Troisième Commission, 17e séance plénière - Assemblée générale, 80e session
Assemblée générale
Date: 16 October 2025
Language: English
Transcript: https://transcripts.un.org/fr/ga/c3/80/17?lang=en
Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.

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3rd Committee · Chair [0:01]:

The 17th meeting of the Third Committee at the 80th session of the General Assembly is called to order. I now invite the Committee to continue its consideration on agenda item 71, entitled Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, and its sub-items A to D. I now welcome the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Ms. Mary Lawlor. Participants wishing to make comments and pose questions to the speaker are invited at this time to press their microphones button within the next three minutes, after which the list will be closed. The time limit for each speaker will be announced before the floor is given to the first speaker. I thank you for your cooperation. I now invite the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders to make an introductory statement. Ms. Lawlor, you have the floor. Thank you.


UN · Special Rapporteur [1:06]:

Sorry. Excellencies, friends, we are all faced with an existential crisis in the form of climate change, which is putting the realization of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights far out of reach. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. This is what all of us in this room should aspire to, and to which each of your states has committed. The crisis has been beyond doubt and clear for all to see for some time, but it has now been laid out crystal clear again in the advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Without rapid and far-reaching action by States now, global warming will continue to increase, and with it, the devastating effects on human rights will multiply. In every country of the world, there are individuals, groups, communities and movements urging States to take this action, and who are willing to work with you to ensure that our own and future generations can enjoy the promise of human rights for all. They have been working quietly and loudly, obtrusively and unobtrusively, effectively and maybe not so effectively. But as long as they are doing these actions that are nonviolent and carried out in good faith, they are human rights defenders. As their calls have fallen on deaf ears and the climate crisis has spiralled, They have been finding new ways to raise their voices, proposing their own solutions and putting them into practice. In doing so, they are exercising the right to defend rights, recognized in Article 1 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, agreed by consensus here 27 years ago. You should see them as allies in upholding your obligations under international law. There are some wonderful examples of where that is happening and how societies are benefiting from it. In 2020, in the aftermath of the devastating fires in the Brazilian Amazon, the Landless Peasants Movement launched the national plan to plant trees. By December 2023, despite the Covid pandemic, it had managed to plant 25 million trees across the country. And they did so at least partially with the support of the state, counting on funds from a state bank and helicopters piloted by the federal police, meaning they could airdrop native seeds and plant them en masse. In Sierra Leone in 2020, after more than a decade of advocacy by human rights defenders, the government enacted legislation through a participatory and inclusive process to strengthen communal land rights in the country, including the right to free, prior and informed consent for communities confronted with mining and agro-industrial monocultures. I highlight these and some other positive examples in my report because they do exist and must be built on. This is the kind of action, collaboration and good practice that we need. Yet the greater trend, incomprehensibly, is towards obstruction, repression and attacks against human rights defenders working on climate action. And for what? To safeguard private interests and protect the unjust, unsustainable economic status quo. People defending human rights in the face of climate change and advocating for a truly just transition are being criminalized. They are targeted through disgraceful slaps by companies with a stake in continuing fossil fuel extraction or hoping to benefit from the transfer of the neo-colonial extractive template onto energy transition. They are being subjected to physical attacks, to threats, surveillance and police violence during peaceful protest. It's happening all over the world. In my report, I identify how these attacks are spreading as the climate situation becomes ever more urgent. It is creating a vicious cycle, leaving the climate crisis unaddressed, human rights at risk and human rights defenders deterred from speaking out and taking action. And I've documented the examples that show this over the of my mandate. The cases are there in the report. Some people can exercise the right to defend rights in the face of climate change without fear, but many cannot. And despite everyone in this room surely wanting the same thing, to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, it is states represented here that are stopping human rights defenders from peacefully pursuing that goal. Why is it happening? Whose interests is it serving? The direction of climate change is untenable. And so is the current direction of the energy transition. Both can only be tolerated in their current form if we are willing to sacrifice the human rights of many of the globe's most vulnerable people and the rights of future generations. This is what human rights defenders are saying. It is what they are asking you to hear. Are you willing to listen to them? This is the last time I will be speaking to you in this room. Someone else will be here next year. So I urge you, one last time, to send the message back to your capitals that change needs to happen now. Human rights and the people defending them need to be put at the centre of your policies and politics. both at home and abroad. Human rights are held by everyone without discrimination, and they have to be insisted on. As we survey the wanton wreckage of Sudan, Myanmar, Gaza, eastern Congo, Ukraine and Afghanistan, we can see all too clearly what happens when states discard them: savagery and the fruitless search for food and water. Finally, human rights are at the heart of the world we must all dare to imagine and work to make a reality. But the right to defend rights risks becoming a ghost that haunts us, a reminder of the world we could have had if we had worked together in solidarity. Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [7:49]:

I thank the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders. I will now open the floor for questions or comments to Ms. Lawlor. As per practice, I ask delegations to limit their comments to 1.5 minutes. I thank you for your kind cooperation. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Spain, to be followed by representative of Uruguay and Ukraine. Spain, you can have the floor.


Spain [8:20]:

Madam Chair. Spain aligns itself with the statement by the EU and thanks the rapporteur for her thorough and interesting report and especially her detailed analysis of the specific challenges and risks faced by environmental defenders and activists. We are concerned by the many strategies deployed by state and non-state actors to obstruct, repress and sanction peaceful climate activism. We agree that a peaceful transition is only possible with the effective participation of indigenous people and respect for their rights, including the right to free, prior and informed consultation. Does the rapporteur believe that legal actions initiated by environmental defenders and their organizations against States and companies, as mentioned in her report, can be generalized and thus constitute an effective way to fight climate change? Could the rapporteur Please explain what comprehensive protection measures and mechanisms States should adopt to prevent, combat and punish attacks perpetrated against indigenous defenders of territory and the environment, defenders who suffer the highest level of violence by State and by non-State actors. Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [9:41]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Spain. I now leave the floor to the distinguished representative of Uruguay.


Uruguay [10:00]:

Sorry, Chair, we requested to be included a bit later today. I apologize.


3rd Committee · Chair [10:08]:

No problem. I will then leave the floor to the distinguished representative of Ukraine.


Ukraine [10:15]:

Chair, Ukraine thanks for the presented report and expresses appreciation to the Special Reporter for her unwavering work in defending those who defend others. We also acknowledge the truth reflected in the Secretary-General's recent report titled "Situation of human rights in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine, including the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol". These findings remind us of the extraordinary bravery of those who continue their advocacy under Russian temporary occupation and constant threat to their own and their families' lives. There is no word strong enough to describe the courage of human rights defenders who act where rights are not only violated, but where defending them can cost one's life. One of the most harrowing examples is Victoria Rozhchytshyna, a 27-year-old Ukrainian journalist and human rights defender. She was captured by Russia in the summer of 2023 near the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Station. It was already her fourth reporting trip into occupied territory to expose Russia's information complete blackout. After a whole year in detention, Victoria died in Russian custody with clear signs of torture. Victoria died in the very system of abuse she sought to expose. And Ukraine reiterates its unwavering commitment to ensure accountability for.


3rd Committee · Chair [11:46]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Ukraine. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Italy, to be followed by Canada and Norway. Italy, you have the floor.


Italy · Youth Delegate [12:00]:

Thank you, Madam Chair. As youth delegates of Italy to the United Nations, we welcome the Special Rapporteur's report and support its recommendations. Human rights defenders protecting the civic space and advocating for justice, peace, and equality are key drivers of positive change. Yet, despite their peaceful engagement, many face criminalization, harassment, and exclusion, often in contexts marked by impunity. The report highlights that defenders are not only left without adequate protection, but are sometimes directly targeted. Women, youth, and marginalized communities are leading efforts toward a just transition. From restoring ecosystems to addressing the complex links between conflict and climate, their work is vital, yet often met with challenges and barriers. The situation of child and youth defenders is even more troubling. Many operate without formal support, leaving them vulnerable and with limited access to protection or mental health resources. These challenges are interconnected. Madam Special Rapporteur, today's simple yet urgent question is how can the United Nations system further strengthen its role in promoting protection of human rights defenders and showing that they are safeguarded also in transnational context. Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [13:16]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Italy. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Canada.


Canada [13:25]:

Thank you, Chair.

Canada welcomes the Special Rapporteur's report. which reflects the determination and resilience of human rights defenders working on climate action and the need for states to protect these defenders online and offline for their legitimate positive action.

Canada condemns all acts of reprisal and intimidation by states and non-state actors.

Human rights defenders experience persistent criminalization, stigmatization, and exclusion.

In particular, Indigenous human rights defenders face acute risks. Journalists and media workers, for their part, are increasingly targeted and retaliated against with impunity. No one is immune to climate change. Communities across Canada and the world are experiencing the devastating impact of extreme heat.

Rising sea levels, record-breaking wildfires, and related developments. Immediate global action is necessary.

Achieving SDG 13 requires informed and sustainable decisions by states, which benefit from the contributions of human rights defenders.

Protecting those who advocate climate action and report on critical climate incidents supports sustainable development, builds public trust in climate action, and reduces fear of reprisals that can impede the work of human rights defenders. Special Rapporteur, how can states better support engagement between human rights defenders and private sector entities?

In the just transition economy to minimize activities that contribute to human rights violations and abuses? I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [14:48]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Canada. I'll now leave the floor to the distinguished representative of Norway.


Norway · Nordic-Baltic states [14:57]:

Thank you, Chair. I have the honor to speak on behalf of the Nordic and the Baltic states. I would like to thank you, Special Rapporteur Lauder, for your presentation. And I would like to start by asking you, can you share any best practices regarding cooperation with human rights defenders working on climate change and just transition? Chair, we thank the Special Rapporteur for this important report. We are deeply concerned by the findings of obstruction and repression against those who try to make a difference. We urge States to create a safe and enabling environment in which all those advocating for human rights can do so freely, without fear of retaliation of any kind. This also includes human rights defenders working against climate change, advocating for the reduction in emissions and just transition. We believe it is important to cease all forms of stigmatization against human rights defenders working on climate change and just transition, and take action to reverse negative narratives around their work. They must be able to participate safely and effectively in all conferences of the parties of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. I thank you, Chair.


3rd Committee · Chair [16:17]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Norway. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Poland, to be followed by a representative of Malta and Liechtenstein. Poland, the floor is yours.


Poland [16:30]:

Thank you, Chair. Poland aligns with the EU statement. Poland recognizes the unprecedented role human rights defenders play in today's world. They are ordinary people who take extraordinary steps to stand up for the rights of others. The work of human rights defenders constitutes essential foundation for peace, stability, sustainable inclusive development, and participation for all people in public affairs, including environmental policies. Madam Special Rapporteur, your recent report examines contribution by human rights defenders to addressing climate change and achieving a just transition, despite the risk they face. climate change leads to floods, wildfires, or food insecurity, it is the most vulnerable communities who suffer the most. That is why it is crucial to create a safe and enabling environment in which all those advocating around human rights and climate issues can do so freely without fear or retaliation of any kind. Unfortunately, environmental human rights defenders are among the most targeted and threatened people in the world. Some are silenced, imprisoned, or even killed for protecting their communities and their future. Madam Special Rapporteur, in your report you've described some examples of good practices established by states aimed at protecting environmental human rights defenders. Which of them are the most useful when it comes to protecting human rights defenders in general? Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [17:39]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Poland and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Malta.


Malta [17:47]:

Thank you, Chair. Moltz aligns itself with the statement to be delivered by the European Union and thanks the Special Rapporteur Laurel for today's presentation. Human rights defenders around the world are key actors in promoting democracy, transparency, and nonviolent advocacy for fundamental rights, and this is particularly true for human rights defenders who defend human rights put at risk by climate change. Sadly, as documented in the Special Rapporteur's most recent report, in too many cases worldwide, human rights defenders' advocacy and action on climate-related issues have been met with obstruction and retaliation, and human rights defenders have even faced violence, threats and intimidation, including by state and non-state actors. This is particularly true for women and indigenous peoples, many of whom are directly threatened by climate change. Malta strongly believes that states have a duty to provide a safe and enabling environment in which all those advocating for human rights, including on climate issues, can do so freely and without fear of retaliation. In closing, we reiterate our support for the Special Rapporteur. We would welcome her views on good examples of how States can strengthen access to information related to climate change, both offline and online, and how can they ensure accountability for violations of fundamental rights. Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [19:06]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Malta and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Liechtenstein.


Liechtenstein [19:15]:

Thank you for your presentation. As you have outlined in your report, climate change is a human rights crisis, and human rights defenders have been instrumental in holding states to account for their legal obligations in the face of climate change. These obligations have recently been reaffirmed by the International Court of Justice in its advisory opinion, which has its origins in a civil society initiative and to which Liechtenstein proudly contributed as a member of the core group at the UN. In this regard, we would like to ask the question of how can human rights defenders best leverage this development to advance accountability at the national level? And how can states strengthen protection mechanisms to ensure that those holding governments legally accountable for their climate obligations can operate safely and without fear of reprisal? Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [20:13]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Liechtenstein. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Uruguay, who will be followed by Mexico and the Netherlands. Uruguay, you have the floor.


Uruguay [20:30]:

Uruguay greets the Special Rapporteurs and thanks them for submitting their valuable reports. We echo their concern as activists, journalists and others who work in defence of the environment are victims because they are investigating worrying circumstances. We're also concerned by people working in this area being affected by intimidation, reprisals, or other forms of criminalization. And we recall that all states should respect the right of all people to access and present and submit complaints under universal protections. Access to justice in environmental matters in Latin America and the Caribbean guarantees three fundamental rights: access to environmental information, participation in decisions that affect the environment, and access to justice on environmental matters. We also highlight that our agreement explicitly recognises human rights defenders of environmental areas and establishes the obligation to establish a safe environment for this. And so we highlight the regional importance of the consultative opinion of the Inter-American Court on Human Rights and the recommendations. We wanted to ask if you can share some experiences with this system, Special Rapporteur.


3rd Committee · Chair [22:02]:

I thank the representative of Uruguay and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Mexico.


Mexico [22:10]:

Thank you very much, Madam Chair.

Mexico thanks the Special Rapporteur for her report on the situation of human rights defenders in the context of climate change and a just transition. We agree that there can be no environmental justice without social justice, or effective climate action without the participation of those who protect our communities and ecosystems. In Mexico, we recognize the essential role of environmental rights defenders and guaranteeing everybody's right to a healthy environment. We know that they are facing real threats, criminalization and other forms of aggression. And this is why the Mexican state has strengthened the normative framework for their protection, including a mechanism for the protection of human rights defenders and journalists since 2012. We have been providing special measures for these individuals. We're also working on the Escazu Agreement and its implementation. Does the rapporteur agree that states should recognize these people as allies in the formulation of energy policies and a just transition? And does this mean that they should be part of the decisions that directly affect their lives and their security. Mexico has a commitment to protecting the important work carried out by human rights defenders. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [23:38]:

The distinguished representative of Mexico. And now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.


Netherlands (Kingdom of the) · Benelux [23:47]:

Thank you, Madam Chair.

It is an honor to be here and to speak on behalf of Belgium, Luxembourg, and my country, the Kingdom of the Netherlands. We thank the distinguished Special Rapporteur, Madame Lawler, for her excellent report on the contributions made by human rights defenders to addressing climate change and achieving a just transition. The Benelux countries underline that human rights defenders play a crucial role in advocating for the protection of vulnerable communities, ensuring that environmental policies respect human rights and driving inclusive and sustainable solutions to climate change.

We therefore call on all States to publicly

recognize and protect the role that human rights defenders play in advancing climate action and a just transition. In particular, we would like to highlight the fundamental role that women, indigenous, youth, human rights defenders and journalists play

in this regard.

Madam Special Rapporteur, could you please elucidate how States can effectively counter climate change misinformation and disinformation, taking into account the crucial roles of human rights defenders and journalists?

Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [25:07]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Netherlands. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Czechia, followed by Germany and France.


Czechia [25:20]:

Thank you, Chair.

Czechia aligns itself with the statement delivered by the European Union. Special Rapporteur, we thank you for your timely report, which rightly underscores that the climate crisis is also a human rights crisis and that human rights defenders are central to addressing both. We recognize the crucial role played by human rights defenders in developing solutions, holding states accountable, and ensuring that climate action remains just,

inclusive, and firmly grounded in human rights.

Yet, despite their vital contributions, many defenders continue to face increasing repression, criminalization, and violence. Labeling defenders as foreign agents, imposing repressive laws, and silencing voices through surveillance or detention not only undermine

democracy but also jeopardize progress towards a just and equitable transition. Support for civil society, the protection of human rights defenders,

and the overall promotion of human rights are longstanding priorities for Czechia.

We have also been

supporting journalists and human rights defenders with practical support and protection measures, including visa facilitation, safe shelters, and relocation assistance. Special Rapporteur, how can we continue to support human rights defenders, including climate activists, when their work is increasingly restricted and they are labeled as foreign agents?

I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [26:43]:

Thank the distinguished representative of Turkey and now leave the floor to the distinguished representative of Germany, followed by France.


Germany [26:52]:

Thank you, Chair. Germany aligns itself with the EU statement. We thank the Special Rapporteur for her briefing and welcome the focus of this year's report on climate action. Human rights defenders courageously work to safeguard human dignity, equality, and the protection of fundamental freedoms. Around the world, civic engagement is a key driver for climate protection. We take note that Germany is mentioned in this year's report. Allow me to underscore that we strongly support the climate movement in our country. We strongly condemn any acts of reprisals or retaliation against those who work to promote and protect human rights. At the same time, while we uphold the right to freedom of expression and peaceful protest, we do not accept actions that jeopardize public goods or damage private property. The protection of human rights cannot come at the cost of public safety or the rights of others, and we are committed to ensuring that the rule of law is applied equally to all, in accordance with our constitutional principles and international obligations. Human rights defenders play a crucial role in ensuring that climate action and the transition to a green economy are inclusive and rooted in human rights. Madame Special Rapporteur, what concrete measures can Member States take to protect and enable the participation of human rights defenders in transition processes? And how can the UN system strengthen accountability for violations against human rights defenders? I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [28:15]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Germany. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of France, to be followed by the representative of Croatia and United Kingdom.


France [28:29]:

Thank you, Madam Chair.

Special Rapporteur, Madam Frans, thank you for your report, which underscores the essential role played by human rights defenders in our fight against climate change and the promotion of just, inclusive, and sustainable transition. As you say, growing threats. here in front of human rights defenders throughout the world. Their commitment, sometimes at the expense of their lives, is indispensable to sound alarms about the environment, defend vulnerable communities, and promote human justice. Madame Special Rapporteur, we reaffirm our constant commitment to protect the human rights defenders. It's a foreign policy priority. We support various initiatives and distinctions which recognize their work. Every year, for example, there is a French-German Prize on Human Rights and the Rule of Law, and the Simone Veil Prize, which recognize their exemplary courage. In 2021, we launched a Marianne Initiative for the human rights defenders. As a result, 15 of them spent six months in France, and they have personal assistance, training, and international support. We recognize the special support that women and girls make as human rights defenders. particularly those who work for environmental and climate justice. Madam, what specific challenges do women and girls human rights defenders face? Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [29:57]:

I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Croatia, followed by United Kingdom.


Croatia · Youth Delegate [30:05]:

Thank you, Chair. Croatia aligns itself with the EU statement and thanks the Special Rapporteur for today's presentation. It is an honor to address you as the youth delegate on this important topic, underscoring the critical role of human rights defenders in promoting accountability, transparency, and social resilience. We believe that strong protective frameworks and monitoring mechanisms enable human rights defenders, including journalists, to carry out their work safely. Reflecting on the important role of civil society, The report also highlights the contribution of young human rights defenders who can successfully challenge the existing policies and advance climate resilience and sustainability. However, we need to ensure that young persons have access to information concerning climate change. This helps us to make informed decisions and act as responsible citizens. As stated in the report, journalists are key allies in building an understanding of climate change and its impacts, but often face challenges and are targeted for their work. In this context, I wish to ask, how can we strengthen mechanisms to ensure that cases of harassment or reprisals against journalists reporting on climate and human rights issues are both safely reported and effectively followed up? Thank you very much.


3rd Committee · Chair [31:27]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Croatia and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of United Kingdom, to be followed by Russian Federation and Ireland.


United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [31:40]:

Thank you, Chair.

The UK welcomes the Special Rapporteur's report and thanks you for your work throughout your term. Your efforts to draw attention to the bravery and dedication of human rights defenders and the threats they face have been critical. As your report makes clear, human rights defenders play a vital role in addressing climate change, a defining crisis of our time. And yet the level of reprisals they face are unacceptable. These actions include threats, violence, smear campaigns, and intimidation. We join the Special Rapporteur in recognizing the additional risks faced by women and indigenous human rights defenders, as well as journalists. The UK supports human rights defenders through our diplomatic network, by monitoring cases, as well as raising issues directly with governments and through multilateral institutions. We will continue to advocate for the role of human rights defenders and civil society in achieving all of the Sustainable Development Goals. Special Rapporteur, what additional steps can states take to monitor and tackle the growing level of reprisals against civil society and human rights defenders?

Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [32:52]:

I thank the distinguished representative of United Kingdom and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Russian Federation.


Russian Federation [33:02]:

Thank you, Madam Chair. We have to state that the commitment to improving the fate of human rights defenders declared so often here, in fact, crumbles because of political considerations when we're talking about Russian or Russian-speaking people. That's the only explanation for the fact that, inter alia, the Human Rights Council of the UN is totally ignoring the fact that in Ukraine, since 2014, not only human defenders are being persecuted, but also anyone who does not agree with what the Kyiv regime is saying. People who provide humanitarian assistance to Donbas, for example, are being persecuted. The reporter Yelena Bereznaya, a very known anti-fascist, is a good example here. She spoke here, including Security Council. She sent a letter to the General Assembly in 2022, and this became almost a key element in the sense sentencing of the Ukrainian court, sentencing her to four years of imprisonment. She was let out on bail, but she is currently under house arrest. We call, we urge the Special Rapporteur to be objective and unbiased in her work, and finally, pay attention to the prosecution that take place in Ukraine against human rights defenders.


3rd Committee · Chair [34:27]:

Federation. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Ireland, to be followed by Azerbaijan and Slovenia.


Ireland [34:38]:

Chair, Ireland aligns with the EU statement and thanks the Special Rapporteur for her report. We also thank the Special Rapporteur for her dedication to the role, not only highlighting the significant challenges that HRDs face, but also reminding us of their vital contributions to upholding human rights. The fundamental role played by HRDs on climate change and a just transition, as well as the significant challenges they face, cannot be overstated. Ireland is concerned by the increasing targeting and stigmatisation of HRDs. States must fulfil their obligations to protect HRDs and to create a safe and enabling environment for them to carry out their work. Ireland condemns the continued backlash and reprisals experienced by HRDs across all regions. We condemn the specific targeting of indigenous HRDs, noting the cohesion between the protection of indigenous people's rights and a just transition. We are proud that Ireland's mission guidelines on HRDs expressly recognise the significant contribution of HRDs to sustainable development and environmental protection.

Special rapporteur, how can the international

community work to prompt companies operating in high-risk sectors for HRDs to undertake adequate human rights and environmental due diligence?


3rd Committee · Chair [35:53]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Ireland. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Azerbaijan, who will be followed by Slovenia and the European Union.


Azerbaijan [36:04]:

Madam Chair, regarding the report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders submitted under this agenda item, We stress that the attempt to portray the allegations about human rights defenders in the context of COP29 is unacceptable. As the host of the 29th conference, Azerbaijan pursued every effort to maintain a transparent, inclusive, and impartial process, which was commended by UNFCCC parties and constituencies. It was only the second time in the history of COPs that Azerbaijan, as the host of the conference, provided a fully funded civil society hub pavilion for the UNFCCC constituencies, in particular environmental, women and gender, and youth non-governmental organizations. Madam Chair, Azerbaijan provided detailed and verified information regarding the factual and legal basis of the relevant situations and objections to the groundless allegations made by the Special Rapporteur in her report. In this regard, we emphasize that while making references to states, the special procedures mandate holders shall always seek to establish the facts based on objective, reliable information emanating from relevant, credible sources that they have duly cross-checked. Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [37:22]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Azerbaijan and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Slovenia, followed by European Union.


Slovenia [37:32]:

Madam Chair, Slovenia aligns with the EU statement. We thank the Special Rapporteur for her presentation and welcome the team of the report. Human rights defenders should never be at risk for their work when raising awareness of the impact of climate change, environmental degradation, and holding to account companies and states for disregarding their obligations under national and international law. Defenders should be able to advocate for the environment without fear of retaliation of any kind. Madam Special Rapporteur, in your report you mentioned the pattern of strategic lawsuits against public participation against human rights defenders by various companies with financial interest in projects that have environmental impacts. How can we protect human rights defenders from the use of SLAPP by those that want to silence them? We know the often difficult situation of women environmental human rights defenders, especially those from indigenous communities face number of challenges. Are there any good practices of protection mechanisms for environmental human rights defenders, in particular from the intersectional perspective of women defenders, indigenous peoples and marginalized communities? Special Rapporteur, let me conclude by reiterating Slovenia's strong support for your mandate. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [38:49]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Slovenia. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the European Union, who will be followed by the last five speakers, Myanmar, China, Brazil, Chile, and Costa Rica. European Union, you have the floor.


EU · EU [39:04]:

Thank you, Madam Vice Chair. And on behalf of the European Union and its member states, thanks to the Special Rapporteur for her presentation. This is a real honor, given your enormous, longstanding contribution. The vital role of human rights defenders in addressing climate change and addressing a just transition often comes at great personal risk. The fundamental contribution of human rights defenders in fighting climate change, protecting the possibility of a just transition from fossil fuel economy, deserves not just recognition but strength and protection, with a special focus on the role of women, indigenous defenders and journalists. The EU is committed to ensuring a safe and enabling environment for civil society. The EU shares your concern at the criminalisation of human rights defenders through repressive legislation, strategic lawsuits against public participation, and conflating nonviolent climate action with terrorism, as well as physical attacks, threats and intimidation, and exclusion from climate change forums. The Secretary-General's recent report on the situation of journalists working on environmental and climate issues shows this disturbing development is also affecting other sectors. Madam Special Rapporteur, our question is how we can provide a safe and enabling environment in which all those advocating around human rights and climate issues can do so freely without fear of.


3rd Committee · Chair [40:37]:

I thank the distinguished representative of European Union. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Myanmar, followed by China and Brazil. Myanmar, you have the floor.


Myanmar [40:49]:

Thank you, Madam Chair.

Myanmar thanks Madam Special Rapporteur for her report and the statement. In Myanmar, following the illegal coup, human rights defenders have been experiencing arbitrary arrest, torture, detention, harassment, threats to life, even death by the military junta. HRDs had been forced to hiding or having forced to leave the country. Moreover, their family members have also been subjected to false accusation and fair trial and wrongful conviction of the hunter. As one of the attacked in repressing the revolution movements, women HRD had been targeted by the hunter. Mass arrestment, torture, and unjust imprisonments are deliberately employed by the military junta against the women's and girl HRDs. Advanced digital tools have also been used by the junta to monitor, track, and intimidate women activists and HRDs. They were not spared even in the midst of the 7.7 magnitude earthquake that hit Myanmar in March this year. Therefore, I wish to urge the Special Rapporteur and the international community for the recognition of the effort made by the HRD in Myanmar for concrete actions to safeguard their well-being and for assistance to promote and protect their roles as human rights defenders. Most importantly, please protect them. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [42:15]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Myanmar and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of China.


China [42:23]:

Madam Chair, climate change is a common challenge facing humanity. The UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement are the primary channels and fundamental legal framework for addressing climate change. the principles of a common but differentiated responsibilities, equity and respect of capabilities out of cornerstones of global climate governance. International, there's no clear and uniform definition for new rights defenders, not to mention their special rights or legal status. Their role in addressing climate change should be viewed objectively. China. expresses concerns over the reports reference to the so-called human rights of different situation. We reject non-factual accusations. China is a country governed by law where all are equal before the law. There's no place in a person beyond the law. No professional status can show defenders from legal penalties, punishing unlawful and criminal acts in accordance with by no means a human rights issue. Certain countries and political forces just up criminal so-called human rights defenders and whitewash criminal acts, which should be condemned by international community. China supports the work of the Special Mechanism. The communication response rate ranks high among major countries and is ready to work with the mechanism. We hope that Special Rapporteur will perform duties impartially and objectively, take seriously the authorities of provide China, and not be misled by the false information.


3rd Committee · Chair [43:50]:

Representative of Brazil, followed by Chile, Costa Rica, and Switzerland.


Brazil [43:58]:

Thank you, Madam Chair. The full content of this speech will be available in the UN Journal.

We thank the Special Rapporteur for her report.

As the host of COP30 this November, Brazil seizes this opportunity to reinforce our strong commitment to fighting climate change. We believe in respecting international human rights obligations and broad civil society participation in climate discussions, especially from indigenous peoples and local communities.

We appreciate the report's.

References to some of our initiatives, such as the government partnership with the Landless Rural Workers Movement, MST. Brazil is working to update and strengthen its program to protect human rights defenders, journalists, and environmentalists. The technical working group, established in 2023 with government and civil society participation, has finalized a national plan to establish a comprehensive policy for the protection of human rights defenders. Brazil condemns all acts of repression and retaliation against them. Among the specific groups of defenders at risk.

We highlight people of African descent and local communities, particularly quilombolas in Brazil.

Special rapporteur, the protection of human rights defenders living in isolated areas, such as indigenous peoples and local communities, remain a great challenge. What would be the best practices to enhance their protection and prevent repression against them? I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [45:28]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Brazil and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Chile.


Chile [45:37]:

Thank you, Madam Chair. Chile is grateful for the report of the Special Rapporteur that addresses the crucial role played by persons and communities that defend human rights against the impacts of climate change. and in order to achieve a just transition. They highlight that environmental defenders are on the front line of the climate crisis, and at the same time, they are facing criminalization, threats, and violence. And this requires urgent mitigation and adaptation measures. Chile shares that climate action can only be effective if it is based on human rights, transparency, and participation and accountability. In this regard, Chile calls on countries of the region to ratify the Escazu Agreement that establishes a regime for international protection for individuals who protect human rights, human rights defenders, or environmental matters. This represents progress towards sustainable and equitable development. Madam Chair, Chile firmly backs just energy transition processes that are human-centered and centered on justice and communities to avoid widening structural gaps linked to extractivist economies. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [46:52]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Chile and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Costa Rica.


Costa Rica [47:02]:

Madam Vice-Chair, Costa Rica thanks the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, HRTs. We thank Madam Mary Lawlor for her report and for her commitment to those who dedicate their lives to defending the rights of other people. Over the past year, more than 440 HRTs have been killed all over the world, and defenders continue to face threats, imprisonment, and stigmatisation because of their work, which is legitimate. There are patterns of criminalisation, defamation campaigns and reprisals that are highlighted in your report, especially against those who are taking action locally, in rural areas and in conflict zones. Protecting those who defend the rights of others means defending democracy itself. Costa Rica reaffirms its commitment to guarantee a safe and secure environment that is propitious to their work. Madam Vice Chair, how can we guarantee that progress in AI and new technologies is not going to be used to surveil, silence, or stigmatize human rights defenders, but rather to strengthen their protection and ensure visibility for their work? Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [48:21]:

Distinguished representative of Costa Rica. I now give the floor to our last speaker, distinguished representative of Switzerland.


Switzerland [48:31]:

Thank you very much, Madam Vice Chair. We thank the Special Rapporteur for her report and for the important work she is doing. We welcome the work done by the human rights defenders throughout the world. The statistics we have are very clear. Human rights defenders who work to protect the environment are one of the five human rights defenders groups who are most targeted as a proportion of the total number of documented violations. We realize this, and we therefore pay special attention to this. Therefore, in our national action plan to implement the guidelines of the UN on human rights and corporations, there is a specific measure having to do with the follow-up on the complaints by human rights defenders when it comes to activities undertaken by Swiss companies, including as they relate to the environment. Madam Special Rapporteur, your report shows a very special risk, sometimes outsized risks, that specific groups of human rights defenders face, such groups as women, for example, the representatives of indigenous peoples, and reporters. What means can you envision, so as to reduce these outsized risks that these groups, specific groups, face? I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [49:46]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Switzerland. And now give the floor back to the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Ms. Mary Lowlor.


UN · Special Rapporteur [49:58]:

Thank you all for your comments and suggestions and your speeches. When I listen to you, I often think that you know what to do and you just don't do it. And I hear a lot of crocodile tears in this room and I see a lot of serious hand wringing. And, you know, I feel like a broken record because every single one of your questions could be summed up with put in place policies, laws, practices, procedures to ensure implementation of protection of human rights defenders and make sure that those who are attacking them face accountability. It's as simple as that. It just needs political will and a determination, and I can't see that determination. So I'm going to do a gallop through. some of the questions. So Costa Rica, it's shocking that you haven't ratified Escazu, seeing as how you're such a strong supporter of human rights. And it does make a difference, Chile, and we want all states to ratify Escazu. The EU, well, you know, the EU talks, and I'm very sorry, EU, but you know, you parade yourself like the best in the world with the EU guidelines on human rights defenders. And we see shocking lack of implementation of the guidelines in all EU member states and abroad. So slaps, Slovenia, slaps against human rights defenders by companies. They can be addressed. In fact, I have to say in favour of the EU this time. They're already bringing in legislation to combat them, and states now need to make sure it happens. Women human rights defenders, there's a section in the report, we all know that women human rights defenders are always targeted for who they are and what they do. And it's just annoying to listen to you year after year saying the same kind of rubbish about women. Azerbaijan, please do not parade yourself as the example for COP. We all know that Anar Mammadli is still in prison. He has been denied adequate healthcare. He was imprisoned on 24 April as if he were a dangerous criminal. We know that it is up to the court to decide whether he is guilty, but, correct me if I am wrong, his previous condition, which the European Court of Human Rights considered to be a violation of his rights, has still not being reviewed. Ireland, thank you. You still haven't brought in the overdue second national action plan on business and human rights. So I wait that still with great joy. Netherlands, states should highlight the legitimate role of human rights defenders and their achievements and positive narratives about them in order to combat disinformation, misinformation. We also have taken up, I can't remember which state wanted to know Italy, about young human rights defenders and children who are young human rights defenders. I've done a report on that. It's really important that their voices are listened to and that they are meaningfully able to participate. Spain asked about legal action. Yes, legal action can be effective. If you look at the work in the Pacific Islands, students who initiated the movement for an advisory opinion from the ICJ. But we've also seen other states that can try and take legal action as well. For example, Chile and Colombia, who referred the climate situation to the Inter-American Court, leading to their advisory opinion. And then, of course, there's the ones who just don't want any kind of legal action and bring slaps and stuff like that. Brazil, you know, you're trying hard, but we need to see the Salas Plamentor plan established by presidential decree, and it needs to happen now. to protect defenders. China, you know, I always feel I'm having to go with you, and I'm not. And I always say my mother was born in China, and I am very, very happy to have been in China. I wish you'd let me go again. I have wanted a country visit since I took up this But however, I was delighted to see President Xi commit himself to reducing China's greenhouse gas emissions by 7% in the last month. But climate defenders can help you with this, so you shouldn't be locking them up like this. Tibetan environmentalists and climate defenders that we did a communication to you on. You say that there is no definition of human rights defenders. There is a definition of human rights defenders. You can nod your head all you like, but there is. The point is that if you allowed me to go to China, then I could reassure myself instead of always looking as if you're hiding behind something. Myanmar, I'm really sorry that Myanmar is going through such a terrible, terrible time. Russian Federation, I promise you, I am definitely impartial. I have looked at a couple of the cases that were sent to me, but they didn't meet the threshold of being human rights defenders, so I couldn't take them up. UK, well, I have to ask you, why your government continues to crack down on peaceful protest? In 2023, the Public Order Act was introduced specifically to criminalise the peaceful tactics used by climate defenders in the UK. It not only remains on the books, but there's recently been threats by the government to restrict it further. So that's what I'd say to you. France, Women and girls face significant challenges when it comes to climate activism, and that is true. We have a section in the report. In many ways, France is a strong supporter of human rights defenders abroad, but when it comes to human rights defenders in your own borders, it is very concerning. Where are the statements of support for French climate activists whose organisations you have tried to dissolve baselessly, accounting accusing them of eco terrorism. And Germany, I spoke to many climate activists and I'm afraid I can't agree with you about your goodness. I have to make the point about proportionality. You know, one of the organizations has been conflated with a criminal organization, and it was a completely peaceful, nonviolent organization. Bringing in the possibility of very long sentences for something is just not on. Canada, you need to get your core up and running. We spoke about this, but the core has been vacant. It has to have teeth to ensure accountability for companies in the mining sector, including transition minerals. And you know, you know as well as I do that Canada mining companies are sowing havoc around the world and creating huge problems for communities. I'm sorry about Victoria. We followed her case the whole time from the time that she she came. I want to finish now with just one other thing because Those of you who have read my report will know that I include, at the end, an update on long-term imprisonment for those who are sentenced to 10 years up to life imprisonment. We still follow 17 countries with such inhuman cruelty. And these countries are Bahrain, Belarus, China, Egypt, Eritrea, Laos, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Russian Federation, Saudi, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. And in finishing, I urge states to tackle this barbaric imprisonment of innocent people. And I leave you with a quote from a friend of mine, a human rights lawyer in the United Arab Emirates, who wasn't released after his 12 years, but instead re-sentenced to another 25 years. And he said, "I am an optimist by nature. I imagine that the future is built on the idea of human rights and its culture. He who does not feel that he lives in a free society, that makes them feel equal to others will feel that his humanity is incomplete. There is a saying that in a confrontation between a river and a rock, the river will always win, not because of its strength, but because of its perseverance. Those working for human rights in the Gulf region are not strong, but they persevere. Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:00:03]:

We hold thank the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human right defenders. Thank you very much for your inspiring words. So I now welcome the next participant, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation, and guarantees of no recurrence, Mr. Bernard Duhaime, who is joining us virtually. Participants wishing to make comments and pose questions to the speaker are invited at this time to press the microphone button within the next three minutes, after which the list will be closed. The time limit for each speaker will be announced before the floor is given to the first speaker. Thank you for your cooperation. I now invite the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Guarantee of Non-Reoccurrence to make an introductory statement. Mr. Duhaime, you have the floor. Sir, we cannot hear you. Can you press the microphone?


UN · Special Rapporteur [1:01:13]:

Can you hear me?


3rd Committee · Chair [1:01:15]:

Yes, please speak a bit louder.


UN · Special Rapporteur [1:01:17]:

Okay, I apologize.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:01:18]:

Perfect, thank you.


UN · Special Rapporteur [1:01:19]:

Thank you very much. Excellencies, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, it is my honor to present my second thematic report to the General Assembly, which is this year focused on the intersection of transitional justice and economic, social, and cultural rights. In recent months, nations long afflicted by conflict or authoritarian rule have begun to turn the page. These transitions are not just milestones for the states concerned, they are moments of immense opportunities for those who have suffered gross violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, as well as their families. There are opportunities to confront not only the violence of the past, but also the deep-rooted inequalities that often fuel such violence. There are opportunities to provide redress to those directly affected and to adopt long-term legal and policy measures to ensure non-recurrence. However, justice cannot be selective. It cannot ignore the deeper wounds that drive or exacerbate violence. Too often, transitional justice efforts have focused narrowly on civil and political rights, particularly the right to life and physical integrity, ignoring violations of the rights to livelihood, to work, to food, to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment, or to cultural rights. Conflict situations in Gaza, Sudan, or Ukraine show the extent to which gross violations of economic, social, and cultural rights can grossly violate civilians' rights to food or health in the context of armed conflicts. Economic, social, and cultural rights have also long been exploited by ill-intentioned actors to maintain control and suppress dissent, to access resources, and to profit from structural injustices often with the complicity of private businesses. I appreciate the challenges linked to the integration of economic, social and cultural rights in transitional justice processes, but the complexity must not serve as an excuse for excluding them. For too long, these rights have been perceived as complex or resource intensive. Redress for the violation of these rights have also too often been framed as generic social assistance or even being conflated with development policies, which may perpetuate marginalization, but these approaches are changing. As covered in my report, there are promising examples from the integration of violations of economic, social, and cultural rights as root causes of conflict by an increasing number of truth commissions. to the conviction of genocide by international criminal tribunals of individuals who had systematically expelled the population from their homes and prevented it from accessing essential medical services, experience show that new practices exist and may be considered in other contexts. In some countries, reparations for gross violations of economic, social, and cultural rights have taken the form of comprehensive medical and psychosocial care, legal assistance, social programs that increase access to housing, livelihood support, skills training or employment, and educational opportunities. When it comes to guarantees of non-recurrence, There are repeated calls on the states to focus anti-corruption efforts on transparency, accountability, citizen representation, and a fair distribution of resources. I commend those states that have started to recognize the importance of economic, social, and cultural rights in their transitional justice processes, but much more needs to be done. While some transition states have made notable progress, a holistic, inclusive and structural transformation requires the integration of economic, social and cultural rights across the five pillars of transitional justice, namely truth, justice, reparation, memorialization and guarantees of non-recurrence. Let me highlight the four main messages of my report. First, we must recognize and address gross violations of economic, social and cultural rights. Large-scale violation of these rights, such as systemic corruption, land disposition, and the weaponization of poverty, are as serious as violations of civil and political rights and demand accountability. Second, we must empower truth-seeking commissions to investigate and document these violations. Truth-seeking mechanisms must be provided with the adequate human and financial resources, as well as the necessary political support to effectively carry out their work. Third, we must center the work of those most, on the work of those most affected. Marginalized communities, indigenous peoples, minorities, children should form the foundation of all transitional justice efforts. The full, timely and meaningful participation of victims, with due consideration of their individual intersecting identities, needs and demands, provides legitimacy and sustainability to transitional justice efforts. As systemic and structural discrimination against women affect all women in all areas of life, particularly women living in poverty, it is imperative to design and implement gender responsive transitional justice mechanisms and processes. Also, it is critical to ensure the participation of civil society for sustainable peace. Fourth, we must break down silos, transitional justice processes need to engage with economists, environmental scientists, land right advocates, tax experts, and others to help design effective remedies and structural reforms. This multi-sectoral collaboration is particularly important for identifying and addressing abuses committed by corporate actors. Ladies and gentlemen, all human rights are interdependent and indivisible. Upholding economic, social, and cultural rights is not aspirational. It is a legal obligation rooted in both international human rights law and international criminal law, as well as international humanitarian law. It is also a moral imperative owed to victims who have suffered grave violations of their rights and of their family's rights. In effect, the narrow lens focused on civil and political rights has, for way too long, left many victims without recognition or redress for the full scope of harm that they have endured. It is time to close this gap and ensure holistic responses to the root causes and consequences of violence and to lay the foundation for sustainable peace. I would like to take this opportunity to unconditionally denounce the US government sanctions on the rapporteur, special rapporteur of the occupied Palestinian territories. I express my full solidarity with her. Sanctioning a special rapporteur appointed by the Human Rights Council violates international law and is a direct attack on the integrity of the human rights system of the United Nations, including the special procedures as a whole. I call on all states to act decisively to denounce these sanctions and refuse to carry them out. I also call the United States to immediately withdraw these illegal sanctions. I greatly appreciate the opportunity to engage with you today and look forward to hearing your questions and comments. Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:09:10]:

I thank the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion of Truth, Justice, Reparation, and Guarantee of Non-Reoccurrence. I will now open the floor for any questions or comments to Mr. Duham. As per past practice, I will ask the delegation to limit their comments to three minutes. I thank you for your kind cooperation. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Ukraine, to be followed by Indonesia and Switzerland.


Ukraine [1:09:44]:

Distinguished Distinguished Chair, Ukraine expresses its gratitude to the Special Rapporteur for his briefing and report. Russia's unprovoked war of aggression against Ukraine has brought unimaginable devastation. Countless towns and villages lie in ruins, and our people endure immeasurable suffering, and the wounds left by this tragedy will take generations to heal. In this regard, we are grateful to the special rapporteur for raising the issue of Russia's deliberate attacks on critical civilian infrastructure, which directly affects not only hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian citizens, but also our trade and economic relations with other states. The report also outlines that the occupying authorities of the Russian Federation are engaged in a campaign of memorialization to legitimize their military presence in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine and commit blatant violations of international law and human rights. As Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine continues, victims and survivors of conflict-related sexual violence Enforced disappearance, torture, and other grave violations of human rights and international law are waiting for justice. Reparations are their right and a lifeline to rebuild stability, hope, and restore dignity. In the face of Russia's devastating actions, Ukraine remains steadfast in building a comprehensive system of accountability. We are actively working to establish a special compensation mechanism with the register of damage already in force as its first step. This initiative seeks to guarantee reparations for the atrocities and breaches of international law committed by Russia. The aggressor must answer for the harm and suffering inflicted upon Ukraine and its people. We urge the international community to stand with Ukraine in its pursuit of justice and accountability so that a just and lasting peace grounded in the rules-based international order can prevail. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:11:49]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Ukraine and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Indonesia.


Indonesia [1:11:58]:

Thank you, Madam Chair. Indonesia reiterates our firm commitment to the promotion of truth, justice, reparation, and guarantees of non-recurrence. We take note of the reference in the report to the situation in Timor-Leste between 1974 and 1999. Indonesia believes that addressing the past must be guided by sincerity, reconciliation, and respect for state sovereignty. In this regard, Indonesia and Timor-Leste established the Commission of Truth and Friendship as the world's first bilateral truth commission to promote genuine reconciliation and strengthen lasting peace. Indonesia continues to advance the CTF's recommendations, including promoting the rights of victims through institutional reforms, social assistance, human rights education, and close cooperation with Timor-Leste to advance capacity building and stronger bilateral initiatives. The government's dedication to addressing past human rights violations while fully respecting ongoing legal processes demonstrates our unwavering commitment to upholding human rights principles. Thank you, Madam Chair.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:13:09]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Indonesia and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Switzerland, followed by Russian Federation.


Switzerland [1:13:19]:

Madam Vice.

Chair. States can promulgate and more effectively implement the appropriate legislation aimed at ensuring there is a civil and criminal responsibility in case there is systematic violation of economic, social and cultural rights. We would like to thank Special Rapporteur for the report. In the most in the recent months, several examples of blatant violations of economic, social and cultural rights committed within the framework of an armed conflict have been registered. First of all, the right to food. The use of famine as a method of war against civilian population is strictly prohibited under international humanitarian law and is a war crime. Switzerland recalled this within the context of the war in Gaza, including in the course of statements made by Switzerland in the Security Council. We have been systematically calling for humanitarian access, a swift and unimpeded one, in Gaza as well as in other contexts. Second point, the right to health. The impact on human rights of nuclear tests conducted in the Marshall Islands, in particular the rising sea level, which can submerge the sites where nuclear waste is buried, could lead to health and environmental damage which would be irreversible for future generations. Third point, the right to education. In Afghanistan, the de facto Taliban authorities have severely restricted access to education women and girls, and this also limits their enjoyment of other rights, such as the right to work, and increases their vulnerability to violence. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:15:08]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Switzerland, and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Russian Federation, followed by Uruguay and European Union.


Russian Federation [1:15:20]:

Bogdanova.

Thank you, distinguished Chair. And we read with a great deal of interest the report submitted by Mr. Duham. The expert, in our view, broached a very relevant issue, namely ensuring the economic, social, and cultural rights in the context of transition justice. In this regard, we would like to recall here the discriminatory punitive policy by the Kyiv regime against the people in the Donbas. In 2014, in addition to the killing of people in Donbas through the Ukrainian shelling, the Ukrainian authorities introduced the water, economic, and transport blockade of the region that took the region to the brink of catastrophe. For more than eight years, more than 1 million people who suffered from the conflict, including more than 1 million people amongst those who were registered as internally displaced, as well as people who live in the area of conflict, have experienced several severe difficulties in accessing basic services, water, heat, and health, for example. They encountered the fact that there was not enough housing and there were no protection mechanisms or compensation mechanisms. The Ukrainian authorities not ensure that pension was being paid to people regardless of where they lived or registered. And the greatest danger had to do with the fact that people in these territories had to reconfirm their status, and for that they had to regularly cross the line of contact. the central authorities or local authorities, neither one ensured that people had housing or compensation to people who had to leave their houses because they were far too close to military positions. This is something that international human rights mechanisms notice, the Committee against Racial Discrimination, for example, the Committee on Eliminating Discrimination against Women, and the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, and even the politically biased UN human rights monitoring missions in Ukraine. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:17:23]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Russian Federation. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Uruguay, followed by European Union.


Uruguay [1:17:36]:

Thank you.

We welcome the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion of Truth, Justice, Reparations and Guarantees of Non-Reoccurrence, and we thank her for presenting her report, his report on economic and social rights and transition. Human rights is a key foundation of democracies. for building legitimate, inclusive and sustainable human rights institutions, Uruguay is convinced that sovereignty is a responsibility and cannot be used as a pretext for denying human rights. The commitment of the Government of Uruguay to the institutions of democracy is intricately linked with its recognition of human rights violations during the prior military regime. We are committed to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and recommendations emanating from it, both within the American system and the universal human rights system. We are committed to advancing truth, justice and reconciliation of Uruguayan society. Lastly, we wish to take this opportunity to reiterate our firmest support and cooperation with your mandate, sir. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:18:53]:

Thank the distinguished representative of Uruguay and now leave the floor to the distinguished representative of European Union, followed by Belgium, Colombia and China.


EU · EU [1:19:06]:

Thank you, Madam Vice Chair. I am honored to speak on behalf of the European Union and its member states. Special Rapporteur, as one of the largest financial sponsors in the world in the area of transitional justice, we'd like to thank you for your work. We welcome your forward-looking agenda. It is clear to the EU and to its member states that violations of economic, social, and cultural rights are occurring together with other transgressions of human rights. caused by armed conflict and the rise of, in light of a rise of authoritarianism, we also see with grave concern how military force is being directed against the cultural heritage and against civilian infrastructure as well. In this context, we reaffirm our support for a victim-based approach based on international law that takes into account the perspectives of historically marginalized groups, we also reiterate that all human rights, be they civil, political, or economic, social, and cultural rights, are intrinsically linked, and they are interdependent and indivisible. Having said all of this, we therefore welcome your most recent report and we highlight the need for transitional justice mechanisms to fully integrate economic, social and cultural rights, such as rights to health, to education, to housing, to land and to work. together with accountability for civil and political rights violations. We agree that guaranteeing accountability is essential for preventing future rights violations and in order to guarantee non-recurrence. Mr. Special Rapporteur, could you provide some practical indicators of tools that States can use to see whether their programs and institutional reforms are effectively integrating economic, social, and cultural rights, and to see whether they are reducing risks of politicization and disinformation in transitional justice processes. Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:22:01]:

I thank the distinguished representative of the European Union and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Belgium.


Belgium [1:22:10]:

Thank you, Madam Chair. Mr. Special Rapporteur, we welcome this interactive dialogue and thank you for your report about the intersection of transitional justice and economic, social, and cultural rights. Unfortunately, the systematic violation of economic, social, and cultural rights during armed conflicts and in the context of authoritarianism, and in some cases, the total denial of these rights, remain a pressing issue. To give just one example, when children are not able to go to school for months or years because of conflicts, entire generations are lost. Belgium concurs with your analysis that only a holistic approach of transitional justice that addresses all human rights violations can effectively address the root causes and consequences of violence and lay the foundation for sustainable peace. Belgium also welcomes your focus on gender-based and sexual violence, which disproportionately affect women and girls who often have to face the stigma and the consequences of what they had to endure for many more years after the conflicts have ended. Therefore, integrating economic, social and cultural rights into transitional justice processes make these processes more legitimate and effective, while making transitional justice mechanisms adopt a comprehensive, victim-centered, gender-sensitive and multi-sectoral approach that is key to ensure transformative change. Mr. Special Rapporteur, how can we ensure that transitional justice processes address both women's and girls' economic, social and cultural rights violations, also in time of conflict, as well as the underlying inequalities that prevent them from full and equal access to these processes. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:23:54]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Belgium and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Colombia, followed by China.


Colombia [1:24:05]:

Thank you. We are grateful for the introduction of the report of the Special Rapporteur. on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation, guarantees of non-recurrence and economic, social and cultural rights, as well as for the opportunity to share some of our thoughts on the matter. We recognize the challenges in achieving full reparations for rights violations and the challenges in relation to full implementation of the commitments undertaken by states. But this is precisely why that we think that this is the right environment to highlight the advancement of transitional justice in Colombia over the last two months through the special jurisdiction for peace and the taking of hostages, grave violations, deprivations of liberty, and the FARC and restorative justice. as well as the three cases of assassinations and forced disappearances by agents of the state. Additionally, we highlight the Special Rapporteur's reference to the 2006 decision where the Colombian court recognized that preservation and reparations for communities from the post-conflict phase. This landmark ruling allowed us to take a step in jurisprudence on armed conflict, degradation of the environment, and exploitation of natural resources. And we have expressions of this development in recent years. In 2023, the Special Jurisdiction for Peace found the River Cauca as a victim of the conflict. This is grave actions against nature as part of an armed conflict. In March of 2024, there was restorative action with the local community where it was highlighted that there would have to be reconciliation between people and the river. This is an example of what Colombia has to offer in this area while always bearing in mind the rights and needs of the victims. Colombia believes that guarantees of truth, justice, reparations and non-recurrence are the basis of a sustainable peace, and we are committed to achieving effective implementation of these guarantees, combined with our historic and renewed commitment to the defense and promotion of human rights, both domestically and internationally. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:26:41]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Colombia, and now give the floor to our last speaker, the distinguished representative of China.


China [1:26:51]:

Madam Chair, Equal enjoyment of economic, social, and cultural rights by all is an important goal for realizing all human rights. The Special Rapporteur emphasized in his report that safeguarding these rights is crucial for achieving transitional justice. He further proposed to integrate these rights across the five pillars of transitional justice, namely truth, justice, reparation, memorialization, and guarantees of non-recurrence. These are all essential aspects for comprehensively addressing human rights violations, upholding justice, and achieving sustainable development and lasting peace. Implementing transitional justice is a complex and cross-cutting endeavor involving the political, judicial, economic, social, and livelihood dimensions of states. China believes that the following principles should guide the relevant work. First, it is imperative to respect the sovereignty of states concerned and ensure that the processes of investigating and documenting violations, as well as record-keeping and use, comply with the country's laws and reflect the will of its people. Second, it is essential to maintain a fair and objective stance, respect authoritative information provided by the government, refrain from relying on biased reports, hearsays, or even rumors and lies. and reject the presumption of guilt in investigations. Third, it is vital to adopt a holistic and systematic approach, fully acknowledge the positive efforts of the state concerned to build peace and promote development, pay attention to addressing the historical and social roots of conflict and turmoil, work incrementally to advance transitional justice. We must strongly reject imposing external models. Fourth, it is important to firmly uphold fairness and justice, support efforts by African, Latin American and other countries to address historical injustices of colonialization, including prioritizing reparations as a means to resolve colonial legacy. Thank you, Madam Chair.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:28:58]:

I thank the distinguished representative of China. I now give back the floor to the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Guarantees of Non-Recurrence, Mr. Bernard Duham.


UN · Special Rapporteur [1:29:14]:

Thank you, Madam Chair. I take this opportunity to thank the delegations for the questions. If I observed correctly, I think there were two questions for a total of nine interventions, so I will take this as a positive. welcoming of the report and of its recommendations. As far as the questions provided by the European Union on practical indicators related to assessing whether programs of reforms are integrating economic, social and cultural rights and reducing politicization, one element that we can refer to is first to ensure that adopting mechanisms and designing them, the perspective adopted has a universal approach that integrates both economic, social, and cultural rights, as well as civil and political rights. It is imperative that the design of these mechanisms, whether be truth commissions or reparation programs, integrate these bodies, these principles. This being said, I think one of the trap in which states should not fall into when designing and implementing these bodies is to confuse concepts of reparations for economic, social and cultural rights violations, for instance, with the state's general obligation to ensure the provision of services that implement its general obligation to provide, to ensure the implementation of economic, social and cultural rights. States have an obligation to guarantee those rights to everyone through services, whether in the health sector, whether in the education sector and so forth. This is for everyone and it should be for everyone. This being said, when designing reparations for violations of economic, social and cultural rights, These programs should be in addition to the other programs that are distant to the entire population. These reparation programs should be targeted to the specific needs of the victims, be prepared, designed, implemented with the consultation of these victims for which these programs are designed. And it should avoid just being a referral to just pre-existing economic, social and cultural rights provision of services. Secondly, the other trap in which states should not fall into is also to confuse reparation for economic, social and cultural rights with general development measures that states adopt across the board for the entire country. Again, reparations that are destined to victims of violations need to be tailored for specific population in accordance with their specific needs, and it needs to be accompanied by a recognition of responsibility. I think this is very well explained in my report. As with respect to making sure that these measures are not politicized or are not polarizing the population, I think this last comment is extremely important. These measures need to be accompanied by a recognition of responsibility. This being said, I want to highlight the fact that my next report will address the issue of the politicization of transitional justice processes. It will address this issue in a broader discussion, which will also address denialism and negationism, as well as revisionism. So I will invite states and other stakeholders to participate in this discussion with the process of call for inputs and expert meetings and so forth. As for the second question that was asked by Belgium on how to integrate or address women and girls rights in the design of transitional justice processes to ensure that their rights to economic, social and cultural rights are respected, firstly, I think The design and implementation of such programs should ensure the taking into consideration of the specificities of each groups of beneficiaries of these measures, especially with respect to girls and women, but also take into consideration the intersection of different identities that these women and girls may have, whether indigenous women and girls, migrant, indigenous. migrant girls and women and so forth, to make sure that the measures that are adopted are adapted to their needs and to the specific context of each group. Another very important element is that when implementing transitional justice programs, especially targeting reparations or addressing violations of economic, social and cultural rights, The process should not be strictly to restore a situation as it existed in the past. Often, pre-existing conditions were in themselves discriminatory towards women and girls. Transitional justice processes in those contexts need to be transformative. In other words, they need to make sure that the situation experienced by women and girls in those processes allow them to go further in the enjoyment of their rights and not just go back to what occurred before the conflict or the authoritarian regime. This is an opportunity to ensure the implementation of the full scope of their rights. And this is not an option for states. It's actually an obligation to ensure that the reparations and other measures adopted in these processes respect the specific needs of these types of victims. The last type of measure that can be taken is to ensure the effective participation of women and girls in the design and implementation of transitional justice programs. The specific needs need to be expressed by the victims themselves and the organizations that have developed an expertise on the specific needs of these victims. And it's essential that they are able to appropriate themselves with these processes because it is adequately built, but also because their consultation, their participation is intrinsically linked to the programs. This builds the credibility and the sustainability of these programs. As far as the specific situation of girls is concerned, I hope in the years to come, as announced last year, to address the specific issue of transgenerational aspects of transitional justice in the coming years. I take the opportunity of the comments formulated by Ukraine and Indonesia, which refer to their specific situation, to reiterate the importance of taking into consideration the transnational nature of measures adopted to repair violations which occurred in transnational contexts. It is also one of the topics that I hope to tackle in the coming years, as announced last year. I also would like to take this opportunity or the comments formulated by the Swiss delegation regarding Gaza. These were the forms of examples that I was using in the thematic report that that I submit to you today. I also yesterday issued an important press release reiterating the importance of ensuring that any transition in that specific context be accompanied with a serious transitional justice framework, which will ensure the truth-telling mechanisms, accountability for all crimes committed, taking into consideration the fact that there can be no and similar mechanisms regarding war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, and the importance of adopting measures of non-recurrence in this context. It is precisely the message that I also conveyed to your colleagues last September when I addressed the Human Rights Council, reiterating the importance of ensuring the exercise of documenting violations of human rights and humanitarian law in this context be done and be done safely. The journalists and civil society organizations that have done so in the context of the Gaza conflict have been the object of attacks, have been the object of repression, and this has complicated the documentation process. In the report that I submitted to the Council last September, I reiterate the importance of ensuring that these processes be done safely and that the result of these exercises, the documents and evidence that are gathered are protected, whether through safe havens or other mechanisms, to ensure that This information can be used for truth-telling exercises, for accountability for crimes committed, and for the establishment of full reparation programs. Of course, these will also inform...


3rd Committee · Chair [1:39:59]:

Could you please conclude, Mr. Duham?


UN · Special Rapporteur [1:40:01]:

Yes, this will also inform the measures that will ensure that these violations do not repeat themselves. I thank you very much for your attention and for receiving my report today. Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:40:18]:

Thank you very much. We thank the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Guarantee of Non-Reoccurrence. I now welcome the Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, Ms. Jeanna Romero. Participants wishing to make comments and pose questions to the speaker are invited at this time to press their microphone button within the next three minutes, after which the list will be closed. The time limit for each speaker will be announced before the floor is given to the first speaker. I now invite the Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association to make an introductory statement. Ms. Romero, thank you. You have the floor.


UN · Special Rapporteur [1:41:03]:

Madam Vice Chair, Excellencies, colleagues, and friends, I'm honored to address you today to engage in a dialogue about my more recent thematic report that stresses the existential threat to rights of freedom and collective actions aggravated due to the dismantling of the international aid architecture and the intensified global securitization. I'll be talking both in English and in Spanish, so be prepared to shift in the translation if needed.

Excellencies, the collapse of the international aid architecture has further deepened the already gravely shrinking civic spaces. is suffocating as the lifelines that kept it alive are undermined and challenged. It is not only the survival of civil society organizations that is at stake, but also the future of international solidarity and corrective action. The unprecedented and severe cuts in international aid did not begin with the United States, but the impact has been exacerbated by this, together with the changes in global budgets that give priority to the interests of security over and above those of democracy and rights. The aid crisis has created devastating, widespread and long-term harm on the whole civic space ecosystem. Associations have been providing life-saving services, food, health to supporting victims of human rights violations, providing humanitarian responses and working in other areas, and they are drastically reducing their operations. The impact is especially grave for grassroots organizations led by women, by LGBTQI groups and indigenous groups and young people. Stigmatized, vilified and without funding, Civil society has been left isolated and undefended and unable to counteract authoritarian and anti-rights narratives and repression. The UN and other multilateral bodies have also been defunded and fundamentally undermined.

I'm not talking only about money. This discussion is not only about governments taking the funding from civil society organizations and shifting their priority agendas. And at the same time, it's not only about civil society and non-governmental organizations. And let me unpack these two issues. First, reducing or restricting funding has become another tool to constrain civil society's work, whether through calculated intent or negligent disregard. But it's not the first, not the only one. The growing pattern of repression by many states, including long-established democracies, is alarming and demands urgent action, as attacks on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association have intensified and escalated in scope and gravity worldwide. Civil freedoms face multi-phased attacks, as states increasingly use legal, judicial, financial and digital tools to suppress participation and opposition, entrenching Repressive and ill-intended laws, such as foreign agent legislations, have spread and broadened in scope, often conflated with money laundering, counter-extremism, and national security frameworks to criminalize and punish civil society. Expansive surveillance technologies further chill fundamental freedoms, while stigmatization, criminalization, and violence against activists, protesters, and civil society have become a norm. These developments mark a global shift toward dismantling independent civil society and silencing citizen and political activism, as governments tighten control over public discourse and space, and make harder to recover from funding cuts.

Moreover, this is not limited just to civil society and NGOs. Many of us are also being affected by what is happening, together with the effectiveness of the action of governments and the multilateral system as a whole. Severe restrictions on these freedoms and the dismantling of aid are jeopardizing the 2030 agenda and other global commitments. The financial crisis has deepened the exclusion of civil society and social movements both locally and in multilateral spaces. While the UN efficiency measures, some of them adopted without transparency, are further weakening and undermining civil society participation. Without broad participation, the system loses even more of its credibility and legitimacy. In addition, these efficiency measures are profoundly affecting special procedures. We cannot do our work if we continue to cut back on the time that we devote to our colleagues, the number of words in our reports, the number of visits and the support of staff to the Office of the High Commissioner. In addition, we continue to be harassed and persecuted.

Empower people and when they are repressed, all suffer. Around the world, people are asserting their freedoms and taking collective actions on the streets, in universities, online, at the sea, to demand justice, defend social and economic rights, protect the environment, safeguard migrants' rights, call for the end of genocides, among others. But instead of being heard and having their needs met, they are being repressed and subject to violence, and its organizations, those that defend them and fight for the rights are being attacked and defunded. The good news for some and terrible news for others is that the rights of freedom of peaceful assembly and association are inherent to human nature. Therefore, they cannot be wiped away. Every attempt to curtail them only generates new strength, resilience, and innovation. Yet at the same time, it breeds distress, fear, and anger. And together, these forces may fuel radicalization and growing impatience amongst Is that truly what you want? As we all agree, all this critical juncture for humanity and the planet, business as usual cannot continue. Even in the midst of restrictions and persecution, civil society is showing resilience and leading innovation, as my report states. But serious and urgent actions are required to reimagine the aid architecture, ensuring that it's equitable, just, inclusive, people-centered, and rights-based. I just want to indicate that as we are not only talking about money and we are not talking about NGOs and civil society, the solution that then is not only about putting money. That is necessary, don't get me wrong, but it's not the thing what we did right now. The more necessary thing is to stop the harassment of dissent, including the use of protest to spread discontent and ensure the civil society can flourish far from stigmatization, persecution with ill-intended laws and policies. Many you and other actors keep saying civil society needs to find new funds and that is true um um civil society could collect funds from the public side such as here in the US or for companies in alliances with the private sector but let me ask you a question who will give a penny or an hour of volunteer work to organizations that are falsely portrayed as foreign agents or terrorists or whose accounts are frozen in the middle of just unjustified and ill intended panel and sexual persecution. To conclude, civil society, the UN, the 2030 Agenda, and the defense of rights need more funding, for sure. But what we need more is will to defend rights, to strengthen democracy, to fight authoritarianism, and to allow citizens individually and collectively to exercise freely their rights, including freedoms of assembly and association. And all that is in your hands.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:48:56]:

I thank the Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association. I will now open the floor for any question or comment to Ms. Romero. As per practice, I will ask the delegation to limit their comments to 2.5 minutes. I thank you for their kind cooperation. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Latvia, followed by Poland and Chile. Latvia, you have the floor.


Latvia · Nordic-Baltic states [1:49:24]:

Thank you, Madam Chair. I speak on behalf of the Nordic-Baltic states. We thank Madam Special Rapporteur for the report. Threats to the freedom of peaceful assembly and of association by governments show that civic spaces around the world are increasingly under pressure. We are particularly concerned about the proliferation of so-called foreign agent laws and their dire consequences for civil society. As you, Madame Special Rapporteur, have mentioned in the report, by weaponizing these laws, states have broadened restrictions and tightened control over civil society's participation and access to resources. These laws are one of the tools used to systematically curtail human rights and fundamental freedoms and to stigmatize, silence, intimidate, and dismantle civil society, with an emphasis on its underrepresented parts. It is alarming that governments are resorting to more intrusive and aggressive tactics to deliberately prevent and deter people from exercising their human rights. We are gravely concerned by the use of excessive force against peaceful protesters and their arbitrary arrests. States must respect their international obligations to the rights to peaceful assembly and association. Madame Special Rapporteur, How can the international community help civil society organizations and human rights defenders to counter foreign agents law? I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:51:02]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Latvia and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Poland.


Poland [1:51:10]:

Thank you, Madam Chair. Poland aligns with the EU statement. The right to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association is a cornerstone of any democratic and peaceful society. Unfortunately, it is increasingly under threat, not only through imposing repressive laws, including foreign agent type legislation or brutal crackdowns in the same places in the world, but also which is equally dangerous through limiting space for civil society exacerbated by declining financial support. That is why Poland will continue to support civil society organizations, especially human rights defenders, and will continue our efforts to ensure and enhance the full, effective, and meaningful participation, including in all UN processes. Upholding the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association is crucial to protect our democracies. A society that cannot gather, cannot organize, cannot speak, is not free. Madam Special Rapporteur, we echo your call for sustainable, long-term funding for civil society, especially for organizations working with the most vulnerable groups, defending human rights, and promoting good governance. In your recent report, you've provided some key principles for ensuring a sustainable and just aid architecture that sustains and empowers a vibrant civil society and civil civic engagement. In this context, how much does disinformation exacerbate the current condition of civil society worldwide? Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:52:26]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Poland and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Chile, followed by Montenegro and Ukraine.


Chile [1:52:38]:

Thank you. We thank the Special Rapporteur for her report. on the rights to freedom, peaceful assembly and association. Chile reiterates its call to join forces to ensure the right to freedom, peaceful assembly and association. This is crucial to democracy and the rule of law. We recognize that civil society is an essential link between communities and governments. When their participation is restricted or reduced, there is more room for public participation and there is less room for the government to understand the needs and concerns of the community. We share our concern also for the reduction that has left the human rights system in a situation of uncertainty with the danger to civil political rights. The lack of space to guarantee these rights together with repressive measures is undermining the survival of civil society. It restricts its independence and hinders their activism. This contributes to a securitization and militarization of public space. This approach has a stigmatizing effect that leads to repression and to criminalization of rights in the name of national security. In addition, this tool has been used to address threats against democracy, such as misinformation and disinformation. However, the application of this can actually undermine the very principles it seeks to uphold and undermine democratic processes. In this regard, Chile recognizes the work of the Special Rapporteur and appreciates the recommendations aimed at reducing the barriers to these fundamental guarantees. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:54:29]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Chile and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Montenegro.


Montenegro [1:54:39]:

Thank you, Madame Chair. We thank the Special Rapporteur, Madame Romero, for her important report. Montenegro fully supports the importance she places on protecting the right to peaceful assembly and association. We are concerned about the growing restrictions on civic space, as well as the use of laws and practices that discourage or stigmatize legitimate activism. Such trends weaken democracy and trust between citizens and institutions. Montenegro strongly believes that a free and active civil society is essential for promoting human rights, accountability and social progress. We remain committed to ensuring an open and safe environment for associations, human rights defenders and all who contribute to the public good. As a small and open democracy, Montenegro also values regional cooperation and exchange of good practices in strengthening civic participation and dialogue with authorities. In your view, Madam Romero, what are the most effective ways for states to bring trust and regular communication with civil society, especially in contexts where civic space is under pressure? Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:55:52]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Montenegro. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Ukraine, followed by Uruguay and the Russian Federation.


Ukraine [1:56:04]:

Madam Chair, Ukraine expresses its gratitude to the Special Rapporteur for the presented report. Indeed, the recent suspension of funding for Ukrainian organizations poses a serious challenge and threatens the existence of many civil society organizations in Ukraine. However, Ukraine aims to stress an even more pressing issue. For Ukrainians, the rights to peaceful assembly and association are not abstract principles. They are acts of courage. In free Ukraine, they remain the foundation of our democracy, solidarity, and resilience. Under Russian occupation, they can cost one's freedom, sometimes life. Since 2014, Russian occupying authorities have systematically suppressed Ukrainian civil society, seizing control of media and the internet, spreading false narratives to justify aggression, and threatening anyone who dares to express Ukrainian views, let alone gather peacefully in the streets. Under Russia's temporary occupation, Ukrainians are denied even the most basic right to gather or express who they are. In 2023, I worked as an interpreter for a foreign journalist who visited recently liberated areas of the Harrison region of Ukraine. I heard firsthand stories of Ukrainians who were brutally tortured by Russian forces for their views and their initial attempts to protest. Ukraine stresses that under constant threat of repression, Russian occupying forces silence people through detention, torture, and enforced disappearances, destroying the very right to peaceful protest and access to truth. Ukraine calls on the Special Rapporteur to continue addressing Russia's severe violation of human rights in Ukraine in forthcoming reports, contributing to the global efforts to ensure accountability and justice. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [1:58:25]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Ukraine and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Uruguay.


Uruguay [1:58:34]:

Thank you very much. Uruguay hails the Special Rapporteur and thanks her for her report, and we reiterate the firm support for her mandate. As regards the right to the freedom of peaceful assembly and association, the right to expression, these are good barometers of the status of democracy. At the same time, it reflects states' adherence to the universal system of protection of human rights, the institutional normative system that we've created internationally over the last 80 years. This is thus a grave signal, the persistent reduction of civic space that we are witnessing all over the world, including in countries with long-standing democratic systems. The criminalization of civil society and the shrinking civic space And the proliferation of hate speech and censorship, especially on the internet, which has impacted democracies unprecedentedly, is very striking. We note that, especially here in New York, we are seeing unjustified restrictions on the participation of civil society organizations, as highlighted in the report of the Special Rapporteur. The shrinking ODA system represents shrinking funding aimed at promoting democracy, the rule of law and human rights, as well as efforts for peacebuilding and building justice. This seriously undermines the work of organizations and civil society all over the world. Uruguay is convinced that when people can express themselves freely, when they can assemble peacefully, and when they can organize to defend human rights, to defend the planet and the environment. when they can do so freely without fear of intimidation, reprisals or other forms of criminalization, in these cases, society as a whole benefits. We will continue to raise our voices against this shrinking space and supporting civil society organizations both in Uruguay and internationally. We wish to ask the Special Rapporteur if she can share more information about the impact of structural underfunding of the human rights pillar and the liquidity crisis they're having on her mandate and how this is linked to limited resources. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [2:00:57]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Uruguay. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Russian Federation, followed by Switzerland, Cuba and United Kingdom.


Russian Federation [2:01:10]:

Thank you, Madam Chair. We noted positively the joint statement published on the 1st of October. It was published by a number of special procedures of Human Rights Council, and Ms. Romero joined in with the authors, and it has to do with the persecution of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. We also feel cautious optimism having to do with the fact that the UN Human Rights mechanism, Human Rights Council in particular, finally paid attention to the egregious situation surrounding the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Since 2018, the Kiev regime has been conducted a centralized policy to eradicate the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and to force the parishioners to move to the artificially created so-called Orthodox Church of Ukraine. At the same time, we would like to say that the outrage and lawlessness by the Kyiv regime against the Ukrainian Orthodox Church have crossed all kinds of lines. The continued redistribution of property of the Church, the takeover of churches, is accompanied by physical violence, the use of firearms, frequently against the clergy and parishioners. Holy sites are being desecrated and other illegal acts are being committed with impunity. The law enforcement and special service are also persecuting the high church authorities and the clergy. There's evidence of torture and beatings of the clergymen and even their violent deaths under unclear circumstances. We, on our part, would like to say that we have conveyed this information many times to the special procedures of HRC, and we call on the special rapporteurs and other special procedures to react to these illegal acts of the Kyiv regime. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [2:02:47]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Russia and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Switzerland.


Switzerland [2:02:55]:

Madame la Vice...

Madame la Switzerland would like to thank the Special Rapporteur. Switzerland remains deeply concerned by the structural crisis that facing civil society worldwide as a result of increasing restrictions and budget cuts. This shrinking civic space undermines the freedom of association and peaceful assembly and puts democratic institutions under severe strain. The consequences of that are particularly serious for women and girls, whose voices are far too often silenced and whose participation in public life is thus limited. At the same time, the repression of peaceful protests is intensifying. It is marked by excessive use of force and increasing militarization of law enforcement. These practices, like surveillance, arbitrary detention, or the freezing of bank accounts, violate international human rights law and cannot be justified on grounds of security or counterterrorism reasons. And that is why Switzerland has supported the Model Protocol for Law Enforcement Officials on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in the Context of Peaceful Protests, We encourage States to use it to strengthen their protocols and ensure that peaceful protests are managed in a manner that respects human rights. Special Rapporteur, what innovative and inclusive approaches do you consider to be most effective in helping civil society to organize and express itself peacefully, including in the digital spaces? I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [2:04:43]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Switzerland. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Cuba, followed by United Kingdom, European Union.

And Belgium.


Cuba [2:04:57]:

Thank you, Madam Chair. We agree with the Special Rapporteur in terms of the concerns that special procedures are facing together with all of the UN human rights mechanisms in fulfilling their work. The special rapporteurs are independent, their opinions do not have to coincide with those of Member States, however we note that there is a duty for rapporteurs to be guided by a code of conduct with professionalism and probity and so their activities and reports should not be influenced by third parties who may be politically motivated. Constructive cooperation should be applied universally, it should not be biased and should respect a minimum code of behaviour. Civil society plays a crucial role in all aspects of society in Cuba, especially in the areas of human rights and democratic popular participation, electoral processes, referenda, legislative consultations, and others. A recent example has been the public consultations on the Constitution, the Family Code, the Code of Childhood, Adolescence, and Youth, and a new labor code. All of these legal instruments were discussed and amended on the basis of thousands of open and peaceful assemblies, many of these mediated by civil society, unions, activists, and other forms of associations. Madam Chair, in accordance with our legislation, the Cuban state will continue to guarantee the right to peaceful assembly and ensure fulfilment of the law. We will continue to highlight attempts to manipulate human rights and to ensure that the mandate holders work to preserve their credibility and legitimacy. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [2:06:55]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Cuba. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the United Kingdom.


United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [2:07:04]:

Thank you, Madam Chair.

Special Rapporteur.

We welcome your report and thank you for your continued commitment to the protection and promotion of civic freedoms globally. The United Kingdom remains firmly committed to upholding the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, which are foundational to democratic societies and essential for the protection of human rights, the rule of law, and inclusive development. We share your concern that governments are misusing laws to criminalise activism, restrict funding to civil society, and suppress dissent. We recognize the last few years have been challenging for the civil society sector. The United Kingdom is committed to modernizing its approach to partnerships, moving from international intervention to local leadership. Promoting the resilience and local legitimacy of civil society helps to protect civic space and support stable, open societies. Special Rapporteur, we recognize the vital role of civil society in promoting and protecting freedoms of peaceful assembly and of association. What can international donors do to ensure that the support they provide builds local resilience rather than dependency?

Thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [2:08:16]:

I thank the Special Representative of United Kingdom. I now leave the floor to the Special Representative of European Union, followed by Belgium, China, Islamic Republic of Iran, and Colombia.


EU · EU [2:08:31]:

Thank you, Madam Vice-Chair. I have the honour to speak on behalf of the European Union and its member states. We thank the Special Rapporteur, Ms. Romero, for her comprehensive and urgent report and remain committed to supporting this important mandate. The European Union and its member states share your deep concern about the unprecedented pressures on the freedoms of peaceful assembly and association. The report rightly underlines that the dismantling of international aid systems, the misuse of security narratives, the stigmatization of civil society actors have all created an existential threat to collective action and human solidarity. This crisis not only endangers non-governmental organizations, it also undermines the very foundations of democracy, solidarity and human dignity. These freedoms are not privileges granted by states but rights inherent to every human being. We are deeply concerned that these developments risk reversing decades of progress in human rights, gender equality, climate justice and peacebuilding. As the report makes clear, civic actors are indispensable partners in achieving the sustainable development goals and implementation of the pact for the future. Defunding them weakens our collective capacity to deliver on these commitments. When human rights defenders and independent journalists are defunded, stigmatized, or silenced under the pretext of security, it is our collective responsibility to speak out and to act. The misuse of security laws to suppress civil society is unacceptable and a violation of human rights law. The rights to peaceful assembly and association are not a threat to society. They are vital to democracy. The European Union stands firmly with all those who continue to defend civic space and human rights, including human rights defenders, independent journalists and civil society organisations, and supports efforts to build an inclusive and just aid architecture that empowers local partners and leads to participation, not dependence. We also stress that genuine security cannot exist without respect for human rights, the rule of law, and inclusive governance. Ms. Romero, how can the international community reclaim the narrative and ensure that security serves human rights?


3rd Committee · Chair [2:11:04]:

I thank the distinguished representative of European Union and now give the floor of the distinguished representative of Belgium on behalf of Benelux countries.


Belgium · Benelux [2:11:15]:

Thank you, Chair. I am honoured to deliver this statement on behalf of the three countries of the Benelux: the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Luxembourg and my own country, Belgium. Madame Special Rapporteur, we welcome this interactive dialogue and thank you for your report regarding the alarming threats posed to the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. We share your assessment that it is not business as usual. We recognize the outstanding resilience of civil society actors in leveraging their legacy, knowledge and experience to innovate and stand strong in these challenging times where fundamental freedoms and human rights are under mounting pressure. We call on States, as we did last year, to fulfill their responsibility to create an enabling environment for the full enjoyment of these rights. Legal barriers, delegitimation campaigns, intimidation, reprisals, and transnational repression lead to self-censorship and prevent safe and meaningful participation of civil society actors. Madam Special Rapporteur, in your report, you rightly underline the growing restrictions faced by civil society, including their limited access to decision-making spaces, such as within multilateral and regional mechanisms. The financial crisis has also limited the space for interaction within UN mechanisms to the detriment of civil society. Madam Special Rapporteur, what strategies in the current context can, in your view, enable and amplify meaningful participation of civil society, including marginalized groups, in UN processes? I thank.


3rd Committee · Chair [2:12:58]:

You. I thank the distinguished representative of Belgium. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of China.


China [2:13:07]:

Madam Chair, China takes note of the report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, and the concerns about the current challenges faced by citizens in exercising these rights worldwide. The legitimate rights and freedoms enjoyed by citizens, including the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, should be fully guaranteed in accordance with the law. Meanwhile, no freedom is absolute. While exercising these freedoms, citizens must abide by the Constitution and laws, and must not harm the interests of the country, society, and the collective, nor resort to other illegal means to cause disruption, assault or destruction. Setting legal boundaries for the exercise of rights is a common practice among all countries and is also in line with the spirit of the international human rights mechanisms. It is hoped that the Special Rapporteur will respect the basic facts and refrain from listening to one-sided narratives or baseless information to perform her duties fairly and objectively so as to win the trust of all countries. Thank you, Madam Chair.


3rd Committee · Chair [2:14:26]:

I thank the distinguished representative of China. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.


Iran (Islamic Republic of) [2:14:35]:

Thank you very much, Madam Chair. Iran takes note of the report of a special rapporteur. In the report, the United States of America and Germany are specifically cited for their use of immigration enforcement powers to detain or deport activists, particularly those advocating for the rights of Palestinian people, and for treating such legitimate political expression as a security threat. The report further notes that the United States has increasingly resorted to militarized law enforcement. the use of excessive force and intimidation tactics in response to peaceful assemblies, including the crackdown on anti-immigration protests in California. The United Kingdom is also noted for imposing several restrictions on the right to peaceful assembly and for the criminalization of acts of solidarity with Palestine. The Public Order Act has had a chilling effect on civic participation and poses a direct threat to the exercise of this fundamental freedom. The application of counter-terrorism legislation to suppress the Palestinian action movement is of particular concern. We call upon the United Kingdom to reconsider its decision to ban the Palestinian Act Group and to hold ongoing investigations and prosecutions against peaceful protesters detained under this measure. Furthermore, it is regrettable that in certain instances, some Western states, under the pretext of promoting the freedom of peaceful assembly, have extended political or financial support to violent non-state actors whose actions have resulted in the incitement of hatred, the perpetration of violence, and violations of human rights. Such practices include the training and funding of groups engaged in destabilizing activities, stand in contradiction to the principles of international law and the spirit of right to peaceful assembly. Iran reiterates its full commitment to fulfilling its human rights obligation within the framework of its national context and constitutional principles. It further reaffirms that the promotion and protection of human rights must be pursued universally and impartially, free from double standards and any form of political instrumentalization. I thank you, Madam Chair.


3rd Committee · Chair [2:16:54]:

I thank the distinguished representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran. I now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Colombia.


Colombia [2:17:05]:

Thank you, Madam Chair. Colombia wishes to begin by expressing its thanks to Madam Special Rapporteur for her presentation. Freedom of expression, of assembly, of association, and political rights in general means discussing the basic pillars of a democratic system. This is not just a political, social and cultural structure that guarantees dignity, justice and inclusion, but also pluralism and public participation in civic matters. Thus, we must have substantive participation and equitable access to power. This means adopting affirmative measures in order to guarantee the inclusion of civil society more broadly, including women, indigenous peoples, Afro-descendant peoples, per be LGBTIQ+ individuals and young people. The effective guarantee of these rights allows for accountability and general defense of human rights. In this regard, Colombia firmly believes that no measure adopted in the name of democracy can violate the central nucleus of human rights, nor justify authoritarian regression. Madame Rapporteur, we share your vision as regards the need to establish effective measures to guarantee these freedoms. Colombia also will continue its efforts to overcome the false narratives between security and human rights. to continue issuing calls so that mechanisms that took decades of struggle to achieve should not end. And we are seeking to guarantee all human rights systems, and this means guaranteeing the lives of all people. I thank you.


3rd Committee · Chair [2:18:44]:

I thank the distinguished representative of Colombia. I now give back the floor to Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, Ms. Gina Romero.


UN · Special Rapporteur [2:18:57]:

Well, thanks to everyone for your questions. I think that there are several different questions and topics, so I'll try to address them all in the time that we have. Starting from all the countries that mentioned the impact on the freedom of the foreign agent laws, I think that it's very important to actually just repeal all those laws. I know that some of these laws are not being adopted with ill-intended objectives, and therefore they are sometimes adopted without, like, sorry for saying, but very recklessly, because they doesn't amount to the analysis of what is the impact on civil society in general and on associations, and not only nonprofit civil society organizations. So this is the first thing is just to try to repeal those laws. But also I want to mention that in some cases these laws, these foreign agent laws are also being adopted. These foreign agent laws and other type of laws, for example, ill-intended transparency and accountability laws for civil society, are being adopted under the excuse of the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force. And in most of the cases, I haven't actually found one case in which those countries that have actually mentioned the Financial Action Task Force for the adoption of these ill-intended laws are actually just using that as an excuse. And then this is a new opportunity that emerged among us now, because then the Action Task Force has adopted a new mechanism in which any country can actually trigger an interview mechanism between reviews to try to see which has been the implementation of recommendation eight, which is the recommendation related with civil society, and then how all those ill-intended measures are affecting civil society and civic space in general. So perhaps one very concrete action that the international community can do is actually to be part of this new mechanism and to trigger this mechanism hand to hand with civil society and with special procedures and special rapporteurs like me or Bensod, the rapporteur on the fight, defense of human rights and the fight against terrorism. So, so one, that is one, and then the other one is just to request to your fellow colleagues, governments to repeal the foreign agent laws and the ill-intended transparency and accountability laws. About the question of Montenegro asked about which is the effective, the more effective way to bring communication and interaction between civil society and governments, especially in countries in which the civic space is closed. And I think that there also the international community has a lot to do. I have seen in many cases, countries that have civic space still open and not as restricted, that still have like a problem to actually try to convene scenarios to dialogue and and and trust building with civil society. And I think that this is important that every country has a possibility to engage with civil society organizations and with other actors just to try to hear from the needs, but also to hear all the ideas and good practices that they can. bring to their government. In many cases, civil society itself have very pretty good ideas of how to actually enforce, for example, more transparency and accountability from the sector. But in most cases, what we see is that governments take new measures and then new laws and internal administrative policies to control civil society without actually resorting to civil society to see what they are already doing. And that is only one example. So at the end, it is a matter of building trust and then just to try to open up more spaces for those dialogues. There were a couple of questions, or at least one, about the impact and funding crisis and the liquidity crisis to our mandate, one by Uruguay, and I can't remember who else. mention it. And then the bigger impact is the slow capacity, the slower pace and the reduced capacity of the system to actually support the mandates. It's not only that now we have only one visit when some years ago we were like more than two. And it's not only that we have every time less time for these dialogues or less words for our reports or less possibility to actually engage, but also that we are not being able to receive enough support from the Office of the High Commissioner, and that is also affecting our capacity to address governments in the way that the system is built, that is like through communications and through the possibility to direct engagement, and that is heavily reduced now because the Office of the High Commissioner is very reduced, and we are dependent and especially logistic issues by the office of the High Commissioner so that is that is that is the main the main problem but also and I need to be very clear about these there has been also a pretty nasty persecution to some of us. And then I need to take the opportunity to denounce also the US sanctions to my colleague, Francis, Frances Calvanese, the special opportunity of the occupied Palestinian territory that has been that has been sanctioned. And then any sanction of the on on our work is actually a violation of international law. But then it at some point we also need for other governments and we also need for the system to stand up for us, because then we are actually appointed by the Human Rights Council, and therefore we need to be somehow protected for it. I am very pleased and thank you to Switzerland to mention the model protocol. I think that the model protocol is actually a very important tool that all countries can just try to figure out if they can pull all the inputs of the model protocol to their own ways of addressing and facilitating protests. And then it's very important to mention that the model protocol, it's a set of recommendations that also includes, for example, the wellbeing of the police and the law enforcement. And it's also taking into account the differences between the approaches of protest doing before and after. And this is something that it is need to be addressed and kind of absorbed by all governments. But then also the model protocol has a annex that is heavily working on the use of technology for also in the context of protest. And this is very important because in the context of securitization and militarization, as many of you mentioned, the issue of security and surveillance is very important. And the annex, the digital annex of the model protocol has some interesting recommendations, but also my next report to the Human Rights Council is also touching that point. Related to Russia, I keep saying that my mandate remains objective and takes all concerns seriously, regardless of where they take place. And I've lost my, but then I also, I also want to really encourage Russia that in the same way that you are actually seeing what is happening outside Russia, you can see what is happening internally, because I still receive a lot of allegations of the impossibility. It's not the restriction, it's the impossibility for the exercise of the right of freedom of assembly and of association in the Russian territory. About China, well, all the legal administrative procedures that are actually taking into account the exercise of the freedom of assembly and of association need to be aligned with the international human rights law. So it is not only that a government creates a constitution and some laws that and then abide everything that happens internally without taking into account that in most cases these constitutions and laws are actually against the international human right law. So what I recommend is just to try to figure out if that it's a possibility to align it.

About Cuba, we could spend hours discussing the right to freedom of association in Cuba. The only thing I've left to say in these last couple of minutes is that Law 54 is now more than 40 years old. In this regard, it's very important that the law of association can be revised as regards those areas where it really limits or restricts the right to association. For example, there are provisions that say that there can only be one association for certain specific issues or certain specific agendas. This does not really make much sense, because civil society is so diverse that it should have a full range of rights to association, regardless of what their agendas or topics of discussion may be.

My time is over, but I really want to close with a positive message, and it is that Many of you asked, I'm sorry that I didn't have time to reply all the questions, but many of you asked, what can the international community do? And I think that you need to held accountable your peers. And then in the same way that it is very important that it has been mentioned here, and even my colleague Mary said, that in some countries, like it was mentioned, Germany and the UK and the US, the right of freedom of peaceful assembly has been heavily curtailed. I also will encourage you to, once you are looking at others, look at yourself, but then all among yourselves, just to try to hold accountable of what is happening on association and assemblies. the situations and the differences between you all are very different. And then precisely because of that is that these spaces are so important. So I need to conclude that I'm very grateful that you all are here, but I'm very sad and very concerned that half of the room is empty. So what is the commitment real that the commitment we have? for this, for the dialogue with the civil society, that it could be present, very little, but then with the international and the rapporteurs that are here also to talk to you. I welcome that we can keep talking about this, and then I'll perhaps reply some of the other questions in writing, because I didn't have time to.


3rd Committee · Chair [2:30:49]:

Thank you very much, Ms. Romero. So we thank the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association. Distinguished delegates, before we resume our general statement on any or all item, I would like to remind delegation of the time limit of three minutes. Delegation wishing to deliver a statement are invited to press their microphone button. Any spillover request will be accommodated at the following meeting for general statement. The microphone light will start blinking 30 seconds before the expiration of the time limit, and the microphones will be automatically switched off when the time is up. Are there any requests of statements? Okay, we only can see one request of Serbia. No? Okay. You pressed accidentally the button. So we can see any requests? Okay, so we heard the last speaker delivering statements. The Committee will continue its consideration agenda item 71, promotion and protections of human rights and its sub-item A to D, tomorrow morning at 10:00 a.m. to hear a statement by special procedure mandate holder and other experts and engage with them in an interactive dialogue. Information on the work of the committee, including the schedule of meeting, is available on iGov. The meeting is adjourned.