliance with IHL. Some delegations also supported explicit prohibition of anti-personnel autonomous weapon systems because of risks to distinction, accountability, and human dignity."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3170.15,"end":3170.31},{"text":"general,","start":3170.31,"end":3170.83},{"text":"Sri","start":3170.83,"end":3171.07},{"text":"Lanka","start":3171.11,"end":3171.43},{"text":"would","start":3171.43,"end":3171.59},{"text":"like","start":3171.59,"end":3171.87},{"text":"to","start":3171.87,"end":3171.99},{"text":"mention","start":3171.99,"end":3172.47},{"text":"that","start":3172.47,"end":3172.63},{"text":"the","start":3172.63,"end":3172.79},{"text":"Box","start":3172.79,"end":3173.11},{"text":"3","start":3173.11,"end":3173.55},{"text":"is","start":3173.55,"end":3173.75},{"text":"very","start":3173.75,"end":3173.95},{"text":"important","start":3173.95,"end":3174.71},{"text":"in","start":3175.19,"end":3175.35},{"text":"setting","start":3175.35,"end":3175.75},{"text":"rules","start":3175.75,"end":3176.03},{"text":"to","start":3176.03,"end":3176.15},{"text":"prohibit","start":3176.15,"end":3176.63},{"text":"laws","start":3176.63,"end":3177.11},{"text":"which","start":3177.31,"end":3177.55},{"text":"are","start":3177.55,"end":3177.67},{"text":"inconsistent","start":3177.67,"end":3178.63},{"text":"with","start":3178.63,"end":3178.83},{"text":"the","start":3178.83,"end":3178.91},{"text":"international","start":3178.91,"end":3179.71},{"text":"law,","start":3179.71,"end":3179.79},{"text":"particularly","start":3180.15,"end":3180.91},{"text":"with","start":3180.91,"end":3181.07},{"text":"the","start":3181.07,"end":3181.19},{"text":"IHL.","start":3181.19,"end":3181.83}]},{"text":"While the existing IHL remains a normative framework to govern laws, we believe that it is necessary to explore beyond, particularly a specific legally binding instrument to bridge the gaps and to address the unprecedented challenges posed by lethal autonomous weapon systems.","start":3182.91,"end":3199.91,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. 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This included concern about delegating life-and-death decisions to machines and the broader humanitarian implications of doing so."}],"words":[{"text":"Further,","start":3262.19,"end":3262.95},{"text":"due","start":3263.07,"end":3263.31},{"text":"to","start":3263.31,"end":3263.43},{"text":"the","start":3263.43,"end":3263.55},{"text":"speed","start":3263.55,"end":3263.95},{"text":"of","start":3263.99,"end":3264.07},{"text":"the","start":3264.07,"end":3264.15},{"text":"attack,","start":3264.15,"end":3264.83},{"text":"human","start":3264.83,"end":3265.31},{"text":"could","start":3265.31,"end":3265.59},{"text":"do","start":3265.59,"end":3265.79},{"text":"only","start":3265.79,"end":3266.23},{"text":"rubber","start":3266.23,"end":3266.51},{"text":"stamp,","start":3266.51,"end":3267.07},{"text":"and","start":3267.47,"end":3267.95},{"text":"such","start":3267.95,"end":3268.27},{"text":"situations","start":3268.27,"end":3268.99},{"text":"would","start":3268.99,"end":3269.23},{"text":"lead","start":3269.23,"end":3269.55},{"text":"to","start":3269.55,"end":3269.71},{"text":"digital","start":3270.11,"end":3270.63},{"text":"dehumanization.","start":3270.63,"end":3271.87}]},{"text":"Additionally, depending on the duration, scope, and large volume of data used in an attack, the human judgment and control needs to be an active oversight of specific attacks rather than a one-time authorization.","start":3273.23,"end":3287.87,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."},{"key":"engagement-limits","label":"Limits on Autonomous Engagements","description":"Delegations debated operational limits on autonomy, including restrictions on the scale of operations, target types, duration, geographic scope, mission parameters, and the number of engagements a system can undertake autonomously. 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on my list is Bangladesh, to be followed by the Russian Federation.","start":3384.91,"end":3389.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":3384.91,"end":3385.31},{"text":"on","start":3385.31,"end":3385.39},{"text":"my","start":3385.39,"end":3385.71},{"text":"list","start":3385.95,"end":3386.27},{"text":"is","start":3386.27,"end":3386.59},{"text":"Bangladesh,","start":3386.59,"end":3387.23},{"text":"to","start":3387.23,"end":3387.43},{"text":"be","start":3387.43,"end":3387.55},{"text":"followed","start":3387.55,"end":3387.87},{"text":"by","start":3387.87,"end":3387.99},{"text":"the","start":3387.99,"end":3388.07},{"text":"Russian","start":3388.07,"end":3388.35},{"text":"Federation.","start":3388.35,"end":3389.07}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished delegate of 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sir.","start":3392.91,"end":3393.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":3392.91,"end":3392.99},{"text":"have","start":3392.99,"end":3393.15},{"text":"the","start":3393.15,"end":3393.23},{"text":"floor,","start":3393.23,"end":3393.47},{"text":"sir.","start":3393.47,"end":3393.63}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":12,"start":3395.47,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=56:36","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Mr. Chair, thank you for giving me the 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leadership.","start":3399.07,"end":3404.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3399.07,"end":3399.31},{"text":"my","start":3399.31,"end":3399.47},{"text":"delegation","start":3399.47,"end":3400.11},{"text":"speaks","start":3400.19,"end":3400.67},{"text":"for","start":3400.67,"end":3400.83},{"text":"the","start":3400.83,"end":3400.95},{"text":"first","start":3400.95,"end":3401.31},{"text":"time,","start":3401.31,"end":3401.63},{"text":"we","start":3402.51,"end":3402.75},{"text":"commend","start":3402.75,"end":3403.23},{"text":"your","start":3403.39,"end":3403.63},{"text":"leadership.","start":3403.63,"end":3404.11}]},{"text":"My delegation would like to comment on the para 7B of box 3, which talks about the limitation of engagements that laws can undertake autonomously.","start":3406.27,"end":3416.11,"topics":[{"key":"engagement-limits","label":"Limits on Autonomous Engagements","description":"Delegations debated operational limits on autonomy, including restrictions on the scale 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These limits were discussed as safeguards to preserve human control and reduce unintended effects."}],"words":[{"text":"My","start":3406.27,"end":3406.35},{"text":"delegation","start":3406.35,"end":3406.87},{"text":"would","start":3406.87,"end":3406.99},{"text":"like","start":3406.99,"end":3407.23},{"text":"to","start":3407.23,"end":3407.35},{"text":"comment","start":3407.35,"end":3407.71},{"text":"on","start":3407.71,"end":3407.87},{"text":"the","start":3407.87,"end":3407.95},{"text":"para","start":3407.95,"end":3408.23},{"text":"7B","start":3408.23,"end":3408.91},{"text":"of","start":3408.91,"end":3409.03},{"text":"box","start":3409.03,"end":3409.51},{"text":"3,","start":3409.51,"end":3409.95},{"text":"which","start":3410.35,"end":3410.63},{"text":"talks","start":3410.63,"end":3411.31},{"text":"about","start":3411.31,"end":3411.95},{"text":"the","start":3412.51,"end":3412.67},{"text":"limitation","start":3412.67,"end":3413.19},{"text":"of","start":3413.19,"end":3413.31},{"text":"engagements","start":3413.31,"end":3413.95},{"text":"that","start":3413.95,"end":3414.19},{"text":"laws","start":3414.19,"end":3414.59},{"text":"can","start":3414.59,"end":3414.83},{"text":"undertake","start":3414.83,"end":3415.39},{"text":"autonomously.","start":3415.39,"end":3416.11}]},{"text":"We have heard the different views expressed by the delegations on this aspect.","start":3417.71,"end":3422.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3417.71,"end":3417.83},{"text":"have","start":3417.83,"end":3418.03},{"text":"heard","start":3418.03,"end":3418.51},{"text":"the","start":3418.51,"end":3418.67},{"text":"different","start":3418.67,"end":3419.11},{"text":"views","start":3419.11,"end":3419.63},{"text":"expressed","start":3419.63,"end":3420.19},{"text":"by","start":3420.19,"end":3420.43},{"text":"the","start":3420.43,"end":3420.59},{"text":"delegations","start":3420.59,"end":3421.31},{"text":"on","start":3421.31,"end":3421.47},{"text":"this","start":3421.47,"end":3421.63},{"text":"aspect.","start":3421.63,"end":3422.27}]},{"text":"My delegation thinks that this conditioning needs careful consideration by the distinguished delegates.","start":3424.03,"end":3429.95,"topics":[{"key":"engagement-limits","label":"Limits on Autonomous Engagements","description":"Delegations debated operational limits on autonomy, including restrictions on the scale of operations, target types, duration, geographic scope, mission parameters, and the number of engagements a system can undertake autonomously. 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you, Mr. Chair.","start":3523.03,"end":3524.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3523.03,"end":3523.31},{"text":"you,","start":3523.31,"end":3523.43},{"text":"Mr.","start":3523.43,"end":3523.75},{"text":"Chair.","start":3523.75,"end":3524.07}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"BGD","group":null,"function":"Delegate","affiliation_full":"Bangladesh"}},{"statement_number":13,"start":3527.35,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=58:48","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Bangladesh for also placing our work in a more historical 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floor, let me pass the floor now to the Russian 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you have the floor.","start":3543.67,"end":3544.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sir,","start":3543.67,"end":3543.91},{"text":"you","start":3543.91,"end":3543.99},{"text":"have","start":3543.99,"end":3544.11},{"text":"the","start":3544.11,"end":3544.19},{"text":"floor.","start":3544.19,"end":3544.35}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":14,"start":3550.03,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=59:11","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chairman.","start":3550.03,"end":3550.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3550.03,"end":3550.27},{"text":"you,","start":3550.27,"end":3550.35},{"text":"Chairman.","start":3550.35,"end":3550.83}]},{"text":"We'd like to apologize for taking the floor once again, but given the comments we heard from the delegation of the United States, including evaluations regarding the statements that our delegations made, we are now compelled to provide a number of 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of all, in our statement yesterday, as a whole, in any of our statements made by our delegation, so these should not be regarded as criticisms of other delegations or of the positions of other delegations or proposals or suggestions made to other delegations by other 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is not the case.","start":3615.11,"end":3616.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3615.11,"end":3615.43},{"text":"is","start":3615.43,"end":3615.59},{"text":"not","start":3615.59,"end":3615.83},{"text":"the","start":3615.83,"end":3615.91},{"text":"case.","start":3615.91,"end":3616.39}]},{"text":"Our comments merely aim to, on the one hand, express some concerns and misgivings which our delegation feels regarding what we hear in the room, and whether we can see that this is leading us to a substantive content that means that the group can fulfill the mandate that was entrusted to it by all states parties and fulfill the tasks given to 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are the concerns that we share.","start":3660.19,"end":3662.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":3660.19,"end":3660.59},{"text":"are","start":3660.59,"end":3660.67},{"text":"the","start":3660.67,"end":3660.79},{"text":"concerns","start":3660.79,"end":3661.27},{"text":"that","start":3661.27,"end":3661.39},{"text":"we","start":3661.39,"end":3661.55},{"text":"share.","start":3661.55,"end":3662.11}]},{"text":"As this is indeed alarming to us.","start":3667.47,"end":3670.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":3667.47,"end":3668.11},{"text":"this","start":3668.11,"end":3668.43},{"text":"is","start":3668.43,"end":3668.67},{"text":"indeed","start":3668.67,"end":3669.31},{"text":"alarming","start":3669.31,"end":3669.87},{"text":"to","start":3669.87,"end":3670.11},{"text":"us.","start":3670.11,"end":3670.51}]},{"text":"And We expect the same attitude and understanding in relation to the Russian 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our behalf, we are grateful to the statements of the United States for the explanations just provided and for the response that was expressed in answer to our concerns and 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find it hopeful that the delegation of the United States has confirmed that it is committed to previous understandings reached within the framework of this group and the previous reports of this group, as well as the guiding principles, and specifically the understanding that the human element in the interaction between the human and the machine is present, and that human judgment is fundamental... in the context of providing for compliance with the norms of the IHL.","start":3745.18,"end":3801.51,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. 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I think this is one of the main issues we are facing in Box 1.","start":4516.27,"end":4520.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4516.27,"end":4516.59},{"text":"I","start":4516.59,"end":4516.63},{"text":"think","start":4516.63,"end":4516.83},{"text":"this","start":4516.83,"end":4517.03},{"text":"is","start":4517.07,"end":4517.23},{"text":"one","start":4517.23,"end":4517.43},{"text":"of","start":4517.43,"end":4517.55},{"text":"the","start":4517.55,"end":4517.63},{"text":"main","start":4517.63,"end":4517.95},{"text":"issues","start":4517.95,"end":4518.43},{"text":"we","start":4518.43,"end":4518.87},{"text":"are","start":4518.87,"end":4519.07},{"text":"facing","start":4519.15,"end":4519.71},{"text":"in","start":4519.71,"end":4519.79},{"text":"Box","start":4519.79,"end":4520.07},{"text":"1.","start":4520.07,"end":4520.43}]},{"text":"And we hope this is a positive contribution to that discussion and that we can take this further later this 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1 and the chapeau have been reworded to address the concern that the previous wording diluted existing legal obligations.","start":4589.83,"end":4602.31,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. 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A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."}],"words":[{"text":"as","start":4603.47,"end":4603.71},{"text":"well","start":4603.71,"end":4603.87},{"text":"as","start":4603.87,"end":4603.99},{"text":"the","start":4603.99,"end":4604.07},{"text":"concern","start":4604.07,"end":4604.91},{"text":"on","start":4605.71,"end":4605.79},{"text":"varying","start":4605.87,"end":4606.35},{"text":"international","start":4606.35,"end":4607.27},{"text":"law","start":4607.27,"end":4607.35},{"text":"obligations","start":4607.35,"end":4608.35},{"text":"that","start":4608.75,"end":4608.95},{"text":"exist","start":4608.95,"end":4609.47},{"text":"among","start":4609.51,"end":4609.87},{"text":"our","start":4610.35,"end":4610.43},{"text":"contracting","start":4610.43,"end":4610.99},{"text":"parties.","start":4610.99,"end":4611.47}]},{"text":"With this slightly revised formulation, I aim to address both points.","start":4612.35,"end":4616.27,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. 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Union.","start":4975.27,"end":4977.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4975.27,"end":4975.99},{"text":"on","start":4975.99,"end":4976.07},{"text":"my","start":4976.07,"end":4976.39},{"text":"list","start":4976.39,"end":4976.79},{"text":"is","start":4976.79,"end":4976.95},{"text":"the","start":4976.95,"end":4977.03},{"text":"European","start":4977.03,"end":4977.43},{"text":"Union.","start":4977.43,"end":4977.99}]},{"text":"Let me pass the floor to the distinguished representative of the European Union, Madame Jaffre.","start":4978.15,"end":4981.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":4978.15,"end":4978.27},{"text":"me","start":4978.27,"end":4978.47},{"text":"pass","start":4978.47,"end":4978.67},{"text":"the","start":4978.67,"end":4978.75},{"text":"floor","start":4978.79,"end":4979.11},{"text":"to","start":4979.11,"end":4979.19},{"text":"the","start":4979.27,"end":4979.39},{"text":"distinguished","start":4979.39,"end":4979.91},{"text":"representative","start":4979.91,"end":4980.43},{"text":"of","start":4980.43,"end":4980.51},{"text":"the","start":4980.51,"end":4980.59},{"text":"European","start":4980.59,"end":4981.07},{"text":"Union,","start":4981.07,"end":4981.35},{"text":"Madame","start":4981.35,"end":4981.59},{"text":"Jaffre.","start":4981.59,"end":4981.87}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":18,"start":4985.11,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=1:23:06","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":4985.11,"end":4986.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4985.11,"end":4985.43},{"text":"you,","start":4985.43,"end":4985.59},{"text":"Mr.","start":4985.99,"end":4986.35},{"text":"Chair.","start":4986.35,"end":4986.63}]},{"text":"With regard to the risk mitigation measures presented in box 4, the European Union supports the inclusion of legal reviews and voluntary exchange of relevant practices between states, conducting testing and evaluation, and ensuring appropriate guidance and training, as well as preventing unintended and automation bias among risk mitigation measures that States should apply prior to potential deployment and as applicable throughout the entire life cycle of LOVs.","start":4987.03,"end":5022.43,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or 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Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."},{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."},{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. 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you.","start":5022.91,"end":5023.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5022.91,"end":5023.15},{"text":"you.","start":5023.15,"end":5023.23}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"EU","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"EU"}},{"statement_number":19,"start":5026.43,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=1:23:47","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the European Union for stating the Union's 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Japan.","start":5031.79,"end":5035.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":5031.79,"end":5032.15},{"text":"on","start":5032.15,"end":5032.23},{"text":"my","start":5032.23,"end":5032.43},{"text":"list","start":5032.43,"end":5032.91},{"text":"is","start":5032.91,"end":5033.23},{"text":"the","start":5033.23,"end":5033.35},{"text":"distinguished","start":5033.35,"end":5034.03},{"text":"representative","start":5034.03,"end":5034.79},{"text":"of","start":5034.79,"end":5034.99},{"text":"Japan.","start":5034.99,"end":5035.63}]},{"text":"You have the floor, ma'am.","start":5035.63,"end":5036.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":5035.63,"end":5035.79},{"text":"have","start":5035.79,"end":5035.95},{"text":"the","start":5035.95,"end":5036.07},{"text":"floor,","start":5036.07,"end":5036.27},{"text":"ma'am.","start":5036.27,"end":5036.47}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":20,"start":5038.91,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=1:23:59","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair, and good morning, colleagues.","start":5038.91,"end":5040.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5038.91,"end":5039.11},{"text":"you,","start":5039.11,"end":5039.19},{"text":"Mr.","start":5039.19,"end":5039.43},{"text":"Chair,","start":5039.43,"end":5039.59},{"text":"and","start":5039.59,"end":5039.75},{"text":"good","start":5039.75,"end":5039.87},{"text":"morning,","start":5039.87,"end":5040.15},{"text":"colleagues.","start":5040.15,"end":5040.55}]},{"text":"On section 4, we basically have no problem with the content, but would like to propose to fine-tune some 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have three points.","start":5050.23,"end":5051.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5050.23,"end":5050.27},{"text":"have","start":5050.27,"end":5050.47},{"text":"three","start":5050.47,"end":5050.71},{"text":"points.","start":5050.71,"end":5051.27}]},{"text":"The first is in relation to the legal obligation and non-legal obligations.","start":5052.39,"end":5057.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5052.39,"end":5052.47},{"text":"first","start":5052.47,"end":5052.95},{"text":"is","start":5052.95,"end":5053.19},{"text":"in","start":5053.19,"end":5053.31},{"text":"relation","start":5053.31,"end":5053.83},{"text":"to","start":5053.91,"end":5054.47},{"text":"the","start":5054.47,"end":5054.63},{"text":"legal","start":5054.63,"end":5054.87},{"text":"obligation","start":5054.87,"end":5055.67},{"text":"and","start":5056.39,"end":5056.63},{"text":"non-legal","start":5056.63,"end":5057.07},{"text":"obligations.","start":5057.07,"end":5057.83}]},{"text":"As we explained in the informal consultation, we would like to propose to delete, in addition to their legal obligations, from this chapeau, and instead insert in paragraph 1, \"in accordance with their obligations under international law,\" or alternatively, insert \"consistent with their respective obligations under international law.\"","start":5058.95,"end":5087.83,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the 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we remain open to hear other proposals from delegations.","start":5087.91,"end":5092.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":5087.91,"end":5088.07},{"text":"we","start":5088.23,"end":5088.71},{"text":"remain","start":5088.79,"end":5089.19},{"text":"open","start":5089.19,"end":5089.43},{"text":"to","start":5089.43,"end":5089.55},{"text":"hear","start":5089.55,"end":5089.99},{"text":"other","start":5090.11,"end":5090.47},{"text":"proposals","start":5090.47,"end":5091.19},{"text":"from","start":5091.19,"end":5091.39},{"text":"delegations.","start":5091.39,"end":5092.07}]},{"text":"Secondly, we support the proposal by Singapore to add \"strongly\" before \"encourage\" in paragraph 1.","start":5093.59,"end":5101.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Secondly,","start":5093.59,"end":5094.31},{"text":"we","start":5094.79,"end":5094.95},{"text":"support","start":5094.95,"end":5095.51},{"text":"the","start":5095.91,"end":5096.07},{"text":"proposal","start":5096.07,"end":5096.87},{"text":"by","start":5096.87,"end":5097.03},{"text":"Singapore","start":5097.03,"end":5097.67},{"text":"to","start":5098.31,"end":5098.35},{"text":"add","start":5098.39,"end":5098.63},{"text":"\"strongly\"","start":5098.63,"end":5099.43},{"text":"before","start":5099.83,"end":5100.19},{"text":"\"encourage\"","start":5100.19,"end":5100.71},{"text":"in","start":5100.71,"end":5100.87},{"text":"paragraph","start":5100.87,"end":5101.35},{"text":"1.","start":5101.35,"end":5101.47}]},{"text":"And thirdly, on paragraph 2, we support the proposal by France to modify \"significant\" to 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Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5115.03,"end":5115.27},{"text":"remain","start":5115.27,"end":5115.59},{"text":"flexible","start":5115.59,"end":5116.03},{"text":"on","start":5116.03,"end":5116.11},{"text":"the","start":5116.11,"end":5116.19},{"text":"language,","start":5116.19,"end":5116.95},{"text":"but","start":5117.99,"end":5118.47},{"text":"we","start":5119.75,"end":5119.99},{"text":"are","start":5119.99,"end":5120.15},{"text":"of","start":5120.27,"end":5120.39},{"text":"the","start":5120.39,"end":5120.51},{"text":"view","start":5120.51,"end":5120.95},{"text":"that","start":5121.03,"end":5121.19},{"text":"we","start":5121.19,"end":5121.27},{"text":"should","start":5121.27,"end":5121.43},{"text":"clarify","start":5121.43,"end":5122.23},{"text":"that","start":5122.39,"end":5122.71},{"text":"not","start":5122.71,"end":5123.03},{"text":"all","start":5123.03,"end":5123.27},{"text":"minor","start":5123.27,"end":5123.63},{"text":"technical","start":5123.63,"end":5124.07},{"text":"updates","start":5124.07,"end":5124.59},{"text":"and","start":5124.59,"end":5124.71},{"text":"changes","start":5124.71,"end":5125.27},{"text":"necessitate","start":5125.27,"end":5126.07},{"text":"review.","start":5126.31,"end":5126.71}]},{"text":"At the same time, we took note of the point made by the US delegation in the informal consultation that we should not be establishing a new standard of significant impact and look forward to further discussion on this point.","start":5128.35,"end":5142.03,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. 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you, Mr. Chair.","start":5142.27,"end":5142.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5142.27,"end":5142.51},{"text":"you,","start":5142.51,"end":5142.59},{"text":"Mr.","start":5142.59,"end":5142.83},{"text":"Chair.","start":5142.83,"end":5142.99}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"JPN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Japan"}},{"statement_number":21,"start":5156.71,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=1:25:57","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Japan for making concrete proposals with regard to the 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Federation.","start":5162.39,"end":5166.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5162.39,"end":5162.63},{"text":"I","start":5162.71,"end":5162.75},{"text":"now","start":5162.79,"end":5162.95},{"text":"pass","start":5162.95,"end":5163.27},{"text":"the","start":5163.43,"end":5163.51},{"text":"floor","start":5163.51,"end":5163.75},{"text":"to","start":5163.75,"end":5163.91},{"text":"the","start":5163.91,"end":5163.99},{"text":"distinguished","start":5163.99,"end":5164.55},{"text":"representative","start":5164.55,"end":5165.19},{"text":"of","start":5165.19,"end":5165.27},{"text":"the","start":5165.27,"end":5165.35},{"text":"Russian","start":5165.35,"end":5165.67},{"text":"Federation.","start":5165.67,"end":5166.11}]}]},{"sentences":[{"text":"You have the 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these are issues already addressed in other boxes.","start":5194.83,"end":5197.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5194.83,"end":5195.03},{"text":"these","start":5195.03,"end":5195.31},{"text":"are","start":5195.31,"end":5195.51},{"text":"issues","start":5195.83,"end":5196.23},{"text":"already","start":5196.23,"end":5196.59},{"text":"addressed","start":5196.59,"end":5196.91},{"text":"in","start":5196.91,"end":5197.03},{"text":"other","start":5197.03,"end":5197.23},{"text":"boxes.","start":5197.23,"end":5197.91}]},{"text":"We also aim to consolidate the text in this 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Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":5274.23,"end":5274.47},{"text":"to","start":5274.47,"end":5274.87},{"text":"paragraph","start":5274.87,"end":5275.35},{"text":"2,","start":5275.35,"end":5275.67},{"text":"we","start":5280.55,"end":5280.75},{"text":"are","start":5280.75,"end":5280.83},{"text":"of","start":5280.83,"end":5281.03},{"text":"the","start":5281.03,"end":5281.15},{"text":"view","start":5281.15,"end":5281.59},{"text":"that","start":5281.99,"end":5282.27},{"text":"this","start":5282.27,"end":5282.47},{"text":"paragraph","start":5282.47,"end":5282.87},{"text":"is","start":5282.87,"end":5282.99},{"text":"a","start":5282.99,"end":5283.03},{"text":"repetition","start":5283.03,"end":5283.99},{"text":"of","start":5284.63,"end":5285.03},{"text":"paragraph","start":5285.19,"end":5285.75},{"text":"1","start":5285.75,"end":5286.23},{"text":"of","start":5286.23,"end":5286.39},{"text":"this","start":5286.39,"end":5286.71},{"text":"box,","start":5286.71,"end":5287.27},{"text":"since","start":5289.91,"end":5290.79},{"text":"the","start":5290.79,"end":5290.95},{"text":"practice","start":5290.95,"end":5291.43},{"text":"of","start":5291.43,"end":5291.59},{"text":"legal","start":5291.59,"end":5291.91},{"text":"reviews","start":5291.91,"end":5292.95},{"text":"presupposes","start":5293.59,"end":5294.79},{"text":"that","start":5294.79,"end":5295.27},{"text":"they","start":5295.35,"end":5295.99},{"text":"are","start":5295.99,"end":5296.55},{"text":"carried","start":5297.19,"end":5297.83},{"text":"out","start":5297.83,"end":5298.39},{"text":"including","start":5299.71,"end":5300.99},{"text":"with","start":5300.99,"end":5301.31},{"text":"regard","start":5301.31,"end":5301.71},{"text":"to","start":5301.71,"end":5301.83},{"text":"any","start":5301.83,"end":5302.03},{"text":"further","start":5302.03,"end":5302.47},{"text":"development","start":5302.47,"end":5303.31},{"text":"or","start":5305.47,"end":5306.19},{"text":"modifications,","start":5306.19,"end":5307.35},{"text":"whatever","start":5307.35,"end":5307.79},{"text":"they","start":5307.79,"end":5307.95},{"text":"may","start":5307.95,"end":5308.11},{"text":"be,","start":5308.11,"end":5308.67},{"text":"to","start":5308.67,"end":5308.99},{"text":"existing","start":5308.99,"end":5309.71},{"text":"weapon","start":5309.71,"end":5310.11},{"text":"systems.","start":5310.11,"end":5310.75}]},{"text":"So, paragraph 2 is a specific case of paragraph 1, in fact.","start":5312.67,"end":5318.43,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. 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Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":5386.83,"end":5387.07},{"text":"you","start":5387.07,"end":5387.47},{"text":"read","start":5388.03,"end":5388.43},{"text":"that","start":5388.43,"end":5388.67},{"text":"paragraph","start":5388.67,"end":5389.31},{"text":"carefully,","start":5389.31,"end":5390.11},{"text":"you","start":5395.96,"end":5396.2},{"text":"can","start":5396.2,"end":5396.52},{"text":"see","start":5396.52,"end":5397.08},{"text":"that","start":5398.6,"end":5399.16},{"text":"there","start":5399.16,"end":5399.44},{"text":"is","start":5399.44,"end":5399.56},{"text":"already","start":5399.56,"end":5400.04},{"text":"mention","start":5400.04,"end":5400.44},{"text":"of","start":5400.44,"end":5400.6},{"text":"the","start":5400.6,"end":5400.68},{"text":"need","start":5400.68,"end":5401.16},{"text":"to","start":5401.16,"end":5401.64},{"text":"ensure","start":5401.8,"end":5402.44},{"text":"human","start":5402.44,"end":5402.84},{"text":"judgment","start":5402.84,"end":5403.36},{"text":"and","start":5403.36,"end":5403.52},{"text":"control","start":5403.52,"end":5404.28},{"text":"over","start":5407.8,"end":5408.52},{"text":"lethal","start":5408.6,"end":5409.16},{"text":"autonomous","start":5409.16,"end":5409.8},{"text":"weapons","start":5409.8,"end":5410.24},{"text":"systems.","start":5410.24,"end":5411.08}]},{"text":"in order to comply with international law, including international humanitarian law.","start":5412.99,"end":5420.03,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."}],"words":[{"text":"in","start":5412.99,"end":5413.31},{"text":"order","start":5413.31,"end":5413.87},{"text":"to","start":5414.19,"end":5414.43},{"text":"comply","start":5414.43,"end":5415.15},{"text":"with","start":5415.31,"end":5415.63},{"text":"international","start":5415.87,"end":5416.71},{"text":"law,","start":5416.71,"end":5417.07},{"text":"including","start":5417.55,"end":5418.27},{"text":"international","start":5418.27,"end":5418.87},{"text":"humanitarian","start":5418.87,"end":5419.71},{"text":"law.","start":5419.71,"end":5420.03}]},{"text":"In box 4, paragraph 3, this is exactly the same concept, that is to say the necessity to provide for such human judgment and control throughout the life cycle of laws.","start":5425.23,"end":5438.91,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5425.23,"end":5425.71},{"text":"box","start":5425.71,"end":5426.43},{"text":"4,","start":5426.43,"end":5426.91},{"text":"paragraph","start":5426.91,"end":5427.71},{"text":"3,","start":5427.71,"end":5428.27},{"text":"this","start":5428.27,"end":5428.59},{"text":"is","start":5428.59,"end":5428.75},{"text":"exactly","start":5428.75,"end":5429.39},{"text":"the","start":5429.39,"end":5429.51},{"text":"same","start":5429.51,"end":5429.87},{"text":"concept,","start":5429.87,"end":5430.43},{"text":"that","start":5430.43,"end":5430.67},{"text":"is","start":5430.67,"end":5430.79},{"text":"to","start":5430.79,"end":5430.87},{"text":"say","start":5430.87,"end":5431.15},{"text":"the","start":5431.15,"end":5431.27},{"text":"necessity","start":5431.27,"end":5432.11},{"text":"to","start":5432.11,"end":5432.35},{"text":"provide","start":5432.35,"end":5432.99},{"text":"for","start":5432.99,"end":5433.39},{"text":"such","start":5433.39,"end":5433.79},{"text":"human","start":5433.79,"end":5434.19},{"text":"judgment","start":5434.19,"end":5434.83},{"text":"and","start":5434.83,"end":5435.03},{"text":"control","start":5435.03,"end":5435.71},{"text":"throughout","start":5436.59,"end":5437.07},{"text":"the","start":5437.07,"end":5437.15},{"text":"life","start":5437.15,"end":5437.39},{"text":"cycle","start":5437.39,"end":5437.95},{"text":"of","start":5437.95,"end":5438.35},{"text":"laws.","start":5438.35,"end":5438.91}]},{"text":"We see no difference between these two paragraphs, and we believe that box 3, paragraph 6 is more developed.","start":5439.39,"end":5448.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5439.39,"end":5439.63},{"text":"see","start":5439.63,"end":5440.11},{"text":"no","start":5440.11,"end":5440.59},{"text":"difference","start":5440.59,"end":5441.23},{"text":"between","start":5441.23,"end":5441.87},{"text":"these","start":5441.87,"end":5442.19},{"text":"two","start":5442.19,"end":5442.35},{"text":"paragraphs,","start":5442.35,"end":5443.15},{"text":"and","start":5443.15,"end":5443.31},{"text":"we","start":5443.31,"end":5443.47},{"text":"believe","start":5443.47,"end":5444.11},{"text":"that","start":5444.11,"end":5444.51},{"text":"box","start":5444.51,"end":5444.95},{"text":"3,","start":5444.95,"end":5445.23},{"text":"paragraph","start":5445.23,"end":5445.79},{"text":"6","start":5445.79,"end":5446.51},{"text":"is","start":5446.51,"end":5446.99},{"text":"more","start":5446.99,"end":5447.39},{"text":"developed.","start":5447.39,"end":5448.19}]},{"text":"It is more comprehensive, and in our view, is genuinely a fundamental understanding of the human judgment that we have in the text in regard to such weapon systems throughout their life cycle.","start":5448.91,"end":5466.11,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":5448.91,"end":5449.07},{"text":"is","start":5449.07,"end":5449.23},{"text":"more","start":5449.23,"end":5449.47},{"text":"comprehensive,","start":5449.47,"end":5450.43},{"text":"and","start":5451.55,"end":5451.95},{"text":"in","start":5451.95,"end":5452.27},{"text":"our","start":5452.27,"end":5452.51},{"text":"view,","start":5452.51,"end":5452.99},{"text":"is","start":5453.71,"end":5454.19},{"text":"genuinely","start":5454.59,"end":5455.39},{"text":"a","start":5455.39,"end":5455.47},{"text":"fundamental","start":5455.47,"end":5456.43},{"text":"understanding","start":5456.43,"end":5457.55},{"text":"of","start":5457.55,"end":5458.03},{"text":"the","start":5458.03,"end":5458.23},{"text":"human","start":5458.23,"end":5458.99},{"text":"judgment","start":5458.99,"end":5459.71},{"text":"that","start":5459.71,"end":5459.95},{"text":"we","start":5459.95,"end":5460.03},{"text":"have","start":5460.03,"end":5460.27},{"text":"in","start":5460.27,"end":5460.43},{"text":"the","start":5460.43,"end":5460.51},{"text":"text","start":5460.51,"end":5460.99},{"text":"in","start":5462.19,"end":5462.43},{"text":"regard","start":5462.43,"end":5462.91},{"text":"to","start":5462.91,"end":5463.15},{"text":"such","start":5463.15,"end":5463.47},{"text":"weapon","start":5463.47,"end":5463.95},{"text":"systems","start":5463.95,"end":5464.59},{"text":"throughout","start":5464.59,"end":5465.23},{"text":"their","start":5465.23,"end":5465.47},{"text":"life","start":5465.47,"end":5465.71},{"text":"cycle.","start":5465.71,"end":5466.11}]},{"text":"And therefore, we would propose that in box 4, we remove paragraph 3 entirely due to the absence of any added value in it.","start":5469.87,"end":5479.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5469.87,"end":5470.07},{"text":"therefore,","start":5470.07,"end":5470.67},{"text":"we","start":5470.75,"end":5470.99},{"text":"would","start":5470.99,"end":5471.15},{"text":"propose","start":5471.15,"end":5471.95},{"text":"that","start":5471.95,"end":5472.11},{"text":"in","start":5472.11,"end":5472.35},{"text":"box","start":5472.35,"end":5472.75},{"text":"4,","start":5472.75,"end":5472.99},{"text":"we","start":5472.99,"end":5473.23},{"text":"remove","start":5473.23,"end":5473.79},{"text":"paragraph","start":5473.79,"end":5474.35},{"text":"3","start":5474.35,"end":5474.75},{"text":"entirely","start":5474.75,"end":5475.95},{"text":"due","start":5475.95,"end":5476.83},{"text":"to","start":5476.83,"end":5476.95},{"text":"the","start":5476.95,"end":5477.03},{"text":"absence","start":5477.03,"end":5477.63},{"text":"of","start":5477.63,"end":5477.71},{"text":"any","start":5477.71,"end":5477.95},{"text":"added","start":5477.95,"end":5478.27},{"text":"value","start":5478.27,"end":5478.75},{"text":"in","start":5478.75,"end":5478.91},{"text":"it.","start":5478.91,"end":5479.23}]},{"text":"Paragraph 4B.","start":5483.31,"end":5484.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":5483.31,"end":5483.91},{"text":"4B.","start":5483.91,"end":5484.67}]},{"text":"We propose a small editorial addition.","start":5487.79,"end":5491.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5487.79,"end":5488.19},{"text":"propose","start":5488.35,"end":5489.27},{"text":"a","start":5489.27,"end":5489.31},{"text":"small","start":5489.31,"end":5489.99},{"text":"editorial","start":5489.99,"end":5490.71},{"text":"addition.","start":5490.71,"end":5491.39}]},{"text":"As for a long period of time and including in this document, we have seen the use of the term \"chain of command and control\".","start":5494.27,"end":5503.87,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. 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in this case, we could fully remove paragraph 6, given the addition which we are proposing for paragraph 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on behalf of the African states that are high contracting parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional 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mindful of our guidance to engage with the current rolling text in a structured manner, I would like to offer general reflections together with comments on the rolling 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that's only because it took some time for absolute consensus to be arrived at over this paper.","start":5637.55,"end":5646.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5637.55,"end":5637.67},{"text":"that's","start":5638.63,"end":5638.95},{"text":"only","start":5638.95,"end":5639.23},{"text":"because","start":5639.23,"end":5639.99},{"text":"it","start":5641.11,"end":5641.31},{"text":"took","start":5641.31,"end":5641.43},{"text":"some","start":5641.43,"end":5641.67},{"text":"time","start":5641.67,"end":5642.15},{"text":"for","start":5642.15,"end":5642.55},{"text":"absolute","start":5642.55,"end":5643.03},{"text":"consensus","start":5643.03,"end":5643.71},{"text":"to","start":5643.71,"end":5643.79},{"text":"be","start":5643.79,"end":5644.07},{"text":"arrived","start":5644.79,"end":5645.27},{"text":"at","start":5645.27,"end":5645.51},{"text":"over","start":5645.51,"end":5645.75},{"text":"this","start":5645.79,"end":5646.07},{"text":"paper.","start":5646.23,"end":5646.63}]},{"text":"So I hope our approach is not entirely disagreeable.","start":5646.63,"end":5650.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5646.63,"end":5646.95},{"text":"I","start":5646.95,"end":5647.11},{"text":"hope","start":5647.11,"end":5647.35},{"text":"our","start":5648.47,"end":5648.67},{"text":"approach","start":5648.67,"end":5649.03},{"text":"is","start":5649.03,"end":5649.11},{"text":"not","start":5649.11,"end":5649.51},{"text":"entirely","start":5649.51,"end":5650.07},{"text":"disagreeable.","start":5650.07,"end":5650.83}]},{"text":"The African Group appreciates the continued leadership and commends the inclusive approach taken in developing the rolling 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from many delegations and represents important progress in our collective 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enter the final year of the GGE's mandate, The African Group believes states have advanced their common understandings sufficiently enough to move 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rolling text provides a foundation that can serve as a basis for identifying elements of an instrument for future 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further work is needed, the structure and substance offer a solid starting point.","start":5687.91,"end":5693.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"While","start":5687.91,"end":5688.23},{"text":"further","start":5688.23,"end":5688.71},{"text":"work","start":5688.71,"end":5688.91},{"text":"is","start":5688.91,"end":5689.03},{"text":"needed,","start":5689.03,"end":5689.43},{"text":"the","start":5690.07,"end":5690.19},{"text":"structure","start":5690.19,"end":5690.63},{"text":"and","start":5690.63,"end":5690.75},{"text":"substance","start":5690.75,"end":5691.27},{"text":"offer","start":5691.27,"end":5691.75},{"text":"a","start":5691.75,"end":5691.79},{"text":"solid","start":5691.79,"end":5692.39},{"text":"starting","start":5692.39,"end":5692.83},{"text":"point.","start":5692.83,"end":5693.19}]},{"text":"The African Group is ready and committed to completing this mandate's work and supports moving forward toward negotiations on the basis of the rolling 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Chair, we welcome the characterization in box 1, particularly the clarification in paragraph 1a.","start":5704.59,"end":5711.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":5704.59,"end":5705.03},{"text":"Chair,","start":5705.03,"end":5705.19},{"text":"we","start":5705.99,"end":5706.23},{"text":"welcome","start":5706.23,"end":5706.71},{"text":"the","start":5706.71,"end":5706.79},{"text":"characterization","start":5706.79,"end":5707.67},{"text":"in","start":5707.67,"end":5707.75},{"text":"box","start":5707.75,"end":5708.07},{"text":"1,","start":5708.07,"end":5708.55},{"text":"particularly","start":5708.79,"end":5709.43},{"text":"the","start":5709.43,"end":5709.55},{"text":"clarification","start":5709.55,"end":5710.55},{"text":"in","start":5710.55,"end":5710.63},{"text":"paragraph","start":5710.63,"end":5711.11},{"text":"1a.","start":5711.11,"end":5711.59}]},{"text":"This provision ensures that systems where humans set generalized target profiles and operational parameters remain within the scope of regulation, reflecting a realistic understanding of how autonomous weapons systems function.","start":5712.47,"end":5726.75,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5712.47,"end":5712.63},{"text":"provision","start":5712.63,"end":5713.11},{"text":"ensures","start":5713.11,"end":5713.63},{"text":"that","start":5713.63,"end":5713.83},{"text":"systems","start":5713.83,"end":5714.47},{"text":"where","start":5714.47,"end":5714.79},{"text":"humans","start":5714.79,"end":5715.27},{"text":"set","start":5715.27,"end":5715.59},{"text":"generalized","start":5715.59,"end":5716.19},{"text":"target","start":5716.19,"end":5716.63},{"text":"profiles","start":5716.63,"end":5717.23},{"text":"and","start":5717.23,"end":5717.39},{"text":"operational","start":5717.39,"end":5718.55},{"text":"parameters","start":5719.03,"end":5719.75},{"text":"remain","start":5719.75,"end":5720.07},{"text":"within","start":5720.07,"end":5720.39},{"text":"the","start":5720.39,"end":5720.51},{"text":"scope","start":5720.51,"end":5720.79},{"text":"of","start":5720.79,"end":5720.95},{"text":"regulation,","start":5720.95,"end":5721.47},{"text":"reflecting","start":5721.47,"end":5722.15},{"text":"a","start":5722.83,"end":5722.87},{"text":"realistic","start":5722.87,"end":5723.47},{"text":"understanding","start":5723.47,"end":5724.11},{"text":"of","start":5724.11,"end":5724.27},{"text":"how","start":5724.27,"end":5724.43},{"text":"autonomous","start":5724.43,"end":5725.31},{"text":"weapons","start":5725.31,"end":5725.67},{"text":"systems","start":5725.67,"end":5726.19},{"text":"function.","start":5726.19,"end":5726.75}]},{"text":"Without this qualifier, the characterization will be interpreted too narrowly, potentially excluding systems that require regulation.","start":5727.79,"end":5735.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Without","start":5727.79,"end":5728.15},{"text":"this","start":5728.15,"end":5728.35},{"text":"qualifier,","start":5728.35,"end":5729.15},{"text":"the","start":5730.35,"end":5730.47},{"text":"characterization","start":5730.47,"end":5731.39},{"text":"will","start":5731.39,"end":5731.63},{"text":"be","start":5731.63,"end":5731.75},{"text":"interpreted","start":5731.75,"end":5732.35},{"text":"too","start":5732.35,"end":5732.51},{"text":"narrowly,","start":5732.51,"end":5733.07},{"text":"potentially","start":5733.15,"end":5733.75},{"text":"excluding","start":5733.75,"end":5734.23},{"text":"systems","start":5734.23,"end":5734.63},{"text":"that","start":5734.63,"end":5734.75},{"text":"require","start":5734.75,"end":5735.19},{"text":"regulation.","start":5735.19,"end":5735.87}]},{"text":"We support retaining and further clarifying this provision.","start":5737.39,"end":5740.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5737.39,"end":5737.55},{"text":"support","start":5737.55,"end":5737.95},{"text":"retaining","start":5737.95,"end":5738.39},{"text":"and","start":5738.39,"end":5738.75},{"text":"further","start":5738.75,"end":5739.19},{"text":"clarifying","start":5739.19,"end":5739.79},{"text":"this","start":5739.79,"end":5739.95},{"text":"provision.","start":5739.95,"end":5740.51}]},{"text":"We welcome proposals from the ICRC as to how best to clarify, as they have made constructive suggestions on this element of the text.","start":5740.51,"end":5750.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5740.51,"end":5740.99},{"text":"welcome","start":5740.99,"end":5741.39},{"text":"proposals","start":5741.39,"end":5741.99},{"text":"from","start":5741.99,"end":5742.15},{"text":"the","start":5742.15,"end":5742.23},{"text":"ICRC","start":5742.23,"end":5743.07},{"text":"as","start":5743.47,"end":5743.59},{"text":"to","start":5743.59,"end":5743.71},{"text":"how","start":5743.71,"end":5743.95},{"text":"best","start":5744.43,"end":5744.87},{"text":"to","start":5744.99,"end":5745.15},{"text":"clarify,","start":5745.15,"end":5745.71},{"text":"as","start":5745.71,"end":5746.03},{"text":"they","start":5746.03,"end":5746.11},{"text":"have","start":5746.11,"end":5746.43},{"text":"made","start":5746.43,"end":5746.67},{"text":"constructive","start":5746.67,"end":5747.31},{"text":"suggestions","start":5747.79,"end":5748.43},{"text":"on","start":5748.43,"end":5748.59},{"text":"this","start":5748.59,"end":5749.07},{"text":"element","start":5749.15,"end":5749.59},{"text":"of","start":5749.59,"end":5749.71},{"text":"the","start":5749.71,"end":5749.79},{"text":"text.","start":5749.79,"end":5750.27}]},{"text":"Notwithstanding the notion of context appropriate, in quote, the applicant group strongly supports the principle in box three, paragraph six, that human judgment and control is essential for compliance with international law, including international humanitarian law.","start":5751.11,"end":5765.99,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. 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Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5805.07,"end":5805.23},{"text":"further","start":5805.23,"end":5805.55},{"text":"welcome","start":5805.55,"end":5805.95},{"text":"the","start":5805.95,"end":5806.03},{"text":"provision","start":5806.03,"end":5806.75},{"text":"in","start":5806.75,"end":5806.83},{"text":"box","start":5807.15,"end":5807.47},{"text":"4,","start":5807.47,"end":5807.79},{"text":"paragraph","start":5807.79,"end":5808.35},{"text":"3,","start":5808.35,"end":5808.83},{"text":"requiring","start":5809.15,"end":5809.87},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":5809.87,"end":5810.91},{"text":"human","start":5810.91,"end":5811.23},{"text":"judgment","start":5811.23,"end":5811.67},{"text":"and","start":5811.67,"end":5811.79},{"text":"control","start":5811.79,"end":5812.23},{"text":"across","start":5812.23,"end":5812.63},{"text":"the","start":5812.63,"end":5812.71},{"text":"entire","start":5812.71,"end":5813.07},{"text":"life","start":5813.07,"end":5813.35},{"text":"cycle","start":5813.35,"end":5814.03},{"text":"of","start":5814.03,"end":5814.11},{"text":"laws,","start":5814.11,"end":5814.43},{"text":"which","start":5814.99,"end":5815.23},{"text":"reinforces","start":5815.23,"end":5815.87},{"text":"this","start":5815.87,"end":5815.99},{"text":"essential","start":5815.99,"end":5816.51},{"text":"principle.","start":5816.51,"end":5817.07}]},{"text":"We view the provisions in box 3, paragraph 7, together with the related elements in box 4, paragraph 4, and box 5, paragraph 3, as interconnected starting points that can be developed into legal rules in order to preserve ethical principles, and legal requirements, and ensure meaningful human control over the use of force.","start":5818.11,"end":5837.99,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. 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This included concern about delegating life-and-death decisions to machines and the broader humanitarian implications of doing so."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5818.11,"end":5818.27},{"text":"view","start":5818.27,"end":5818.55},{"text":"the","start":5818.55,"end":5818.63},{"text":"provisions","start":5818.63,"end":5819.23},{"text":"in","start":5819.23,"end":5819.35},{"text":"box","start":5819.35,"end":5819.67},{"text":"3,","start":5819.67,"end":5819.95},{"text":"paragraph","start":5819.95,"end":5820.35},{"text":"7,","start":5820.35,"end":5820.91},{"text":"together","start":5820.91,"end":5821.35},{"text":"with","start":5821.35,"end":5821.47},{"text":"the","start":5821.47,"end":5821.55},{"text":"related","start":5821.55,"end":5822.03},{"text":"elements","start":5822.03,"end":5822.43},{"text":"in","start":5822.43,"end":5822.51},{"text":"box","start":5822.51,"end":5822.83},{"text":"4,","start":5822.83,"end":5823.15},{"text":"paragraph","start":5823.15,"end":5823.67},{"text":"4,","start":5823.67,"end":5824.03},{"text":"and","start":5824.39,"end":5824.51},{"text":"box","start":5824.51,"end":5824.75},{"text":"5,","start":5824.75,"end":5824.99},{"text":"paragraph","start":5824.99,"end":5825.55},{"text":"3,","start":5825.55,"end":5825.87},{"text":"as","start":5826.59,"end":5826.83},{"text":"interconnected","start":5826.83,"end":5827.55},{"text":"starting","start":5827.55,"end":5827.95},{"text":"points","start":5827.95,"end":5828.51},{"text":"that","start":5828.79,"end":5828.99},{"text":"can","start":5828.99,"end":5829.39},{"text":"be","start":5829.39,"end":5829.55},{"text":"developed","start":5829.55,"end":5829.95},{"text":"into","start":5829.95,"end":5830.15},{"text":"legal","start":5830.15,"end":5830.51},{"text":"rules","start":5830.51,"end":5830.99},{"text":"in","start":5830.99,"end":5831.15},{"text":"order","start":5831.15,"end":5831.43},{"text":"to","start":5831.43,"end":5831.63},{"text":"preserve","start":5831.63,"end":5832.27},{"text":"ethical","start":5832.79,"end":5833.11},{"text":"principles,","start":5833.11,"end":5833.71},{"text":"and","start":5833.71,"end":5833.83},{"text":"legal","start":5833.83,"end":5834.11},{"text":"requirements,","start":5834.11,"end":5834.87},{"text":"and","start":5835.03,"end":5835.19},{"text":"ensure","start":5835.19,"end":5835.47},{"text":"meaningful","start":5835.47,"end":5835.99},{"text":"human","start":5835.99,"end":5836.27},{"text":"control","start":5836.27,"end":5836.79},{"text":"over","start":5836.79,"end":5836.99},{"text":"the","start":5836.99,"end":5837.07},{"text":"use","start":5837.07,"end":5837.35},{"text":"of","start":5837.35,"end":5837.43},{"text":"force.","start":5837.43,"end":5837.99}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, the African Group emphasizes that within the concept of context, appropriate human judgment and control, there must be adequate predictability, reliability, traceability, and explainability of systems to those responsible for their use.","start":5838.95,"end":5854.79,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability and Explainability","description":"Several delegations called for explicit references to systems being predictable, reliable, traceable, and explainable to those responsible for their use. These qualities were described as necessary for lawful operation, effective oversight, and meaningful human involvement."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":5838.95,"end":5839.19},{"text":"Chair,","start":5839.19,"end":5839.47},{"text":"the","start":5839.47,"end":5839.55},{"text":"African","start":5839.55,"end":5839.91},{"text":"Group","start":5839.91,"end":5840.15},{"text":"emphasizes","start":5840.15,"end":5840.75},{"text":"that","start":5840.75,"end":5840.87},{"text":"within","start":5840.87,"end":5841.27},{"text":"the","start":5841.27,"end":5841.39},{"text":"concept","start":5841.39,"end":5841.95},{"text":"of","start":5841.95,"end":5842.07},{"text":"context,","start":5842.55,"end":5843.11},{"text":"appropriate","start":5843.43,"end":5843.95},{"text":"human","start":5843.95,"end":5844.19},{"text":"judgment","start":5844.19,"end":5844.67},{"text":"and","start":5844.67,"end":5844.79},{"text":"control,","start":5844.79,"end":5845.43},{"text":"there","start":5846.15,"end":5846.31},{"text":"must","start":5846.31,"end":5846.59},{"text":"be","start":5846.59,"end":5846.67},{"text":"adequate","start":5846.67,"end":5847.11},{"text":"predictability,","start":5847.11,"end":5847.99},{"text":"reliability,","start":5847.99,"end":5848.87},{"text":"traceability,","start":5848.87,"end":5849.83},{"text":"and","start":5850.23,"end":5850.47},{"text":"explainability","start":5850.47,"end":5851.51},{"text":"of","start":5851.51,"end":5851.59},{"text":"systems","start":5851.59,"end":5852.31},{"text":"to","start":5852.79,"end":5852.87},{"text":"those","start":5852.87,"end":5853.19},{"text":"responsible","start":5853.19,"end":5853.83},{"text":"for","start":5853.91,"end":5854.11},{"text":"their","start":5854.11,"end":5854.31},{"text":"use.","start":5854.31,"end":5854.79}]},{"text":"In this regard, the African Group notes the removal of this language from previous versions of the rolling text.","start":5855.35,"end":5860.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5855.35,"end":5855.47},{"text":"this","start":5855.47,"end":5855.67},{"text":"regard,","start":5855.67,"end":5856.11},{"text":"the","start":5856.11,"end":5856.19},{"text":"African","start":5856.19,"end":5856.55},{"text":"Group","start":5856.55,"end":5856.71},{"text":"notes","start":5856.71,"end":5856.99},{"text":"the","start":5856.99,"end":5857.07},{"text":"removal","start":5857.07,"end":5857.51},{"text":"of","start":5857.51,"end":5857.59},{"text":"this","start":5857.59,"end":5857.75},{"text":"language","start":5857.75,"end":5858.15},{"text":"from","start":5858.15,"end":5858.31},{"text":"previous","start":5858.31,"end":5858.79},{"text":"versions","start":5858.79,"end":5859.35},{"text":"of","start":5859.35,"end":5859.47},{"text":"the","start":5859.47,"end":5859.55},{"text":"rolling","start":5859.55,"end":5859.91},{"text":"text.","start":5859.91,"end":5860.39}]},{"text":"These characteristics are essential prerequisites for meaningful human control and for ensuring operators can make informed legal and ethical judgments.","start":5861.95,"end":5871.23,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability and Explainability","description":"Several delegations called for explicit references to systems being predictable, reliable, traceable, and explainable to those responsible for their use. These qualities were described as necessary for lawful operation, effective oversight, and meaningful human involvement."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"These","start":5861.95,"end":5862.27},{"text":"characteristics","start":5862.27,"end":5863.95},{"text":"are","start":5863.95,"end":5864.03},{"text":"essential","start":5864.03,"end":5864.59},{"text":"prerequisites","start":5864.59,"end":5865.55},{"text":"for","start":5865.95,"end":5866.35},{"text":"meaningful","start":5866.43,"end":5866.95},{"text":"human","start":5866.95,"end":5867.19},{"text":"control","start":5867.19,"end":5867.63},{"text":"and","start":5867.63,"end":5867.75},{"text":"for","start":5867.75,"end":5867.87},{"text":"ensuring","start":5867.87,"end":5868.39},{"text":"operators","start":5868.39,"end":5868.91},{"text":"can","start":5868.91,"end":5869.07},{"text":"make","start":5869.07,"end":5869.39},{"text":"informed","start":5869.39,"end":5869.83},{"text":"legal","start":5869.83,"end":5870.19},{"text":"and","start":5870.19,"end":5870.39},{"text":"ethical","start":5870.39,"end":5870.67},{"text":"judgments.","start":5870.67,"end":5871.23}]},{"text":"We therefore support the proposal by several delegations to reinsert this important language into the rolling text.","start":5871.95,"end":5877.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5871.95,"end":5872.15},{"text":"therefore","start":5872.15,"end":5872.43},{"text":"support","start":5872.43,"end":5872.71},{"text":"the","start":5872.71,"end":5872.79},{"text":"proposal","start":5872.79,"end":5873.23},{"text":"by","start":5873.23,"end":5873.39},{"text":"several","start":5873.39,"end":5873.87},{"text":"delegations","start":5873.87,"end":5874.51},{"text":"to","start":5874.51,"end":5874.59},{"text":"reinsert","start":5874.59,"end":5875.23},{"text":"this","start":5875.71,"end":5875.87},{"text":"important","start":5875.87,"end":5876.35},{"text":"language","start":5876.35,"end":5876.79},{"text":"into","start":5876.79,"end":5876.99},{"text":"the","start":5876.99,"end":5877.11},{"text":"rolling","start":5877.11,"end":5877.47},{"text":"text.","start":5877.47,"end":5877.95}]},{"text":"The chair of the African Group reiterates that autonomous weapons systems raise profound challenges for international humanitarian law, human rights law, human dignity, and international peace and security.","start":5878.59,"end":5889.55,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. 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me thank the distinguished representative of Sweden for making concrete suggestions.","start":6036.79,"end":6042.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":6036.79,"end":6036.91},{"text":"me","start":6036.91,"end":6037.19},{"text":"thank","start":6037.19,"end":6037.47},{"text":"the","start":6037.47,"end":6037.55},{"text":"distinguished","start":6037.55,"end":6038.03},{"text":"representative","start":6038.03,"end":6038.71},{"text":"of","start":6038.99,"end":6039.11},{"text":"Sweden","start":6039.11,"end":6039.75},{"text":"for","start":6039.91,"end":6040.15},{"text":"making","start":6040.15,"end":6040.47},{"text":"concrete","start":6040.47,"end":6040.95},{"text":"suggestions.","start":6041.19,"end":6042.11}]},{"text":"I think we now have three options to fix this 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Robots.","start":6046.95,"end":6051.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":6046.95,"end":6047.47},{"text":"on","start":6047.47,"end":6047.55},{"text":"my","start":6047.55,"end":6048.07},{"text":"list","start":6048.07,"end":6048.47},{"text":"is","start":6048.47,"end":6048.79},{"text":"Australia,","start":6048.79,"end":6049.43},{"text":"to","start":6049.43,"end":6049.59},{"text":"be","start":6049.59,"end":6049.75},{"text":"followed","start":6049.75,"end":6050.23},{"text":"by","start":6050.23,"end":6050.55},{"text":"Stop","start":6050.55,"end":6050.79},{"text":"Killer","start":6050.79,"end":6051.15},{"text":"Robots.","start":6051.15,"end":6051.59}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to Australia.","start":6051.59,"end":6053.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":6051.59,"end":6051.79},{"text":"let","start":6051.79,"end":6051.91},{"text":"me","start":6051.91,"end":6052.03},{"text":"first","start":6052.03,"end":6052.31},{"text":"pass","start":6052.31,"end":6052.55},{"text":"the","start":6052.55,"end":6052.63},{"text":"floor","start":6052.63,"end":6052.91},{"text":"to","start":6052.91,"end":6053.11},{"text":"Australia.","start":6053.11,"end":6053.75}]},{"text":"Madam, you have the floor.","start":6053.75,"end":6054.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Madam,","start":6053.75,"end":6053.99},{"text":"you","start":6053.99,"end":6054.07},{"text":"have","start":6054.07,"end":6054.19},{"text":"the","start":6054.19,"end":6054.31},{"text":"floor.","start":6054.31,"end":6054.47}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":28,"start":6057.91,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=1:40:58","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":6057.91,"end":6058.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6057.91,"end":6058.23},{"text":"you,","start":6058.23,"end":6058.39},{"text":"Chair.","start":6058.39,"end":6058.75}]},{"text":"Australia is generally supportive of box four and would like to offer some suggestions for further improvement.","start":6060.15,"end":6066.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Australia","start":6060.15,"end":6060.83},{"text":"is","start":6060.83,"end":6061.15},{"text":"generally","start":6061.15,"end":6061.87},{"text":"supportive","start":6061.87,"end":6062.59},{"text":"of","start":6062.59,"end":6062.67},{"text":"box","start":6062.67,"end":6062.99},{"text":"four","start":6062.99,"end":6063.55},{"text":"and","start":6063.55,"end":6063.79},{"text":"would","start":6063.79,"end":6063.91},{"text":"like","start":6063.91,"end":6064.19},{"text":"to","start":6064.19,"end":6064.31},{"text":"offer","start":6064.31,"end":6064.59},{"text":"some","start":6064.59,"end":6064.83},{"text":"suggestions","start":6064.83,"end":6065.51},{"text":"for","start":6065.51,"end":6065.63},{"text":"further","start":6065.63,"end":6066.03},{"text":"improvement.","start":6066.03,"end":6066.83}]},{"text":"There remains a diverse range of opinions on the chapeau of box 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instruments.","start":6072.67,"end":6086.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6072.67,"end":6072.79},{"text":"intention","start":6072.79,"end":6073.35},{"text":"of","start":6073.35,"end":6073.47},{"text":"the","start":6073.47,"end":6073.55},{"text":"chapeau","start":6073.55,"end":6074.27},{"text":"seems","start":6074.27,"end":6074.63},{"text":"to","start":6074.63,"end":6074.83},{"text":"be","start":6074.83,"end":6075.23},{"text":"to","start":6075.23,"end":6075.35},{"text":"acknowledge","start":6075.35,"end":6075.95},{"text":"that","start":6075.95,"end":6076.27},{"text":"the","start":6076.27,"end":6076.35},{"text":"paragraphs","start":6076.35,"end":6078.11},{"text":"below","start":6078.11,"end":6078.67},{"text":"may","start":6079.07,"end":6079.23},{"text":"have","start":6079.23,"end":6079.47},{"text":"different","start":6079.47,"end":6079.87},{"text":"statuses","start":6079.87,"end":6080.67},{"text":"for","start":6080.67,"end":6080.91},{"text":"different","start":6080.91,"end":6081.27},{"text":"states","start":6081.27,"end":6081.87},{"text":"depending","start":6081.87,"end":6082.75},{"text":"on","start":6082.83,"end":6082.99},{"text":"the","start":6082.99,"end":6083.11},{"text":"obligations","start":6083.11,"end":6084.11},{"text":"they","start":6084.51,"end":6084.75},{"text":"have","start":6084.75,"end":6085.15},{"text":"under","start":6085.15,"end":6085.39},{"text":"various","start":6085.39,"end":6085.79},{"text":"legal","start":6085.79,"end":6086.11},{"text":"instruments.","start":6086.11,"end":6086.83}]},{"text":"Australia suggests the chapeau read, \"As applicable across the life cycle of laws, states consistent with and in addition to their respective legal obligations 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proposal attempts to clarify that some states are already legally required to undertake some of the listed measures, while others are 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proposal makes language consistent and removes superfluous language.","start":6117.59,"end":6122.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":6117.59,"end":6117.67},{"text":"proposal","start":6117.67,"end":6118.47},{"text":"makes","start":6118.47,"end":6118.95},{"text":"language","start":6118.95,"end":6119.51},{"text":"consistent","start":6119.51,"end":6120.23},{"text":"and","start":6120.39,"end":6120.63},{"text":"removes","start":6120.63,"end":6121.27},{"text":"superfluous","start":6121.27,"end":6122.07},{"text":"language.","start":6122.07,"end":6122.79}]},{"text":"There is no need to specify prior to deployment or entire life cycle, given the measures are to be implemented as applicable across the life 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these measures will apply and sometimes they won't, like for example, in the decommissioning stage.","start":6137.75,"end":6146.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sometimes","start":6137.75,"end":6138.71},{"text":"these","start":6138.79,"end":6139.19},{"text":"measures","start":6139.19,"end":6139.63},{"text":"will","start":6139.63,"end":6139.79},{"text":"apply","start":6139.79,"end":6140.39},{"text":"and","start":6140.55,"end":6140.79},{"text":"sometimes","start":6140.79,"end":6141.51},{"text":"they","start":6141.51,"end":6141.67},{"text":"won't,","start":6141.67,"end":6142.27},{"text":"like","start":6143.03,"end":6143.43},{"text":"for","start":6143.43,"end":6143.55},{"text":"example,","start":6143.55,"end":6144.23},{"text":"in","start":6144.31,"end":6144.47},{"text":"the","start":6144.47,"end":6144.55},{"text":"decommissioning","start":6144.55,"end":6145.51},{"text":"stage.","start":6145.51,"end":6146.15}]},{"text":"We have heard other suggestions today to resolve this issue and will 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agree that context appropriate human judgment and control and the variety of measures set out in box 3 paragraph 7 would be applied across the life cycle of laws.","start":6167.55,"end":6181.07,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. 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Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Box","start":6201.83,"end":6202.11},{"text":"3","start":6202.11,"end":6202.55},{"text":"would","start":6202.55,"end":6202.75},{"text":"therefore","start":6202.75,"end":6203.19},{"text":"contain","start":6203.19,"end":6204.23},{"text":"the","start":6204.47,"end":6204.63},{"text":"detailed","start":6204.63,"end":6205.15},{"text":"discussions","start":6205.15,"end":6206.07},{"text":"of","start":6206.19,"end":6206.31},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":6206.31,"end":6207.83},{"text":"human","start":6207.83,"end":6208.23},{"text":"judgment","start":6208.23,"end":6208.71},{"text":"and","start":6208.71,"end":6208.83},{"text":"control.","start":6208.83,"end":6209.43}]},{"text":"Chair, in respect of paragraph 4, the integration of subparagraphs and represent a positive change.","start":6210.63,"end":6219.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":6210.63,"end":6211.07},{"text":"in","start":6211.83,"end":6211.95},{"text":"respect","start":6211.95,"end":6212.39},{"text":"of","start":6212.39,"end":6212.47},{"text":"paragraph","start":6212.47,"end":6213.23},{"text":"4,","start":6213.23,"end":6213.59},{"text":"the","start":6214.15,"end":6214.23},{"text":"integration","start":6214.23,"end":6215.07},{"text":"of","start":6215.07,"end":6215.27},{"text":"subparagraphs","start":6215.27,"end":6216.39},{"text":"and","start":6216.79,"end":6217.39},{"text":"represent","start":6217.59,"end":6218.27},{"text":"a","start":6218.27,"end":6218.31},{"text":"positive","start":6218.39,"end":6219.03},{"text":"change.","start":6219.03,"end":6219.75}]},{"text":"We would like to suggest that due to this integration, it would be beneficial to relocate the second-half of subparagraph to the chapeau.","start":6220.31,"end":6230.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6220.31,"end":6220.43},{"text":"would","start":6220.43,"end":6220.55},{"text":"like","start":6220.55,"end":6220.83},{"text":"to","start":6220.83,"end":6221.07},{"text":"suggest","start":6221.07,"end":6221.83},{"text":"that","start":6221.99,"end":6222.35},{"text":"due","start":6222.35,"end":6222.55},{"text":"to","start":6222.55,"end":6222.67},{"text":"this","start":6222.67,"end":6222.87},{"text":"integration,","start":6222.87,"end":6223.75},{"text":"it","start":6224.15,"end":6224.27},{"text":"would","start":6224.27,"end":6224.39},{"text":"be","start":6224.39,"end":6224.55},{"text":"beneficial","start":6224.55,"end":6225.35},{"text":"to","start":6225.35,"end":6225.47},{"text":"relocate","start":6225.47,"end":6226.31},{"text":"the","start":6226.39,"end":6226.55},{"text":"second-half","start":6226.55,"end":6227.83},{"text":"of","start":6227.95,"end":6228.15},{"text":"subparagraph","start":6228.15,"end":6229.27},{"text":"to","start":6229.67,"end":6229.87},{"text":"the","start":6229.87,"end":6229.95},{"text":"chapeau.","start":6229.99,"end":6230.55}]},{"text":"This would make it clear who needs to understand the capabilities and limitations of the laws through the actions set out in subparagraphs and.","start":6232.03,"end":6242.35,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. 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Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6242.35,"end":6242.75},{"text":"also","start":6243.99,"end":6244.43},{"text":"suggest","start":6244.43,"end":6245.03},{"text":"that","start":6245.03,"end":6245.15},{"text":"the","start":6245.15,"end":6245.27},{"text":"appropriate","start":6245.27,"end":6245.95},{"text":"wording","start":6245.95,"end":6246.43},{"text":"be","start":6246.43,"end":6246.91},{"text":"\"responsible","start":6247.07,"end":6248.19},{"text":"chain","start":6248.27,"end":6248.75},{"text":"of","start":6248.75,"end":6248.91},{"text":"command","start":6248.91,"end":6249.47},{"text":"and","start":6249.47,"end":6249.63},{"text":"control\"","start":6249.63,"end":6250.27},{"text":"and","start":6251.31,"end":6251.51},{"text":"that","start":6251.51,"end":6251.79},{"text":"\"human","start":6251.79,"end":6252.27},{"text":"operators\"","start":6252.27,"end":6252.91},{"text":"be","start":6252.91,"end":6253.23},{"text":"removed.","start":6253.23,"end":6253.87}]},{"text":"This would capture all necessary persons and avoid any implication that there would be operators outside a responsible chain of command and control.","start":6255.43,"end":6265.27,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. 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These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6267.03,"end":6267.19},{"text":"proposed","start":6267.19,"end":6267.91},{"text":"chapeau","start":6267.91,"end":6268.71},{"text":"would","start":6268.71,"end":6268.91},{"text":"therefore","start":6268.91,"end":6269.55},{"text":"read,","start":6269.55,"end":6270.07},{"text":"\"Ensure","start":6271.27,"end":6271.83},{"text":"that","start":6272.31,"end":6272.47},{"text":"the","start":6272.47,"end":6272.59},{"text":"capabilities","start":6272.59,"end":6273.75},{"text":"and","start":6273.83,"end":6274.03},{"text":"limitations","start":6274.03,"end":6274.95},{"text":"of","start":6274.95,"end":6275.11},{"text":"laws","start":6275.11,"end":6275.75},{"text":"in","start":6276.15,"end":6276.43},{"text":"their","start":6276.43,"end":6276.63},{"text":"expected","start":6276.63,"end":6277.27},{"text":"use","start":6277.27,"end":6277.83},{"text":"and","start":6278.39,"end":6278.59},{"text":"their","start":6278.59,"end":6278.79},{"text":"anticipated","start":6278.79,"end":6279.67},{"text":"effects","start":6279.67,"end":6280.31},{"text":"in","start":6280.31,"end":6280.55},{"text":"different","start":6280.55,"end":6280.99},{"text":"circumstances","start":6280.99,"end":6282.31},{"text":"are","start":6283.27,"end":6283.51},{"text":"understood","start":6283.51,"end":6284.47},{"text":"by","start":6285.03,"end":6285.19},{"text":"those","start":6285.19,"end":6285.99},{"text":"in","start":6285.99,"end":6286.15},{"text":"the","start":6286.15,"end":6286.23},{"text":"responsible","start":6286.23,"end":6286.95},{"text":"chain","start":6286.95,"end":6287.35},{"text":"of","start":6287.35,"end":6287.51},{"text":"command","start":6287.51,"end":6288.15},{"text":"and","start":6288.39,"end":6288.63},{"text":"control","start":6288.63,"end":6289.23},{"text":"of","start":6289.23,"end":6289.35},{"text":"laws","start":6289.35,"end":6289.83},{"text":"through.","start":6289.99,"end":6290.55}]},{"text":"Paragraph 4 would then simply read, \"Ensure appropriate guidance, training and instructions.\"","start":6292.07,"end":6298.79,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":6292.07,"end":6292.75},{"text":"4","start":6292.75,"end":6293.03},{"text":"would","start":6293.43,"end":6293.67},{"text":"then","start":6293.67,"end":6293.91},{"text":"simply","start":6293.91,"end":6294.39},{"text":"read,","start":6294.39,"end":6294.87},{"text":"\"Ensure","start":6295.11,"end":6295.55},{"text":"appropriate","start":6295.55,"end":6296.23},{"text":"guidance,","start":6296.23,"end":6296.95},{"text":"training","start":6297.11,"end":6297.67},{"text":"and","start":6297.67,"end":6297.83},{"text":"instructions.\"","start":6297.83,"end":6298.79}]},{"text":"On paragraph 4, we suggest the addition of \"variable\" prior to \"operational environments.\"","start":6300.35,"end":6307.11,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":6300.35,"end":6300.43},{"text":"paragraph","start":6300.47,"end":6301.23},{"text":"4,","start":6301.23,"end":6301.51},{"text":"we","start":6302.15,"end":6302.39},{"text":"suggest","start":6302.39,"end":6302.87},{"text":"the","start":6302.87,"end":6302.99},{"text":"addition","start":6302.99,"end":6303.43},{"text":"of","start":6303.43,"end":6303.79},{"text":"\"variable\"","start":6303.79,"end":6304.55},{"text":"prior","start":6304.87,"end":6305.27},{"text":"to","start":6305.27,"end":6305.59},{"text":"\"operational","start":6305.59,"end":6306.23},{"text":"environments.\"","start":6306.23,"end":6307.11}]},{"text":"Operational environments may vary, and so testing and evaluation should be conducted in realistic and variable environments.","start":6308.43,"end":6316.59,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"Operational","start":6308.43,"end":6309.07},{"text":"environments","start":6309.07,"end":6309.87},{"text":"may","start":6309.87,"end":6310.03},{"text":"vary,","start":6310.03,"end":6310.75},{"text":"and","start":6310.99,"end":6311.23},{"text":"so","start":6311.23,"end":6311.47},{"text":"testing","start":6311.47,"end":6311.99},{"text":"and","start":6311.99,"end":6312.11},{"text":"evaluation","start":6312.11,"end":6313.15},{"text":"should","start":6313.31,"end":6313.51},{"text":"be","start":6313.51,"end":6313.63},{"text":"conducted","start":6313.63,"end":6314.19},{"text":"in","start":6314.19,"end":6314.35},{"text":"realistic","start":6314.35,"end":6314.91},{"text":"and","start":6314.91,"end":6315.15},{"text":"variable","start":6315.15,"end":6315.75},{"text":"environments.","start":6315.75,"end":6316.59}]},{"text":"This would give effect to the chapeau of paragraph 4, which seeks that the anticipated effect of laws be understood in different circumstances.","start":6317.55,"end":6327.63,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6317.55,"end":6317.79},{"text":"would","start":6317.79,"end":6317.95},{"text":"give","start":6317.95,"end":6318.15},{"text":"effect","start":6318.15,"end":6318.87},{"text":"to","start":6318.87,"end":6318.95},{"text":"the","start":6318.95,"end":6319.07},{"text":"chapeau","start":6319.07,"end":6319.91},{"text":"of","start":6319.91,"end":6320.03},{"text":"paragraph","start":6320.03,"end":6320.71},{"text":"4,","start":6320.71,"end":6320.99},{"text":"which","start":6321.43,"end":6321.67},{"text":"seeks","start":6321.67,"end":6322.19},{"text":"that","start":6322.43,"end":6322.59},{"text":"the","start":6322.59,"end":6322.71},{"text":"anticipated","start":6322.71,"end":6323.47},{"text":"effect","start":6323.47,"end":6323.83},{"text":"of","start":6323.83,"end":6323.95},{"text":"laws","start":6323.95,"end":6324.51},{"text":"be","start":6324.75,"end":6324.99},{"text":"understood","start":6324.99,"end":6325.63},{"text":"in","start":6325.63,"end":6325.95},{"text":"different","start":6325.95,"end":6326.43},{"text":"circumstances.","start":6326.43,"end":6327.63}]},{"text":"Chair, Australia strongly supports the changes you have made to paragraphs 5 and 6.","start":6328.51,"end":6334.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":6328.51,"end":6328.87},{"text":"Australia","start":6329.35,"end":6330.19},{"text":"strongly","start":6330.19,"end":6330.67},{"text":"supports","start":6330.67,"end":6331.71},{"text":"the","start":6331.87,"end":6331.95},{"text":"changes","start":6331.95,"end":6332.43},{"text":"you","start":6332.43,"end":6332.51},{"text":"have","start":6332.51,"end":6332.67},{"text":"made","start":6332.67,"end":6333.15},{"text":"to","start":6333.23,"end":6333.39},{"text":"paragraphs","start":6333.39,"end":6334.03},{"text":"5","start":6334.03,"end":6334.31},{"text":"and","start":6334.31,"end":6334.55},{"text":"6.","start":6334.55,"end":6334.99}]},{"text":"We would suggest that detect still be maintained in both paragraphs as its inclusions ensures that states act to prevent bias, both initially and in an ongoing fashion, implement detection measures to address biases which may nonetheless arise, and act to mitigate any detected biases.","start":6336.35,"end":6359.95,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. 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on my list is Stop Killer Robots.","start":6378.83,"end":6382.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":6378.83,"end":6379.19},{"text":"on","start":6379.19,"end":6379.27},{"text":"my","start":6379.31,"end":6379.55},{"text":"list","start":6379.83,"end":6380.19},{"text":"is","start":6380.19,"end":6380.59},{"text":"Stop","start":6381.87,"end":6382.23},{"text":"Killer","start":6382.23,"end":6382.55},{"text":"Robots.","start":6382.55,"end":6382.91}]},{"text":"Let me pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Stop Killer 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Stop Killer Robots believes this text should be negotiated into a legally binding instrument.","start":6388.59,"end":6395.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6388.59,"end":6388.83},{"text":"you,","start":6388.83,"end":6388.91},{"text":"Chair.","start":6388.91,"end":6389.23},{"text":"Stop","start":6390.03,"end":6390.35},{"text":"Killer","start":6390.35,"end":6390.59},{"text":"Robots","start":6390.59,"end":6390.91},{"text":"believes","start":6390.91,"end":6391.39},{"text":"this","start":6391.55,"end":6391.79},{"text":"text","start":6391.79,"end":6392.27},{"text":"should","start":6392.27,"end":6392.51},{"text":"be","start":6392.51,"end":6392.59},{"text":"negotiated","start":6392.59,"end":6393.39},{"text":"into","start":6393.39,"end":6393.59},{"text":"a","start":6393.59,"end":6393.63},{"text":"legally","start":6393.63,"end":6394.11},{"text":"binding","start":6394.11,"end":6394.59},{"text":"instrument.","start":6394.59,"end":6395.15}]},{"text":"Therefore, we recommend that the text, in addition to their legal obligations, be deleted from the chapeau of box 4, as the requirements of this section should become the basis for legal rules.","start":6396.27,"end":6407.23,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. 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Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":6408.03,"end":6408.51},{"text":"paragraph","start":6408.51,"end":6409.07},{"text":"1,","start":6409.07,"end":6409.47},{"text":"Stop","start":6409.71,"end":6409.99},{"text":"Killer","start":6409.99,"end":6410.19},{"text":"Robots","start":6410.19,"end":6410.51},{"text":"notes","start":6410.51,"end":6410.99},{"text":"that","start":6410.99,"end":6411.15},{"text":"weapons","start":6411.15,"end":6411.51},{"text":"reviews","start":6411.51,"end":6411.95},{"text":"are","start":6411.95,"end":6412.11},{"text":"a","start":6412.11,"end":6412.15},{"text":"legal","start":6412.15,"end":6412.51},{"text":"obligation","start":6412.51,"end":6413.11},{"text":"for","start":6413.11,"end":6413.23},{"text":"states","start":6413.23,"end":6413.63},{"text":"under","start":6413.71,"end":6414.19},{"text":"Article","start":6414.19,"end":6414.51},{"text":"36","start":6414.51,"end":6415.15},{"text":"of","start":6415.31,"end":6415.47},{"text":"Additional","start":6415.47,"end":6415.83},{"text":"Protocol","start":6415.83,"end":6416.47},{"text":"I","start":6416.75,"end":6416.79},{"text":"to","start":6416.79,"end":6416.91},{"text":"the","start":6416.91,"end":6416.99},{"text":"Geneva","start":6416.99,"end":6417.31},{"text":"Conventions,","start":6417.31,"end":6418.03},{"text":"and","start":6418.51,"end":6418.63},{"text":"that","start":6418.63,"end":6418.75},{"text":"an","start":6418.75,"end":6418.83},{"text":"legally","start":6418.83,"end":6419.23},{"text":"binding","start":6419.23,"end":6419.55},{"text":"instrument","start":6419.55,"end":6420.11},{"text":"on","start":6420.11,"end":6420.23},{"text":"autonomous","start":6420.23,"end":6420.67},{"text":"weapons","start":6420.67,"end":6420.99},{"text":"systems","start":6420.99,"end":6421.47},{"text":"or","start":6421.87,"end":6422.07},{"text":"provisions","start":6422.07,"end":6422.55},{"text":"to","start":6422.55,"end":6422.63},{"text":"prevent","start":6422.63,"end":6423.03},{"text":"harm","start":6423.03,"end":6423.39},{"text":"should","start":6423.47,"end":6423.71},{"text":"become","start":6423.71,"end":6424.19},{"text":"legal","start":6424.19,"end":6424.55},{"text":"requirements.","start":6424.55,"end":6425.39}]},{"text":"We recommend removing the qualifier \"significant\" that has been added back into the text in paragraph 2 to avoid unnecessarily permissive interpretations.","start":6426.59,"end":6434.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6426.59,"end":6426.75},{"text":"recommend","start":6426.75,"end":6427.31},{"text":"removing","start":6427.31,"end":6427.71},{"text":"the","start":6427.71,"end":6427.83},{"text":"qualifier","start":6427.83,"end":6428.43},{"text":"\"significant\"","start":6428.43,"end":6429.15},{"text":"that","start":6429.15,"end":6429.27},{"text":"has","start":6429.27,"end":6429.39},{"text":"been","start":6429.39,"end":6429.55},{"text":"added","start":6429.55,"end":6429.79},{"text":"back","start":6429.79,"end":6430.03},{"text":"into","start":6430.03,"end":6430.27},{"text":"the","start":6430.27,"end":6430.35},{"text":"text","start":6430.35,"end":6430.83},{"text":"in","start":6431.07,"end":6431.23},{"text":"paragraph","start":6431.23,"end":6431.71},{"text":"2","start":6431.71,"end":6432.11},{"text":"to","start":6432.35,"end":6432.51},{"text":"avoid","start":6432.51,"end":6432.83},{"text":"unnecessarily","start":6432.83,"end":6433.51},{"text":"permissive","start":6433.51,"end":6433.99},{"text":"interpretations.","start":6433.99,"end":6434.99}]},{"text":"We welcome paragraph 4 and recommend its retention.","start":6435.95,"end":6438.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6435.95,"end":6436.11},{"text":"welcome","start":6436.11,"end":6436.43},{"text":"paragraph","start":6436.43,"end":6436.95},{"text":"4","start":6436.95,"end":6437.31},{"text":"and","start":6437.31,"end":6437.55},{"text":"recommend","start":6437.55,"end":6438.11},{"text":"its","start":6438.11,"end":6438.27},{"text":"retention.","start":6438.27,"end":6438.83}]},{"text":"Ensuring that the effects of systems in their context of use are adequately understood is a key component of meaningful human control.","start":6439.55,"end":6445.75,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Ensuring","start":6439.55,"end":6440.03},{"text":"that","start":6440.03,"end":6440.15},{"text":"the","start":6440.15,"end":6440.23},{"text":"effects","start":6440.23,"end":6440.55},{"text":"of","start":6440.55,"end":6440.63},{"text":"systems","start":6440.63,"end":6441.11},{"text":"in","start":6441.11,"end":6441.19},{"text":"their","start":6441.19,"end":6441.31},{"text":"context","start":6441.31,"end":6441.75},{"text":"of","start":6441.75,"end":6441.87},{"text":"use","start":6441.87,"end":6442.11},{"text":"are","start":6442.11,"end":6442.27},{"text":"adequately","start":6442.27,"end":6442.71},{"text":"understood","start":6442.71,"end":6443.31},{"text":"is","start":6443.63,"end":6443.79},{"text":"a","start":6443.87,"end":6443.91},{"text":"key","start":6443.91,"end":6444.07},{"text":"component","start":6444.07,"end":6444.55},{"text":"of","start":6444.55,"end":6444.67},{"text":"meaningful","start":6444.67,"end":6445.03},{"text":"human","start":6445.03,"end":6445.31},{"text":"control.","start":6445.31,"end":6445.75}]},{"text":"Adequately understanding the effects of a system also depends on predictability, reliability, traceability, and explainability.","start":6446.43,"end":6454.03,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability and Explainability","description":"Several delegations called for explicit references to systems being predictable, reliable, traceable, and explainable to those responsible for their use. These qualities were described as necessary for lawful operation, effective oversight, and meaningful human involvement."}],"words":[{"text":"Adequately","start":6446.43,"end":6446.95},{"text":"understanding","start":6446.95,"end":6447.71},{"text":"the","start":6447.71,"end":6447.83},{"text":"effects","start":6447.83,"end":6448.19},{"text":"of","start":6448.23,"end":6448.31},{"text":"a","start":6448.31,"end":6448.35},{"text":"system","start":6448.35,"end":6448.75},{"text":"also","start":6448.83,"end":6449.19},{"text":"depends","start":6449.19,"end":6449.67},{"text":"on","start":6449.67,"end":6449.75},{"text":"predictability,","start":6449.75,"end":6450.75},{"text":"reliability,","start":6450.91,"end":6451.87},{"text":"traceability,","start":6452.03,"end":6452.91},{"text":"and","start":6452.91,"end":6453.11},{"text":"explainability.","start":6453.11,"end":6454.03}]},{"text":"If text on these concepts is not restored to box 3, we believe they could be usefully placed here instead.","start":6454.71,"end":6460.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":6454.71,"end":6454.87},{"text":"text","start":6454.87,"end":6455.19},{"text":"on","start":6455.19,"end":6455.27},{"text":"these","start":6455.27,"end":6455.43},{"text":"concepts","start":6455.43,"end":6455.99},{"text":"is","start":6455.99,"end":6456.15},{"text":"not","start":6456.15,"end":6456.35},{"text":"restored","start":6456.35,"end":6456.79},{"text":"to","start":6456.79,"end":6456.91},{"text":"box","start":6456.91,"end":6457.27},{"text":"3,","start":6457.27,"end":6457.67},{"text":"we","start":6457.91,"end":6458.07},{"text":"believe","start":6458.07,"end":6458.47},{"text":"they","start":6458.47,"end":6458.63},{"text":"could","start":6458.63,"end":6458.75},{"text":"be","start":6458.75,"end":6458.87},{"text":"usefully","start":6458.87,"end":6459.27},{"text":"placed","start":6459.27,"end":6459.67},{"text":"here","start":6459.67,"end":6459.83},{"text":"instead.","start":6459.83,"end":6460.47}]},{"text":"We would caution that testing and evaluation based on realistic simulations, as referenced in paragraph 4a, will only be able to give indications of how simpler, deterministic autonomous weapon systems will behave.","start":6461.59,"end":6473.99,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6461.59,"end":6461.71},{"text":"would","start":6461.71,"end":6461.83},{"text":"caution","start":6461.83,"end":6462.31},{"text":"that","start":6462.31,"end":6462.43},{"text":"testing","start":6462.43,"end":6462.95},{"text":"and","start":6462.95,"end":6463.07},{"text":"evaluation","start":6463.07,"end":6463.87},{"text":"based","start":6463.87,"end":6464.15},{"text":"on","start":6464.15,"end":6464.31},{"text":"realistic","start":6464.31,"end":6464.95},{"text":"simulations,","start":6464.95,"end":6465.75},{"text":"as","start":6465.91,"end":6466.15},{"text":"referenced","start":6466.15,"end":6466.55},{"text":"in","start":6466.55,"end":6466.63},{"text":"paragraph","start":6466.63,"end":6467.07},{"text":"4a,","start":6467.07,"end":6467.67},{"text":"will","start":6467.99,"end":6468.15},{"text":"only","start":6468.15,"end":6468.43},{"text":"be","start":6468.43,"end":6468.55},{"text":"able","start":6468.55,"end":6468.79},{"text":"to","start":6468.79,"end":6468.91},{"text":"give","start":6468.91,"end":6469.11},{"text":"indications","start":6469.11,"end":6469.99},{"text":"of","start":6469.99,"end":6470.07},{"text":"how","start":6470.07,"end":6470.23},{"text":"simpler,","start":6470.23,"end":6470.79},{"text":"deterministic","start":6470.79,"end":6471.67},{"text":"autonomous","start":6471.67,"end":6472.07},{"text":"weapon","start":6472.07,"end":6472.31},{"text":"systems","start":6472.31,"end":6472.79},{"text":"will","start":6473.19,"end":6473.43},{"text":"behave.","start":6473.43,"end":6473.99}]},{"text":"Systems looking to incorporate more complexity, many of which we believe could not be subject to meaningful human control, could not reliably be tested in this way.","start":6474.79,"end":6482.95,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Systems","start":6474.79,"end":6475.27},{"text":"looking","start":6475.27,"end":6475.51},{"text":"to","start":6475.51,"end":6475.63},{"text":"incorporate","start":6475.63,"end":6476.15},{"text":"more","start":6476.15,"end":6476.31},{"text":"complexity,","start":6476.31,"end":6477.11},{"text":"many","start":6477.11,"end":6477.47},{"text":"of","start":6477.47,"end":6477.55},{"text":"which","start":6477.55,"end":6477.83},{"text":"we","start":6477.83,"end":6477.91},{"text":"believe","start":6477.91,"end":6478.31},{"text":"could","start":6478.31,"end":6478.55},{"text":"not","start":6478.55,"end":6478.71},{"text":"be","start":6478.71,"end":6478.83},{"text":"subject","start":6478.83,"end":6479.23},{"text":"to","start":6479.23,"end":6479.31},{"text":"meaningful","start":6479.31,"end":6479.67},{"text":"human","start":6479.67,"end":6479.91},{"text":"control,","start":6479.91,"end":6480.47},{"text":"could","start":6480.87,"end":6481.03},{"text":"not","start":6481.03,"end":6481.19},{"text":"reliably","start":6481.19,"end":6481.67},{"text":"be","start":6481.67,"end":6481.75},{"text":"tested","start":6481.75,"end":6482.23},{"text":"in","start":6482.23,"end":6482.43},{"text":"this","start":6482.43,"end":6482.63},{"text":"way.","start":6482.63,"end":6482.95}]},{"text":"Regarding the references to bias in paragraph 5, we believe that algorithmic bias would be a better term to describe the problem being addressed.","start":6484.27,"end":6491.63,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":6484.27,"end":6484.75},{"text":"the","start":6484.75,"end":6484.83},{"text":"references","start":6484.83,"end":6485.31},{"text":"to","start":6485.31,"end":6485.43},{"text":"bias","start":6485.43,"end":6485.87},{"text":"in","start":6485.87,"end":6486.03},{"text":"paragraph","start":6486.03,"end":6486.55},{"text":"5,","start":6486.55,"end":6486.91},{"text":"we","start":6486.91,"end":6487.15},{"text":"believe","start":6487.15,"end":6487.55},{"text":"that","start":6487.55,"end":6487.71},{"text":"algorithmic","start":6487.71,"end":6488.23},{"text":"bias","start":6488.23,"end":6488.63},{"text":"would","start":6488.63,"end":6488.75},{"text":"be","start":6488.75,"end":6488.87},{"text":"a","start":6488.87,"end":6488.91},{"text":"better","start":6488.91,"end":6489.23},{"text":"term","start":6489.23,"end":6489.63},{"text":"to","start":6489.79,"end":6489.91},{"text":"describe","start":6489.91,"end":6490.35},{"text":"the","start":6490.35,"end":6490.43},{"text":"problem","start":6490.43,"end":6490.83},{"text":"being","start":6490.83,"end":6491.07},{"text":"addressed.","start":6491.07,"end":6491.63}]},{"text":"Steps can be taken to mitigate bias, but it cannot be eliminated.","start":6492.27,"end":6495.63,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."}],"words":[{"text":"Steps","start":6492.27,"end":6492.59},{"text":"can","start":6492.59,"end":6492.71},{"text":"be","start":6492.71,"end":6492.83},{"text":"taken","start":6492.83,"end":6493.23},{"text":"to","start":6493.23,"end":6493.35},{"text":"mitigate","start":6493.35,"end":6493.71},{"text":"bias,","start":6493.71,"end":6494.27},{"text":"but","start":6494.27,"end":6494.43},{"text":"it","start":6494.43,"end":6494.55},{"text":"cannot","start":6494.55,"end":6494.83},{"text":"be","start":6494.83,"end":6494.95},{"text":"eliminated.","start":6494.95,"end":6495.63}]},{"text":"If biased systems are used in life and death decisions, the consequences for groups that are already marginalised and discriminated against are extremely grave.","start":6496.67,"end":6504.75,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. 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There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."}],"words":[{"text":"Racism,","start":6505.39,"end":6505.95},{"text":"sexism,","start":6505.95,"end":6506.59},{"text":"ableism","start":6506.59,"end":6507.11},{"text":"and","start":6507.11,"end":6507.27},{"text":"other","start":6507.27,"end":6507.55},{"text":"societal","start":6507.55,"end":6508.07},{"text":"biases","start":6508.07,"end":6508.51},{"text":"will","start":6508.51,"end":6508.67},{"text":"be","start":6508.67,"end":6508.75},{"text":"lethally","start":6508.75,"end":6509.31},{"text":"reproduced","start":6509.31,"end":6510.03},{"text":"and","start":6510.03,"end":6510.27},{"text":"reinforced.","start":6510.27,"end":6510.99}]},{"text":"One key reason to adopt a specific prohibition on anti-personnel autonomous weapon systems is to remove the possibility of such biased automated killing.","start":6511.99,"end":6520.39,"topics":[{"key":"prohibited-systems","label":"Prohibited Autonomous Weapon Systems","description":"A recurring topic was which autonomous weapons systems should be prohibited, especially systems that cannot be used in compliance with IHL. Some delegations also supported explicit prohibition of anti-personnel autonomous weapon systems because of risks to distinction, accountability, and human dignity."},{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."}],"words":[{"text":"One","start":6511.99,"end":6512.31},{"text":"key","start":6512.31,"end":6512.47},{"text":"reason","start":6512.47,"end":6512.79},{"text":"to","start":6512.79,"end":6512.87},{"text":"adopt","start":6512.87,"end":6513.19},{"text":"a","start":6513.19,"end":6513.27},{"text":"specific","start":6513.27,"end":6513.71},{"text":"prohibition","start":6513.71,"end":6514.31},{"text":"on","start":6514.31,"end":6514.47},{"text":"anti-personnel","start":6514.47,"end":6515.43},{"text":"autonomous","start":6515.75,"end":6516.31},{"text":"weapon","start":6516.31,"end":6516.55},{"text":"systems","start":6516.55,"end":6517.11},{"text":"is","start":6517.35,"end":6517.59},{"text":"to","start":6517.59,"end":6517.67},{"text":"remove","start":6517.67,"end":6517.99},{"text":"the","start":6517.99,"end":6518.11},{"text":"possibility","start":6518.11,"end":6518.67},{"text":"of","start":6518.67,"end":6518.75},{"text":"such","start":6518.75,"end":6518.95},{"text":"biased","start":6518.95,"end":6519.51},{"text":"automated","start":6519.51,"end":6519.99},{"text":"killing.","start":6519.99,"end":6520.39}]},{"text":"Similarly, automation bias is a threat to meaningful human control over weapon systems and upholding international law.","start":6521.43,"end":6527.43,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Similarly,","start":6521.43,"end":6522.15},{"text":"automation","start":6522.15,"end":6522.63},{"text":"bias","start":6522.63,"end":6522.95},{"text":"is","start":6522.95,"end":6523.03},{"text":"a","start":6523.03,"end":6523.11},{"text":"threat","start":6523.11,"end":6523.59},{"text":"to","start":6523.59,"end":6523.67},{"text":"meaningful","start":6523.67,"end":6524.03},{"text":"human","start":6524.03,"end":6524.27},{"text":"control","start":6524.27,"end":6524.79},{"text":"over","start":6524.79,"end":6524.99},{"text":"weapon","start":6524.99,"end":6525.27},{"text":"systems","start":6525.27,"end":6525.75},{"text":"and","start":6525.83,"end":6526.15},{"text":"upholding","start":6526.15,"end":6526.59},{"text":"international","start":6526.59,"end":6527.35},{"text":"law.","start":6527.35,"end":6527.43}]},{"text":"The recognition in paragraph 6 of the need to prevent automation bias is therefore welcome.","start":6528.23,"end":6532.55,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6528.23,"end":6528.35},{"text":"recognition","start":6528.35,"end":6528.91},{"text":"in","start":6528.91,"end":6528.99},{"text":"paragraph","start":6528.99,"end":6529.39},{"text":"6","start":6529.39,"end":6529.83},{"text":"of","start":6529.83,"end":6529.91},{"text":"the","start":6529.91,"end":6530.03},{"text":"need","start":6530.03,"end":6530.23},{"text":"to","start":6530.23,"end":6530.35},{"text":"prevent","start":6530.35,"end":6530.67},{"text":"automation","start":6530.67,"end":6531.19},{"text":"bias","start":6531.19,"end":6531.51},{"text":"is","start":6531.51,"end":6531.59},{"text":"therefore","start":6531.59,"end":6532.03},{"text":"welcome.","start":6532.03,"end":6532.55}]},{"text":"States should engage in further discussion regarding the points at which this risk would feature in the use of autonomous weapon systems and the measures that could be taken to prevent it.","start":6533.35,"end":6541.35,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. 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you, Chair.","start":6541.87,"end":6542.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6541.87,"end":6541.99},{"text":"you,","start":6541.99,"end":6542.07},{"text":"Chair.","start":6542.07,"end":6542.35}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"Stop Killer Robots","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Stop Killer Robots"}},{"statement_number":31,"start":6544.19,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=1:49:05","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Stopka Roberts for sharing the views of her 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would also like to come back on an issue we brought forward in the former sessions, that is dealing with the risk of diversion of laws to the illicit market.","start":6575.43,"end":6587.51,"topics":[{"key":"proliferation-diversion","label":"Proliferation, Transfer, and Diversion","description":"The meeting also addressed how to prevent the spread of autonomous weapons systems through transfer, stockpiling, retention, or diversion to unauthorized users. Delegations raised concerns about proliferation to illicit markets, terrorist groups, and other actors outside responsible state control."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6575.43,"end":6575.63},{"text":"would","start":6575.63,"end":6575.75},{"text":"also","start":6575.75,"end":6576.15},{"text":"like","start":6576.15,"end":6576.47},{"text":"to","start":6576.47,"end":6576.63},{"text":"come","start":6576.63,"end":6576.87},{"text":"back","start":6576.87,"end":6577.27},{"text":"on","start":6577.51,"end":6577.83},{"text":"an","start":6578.23,"end":6578.43},{"text":"issue","start":6578.43,"end":6578.79},{"text":"we","start":6578.79,"end":6578.95},{"text":"brought","start":6578.95,"end":6579.35},{"text":"forward","start":6579.35,"end":6579.83},{"text":"in","start":6579.83,"end":6579.95},{"text":"the","start":6579.95,"end":6580.03},{"text":"former","start":6580.03,"end":6580.39},{"text":"sessions,","start":6580.39,"end":6581.19},{"text":"that","start":6581.59,"end":6581.83},{"text":"is","start":6581.83,"end":6582.15},{"text":"dealing","start":6582.23,"end":6582.63},{"text":"with","start":6582.63,"end":6582.75},{"text":"the","start":6582.75,"end":6582.83},{"text":"risk","start":6582.83,"end":6583.15},{"text":"of","start":6583.15,"end":6583.27},{"text":"diversion","start":6583.27,"end":6584.23},{"text":"of","start":6584.23,"end":6584.47},{"text":"laws","start":6584.47,"end":6585.19},{"text":"to","start":6585.59,"end":6585.75},{"text":"the","start":6585.75,"end":6585.87},{"text":"illicit","start":6586.23,"end":6586.79},{"text":"market.","start":6586.79,"end":6587.51}]},{"text":"We are assured that preventing and halting that terrorist groups, criminals and other unauthorized actors, preventing that they get their hands on laws is a shared objective for all the CCW high contracting parties.","start":6588.47,"end":6606.95,"topics":[{"key":"proliferation-diversion","label":"Proliferation, Transfer, and Diversion","description":"The meeting also addressed how to prevent the spread of autonomous weapons systems through transfer, stockpiling, retention, or diversion to unauthorized users. Delegations raised concerns about proliferation to illicit markets, terrorist groups, and other actors outside responsible state control."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6588.47,"end":6588.71},{"text":"are","start":6588.71,"end":6588.87},{"text":"assured","start":6588.87,"end":6589.39},{"text":"that","start":6589.51,"end":6589.83},{"text":"preventing","start":6590.31,"end":6591.11},{"text":"and","start":6591.11,"end":6591.27},{"text":"halting","start":6591.27,"end":6591.99},{"text":"that","start":6592.39,"end":6592.87},{"text":"terrorist","start":6593.27,"end":6593.83},{"text":"groups,","start":6593.83,"end":6594.55},{"text":"criminals","start":6594.55,"end":6595.59},{"text":"and","start":6595.59,"end":6595.87},{"text":"other","start":6595.99,"end":6596.39},{"text":"unauthorized","start":6596.47,"end":6597.27},{"text":"actors,","start":6597.35,"end":6598.07},{"text":"preventing","start":6598.95,"end":6599.55},{"text":"that","start":6599.55,"end":6599.71},{"text":"they","start":6599.71,"end":6599.83},{"text":"get","start":6599.83,"end":6600.07},{"text":"their","start":6600.07,"end":6600.31},{"text":"hands","start":6600.31,"end":6600.71},{"text":"on","start":6600.71,"end":6600.87},{"text":"laws","start":6600.87,"end":6601.59},{"text":"is","start":6601.99,"end":6602.23},{"text":"a","start":6602.23,"end":6602.31},{"text":"shared","start":6602.31,"end":6602.87},{"text":"objective","start":6603.11,"end":6603.63},{"text":"for","start":6603.63,"end":6604.19},{"text":"all","start":6604.19,"end":6604.39},{"text":"the","start":6604.39,"end":6604.63},{"text":"CCW","start":6604.63,"end":6605.35},{"text":"high","start":6605.35,"end":6605.59},{"text":"contracting","start":6605.59,"end":6606.23},{"text":"parties.","start":6606.23,"end":6606.95}]},{"text":"And indeed, we have not heard high contracting parties when we brought this up in the former sessions opposing the addition of a reference to diversion.","start":6607.83,"end":6620,"topics":[{"key":"proliferation-diversion","label":"Proliferation, Transfer, and Diversion","description":"The meeting also addressed how to prevent the spread of autonomous weapons systems through transfer, stockpiling, retention, or diversion to unauthorized users. 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Delegations raised concerns about proliferation to illicit markets, terrorist groups, and other actors outside responsible state 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would like to see this paragraph taken up in the next version of the rolling text.","start":6645.67,"end":6651.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6645.67,"end":6645.83},{"text":"would","start":6645.83,"end":6645.99},{"text":"like","start":6645.99,"end":6646.31},{"text":"to","start":6646.31,"end":6646.39},{"text":"see","start":6646.39,"end":6646.63},{"text":"this","start":6646.63,"end":6646.95},{"text":"paragraph","start":6646.95,"end":6647.51},{"text":"taken","start":6648.31,"end":6648.79},{"text":"up","start":6648.79,"end":6648.95},{"text":"in","start":6649.19,"end":6649.67},{"text":"the","start":6649.67,"end":6649.83},{"text":"next","start":6649.91,"end":6650.31},{"text":"version","start":6650.31,"end":6650.75},{"text":"of","start":6650.75,"end":6650.87},{"text":"the","start":6650.87,"end":6650.95},{"text":"rolling","start":6650.95,"end":6651.27},{"text":"text.","start":6651.27,"end":6651.83}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":6651.83,"end":6652.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6651.83,"end":6652.07},{"text":"you,","start":6652.07,"end":6652.15},{"text":"Chair.","start":6652.15,"end":6652.55}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"BEL","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Belgium"}},{"statement_number":33,"start":6659.43,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=1:51:00","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Belgium for stating position of his delegation and making proposals to add to the 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on my list is Finland, to be followed by Partners for Transparency, Turkey and the Republic of Korea.","start":6668.39,"end":6673.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":6668.39,"end":6668.63},{"text":"on","start":6668.63,"end":6668.71},{"text":"my","start":6668.71,"end":6668.83},{"text":"list","start":6668.83,"end":6669.03},{"text":"is","start":6669.03,"end":6669.19},{"text":"Finland,","start":6669.19,"end":6669.55},{"text":"to","start":6669.55,"end":6669.63},{"text":"be","start":6669.63,"end":6669.75},{"text":"followed","start":6669.75,"end":6670.19},{"text":"by","start":6670.19,"end":6670.47},{"text":"Partners","start":6670.47,"end":6670.91},{"text":"for","start":6670.91,"end":6671.03},{"text":"Transparency,","start":6671.03,"end":6671.75},{"text":"Turkey","start":6671.75,"end":6672.23},{"text":"and","start":6672.23,"end":6672.59},{"text":"the","start":6672.59,"end":6672.67},{"text":"Republic","start":6672.67,"end":6673.15},{"text":"of","start":6673.15,"end":6673.27},{"text":"Korea.","start":6673.27,"end":6673.83}]},{"text":"Let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Finland.","start":6673.83,"end":6677.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":6673.83,"end":6674.07},{"text":"me","start":6674.07,"end":6674.23},{"text":"first","start":6674.23,"end":6674.55},{"text":"pass","start":6674.55,"end":6674.83},{"text":"the","start":6674.83,"end":6674.95},{"text":"floor","start":6674.95,"end":6675.19},{"text":"to","start":6675.31,"end":6675.39},{"text":"the","start":6675.39,"end":6675.47},{"text":"distinguished","start":6675.47,"end":6676.07},{"text":"representative","start":6676.07,"end":6676.79},{"text":"of","start":6676.79,"end":6676.87},{"text":"Finland.","start":6676.87,"end":6677.51}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":34,"start":6680.31,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=1:51:21","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":6680.31,"end":6681.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6680.31,"end":6680.63},{"text":"you,","start":6680.63,"end":6680.79},{"text":"Mr.","start":6680.79,"end":6681.15},{"text":"Chair.","start":6681.15,"end":6681.51}]},{"text":"Regarding the chapeau paragraph, the added reference to legal obligations is welcome.","start":6682.15,"end":6687.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":6682.15,"end":6682.63},{"text":"the","start":6682.63,"end":6682.75},{"text":"chapeau","start":6682.87,"end":6683.51},{"text":"paragraph,","start":6683.51,"end":6684.15},{"text":"the","start":6684.23,"end":6684.35},{"text":"added","start":6684.55,"end":6684.87},{"text":"reference","start":6684.87,"end":6685.43},{"text":"to","start":6685.43,"end":6685.67},{"text":"legal","start":6685.67,"end":6686.07},{"text":"obligations","start":6686.07,"end":6686.79},{"text":"is","start":6686.79,"end":6686.99},{"text":"welcome.","start":6686.99,"end":6687.43}]},{"text":"However, we would suggest rephrasing it as follows for greater clarity and precision.","start":6687.99,"end":6694.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":6687.99,"end":6688.71},{"text":"we","start":6688.71,"end":6688.95},{"text":"would","start":6688.95,"end":6689.11},{"text":"suggest","start":6689.11,"end":6690.11},{"text":"rephrasing","start":6690.11,"end":6690.79},{"text":"it","start":6690.79,"end":6691.03},{"text":"as","start":6691.03,"end":6691.19},{"text":"follows","start":6691.19,"end":6691.67},{"text":"for","start":6691.67,"end":6692.15},{"text":"greater","start":6692.43,"end":6693.03},{"text":"clarity","start":6693.03,"end":6693.59},{"text":"and","start":6693.59,"end":6693.75},{"text":"precision.","start":6693.75,"end":6694.39}]},{"text":"Prior to potential deployment and as applicable throughout the entire life cycle of laws and in compliance with international law, stage 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paragraph four, the intention to bring several elements together and streamline the text is positive and contributes to improved readability and 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a general observation, we find that this box places too much emphasis on bias.","start":6719.11,"end":6725.51,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6719.11,"end":6719.51},{"text":"a","start":6719.67,"end":6719.71},{"text":"general","start":6719.71,"end":6720.31},{"text":"observation,","start":6720.39,"end":6721.19},{"text":"we","start":6721.43,"end":6721.67},{"text":"find","start":6721.67,"end":6722.07},{"text":"that","start":6722.07,"end":6722.39},{"text":"this","start":6722.39,"end":6722.71},{"text":"box","start":6722.71,"end":6723.11},{"text":"places","start":6723.11,"end":6723.51},{"text":"too","start":6723.51,"end":6723.75},{"text":"much","start":6723.75,"end":6723.91},{"text":"emphasis","start":6723.99,"end":6724.63},{"text":"on","start":6724.63,"end":6724.95},{"text":"bias.","start":6724.95,"end":6725.51}]},{"text":"Testing of systems to ensure safety should be approached in a more multidisciplinary manner, including interdependencies between systems, interfaces, other systems in the operational environment, and cyber resilience.","start":6726.39,"end":6742.39,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"Testing","start":6726.39,"end":6726.87},{"text":"of","start":6726.87,"end":6726.95},{"text":"systems","start":6726.95,"end":6727.59},{"text":"to","start":6727.59,"end":6727.75},{"text":"ensure","start":6727.75,"end":6728.19},{"text":"safety","start":6728.19,"end":6728.79},{"text":"should","start":6728.95,"end":6729.27},{"text":"be","start":6729.27,"end":6729.43},{"text":"approached","start":6729.43,"end":6729.95},{"text":"in","start":6729.95,"end":6730.11},{"text":"a","start":6730.11,"end":6730.15},{"text":"more","start":6730.15,"end":6730.55},{"text":"multidisciplinary","start":6730.87,"end":6731.99},{"text":"manner,","start":6731.99,"end":6732.55},{"text":"including","start":6732.87,"end":6733.51},{"text":"interdependencies","start":6733.75,"end":6735.11},{"text":"between","start":6735.11,"end":6735.43},{"text":"systems,","start":6735.43,"end":6736.15},{"text":"interfaces,","start":6736.63,"end":6737.67},{"text":"other","start":6738.15,"end":6738.35},{"text":"systems","start":6738.35,"end":6738.87},{"text":"in","start":6738.87,"end":6738.95},{"text":"the","start":6738.99,"end":6739.07},{"text":"operational","start":6739.07,"end":6739.63},{"text":"environment,","start":6739.63,"end":6740.31},{"text":"and","start":6740.79,"end":6741.11},{"text":"cyber","start":6741.11,"end":6741.67},{"text":"resilience.","start":6741.67,"end":6742.39}]},{"text":"However, we understand that adding new text at this stage would not be advisable and the elements are acceptable in their current 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you, Chair.","start":6752.23,"end":6752.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6752.23,"end":6752.51},{"text":"you,","start":6752.51,"end":6752.63},{"text":"Chair.","start":6752.63,"end":6752.79}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"FIN","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Finland"}},{"statement_number":35,"start":6755.27,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=1:52:36","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Finland for commenting on the text and also showing flexibility.","start":6755.27,"end":6761.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6755.27,"end":6755.51},{"text":"thank","start":6755.51,"end":6755.75},{"text":"the","start":6755.75,"end":6755.87},{"text":"distinguished","start":6755.87,"end":6756.47},{"text":"representative","start":6756.47,"end":6757.11},{"text":"of","start":6757.11,"end":6757.19},{"text":"Finland","start":6757.19,"end":6757.91},{"text":"for","start":6757.91,"end":6758.31},{"text":"commenting","start":6758.47,"end":6758.95},{"text":"on","start":6758.95,"end":6759.03},{"text":"the","start":6759.03,"end":6759.15},{"text":"text","start":6759.15,"end":6759.59},{"text":"and","start":6759.59,"end":6759.75},{"text":"also","start":6759.75,"end":6759.99},{"text":"showing","start":6759.99,"end":6760.31},{"text":"flexibility.","start":6760.31,"end":6761.11}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Partners for Transparency, to be followed by Turkey.","start":6761.75,"end":6765.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":6761.75,"end":6762.03},{"text":"on","start":6762.03,"end":6762.11},{"text":"my","start":6762.11,"end":6762.39},{"text":"list","start":6762.39,"end":6762.71},{"text":"is","start":6762.71,"end":6762.87},{"text":"Partners","start":6762.87,"end":6763.35},{"text":"for","start":6763.35,"end":6763.51},{"text":"Transparency,","start":6763.51,"end":6764.15},{"text":"to","start":6764.15,"end":6764.27},{"text":"be","start":6764.27,"end":6764.47},{"text":"followed","start":6764.47,"end":6764.95},{"text":"by","start":6764.95,"end":6765.11},{"text":"Turkey.","start":6765.11,"end":6765.63}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Partners for Transparency.","start":6765.63,"end":6769.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":6765.63,"end":6765.75},{"text":"let","start":6765.75,"end":6765.87},{"text":"me","start":6765.87,"end":6766.03},{"text":"first","start":6766.03,"end":6766.31},{"text":"pass","start":6766.31,"end":6766.63},{"text":"the","start":6766.63,"end":6766.71},{"text":"floor","start":6766.71,"end":6766.95},{"text":"to","start":6766.95,"end":6767.03},{"text":"the","start":6767.03,"end":6767.11},{"text":"distinguished","start":6767.11,"end":6767.67},{"text":"representative","start":6767.67,"end":6768.31},{"text":"of","start":6768.31,"end":6768.39},{"text":"Partners","start":6768.39,"end":6768.79},{"text":"for","start":6768.79,"end":6768.95},{"text":"Transparency.","start":6768.95,"end":6769.71}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":36,"start":6772.35,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=1:52:53","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":6772.35,"end":6773.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6772.35,"end":6772.59},{"text":"you,","start":6772.59,"end":6772.67},{"text":"Mr.","start":6772.67,"end":6772.99},{"text":"Chair.","start":6772.99,"end":6773.47}]},{"text":"Partners for Transparency stresses the importance of transparency in the context of autonomous weapons as it enhances accountability, prevents impunity, ensures no digital bias against certain groups of civilians, and enhances human control over machines.","start":6773.95,"end":6789.31,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."},{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."}],"words":[{"text":"Partners","start":6773.95,"end":6774.35},{"text":"for","start":6774.35,"end":6774.47},{"text":"Transparency","start":6774.47,"end":6775.23},{"text":"stresses","start":6775.23,"end":6775.91},{"text":"the","start":6775.91,"end":6775.99},{"text":"importance","start":6775.99,"end":6776.55},{"text":"of","start":6776.55,"end":6776.67},{"text":"transparency","start":6776.67,"end":6777.51},{"text":"in","start":6777.51,"end":6777.63},{"text":"the","start":6777.63,"end":6777.75},{"text":"context","start":6777.75,"end":6778.23},{"text":"of","start":6778.23,"end":6778.35},{"text":"autonomous","start":6778.35,"end":6778.99},{"text":"weapons","start":6778.99,"end":6779.63},{"text":"as","start":6779.71,"end":6780.03},{"text":"it","start":6780.07,"end":6780.15},{"text":"enhances","start":6780.15,"end":6780.83},{"text":"accountability,","start":6780.83,"end":6781.87},{"text":"prevents","start":6781.95,"end":6782.43},{"text":"impunity,","start":6782.43,"end":6783.31},{"text":"ensures","start":6783.71,"end":6784.19},{"text":"no","start":6784.19,"end":6784.35},{"text":"digital","start":6784.35,"end":6784.83},{"text":"bias","start":6784.83,"end":6785.23},{"text":"against","start":6785.23,"end":6785.63},{"text":"certain","start":6785.63,"end":6785.95},{"text":"groups","start":6785.95,"end":6786.19},{"text":"of","start":6786.19,"end":6786.27},{"text":"civilians,","start":6786.27,"end":6786.91},{"text":"and","start":6786.91,"end":6787.11},{"text":"enhances","start":6787.11,"end":6787.71},{"text":"human","start":6787.71,"end":6788.03},{"text":"control","start":6788.03,"end":6788.51},{"text":"over","start":6788.51,"end":6788.67},{"text":"machines.","start":6788.67,"end":6789.31}]},{"text":"Thus, Partners proposes the following amendments.","start":6789.87,"end":6793.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thus,","start":6789.87,"end":6790.35},{"text":"Partners","start":6790.91,"end":6791.31},{"text":"proposes","start":6791.31,"end":6791.83},{"text":"the","start":6791.83,"end":6791.91},{"text":"following","start":6791.91,"end":6792.43},{"text":"amendments.","start":6792.43,"end":6793.23}]},{"text":"First, based on existing transparency measures in other conventional weapons agreements, such as the Convention on Clusters Munitions, we encourage adding text to paragraph 4, point B, concerning information exchange and highlighting best practices regarding training, guidance, and proper instructions for those responsible for autonomous weapons systems and their human operators.","start":6793.67,"end":6817.55,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"First,","start":6793.67,"end":6794.03},{"text":"based","start":6794.19,"end":6794.55},{"text":"on","start":6794.55,"end":6794.67},{"text":"existing","start":6794.67,"end":6795.23},{"text":"transparency","start":6795.23,"end":6795.91},{"text":"measures","start":6795.91,"end":6796.51},{"text":"in","start":6796.51,"end":6796.67},{"text":"other","start":6796.67,"end":6796.91},{"text":"conventional","start":6796.91,"end":6797.55},{"text":"weapons","start":6797.55,"end":6798.19},{"text":"agreements,","start":6798.27,"end":6798.99},{"text":"such","start":6799.23,"end":6799.63},{"text":"as","start":6799.63,"end":6799.79},{"text":"the","start":6799.79,"end":6799.87},{"text":"Convention","start":6799.87,"end":6800.59},{"text":"on","start":6800.59,"end":6800.67},{"text":"Clusters","start":6800.67,"end":6801.39},{"text":"Munitions,","start":6801.63,"end":6802.51},{"text":"we","start":6802.99,"end":6803.19},{"text":"encourage","start":6803.19,"end":6803.79},{"text":"adding","start":6803.79,"end":6804.11},{"text":"text","start":6804.11,"end":6804.39},{"text":"to","start":6804.39,"end":6804.47},{"text":"paragraph","start":6804.47,"end":6805.11},{"text":"4,","start":6805.11,"end":6805.47},{"text":"point","start":6805.47,"end":6805.91},{"text":"B,","start":6805.91,"end":6806.27},{"text":"concerning","start":6806.27,"end":6806.91},{"text":"information","start":6806.91,"end":6807.55},{"text":"exchange","start":6807.55,"end":6808.11},{"text":"and","start":6808.11,"end":6808.23},{"text":"highlighting","start":6808.23,"end":6808.83},{"text":"best","start":6808.83,"end":6809.15},{"text":"practices","start":6809.15,"end":6809.87},{"text":"regarding","start":6809.87,"end":6810.27},{"text":"training,","start":6810.27,"end":6810.91},{"text":"guidance,","start":6811.15,"end":6811.67},{"text":"and","start":6811.67,"end":6811.79},{"text":"proper","start":6811.79,"end":6812.11},{"text":"instructions","start":6812.11,"end":6812.87},{"text":"for","start":6812.87,"end":6812.99},{"text":"those","start":6812.99,"end":6813.23},{"text":"responsible","start":6813.23,"end":6813.83},{"text":"for","start":6813.83,"end":6814.07},{"text":"autonomous","start":6814.07,"end":6814.59},{"text":"weapons","start":6814.59,"end":6815.03},{"text":"systems","start":6815.03,"end":6815.63},{"text":"and","start":6816.03,"end":6816.31},{"text":"their","start":6816.31,"end":6816.43},{"text":"human","start":6816.43,"end":6816.75},{"text":"operators.","start":6816.75,"end":6817.55}]},{"text":"Thus, the paragraph would read, \"Ensuring appropriate guidance, training, and instructions for those responsible for autonomous weapons systems and their human operators, with a commitment to sharing information among States regarding training approaches and the guidance and instructions provided to them.\"","start":6817.99,"end":6836.71,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Thus,","start":6817.99,"end":6818.39},{"text":"the","start":6818.39,"end":6818.47},{"text":"paragraph","start":6818.47,"end":6819.03},{"text":"would","start":6819.03,"end":6819.19},{"text":"read,","start":6819.19,"end":6819.59},{"text":"\"Ensuring","start":6819.95,"end":6820.63},{"text":"appropriate","start":6820.63,"end":6821.35},{"text":"guidance,","start":6821.35,"end":6822.15},{"text":"training,","start":6822.15,"end":6822.79},{"text":"and","start":6822.79,"end":6823.03},{"text":"instructions","start":6823.03,"end":6823.75},{"text":"for","start":6823.75,"end":6823.91},{"text":"those","start":6823.91,"end":6824.15},{"text":"responsible","start":6824.15,"end":6824.75},{"text":"for","start":6824.75,"end":6824.91},{"text":"autonomous","start":6824.91,"end":6825.51},{"text":"weapons","start":6825.51,"end":6825.95},{"text":"systems","start":6825.95,"end":6826.63},{"text":"and","start":6826.87,"end":6827.23},{"text":"their","start":6827.23,"end":6827.43},{"text":"human","start":6827.43,"end":6827.75},{"text":"operators,","start":6827.75,"end":6828.47},{"text":"with","start":6828.79,"end":6829.35},{"text":"a","start":6829.43,"end":6829.51},{"text":"commitment","start":6829.51,"end":6830.19},{"text":"to","start":6830.19,"end":6830.27},{"text":"sharing","start":6830.27,"end":6830.71},{"text":"information","start":6830.71,"end":6831.43},{"text":"among","start":6831.43,"end":6831.75},{"text":"States","start":6831.75,"end":6832.31},{"text":"regarding","start":6832.31,"end":6832.79},{"text":"training","start":6832.79,"end":6833.23},{"text":"approaches","start":6833.23,"end":6833.91},{"text":"and","start":6833.91,"end":6834.11},{"text":"the","start":6834.11,"end":6834.19},{"text":"guidance","start":6834.19,"end":6834.79},{"text":"and","start":6834.79,"end":6834.95},{"text":"instructions","start":6834.95,"end":6835.67},{"text":"provided","start":6835.67,"end":6836.19},{"text":"to","start":6836.19,"end":6836.31},{"text":"them.\"","start":6836.31,"end":6836.71}]},{"text":"Secondly, Partners welcomes paragraph 5 and 6 in item 4, which acknowledges the need to take measures to prevent algorithmic bias and propose that states replace the phrase \"mitigated as much as possible\" with the phrase \"the complete eradication of digital bias and algorithmic racism in data sets\" with a prohibition on deploying any system that does not demonstrate absolute neutrality towards civilian groups based on race, geographical area, and or religion.","start":6837.43,"end":6870.55,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."},{"key":"prohibited-systems","label":"Prohibited Autonomous Weapon Systems","description":"A recurring topic was which autonomous weapons systems should be prohibited, especially systems that cannot be used in compliance with IHL. Some delegations also supported explicit prohibition of anti-personnel autonomous weapon systems because of risks to distinction, accountability, and human 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regarding para 3, we share the views expressed by the Russian Federation that this provision is redundant in light of the earlier text in box 3, paragraph 6 and 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while we support the principle that relevant measures should apply throughout the entire life cycle, this concept is already reflected in paragraph 8 of box 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in the interest of coherence and avoiding the repetition, we suggest deleting paragraph 3 of the box 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from Australia, merging paragraph 8 of box 3 into paragraph 4 of box 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as raised during the informal consultations, we propose reverting to the previous version of paragraph 4.","start":7107.87,"end":7115.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Lastly,","start":7107.87,"end":7108.59},{"text":"as","start":7108.59,"end":7108.75},{"text":"raised","start":7108.75,"end":7109.19},{"text":"during","start":7109.19,"end":7109.63},{"text":"the","start":7109.63,"end":7109.75},{"text":"informal","start":7109.75,"end":7110.43},{"text":"consultations,","start":7110.43,"end":7111.23},{"text":"we","start":7111.39,"end":7111.71},{"text":"propose","start":7111.71,"end":7112.35},{"text":"reverting","start":7112.35,"end":7112.99},{"text":"to","start":7113.07,"end":7113.31},{"text":"the","start":7113.31,"end":7113.55},{"text":"previous","start":7113.55,"end":7114.11},{"text":"version","start":7114.11,"end":7114.51},{"text":"of","start":7114.51,"end":7114.67},{"text":"paragraph","start":7114.67,"end":7115.27},{"text":"4.","start":7115.27,"end":7115.63}]},{"text":"The earlier formulation included the phrase, quote, \"to enable a human operator to have a reliable expectation of how loss will perform in the anticipated circumstances of its use,\" end of quote.","start":7117.15,"end":7132.11,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. 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These qualities were described as necessary for lawful operation, effective oversight, and meaningful human involvement."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":7117.15,"end":7117.35},{"text":"earlier","start":7117.35,"end":7117.67},{"text":"formulation","start":7117.67,"end":7118.35},{"text":"included","start":7118.35,"end":7118.91},{"text":"the","start":7118.91,"end":7118.99},{"text":"phrase,","start":7118.99,"end":7119.55},{"text":"quote,","start":7120.19,"end":7120.59},{"text":"\"to","start":7120.83,"end":7121.07},{"text":"enable","start":7121.11,"end":7122.07},{"text":"a","start":7122.07,"end":7122.11},{"text":"human","start":7122.11,"end":7122.59},{"text":"operator","start":7122.95,"end":7123.47},{"text":"to","start":7123.47,"end":7123.71},{"text":"have","start":7123.71,"end":7124.11},{"text":"a","start":7124.11,"end":7124.15},{"text":"reliable","start":7124.15,"end":7124.83},{"text":"expectation","start":7124.83,"end":7125.63},{"text":"of","start":7125.63,"end":7125.87},{"text":"how","start":7125.87,"end":7126.11},{"text":"loss","start":7126.11,"end":7126.67},{"text":"will","start":7126.67,"end":7126.83},{"text":"perform","start":7126.83,"end":7127.47},{"text":"in","start":7127.79,"end":7127.95},{"text":"the","start":7127.95,"end":7128.15},{"text":"anticipated","start":7128.15,"end":7128.91},{"text":"circumstances","start":7128.91,"end":7129.95},{"text":"of","start":7130.15,"end":7130.35},{"text":"its","start":7130.35,"end":7130.59},{"text":"use,\"","start":7130.59,"end":7130.99},{"text":"end","start":7131.39,"end":7131.59},{"text":"of","start":7131.59,"end":7131.71},{"text":"quote.","start":7131.71,"end":7132.11}]},{"text":"Its omission weakens the clarity of the purpose why we are having this testing and evaluation.","start":7133.19,"end":7139.27,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"Its","start":7133.19,"end":7133.27},{"text":"omission","start":7133.27,"end":7133.75},{"text":"weakens","start":7133.83,"end":7134.27},{"text":"the","start":7134.27,"end":7134.39},{"text":"clarity","start":7134.39,"end":7135.07},{"text":"of","start":7135.07,"end":7135.19},{"text":"the","start":7135.27,"end":7135.43},{"text":"purpose","start":7135.43,"end":7135.91},{"text":"why","start":7135.91,"end":7136.23},{"text":"we","start":7136.23,"end":7136.47},{"text":"are","start":7136.47,"end":7136.63},{"text":"having","start":7136.63,"end":7136.95},{"text":"this","start":7136.95,"end":7137.11},{"text":"testing","start":7137.11,"end":7137.63},{"text":"and","start":7137.63,"end":7137.79},{"text":"evaluation.","start":7137.79,"end":7139.27}]},{"text":"So we therefore recommend reinstating this language.","start":7139.27,"end":7142.71,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7139.27,"end":7139.43},{"text":"we","start":7139.43,"end":7139.55},{"text":"therefore","start":7139.55,"end":7140.15},{"text":"recommend","start":7140.15,"end":7140.67},{"text":"reinstating","start":7140.67,"end":7141.83},{"text":"this","start":7141.83,"end":7142.03},{"text":"language.","start":7142.03,"end":7142.71}]},{"text":"And also we can support the suggestion made by our Australian and Russian colleagues to refer to the chain of command and control in paragraph 4B.","start":7143.59,"end":7152.55,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy 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you, Chair.","start":7152.79,"end":7153.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7152.79,"end":7153.07},{"text":"you,","start":7153.07,"end":7153.15},{"text":"Chair.","start":7153.15,"end":7153.51}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"KOR","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Republic of Korea"}},{"statement_number":41,"start":7160.35,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=1:59:21","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the Republic of Korea for stating the positions of his delegation and making proposals for amendments to the 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on my list is Ireland, to be followed by France.","start":7168.51,"end":7171.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":7168.51,"end":7168.83},{"text":"on","start":7168.83,"end":7168.91},{"text":"my","start":7168.91,"end":7169.15},{"text":"list","start":7169.15,"end":7169.47},{"text":"is","start":7169.47,"end":7169.63},{"text":"Ireland,","start":7169.63,"end":7169.99},{"text":"to","start":7169.99,"end":7170.07},{"text":"be","start":7170.07,"end":7170.19},{"text":"followed","start":7170.19,"end":7170.51},{"text":"by","start":7170.51,"end":7170.67},{"text":"France.","start":7170.67,"end":7171.07}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Ireland.","start":7171.07,"end":7174.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":7171.07,"end":7171.19},{"text":"let","start":7171.19,"end":7171.31},{"text":"me","start":7171.31,"end":7171.47},{"text":"first","start":7171.47,"end":7171.71},{"text":"pass","start":7171.71,"end":7171.99},{"text":"the","start":7171.99,"end":7172.07},{"text":"floor","start":7172.07,"end":7172.35},{"text":"to","start":7172.35,"end":7172.43},{"text":"the","start":7172.43,"end":7172.51},{"text":"distinguished","start":7172.51,"end":7172.99},{"text":"representative","start":7173.55,"end":7174.19},{"text":"of","start":7174.19,"end":7174.43},{"text":"Ireland.","start":7174.43,"end":7174.87}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":42,"start":7177.99,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=1:59:38","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":7177.99,"end":7179.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7177.99,"end":7178.27},{"text":"you,","start":7178.27,"end":7178.51},{"text":"Mr.","start":7178.91,"end":7179.23},{"text":"Chair.","start":7179.23,"end":7179.63}]},{"text":"On box 4, from our side, As there remains disagreement on which paragraphs should be legal obligations or not, we think it's best to remain agnostic on that at this 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we think this determination can and should be made in future negotiations, and we hope it does not hold up our work 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we don't have a clean solution for the tension that was raised by Norway between the chapeau and paragraph 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appreciate the suggestions made by Australia, Norway, Sweden, Turkey and others, and we'll study them carefully.","start":7211.99,"end":7218.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7211.99,"end":7212.07},{"text":"appreciate","start":7212.07,"end":7212.51},{"text":"the","start":7212.51,"end":7212.59},{"text":"suggestions","start":7212.59,"end":7213.31},{"text":"made","start":7213.31,"end":7213.47},{"text":"by","start":7213.47,"end":7213.63},{"text":"Australia,","start":7213.63,"end":7214.27},{"text":"Norway,","start":7214.27,"end":7214.91},{"text":"Sweden,","start":7215.31,"end":7216.11},{"text":"Turkey","start":7216.35,"end":7216.83},{"text":"and","start":7216.83,"end":7217.19},{"text":"others,","start":7217.19,"end":7217.55},{"text":"and","start":7217.55,"end":7217.67},{"text":"we'll","start":7217.67,"end":7217.91},{"text":"study","start":7217.91,"end":7218.15},{"text":"them","start":7218.15,"end":7218.27},{"text":"carefully.","start":7218.27,"end":7218.91}]},{"text":"In the informals, we had made a suggestion of our own, which I'll repeat here now.","start":7219.63,"end":7223.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7219.63,"end":7219.83},{"text":"the","start":7219.83,"end":7219.91},{"text":"informals,","start":7219.91,"end":7220.43},{"text":"we","start":7220.43,"end":7220.51},{"text":"had","start":7220.51,"end":7220.67},{"text":"made","start":7220.67,"end":7220.99},{"text":"a","start":7220.99,"end":7221.07},{"text":"suggestion","start":7221.07,"end":7221.55},{"text":"of","start":7221.55,"end":7221.63},{"text":"our","start":7221.63,"end":7221.79},{"text":"own,","start":7221.79,"end":7221.99},{"text":"which","start":7221.99,"end":7222.27},{"text":"I'll","start":7222.27,"end":7222.51},{"text":"repeat","start":7222.51,"end":7222.83},{"text":"here","start":7222.83,"end":7222.99},{"text":"now.","start":7222.99,"end":7223.47}]},{"text":"But again, we are conscious that due to the outstanding disagreements, not just in paragraph one, but across box four on 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suggestion we had made was for the chapeau to read, \"Prior to potential deployment and as applicable throughout the entire lifecycle of laws, states, in accordance with their legal obligations, must,\" and then in our view, it would include at least paragraphs 1, 2, 3, and 4, and we will, again, avoid arguing as to why here and 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for any paragraphs that may not form part of legal obligations, a new chapeau paragraph further down the box can be inserted where legal obligations and in other measures 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this could read, in addition to their legal obligations, states should.","start":7279.51,"end":7283.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7279.51,"end":7279.71},{"text":"this","start":7279.71,"end":7279.91},{"text":"could","start":7279.91,"end":7280.07},{"text":"read,","start":7280.07,"end":7280.39},{"text":"in","start":7280.79,"end":7280.99},{"text":"addition","start":7280.99,"end":7281.35},{"text":"to","start":7281.35,"end":7281.47},{"text":"their","start":7281.47,"end":7281.63},{"text":"legal","start":7281.63,"end":7281.99},{"text":"obligations,","start":7281.99,"end":7282.71},{"text":"states","start":7282.71,"end":7283.19},{"text":"should.","start":7283.27,"end":7283.75}]},{"text":"So this would help delineate and remove any ambiguity once the status of each paragraph is determined at a later stage.","start":7284.15,"end":7291.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7284.15,"end":7284.27},{"text":"this","start":7284.27,"end":7284.47},{"text":"would","start":7284.47,"end":7284.63},{"text":"help","start":7284.63,"end":7284.87},{"text":"delineate","start":7284.87,"end":7285.47},{"text":"and","start":7285.47,"end":7285.59},{"text":"remove","start":7285.59,"end":7285.99},{"text":"any","start":7285.99,"end":7286.19},{"text":"ambiguity","start":7286.19,"end":7286.87},{"text":"once","start":7287.43,"end":7287.79},{"text":"the","start":7287.79,"end":7287.87},{"text":"status","start":7287.87,"end":7288.35},{"text":"of","start":7288.35,"end":7288.47},{"text":"each","start":7288.47,"end":7288.63},{"text":"paragraph","start":7288.63,"end":7289.11},{"text":"is","start":7289.11,"end":7289.43},{"text":"determined","start":7289.75,"end":7290.31},{"text":"at","start":7290.31,"end":7290.43},{"text":"a","start":7290.43,"end":7290.47},{"text":"later","start":7290.47,"end":7290.71},{"text":"stage.","start":7290.71,"end":7291.19}]},{"text":"paragraph two, we support deleting the word significant before impact as it is subjective, but we can also support the idea of adding substantive, which is an interesting alternative, and we will also consider the proposal made by Turkey just 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paragraph three, as mentioned by the Republic of Korea, it does seem to repeat a bit of the sentiment in paragraph eight of box three.","start":7313.35,"end":7320.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7313.35,"end":7313.51},{"text":"paragraph","start":7313.51,"end":7313.95},{"text":"three,","start":7313.95,"end":7314.47},{"text":"as","start":7314.47,"end":7314.71},{"text":"mentioned","start":7314.71,"end":7315.03},{"text":"by","start":7315.03,"end":7315.19},{"text":"the","start":7315.19,"end":7315.27},{"text":"Republic","start":7315.27,"end":7315.67},{"text":"of","start":7315.67,"end":7315.75},{"text":"Korea,","start":7315.75,"end":7316.31},{"text":"it","start":7316.31,"end":7316.39},{"text":"does","start":7316.39,"end":7316.55},{"text":"seem","start":7316.55,"end":7316.79},{"text":"to","start":7316.79,"end":7316.91},{"text":"repeat","start":7316.91,"end":7317.43},{"text":"a","start":7317.43,"end":7317.47},{"text":"bit","start":7317.47,"end":7317.63},{"text":"of","start":7317.63,"end":7317.75},{"text":"the","start":7317.75,"end":7317.83},{"text":"sentiment","start":7317.83,"end":7318.47},{"text":"in","start":7318.47,"end":7318.55},{"text":"paragraph","start":7318.55,"end":7318.95},{"text":"eight","start":7319.03,"end":7319.51},{"text":"of","start":7319.95,"end":7320.07},{"text":"box","start":7320.07,"end":7320.47},{"text":"three.","start":7320.47,"end":7320.87}]},{"text":"However, we have heard that some wish to remove that paragraph, and if that's the case, then we do wish to retain it here as a legal obligation.","start":7321.75,"end":7328.79,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":7321.75,"end":7322.07},{"text":"we","start":7322.07,"end":7322.19},{"text":"have","start":7322.19,"end":7322.39},{"text":"heard","start":7322.39,"end":7322.55},{"text":"that","start":7322.55,"end":7322.71},{"text":"some","start":7322.71,"end":7323.03},{"text":"wish","start":7323.03,"end":7323.19},{"text":"to","start":7323.19,"end":7323.83},{"text":"remove","start":7323.83,"end":7324.15},{"text":"that","start":7324.15,"end":7324.35},{"text":"paragraph,","start":7324.35,"end":7324.87},{"text":"and","start":7324.87,"end":7324.99},{"text":"if","start":7324.99,"end":7325.07},{"text":"that's","start":7325.07,"end":7325.35},{"text":"the","start":7325.35,"end":7325.43},{"text":"case,","start":7325.43,"end":7325.67},{"text":"then","start":7325.67,"end":7325.83},{"text":"we","start":7325.83,"end":7325.99},{"text":"do","start":7325.99,"end":7326.39},{"text":"wish","start":7326.55,"end":7326.79},{"text":"to","start":7326.79,"end":7326.87},{"text":"retain","start":7326.87,"end":7327.35},{"text":"it","start":7327.35,"end":7327.51},{"text":"here","start":7327.51,"end":7327.79},{"text":"as","start":7327.79,"end":7327.91},{"text":"a","start":7327.91,"end":7327.95},{"text":"legal","start":7327.95,"end":7328.23},{"text":"obligation.","start":7328.23,"end":7328.79}]},{"text":"And for consistency throughout the whole rolling text, I think we should decide whether we say across the life cycle or we mention design development and use for consistency.","start":7329.91,"end":7342.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7329.91,"end":7330.19},{"text":"for","start":7330.19,"end":7330.31},{"text":"consistency","start":7330.31,"end":7331.51},{"text":"throughout","start":7331.67,"end":7332.15},{"text":"the","start":7332.63,"end":7332.79},{"text":"whole","start":7332.79,"end":7332.99},{"text":"rolling","start":7332.99,"end":7333.27},{"text":"text,","start":7333.27,"end":7333.55},{"text":"I","start":7333.55,"end":7333.59},{"text":"think","start":7333.59,"end":7333.83},{"text":"we","start":7333.83,"end":7333.91},{"text":"should","start":7333.91,"end":7334.03},{"text":"decide","start":7334.03,"end":7334.51},{"text":"whether","start":7334.51,"end":7334.79},{"text":"we","start":7334.79,"end":7335.19},{"text":"say","start":7335.27,"end":7335.55},{"text":"across","start":7335.55,"end":7336.07},{"text":"the","start":7336.39,"end":7336.51},{"text":"life","start":7336.51,"end":7336.79},{"text":"cycle","start":7336.79,"end":7337.35},{"text":"or","start":7337.35,"end":7337.91},{"text":"we","start":7338.23,"end":7338.47},{"text":"mention","start":7339.11,"end":7339.67},{"text":"design","start":7340.15,"end":7340.51},{"text":"development","start":7340.51,"end":7340.99},{"text":"and","start":7340.99,"end":7341.19},{"text":"use","start":7341.19,"end":7341.59},{"text":"for","start":7341.67,"end":7341.87},{"text":"consistency.","start":7341.87,"end":7342.63}]},{"text":"We appreciate the restructuring of paragraph four and the chapeau and its sub paragraphs.","start":7345.35,"end":7350.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7345.35,"end":7345.43},{"text":"appreciate","start":7345.43,"end":7345.87},{"text":"the","start":7345.87,"end":7345.95},{"text":"restructuring","start":7345.95,"end":7346.55},{"text":"of","start":7346.55,"end":7346.79},{"text":"paragraph","start":7346.79,"end":7347.31},{"text":"four","start":7347.31,"end":7347.75},{"text":"and","start":7348.07,"end":7348.27},{"text":"the","start":7348.27,"end":7348.35},{"text":"chapeau","start":7348.35,"end":7348.79},{"text":"and","start":7348.79,"end":7348.91},{"text":"its","start":7348.91,"end":7349.51},{"text":"sub","start":7349.59,"end":7349.87},{"text":"paragraphs.","start":7349.87,"end":7350.55}]},{"text":"In 4A, we suggest to return to inserting the word \"rigorous\" before \"testing.\"","start":7351.55,"end":7357.95,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. 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we have a few options to do this.","start":7371.59,"end":7374.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7371.59,"end":7371.75},{"text":"we","start":7372.35,"end":7372.51},{"text":"have","start":7372.51,"end":7372.63},{"text":"a","start":7372.63,"end":7372.67},{"text":"few","start":7372.67,"end":7372.91},{"text":"options","start":7372.91,"end":7373.47},{"text":"to","start":7373.47,"end":7373.67},{"text":"do","start":7373.67,"end":7373.87},{"text":"this.","start":7373.87,"end":7374.43}]},{"text":"We've sent them in writing to your team.","start":7375.15,"end":7377.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We've","start":7375.15,"end":7375.31},{"text":"sent","start":7375.31,"end":7375.59},{"text":"them","start":7375.59,"end":7375.87},{"text":"in","start":7375.87,"end":7376.35},{"text":"writing","start":7376.35,"end":7376.75},{"text":"to","start":7376.83,"end":7376.95},{"text":"your","start":7376.95,"end":7377.15},{"text":"team.","start":7377.15,"end":7377.55}]},{"text":"And I'm happy to go through them briefly now, if that's helpful for all delegations.","start":7378.19,"end":7382.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7378.19,"end":7378.27},{"text":"I'm","start":7378.27,"end":7378.47},{"text":"happy","start":7378.47,"end":7378.75},{"text":"to","start":7378.75,"end":7378.83},{"text":"go","start":7378.83,"end":7378.95},{"text":"through","start":7378.95,"end":7379.27},{"text":"them","start":7379.27,"end":7379.59},{"text":"briefly","start":7379.75,"end":7380.11},{"text":"now,","start":7380.11,"end":7380.55},{"text":"if","start":7380.63,"end":7380.79},{"text":"that's","start":7380.79,"end":7381.07},{"text":"helpful","start":7381.07,"end":7381.67},{"text":"for","start":7381.83,"end":7382.07},{"text":"all","start":7382.07,"end":7382.15},{"text":"delegations.","start":7382.15,"end":7382.95}]},{"text":"And so, but just to reiterate that our initial preference is to retain the previous paragraph 6A of box three of the previous version of the rolling 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some potential alternatives would be, for example, a new paragraph in box four that could read, states must ensure through testing, evaluation, and verification processes across the life cycle of laws, that the effects of laws are adequately predictable, reliable, traceable, and explainable to those responsible for their development and use.","start":7395.91,"end":7420.15,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. 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I know I'm probably speaking a little quickly, but I invite delegations to approach if they want the options in 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option is a subparagraph C in box four, paragraph four.","start":7431.03,"end":7437.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Another","start":7431.03,"end":7431.35},{"text":"option","start":7431.35,"end":7431.75},{"text":"is","start":7431.75,"end":7432.27},{"text":"a","start":7432.27,"end":7432.31},{"text":"subparagraph","start":7432.87,"end":7433.99},{"text":"C","start":7433.99,"end":7434.55},{"text":"in","start":7434.55,"end":7435.19},{"text":"box","start":7435.51,"end":7436.07},{"text":"four,","start":7436.23,"end":7436.71},{"text":"paragraph","start":7436.71,"end":7437.23},{"text":"four.","start":7437.23,"end":7437.59}]},{"text":"which would read, ensuring that system behavior, including the identification, selection, and engagement functions, is adequately predictable and reliable in operation, and that its outputs and decision-making processes are traceable and explainable.","start":7438.51,"end":7453.79,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability and 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the United States.","start":7575.67,"end":7581.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":7575.67,"end":7576.23},{"text":"on","start":7576.23,"end":7576.31},{"text":"my","start":7576.31,"end":7576.63},{"text":"list","start":7576.63,"end":7577.03},{"text":"is","start":7577.03,"end":7577.27},{"text":"France,","start":7577.27,"end":7577.91},{"text":"to","start":7577.91,"end":7578.03},{"text":"be","start":7578.03,"end":7578.23},{"text":"followed","start":7578.71,"end":7579.07},{"text":"by","start":7579.07,"end":7579.27},{"text":"Italy,","start":7579.27,"end":7579.71},{"text":"Switzerland","start":7579.71,"end":7580.19},{"text":"and","start":7580.19,"end":7580.31},{"text":"the","start":7580.31,"end":7580.39},{"text":"United","start":7580.39,"end":7580.71},{"text":"States.","start":7580.71,"end":7581.19}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of 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floor.","start":7585.07,"end":7589.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Please,","start":7585.07,"end":7585.23},{"text":"avail","start":7585.23,"end":7585.51},{"text":"of","start":7585.59,"end":7585.83},{"text":"the","start":7588.71,"end":7588.79},{"text":"floor.","start":7589.39,"end":7589.59}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":44,"start":7589.99,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=2:06:30","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chair.","start":7589.99,"end":7591.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7589.99,"end":7590.27},{"text":"you","start":7590.27,"end":7590.35},{"text":"very","start":7590.35,"end":7590.59},{"text":"much,","start":7590.59,"end":7591.11},{"text":"Chair.","start":7591.19,"end":7591.75}]},{"text":"In the view of our delegation, the measures of this box 4 must be drafted in such a way that the chain of command and the operators that will apply them fully 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Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7592.99,"end":7593.07},{"text":"the","start":7593.07,"end":7593.15},{"text":"view","start":7593.15,"end":7593.39},{"text":"of","start":7593.39,"end":7593.55},{"text":"our","start":7593.55,"end":7593.67},{"text":"delegation,","start":7593.67,"end":7594.59},{"text":"the","start":7594.59,"end":7594.71},{"text":"measures","start":7594.71,"end":7595.27},{"text":"of","start":7595.27,"end":7595.39},{"text":"this","start":7595.39,"end":7595.63},{"text":"box","start":7595.63,"end":7596.11},{"text":"4","start":7596.11,"end":7596.67},{"text":"must","start":7596.67,"end":7597.15},{"text":"be","start":7597.15,"end":7597.39},{"text":"drafted","start":7597.39,"end":7598.35},{"text":"in","start":7598.43,"end":7598.83},{"text":"such","start":7598.83,"end":7599.23},{"text":"a","start":7599.23,"end":7599.31},{"text":"way","start":7599.31,"end":7599.79},{"text":"that","start":7599.79,"end":7600.03},{"text":"the","start":7600.03,"end":7600.23},{"text":"chain","start":7600.23,"end":7600.55},{"text":"of","start":7600.55,"end":7600.67},{"text":"command","start":7600.67,"end":7601.39},{"text":"and","start":7601.39,"end":7602.35},{"text":"the","start":7602.35,"end":7602.43},{"text":"operators","start":7602.51,"end":7603.19},{"text":"that","start":7603.19,"end":7603.31},{"text":"will","start":7603.31,"end":7603.47},{"text":"apply","start":7603.47,"end":7603.87},{"text":"them","start":7603.87,"end":7604.27},{"text":"fully","start":7604.27,"end":7604.71},{"text":"understand","start":7604.71,"end":7605.35},{"text":"them.","start":7605.35,"end":7605.63}]},{"text":"So they must be clear and pragmatic.","start":7605.63,"end":7607.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7605.63,"end":7605.87},{"text":"they","start":7605.87,"end":7606.03},{"text":"must","start":7606.03,"end":7606.27},{"text":"be","start":7606.27,"end":7606.35},{"text":"clear","start":7606.35,"end":7606.79},{"text":"and","start":7606.79,"end":7606.91},{"text":"pragmatic.","start":7606.91,"end":7607.79}]},{"text":"And that's already the case in the text that you've submitted.","start":7608.47,"end":7613.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7608.47,"end":7608.63},{"text":"that's","start":7608.63,"end":7608.99},{"text":"already","start":7608.99,"end":7609.47},{"text":"the","start":7609.47,"end":7609.55},{"text":"case","start":7609.55,"end":7610.43},{"text":"in","start":7611.47,"end":7611.71},{"text":"the","start":7611.71,"end":7611.87},{"text":"text","start":7611.87,"end":7612.27},{"text":"that","start":7612.27,"end":7612.51},{"text":"you've","start":7612.51,"end":7612.83},{"text":"submitted.","start":7612.83,"end":7613.63}]},{"text":"Nevertheless, some minor amendments would still be preferable here.","start":7613.79,"end":7619.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Nevertheless,","start":7613.79,"end":7614.47},{"text":"some","start":7614.47,"end":7614.71},{"text":"minor","start":7614.71,"end":7615.27},{"text":"amendments","start":7615.27,"end":7616.03},{"text":"would","start":7616.03,"end":7616.27},{"text":"still","start":7616.27,"end":7616.67},{"text":"be","start":7616.67,"end":7617.15},{"text":"preferable","start":7618.51,"end":7619.15},{"text":"here.","start":7619.15,"end":7619.55}]},{"text":"So in paragraph 2, The reviews of lawfulness must focus on those systems that have had significant amendments so that their effect or their framework of use has been changed.","start":7620.35,"end":7638.63,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. 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These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":7695.07,"end":7695.15},{"text":"paragraph","start":7695.15,"end":7695.83},{"text":"4a,","start":7695.83,"end":7696.91},{"text":"this","start":7696.91,"end":7697.47},{"text":"is","start":7697.47,"end":7698.35},{"text":"translated","start":7698.35,"end":7699.47},{"text":"by","start":7699.47,"end":7699.95},{"text":"testing,","start":7700.11,"end":7701.07},{"text":"including","start":7701.07,"end":7702.03},{"text":"appropriate","start":7702.75,"end":7703.35},{"text":"simulations","start":7703.35,"end":7704.15},{"text":"depending","start":7704.15,"end":7704.79},{"text":"on","start":7704.79,"end":7704.99},{"text":"the","start":7704.99,"end":7705.15},{"text":"envisaged","start":7705.23,"end":7705.99},{"text":"use.","start":7705.99,"end":7706.51}]},{"text":"And in paragraph 4b, this is translated by what must be applied throughout all of the chain of command, depending on the role and function of such a chain.","start":7706.91,"end":7719.15,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. 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These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":7706.91,"end":7707.23},{"text":"in","start":7707.23,"end":7707.47},{"text":"paragraph","start":7707.47,"end":7708.15},{"text":"4b,","start":7708.15,"end":7709.15},{"text":"this","start":7709.87,"end":7710.19},{"text":"is","start":7710.19,"end":7710.35},{"text":"translated","start":7710.35,"end":7711.31},{"text":"by","start":7711.31,"end":7711.79},{"text":"what","start":7711.79,"end":7712.11},{"text":"must","start":7712.11,"end":7712.31},{"text":"be","start":7712.31,"end":7712.43},{"text":"applied","start":7712.43,"end":7712.99},{"text":"throughout","start":7712.99,"end":7713.87},{"text":"all","start":7713.87,"end":7714.19},{"text":"of","start":7714.19,"end":7714.35},{"text":"the","start":7714.35,"end":7714.51},{"text":"chain","start":7714.51,"end":7715.15},{"text":"of","start":7715.27,"end":7715.47},{"text":"command,","start":7715.47,"end":7716.03},{"text":"depending","start":7716.03,"end":7716.67},{"text":"on","start":7716.67,"end":7716.75},{"text":"the","start":7716.75,"end":7716.95},{"text":"role","start":7716.95,"end":7717.31},{"text":"and","start":7717.31,"end":7717.47},{"text":"function","start":7717.47,"end":7718.07},{"text":"of","start":7718.07,"end":7718.19},{"text":"such","start":7718.19,"end":7718.67},{"text":"a","start":7718.67,"end":7718.71},{"text":"chain.","start":7718.71,"end":7719.15}]},{"text":"We can therefore support Australia's proposal on these two paragraphs and these two subparagraphs and their chapeau.","start":7719.95,"end":7728.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7719.95,"end":7720.11},{"text":"can","start":7720.11,"end":7720.27},{"text":"therefore","start":7720.27,"end":7721.07},{"text":"support","start":7721.07,"end":7721.71},{"text":"Australia's","start":7721.71,"end":7722.51},{"text":"proposal","start":7722.51,"end":7723.39},{"text":"on","start":7723.39,"end":7723.79},{"text":"these","start":7723.79,"end":7724.11},{"text":"two","start":7724.11,"end":7724.43},{"text":"paragraphs","start":7724.43,"end":7725.23},{"text":"and","start":7725.23,"end":7725.63},{"text":"these","start":7726.19,"end":7726.51},{"text":"two","start":7726.51,"end":7726.75},{"text":"subparagraphs","start":7726.75,"end":7727.59},{"text":"and","start":7727.59,"end":7727.75},{"text":"their","start":7727.75,"end":7727.87},{"text":"chapeau.","start":7727.87,"end":7728.51}]},{"text":"I'm not going to be coming back on the chapeau of box 4.","start":7730.07,"end":7734.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I'm","start":7730.07,"end":7730.27},{"text":"not","start":7730.27,"end":7730.51},{"text":"going","start":7730.51,"end":7730.75},{"text":"to","start":7730.75,"end":7730.83},{"text":"be","start":7730.83,"end":7730.99},{"text":"coming","start":7730.99,"end":7731.39},{"text":"back","start":7731.39,"end":7731.71},{"text":"on","start":7731.71,"end":7731.87},{"text":"the","start":7731.87,"end":7731.99},{"text":"chapeau","start":7731.99,"end":7732.51},{"text":"of","start":7732.55,"end":7732.67},{"text":"box","start":7732.99,"end":7733.47},{"text":"4.","start":7733.47,"end":7734.19}]},{"text":"We've already heard plentiful good solutions suggested by other delegations in order to distinguish between obligations and other measures.","start":7734.43,"end":7744.27,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the 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sir.","start":7744.43,"end":7745.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7744.43,"end":7744.75},{"text":"you,","start":7744.75,"end":7744.87},{"text":"sir.","start":7744.87,"end":7745.23}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"FRA","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"France"}},{"statement_number":45,"start":7751.23,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=2:09:12","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of France for making comments and suggestions and referring to the other suggestions already made with regard to the 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have a rich choice to make there, I think.","start":7761.47,"end":7766.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7761.47,"end":7761.71},{"text":"have","start":7761.71,"end":7761.95},{"text":"a","start":7761.95,"end":7762.03},{"text":"rich","start":7762.35,"end":7762.91},{"text":"choice","start":7763.71,"end":7764.27},{"text":"to","start":7765.15,"end":7765.31},{"text":"make","start":7765.31,"end":7765.63},{"text":"there,","start":7765.63,"end":7765.79},{"text":"I","start":7765.95,"end":7765.99},{"text":"think.","start":7765.99,"end":7766.27}]},{"text":"Next on my list is Italy, to be followed by Switzerland.","start":7767.39,"end":7770.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":7767.39,"end":7767.87},{"text":"on","start":7767.87,"end":7767.95},{"text":"my","start":7767.95,"end":7768.03},{"text":"list","start":7768.03,"end":7768.35},{"text":"is","start":7768.35,"end":7768.59},{"text":"Italy,","start":7768.59,"end":7768.99},{"text":"to","start":7768.99,"end":7769.11},{"text":"be","start":7769.11,"end":7769.23},{"text":"followed","start":7769.23,"end":7769.55},{"text":"by","start":7769.55,"end":7769.67},{"text":"Switzerland.","start":7769.67,"end":7770.19}]},{"text":"Let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Italy.","start":7770.35,"end":7773.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":7770.35,"end":7770.47},{"text":"me","start":7770.47,"end":7770.67},{"text":"first","start":7770.67,"end":7770.91},{"text":"pass","start":7770.91,"end":7771.19},{"text":"the","start":7771.19,"end":7771.27},{"text":"floor","start":7771.27,"end":7771.47},{"text":"to","start":7771.47,"end":7771.55},{"text":"the","start":7771.55,"end":7771.63},{"text":"distinguished","start":7771.63,"end":7772.11},{"text":"representative","start":7772.11,"end":7772.75},{"text":"of","start":7773.19,"end":7773.31},{"text":"Italy.","start":7773.31,"end":7773.83}]},{"text":"You have the 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section.","start":7778.71,"end":7783.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7778.71,"end":7778.95},{"text":"you,","start":7778.95,"end":7779.11},{"text":"Chair,","start":7779.11,"end":7779.51},{"text":"for","start":7779.51,"end":7780.07},{"text":"giving","start":7780.23,"end":7780.51},{"text":"me","start":7780.51,"end":7780.63},{"text":"the","start":7780.63,"end":7780.71},{"text":"floor","start":7780.71,"end":7781.27},{"text":"and","start":7781.27,"end":7781.55},{"text":"allowing","start":7781.55,"end":7781.79},{"text":"me","start":7781.79,"end":7782.07},{"text":"to","start":7782.07,"end":7782.23},{"text":"comment","start":7782.23,"end":7782.83},{"text":"on","start":7782.83,"end":7782.99},{"text":"this","start":7782.99,"end":7783.23},{"text":"section.","start":7783.23,"end":7783.91}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 2, we support the current formulation, which emphasizes the need to ensure compliance with IHL, to review tools applied during the development or modification of weapons that have a significant impact on the essential functions of LOS.","start":7784.47,"end":7802.71,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."},{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":7784.47,"end":7785.03},{"text":"paragraph","start":7785.03,"end":7785.51},{"text":"2,","start":7785.51,"end":7785.91},{"text":"we","start":7785.91,"end":7786.07},{"text":"support","start":7786.07,"end":7786.67},{"text":"the","start":7786.67,"end":7786.75},{"text":"current","start":7786.75,"end":7787.07},{"text":"formulation,","start":7787.07,"end":7787.95},{"text":"which","start":7787.95,"end":7788.39},{"text":"emphasizes","start":7788.39,"end":7789.35},{"text":"the","start":7789.35,"end":7789.51},{"text":"need","start":7789.51,"end":7789.91},{"text":"to","start":7790.15,"end":7790.31},{"text":"ensure","start":7790.31,"end":7790.87},{"text":"compliance","start":7790.87,"end":7791.59},{"text":"with","start":7791.59,"end":7791.79},{"text":"IHL,","start":7791.83,"end":7792.55},{"text":"to","start":7793.27,"end":7793.43},{"text":"review","start":7793.43,"end":7794.07},{"text":"tools","start":7794.07,"end":7794.63},{"text":"applied","start":7794.63,"end":7795.39},{"text":"during","start":7795.39,"end":7795.67},{"text":"the","start":7795.67,"end":7795.79},{"text":"development","start":7795.79,"end":7796.51},{"text":"or","start":7796.51,"end":7796.59},{"text":"modification","start":7796.59,"end":7797.55},{"text":"of","start":7797.55,"end":7797.63},{"text":"weapons","start":7797.63,"end":7798.23},{"text":"that","start":7798.23,"end":7798.39},{"text":"have","start":7798.39,"end":7798.55},{"text":"a","start":7798.55,"end":7798.63},{"text":"significant","start":7798.63,"end":7799.47},{"text":"impact","start":7799.47,"end":7800.07},{"text":"on","start":7800.07,"end":7800.31},{"text":"the","start":7800.31,"end":7800.51},{"text":"essential","start":7800.51,"end":7801.11},{"text":"functions","start":7801.11,"end":7801.91},{"text":"of","start":7801.91,"end":7802.07},{"text":"LOS.","start":7802.07,"end":7802.71}]},{"text":"The removal of the previous reference to human judgment and control appropriate to the context, what described in section three, is acceptable to us, considering the application of Article 36 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions when assessing new weapons or significant modifications.","start":7803.67,"end":7825.35,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. 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These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":7995.15,"end":7995.35},{"text":"box","start":7995.35,"end":7995.79},{"text":"is","start":7995.79,"end":7996.11},{"text":"important","start":7996.11,"end":7997.07},{"text":"as","start":7997.23,"end":7997.47},{"text":"it","start":7997.47,"end":7997.63},{"text":"sets","start":7997.63,"end":7997.95},{"text":"out","start":7998.07,"end":7998.27},{"text":"practical","start":7998.27,"end":7998.91},{"text":"measures","start":7998.91,"end":7999.55},{"text":"that","start":7999.55,"end":7999.79},{"text":"help","start":7999.79,"end":8000.11},{"text":"ensuring","start":8000.15,"end":8000.55},{"text":"compliance","start":8000.55,"end":8001.07},{"text":"with","start":8001.07,"end":8001.23},{"text":"international","start":8001.23,"end":8002.23},{"text":"law,","start":8002.23,"end":8002.31},{"text":"in","start":8002.83,"end":8002.99},{"text":"particular","start":8002.99,"end":8003.63},{"text":"IHL,","start":8003.63,"end":8004.35},{"text":"and","start":8004.83,"end":8005.03},{"text":"also","start":8005.03,"end":8005.47},{"text":"help","start":8005.47,"end":8005.95},{"text":"implementing","start":8005.95,"end":8006.67},{"text":"the","start":8006.67,"end":8006.75},{"text":"provisions","start":8006.75,"end":8007.35},{"text":"in","start":8007.35,"end":8007.47},{"text":"box","start":8007.47,"end":8008.07},{"text":"3,","start":8008.07,"end":8008.43},{"text":"regulating","start":8008.83,"end":8009.55},{"text":"permissible","start":8009.55,"end":8010.19},{"text":"systems","start":8010.19,"end":8010.83},{"text":"through","start":8010.91,"end":8011.07},{"text":"meaningful","start":8011.07,"end":8011.71},{"text":"human","start":8011.71,"end":8012.11},{"text":"involvement.","start":8012.11,"end":8013.07}]},{"text":"Especially if we work towards a legally binding instrument, the chapeau is too weak as it stands now.","start":8014.43,"end":8021.15,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Especially","start":8014.43,"end":8015.15},{"text":"if","start":8015.15,"end":8015.23},{"text":"we","start":8015.23,"end":8015.39},{"text":"work","start":8015.39,"end":8015.71},{"text":"towards","start":8015.71,"end":8016.03},{"text":"a","start":8016.11,"end":8016.15},{"text":"legally","start":8016.15,"end":8016.51},{"text":"binding","start":8016.51,"end":8016.95},{"text":"instrument,","start":8016.95,"end":8017.79},{"text":"the","start":8018.11,"end":8018.27},{"text":"chapeau","start":8018.27,"end":8018.91},{"text":"is","start":8018.99,"end":8019.15},{"text":"too","start":8019.15,"end":8019.39},{"text":"weak","start":8019.39,"end":8019.79},{"text":"as","start":8019.87,"end":8020.03},{"text":"it","start":8020.03,"end":8020.19},{"text":"stands","start":8020.19,"end":8020.75},{"text":"now.","start":8020.75,"end":8021.15}]},{"text":"The term \"should\" has a consequence that all measures of box 4 are a simple recommendation, especially also context-appropriate human judgment and control.","start":8022.07,"end":8033.63,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8022.07,"end":8022.11},{"text":"term","start":8022.11,"end":8022.43},{"text":"\"should\"","start":8022.43,"end":8022.99},{"text":"has","start":8022.99,"end":8023.19},{"text":"a","start":8023.19,"end":8023.23},{"text":"consequence","start":8023.23,"end":8024.27},{"text":"that","start":8024.27,"end":8024.51},{"text":"all","start":8024.55,"end":8024.75},{"text":"measures","start":8024.75,"end":8025.23},{"text":"of","start":8025.23,"end":8025.39},{"text":"box","start":8025.39,"end":8025.71},{"text":"4","start":8025.71,"end":8026.27},{"text":"are","start":8026.75,"end":8027.03},{"text":"a","start":8027.03,"end":8027.07},{"text":"simple","start":8027.07,"end":8027.47},{"text":"recommendation,","start":8027.47,"end":8028.75},{"text":"especially","start":8029.23,"end":8029.91},{"text":"also","start":8029.91,"end":8030.51},{"text":"context-appropriate","start":8030.67,"end":8031.63},{"text":"human","start":8031.63,"end":8031.95},{"text":"judgment","start":8031.95,"end":8032.59},{"text":"and","start":8032.67,"end":8033.07},{"text":"control.","start":8033.07,"end":8033.63}]},{"text":"More generally, this puts into question that certain aspects are, as a matter of fact, already a legal obligation, at the very least for a very large part of states.","start":8034.91,"end":8045.87,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"More","start":8034.91,"end":8035.23},{"text":"generally,","start":8035.23,"end":8035.95},{"text":"this","start":8036.19,"end":8036.51},{"text":"puts","start":8036.51,"end":8036.75},{"text":"into","start":8036.75,"end":8036.99},{"text":"question","start":8036.99,"end":8037.47},{"text":"that","start":8037.47,"end":8037.63},{"text":"certain","start":8037.63,"end":8038.03},{"text":"aspects","start":8038.03,"end":8038.83},{"text":"are,","start":8038.91,"end":8039.35},{"text":"as","start":8039.35,"end":8039.47},{"text":"a","start":8039.47,"end":8039.51},{"text":"matter","start":8039.51,"end":8039.79},{"text":"of","start":8039.79,"end":8039.87},{"text":"fact,","start":8039.87,"end":8040.35},{"text":"already","start":8040.35,"end":8040.75},{"text":"a","start":8040.75,"end":8040.83},{"text":"legal","start":8040.83,"end":8041.15},{"text":"obligation,","start":8041.15,"end":8042.11},{"text":"at","start":8042.83,"end":8042.95},{"text":"the","start":8042.95,"end":8043.03},{"text":"very","start":8043.03,"end":8043.23},{"text":"least","start":8043.23,"end":8043.63},{"text":"for","start":8043.63,"end":8043.91},{"text":"a","start":8043.91,"end":8043.95},{"text":"very","start":8043.95,"end":8044.15},{"text":"large","start":8044.15,"end":8044.43},{"text":"part","start":8044.43,"end":8044.83},{"text":"of","start":8044.91,"end":8045.07},{"text":"states.","start":8045.07,"end":8045.87}]},{"text":"This is, for instance, the case for legal reviews.","start":8047.07,"end":8050.35,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":8047.07,"end":8047.31},{"text":"is,","start":8047.31,"end":8047.63},{"text":"for","start":8047.63,"end":8047.79},{"text":"instance,","start":8047.79,"end":8048.39},{"text":"the","start":8048.39,"end":8048.51},{"text":"case","start":8048.51,"end":8048.91},{"text":"for","start":8048.91,"end":8049.23},{"text":"legal","start":8049.23,"end":8049.71},{"text":"reviews.","start":8049.71,"end":8050.35}]},{"text":"We therefore propose to delete the reference to \"in addition to their legal obligations\", as well as \"should\", the latter of which could be replaced, for instance, with \"must\".","start":8052.07,"end":8064.39,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8052.07,"end":8052.15},{"text":"therefore","start":8052.15,"end":8052.63},{"text":"propose","start":8052.63,"end":8053.19},{"text":"to","start":8053.19,"end":8053.35},{"text":"delete","start":8053.35,"end":8053.99},{"text":"the","start":8054.39,"end":8054.51},{"text":"reference","start":8054.51,"end":8055.03},{"text":"to","start":8055.03,"end":8055.35},{"text":"\"in","start":8055.43,"end":8055.67},{"text":"addition","start":8055.67,"end":8056.23},{"text":"to","start":8056.23,"end":8056.39},{"text":"their","start":8056.39,"end":8056.59},{"text":"legal","start":8056.59,"end":8056.91},{"text":"obligations\",","start":8056.91,"end":8057.99},{"text":"as","start":8058.87,"end":8059.03},{"text":"well","start":8059.03,"end":8059.23},{"text":"as","start":8059.23,"end":8059.31},{"text":"\"should\",","start":8059.31,"end":8059.99},{"text":"the","start":8060.71,"end":8060.87},{"text":"latter","start":8060.87,"end":8061.43},{"text":"of","start":8061.43,"end":8061.51},{"text":"which","start":8061.59,"end":8061.91},{"text":"could","start":8061.91,"end":8062.07},{"text":"be","start":8062.07,"end":8062.23},{"text":"replaced,","start":8062.23,"end":8062.79},{"text":"for","start":8062.79,"end":8062.95},{"text":"instance,","start":8062.95,"end":8063.59},{"text":"with","start":8063.59,"end":8063.83},{"text":"\"must\".","start":8063.83,"end":8064.39}]},{"text":"With regard to legal reviews, once the boxes are removed, an option could be to have that as a standalone paragraph without the chapeau.","start":8066.31,"end":8077.19,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":8066.31,"end":8066.55},{"text":"regard","start":8066.55,"end":8066.87},{"text":"to","start":8066.87,"end":8066.99},{"text":"legal","start":8066.99,"end":8067.27},{"text":"reviews,","start":8067.27,"end":8068.31},{"text":"once","start":8068.95,"end":8069.59},{"text":"the","start":8069.59,"end":8069.75},{"text":"boxes","start":8069.75,"end":8070.39},{"text":"are","start":8070.39,"end":8070.59},{"text":"removed,","start":8070.59,"end":8071.43},{"text":"an","start":8072.03,"end":8072.15},{"text":"option","start":8072.15,"end":8072.55},{"text":"could","start":8072.55,"end":8072.87},{"text":"be","start":8072.87,"end":8073.19},{"text":"to","start":8073.19,"end":8073.31},{"text":"have","start":8073.31,"end":8073.59},{"text":"that","start":8073.59,"end":8073.75},{"text":"as","start":8073.75,"end":8073.91},{"text":"a","start":8073.91,"end":8073.99},{"text":"standalone","start":8073.99,"end":8074.87},{"text":"paragraph","start":8074.87,"end":8075.67},{"text":"without","start":8076.23,"end":8076.63},{"text":"the","start":8076.63,"end":8076.71},{"text":"chapeau.","start":8076.71,"end":8077.19}]},{"text":"if necessary with previous language of the guiding principle, which stated in accordance with states' obligations under international law, in the study, development, acquisition, or adoption of a new weapon, means, or method of warfare, determination must be made whether its employment would, in some or all circumstances, be prohibited by international law.","start":8078.15,"end":8102.91,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."},{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."}],"words":[{"text":"if","start":8078.15,"end":8078.23},{"text":"necessary","start":8078.23,"end":8079.03},{"text":"with","start":8079.03,"end":8079.23},{"text":"previous","start":8079.23,"end":8079.67},{"text":"language","start":8079.67,"end":8080.23},{"text":"of","start":8080.23,"end":8080.39},{"text":"the","start":8080.39,"end":8080.47},{"text":"guiding","start":8080.47,"end":8080.87},{"text":"principle,","start":8080.87,"end":8081.75},{"text":"which","start":8082.35,"end":8082.71},{"text":"stated","start":8082.71,"end":8083.43},{"text":"in","start":8083.51,"end":8083.67},{"text":"accordance","start":8083.67,"end":8084.15},{"text":"with","start":8084.15,"end":8084.31},{"text":"states'","start":8084.31,"end":8084.71},{"text":"obligations","start":8084.71,"end":8085.55},{"text":"under","start":8085.55,"end":8085.79},{"text":"international","start":8085.79,"end":8086.87},{"text":"law,","start":8086.87,"end":8086.95},{"text":"in","start":8087.35,"end":8087.43},{"text":"the","start":8087.43,"end":8087.55},{"text":"study,","start":8087.55,"end":8088.07},{"text":"development,","start":8088.07,"end":8088.87},{"text":"acquisition,","start":8088.95,"end":8089.75},{"text":"or","start":8089.75,"end":8089.95},{"text":"adoption","start":8089.95,"end":8090.47},{"text":"of","start":8090.47,"end":8090.59},{"text":"a","start":8090.59,"end":8090.63},{"text":"new","start":8090.63,"end":8090.87},{"text":"weapon,","start":8090.87,"end":8091.51},{"text":"means,","start":8091.83,"end":8092.27},{"text":"or","start":8092.27,"end":8092.39},{"text":"method","start":8092.39,"end":8092.71},{"text":"of","start":8092.71,"end":8092.79},{"text":"warfare,","start":8092.79,"end":8093.51},{"text":"determination","start":8093.99,"end":8094.95},{"text":"must","start":8094.95,"end":8095.43},{"text":"be","start":8095.43,"end":8095.59},{"text":"made","start":8095.59,"end":8095.99},{"text":"whether","start":8096.27,"end":8096.63},{"text":"its","start":8096.63,"end":8096.79},{"text":"employment","start":8096.79,"end":8097.35},{"text":"would,","start":8097.35,"end":8097.75},{"text":"in","start":8097.83,"end":8097.99},{"text":"some","start":8097.99,"end":8098.39},{"text":"or","start":8098.87,"end":8099.11},{"text":"all","start":8099.11,"end":8099.27},{"text":"circumstances,","start":8099.27,"end":8100.39},{"text":"be","start":8100.79,"end":8100.95},{"text":"prohibited","start":8100.95,"end":8101.67},{"text":"by","start":8101.75,"end":8101.99},{"text":"international","start":8101.99,"end":8102.83},{"text":"law.","start":8102.83,"end":8102.91}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 2, We have a question to what further development exactly refers to.","start":8104.47,"end":8114.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":8104.47,"end":8105.19},{"text":"paragraph","start":8105.27,"end":8105.91},{"text":"2,","start":8106.15,"end":8106.71},{"text":"We","start":8107.35,"end":8107.43},{"text":"have","start":8107.43,"end":8107.83},{"text":"a","start":8108.47,"end":8108.51},{"text":"question","start":8108.51,"end":8109.59},{"text":"to","start":8109.75,"end":8109.99},{"text":"what","start":8110.59,"end":8111.11},{"text":"further","start":8111.67,"end":8112.15},{"text":"development","start":8112.15,"end":8113.03},{"text":"exactly","start":8113.27,"end":8113.91},{"text":"refers","start":8113.91,"end":8114.47},{"text":"to.","start":8114.47,"end":8114.95}]},{"text":"Does it refer to the further development after the initial legal review?","start":8116.39,"end":8121.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Does","start":8116.39,"end":8116.71},{"text":"it","start":8116.71,"end":8116.95},{"text":"refer","start":8116.95,"end":8117.43},{"text":"to","start":8117.43,"end":8117.55},{"text":"the","start":8117.55,"end":8117.67},{"text":"further","start":8117.67,"end":8118.11},{"text":"development","start":8118.11,"end":8118.79},{"text":"after","start":8118.87,"end":8119.51},{"text":"the","start":8119.83,"end":8119.95},{"text":"initial","start":8119.95,"end":8120.67},{"text":"legal","start":8120.67,"end":8120.95},{"text":"review?","start":8120.95,"end":8121.51}]},{"text":"If this is the case, this could be explicitly mentioned.","start":8122.15,"end":8126.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"If","start":8122.15,"end":8122.31},{"text":"this","start":8122.31,"end":8122.55},{"text":"is","start":8122.55,"end":8122.71},{"text":"the","start":8122.71,"end":8122.87},{"text":"case,","start":8122.87,"end":8123.43},{"text":"this","start":8123.43,"end":8123.67},{"text":"could","start":8123.67,"end":8123.91},{"text":"be","start":8123.91,"end":8124.23},{"text":"explicitly","start":8124.23,"end":8125.11},{"text":"mentioned.","start":8125.11,"end":8126.07}]},{"text":"And one last point, as Ireland just proposed, It might be a good moment, as we take the text forward, to consider whether we should consistently refer to \"across the life cycle\" rather than \"development and use\" or \"design, development and use\".","start":8127.43,"end":8148.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8127.43,"end":8127.83},{"text":"one","start":8127.91,"end":8128.39},{"text":"last","start":8128.47,"end":8128.87},{"text":"point,","start":8128.87,"end":8129.59},{"text":"as","start":8129.83,"end":8130.31},{"text":"Ireland","start":8130.55,"end":8131.19},{"text":"just","start":8131.19,"end":8131.55},{"text":"proposed,","start":8131.55,"end":8132.31},{"text":"It","start":8132.95,"end":8133.07},{"text":"might","start":8133.07,"end":8133.39},{"text":"be","start":8133.39,"end":8133.55},{"text":"a","start":8133.55,"end":8133.59},{"text":"good","start":8133.59,"end":8133.79},{"text":"moment,","start":8133.79,"end":8134.59},{"text":"as","start":8135.15,"end":8135.31},{"text":"we","start":8135.31,"end":8135.47},{"text":"take","start":8135.47,"end":8135.79},{"text":"the","start":8135.79,"end":8136.11},{"text":"text","start":8136.11,"end":8136.51},{"text":"forward,","start":8136.51,"end":8137.15},{"text":"to","start":8137.55,"end":8137.71},{"text":"consider","start":8137.71,"end":8138.27},{"text":"whether","start":8138.27,"end":8138.55},{"text":"we","start":8138.55,"end":8138.67},{"text":"should","start":8138.67,"end":8138.99},{"text":"consistently","start":8138.99,"end":8139.91},{"text":"refer","start":8139.91,"end":8140.35},{"text":"to","start":8140.35,"end":8140.59},{"text":"\"across","start":8140.67,"end":8141.07},{"text":"the","start":8141.07,"end":8141.15},{"text":"life","start":8141.15,"end":8141.47},{"text":"cycle\"","start":8141.47,"end":8142.19},{"text":"rather","start":8142.59,"end":8142.95},{"text":"than","start":8142.95,"end":8143.19},{"text":"\"development","start":8143.19,"end":8143.91},{"text":"and","start":8143.91,"end":8144.11},{"text":"use\"","start":8144.11,"end":8144.75},{"text":"or","start":8145.15,"end":8145.55},{"text":"\"design,","start":8145.55,"end":8146.27},{"text":"development","start":8146.27,"end":8146.99},{"text":"and","start":8147.07,"end":8147.39},{"text":"use\".","start":8147.39,"end":8148.03}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"CHE","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Switzerland"}},{"statement_number":49,"start":8157.83,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=2:15:58","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Switzerland for making proposals and commenting on the text.","start":8157.83,"end":8163.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":8157.83,"end":8157.84},{"text":"thank","start":8157.83,"end":8158.15},{"text":"the","start":8158.15,"end":8158.23},{"text":"distinguished","start":8158.23,"end":8158.79},{"text":"representative","start":8158.79,"end":8159.43},{"text":"of","start":8159.43,"end":8159.55},{"text":"Switzerland","start":8159.55,"end":8160.39},{"text":"for","start":8160.55,"end":8160.87},{"text":"making","start":8160.87,"end":8161.23},{"text":"proposals","start":8161.23,"end":8161.87},{"text":"and","start":8161.87,"end":8161.99},{"text":"commenting","start":8161.99,"end":8162.39},{"text":"on","start":8162.39,"end":8162.51},{"text":"the","start":8162.51,"end":8162.63},{"text":"text.","start":8162.63,"end":8163.15}]},{"text":"Next on my list is the US, to be followed by the ICSC, Spain, Portugal, and Austria, but first the US.","start":8163.15,"end":8169.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":8163.15,"end":8163.43},{"text":"on","start":8163.43,"end":8163.51},{"text":"my","start":8163.51,"end":8163.67},{"text":"list","start":8163.67,"end":8164.27},{"text":"is","start":8164.27,"end":8164.35},{"text":"the","start":8164.35,"end":8164.43},{"text":"US,","start":8164.43,"end":8164.63},{"text":"to","start":8164.63,"end":8164.71},{"text":"be","start":8164.71,"end":8164.87},{"text":"followed","start":8164.87,"end":8165.19},{"text":"by","start":8165.19,"end":8165.35},{"text":"the","start":8165.35,"end":8165.47},{"text":"ICSC,","start":8165.47,"end":8166.31},{"text":"Spain,","start":8166.31,"end":8166.79},{"text":"Portugal,","start":8166.79,"end":8167.31},{"text":"and","start":8167.31,"end":8167.43},{"text":"Austria,","start":8167.43,"end":8167.91},{"text":"but","start":8167.91,"end":8168.15},{"text":"first","start":8168.15,"end":8168.63},{"text":"the","start":8168.67,"end":8168.83},{"text":"US.","start":8168.83,"end":8169.11}]},{"text":"So you have the floor.","start":8169.51,"end":8170.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":8169.51,"end":8169.67},{"text":"you","start":8169.67,"end":8169.75},{"text":"have","start":8169.75,"end":8169.91},{"text":"the","start":8169.91,"end":8169.99},{"text":"floor.","start":8169.99,"end":8170.19}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair","affiliation_full":null}},{"statement_number":50,"start":8172.63,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=2:16:13","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chairman.","start":8172.63,"end":8173.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8172.63,"end":8172.87},{"text":"you,","start":8172.87,"end":8172.99},{"text":"Mr.","start":8172.99,"end":8173.35},{"text":"Chairman.","start":8173.35,"end":8173.83}]},{"text":"Thank you also to other delegations for their good comments and proposals.","start":8175.99,"end":8182.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8175.99,"end":8176.31},{"text":"you","start":8176.31,"end":8176.55},{"text":"also","start":8177.11,"end":8177.43},{"text":"to","start":8177.43,"end":8177.55},{"text":"other","start":8177.55,"end":8177.91},{"text":"delegations","start":8177.91,"end":8178.63},{"text":"for","start":8178.63,"end":8178.79},{"text":"their","start":8178.79,"end":8179.27},{"text":"good","start":8180.15,"end":8180.35},{"text":"comments","start":8180.35,"end":8180.95},{"text":"and","start":8180.95,"end":8181.23},{"text":"proposals.","start":8181.23,"end":8182.23}]},{"text":"It's a very rich discussion.","start":8182.67,"end":8184.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":8182.67,"end":8182.91},{"text":"a","start":8182.91,"end":8182.95},{"text":"very","start":8182.95,"end":8183.35},{"text":"rich","start":8183.35,"end":8183.67},{"text":"discussion.","start":8183.67,"end":8184.31}]},{"text":"Some of the proposals we heard, we probably won't be able to accept, but we appreciate the constructive spirit and look forward to studying these proposals and working with everyone to find what consensus is 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have a few overarching comments on box four and we'll provide more detailed written comments.","start":8202.67,"end":8208.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8202.67,"end":8202.79},{"text":"have","start":8202.79,"end":8202.91},{"text":"a","start":8202.91,"end":8202.95},{"text":"few","start":8202.95,"end":8203.23},{"text":"overarching","start":8203.23,"end":8203.87},{"text":"comments","start":8203.87,"end":8204.35},{"text":"on","start":8204.35,"end":8204.51},{"text":"box","start":8204.51,"end":8204.83},{"text":"four","start":8204.83,"end":8205.35},{"text":"and","start":8205.35,"end":8205.47},{"text":"we'll","start":8205.47,"end":8205.71},{"text":"provide","start":8205.71,"end":8206.11},{"text":"more","start":8206.11,"end":8206.51},{"text":"detailed","start":8206.91,"end":8207.55},{"text":"written","start":8207.95,"end":8208.23},{"text":"comments.","start":8208.23,"end":8208.67}]},{"text":"Our primary concern with box four is how it frames the measures specified in it.","start":8211.11,"end":8218.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":8211.11,"end":8211.23},{"text":"primary","start":8211.23,"end":8211.87},{"text":"concern","start":8211.87,"end":8212.67},{"text":"with","start":8212.99,"end":8213.23},{"text":"box","start":8213.23,"end":8213.47},{"text":"four","start":8213.47,"end":8214.11},{"text":"is","start":8214.87,"end":8214.95},{"text":"how","start":8214.95,"end":8215.11},{"text":"it","start":8215.11,"end":8215.27},{"text":"frames","start":8215.27,"end":8215.83},{"text":"the","start":8215.83,"end":8215.99},{"text":"measures","start":8215.99,"end":8216.71},{"text":"specified","start":8216.71,"end":8217.59},{"text":"in","start":8217.59,"end":8217.87},{"text":"it.","start":8217.87,"end":8218.07}]},{"text":"We can support articulating good practices that help implement specific IHL rules that help mitigate civilian harm or that reduce the risk of unintended 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Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":8249.07,"end":8249.47},{"text":"the","start":8249.47,"end":8249.59},{"text":"chapeau,","start":8249.59,"end":8250.19},{"text":"we","start":8251.15,"end":8251.35},{"text":"support","start":8251.35,"end":8251.75},{"text":"the","start":8251.75,"end":8251.87},{"text":"proposals","start":8251.87,"end":8252.51},{"text":"to","start":8252.51,"end":8252.63},{"text":"delete","start":8252.63,"end":8253.15},{"text":"in","start":8254.03,"end":8254.19},{"text":"addition","start":8254.19,"end":8254.67},{"text":"to","start":8254.67,"end":8254.75},{"text":"their","start":8254.75,"end":8254.91},{"text":"legal","start":8254.91,"end":8255.31},{"text":"obligations.","start":8255.31,"end":8256.03}]},{"text":"But we've heard the concerns and we are open to working with delegations that are parties to the first additional protocol of 1977 to find a solution that will work for them and for states that are not parties to that instrument.","start":8257.55,"end":8271.43,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"But","start":8257.55,"end":8257.71},{"text":"we've","start":8257.71,"end":8257.87},{"text":"heard","start":8257.87,"end":8258.07},{"text":"the","start":8258.07,"end":8258.15},{"text":"concerns","start":8258.15,"end":8258.83},{"text":"and","start":8259.35,"end":8259.47},{"text":"we","start":8259.47,"end":8259.59},{"text":"are","start":8259.59,"end":8259.71},{"text":"open","start":8259.71,"end":8259.95},{"text":"to","start":8259.95,"end":8260.03},{"text":"working","start":8260.03,"end":8260.43},{"text":"with","start":8260.43,"end":8260.75},{"text":"delegations","start":8261.31,"end":8261.95},{"text":"that","start":8261.95,"end":8262.07},{"text":"are","start":8262.07,"end":8262.19},{"text":"parties","start":8262.19,"end":8262.59},{"text":"to","start":8262.59,"end":8262.71},{"text":"the","start":8262.71,"end":8262.83},{"text":"first","start":8262.83,"end":8263.31},{"text":"additional","start":8263.31,"end":8263.71},{"text":"protocol","start":8263.71,"end":8264.07},{"text":"of","start":8264.07,"end":8264.15},{"text":"1977","start":8264.15,"end":8265.15},{"text":"to","start":8265.95,"end":8266.11},{"text":"find","start":8266.11,"end":8266.43},{"text":"a","start":8266.43,"end":8266.47},{"text":"solution","start":8266.47,"end":8267.23},{"text":"that","start":8267.71,"end":8267.91},{"text":"will","start":8267.91,"end":8268.03},{"text":"work","start":8268.03,"end":8268.23},{"text":"for","start":8268.23,"end":8268.35},{"text":"them","start":8268.35,"end":8268.75},{"text":"and","start":8269.31,"end":8269.47},{"text":"for","start":8269.47,"end":8269.59},{"text":"states","start":8269.59,"end":8269.91},{"text":"that","start":8269.91,"end":8270.03},{"text":"are","start":8270.03,"end":8270.11},{"text":"not","start":8270.11,"end":8270.27},{"text":"parties","start":8270.27,"end":8270.67},{"text":"to","start":8270.67,"end":8270.79},{"text":"that","start":8270.79,"end":8270.99},{"text":"instrument.","start":8270.99,"end":8271.43}]},{"text":"In addition, we view the measures as being applied at specific parts in the life cycle rather than continuously throughout the life cycle.","start":8273.79,"end":8284.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8273.79,"end":8273.91},{"text":"addition,","start":8273.91,"end":8274.43},{"text":"we","start":8275.07,"end":8275.31},{"text":"view","start":8275.31,"end":8275.55},{"text":"the","start":8275.55,"end":8275.71},{"text":"measures","start":8275.71,"end":8276.27},{"text":"as","start":8276.27,"end":8276.43},{"text":"being","start":8276.43,"end":8276.67},{"text":"applied","start":8276.67,"end":8277.15},{"text":"at","start":8277.15,"end":8277.39},{"text":"specific","start":8277.71,"end":8278.67},{"text":"parts","start":8279.39,"end":8279.87},{"text":"in","start":8279.87,"end":8279.99},{"text":"the","start":8279.99,"end":8280.07},{"text":"life","start":8280.07,"end":8280.27},{"text":"cycle","start":8280.27,"end":8280.83},{"text":"rather","start":8281.39,"end":8281.79},{"text":"than","start":8281.79,"end":8282.19},{"text":"continuously","start":8282.27,"end":8283.07},{"text":"throughout","start":8283.07,"end":8283.31},{"text":"the","start":8283.31,"end":8283.39},{"text":"life","start":8283.39,"end":8283.59},{"text":"cycle.","start":8283.59,"end":8284.03}]},{"text":"As a result, we propose the following formulation for the chapeau.","start":8285.27,"end":8290.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8285.27,"end":8285.35},{"text":"a","start":8285.35,"end":8285.39},{"text":"result,","start":8285.39,"end":8285.79},{"text":"we","start":8285.79,"end":8285.95},{"text":"propose","start":8285.95,"end":8286.43},{"text":"the","start":8286.43,"end":8286.55},{"text":"following","start":8286.55,"end":8287.31},{"text":"formulation","start":8287.95,"end":8288.75},{"text":"for","start":8289.39,"end":8289.63},{"text":"the","start":8289.63,"end":8289.75},{"text":"chapeau.","start":8289.75,"end":8290.27}]},{"text":"Prior to potential development and when relevant in the life cycle of laws, states should Regarding paragraphs 1 and 2, it is important to specify that legal reviews are to be conducted of new weapons, an idea that is reflected in Guiding Principle E, which a number of delegations have read out in our discussion today.","start":8292.75,"end":8320.11,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Prior","start":8292.75,"end":8293.47},{"text":"to","start":8293.55,"end":8294.03},{"text":"potential","start":8294.51,"end":8295.15},{"text":"development","start":8295.15,"end":8295.95},{"text":"and","start":8296.51,"end":8296.83},{"text":"when","start":8296.83,"end":8297.07},{"text":"relevant","start":8297.07,"end":8297.71},{"text":"in","start":8297.79,"end":8297.95},{"text":"the","start":8297.95,"end":8298.03},{"text":"life","start":8298.03,"end":8298.31},{"text":"cycle","start":8298.31,"end":8298.95},{"text":"of","start":8298.95,"end":8299.07},{"text":"laws,","start":8299.07,"end":8299.55},{"text":"states","start":8299.95,"end":8300.35},{"text":"should","start":8300.35,"end":8300.67},{"text":"Regarding","start":8304.91,"end":8305.39},{"text":"paragraphs","start":8305.39,"end":8305.87},{"text":"1","start":8305.87,"end":8306.19},{"text":"and","start":8306.19,"end":8306.35},{"text":"2,","start":8306.35,"end":8306.75},{"text":"it","start":8307.47,"end":8307.55},{"text":"is","start":8307.55,"end":8307.71},{"text":"important","start":8307.71,"end":8308.23},{"text":"to","start":8308.23,"end":8308.31},{"text":"specify","start":8308.35,"end":8308.99},{"text":"that","start":8308.99,"end":8309.15},{"text":"legal","start":8309.15,"end":8309.47},{"text":"reviews","start":8309.47,"end":8310.03},{"text":"are","start":8310.03,"end":8310.19},{"text":"to","start":8310.19,"end":8310.31},{"text":"be","start":8310.31,"end":8310.43},{"text":"conducted","start":8310.43,"end":8311.15},{"text":"of","start":8311.35,"end":8311.47},{"text":"new","start":8311.47,"end":8311.71},{"text":"weapons,","start":8311.71,"end":8312.43},{"text":"an","start":8312.95,"end":8313.07},{"text":"idea","start":8313.07,"end":8313.47},{"text":"that","start":8313.47,"end":8313.71},{"text":"is","start":8313.71,"end":8313.95},{"text":"reflected","start":8314.19,"end":8314.83},{"text":"in","start":8314.83,"end":8315.07},{"text":"Guiding","start":8315.39,"end":8315.71},{"text":"Principle","start":8315.71,"end":8316.11},{"text":"E,","start":8316.11,"end":8316.43},{"text":"which","start":8316.91,"end":8317.11},{"text":"a","start":8317.11,"end":8317.15},{"text":"number","start":8317.15,"end":8317.47},{"text":"of","start":8317.47,"end":8317.55},{"text":"delegations","start":8317.55,"end":8318.23},{"text":"have","start":8318.23,"end":8318.51},{"text":"read","start":8318.67,"end":8318.99},{"text":"out","start":8318.99,"end":8319.15},{"text":"in","start":8319.15,"end":8319.23},{"text":"our","start":8319.23,"end":8319.35},{"text":"discussion","start":8319.35,"end":8319.79},{"text":"today.","start":8319.79,"end":8320.11}]},{"text":"It is not necessary to conduct a legal review of a loss unless it is new.","start":8322.27,"end":8326.83,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":8322.27,"end":8322.43},{"text":"is","start":8322.43,"end":8322.51},{"text":"not","start":8322.51,"end":8322.71},{"text":"necessary","start":8322.71,"end":8323.31},{"text":"to","start":8323.31,"end":8323.47},{"text":"conduct","start":8323.47,"end":8323.95},{"text":"a","start":8323.95,"end":8324.03},{"text":"legal","start":8324.03,"end":8324.35},{"text":"review","start":8324.35,"end":8324.79},{"text":"of","start":8324.79,"end":8324.91},{"text":"a","start":8324.91,"end":8324.95},{"text":"loss","start":8324.95,"end":8325.47},{"text":"unless","start":8325.79,"end":8326.27},{"text":"it","start":8326.27,"end":8326.43},{"text":"is","start":8326.43,"end":8326.59},{"text":"new.","start":8326.59,"end":8326.83}]},{"text":"Similar to our comments on box three, we also believe it is important to clarify that each state has different obligations under IHL.","start":8329.63,"end":8338.63,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."}],"words":[{"text":"Similar","start":8329.63,"end":8329.99},{"text":"to","start":8329.99,"end":8330.19},{"text":"our","start":8330.19,"end":8330.31},{"text":"comments","start":8330.31,"end":8330.79},{"text":"on","start":8330.79,"end":8331.11},{"text":"box","start":8331.19,"end":8331.55},{"text":"three,","start":8331.55,"end":8331.99},{"text":"we","start":8332.63,"end":8332.83},{"text":"also","start":8332.83,"end":8333.11},{"text":"believe","start":8333.11,"end":8333.51},{"text":"it","start":8333.51,"end":8333.59},{"text":"is","start":8333.59,"end":8333.71},{"text":"important","start":8333.71,"end":8334.19},{"text":"to","start":8334.19,"end":8334.27},{"text":"clarify","start":8334.27,"end":8334.79},{"text":"that","start":8334.79,"end":8335.03},{"text":"each","start":8335.03,"end":8335.27},{"text":"state","start":8335.27,"end":8335.59},{"text":"has","start":8335.59,"end":8335.83},{"text":"different","start":8335.83,"end":8336.47},{"text":"obligations","start":8336.87,"end":8337.75},{"text":"under","start":8337.83,"end":8338.15},{"text":"IHL.","start":8338.15,"end":8338.63}]},{"text":"Legal reviews relate to the state's own obligations and not the obligations of other states.","start":8339.75,"end":8345.27,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Legal","start":8339.75,"end":8340.15},{"text":"reviews","start":8340.15,"end":8340.63},{"text":"relate","start":8340.63,"end":8341.07},{"text":"to","start":8341.07,"end":8341.15},{"text":"the","start":8341.15,"end":8341.23},{"text":"state's","start":8341.23,"end":8341.67},{"text":"own","start":8341.67,"end":8341.95},{"text":"obligations","start":8341.95,"end":8342.71},{"text":"and","start":8343.03,"end":8343.23},{"text":"not","start":8343.23,"end":8343.43},{"text":"the","start":8343.43,"end":8343.55},{"text":"obligations","start":8343.55,"end":8344.31},{"text":"of","start":8344.47,"end":8344.55},{"text":"other","start":8344.63,"end":8344.87},{"text":"states.","start":8344.87,"end":8345.27}]},{"text":"Therefore, the first sentence of paragraph one should read, \"Conduct legal reviews to determine in the study, development, acquisition, or adoption of a new laws, whether its employment would, in some or all circumstances, be prohibited by the state's obligations under international law.","start":8347.27,"end":8377.03,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":8347.27,"end":8347.91},{"text":"the","start":8348.79,"end":8348.91},{"text":"first","start":8348.91,"end":8349.19},{"text":"sentence","start":8349.19,"end":8349.55},{"text":"of","start":8349.55,"end":8349.67},{"text":"paragraph","start":8349.67,"end":8350.15},{"text":"one","start":8350.15,"end":8350.55},{"text":"should","start":8351.11,"end":8351.35},{"text":"read,","start":8351.35,"end":8351.67},{"text":"\"Conduct","start":8353.67,"end":8354.31},{"text":"legal","start":8354.63,"end":8355.19},{"text":"reviews","start":8355.19,"end":8355.91},{"text":"to","start":8356.71,"end":8356.87},{"text":"determine","start":8356.87,"end":8357.51},{"text":"in","start":8358.63,"end":8358.71},{"text":"the","start":8358.71,"end":8358.79},{"text":"study,","start":8358.79,"end":8359.35},{"text":"development,","start":8359.91,"end":8360.55},{"text":"acquisition,","start":8361.19,"end":8361.91},{"text":"or","start":8362.55,"end":8362.75},{"text":"adoption","start":8362.75,"end":8363.51},{"text":"of","start":8364.03,"end":8364.23},{"text":"a","start":8364.23,"end":8364.27},{"text":"new","start":8364.27,"end":8364.87},{"text":"laws,","start":8364.95,"end":8365.59},{"text":"whether","start":8366.51,"end":8366.91},{"text":"its","start":8366.91,"end":8367.03},{"text":"employment","start":8367.03,"end":8367.55},{"text":"would,","start":8367.55,"end":8367.99},{"text":"in","start":8368.23,"end":8368.39},{"text":"some","start":8368.39,"end":8368.71},{"text":"or","start":8368.71,"end":8368.87},{"text":"all","start":8368.87,"end":8368.95},{"text":"circumstances,","start":8368.95,"end":8369.91},{"text":"be","start":8371.59,"end":8372.07},{"text":"prohibited","start":8372.23,"end":8373.27},{"text":"by","start":8373.91,"end":8374.39},{"text":"the","start":8374.39,"end":8374.51},{"text":"state's","start":8374.51,"end":8375.11},{"text":"obligations","start":8375.19,"end":8375.99},{"text":"under","start":8375.99,"end":8376.23},{"text":"international","start":8376.23,"end":8376.95},{"text":"law.","start":8376.95,"end":8377.03}]},{"text":"Further, in paragraph two, As we mentioned in the informal discussions, we do not support the creation of a significant impact standard, which is bound to lead to confusion and debate.","start":8379.27,"end":8391.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Further,","start":8379.27,"end":8379.83},{"text":"in","start":8380.07,"end":8380.23},{"text":"paragraph","start":8380.23,"end":8380.71},{"text":"two,","start":8380.71,"end":8381.11},{"text":"As","start":8382.31,"end":8382.39},{"text":"we","start":8382.39,"end":8382.47},{"text":"mentioned","start":8382.47,"end":8382.87},{"text":"in","start":8382.87,"end":8383.03},{"text":"the","start":8383.03,"end":8383.15},{"text":"informal","start":8383.15,"end":8383.71},{"text":"discussions,","start":8383.71,"end":8384.39},{"text":"we","start":8384.55,"end":8384.67},{"text":"do","start":8384.67,"end":8384.79},{"text":"not","start":8384.79,"end":8384.99},{"text":"support","start":8384.99,"end":8385.31},{"text":"the","start":8385.31,"end":8385.39},{"text":"creation","start":8385.39,"end":8385.99},{"text":"of","start":8386.27,"end":8386.39},{"text":"a","start":8386.39,"end":8386.47},{"text":"significant","start":8386.71,"end":8387.51},{"text":"impact","start":8387.51,"end":8387.95},{"text":"standard,","start":8387.95,"end":8388.39},{"text":"which","start":8388.99,"end":8389.19},{"text":"is","start":8389.19,"end":8389.27},{"text":"bound","start":8389.27,"end":8389.55},{"text":"to","start":8389.55,"end":8389.63},{"text":"lead","start":8389.63,"end":8389.83},{"text":"to","start":8389.83,"end":8389.95},{"text":"confusion","start":8389.95,"end":8390.55},{"text":"and","start":8390.55,"end":8390.67},{"text":"debate.","start":8390.67,"end":8391.03}]},{"text":"We appreciate the Russian Federation's recognition that paragraph 2 is related to and included in paragraph 1.","start":8392.87,"end":8400.87,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8392.87,"end":8393.03},{"text":"appreciate","start":8393.03,"end":8393.75},{"text":"the","start":8394.79,"end":8394.91},{"text":"Russian","start":8394.91,"end":8395.19},{"text":"Federation's","start":8395.19,"end":8395.91},{"text":"recognition","start":8395.99,"end":8396.79},{"text":"that","start":8396.79,"end":8396.95},{"text":"paragraph","start":8396.95,"end":8397.39},{"text":"2","start":8397.39,"end":8397.83},{"text":"is","start":8397.83,"end":8397.99},{"text":"related","start":8397.99,"end":8398.47},{"text":"to","start":8398.47,"end":8398.75},{"text":"and","start":8398.75,"end":8398.87},{"text":"included","start":8398.87,"end":8399.43},{"text":"in","start":8399.83,"end":8400.15},{"text":"paragraph","start":8400.15,"end":8400.55},{"text":"1.","start":8400.55,"end":8400.87}]},{"text":"However, there may be value in an explicit paragraph that highlights that the modification of systems can trigger the obligation to conduct legal reviews or the practice to conduct legal reviews.","start":8403.11,"end":8417.39,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":8403.11,"end":8403.67},{"text":"there","start":8404.23,"end":8404.43},{"text":"may","start":8404.43,"end":8404.55},{"text":"be","start":8404.55,"end":8404.71},{"text":"value","start":8404.71,"end":8405.35},{"text":"in","start":8405.59,"end":8405.75},{"text":"an","start":8405.75,"end":8405.83},{"text":"explicit","start":8405.83,"end":8406.51},{"text":"paragraph","start":8406.51,"end":8407.19},{"text":"that","start":8407.51,"end":8407.71},{"text":"highlights","start":8407.71,"end":8408.47},{"text":"that","start":8408.79,"end":8408.95},{"text":"the","start":8408.95,"end":8409.03},{"text":"modification","start":8409.03,"end":8409.75},{"text":"of","start":8409.75,"end":8409.83},{"text":"systems","start":8409.83,"end":8410.39},{"text":"can","start":8410.87,"end":8410.99},{"text":"trigger","start":8410.99,"end":8411.39},{"text":"the","start":8411.39,"end":8411.51},{"text":"obligation","start":8411.51,"end":8412.19},{"text":"to","start":8412.27,"end":8412.43},{"text":"conduct","start":8412.43,"end":8412.83},{"text":"legal","start":8412.83,"end":8413.15},{"text":"reviews","start":8413.15,"end":8413.71},{"text":"or","start":8415.39,"end":8415.55},{"text":"the","start":8415.55,"end":8415.67},{"text":"practice","start":8415.67,"end":8416.27},{"text":"to","start":8416.35,"end":8416.43},{"text":"conduct","start":8416.43,"end":8416.75},{"text":"legal","start":8416.75,"end":8416.99},{"text":"reviews.","start":8416.99,"end":8417.39}]},{"text":"Therefore, our proposal is to revise paragraph 2 to read: Ensure that any further development of or modification to existing laws that would make it a new type of laws is also reviewed.","start":8419.07,"end":8439.63,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":8419.07,"end":8419.63},{"text":"our","start":8419.63,"end":8419.71},{"text":"proposal","start":8419.71,"end":8420.27},{"text":"is","start":8420.27,"end":8420.43},{"text":"to","start":8420.43,"end":8420.51},{"text":"revise","start":8420.51,"end":8421.15},{"text":"paragraph","start":8421.47,"end":8421.95},{"text":"2","start":8421.95,"end":8422.19},{"text":"to","start":8422.19,"end":8422.31},{"text":"read:","start":8422.31,"end":8422.75},{"text":"Ensure","start":8424.95,"end":8425.63},{"text":"that","start":8426.35,"end":8426.67},{"text":"any","start":8426.67,"end":8427.07},{"text":"further","start":8427.07,"end":8427.71},{"text":"development","start":8427.71,"end":8428.63},{"text":"of","start":8428.63,"end":8428.83},{"text":"or","start":8429.55,"end":8429.79},{"text":"modification","start":8429.79,"end":8430.67},{"text":"to","start":8430.67,"end":8431.07},{"text":"existing","start":8432.03,"end":8432.59},{"text":"laws","start":8432.59,"end":8433.15},{"text":"that","start":8434.11,"end":8434.35},{"text":"would","start":8434.35,"end":8434.59},{"text":"make","start":8434.59,"end":8434.99},{"text":"it","start":8434.99,"end":8435.51},{"text":"a","start":8435.51,"end":8435.55},{"text":"new","start":8435.63,"end":8436.27},{"text":"type","start":8436.59,"end":8436.95},{"text":"of","start":8436.95,"end":8437.07},{"text":"laws","start":8437.07,"end":8437.71},{"text":"is","start":8438.35,"end":8438.59},{"text":"also","start":8438.59,"end":8439.07},{"text":"reviewed.","start":8439.07,"end":8439.63}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph three, as we have consistently mentioned, we have a fundamental objection to the terminology, context appropriate, human judgment and control, and its placement here.","start":8442.55,"end":8454.31,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Human Judgment and Control","description":"A central topic was the need to preserve human judgment, oversight, and accountability in the use of autonomous weapons systems. Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":8442.55,"end":8442.99},{"text":"paragraph","start":8442.99,"end":8443.39},{"text":"three,","start":8443.39,"end":8443.75},{"text":"as","start":8444.95,"end":8445.11},{"text":"we","start":8445.11,"end":8445.19},{"text":"have","start":8445.19,"end":8445.31},{"text":"consistently","start":8445.31,"end":8445.87},{"text":"mentioned,","start":8445.87,"end":8446.39},{"text":"we","start":8446.95,"end":8447.07},{"text":"have","start":8447.07,"end":8447.23},{"text":"a","start":8447.23,"end":8447.27},{"text":"fundamental","start":8447.27,"end":8447.79},{"text":"objection","start":8447.79,"end":8448.31},{"text":"to","start":8448.31,"end":8448.43},{"text":"the","start":8448.43,"end":8448.55},{"text":"terminology,","start":8448.55,"end":8449.35},{"text":"context","start":8449.67,"end":8450.15},{"text":"appropriate,","start":8450.15,"end":8450.71},{"text":"human","start":8451.03,"end":8451.39},{"text":"judgment","start":8451.39,"end":8451.75},{"text":"and","start":8451.75,"end":8451.87},{"text":"control,","start":8451.87,"end":8452.23},{"text":"and","start":8453.43,"end":8453.59},{"text":"its","start":8453.59,"end":8453.75},{"text":"placement","start":8453.75,"end":8454.07},{"text":"here.","start":8454.07,"end":8454.31}]},{"text":"We propose deleting paragraph three.","start":8456.23,"end":8458.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8456.23,"end":8456.39},{"text":"propose","start":8456.39,"end":8457.03},{"text":"deleting","start":8457.75,"end":8458.31},{"text":"paragraph","start":8458.31,"end":8458.67},{"text":"three.","start":8458.67,"end":8458.95}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph four.","start":8461.67,"end":8462.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":8461.67,"end":8462.07},{"text":"paragraph","start":8462.07,"end":8462.51},{"text":"four.","start":8462.51,"end":8462.79}]},{"text":"As mentioned at the outset, we do not support creating abstract new standards of understandability.","start":8464.47,"end":8469.83,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability and Explainability","description":"Several delegations called for explicit references to systems being predictable, reliable, traceable, and explainable to those responsible for their use. These qualities were described as necessary for lawful operation, effective oversight, and meaningful human involvement."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8464.47,"end":8464.55},{"text":"mentioned","start":8464.55,"end":8464.87},{"text":"at","start":8464.87,"end":8464.95},{"text":"the","start":8464.95,"end":8465.07},{"text":"outset,","start":8465.07,"end":8465.51},{"text":"we","start":8465.75,"end":8465.91},{"text":"do","start":8465.91,"end":8466.03},{"text":"not","start":8466.03,"end":8466.23},{"text":"support","start":8466.23,"end":8466.59},{"text":"creating","start":8466.59,"end":8467.11},{"text":"abstract","start":8467.11,"end":8467.83},{"text":"new","start":8467.83,"end":8468.07},{"text":"standards","start":8468.07,"end":8468.59},{"text":"of","start":8468.59,"end":8468.79},{"text":"understandability.","start":8468.87,"end":8469.83}]},{"text":"We therefore propose deleting paragraph 4.","start":8471.19,"end":8473.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8471.19,"end":8471.35},{"text":"therefore","start":8471.35,"end":8471.75},{"text":"propose","start":8471.75,"end":8472.19},{"text":"deleting","start":8472.19,"end":8472.71},{"text":"paragraph","start":8473.19,"end":8473.55},{"text":"4.","start":8473.55,"end":8473.83}]},{"text":"Subparagraph is already covered in box 5, and we have made proposals on the CHAPO and subparagraph in the past to address our concerns by connecting these concepts to existing IHL rules that govern attacks, but those proposals have not been accepted.","start":8475.03,"end":8493.43,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."}],"words":[{"text":"Subparagraph","start":8475.03,"end":8475.83},{"text":"is","start":8475.83,"end":8476.23},{"text":"already","start":8476.23,"end":8476.55},{"text":"covered","start":8476.55,"end":8477.03},{"text":"in","start":8477.43,"end":8477.59},{"text":"box","start":8477.59,"end":8477.91},{"text":"5,","start":8477.91,"end":8478.31},{"text":"and","start":8479.67,"end":8479.79},{"text":"we","start":8479.79,"end":8479.87},{"text":"have","start":8479.87,"end":8479.99},{"text":"made","start":8479.99,"end":8480.15},{"text":"proposals","start":8480.15,"end":8480.63},{"text":"on","start":8480.63,"end":8480.71},{"text":"the","start":8480.71,"end":8480.79},{"text":"CHAPO","start":8480.79,"end":8481.55},{"text":"and","start":8481.55,"end":8481.67},{"text":"subparagraph","start":8481.67,"end":8482.23},{"text":"in","start":8482.23,"end":8482.51},{"text":"the","start":8482.51,"end":8482.63},{"text":"past","start":8482.63,"end":8483.11},{"text":"to","start":8483.67,"end":8483.79},{"text":"address","start":8483.79,"end":8484.07},{"text":"our","start":8484.07,"end":8484.23},{"text":"concerns","start":8484.23,"end":8484.79},{"text":"by","start":8484.87,"end":8485.03},{"text":"connecting","start":8485.03,"end":8485.59},{"text":"these","start":8485.59,"end":8486.07},{"text":"concepts","start":8486.31,"end":8486.95},{"text":"to","start":8486.95,"end":8487.15},{"text":"existing","start":8487.15,"end":8487.75},{"text":"IHL","start":8487.83,"end":8488.23},{"text":"rules","start":8488.23,"end":8488.63},{"text":"that","start":8488.71,"end":8488.87},{"text":"govern","start":8488.87,"end":8489.11},{"text":"attacks,","start":8489.11,"end":8489.67},{"text":"but","start":8491.67,"end":8491.83},{"text":"those","start":8491.83,"end":8492.03},{"text":"proposals","start":8492.03,"end":8492.55},{"text":"have","start":8492.55,"end":8492.71},{"text":"not","start":8492.71,"end":8492.87},{"text":"been","start":8492.87,"end":8492.99},{"text":"accepted.","start":8492.99,"end":8493.43}]},{"text":"We are open to further discussion with other delegations to address our concerns and to try to find consensus.","start":8494.43,"end":8500.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8494.43,"end":8494.63},{"text":"are","start":8494.63,"end":8494.75},{"text":"open","start":8494.75,"end":8495.07},{"text":"to","start":8495.07,"end":8495.47},{"text":"further","start":8495.47,"end":8495.87},{"text":"discussion","start":8495.87,"end":8496.43},{"text":"with","start":8496.43,"end":8496.67},{"text":"other","start":8496.67,"end":8496.87},{"text":"delegations","start":8496.87,"end":8497.47},{"text":"to","start":8497.47,"end":8497.59},{"text":"address","start":8497.59,"end":8497.91},{"text":"our","start":8497.91,"end":8497.99},{"text":"concerns","start":8497.99,"end":8498.59},{"text":"and","start":8499.11,"end":8499.27},{"text":"to","start":8499.27,"end":8499.35},{"text":"try","start":8499.35,"end":8499.51},{"text":"to","start":8499.51,"end":8499.59},{"text":"find","start":8499.59,"end":8499.83},{"text":"consensus.","start":8499.83,"end":8500.43}]},{"text":"We are also open to working on language on testing and evaluation in the context of the legal review of weapons.","start":8502.19,"end":8508.43,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."},{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8502.19,"end":8502.39},{"text":"are","start":8502.39,"end":8502.47},{"text":"also","start":8502.47,"end":8502.87},{"text":"open","start":8502.87,"end":8503.07},{"text":"to","start":8503.07,"end":8503.15},{"text":"working","start":8503.15,"end":8503.67},{"text":"on","start":8503.67,"end":8503.79},{"text":"language","start":8503.79,"end":8504.35},{"text":"on","start":8504.35,"end":8504.51},{"text":"testing","start":8504.51,"end":8504.87},{"text":"and","start":8504.87,"end":8504.99},{"text":"evaluation","start":8504.99,"end":8505.71},{"text":"in","start":8506.11,"end":8506.27},{"text":"the","start":8506.27,"end":8506.43},{"text":"context","start":8506.43,"end":8507.03},{"text":"of","start":8507.03,"end":8507.11},{"text":"the","start":8507.11,"end":8507.19},{"text":"legal","start":8507.19,"end":8507.47},{"text":"review","start":8507.47,"end":8507.79},{"text":"of","start":8507.79,"end":8507.87},{"text":"weapons.","start":8507.87,"end":8508.43}]},{"text":"It is a good practice for the results of testing and evaluation to inform legal reviews.","start":8510.19,"end":8517.47,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."},{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":8510.19,"end":8510.27},{"text":"is","start":8510.27,"end":8510.43},{"text":"a","start":8510.43,"end":8510.47},{"text":"good","start":8510.47,"end":8510.67},{"text":"practice","start":8510.67,"end":8511.47},{"text":"for","start":8512.35,"end":8512.51},{"text":"the","start":8512.51,"end":8512.67},{"text":"results","start":8512.67,"end":8513.11},{"text":"of","start":8513.11,"end":8513.23},{"text":"testing","start":8513.23,"end":8513.59},{"text":"and","start":8513.59,"end":8513.75},{"text":"evaluation","start":8513.75,"end":8514.51},{"text":"to","start":8515.39,"end":8515.51},{"text":"inform","start":8515.51,"end":8516.11},{"text":"legal","start":8516.67,"end":8516.99},{"text":"reviews.","start":8516.99,"end":8517.47}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 5.","start":8520.11,"end":8521.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":8520.11,"end":8520.67},{"text":"paragraph","start":8520.83,"end":8521.27},{"text":"5.","start":8521.27,"end":8521.63}]},{"text":"We believe it needs to be related to the implementation of specific IHL rules.","start":8523.47,"end":8527.39,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8523.47,"end":8523.55},{"text":"believe","start":8523.55,"end":8523.95},{"text":"it","start":8523.95,"end":8524.03},{"text":"needs","start":8524.03,"end":8524.27},{"text":"to","start":8524.27,"end":8524.35},{"text":"be","start":8524.35,"end":8524.51},{"text":"related","start":8524.51,"end":8524.91},{"text":"to","start":8524.91,"end":8525.03},{"text":"the","start":8525.03,"end":8525.11},{"text":"implementation","start":8525.11,"end":8525.87},{"text":"of","start":8525.87,"end":8525.95},{"text":"specific","start":8525.95,"end":8526.51},{"text":"IHL","start":8526.51,"end":8526.91},{"text":"rules.","start":8526.91,"end":8527.39}]},{"text":"As a result, we would add the phrase at the end connecting the risk of bias that may increase the likelihood of the loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, and damage to civilian objects.","start":8528.67,"end":8543.95,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."},{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8528.67,"end":8528.83},{"text":"a","start":8528.83,"end":8528.87},{"text":"result,","start":8528.87,"end":8529.31},{"text":"we","start":8529.63,"end":8529.79},{"text":"would","start":8529.79,"end":8529.95},{"text":"add","start":8529.95,"end":8530.07},{"text":"the","start":8530.07,"end":8530.19},{"text":"phrase","start":8530.19,"end":8530.67},{"text":"at","start":8530.67,"end":8530.79},{"text":"the","start":8530.79,"end":8530.91},{"text":"end","start":8530.91,"end":8531.31},{"text":"connecting","start":8531.31,"end":8531.79},{"text":"the","start":8531.79,"end":8531.91},{"text":"risk","start":8531.91,"end":8532.35},{"text":"of","start":8533.11,"end":8533.19},{"text":"bias","start":8533.19,"end":8533.79},{"text":"that","start":8534.35,"end":8534.83},{"text":"may","start":8535.47,"end":8535.71},{"text":"increase","start":8535.71,"end":8536.43},{"text":"the","start":8536.83,"end":8536.99},{"text":"likelihood","start":8536.99,"end":8537.79},{"text":"of","start":8538.23,"end":8538.31},{"text":"the","start":8538.31,"end":8538.43},{"text":"loss","start":8538.43,"end":8538.83},{"text":"of","start":8538.87,"end":8538.99},{"text":"civilian","start":8539.15,"end":8539.63},{"text":"life,","start":8539.63,"end":8540.03},{"text":"injury","start":8540.51,"end":8540.91},{"text":"to","start":8540.91,"end":8541.03},{"text":"civilians,","start":8541.03,"end":8541.63},{"text":"and","start":8542.27,"end":8542.47},{"text":"damage","start":8542.47,"end":8542.91},{"text":"to","start":8542.91,"end":8543.11},{"text":"civilian","start":8543.11,"end":8543.47},{"text":"objects.","start":8543.47,"end":8543.95}]},{"text":"We appreciate the Chair's explanation just now for why the reference to AI was deleted.","start":8546.67,"end":8554.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8546.67,"end":8546.87},{"text":"appreciate","start":8546.87,"end":8547.47},{"text":"the","start":8548.03,"end":8548.15},{"text":"Chair's","start":8548.15,"end":8548.55},{"text":"explanation","start":8548.55,"end":8549.31},{"text":"just","start":8549.39,"end":8549.71},{"text":"now","start":8549.71,"end":8550.03},{"text":"for","start":8551.07,"end":8551.31},{"text":"why","start":8551.31,"end":8551.47},{"text":"the","start":8551.47,"end":8551.59},{"text":"reference","start":8551.59,"end":8552.11},{"text":"to","start":8552.11,"end":8552.51},{"text":"AI","start":8553.03,"end":8553.51},{"text":"was","start":8553.67,"end":8553.91},{"text":"deleted.","start":8553.91,"end":8554.47}]},{"text":"That was one of our questions, so we appreciate the Chair clarifying this just now.","start":8555.19,"end":8560.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":8555.19,"end":8555.43},{"text":"was","start":8555.43,"end":8555.59},{"text":"one","start":8555.59,"end":8555.75},{"text":"of","start":8555.75,"end":8555.83},{"text":"our","start":8555.83,"end":8555.99},{"text":"questions,","start":8555.99,"end":8556.63},{"text":"so","start":8556.79,"end":8557.11},{"text":"we","start":8557.11,"end":8557.35},{"text":"appreciate","start":8557.35,"end":8557.79},{"text":"the","start":8557.79,"end":8557.87},{"text":"Chair","start":8557.87,"end":8558.11},{"text":"clarifying","start":8558.11,"end":8558.67},{"text":"this","start":8558.67,"end":8559.03},{"text":"just","start":8559.59,"end":8559.87},{"text":"now.","start":8559.87,"end":8560.07}]},{"text":"We had originally understood this paragraph to address bias in AI capabilities.","start":8561.91,"end":8567.99,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8561.91,"end":8562.11},{"text":"had","start":8562.11,"end":8562.23},{"text":"originally","start":8562.23,"end":8562.75},{"text":"understood","start":8562.75,"end":8563.15},{"text":"this","start":8563.15,"end":8563.35},{"text":"paragraph","start":8563.35,"end":8563.99},{"text":"to","start":8564.55,"end":8564.75},{"text":"address","start":8564.75,"end":8565.35},{"text":"bias","start":8565.59,"end":8566.23},{"text":"in","start":8566.31,"end":8566.71},{"text":"AI","start":8566.71,"end":8566.95},{"text":"capabilities.","start":8567.03,"end":8567.99}]},{"text":"So removing the reference to AI for us creates uncertainty.","start":8568.63,"end":8572.39,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":8568.63,"end":8568.83},{"text":"removing","start":8568.83,"end":8569.43},{"text":"the","start":8569.59,"end":8569.79},{"text":"reference","start":8569.79,"end":8570.15},{"text":"to","start":8570.15,"end":8570.43},{"text":"AI","start":8570.47,"end":8570.79},{"text":"for","start":8571.11,"end":8571.35},{"text":"us","start":8571.35,"end":8571.43},{"text":"creates","start":8571.43,"end":8571.75},{"text":"uncertainty.","start":8571.75,"end":8572.39}]},{"text":"Without the reference to AI capabilities, the formulation seems to us to relate to bias in persons rather than bias in machines.","start":8574.07,"end":8583.51,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."}],"words":[{"text":"Without","start":8574.07,"end":8574.71},{"text":"the","start":8574.71,"end":8574.95},{"text":"reference","start":8574.95,"end":8575.35},{"text":"to","start":8575.35,"end":8575.55},{"text":"AI","start":8575.55,"end":8575.83},{"text":"capabilities,","start":8575.83,"end":8576.87},{"text":"the","start":8576.95,"end":8577.07},{"text":"formulation","start":8577.07,"end":8577.83},{"text":"seems","start":8578.55,"end":8578.95},{"text":"to","start":8578.95,"end":8579.11},{"text":"us","start":8579.11,"end":8579.35},{"text":"to","start":8579.35,"end":8579.47},{"text":"relate","start":8579.47,"end":8579.87},{"text":"to","start":8579.87,"end":8579.95},{"text":"bias","start":8579.95,"end":8580.31},{"text":"in","start":8580.31,"end":8580.47},{"text":"persons","start":8580.47,"end":8581.19},{"text":"rather","start":8582.23,"end":8582.43},{"text":"than","start":8582.43,"end":8582.55},{"text":"bias","start":8582.55,"end":8582.83},{"text":"in","start":8582.83,"end":8582.91},{"text":"machines.","start":8582.91,"end":8583.51}]},{"text":"We find bias in persons to be better addressed in box five.","start":8585.35,"end":8589.67,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8585.35,"end":8585.59},{"text":"find","start":8585.59,"end":8586.03},{"text":"bias","start":8586.03,"end":8586.39},{"text":"in","start":8586.39,"end":8586.55},{"text":"persons","start":8586.55,"end":8586.99},{"text":"to","start":8586.99,"end":8587.07},{"text":"be","start":8587.07,"end":8587.19},{"text":"better","start":8587.19,"end":8587.51},{"text":"addressed","start":8587.51,"end":8587.99},{"text":"in","start":8588.55,"end":8588.79},{"text":"box","start":8588.79,"end":8589.19},{"text":"five.","start":8589.19,"end":8589.67}]},{"text":"Here I would also provide an initial reaction to the proposal by the Russian Federation to add automation bias to this paragraph.","start":8591.75,"end":8599.75,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. 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we appreciate the good discussion and the clarification by the Chair just now about why AI was deleted, and we are open to working with other delegations on this 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think our recommendation is to focus this paragraph on addressing bias in machines while addressing automation bias in box 5.","start":8657.79,"end":8665.79,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. 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on my list is the ICSC, to be followed by Spain, Portugal, Austria and Israel.","start":8692.83,"end":8699.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":8692.83,"end":8693.31},{"text":"on","start":8693.31,"end":8693.43},{"text":"my","start":8693.43,"end":8693.63},{"text":"list","start":8693.63,"end":8693.87},{"text":"is","start":8693.87,"end":8693.95},{"text":"the","start":8693.95,"end":8694.07},{"text":"ICSC,","start":8694.11,"end":8695.07},{"text":"to","start":8695.71,"end":8695.83},{"text":"be","start":8695.83,"end":8696.03},{"text":"followed","start":8696.03,"end":8696.75},{"text":"by","start":8696.75,"end":8697.31},{"text":"Spain,","start":8697.47,"end":8697.87},{"text":"Portugal,","start":8697.87,"end":8698.51},{"text":"Austria","start":8698.51,"end":8699.07},{"text":"and","start":8699.11,"end":8699.27},{"text":"Israel.","start":8699.27,"end":8699.59}]},{"text":"Let's see whether we can make that before the lunch 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have been a number of suggestions made which would meet the concerns, so we're happy to leave it in your 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we did want to comment on here is on paragraph six on automation bias.","start":8742.43,"end":8747.67,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. 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perhaps it's worthwhile keeping those separate.","start":8833.75,"end":8836.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":8833.75,"end":8833.99},{"text":"perhaps","start":8833.99,"end":8834.31},{"text":"it's","start":8834.31,"end":8834.79},{"text":"worthwhile","start":8834.79,"end":8835.19},{"text":"keeping","start":8835.19,"end":8835.47},{"text":"those","start":8835.47,"end":8835.63},{"text":"separate.","start":8835.63,"end":8836.07}]},{"text":"But again, this is something we're open to others' 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Chair.","start":8860.87,"end":8862.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8860.87,"end":8861.11},{"text":"you","start":8861.11,"end":8861.19},{"text":"very","start":8861.19,"end":8861.43},{"text":"much,","start":8861.43,"end":8861.87},{"text":"Chair.","start":8861.87,"end":8862.23}]},{"text":"My first words must be words of thanks to you and your team for the work and everything you've done so 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proposals that you've made in this box 4 are acceptable for our delegation.","start":8873.35,"end":8879.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8873.35,"end":8873.51},{"text":"proposals","start":8873.51,"end":8874.15},{"text":"that","start":8874.15,"end":8874.31},{"text":"you've","start":8874.31,"end":8874.59},{"text":"made","start":8874.59,"end":8874.87},{"text":"in","start":8874.87,"end":8875.03},{"text":"this","start":8875.03,"end":8875.43},{"text":"box","start":8875.59,"end":8876.07},{"text":"4","start":8876.07,"end":8876.47},{"text":"are","start":8876.47,"end":8876.75},{"text":"acceptable","start":8876.75,"end":8877.51},{"text":"for","start":8877.51,"end":8877.83},{"text":"our","start":8877.83,"end":8877.99},{"text":"delegation.","start":8877.99,"end":8879.03}]},{"text":"However, we would nonetheless like to make some comments and support proposals made by other delegations.","start":8879.19,"end":8886.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":8879.19,"end":8879.75},{"text":"we","start":8879.75,"end":8879.91},{"text":"would","start":8879.91,"end":8880.15},{"text":"nonetheless","start":8880.15,"end":8880.87},{"text":"like","start":8880.87,"end":8881.15},{"text":"to","start":8881.15,"end":8881.35},{"text":"make","start":8881.35,"end":8881.91},{"text":"some","start":8881.99,"end":8882.39},{"text":"comments","start":8882.39,"end":8883.03},{"text":"and","start":8883.03,"end":8883.51},{"text":"support","start":8883.59,"end":8884.07},{"text":"proposals","start":8884.07,"end":8884.71},{"text":"made","start":8884.71,"end":8884.95},{"text":"by","start":8884.95,"end":8885.27},{"text":"other","start":8885.27,"end":8885.51},{"text":"delegations.","start":8885.51,"end":8886.47}]},{"text":"which we understand could help to bring positions closer and improve the 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These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8985.07,"end":8985.31},{"text":"subparagraph","start":8985.31,"end":8986.11},{"text":"a,","start":8986.11,"end":8986.15},{"text":"relating","start":8986.15,"end":8987.55},{"text":"to","start":8987.55,"end":8987.95},{"text":"realistic,","start":8988.11,"end":8989.47},{"text":"we","start":8990.51,"end":8990.83},{"text":"believe","start":8990.83,"end":8991.23},{"text":"the","start":8991.23,"end":8991.35},{"text":"proposal","start":8991.35,"end":8991.95},{"text":"made","start":8991.95,"end":8992.19},{"text":"by","start":8992.19,"end":8992.51},{"text":"Italy","start":8992.51,"end":8993.39},{"text":"is","start":8993.39,"end":8993.79},{"text":"sensible.","start":8993.79,"end":8994.67}]},{"text":"And in subparagraph b, we believe there should be a mention of the change of command and control as an addition, as others have also said.","start":8995.55,"end":9006.43,"topics":[{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. 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you, Chair.","start":9060.51,"end":9061.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":9060.51,"end":9060.83},{"text":"you,","start":9060.83,"end":9060.91},{"text":"Chair.","start":9060.91,"end":9061.31}]}]}],"speaker":{"affiliation":"ESP","group":null,"function":null,"affiliation_full":"Spain"}},{"statement_number":55,"start":9065.95,"pageUrl":"/fr/asset/k1x/k1xo2svfg9?lang=en&t=2:31:06","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Spain for commenting on the text, reflecting on proposals made by other 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the concept is used across different areas of international law in a somewhat ambiguous meaning.","start":9149.67,"end":9160.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":9149.67,"end":9151.83},{"text":"the","start":9151.83,"end":9151.95},{"text":"concept","start":9151.95,"end":9152.47},{"text":"is","start":9152.47,"end":9152.63},{"text":"used","start":9152.63,"end":9153.19},{"text":"across","start":9153.27,"end":9154.23},{"text":"different","start":9154.23,"end":9154.55},{"text":"areas","start":9154.55,"end":9154.95},{"text":"of","start":9154.95,"end":9155.03},{"text":"international","start":9155.03,"end":9155.95},{"text":"law","start":9155.95,"end":9156.03},{"text":"in","start":9157.35,"end":9157.51},{"text":"a","start":9157.51,"end":9157.55},{"text":"somewhat","start":9157.55,"end":9158.15},{"text":"ambiguous","start":9158.15,"end":9159.11},{"text":"meaning.","start":9159.51,"end":9160.47}]},{"text":"And in what concerns IHL, its introduction could really give rise to, in our 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A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":9161.27,"end":9161.75},{"text":"in","start":9162.79,"end":9162.91},{"text":"what","start":9162.91,"end":9163.11},{"text":"concerns","start":9163.11,"end":9163.67},{"text":"IHL,","start":9163.67,"end":9164.55},{"text":"its","start":9165.23,"end":9165.35},{"text":"introduction","start":9165.35,"end":9165.91},{"text":"could","start":9165.91,"end":9166.15},{"text":"really","start":9166.15,"end":9166.63},{"text":"give","start":9167.11,"end":9167.35},{"text":"rise","start":9167.35,"end":9167.75},{"text":"to,","start":9167.75,"end":9168.15},{"text":"in","start":9168.63,"end":9168.87},{"text":"our","start":9168.87,"end":9169.07},{"text":"opinion,","start":9169.07,"end":9169.51},{"text":"to","start":9169.51,"end":9169.75},{"text":"a","start":9169.75,"end":9169.83},{"text":"loophole.","start":9169.83,"end":9170.55}]},{"text":"So we see different possibilities here, but perhaps the most clean would be just to delete \"significant.\"","start":9171.59,"end":9181.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":9171.59,"end":9172.07},{"text":"we","start":9172.87,"end":9173.27},{"text":"see","start":9173.27,"end":9173.83},{"text":"different","start":9173.99,"end":9174.63},{"text":"possibilities","start":9174.95,"end":9175.75},{"text":"here,","start":9175.75,"end":9176.15},{"text":"but","start":9176.15,"end":9176.39},{"text":"perhaps","start":9176.71,"end":9177.51},{"text":"the","start":9178.07,"end":9178.11},{"text":"most","start":9178.11,"end":9178.67},{"text":"clean","start":9178.67,"end":9179.47},{"text":"would","start":9179.47,"end":9179.71},{"text":"be","start":9179.71,"end":9179.87},{"text":"just","start":9179.87,"end":9180.23},{"text":"to","start":9180.23,"end":9180.31},{"text":"delete","start":9180.31,"end":9180.83},{"text":"\"significant.\"","start":9180.83,"end":9181.95}]},{"text":"So, of course, Article 36 of Protocol I only refers to new weapons, but as it was the option here, we also agree that we cannot stay, just keep within a binary concept, whether it's new or it's not.","start":9182.35,"end":9206.51,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. 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Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the 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perhaps here, just deleting significant would be perhaps the easiest and cleanest solution.","start":9256.07,"end":9263.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":9256.07,"end":9256.39},{"text":"perhaps","start":9256.39,"end":9256.79},{"text":"here,","start":9256.79,"end":9257.19},{"text":"just","start":9258.23,"end":9258.55},{"text":"deleting","start":9258.67,"end":9259.19},{"text":"significant","start":9259.19,"end":9259.91},{"text":"would","start":9259.91,"end":9260.07},{"text":"be","start":9260.07,"end":9260.31},{"text":"perhaps","start":9260.31,"end":9260.71},{"text":"the","start":9260.71,"end":9260.83},{"text":"easiest","start":9260.87,"end":9261.55},{"text":"and","start":9261.95,"end":9262.31},{"text":"cleanest","start":9262.55,"end":9263.11},{"text":"solution.","start":9263.11,"end":9263.83}]},{"text":"We would also in this paragraph suggest to delete or engagement, so to, sorry, to change and engagement for or engagement because the impact can be, does not need to be on the three notions here, but just it surprises if it is just on one of them.","start":9264.67,"end":9290.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":9264.67,"end":9264.91},{"text":"would","start":9264.99,"end":9265.31},{"text":"also","start":9265.31,"end":9265.87},{"text":"in","start":9265.87,"end":9266.03},{"text":"this","start":9266.03,"end":9266.35},{"text":"paragraph","start":9266.35,"end":9267.31},{"text":"suggest","start":9268.11,"end":9269.03},{"text":"to","start":9269.03,"end":9269.11},{"text":"delete","start":9269.11,"end":9269.87},{"text":"or","start":9271.71,"end":9272.11},{"text":"engagement,","start":9272.11,"end":9272.87},{"text":"so","start":9272.87,"end":9273.15},{"text":"to,","start":9273.31,"end":9273.95},{"text":"sorry,","start":9274.19,"end":9274.59},{"text":"to","start":9274.59,"end":9274.75},{"text":"change","start":9274.75,"end":9275.47},{"text":"and","start":9276.43,"end":9276.79},{"text":"engagement","start":9276.79,"end":9277.47},{"text":"for","start":9277.47,"end":9277.87},{"text":"or","start":9278.11,"end":9278.51},{"text":"engagement","start":9278.55,"end":9279.31},{"text":"because","start":9279.31,"end":9280.11},{"text":"the","start":9280.83,"end":9281.03},{"text":"impact","start":9281.03,"end":9281.59},{"text":"can","start":9281.59,"end":9281.79},{"text":"be,","start":9281.79,"end":9282.19},{"text":"does","start":9282.67,"end":9283.07},{"text":"not","start":9283.07,"end":9283.31},{"text":"need","start":9283.31,"end":9283.43},{"text":"to","start":9283.43,"end":9283.55},{"text":"be","start":9283.55,"end":9283.71},{"text":"on","start":9283.71,"end":9283.95},{"text":"the","start":9283.99,"end":9284.07},{"text":"three","start":9284.07,"end":9284.75},{"text":"notions","start":9285.87,"end":9286.43},{"text":"here,","start":9286.43,"end":9286.83},{"text":"but","start":9287.31,"end":9287.55},{"text":"just","start":9287.55,"end":9287.87},{"text":"it","start":9287.91,"end":9288.03},{"text":"surprises","start":9288.03,"end":9288.91},{"text":"if","start":9288.91,"end":9289.07},{"text":"it","start":9289.07,"end":9289.23},{"text":"is","start":9289.23,"end":9289.47},{"text":"just","start":9289.47,"end":9289.95},{"text":"on","start":9289.95,"end":9290.27},{"text":"one","start":9290.27,"end":9290.63},{"text":"of","start":9290.63,"end":9290.75},{"text":"them.","start":9290.75,"end":9290.99}]},{"text":"So, the suggestion is to change \"and engagement\" for \"or engagement\".","start":9292.11,"end":9298.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So,","start":9292.11,"end":9292.59},{"text":"the","start":9292.83,"end":9292.99},{"text":"suggestion","start":9292.99,"end":9293.63},{"text":"is","start":9293.63,"end":9293.87},{"text":"to","start":9293.87,"end":9294.19},{"text":"change","start":9294.19,"end":9294.99},{"text":"\"and","start":9295.79,"end":9296.11},{"text":"engagement\"","start":9296.11,"end":9296.75},{"text":"for","start":9296.75,"end":9297.15},{"text":"\"or","start":9297.23,"end":9297.71},{"text":"engagement\".","start":9298.19,"end":9298.91}]},{"text":"Finally, on paragraph 5, and regarding the expression \"unintended bias\", we are not sure about this word \"unintended\" because unintended bias could also violate IH obligations of international humanitarian law.","start":9299.39,"end":9320.91,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. 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will come to three later in the text.","start":9459.11,"end":9461.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":9459.11,"end":9459.27},{"text":"will","start":9459.35,"end":9459.51},{"text":"come","start":9459.51,"end":9459.67},{"text":"to","start":9459.67,"end":9459.83},{"text":"three","start":9459.83,"end":9460.07},{"text":"later","start":9460.07,"end":9460.47},{"text":"in","start":9460.47,"end":9460.63},{"text":"the","start":9460.63,"end":9460.71},{"text":"text.","start":9460.71,"end":9461.23}]},{"text":"And just to start at the beginning, on para one, I think this is highly important that we have Article 36 properly reflected here.","start":9461.23,"end":9474.15,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. 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event will provide opportunity for states to reflect on what ground the GGE on laws has covered etc etc and possible further action um let me also repeat that now I already thought it it's so it's in room 11 building a you will find detailed information on the web page of the 2026 session of the GGE on laws I wish you a good lunch break and see you back at 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Speakers debated how to express this in the text, including whether \"context-appropriate\" human control is a legal requirement, an operational measure, or a broader policy standard."},{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Weapons","description":"Many interventions focused on weapons reviews, especially under Article 36 of Additional Protocol I, and on how such reviews should apply to new or modified autonomous weapons systems. Delegations also debated the legal status of these review obligations and how strongly they should be formulated in the text."},{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Automation Bias","description":"Delegations discussed the need to prevent and mitigate harmful bias in autonomous weapons, including bias in data sets, AI models, and human interaction with systems. There was also specific attention to automation bias and other cognitive biases that can distort human decision-making."},{"key":"ihl-application","label":"Application of International Humanitarian Law","description":"Delegations discussed how existing international humanitarian law applies to autonomous weapons systems, including principles such as distinction, precaution, and lawful targeting. A major point of debate was whether existing law is sufficient on its own or whether additional rules are needed to address new technological challenges."},{"key":"engagement-limits","label":"Limits on Autonomous Engagements","description":"Delegations debated operational limits on autonomy, including restrictions on the scale of operations, target types, duration, geographic scope, mission parameters, and the number of engagements a system can undertake autonomously. These limits were discussed as safeguards to preserve human control and reduce unintended effects."},{"key":"ethics-and-dignity","label":"Ethical Considerations and Human Dignity","description":"Beyond legal rules, several speakers argued that ethical considerations and human dignity must remain part of the framework on autonomous weapons. This included concern about delegating life-and-death decisions to machines and the broader humanitarian implications of doing so."},{"key":"prohibited-systems","label":"Prohibited Autonomous Weapon Systems","description":"A recurring topic was which autonomous weapons systems should be prohibited, especially systems that cannot be used in compliance with IHL. Some delegations also supported explicit prohibition of anti-personnel autonomous weapon systems because of risks to distinction, accountability, and human dignity."},{"key":"testing-and-training","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Training","description":"Speakers emphasized practical safeguards such as rigorous testing, evaluation in realistic conditions, guidance, and training for those in the chain of command and control. These measures were presented as important for understanding system capabilities and limitations before and during use."},{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability and Explainability","description":"Several delegations called for explicit references to systems being predictable, reliable, traceable, and explainable to those responsible for their use. These qualities were described as necessary for lawful operation, effective oversight, and meaningful human involvement."},{"key":"proliferation-diversion","label":"Proliferation, Transfer, and Diversion","description":"The meeting also addressed how to prevent the spread of autonomous weapons systems through transfer, stockpiling, retention, or diversion to unauthorized users. Delegations raised concerns about proliferation to illicit markets, terrorist groups, and other actors outside responsible state control."}]}}