{"disclaimer":"Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations.","url":"https://transcripts.un.org/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en","llms":{"note":"Plain-text sibling of this page, compact for LLM context. For the full API guide (search, listing, URL grammar) see /llms.txt.","textUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5.txt","guide":"/llms.txt"},"video":{"id":"k12/k12hptpwu5","kaltura_id":"1_2hptpwu5","title":"5th Meeting - 2nd Session Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems 2026","clean_title":"5th Meeting - 2nd Session Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems 2026","url":"https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5","date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00.000Z","scheduled_time":"2026-09-02T08:00:00.000Z","status":"finished","duration":"02:50:19","category":"Meetings & Events","body":null,"event_code":null,"event_type":null,"session_number":null,"pv_symbol":null,"pv_part":null,"slug":"asset/k12/k12hptpwu5"},"metadata":{"summary":"Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons System Geneva, 2-6 March and 31 August - 4 September 2026","description":"Provisional agenda\n1. Opening of the meeting.\n2. Adoption of the agenda.\n3. Confirmation of the rules of procedure.\n4. Organization of the work of the Group of Governmental Experts.\n5. Further consider and formulate, by consensus, a set of elements of an instrument,\nwithout prejudging its nature, and other possible measures to address emerging\ntechnologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapon systems, taking into account the\nexample of existing Protocols within the Convention, proposals presented by High\nContracting Parties and other options related to the normative and operational\nframework on emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapon\nsystems, building upon the recommendations and conclusions of the Group, and\nbringing in expertise on legal, military, and technological aspects.\n6. Other matters.\n7. Adoption of the report.\n8. Closing of the meeting.","categories":["Meetings & Events"],"geographic_subject":[],"subject_topical":[],"corporate_name":[],"speaker_affiliation":[],"related_documents":[{"title":"Learn More:","url":"https://meetings.unoda.org/ccw-/convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons-group-of-governmental-experts-on-lethal-autonomous-weapons-systems-2026"}]},"transcript":{"transcript_id":"scheduled-81c25577-d3d4-4640-9f7c-74180064a99b","language":"en","data":[{"statement_number":1,"start":0.51,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=1","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Excellencies, distinguished delegates, could I ask you to take your seats again?","start":0.51,"end":5.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Excellencies,","start":0.51,"end":1.71},{"text":"distinguished","start":1.95,"end":2.63},{"text":"delegates,","start":2.63,"end":3.15},{"text":"could","start":3.15,"end":3.39},{"text":"I","start":3.39,"end":3.43},{"text":"ask","start":3.43,"end":3.87},{"text":"you","start":3.87,"end":4.03},{"text":"to","start":4.03,"end":4.27},{"text":"take","start":4.27,"end":4.71},{"text":"your","start":4.71,"end":4.83},{"text":"seats","start":4.83,"end":5.15},{"text":"again?","start":5.15,"end":5.71}]},{"text":"Well, good morning, Excellencies, distinguished delegates.","start":43.11,"end":46.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Well,","start":43.11,"end":43.35},{"text":"good","start":43.59,"end":43.79},{"text":"morning,","start":43.79,"end":44.31},{"text":"Excellencies,","start":44.31,"end":44.99},{"text":"distinguished","start":44.99,"end":45.51},{"text":"delegates.","start":45.51,"end":46.15}]},{"text":"Let me start with expressing my 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already announced yesterday at the end of the meeting that we will have another round of informal consultations 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the text that was not yet discussed, so we discussed para 25 and we discussed What was it?","start":106.51,"end":114.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":106.51,"end":107.23},{"text":"the","start":107.47,"end":107.59},{"text":"text","start":107.59,"end":108.19},{"text":"that","start":108.19,"end":108.51},{"text":"was","start":108.55,"end":108.67},{"text":"not","start":108.67,"end":108.87},{"text":"yet","start":108.91,"end":109.15},{"text":"discussed,","start":109.15,"end":109.87},{"text":"so","start":109.87,"end":110.19},{"text":"we","start":110.19,"end":110.35},{"text":"discussed","start":110.35,"end":111.07},{"text":"para","start":111.55,"end":112.27},{"text":"25","start":112.27,"end":112.99},{"text":"and","start":113.03,"end":113.15},{"text":"we","start":113.15,"end":113.31},{"text":"discussed","start":113.31,"end":114.03},{"text":"What","start":114.39,"end":114.59},{"text":"was","start":114.59,"end":114.75},{"text":"it?","start":114.75,"end":114.99}]},{"text":"35, 38, 36, 48, 35, 48.","start":115.15,"end":119.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"35,","start":115.15,"end":115.75},{"text":"38,","start":115.75,"end":116.51},{"text":"36,","start":117.15,"end":117.63},{"text":"48,","start":117.71,"end":118.19},{"text":"35,","start":118.87,"end":119.27},{"text":"48.","start":119.27,"end":119.87}]},{"text":"So please leave that out.","start":120.43,"end":122.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":120.43,"end":120.91},{"text":"please","start":120.95,"end":121.27},{"text":"leave","start":121.27,"end":121.43},{"text":"that","start":121.43,"end":121.63},{"text":"out.","start":121.63,"end":122.03}]},{"text":"By now, I think the chair, but also colleagues in the room know your national positions on 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still be working on the text to be discussed tonight.","start":152.79,"end":159.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"During","start":152.79,"end":153.27},{"text":"the","start":153.27,"end":153.39},{"text":"day,","start":153.39,"end":153.99},{"text":"my","start":154.95,"end":155.19},{"text":"team","start":155.27,"end":155.91},{"text":"will","start":155.91,"end":156.15},{"text":"still","start":156.15,"end":156.47},{"text":"be","start":156.47,"end":156.71},{"text":"working","start":156.71,"end":157.27},{"text":"on","start":157.27,"end":157.67},{"text":"the","start":157.67,"end":157.79},{"text":"text","start":157.79,"end":158.27},{"text":"to","start":158.27,"end":158.39},{"text":"be","start":158.39,"end":158.55},{"text":"discussed","start":158.55,"end":159.15},{"text":"tonight.","start":159.15,"end":159.83}]},{"text":"Of course, you need to be prepared for that, so we will try to circulate it somewhere in the afternoon to give you some 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for that reason, we also start at 7:30 to allow you to have some time to read it.","start":166.87,"end":172.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":166.87,"end":166.99},{"text":"for","start":166.99,"end":167.11},{"text":"that","start":167.11,"end":167.27},{"text":"reason,","start":167.27,"end":167.55},{"text":"we","start":167.55,"end":167.67},{"text":"also","start":167.67,"end":167.91},{"text":"start","start":167.91,"end":168.55},{"text":"at","start":168.91,"end":169.11},{"text":"7:30","start":169.11,"end":169.15},{"text":"to","start":169.19,"end":169.43},{"text":"allow","start":169.43,"end":169.75},{"text":"you","start":169.75,"end":169.99},{"text":"to","start":170.07,"end":170.35},{"text":"have","start":170.35,"end":170.55},{"text":"some","start":170.55,"end":170.79},{"text":"time","start":170.79,"end":171.03},{"text":"to","start":171.03,"end":171.27},{"text":"read","start":171.67,"end":171.87},{"text":"it.","start":171.87,"end":172.07}]},{"text":"And also because I have some informals to do myself, I intend to start the afternoon session not before four 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We will have a meeting, we will meet this morning until 1 o'clock.","start":187.91,"end":193.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":187.91,"end":188.63},{"text":"We","start":189.27,"end":189.43},{"text":"will","start":189.43,"end":189.59},{"text":"have","start":189.59,"end":189.79},{"text":"a","start":189.79,"end":189.83},{"text":"meeting,","start":189.83,"end":190.31},{"text":"we","start":190.31,"end":190.55},{"text":"will","start":190.55,"end":190.71},{"text":"meet","start":190.71,"end":190.99},{"text":"this","start":190.99,"end":191.15},{"text":"morning","start":191.15,"end":191.67},{"text":"until","start":191.75,"end":192.23},{"text":"1","start":192.23,"end":192.47},{"text":"o'clock.","start":192.47,"end":193.03}]},{"text":"We will resume then at 4 o'clock until 6 and then we will reconvene in an informal setting at 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regard to 33, while the core meaning of this power is not contested, there continue to be divergent views on what constitutes the correct language for accurately reflecting existing obligations under IHL, as well as on whether additional precautions should be included to account for a potential change in the status of protected individuals and 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suggested formulation retains the idea of the original wording while seeking to simplify and clarify the para and preserving existing IHL obligations and the understanding thereof.","start":260.27,"end":273.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":260.27,"end":260.43},{"text":"suggested","start":260.43,"end":261.03},{"text":"formulation","start":261.03,"end":261.95},{"text":"retains","start":261.95,"end":262.59},{"text":"the","start":262.63,"end":262.71},{"text":"idea","start":262.75,"end":263.19},{"text":"of","start":263.19,"end":263.31},{"text":"the","start":263.31,"end":263.43},{"text":"original","start":263.43,"end":263.87},{"text":"wording","start":263.87,"end":264.51},{"text":"while","start":264.51,"end":264.91},{"text":"seeking","start":264.91,"end":265.39},{"text":"to","start":265.39,"end":265.55},{"text":"simplify","start":265.55,"end":266.43},{"text":"and","start":266.43,"end":266.67},{"text":"clarify","start":266.67,"end":267.39},{"text":"the","start":267.39,"end":267.55},{"text":"para","start":267.55,"end":268.11},{"text":"and","start":268.43,"end":268.63},{"text":"preserving","start":268.63,"end":269.39},{"text":"existing","start":269.39,"end":269.95},{"text":"IHL","start":269.95,"end":270.47},{"text":"obligations","start":270.47,"end":271.39},{"text":"and","start":271.63,"end":271.91},{"text":"the","start":271.91,"end":271.99},{"text":"understanding","start":271.99,"end":272.87},{"text":"thereof.","start":272.87,"end":273.47}]},{"text":"Perhaps you can put the text then of 33.","start":273.99,"end":276.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Perhaps","start":273.99,"end":274.35},{"text":"you","start":274.35,"end":274.43},{"text":"can","start":274.43,"end":274.55},{"text":"put","start":274.59,"end":274.99},{"text":"the","start":274.99,"end":275.11},{"text":"text","start":275.11,"end":275.43},{"text":"then","start":275.43,"end":275.71},{"text":"of","start":275.75,"end":275.87},{"text":"33.","start":276.11,"end":276.99}]},{"text":"I also would like to recognise the concern that the suggested formulation could be understood as implying a lower level of protection for the civilian 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I would like to reiterate that under existing IHL, both individual civilians and civilian objects may, under certain circumstances, lose the protection afforded to them under IHL, while the civilian population as a whole cannot under any 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me now turn to para 39, at the request of several states, this para has been brought in line with the exact wording of additional protocol one, article 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time, the language has been adjusted to ensure that testing will be limited to simulations rather than instances where a battleground will become a testing 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Further change seem to be necessary to avoid unconstructive ambiguity, including on what constitutes a realistic 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formulation is now also more closely aligned with the language contained in para 44.","start":450.07,"end":455.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":450.07,"end":450.23},{"text":"formulation","start":450.23,"end":451.03},{"text":"is","start":451.03,"end":451.19},{"text":"now","start":451.19,"end":451.39},{"text":"also","start":451.39,"end":451.83},{"text":"more","start":451.83,"end":452.07},{"text":"closely","start":452.07,"end":452.59},{"text":"aligned","start":452.59,"end":453.27},{"text":"with","start":453.27,"end":453.47},{"text":"the","start":453.47,"end":453.55},{"text":"language","start":453.55,"end":454.07},{"text":"contained","start":454.07,"end":454.71},{"text":"in","start":454.71,"end":454.95},{"text":"para","start":454.95,"end":455.27},{"text":"44.","start":455.27,"end":455.99}]},{"text":"Now about subpara c. Changes have been made to address concerns over ambiguous terminology, notably by removing adequate, as well as to remedy prior inconsistencies, including the omission of the need for not just the operation, but also the effects of the laws to be 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paragraph, like certain other parts of the text, is one of the elements that has faced extensive exchanges throughout the various 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am well aware that the terminologies used in this paragraph remain problematic for some delegations.","start":494.79,"end":501.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":494.79,"end":494.91},{"text":"am","start":494.91,"end":495.03},{"text":"well","start":495.03,"end":495.35},{"text":"aware","start":495.35,"end":495.59},{"text":"that","start":495.59,"end":495.91},{"text":"the","start":496.55,"end":496.67},{"text":"terminologies","start":496.67,"end":497.75},{"text":"used","start":497.75,"end":498.23},{"text":"in","start":498.23,"end":498.35},{"text":"this","start":498.35,"end":498.55},{"text":"paragraph","start":498.55,"end":499.11},{"text":"remain","start":499.27,"end":499.83},{"text":"problematic","start":499.83,"end":500.55},{"text":"for","start":500.55,"end":500.75},{"text":"some","start":500.75,"end":500.99},{"text":"delegations.","start":500.99,"end":501.83}]},{"text":"However, let me stress that for others these are an essential element and a crucial condition for the lawful 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this para must be read in conjunction with its chapeau.","start":512.67,"end":517.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":512.67,"end":513.63},{"text":"this","start":513.63,"end":513.95},{"text":"para","start":513.95,"end":514.35},{"text":"must","start":514.35,"end":514.67},{"text":"be","start":514.67,"end":514.83},{"text":"read","start":514.83,"end":515.23},{"text":"in","start":515.23,"end":515.47},{"text":"conjunction","start":515.47,"end":516.35},{"text":"with","start":516.35,"end":516.59},{"text":"its","start":516.59,"end":516.83},{"text":"chapeau.","start":516.91,"end":517.47}]},{"text":"I therefore ask delegations, when addressing this para, to engage on the concepts contained therein, with a view to finding compromise 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than remaining stuck in a discussion over whether it should or should not be deleted.","start":530.15,"end":536.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"rather","start":530.15,"end":530.63},{"text":"than","start":530.63,"end":530.79},{"text":"remaining","start":530.79,"end":531.27},{"text":"stuck","start":531.27,"end":531.67},{"text":"in","start":531.67,"end":531.83},{"text":"a","start":531.83,"end":531.87},{"text":"discussion","start":531.87,"end":532.55},{"text":"over","start":532.55,"end":532.87},{"text":"whether","start":532.87,"end":533.35},{"text":"it","start":533.35,"end":533.51},{"text":"should","start":533.51,"end":533.91},{"text":"or","start":534.23,"end":534.39},{"text":"should","start":534.39,"end":534.63},{"text":"not","start":534.63,"end":535.03},{"text":"be","start":535.15,"end":535.35},{"text":"deleted.","start":535.43,"end":536.07}]},{"text":"Now to para 47.","start":538.55,"end":540.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now","start":538.55,"end":538.95},{"text":"to","start":538.95,"end":539.19},{"text":"para","start":539.19,"end":539.63},{"text":"47.","start":539.63,"end":540.47}]},{"text":"This para includes now a small technical change to state more clearly that internal mechanisms relate to a state's own use of laws and not to address incidents of other states use of 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the paragraphs you have proposed, We would like to make a number of comments.","start":848.39,"end":856.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":848.39,"end":848.99},{"text":"the","start":848.99,"end":849.07},{"text":"paragraphs","start":849.07,"end":849.75},{"text":"you","start":849.75,"end":849.91},{"text":"have","start":849.91,"end":850.03},{"text":"proposed,","start":850.03,"end":850.79},{"text":"We","start":854.15,"end":854.39},{"text":"would","start":854.39,"end":854.55},{"text":"like","start":854.55,"end":854.67},{"text":"to","start":854.67,"end":854.83},{"text":"make","start":854.83,"end":855.19},{"text":"a","start":855.19,"end":855.27},{"text":"number","start":855.27,"end":855.59},{"text":"of","start":855.59,"end":855.67},{"text":"comments.","start":855.67,"end":856.39}]},{"text":"On paragraph 33, we do not have any comment regarding your suggested 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said that, we still have concerns that we already had about the stylistic aspect of paragraph 33, specifically the use of the wording \"it is 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Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":1185.79,"end":1185.95},{"text":"we","start":1185.95,"end":1186.07},{"text":"have","start":1186.07,"end":1186.27},{"text":"said","start":1186.27,"end":1186.83},{"text":"previously,","start":1187.15,"end":1187.87},{"text":"we","start":1187.87,"end":1188.03},{"text":"would","start":1188.03,"end":1188.35},{"text":"be","start":1188.35,"end":1188.51},{"text":"ready","start":1188.51,"end":1188.91},{"text":"to","start":1188.91,"end":1189.39},{"text":"work","start":1189.39,"end":1190.03},{"text":"on","start":1190.03,"end":1190.59},{"text":"defining","start":1190.59,"end":1191.39},{"text":"what","start":1191.39,"end":1191.95},{"text":"is","start":1191.95,"end":1192.27},{"text":"meant","start":1192.27,"end":1192.99},{"text":"behind","start":1192.99,"end":1193.63},{"text":"those","start":1193.63,"end":1194.03},{"text":"concepts.","start":1194.03,"end":1194.99}]},{"text":"We could do that separately or in the context of this subparagraph itself, but, for us, one thing is clear: without clarification as to the contents of the concepts that are contained in the text, agreeing to just mentioning them in subparagraph would be problematic for our delegation.","start":1195.75,"end":1221.83,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":1195.75,"end":1196.23},{"text":"could","start":1196.23,"end":1196.67},{"text":"do","start":1196.67,"end":1196.95},{"text":"that","start":1196.95,"end":1197.43},{"text":"separately","start":1197.43,"end":1198.47},{"text":"or","start":1198.55,"end":1198.95},{"text":"in","start":1198.95,"end":1199.11},{"text":"the","start":1199.11,"end":1199.19},{"text":"context","start":1199.19,"end":1199.79},{"text":"of","start":1199.79,"end":1199.91},{"text":"this","start":1199.91,"end":1200.51},{"text":"subparagraph","start":1200.51,"end":1201.27},{"text":"itself,","start":1201.27,"end":1201.91},{"text":"but,","start":1201.91,"end":1202.15},{"text":"for","start":1202.15,"end":1202.39},{"text":"us,","start":1202.39,"end":1202.79},{"text":"one","start":1202.79,"end":1203.03},{"text":"thing","start":1203.03,"end":1203.35},{"text":"is","start":1203.35,"end":1203.67},{"text":"clear:","start":1203.67,"end":1204.23},{"text":"without","start":1204.55,"end":1205.75},{"text":"clarification","start":1206.87,"end":1208.07},{"text":"as","start":1208.47,"end":1208.71},{"text":"to","start":1208.71,"end":1209.03},{"text":"the","start":1209.03,"end":1209.23},{"text":"contents","start":1209.83,"end":1210.63},{"text":"of","start":1210.63,"end":1210.79},{"text":"the","start":1210.79,"end":1210.91},{"text":"concepts","start":1210.91,"end":1211.59},{"text":"that","start":1211.59,"end":1211.71},{"text":"are","start":1211.71,"end":1211.79},{"text":"contained","start":1211.79,"end":1212.27},{"text":"in","start":1212.27,"end":1212.39},{"text":"the","start":1212.39,"end":1212.47},{"text":"text,","start":1212.47,"end":1213.27},{"text":"agreeing","start":1215.11,"end":1216.23},{"text":"to","start":1216.23,"end":1216.39},{"text":"just","start":1216.39,"end":1216.71},{"text":"mentioning","start":1216.71,"end":1217.27},{"text":"them","start":1217.27,"end":1217.59},{"text":"in","start":1217.59,"end":1217.91},{"text":"subparagraph","start":1217.91,"end":1219.03},{"text":"would","start":1219.59,"end":1219.91},{"text":"be","start":1219.91,"end":1220.07},{"text":"problematic","start":1220.07,"end":1220.79},{"text":"for","start":1220.79,"end":1220.95},{"text":"our","start":1220.95,"end":1221.03},{"text":"delegation.","start":1221.03,"end":1221.83}]},{"text":"On paragraph 47, we are not against the amendment that the member has suggested.","start":1225.35,"end":1233.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":1225.35,"end":1225.59},{"text":"paragraph","start":1225.59,"end":1226.19},{"text":"47,","start":1226.19,"end":1227.11},{"text":"we","start":1228.71,"end":1229.35},{"text":"are","start":1229.35,"end":1229.75},{"text":"not","start":1229.75,"end":1230.55},{"text":"against","start":1231.43,"end":1231.83},{"text":"the","start":1231.83,"end":1231.91},{"text":"amendment","start":1231.91,"end":1232.27},{"text":"that","start":1232.27,"end":1232.39},{"text":"the","start":1232.39,"end":1232.47},{"text":"member","start":1232.47,"end":1232.71},{"text":"has","start":1232.71,"end":1232.83},{"text":"suggested.","start":1232.83,"end":1233.59}]},{"text":"However, there is a point that raises a question.","start":1234.79,"end":1239.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":1234.79,"end":1235.51},{"text":"there","start":1235.51,"end":1235.75},{"text":"is","start":1237.11,"end":1237.27},{"text":"a","start":1237.27,"end":1237.35},{"text":"point","start":1237.35,"end":1237.59},{"text":"that","start":1237.59,"end":1238.15},{"text":"raises","start":1238.43,"end":1238.83},{"text":"a","start":1238.83,"end":1238.87},{"text":"question.","start":1238.87,"end":1239.51}]},{"text":"We consider that paragraph 47 is an attempt to interfere in the internal affairs of States parties, given that we are talking about a mechanism at national level.","start":1239.51,"end":1251.51,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to 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the language that is in this paragraph is through its style quite strict.","start":1252.87,"end":1263.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":1252.87,"end":1253.27},{"text":"the","start":1253.27,"end":1253.43},{"text":"language","start":1253.43,"end":1254.47},{"text":"that","start":1254.47,"end":1255.27},{"text":"is","start":1255.35,"end":1256.07},{"text":"in","start":1256.47,"end":1256.95},{"text":"this","start":1256.95,"end":1257.43},{"text":"paragraph","start":1257.43,"end":1258.47},{"text":"is","start":1258.95,"end":1259.75},{"text":"through","start":1259.99,"end":1260.23},{"text":"its","start":1260.23,"end":1260.39},{"text":"style","start":1260.39,"end":1261.03},{"text":"quite","start":1261.03,"end":1261.99},{"text":"strict.","start":1262.39,"end":1263.59}]},{"text":"The word must is 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would like to avoid any such wording in this document and leave the issues of domestic matters to the States parties themselves, all the more as we have paragraph 45 and paragraph 46, which foresee in general terms the possibility of relevant measures at the national level that could be taken by States parties and that are also referred to in paragraph 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in this connection, we believe we must remove paragraph 47 in full.","start":1321.75,"end":1326.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":1321.75,"end":1321.99},{"text":"in","start":1321.99,"end":1322.15},{"text":"this","start":1322.15,"end":1322.39},{"text":"connection,","start":1322.39,"end":1323.19},{"text":"we","start":1323.19,"end":1323.35},{"text":"believe","start":1323.35,"end":1323.75},{"text":"we","start":1323.75,"end":1323.91},{"text":"must","start":1323.91,"end":1324.47},{"text":"remove","start":1324.47,"end":1324.95},{"text":"paragraph","start":1324.95,"end":1325.63},{"text":"47","start":1325.63,"end":1326.47},{"text":"in","start":1326.47,"end":1326.55},{"text":"full.","start":1326.55,"end":1326.79}]},{"text":"On paragraph 48, which is a new suggestion, so it's a rewording of former paragraph 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you, Chair.","start":1588.07,"end":1588.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1588.07,"end":1588.31},{"text":"you,","start":1588.31,"end":1588.39},{"text":"Chair.","start":1588.39,"end":1588.71}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"Stop Killer Robots","affiliation_full":"Stop Killer Robots","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":5,"start":1590.63,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=1591","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of Stop Killer Robots for sharing the views of her 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table.","start":1597.63,"end":1603.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":1597.63,"end":1597.75},{"text":"me","start":1597.75,"end":1597.87},{"text":"now","start":1597.87,"end":1598.71},{"text":"invite","start":1598.71,"end":1599.11},{"text":"other","start":1599.11,"end":1599.31},{"text":"delegations","start":1599.31,"end":1600.15},{"text":"to","start":1600.15,"end":1600.39},{"text":"share","start":1601.03,"end":1601.43},{"text":"their","start":1601.43,"end":1601.63},{"text":"views","start":1601.63,"end":1602.15},{"text":"on","start":1602.15,"end":1602.47},{"text":"what","start":1602.47,"end":1602.71},{"text":"is","start":1602.71,"end":1602.87},{"text":"on","start":1602.87,"end":1602.95},{"text":"the","start":1602.95,"end":1603.03},{"text":"table.","start":1603.03,"end":1603.51}]},{"text":"The text was circulated on 5 June and my suggestions are from the beginning of August, so it is not that you received it 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me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Pakistan.","start":1628.67,"end":1631.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":1628.67,"end":1628.87},{"text":"me","start":1628.87,"end":1628.99},{"text":"now","start":1628.99,"end":1629.15},{"text":"pass","start":1629.15,"end":1629.47},{"text":"the","start":1629.47,"end":1629.55},{"text":"floor","start":1629.55,"end":1629.75},{"text":"to","start":1629.75,"end":1629.87},{"text":"the","start":1629.87,"end":1629.95},{"text":"distinguished","start":1629.95,"end":1630.47},{"text":"representative","start":1630.47,"end":1631.15},{"text":"of","start":1631.15,"end":1631.23},{"text":"Pakistan.","start":1631.23,"end":1631.79}]},{"text":"You have the floor, sir.","start":1631.79,"end":1632.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":1631.79,"end":1631.91},{"text":"have","start":1631.91,"end":1632.11},{"text":"the","start":1632.11,"end":1632.19},{"text":"floor,","start":1632.19,"end":1632.39},{"text":"sir.","start":1632.39,"end":1632.51}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":6,"start":1635.23,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=1636","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":1635.23,"end":1635.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":1635.23,"end":1635.47},{"text":"you,","start":1635.47,"end":1635.55},{"text":"Chair.","start":1635.55,"end":1635.87}]},{"text":"Chair, on this section, we do recognize that there are a number of paragraphs, but let us first address the ones that, in our delegation's point of view, are very 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think that paragraphs 39 to 48, they are important in the sense they tell us how a state makes itself capable of exercising what would be required by human judgment and control.","start":1650.59,"end":1664.27,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly emphasized that human judgment and control must remain central to the use of autonomous weapon systems. 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also welcome the reference to voluntary exchange of practices with safeguards for national security, and we think the language is properly balanced right now, and we would not wish to see it disturbed in either 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I turn to paragraph 40.","start":1715.83,"end":1717.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Chair,","start":1715.83,"end":1716.07},{"text":"I","start":1716.07,"end":1716.15},{"text":"turn","start":1716.15,"end":1716.39},{"text":"to","start":1716.39,"end":1716.47},{"text":"paragraph","start":1716.47,"end":1716.91},{"text":"40.","start":1716.91,"end":1717.35}]},{"text":"Paragraph 40 is, for our delegation, the most important in this section, and we support the retention of predictability, reliability, traceability and explainability in this section.","start":1718.47,"end":1731.83,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW 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are our preliminary observations on this paragraph at this stage, but we can always come back again in terms of responding to any new 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think it's most helpful.","start":1933.59,"end":1935.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":1933.59,"end":1933.75},{"text":"think","start":1933.75,"end":1934.03},{"text":"it's","start":1934.03,"end":1934.39},{"text":"most","start":1934.39,"end":1934.71},{"text":"helpful.","start":1934.71,"end":1935.11}]},{"text":"Next on my list is the United States to be followed by Turkey.","start":1936.39,"end":1939.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":1936.39,"end":1936.71},{"text":"on","start":1936.71,"end":1936.79},{"text":"my","start":1936.79,"end":1936.95},{"text":"list","start":1936.95,"end":1937.27},{"text":"is","start":1937.27,"end":1937.43},{"text":"the","start":1937.43,"end":1937.51},{"text":"United","start":1937.51,"end":1937.91},{"text":"States","start":1937.91,"end":1938.39},{"text":"to","start":1938.39,"end":1938.47},{"text":"be","start":1938.47,"end":1938.63},{"text":"followed","start":1938.63,"end":1939.11},{"text":"by","start":1939.11,"end":1939.43},{"text":"Turkey.","start":1939.43,"end":1939.99}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of the United 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"IHL's","start":1979.63,"end":1980.19},{"text":"application,","start":1980.19,"end":1980.91},{"text":"including","start":1980.91,"end":1981.39},{"text":"the","start":1981.39,"end":1981.47},{"text":"CCW","start":1981.47,"end":1982.03},{"text":"protocols,","start":1982.03,"end":1982.83},{"text":"can","start":1983.39,"end":1983.55},{"text":"depend","start":1983.55,"end":1983.87},{"text":"on","start":1983.87,"end":1983.95},{"text":"the","start":1983.95,"end":1984.07},{"text":"technology","start":1984.07,"end":1984.63},{"text":"used.","start":1984.63,"end":1984.99}]},{"text":"For example, some rules apply to incendiary weapons, while some rules apply to mines.","start":1985.79,"end":1990.43,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":1991.39,"end":1991.71},{"text":"the","start":1991.71,"end":1991.87},{"text":"rules","start":1991.87,"end":1992.43},{"text":"governing","start":1992.51,"end":1992.87},{"text":"attacks","start":1992.87,"end":1993.55},{"text":"apply","start":1993.63,"end":1993.95},{"text":"regardless","start":1993.95,"end":1994.55},{"text":"of","start":1994.55,"end":1994.63},{"text":"the","start":1994.63,"end":1994.75},{"text":"technological","start":1994.75,"end":1995.55},{"text":"means","start":1995.55,"end":1996.03},{"text":"used","start":1996.03,"end":1996.35},{"text":"to","start":1996.35,"end":1996.43},{"text":"conduct","start":1996.43,"end":1996.79},{"text":"the","start":1996.79,"end":1996.87},{"text":"attack.","start":1996.87,"end":1997.31}]},{"text":"This concept exists in Article 59 of Additional Protocol I and can be easily reflected so the paragraph would read, and includes rules that are applicable regardless of the technology used to conduct the attack.","start":1998.27,"end":2015.67,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":1998.27,"end":1998.99},{"text":"concept","start":1999.39,"end":2000.03},{"text":"exists","start":2000.03,"end":2000.51},{"text":"in","start":2000.51,"end":2000.75},{"text":"Article","start":2000.99,"end":2001.31},{"text":"59","start":2001.31,"end":2001.95},{"text":"of","start":2001.95,"end":2002.19},{"text":"Additional","start":2002.59,"end":2002.99},{"text":"Protocol","start":2002.99,"end":2003.43},{"text":"I","start":2003.43,"end":2003.47},{"text":"and","start":2003.47,"end":2003.79},{"text":"can","start":2004.51,"end":2004.75},{"text":"be","start":2004.75,"end":2005.11},{"text":"easily","start":2005.11,"end":2005.47},{"text":"reflected","start":2005.47,"end":2005.99},{"text":"so","start":2005.99,"end":2006.11},{"text":"the","start":2006.11,"end":2006.27},{"text":"paragraph","start":2006.27,"end":2006.67},{"text":"would","start":2006.67,"end":2006.83},{"text":"read,","start":2006.83,"end":2007.23},{"text":"and","start":2008.71,"end":2008.95},{"text":"includes","start":2008.95,"end":2009.59},{"text":"rules","start":2009.83,"end":2010.55},{"text":"that","start":2010.55,"end":2010.79},{"text":"are","start":2010.79,"end":2010.91},{"text":"applicable","start":2010.91,"end":2011.67},{"text":"regardless","start":2012.07,"end":2012.87},{"text":"of","start":2012.87,"end":2012.95},{"text":"the","start":2012.95,"end":2013.07},{"text":"technology","start":2013.07,"end":2013.83},{"text":"used","start":2013.83,"end":2014.27},{"text":"to","start":2014.27,"end":2014.39},{"text":"conduct","start":2014.39,"end":2014.91},{"text":"the","start":2015.03,"end":2015.19},{"text":"attack.","start":2015.19,"end":2015.67}]},{"text":"For paragraph 31, we have a problem with the word which.","start":2018.31,"end":2021.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2018.31,"end":2018.47},{"text":"paragraph","start":2018.47,"end":2018.83},{"text":"31,","start":2018.83,"end":2019.51},{"text":"we","start":2019.67,"end":2019.87},{"text":"have","start":2019.87,"end":2019.99},{"text":"a","start":2019.99,"end":2020.03},{"text":"problem","start":2020.03,"end":2020.31},{"text":"with","start":2020.31,"end":2020.43},{"text":"the","start":2020.43,"end":2020.55},{"text":"word","start":2020.55,"end":2020.79},{"text":"which.","start":2020.79,"end":2021.27}]},{"text":"This issue can be addressed if the report uses if they are, as done in the 2019 and 2023 reports, for example, laws must not be used if they are of a nature to cause subrovis injury, et cetera.","start":2022.87,"end":2038.19,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2022.87,"end":2023.11},{"text":"issue","start":2023.11,"end":2023.47},{"text":"can","start":2023.47,"end":2023.59},{"text":"be","start":2023.59,"end":2023.67},{"text":"addressed","start":2023.67,"end":2024.23},{"text":"if","start":2024.23,"end":2024.35},{"text":"the","start":2024.35,"end":2024.47},{"text":"report","start":2024.47,"end":2025.03},{"text":"uses","start":2025.03,"end":2025.67},{"text":"if","start":2026.07,"end":2026.27},{"text":"they","start":2026.27,"end":2026.55},{"text":"are,","start":2026.55,"end":2026.95},{"text":"as","start":2027.03,"end":2027.27},{"text":"done","start":2027.27,"end":2027.59},{"text":"in","start":2027.59,"end":2027.83},{"text":"the","start":2027.83,"end":2028.07},{"text":"2019","start":2028.31,"end":2029.23},{"text":"and","start":2029.23,"end":2029.35},{"text":"2023","start":2029.35,"end":2030.23},{"text":"reports,","start":2030.23,"end":2030.87},{"text":"for","start":2030.87,"end":2031.07},{"text":"example,","start":2031.07,"end":2031.75},{"text":"laws","start":2032.47,"end":2033.03},{"text":"must","start":2033.03,"end":2033.27},{"text":"not","start":2033.27,"end":2033.59},{"text":"be","start":2033.59,"end":2033.75},{"text":"used","start":2033.75,"end":2034.15},{"text":"if","start":2034.31,"end":2034.47},{"text":"they","start":2034.47,"end":2034.71},{"text":"are","start":2034.71,"end":2035.03},{"text":"of","start":2035.07,"end":2035.23},{"text":"a","start":2035.23,"end":2035.27},{"text":"nature","start":2035.27,"end":2035.83},{"text":"to","start":2036.43,"end":2036.55},{"text":"cause","start":2036.55,"end":2036.83},{"text":"subrovis","start":2036.83,"end":2037.31},{"text":"injury,","start":2037.31,"end":2037.71},{"text":"et","start":2037.71,"end":2037.79},{"text":"cetera.","start":2037.79,"end":2038.19}]},{"text":"For paragraph 32, as we have consistently stated, this language is unclear and duplicative of paragraph 35.","start":2040.75,"end":2047.71,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2040.75,"end":2040.99},{"text":"paragraph","start":2041.23,"end":2041.71},{"text":"32,","start":2041.71,"end":2042.43},{"text":"as","start":2042.43,"end":2042.59},{"text":"we","start":2042.59,"end":2042.67},{"text":"have","start":2042.67,"end":2042.79},{"text":"consistently","start":2042.79,"end":2043.47},{"text":"stated,","start":2043.47,"end":2043.95},{"text":"this","start":2044.27,"end":2044.51},{"text":"language","start":2044.51,"end":2044.83},{"text":"is","start":2044.83,"end":2044.99},{"text":"unclear","start":2044.99,"end":2045.55},{"text":"and","start":2045.55,"end":2045.67},{"text":"duplicative","start":2045.67,"end":2046.35},{"text":"of","start":2046.35,"end":2046.43},{"text":"paragraph","start":2046.43,"end":2046.91},{"text":"35.","start":2046.91,"end":2047.71}]},{"text":"Although we can work with the concepts of limiting and anticipating, we do not support creating a new prohibition that is already covered by existing prohibitions.","start":2048.75,"end":2057.63,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Although","start":2048.75,"end":2049.07},{"text":"we","start":2049.07,"end":2049.19},{"text":"can","start":2049.19,"end":2049.39},{"text":"work","start":2049.39,"end":2049.63},{"text":"with","start":2049.63,"end":2049.75},{"text":"the","start":2049.75,"end":2049.87},{"text":"concepts","start":2049.87,"end":2050.43},{"text":"of","start":2050.43,"end":2050.51},{"text":"limiting","start":2050.51,"end":2050.99},{"text":"and","start":2050.99,"end":2051.11},{"text":"anticipating,","start":2051.11,"end":2051.95},{"text":"we","start":2052.27,"end":2052.43},{"text":"do","start":2052.43,"end":2052.59},{"text":"not","start":2052.59,"end":2052.75},{"text":"support","start":2052.75,"end":2053.19},{"text":"creating","start":2053.19,"end":2053.59},{"text":"a","start":2053.59,"end":2053.63},{"text":"new","start":2053.63,"end":2053.95},{"text":"prohibition","start":2053.95,"end":2054.91},{"text":"that","start":2055.31,"end":2055.47},{"text":"is","start":2055.47,"end":2055.63},{"text":"already","start":2055.63,"end":2056.03},{"text":"covered","start":2056.03,"end":2056.39},{"text":"by","start":2056.39,"end":2056.55},{"text":"existing","start":2056.55,"end":2056.99},{"text":"prohibitions.","start":2056.99,"end":2057.63}]},{"text":"For paragraph 33, the additional suggestion proposal does not resolve our legal concerns with this paragraph.","start":2060.59,"end":2068.31,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2060.59,"end":2060.83},{"text":"paragraph","start":2060.83,"end":2061.23},{"text":"33,","start":2061.23,"end":2061.95},{"text":"the","start":2062.67,"end":2062.79},{"text":"additional","start":2062.79,"end":2063.23},{"text":"suggestion","start":2063.23,"end":2063.95},{"text":"proposal","start":2063.95,"end":2064.51},{"text":"does","start":2064.51,"end":2064.67},{"text":"not","start":2064.67,"end":2065.07},{"text":"resolve","start":2065.43,"end":2065.99},{"text":"our","start":2065.99,"end":2066.15},{"text":"legal","start":2066.23,"end":2066.59},{"text":"concerns","start":2066.59,"end":2067.19},{"text":"with","start":2067.43,"end":2067.55},{"text":"this","start":2067.55,"end":2067.75},{"text":"paragraph.","start":2067.75,"end":2068.31}]},{"text":"The phrase \"protected as such\" should modify civilians rather than civilian objects, which are, by definition, protected under IHL.","start":2069.59,"end":2079.27,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2069.59,"end":2069.71},{"text":"phrase","start":2069.71,"end":2070.23},{"text":"\"protected","start":2070.31,"end":2070.87},{"text":"as","start":2070.87,"end":2070.99},{"text":"such\"","start":2070.99,"end":2071.59},{"text":"should","start":2071.91,"end":2072.07},{"text":"modify","start":2072.07,"end":2072.55},{"text":"civilians","start":2072.55,"end":2073.43},{"text":"rather","start":2073.43,"end":2073.79},{"text":"than","start":2073.79,"end":2073.91},{"text":"civilian","start":2073.91,"end":2074.39},{"text":"objects,","start":2074.39,"end":2075.03},{"text":"which","start":2075.47,"end":2075.75},{"text":"are,","start":2075.75,"end":2076.15},{"text":"by","start":2076.95,"end":2077.11},{"text":"definition,","start":2077.11,"end":2077.91},{"text":"protected","start":2077.91,"end":2078.43},{"text":"under","start":2078.43,"end":2078.71},{"text":"IHL.","start":2078.71,"end":2079.27}]},{"text":"The phrase could be revised to say \"civilian objects and individual civilians protected under IHL\" to address this concern.","start":2081.51,"end":2088.15,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2081.51,"end":2081.67},{"text":"phrase","start":2081.67,"end":2081.99},{"text":"could","start":2081.99,"end":2082.11},{"text":"be","start":2082.11,"end":2082.23},{"text":"revised","start":2082.23,"end":2082.71},{"text":"to","start":2082.71,"end":2082.79},{"text":"say","start":2082.79,"end":2083.11},{"text":"\"civilian","start":2083.11,"end":2083.75},{"text":"objects","start":2083.75,"end":2084.15},{"text":"and","start":2084.15,"end":2084.39},{"text":"individual","start":2084.39,"end":2085.11},{"text":"civilians","start":2085.11,"end":2085.87},{"text":"protected","start":2085.87,"end":2086.35},{"text":"under","start":2086.35,"end":2086.59},{"text":"IHL\"","start":2086.59,"end":2087.11},{"text":"to","start":2087.11,"end":2087.23},{"text":"address","start":2087.23,"end":2087.51},{"text":"this","start":2087.51,"end":2087.67},{"text":"concern.","start":2087.67,"end":2088.15}]},{"text":"In addition, we continue to have legal concerns with the formulation object of attack by laws.","start":2090.23,"end":2095.63,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2128.83,"end":2128.99},{"text":"these","start":2128.99,"end":2129.31},{"text":"and","start":2129.31,"end":2129.55},{"text":"other","start":2129.55,"end":2129.83},{"text":"paragraphs,","start":2129.83,"end":2130.35},{"text":"we","start":2130.35,"end":2130.51},{"text":"previously","start":2130.51,"end":2130.99},{"text":"proposed","start":2130.99,"end":2131.59},{"text":"a","start":2131.59,"end":2131.71},{"text":"number","start":2131.79,"end":2132.19},{"text":"of","start":2132.19,"end":2132.27},{"text":"different","start":2132.27,"end":2132.59},{"text":"alternatives","start":2132.59,"end":2133.11},{"text":"that","start":2133.11,"end":2133.23},{"text":"we","start":2133.23,"end":2133.55},{"text":"believe","start":2134.43,"end":2134.79},{"text":"would","start":2134.79,"end":2134.91},{"text":"convey","start":2134.91,"end":2135.31},{"text":"the","start":2135.31,"end":2135.63},{"text":"legal","start":2135.95,"end":2136.23},{"text":"obligations","start":2136.23,"end":2136.83},{"text":"correctly.","start":2136.83,"end":2137.39}]},{"text":"We remain willing to work with you and other delegations on these and other paragraphs.","start":2138.35,"end":2142.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2138.35,"end":2138.59},{"text":"remain","start":2138.59,"end":2138.99},{"text":"willing","start":2138.99,"end":2139.23},{"text":"to","start":2139.23,"end":2139.31},{"text":"work","start":2139.31,"end":2139.59},{"text":"with","start":2139.59,"end":2139.71},{"text":"you","start":2139.95,"end":2140.23},{"text":"and","start":2140.23,"end":2140.35},{"text":"other","start":2140.35,"end":2140.51},{"text":"delegations","start":2140.51,"end":2141.47},{"text":"on","start":2141.71,"end":2141.79},{"text":"these","start":2141.79,"end":2142.03},{"text":"and","start":2142.03,"end":2142.15},{"text":"other","start":2142.15,"end":2142.31},{"text":"paragraphs.","start":2142.31,"end":2142.83}]},{"text":"For paragraph 39, we do not agree with the must in the chapeau.","start":2145.07,"end":2148.27,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2145.07,"end":2145.31},{"text":"paragraph","start":2145.31,"end":2145.67},{"text":"39,","start":2145.67,"end":2146.19},{"text":"we","start":2146.19,"end":2146.27},{"text":"do","start":2146.27,"end":2146.43},{"text":"not","start":2146.43,"end":2146.55},{"text":"agree","start":2146.59,"end":2146.75},{"text":"with","start":2146.75,"end":2146.87},{"text":"the","start":2146.87,"end":2146.99},{"text":"must","start":2146.99,"end":2147.39},{"text":"in","start":2147.39,"end":2147.47},{"text":"the","start":2147.47,"end":2147.55},{"text":"chapeau.","start":2147.55,"end":2148.27}]},{"text":"and we do not agree with across the life cycle of laws.","start":2148.87,"end":2151.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"and","start":2148.87,"end":2149.03},{"text":"we","start":2149.03,"end":2149.15},{"text":"do","start":2149.15,"end":2149.27},{"text":"not","start":2149.27,"end":2149.47},{"text":"agree","start":2149.47,"end":2149.67},{"text":"with","start":2149.67,"end":2149.91},{"text":"across","start":2149.91,"end":2150.39},{"text":"the","start":2150.39,"end":2150.47},{"text":"life","start":2150.47,"end":2150.75},{"text":"cycle","start":2150.75,"end":2151.15},{"text":"of","start":2151.15,"end":2151.23},{"text":"laws.","start":2151.23,"end":2151.75}]},{"text":"For example, the obligation in the 1977 Additional Protocol I mentions specific stages of the life cycle.","start":2153.11,"end":2159.75,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":2153.11,"end":2153.27},{"text":"example,","start":2153.27,"end":2153.75},{"text":"the","start":2153.75,"end":2153.87},{"text":"obligation","start":2153.91,"end":2154.71},{"text":"in","start":2154.71,"end":2154.87},{"text":"the","start":2154.87,"end":2154.95},{"text":"1977","start":2154.95,"end":2155.87},{"text":"Additional","start":2155.87,"end":2156.23},{"text":"Protocol","start":2156.23,"end":2156.71},{"text":"I","start":2156.71,"end":2156.75},{"text":"mentions","start":2156.75,"end":2157.39},{"text":"specific","start":2157.39,"end":2157.83},{"text":"stages","start":2157.83,"end":2158.47},{"text":"of","start":2158.79,"end":2158.95},{"text":"the","start":2158.95,"end":2159.03},{"text":"life","start":2159.03,"end":2159.23},{"text":"cycle.","start":2159.23,"end":2159.75}]},{"text":"We also think it is critical to add the word new, which is used in the 1977 Additional Protocol I. Legal reviews are conducted of new weapons rather than Trying to renegotiate these issues, we believe a better approach would be to use the language from Guiding Principle E, which was carefully negotiated.","start":2161.51,"end":2181.43,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. 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We propose either to delete the paragraph or to replace it with the following.","start":2184.87,"end":2194.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2184.87,"end":2185.07},{"text":"also","start":2185.07,"end":2185.35},{"text":"continue","start":2185.35,"end":2185.79},{"text":"to","start":2185.79,"end":2185.87},{"text":"have","start":2185.87,"end":2185.99},{"text":"concerns","start":2185.99,"end":2186.55},{"text":"that","start":2186.55,"end":2186.71},{"text":"we","start":2186.71,"end":2186.87},{"text":"previously","start":2186.87,"end":2187.59},{"text":"expressed","start":2187.59,"end":2188.03},{"text":"with","start":2188.03,"end":2188.19},{"text":"regard","start":2188.19,"end":2188.59},{"text":"to","start":2188.59,"end":2188.67},{"text":"subparagraph","start":2188.67,"end":2189.27},{"text":"B.","start":2189.27,"end":2189.67},{"text":"We","start":2190.31,"end":2190.43},{"text":"propose","start":2190.43,"end":2191.03},{"text":"either","start":2191.03,"end":2191.35},{"text":"to","start":2191.35,"end":2191.47},{"text":"delete","start":2191.47,"end":2191.87},{"text":"the","start":2191.87,"end":2191.95},{"text":"paragraph","start":2191.95,"end":2192.55},{"text":"or","start":2192.79,"end":2193.03},{"text":"to","start":2193.03,"end":2193.15},{"text":"replace","start":2193.15,"end":2193.59},{"text":"it","start":2193.59,"end":2193.75},{"text":"with","start":2193.75,"end":2193.91},{"text":"the","start":2193.91,"end":2193.99},{"text":"following.","start":2193.99,"end":2194.47}]},{"text":"Modifications to a loss.","start":2197.27,"end":2199.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Modifications","start":2197.27,"end":2198.39},{"text":"to","start":2198.39,"end":2198.59},{"text":"a","start":2198.59,"end":2198.63},{"text":"loss.","start":2198.63,"end":2199.35}]},{"text":"whose employment has been determined not to be prohibited in all circumstances, that could render the use of the laws prohibited in all circumstances, or that could substantially change the circumstances in which it may lawfully be used should also be reviewed, period.","start":2200.95,"end":2222.15,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. 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The discussion focused on ensuring that users understand system functions and limits well enough to make lawful decisions about use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":2224.75,"end":2225.31},{"text":"paragraph","start":2225.31,"end":2225.83},{"text":"40,","start":2225.83,"end":2226.27},{"text":"we","start":2226.35,"end":2226.59},{"text":"continue","start":2226.59,"end":2226.99},{"text":"to","start":2226.99,"end":2227.07},{"text":"believe","start":2227.07,"end":2227.35},{"text":"the","start":2227.35,"end":2227.43},{"text":"CHAPO","start":2227.43,"end":2228.19},{"text":"needs","start":2228.19,"end":2228.35},{"text":"work","start":2228.39,"end":2228.55},{"text":"as","start":2228.55,"end":2228.63},{"text":"there","start":2228.63,"end":2228.75},{"text":"should","start":2228.75,"end":2228.95},{"text":"not","start":2228.95,"end":2229.15},{"text":"be","start":2229.15,"end":2229.27},{"text":"an","start":2229.27,"end":2229.39},{"text":"abstract","start":2229.39,"end":2229.95},{"text":"requirement","start":2229.99,"end":2231.63},{"text":"to","start":2231.95,"end":2232.07},{"text":"understand","start":2232.07,"end":2232.51},{"text":"the","start":2232.51,"end":2232.59},{"text":"weapon","start":2232.59,"end":2232.83},{"text":"system.","start":2232.83,"end":2233.31}]},{"text":"No such norm exists under IHL.","start":2234.27,"end":2237.55,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"No","start":2234.27,"end":2234.43},{"text":"such","start":2234.99,"end":2235.55},{"text":"norm","start":2235.63,"end":2236.11},{"text":"exists","start":2236.11,"end":2236.67},{"text":"under","start":2236.67,"end":2236.99},{"text":"IHL.","start":2236.99,"end":2237.55}]},{"text":"Like other paragraphs I've highlighted, this one needs a connection to existing IHL rules.","start":2238.35,"end":2242.91,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Like","start":2238.35,"end":2238.67},{"text":"other","start":2238.91,"end":2239.15},{"text":"paragraphs","start":2239.15,"end":2239.63},{"text":"I've","start":2239.63,"end":2239.79},{"text":"highlighted,","start":2239.79,"end":2240.27},{"text":"this","start":2240.27,"end":2240.43},{"text":"one","start":2240.43,"end":2240.63},{"text":"needs","start":2240.63,"end":2240.87},{"text":"a","start":2240.87,"end":2240.91},{"text":"connection","start":2240.91,"end":2241.47},{"text":"to","start":2241.47,"end":2241.59},{"text":"existing","start":2241.59,"end":2242.11},{"text":"IHL","start":2242.11,"end":2242.51},{"text":"rules.","start":2242.51,"end":2242.91}]},{"text":"Additionally, the term across the lifecycle of laws does not make sense because testing and evaluation is a part of the lifecycle of laws.","start":2244.59,"end":2252.59,"topics":[{"key":"testing-simulations","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Realistic Simulations","description":"A major topic was the need to test and evaluate systems, including through simulations that reflect expected operational conditions. Speakers debated how realistic such simulations must be and how clearly the text should link testing to anticipated environments of use."}],"words":[{"text":"Additionally,","start":2244.59,"end":2245.15},{"text":"the","start":2245.39,"end":2245.59},{"text":"term","start":2245.59,"end":2245.95},{"text":"across","start":2246.03,"end":2246.43},{"text":"the","start":2246.43,"end":2246.51},{"text":"lifecycle","start":2246.51,"end":2247.11},{"text":"of","start":2247.11,"end":2247.19},{"text":"laws","start":2247.19,"end":2247.59},{"text":"does","start":2247.59,"end":2247.79},{"text":"not","start":2247.79,"end":2247.91},{"text":"make","start":2247.91,"end":2248.11},{"text":"sense","start":2248.11,"end":2248.35},{"text":"because","start":2248.35,"end":2248.67},{"text":"testing","start":2248.67,"end":2249.11},{"text":"and","start":2249.11,"end":2249.23},{"text":"evaluation","start":2249.23,"end":2249.95},{"text":"is","start":2250.27,"end":2250.63},{"text":"a","start":2250.63,"end":2250.67},{"text":"part","start":2250.67,"end":2251.07},{"text":"of","start":2251.15,"end":2251.31},{"text":"the","start":2251.31,"end":2251.39},{"text":"lifecycle","start":2251.39,"end":2252.11},{"text":"of","start":2252.11,"end":2252.19},{"text":"laws.","start":2252.19,"end":2252.59}]},{"text":"This terminology also anthropomorphizes laws, which we think should be avoided.","start":2253.27,"end":2258.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2253.27,"end":2253.51},{"text":"terminology","start":2253.51,"end":2255.19},{"text":"also","start":2255.19,"end":2255.67},{"text":"anthropomorphizes","start":2255.67,"end":2256.71},{"text":"laws,","start":2256.71,"end":2257.19},{"text":"which","start":2257.63,"end":2257.87},{"text":"we","start":2257.87,"end":2257.99},{"text":"think","start":2257.99,"end":2258.23},{"text":"should","start":2258.23,"end":2258.35},{"text":"be","start":2258.35,"end":2258.51},{"text":"avoided.","start":2258.51,"end":2258.95}]},{"text":"In a spirit of compromise, we are open to working with some of these terms if we can explain how they relate to existing rules of IHL like distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack.","start":2260.79,"end":2270.07,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2260.79,"end":2260.91},{"text":"a","start":2260.91,"end":2260.95},{"text":"spirit","start":2260.95,"end":2261.27},{"text":"of","start":2261.27,"end":2261.35},{"text":"compromise,","start":2261.35,"end":2261.91},{"text":"we","start":2261.91,"end":2262.15},{"text":"are","start":2262.15,"end":2262.39},{"text":"open","start":2262.39,"end":2262.71},{"text":"to","start":2262.71,"end":2262.79},{"text":"working","start":2262.79,"end":2263.19},{"text":"with","start":2263.19,"end":2263.35},{"text":"some","start":2263.35,"end":2263.51},{"text":"of","start":2263.51,"end":2263.59},{"text":"these","start":2263.59,"end":2263.75},{"text":"terms","start":2263.75,"end":2264.15},{"text":"if","start":2264.15,"end":2264.31},{"text":"we","start":2264.31,"end":2264.39},{"text":"can","start":2264.39,"end":2264.55},{"text":"explain","start":2264.55,"end":2265.03},{"text":"how","start":2265.03,"end":2265.19},{"text":"they","start":2265.19,"end":2265.35},{"text":"relate","start":2265.35,"end":2265.79},{"text":"to","start":2265.79,"end":2265.87},{"text":"existing","start":2265.87,"end":2266.39},{"text":"rules","start":2266.39,"end":2266.63},{"text":"of","start":2266.63,"end":2266.71},{"text":"IHL","start":2266.71,"end":2267.23},{"text":"like","start":2267.23,"end":2267.35},{"text":"distinction,","start":2267.35,"end":2267.91},{"text":"proportionality,","start":2267.91,"end":2268.79},{"text":"and","start":2268.95,"end":2269.11},{"text":"precautions","start":2269.11,"end":2269.59},{"text":"in","start":2269.59,"end":2269.75},{"text":"attack.","start":2269.75,"end":2270.07}]},{"text":"We recommend revising so the text states, \"States should, as appropriate, ensure that the capabilities and limitations of laws in their expected use and their anticipated effects in different circumstances can be understood and used in compliance with the IHL rules on attack by conducting testing and evaluation, including simulations, to assess the reliability of laws, including their identification, selection, and engagement functions.","start":2271.27,"end":2306.01,"topics":[{"key":"testing-simulations","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Realistic Simulations","description":"A major topic was the need to test and evaluate systems, including through simulations that reflect expected operational conditions. Speakers debated how realistic such simulations must be and how clearly the text should link testing to anticipated environments of use."},{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly emphasized that human judgment and control must remain central to the use of autonomous weapon systems. The discussion focused on ensuring that users understand system functions and limits well enough to make lawful decisions about use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2271.27,"end":2271.43},{"text":"recommend","start":2271.43,"end":2272.23},{"text":"revising","start":2272.23,"end":2272.87},{"text":"so","start":2272.87,"end":2273.07},{"text":"the","start":2273.07,"end":2273.19},{"text":"text","start":2273.19,"end":2273.51},{"text":"states,","start":2273.51,"end":2273.99},{"text":"\"States","start":2275.99,"end":2276.55},{"text":"should,","start":2276.55,"end":2277.03},{"text":"as","start":2277.59,"end":2277.91},{"text":"appropriate,","start":2277.91,"end":2278.63},{"text":"ensure","start":2279.57,"end":2279.85},{"text":"that","start":2279.85,"end":2280.01},{"text":"the","start":2280.01,"end":2280.13},{"text":"capabilities","start":2280.13,"end":2280.93},{"text":"and","start":2280.93,"end":2281.05},{"text":"limitations","start":2281.05,"end":2281.73},{"text":"of","start":2281.73,"end":2281.85},{"text":"laws","start":2281.85,"end":2282.33},{"text":"in","start":2282.41,"end":2282.57},{"text":"their","start":2282.57,"end":2282.73},{"text":"expected","start":2282.73,"end":2283.21},{"text":"use","start":2283.21,"end":2283.61},{"text":"and","start":2284.01,"end":2284.29},{"text":"their","start":2284.29,"end":2284.45},{"text":"anticipated","start":2284.45,"end":2285.01},{"text":"effects","start":2285.01,"end":2285.41},{"text":"in","start":2285.41,"end":2285.53},{"text":"different","start":2285.53,"end":2285.85},{"text":"circumstances","start":2285.85,"end":2286.73},{"text":"can","start":2287.69,"end":2288.09},{"text":"be","start":2288.09,"end":2288.49},{"text":"understood","start":2288.65,"end":2289.37},{"text":"and","start":2290.09,"end":2290.33},{"text":"used","start":2290.33,"end":2290.81},{"text":"in","start":2290.81,"end":2290.97},{"text":"compliance","start":2290.97,"end":2291.77},{"text":"with","start":2291.85,"end":2292.09},{"text":"the","start":2292.13,"end":2292.21},{"text":"IHL","start":2292.21,"end":2292.73},{"text":"rules","start":2292.73,"end":2293.01},{"text":"on","start":2293.01,"end":2293.13},{"text":"attack","start":2293.13,"end":2293.53},{"text":"by","start":2294.01,"end":2294.17},{"text":"conducting","start":2294.17,"end":2294.89},{"text":"testing","start":2295.21,"end":2295.61},{"text":"and","start":2295.61,"end":2295.73},{"text":"evaluation,","start":2295.73,"end":2296.57},{"text":"including","start":2297.21,"end":2297.69},{"text":"simulations,","start":2297.69,"end":2298.57},{"text":"to","start":2299.29,"end":2299.45},{"text":"assess","start":2299.45,"end":2299.85},{"text":"the","start":2299.85,"end":2299.93},{"text":"reliability","start":2299.93,"end":2300.77},{"text":"of","start":2300.77,"end":2300.89},{"text":"laws,","start":2300.89,"end":2301.37},{"text":"including","start":2301.37,"end":2302.17},{"text":"their","start":2302.65,"end":2303.05},{"text":"identification,","start":2303.21,"end":2304.17},{"text":"selection,","start":2304.17,"end":2304.81},{"text":"and","start":2304.81,"end":2304.93},{"text":"engagement","start":2304.93,"end":2305.45},{"text":"functions.","start":2305.45,"end":2306.01}]},{"text":"The concepts in subparagraph B regarding training, guidance, and instructions are already addressed in other paragraphs, while subparagraph C raises serious concerns, but we have tried to include elements of C in our proposal above.","start":2307.81,"end":2319.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2307.81,"end":2307.93},{"text":"concepts","start":2307.93,"end":2308.45},{"text":"in","start":2308.45,"end":2308.61},{"text":"subparagraph","start":2308.61,"end":2309.25},{"text":"B","start":2309.25,"end":2309.49},{"text":"regarding","start":2309.49,"end":2309.81},{"text":"training,","start":2309.81,"end":2310.21},{"text":"guidance,","start":2310.21,"end":2310.73},{"text":"and","start":2310.73,"end":2310.85},{"text":"instructions","start":2310.85,"end":2311.37},{"text":"are","start":2311.37,"end":2311.49},{"text":"already","start":2311.49,"end":2311.81},{"text":"addressed","start":2311.81,"end":2312.29},{"text":"in","start":2312.29,"end":2312.41},{"text":"other","start":2312.41,"end":2312.61},{"text":"paragraphs,","start":2312.61,"end":2313.25},{"text":"while","start":2313.73,"end":2313.89},{"text":"subparagraph","start":2313.89,"end":2314.45},{"text":"C","start":2314.45,"end":2314.77},{"text":"raises","start":2314.77,"end":2315.09},{"text":"serious","start":2315.09,"end":2315.45},{"text":"concerns,","start":2315.45,"end":2316.05},{"text":"but","start":2316.29,"end":2316.45},{"text":"we","start":2316.45,"end":2316.61},{"text":"have","start":2316.61,"end":2316.77},{"text":"tried","start":2316.77,"end":2317.05},{"text":"to","start":2317.05,"end":2317.13},{"text":"include","start":2317.13,"end":2317.49},{"text":"elements","start":2317.49,"end":2317.93},{"text":"of","start":2317.93,"end":2318.01},{"text":"C","start":2318.01,"end":2318.29},{"text":"in","start":2318.29,"end":2318.41},{"text":"our","start":2318.41,"end":2318.53},{"text":"proposal","start":2318.53,"end":2319.01},{"text":"above.","start":2319.01,"end":2319.33}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraphs 41 and 42, these paragraphs are not tied to the use of laws.","start":2320.93,"end":2327.09,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":2320.93,"end":2321.41},{"text":"paragraphs","start":2321.41,"end":2322.05},{"text":"41","start":2322.05,"end":2322.69},{"text":"and","start":2322.77,"end":2322.93},{"text":"42,","start":2322.93,"end":2323.57},{"text":"these","start":2324.85,"end":2325.01},{"text":"paragraphs","start":2325.01,"end":2325.49},{"text":"are","start":2325.49,"end":2325.57},{"text":"not","start":2325.57,"end":2325.93},{"text":"tied","start":2325.93,"end":2326.13},{"text":"to","start":2326.13,"end":2326.25},{"text":"the","start":2326.25,"end":2326.33},{"text":"use","start":2326.33,"end":2326.53},{"text":"of","start":2326.53,"end":2326.61},{"text":"laws.","start":2326.61,"end":2327.09}]},{"text":"Additionally, they are not related to IHL.","start":2327.73,"end":2329.65,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Additionally,","start":2327.73,"end":2328.21},{"text":"they","start":2328.21,"end":2328.37},{"text":"are","start":2328.37,"end":2328.45},{"text":"not","start":2328.45,"end":2328.69},{"text":"related","start":2328.69,"end":2329.01},{"text":"to","start":2329.01,"end":2329.09},{"text":"IHL.","start":2329.09,"end":2329.65}]},{"text":"It is important to connect these paragraphs to the mandate of the CCW and this group.","start":2331.81,"end":2335.73,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":2331.81,"end":2331.97},{"text":"is","start":2331.97,"end":2332.09},{"text":"important","start":2332.09,"end":2332.49},{"text":"to","start":2332.49,"end":2332.57},{"text":"connect","start":2332.57,"end":2332.93},{"text":"these","start":2332.93,"end":2333.09},{"text":"paragraphs","start":2333.09,"end":2333.57},{"text":"to","start":2333.57,"end":2333.65},{"text":"the","start":2333.65,"end":2333.77},{"text":"mandate","start":2333.77,"end":2334.21},{"text":"of","start":2334.21,"end":2334.29},{"text":"the","start":2334.29,"end":2334.41},{"text":"CCW","start":2334.41,"end":2335.09},{"text":"and","start":2335.09,"end":2335.33},{"text":"this","start":2335.33,"end":2335.49},{"text":"group.","start":2335.49,"end":2335.73}]},{"text":"We also note that the term prevent is duplicative of mitigate in this context and the phrase as much as possible seems unwarranted given the early stage of state practice in this area.","start":2336.97,"end":2347.93,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Discrimination Risks","description":"Multiple speakers addressed unintended bias, including dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and automation bias in human-machine interaction. The debate covered how bias can increase risks to civilians and reinforce discrimination, and what measures states should take to prevent or mitigate such harms."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2336.97,"end":2337.13},{"text":"also","start":2337.13,"end":2337.37},{"text":"note","start":2337.37,"end":2337.49},{"text":"that","start":2337.49,"end":2337.61},{"text":"the","start":2337.61,"end":2337.89},{"text":"term","start":2337.89,"end":2338.29},{"text":"prevent","start":2338.29,"end":2338.81},{"text":"is","start":2338.81,"end":2339.01},{"text":"duplicative","start":2339.01,"end":2339.69},{"text":"of","start":2339.73,"end":2339.85},{"text":"mitigate","start":2340.09,"end":2340.69},{"text":"in","start":2340.73,"end":2340.93},{"text":"this","start":2340.93,"end":2341.05},{"text":"context","start":2341.05,"end":2341.65},{"text":"and","start":2341.65,"end":2341.77},{"text":"the","start":2341.77,"end":2341.85},{"text":"phrase","start":2341.85,"end":2342.25},{"text":"as","start":2342.25,"end":2342.41},{"text":"much","start":2342.41,"end":2342.69},{"text":"as","start":2342.69,"end":2342.81},{"text":"possible","start":2342.81,"end":2343.45},{"text":"seems","start":2343.77,"end":2344.09},{"text":"unwarranted","start":2344.09,"end":2344.73},{"text":"given","start":2344.73,"end":2345.05},{"text":"the","start":2345.05,"end":2345.21},{"text":"early","start":2345.21,"end":2345.77},{"text":"stage","start":2345.85,"end":2346.41},{"text":"of","start":2346.41,"end":2346.49},{"text":"state","start":2346.49,"end":2346.77},{"text":"practice","start":2346.77,"end":2347.29},{"text":"in","start":2347.33,"end":2347.41},{"text":"this","start":2347.41,"end":2347.61},{"text":"area.","start":2347.61,"end":2347.93}]},{"text":"For paragraph 41, we recommend adding the phrase and other technological components after artificial intelligence models to help make this paragraph more flexible as the kinds of technology used will continue to change.","start":2350.49,"end":2363.37,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Discrimination Risks","description":"Multiple speakers addressed unintended bias, including dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and automation bias in human-machine interaction. 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The debate covered how bias can increase risks to civilians and reinforce discrimination, and what measures states should take to prevent or mitigate such harms."}],"words":[{"text":"To","start":2365.21,"end":2365.25},{"text":"address","start":2365.25,"end":2365.53},{"text":"this","start":2365.53,"end":2365.85},{"text":"and","start":2365.85,"end":2366.05},{"text":"the","start":2366.05,"end":2366.13},{"text":"other","start":2366.13,"end":2366.41},{"text":"issues","start":2366.41,"end":2366.65},{"text":"above,","start":2366.65,"end":2367.13},{"text":"paragraph","start":2367.13,"end":2367.57},{"text":"41","start":2367.57,"end":2368.01},{"text":"could","start":2368.01,"end":2368.17},{"text":"read,","start":2368.17,"end":2368.57},{"text":"states","start":2370.01,"end":2370.65},{"text":"should","start":2370.65,"end":2371.13},{"text":"implement,","start":2371.13,"end":2372.33},{"text":"pardon","start":2373.21,"end":2373.49},{"text":"me,","start":2373.49,"end":2373.61},{"text":"states","start":2374.01,"end":2374.57},{"text":"should","start":2374.65,"end":2375.13},{"text":"implement","start":2375.13,"end":2375.85},{"text":"measures","start":2375.85,"end":2376.57},{"text":"to","start":2376.89,"end":2377.05},{"text":"mitigate","start":2377.05,"end":2377.69},{"text":"unintended","start":2377.77,"end":2378.41},{"text":"bias","start":2378.41,"end":2379.05},{"text":"in","start":2379.29,"end":2379.49},{"text":"laws,","start":2379.49,"end":2380.09},{"text":"including","start":2381.37,"end":2381.93},{"text":"bias","start":2381.93,"end":2382.25},{"text":"in","start":2382.25,"end":2382.37},{"text":"datasets,","start":2382.37,"end":2383.05},{"text":"artificial","start":2383.13,"end":2383.69},{"text":"intelligence","start":2383.69,"end":2384.33},{"text":"models,","start":2384.33,"end":2384.73},{"text":"and","start":2385.21,"end":2385.53},{"text":"other","start":2385.53,"end":2386.01},{"text":"technological","start":2386.01,"end":2386.81},{"text":"components,","start":2386.81,"end":2387.53},{"text":"comma,","start":2387.53,"end":2388.09},{"text":"that","start":2388.73,"end":2388.89},{"text":"may","start":2388.89,"end":2389.05},{"text":"increase","start":2389.05,"end":2389.61},{"text":"the","start":2389.61,"end":2389.69},{"text":"risk","start":2389.69,"end":2390.01},{"text":"that","start":2390.01,"end":2390.17},{"text":"the","start":2390.17,"end":2390.25},{"text":"laws","start":2390.25,"end":2390.65},{"text":"will","start":2390.65,"end":2390.81},{"text":"identify,","start":2390.81,"end":2391.45},{"text":"select,","start":2391.45,"end":2391.89},{"text":"and","start":2391.89,"end":2392.01},{"text":"engage","start":2392.01,"end":2392.33},{"text":"civilians","start":2392.33,"end":2392.93},{"text":"or","start":2392.93,"end":2393.05},{"text":"civilian","start":2393.05,"end":2393.45},{"text":"objects.","start":2393.45,"end":2394.01}]},{"text":"Paragraph 42 could read, states should implement measures to mitigate automation bias in the use of laws that may increase the risk of harm to civilians and civilian objects.","start":2396.13,"end":2406.29,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Discrimination Risks","description":"Multiple speakers addressed unintended bias, including dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and automation bias in human-machine interaction. The debate covered how bias can increase risks to civilians and reinforce discrimination, and what measures states should take to prevent or mitigate such harms."}],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":2396.13,"end":2396.49},{"text":"42","start":2396.49,"end":2397.01},{"text":"could","start":2397.01,"end":2397.13},{"text":"read,","start":2397.13,"end":2397.49},{"text":"states","start":2397.89,"end":2398.41},{"text":"should","start":2398.41,"end":2398.61},{"text":"implement","start":2398.69,"end":2399.25},{"text":"measures","start":2399.25,"end":2399.73},{"text":"to","start":2399.73,"end":2399.81},{"text":"mitigate","start":2399.81,"end":2400.29},{"text":"automation","start":2400.29,"end":2400.93},{"text":"bias","start":2400.93,"end":2401.41},{"text":"in","start":2401.41,"end":2401.57},{"text":"the","start":2401.57,"end":2401.69},{"text":"use","start":2401.69,"end":2401.97},{"text":"of","start":2401.97,"end":2402.13},{"text":"laws","start":2402.13,"end":2402.61},{"text":"that","start":2402.69,"end":2402.85},{"text":"may","start":2402.85,"end":2402.97},{"text":"increase","start":2402.97,"end":2403.41},{"text":"the","start":2403.41,"end":2403.49},{"text":"risk","start":2403.49,"end":2403.69},{"text":"of","start":2403.69,"end":2403.77},{"text":"harm","start":2403.77,"end":2403.97},{"text":"to","start":2403.97,"end":2404.09},{"text":"civilians","start":2404.09,"end":2404.69},{"text":"and","start":2404.77,"end":2404.93},{"text":"civilian","start":2404.93,"end":2405.41},{"text":"objects.","start":2405.65,"end":2406.29}]},{"text":"However, our overarching concern is that paragraph 42 is best placed as one of the measures addressing responsibility and accountability.","start":2408.61,"end":2416.53,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":2408.61,"end":2409.09},{"text":"our","start":2409.09,"end":2409.41},{"text":"overarching","start":2409.41,"end":2410.13},{"text":"concern","start":2410.13,"end":2410.69},{"text":"is","start":2410.69,"end":2410.85},{"text":"that","start":2410.85,"end":2411.09},{"text":"paragraph","start":2411.49,"end":2411.85},{"text":"42","start":2411.85,"end":2412.29},{"text":"is","start":2412.29,"end":2412.37},{"text":"best","start":2412.37,"end":2412.65},{"text":"placed","start":2412.65,"end":2413.01},{"text":"as","start":2413.29,"end":2413.41},{"text":"one","start":2413.41,"end":2413.61},{"text":"of","start":2413.61,"end":2413.69},{"text":"the","start":2413.69,"end":2413.77},{"text":"measures","start":2413.77,"end":2414.13},{"text":"addressing","start":2414.13,"end":2414.77},{"text":"responsibility","start":2414.93,"end":2415.69},{"text":"and","start":2415.69,"end":2415.81},{"text":"accountability.","start":2415.81,"end":2416.53}]},{"text":"Automation bias is fundamentally a challenge for personnel and so should be tied to other similar measures.","start":2417.25,"end":2422.45,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Discrimination Risks","description":"Multiple speakers addressed unintended bias, including dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and automation bias in human-machine interaction. The debate covered how bias can increase risks to civilians and reinforce discrimination, and what measures states should take to prevent or mitigate such harms."}],"words":[{"text":"Automation","start":2417.25,"end":2417.73},{"text":"bias","start":2417.73,"end":2418.09},{"text":"is","start":2418.09,"end":2418.37},{"text":"fundamentally","start":2418.37,"end":2419.05},{"text":"a","start":2419.05,"end":2419.09},{"text":"challenge","start":2419.09,"end":2419.41},{"text":"for","start":2419.41,"end":2419.57},{"text":"personnel","start":2419.57,"end":2420.13},{"text":"and","start":2420.13,"end":2420.25},{"text":"so","start":2420.25,"end":2420.37},{"text":"should","start":2420.37,"end":2420.57},{"text":"be","start":2420.57,"end":2420.85},{"text":"tied","start":2420.93,"end":2421.17},{"text":"to","start":2421.17,"end":2421.29},{"text":"other","start":2421.29,"end":2421.57},{"text":"similar","start":2421.57,"end":2421.89},{"text":"measures.","start":2421.89,"end":2422.45}]},{"text":"For example, it could be incorporated into the CHAPO for paragraph 45 to read, to promote human responsibility and accountability in the use of laws and to mitigate automation bias and the risk of unintended engagements, et cetera.","start":2424.29,"end":2438.45,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. 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Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":2441.57,"end":2441.97},{"text":"paragraph","start":2441.97,"end":2442.41},{"text":"43,","start":2442.41,"end":2443.17},{"text":"and","start":2443.57,"end":2443.81},{"text":"accountable","start":2443.81,"end":2444.45},{"text":"should","start":2444.45,"end":2444.61},{"text":"be","start":2444.61,"end":2444.69},{"text":"deleted","start":2444.69,"end":2445.09},{"text":"from","start":2445.09,"end":2445.25},{"text":"the","start":2445.25,"end":2445.37},{"text":"first","start":2445.37,"end":2445.61},{"text":"sentence","start":2445.61,"end":2445.93},{"text":"and","start":2445.93,"end":2446.05},{"text":"responsibility","start":2446.05,"end":2446.93},{"text":"should","start":2446.93,"end":2447.21},{"text":"be","start":2447.21,"end":2447.49},{"text":"replaced","start":2447.49,"end":2447.89},{"text":"with","start":2447.89,"end":2448.01},{"text":"accountability.","start":2448.01,"end":2448.69}]},{"text":"This more clearly aligns with the correct understanding of those terms.","start":2449.17,"end":2452.85,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2449.17,"end":2449.37},{"text":"more","start":2449.37,"end":2449.57},{"text":"clearly","start":2449.57,"end":2450.09},{"text":"aligns","start":2450.13,"end":2450.73},{"text":"with","start":2450.73,"end":2450.89},{"text":"the","start":2450.89,"end":2450.97},{"text":"correct","start":2450.97,"end":2451.41},{"text":"understanding","start":2451.69,"end":2452.17},{"text":"of","start":2452.17,"end":2452.25},{"text":"those","start":2452.25,"end":2452.37},{"text":"terms.","start":2452.37,"end":2452.85}]},{"text":"We also propose to delete the second sentence of paragraph 43 as is unclear.","start":2453.49,"end":2457.57,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2453.49,"end":2453.69},{"text":"also","start":2453.69,"end":2453.89},{"text":"propose","start":2453.89,"end":2454.37},{"text":"to","start":2454.37,"end":2454.45},{"text":"delete","start":2454.45,"end":2454.89},{"text":"the","start":2454.89,"end":2455.01},{"text":"second","start":2455.01,"end":2455.33},{"text":"sentence","start":2455.33,"end":2455.73},{"text":"of","start":2455.73,"end":2455.81},{"text":"paragraph","start":2455.81,"end":2456.13},{"text":"43","start":2456.13,"end":2456.73},{"text":"as","start":2456.73,"end":2456.81},{"text":"is","start":2456.81,"end":2457.05},{"text":"unclear.","start":2457.05,"end":2457.57}]},{"text":"Altogether, the paragraph would read states parties to armed conflict individuals remain at all times responsible under applicable international law for their decisions with regard to laws since accountability cannot be transferred to machines.","start":2459.49,"end":2472.53,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"Altogether,","start":2459.49,"end":2460.05},{"text":"the","start":2460.05,"end":2460.17},{"text":"paragraph","start":2460.17,"end":2460.61},{"text":"would","start":2460.61,"end":2460.77},{"text":"read","start":2460.77,"end":2461.01},{"text":"states","start":2461.17,"end":2461.73},{"text":"parties","start":2461.81,"end":2462.21},{"text":"to","start":2462.21,"end":2462.37},{"text":"armed","start":2462.61,"end":2462.85},{"text":"conflict","start":2462.85,"end":2463.33},{"text":"individuals","start":2463.33,"end":2463.97},{"text":"remain","start":2463.97,"end":2464.25},{"text":"at","start":2464.25,"end":2464.37},{"text":"all","start":2464.37,"end":2464.53},{"text":"times","start":2464.53,"end":2464.77},{"text":"responsible","start":2464.77,"end":2465.41},{"text":"under","start":2465.89,"end":2466.09},{"text":"applicable","start":2466.09,"end":2466.53},{"text":"international","start":2466.53,"end":2467.37},{"text":"law","start":2467.37,"end":2467.45},{"text":"for","start":2467.81,"end":2468.13},{"text":"their","start":2468.13,"end":2468.45},{"text":"decisions","start":2468.53,"end":2469.17},{"text":"with","start":2469.17,"end":2469.33},{"text":"regard","start":2469.33,"end":2469.69},{"text":"to","start":2469.69,"end":2469.77},{"text":"laws","start":2469.77,"end":2470.21},{"text":"since","start":2470.21,"end":2470.45},{"text":"accountability","start":2470.45,"end":2471.17},{"text":"cannot","start":2471.17,"end":2471.37},{"text":"be","start":2471.37,"end":2471.49},{"text":"transferred","start":2471.49,"end":2471.93},{"text":"to","start":2471.93,"end":2472.01},{"text":"machines.","start":2472.01,"end":2472.53}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 44, the phrase The means or methods of warfare involving the should be replaced with their.","start":2473.89,"end":2481.01,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":2473.89,"end":2474.25},{"text":"paragraph","start":2474.25,"end":2474.57},{"text":"44,","start":2474.57,"end":2475.17},{"text":"the","start":2475.17,"end":2475.33},{"text":"phrase","start":2475.33,"end":2475.97},{"text":"The","start":2476.53,"end":2476.69},{"text":"means","start":2476.69,"end":2477.09},{"text":"or","start":2477.09,"end":2477.25},{"text":"methods","start":2477.25,"end":2477.57},{"text":"of","start":2477.57,"end":2477.65},{"text":"warfare","start":2477.65,"end":2478.21},{"text":"involving","start":2478.21,"end":2478.77},{"text":"the","start":2478.77,"end":2479.01},{"text":"should","start":2479.65,"end":2479.85},{"text":"be","start":2479.85,"end":2480.05},{"text":"replaced","start":2480.05,"end":2480.45},{"text":"with","start":2480.45,"end":2480.69},{"text":"their.","start":2480.69,"end":2481.01}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 46, this is not a correct statement of existing obligations.","start":2483.49,"end":2487.89,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":2496.77,"end":2496.81},{"text":"revised","start":2496.81,"end":2497.33},{"text":"paragraph","start":2497.33,"end":2497.77},{"text":"46","start":2497.77,"end":2498.29},{"text":"would","start":2498.29,"end":2498.53},{"text":"read,","start":2498.53,"end":2498.85},{"text":"States","start":2499.45,"end":2499.93},{"text":"should","start":2499.93,"end":2500.49},{"text":"take","start":2500.57,"end":2500.89},{"text":"all","start":2501.05,"end":2501.37},{"text":"appropriate","start":2501.37,"end":2501.81},{"text":"steps","start":2501.81,"end":2502.25},{"text":"to","start":2502.25,"end":2502.41},{"text":"prevent","start":2502.41,"end":2502.81},{"text":"and","start":2502.81,"end":2502.93},{"text":"suppress","start":2502.93,"end":2503.29},{"text":"violations","start":2503.29,"end":2504.01},{"text":"of","start":2504.01,"end":2504.25},{"text":"applicable","start":2504.53,"end":2505.13},{"text":"international","start":2505.13,"end":2505.89},{"text":"law,","start":2505.89,"end":2505.97},{"text":"including","start":2506.01,"end":2506.49},{"text":"IHL,","start":2506.49,"end":2506.97},{"text":"relating","start":2507.45,"end":2507.77},{"text":"to","start":2507.77,"end":2507.93},{"text":"laws","start":2507.93,"end":2508.21},{"text":"under","start":2508.21,"end":2508.41},{"text":"their","start":2508.41,"end":2508.57},{"text":"jurisdiction.","start":2508.57,"end":2509.21}]},{"text":"Paragraph 47 misstates international law by characterizing a good implementation practice as an obligation.","start":2511.93,"end":2518.73,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":2511.93,"end":2512.37},{"text":"47","start":2512.37,"end":2513.21},{"text":"misstates","start":2513.41,"end":2514.01},{"text":"international","start":2514.09,"end":2514.69},{"text":"law","start":2514.69,"end":2514.89},{"text":"by","start":2514.89,"end":2514.97},{"text":"characterizing","start":2514.97,"end":2515.77},{"text":"a","start":2516.33,"end":2516.37},{"text":"good","start":2516.37,"end":2516.57},{"text":"implementation","start":2516.57,"end":2517.29},{"text":"practice","start":2517.29,"end":2517.77},{"text":"as","start":2517.81,"end":2517.93},{"text":"an","start":2517.93,"end":2518.01},{"text":"obligation.","start":2518.01,"end":2518.73}]},{"text":"We propose replacing \"must\" with \"should,\" and we support the change to \"their.\"","start":2518.81,"end":2523.53,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2518.81,"end":2518.97},{"text":"propose","start":2518.97,"end":2519.45},{"text":"replacing","start":2519.45,"end":2520.01},{"text":"\"must\"","start":2520.01,"end":2520.57},{"text":"with","start":2520.65,"end":2520.81},{"text":"\"should,\"","start":2520.81,"end":2521.29},{"text":"and","start":2521.89,"end":2522.01},{"text":"we","start":2522.01,"end":2522.17},{"text":"support","start":2522.17,"end":2522.53},{"text":"the","start":2522.53,"end":2522.61},{"text":"change","start":2522.61,"end":2522.93},{"text":"to","start":2522.93,"end":2523.13},{"text":"\"their.\"","start":2523.17,"end":2523.53}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 48, we believe the chair has moved this paragraph here from its previous position as paragraph 39 to help clarify that the formulated elements are all of the preceding paragraphs.","start":2525.73,"end":2536.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":2525.73,"end":2526.21},{"text":"paragraph","start":2526.29,"end":2526.69},{"text":"48,","start":2526.69,"end":2527.17},{"text":"we","start":2527.17,"end":2527.33},{"text":"believe","start":2527.33,"end":2527.61},{"text":"the","start":2527.61,"end":2527.69},{"text":"chair","start":2527.69,"end":2527.93},{"text":"has","start":2527.93,"end":2528.05},{"text":"moved","start":2528.05,"end":2528.21},{"text":"this","start":2528.21,"end":2528.37},{"text":"paragraph","start":2528.37,"end":2528.77},{"text":"here","start":2528.77,"end":2529.09},{"text":"from","start":2529.09,"end":2529.25},{"text":"its","start":2529.25,"end":2529.49},{"text":"previous","start":2529.73,"end":2530.17},{"text":"position","start":2530.17,"end":2530.77},{"text":"as","start":2530.85,"end":2531.09},{"text":"paragraph","start":2531.09,"end":2531.57},{"text":"39","start":2531.73,"end":2532.45},{"text":"to","start":2532.77,"end":2532.89},{"text":"help","start":2532.89,"end":2533.05},{"text":"clarify","start":2533.05,"end":2533.41},{"text":"that","start":2533.41,"end":2533.53},{"text":"the","start":2533.53,"end":2533.65},{"text":"formulated","start":2533.65,"end":2534.61},{"text":"elements","start":2534.69,"end":2535.17},{"text":"are","start":2535.17,"end":2535.33},{"text":"all","start":2535.33,"end":2535.69},{"text":"of","start":2535.69,"end":2535.77},{"text":"the","start":2535.77,"end":2535.89},{"text":"preceding","start":2535.89,"end":2536.29},{"text":"paragraphs.","start":2536.29,"end":2536.93}]},{"text":"However, this new placement does not fix the fundamental problem that is unclear what states are being asked to do.","start":2537.73,"end":2544.37,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":2537.73,"end":2538.05},{"text":"this","start":2538.05,"end":2538.29},{"text":"new","start":2538.29,"end":2538.69},{"text":"placement","start":2538.77,"end":2539.33},{"text":"does","start":2539.33,"end":2539.49},{"text":"not","start":2539.49,"end":2539.89},{"text":"fix","start":2540.37,"end":2540.77},{"text":"the","start":2540.77,"end":2540.93},{"text":"fundamental","start":2540.93,"end":2541.49},{"text":"problem","start":2541.49,"end":2542.05},{"text":"that","start":2542.05,"end":2542.29},{"text":"is","start":2542.29,"end":2542.53},{"text":"unclear","start":2542.53,"end":2542.93},{"text":"what","start":2542.93,"end":2543.13},{"text":"states","start":2543.13,"end":2543.41},{"text":"are","start":2543.41,"end":2543.49},{"text":"being","start":2543.49,"end":2543.73},{"text":"asked","start":2543.73,"end":2543.93},{"text":"to","start":2543.93,"end":2544.01},{"text":"do.","start":2544.01,"end":2544.37}]},{"text":"The phrase should be taken into account also dilutes the legal obligations listed above.","start":2545.49,"end":2550.69,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2545.49,"end":2545.65},{"text":"phrase","start":2545.65,"end":2546.21},{"text":"should","start":2546.53,"end":2546.85},{"text":"be","start":2546.85,"end":2547.01},{"text":"taken","start":2547.01,"end":2547.33},{"text":"into","start":2547.33,"end":2547.61},{"text":"account","start":2547.61,"end":2547.97},{"text":"also","start":2547.97,"end":2548.29},{"text":"dilutes","start":2548.29,"end":2548.69},{"text":"the","start":2548.69,"end":2548.77},{"text":"legal","start":2548.77,"end":2549.29},{"text":"obligations","start":2549.29,"end":2549.97},{"text":"listed","start":2549.97,"end":2550.25},{"text":"above.","start":2550.25,"end":2550.69}]},{"text":"As a result, we propose cutting this paragraph in its entirety.","start":2551.81,"end":2555.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"As","start":2551.81,"end":2551.93},{"text":"a","start":2551.93,"end":2551.97},{"text":"result,","start":2551.97,"end":2552.29},{"text":"we","start":2552.29,"end":2552.41},{"text":"propose","start":2552.41,"end":2553.01},{"text":"cutting","start":2553.29,"end":2553.57},{"text":"this","start":2553.57,"end":2553.77},{"text":"paragraph","start":2553.77,"end":2554.33},{"text":"in","start":2554.41,"end":2554.49},{"text":"its","start":2554.49,"end":2554.65},{"text":"entirety.","start":2554.65,"end":2555.21}]},{"text":"I thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":2555.53,"end":2556.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2555.53,"end":2555.61},{"text":"thank","start":2555.61,"end":2555.81},{"text":"you,","start":2555.81,"end":2555.89},{"text":"Mr.","start":2555.89,"end":2556.13},{"text":"Chair.","start":2556.13,"end":2556.33}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"USA","affiliation_full":"United States of America","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":9,"start":2558.81,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=2559","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the United States for making comments.","start":2558.81,"end":2563.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":2558.81,"end":2559.05},{"text":"thank","start":2559.05,"end":2559.29},{"text":"the","start":2559.29,"end":2559.37},{"text":"distinguished","start":2559.37,"end":2559.85},{"text":"representative","start":2559.85,"end":2560.45},{"text":"of","start":2560.45,"end":2560.65},{"text":"the","start":2561.37,"end":2561.45},{"text":"United","start":2561.45,"end":2561.93},{"text":"States","start":2561.93,"end":2562.41},{"text":"for","start":2562.41,"end":2562.65},{"text":"making","start":2562.65,"end":2563.13},{"text":"comments.","start":2563.13,"end":2563.85}]},{"text":"We will carefully study them.","start":2565.21,"end":2566.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2565.21,"end":2565.37},{"text":"will","start":2565.37,"end":2565.53},{"text":"carefully","start":2565.53,"end":2566.01},{"text":"study","start":2566.01,"end":2566.33},{"text":"them.","start":2566.33,"end":2566.73}]},{"text":"Let me just make one remark that we have some difficulty in accepting if we talk about applicable international law to make a must shoot, I think the application of that is a 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on my list is Turkey to be followed by the United Arab Emirates.","start":2582.05,"end":2587.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":2582.05,"end":2582.65},{"text":"on","start":2582.85,"end":2582.93},{"text":"my","start":2582.93,"end":2583.09},{"text":"list","start":2583.09,"end":2583.49},{"text":"is","start":2583.49,"end":2583.73},{"text":"Turkey","start":2583.73,"end":2584.29},{"text":"to","start":2584.29,"end":2584.45},{"text":"be","start":2584.45,"end":2584.69},{"text":"followed","start":2584.69,"end":2585.33},{"text":"by","start":2585.33,"end":2585.49},{"text":"the","start":2585.49,"end":2585.57},{"text":"United","start":2585.57,"end":2586.13},{"text":"Arab","start":2586.13,"end":2586.45},{"text":"Emirates.","start":2586.53,"end":2587.09}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of 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Chair.","start":2592.77,"end":2593.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":2592.77,"end":2593.09},{"text":"you,","start":2593.09,"end":2593.17},{"text":"Chair.","start":2593.17,"end":2593.49}]},{"text":"Good morning, colleagues.","start":2593.49,"end":2594.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Good","start":2593.49,"end":2593.65},{"text":"morning,","start":2593.65,"end":2593.97},{"text":"colleagues.","start":2593.97,"end":2594.69}]},{"text":"I'll go right into paragraph 34.","start":2594.69,"end":2597.17,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"I'll","start":2594.69,"end":2594.93},{"text":"go","start":2594.93,"end":2595.33},{"text":"right","start":2595.33,"end":2595.57},{"text":"into","start":2595.57,"end":2595.97},{"text":"paragraph","start":2595.97,"end":2596.49},{"text":"34.","start":2596.49,"end":2597.17}]},{"text":"Here we reiterate a concern raised in earlier consultations.","start":2597.97,"end":2601.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Here","start":2597.97,"end":2598.21},{"text":"we","start":2598.21,"end":2598.45},{"text":"reiterate","start":2598.45,"end":2599.01},{"text":"a","start":2599.01,"end":2599.05},{"text":"concern","start":2599.05,"end":2599.65},{"text":"raised","start":2599.65,"end":2600.01},{"text":"in","start":2600.01,"end":2600.13},{"text":"earlier","start":2600.13,"end":2600.53},{"text":"consultations.","start":2600.53,"end":2601.65}]},{"text":"Unlike most of the surrounding text, this paragraph uses \"shall\".","start":2601.73,"end":2605.73,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":2654.57,"end":2654.61},{"text":"categorical","start":2654.61,"end":2655.09},{"text":"prohibition","start":2655.09,"end":2655.45},{"text":"is","start":2656.09,"end":2656.17},{"text":"not","start":2656.29,"end":2656.41},{"text":"found.","start":2656.41,"end":2656.73}]},{"text":"expressed with shell sits uneasily with the technical IHL restating character that other delegations have themselves attributed to this text.","start":2657.73,"end":2665.33,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2689.93,"end":2690.09},{"text":"do","start":2690.09,"end":2690.25},{"text":"not","start":2690.25,"end":2690.45},{"text":"believe","start":2690.45,"end":2690.85},{"text":"language","start":2690.85,"end":2691.33},{"text":"specific","start":2691.33,"end":2691.93},{"text":"to","start":2691.93,"end":2692.05},{"text":"one","start":2692.05,"end":2692.25},{"text":"treaty","start":2692.25,"end":2692.57},{"text":"regime","start":2692.57,"end":2693.05},{"text":"should","start":2693.05,"end":2693.29},{"text":"be","start":2693.29,"end":2693.41},{"text":"imported","start":2693.41,"end":2693.93},{"text":"into","start":2693.93,"end":2694.25},{"text":"a","start":2694.25,"end":2694.29},{"text":"document","start":2694.29,"end":2694.81},{"text":"intended","start":2694.81,"end":2695.33},{"text":"to","start":2695.33,"end":2695.41},{"text":"reflect","start":2695.41,"end":2696.09},{"text":"common","start":2696.41,"end":2696.73},{"text":"understanding","start":2696.73,"end":2697.37},{"text":"across","start":2697.37,"end":2697.77},{"text":"all","start":2697.77,"end":2698.01},{"text":"states,","start":2698.01,"end":2698.33},{"text":"including","start":2698.33,"end":2698.81},{"text":"non-parties.","start":2698.81,"end":2699.53}]},{"text":"We ask that this phrase be deleted and that \"must\" in the chapeau be replaced with \"should.\"","start":2700.17,"end":2704.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2700.17,"end":2700.41},{"text":"ask","start":2700.41,"end":2700.61},{"text":"that","start":2700.61,"end":2700.77},{"text":"this","start":2700.77,"end":2700.97},{"text":"phrase","start":2700.97,"end":2701.37},{"text":"be","start":2701.37,"end":2701.45},{"text":"deleted","start":2701.45,"end":2702.01},{"text":"and","start":2702.01,"end":2702.17},{"text":"that","start":2702.17,"end":2702.33},{"text":"\"must\"","start":2702.33,"end":2702.73},{"text":"in","start":2702.73,"end":2702.89},{"text":"the","start":2702.89,"end":2702.97},{"text":"chapeau","start":2702.97,"end":2703.45},{"text":"be","start":2703.45,"end":2703.61},{"text":"replaced","start":2703.61,"end":2704.13},{"text":"with","start":2704.13,"end":2704.33},{"text":"\"should.\"","start":2704.33,"end":2704.73}]},{"text":"On 39, we reiterate our earlier request that the word \"ensure\" be replaced with \"endeavor to ensure\" or \"seek to ensure.\"","start":2705.45,"end":2714.81,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. 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Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2718.17,"end":2718.37},{"text":"are","start":2718.37,"end":2718.45},{"text":"concerned","start":2718.45,"end":2719.09},{"text":"by","start":2719.09,"end":2719.21},{"text":"the","start":2719.21,"end":2719.29},{"text":"removal","start":2719.29,"end":2719.93},{"text":"of","start":2719.93,"end":2720.09},{"text":"the","start":2720.09,"end":2720.21},{"text":"qualifier","start":2720.21,"end":2721.21},{"text":"adequately","start":2721.21,"end":2721.93},{"text":"before","start":2722.01,"end":2722.49},{"text":"predictable","start":2722.49,"end":2723.21},{"text":"and","start":2723.21,"end":2723.37},{"text":"reliable.","start":2723.37,"end":2724.01}]},{"text":"Absolute predictability is not a realistic technical standard for learning systems.","start":2724.65,"end":2729.85,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."}],"words":[{"text":"Absolute","start":2724.65,"end":2725.17},{"text":"predictability","start":2725.17,"end":2726.17},{"text":"is","start":2726.17,"end":2726.33},{"text":"not","start":2726.33,"end":2726.53},{"text":"a","start":2726.53,"end":2726.57},{"text":"realistic","start":2726.57,"end":2727.45},{"text":"technical","start":2727.45,"end":2728.09},{"text":"standard","start":2728.09,"end":2728.53},{"text":"for","start":2728.53,"end":2728.73},{"text":"learning","start":2728.73,"end":2729.13},{"text":"systems.","start":2729.13,"end":2729.85}]},{"text":"This formulation, read literally, could be understood as requiring a guarantee that cannot be given for any complex system, human operated or otherwise.","start":2730.25,"end":2739.69,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":2730.25,"end":2730.49},{"text":"formulation,","start":2730.49,"end":2731.45},{"text":"read","start":2731.53,"end":2731.85},{"text":"literally,","start":2731.85,"end":2732.57},{"text":"could","start":2732.65,"end":2732.85},{"text":"be","start":2732.85,"end":2732.97},{"text":"understood","start":2732.97,"end":2733.61},{"text":"as","start":2733.61,"end":2733.85},{"text":"requiring","start":2733.85,"end":2734.53},{"text":"a","start":2734.53,"end":2734.57},{"text":"guarantee","start":2734.57,"end":2735.37},{"text":"that","start":2735.37,"end":2735.53},{"text":"cannot","start":2735.53,"end":2735.93},{"text":"be","start":2735.93,"end":2736.09},{"text":"given","start":2736.09,"end":2736.49},{"text":"for","start":2736.49,"end":2736.73},{"text":"any","start":2736.73,"end":2736.97},{"text":"complex","start":2736.97,"end":2737.49},{"text":"system,","start":2737.49,"end":2738.01},{"text":"human","start":2738.01,"end":2738.41},{"text":"operated","start":2738.41,"end":2738.89},{"text":"or","start":2738.89,"end":2739.09},{"text":"otherwise.","start":2739.09,"end":2739.69}]},{"text":"We ask that adequately or an equivalent qualifier such as sufficiently or to the extent feasible be restored in the text.","start":2740.41,"end":2748.09,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2740.41,"end":2740.57},{"text":"ask","start":2740.57,"end":2740.89},{"text":"that","start":2740.89,"end":2741.09},{"text":"adequately","start":2741.09,"end":2741.77},{"text":"or","start":2741.85,"end":2742.17},{"text":"an","start":2742.17,"end":2742.33},{"text":"equivalent","start":2742.33,"end":2743.57},{"text":"qualifier","start":2743.57,"end":2744.25},{"text":"such","start":2744.25,"end":2744.49},{"text":"as","start":2744.49,"end":2744.57},{"text":"sufficiently","start":2744.57,"end":2745.29},{"text":"or","start":2745.29,"end":2745.61},{"text":"to","start":2745.61,"end":2745.77},{"text":"the","start":2745.77,"end":2745.89},{"text":"extent","start":2745.89,"end":2746.29},{"text":"feasible","start":2746.29,"end":2746.81},{"text":"be","start":2746.81,"end":2746.97},{"text":"restored","start":2746.97,"end":2747.45},{"text":"in","start":2747.45,"end":2747.61},{"text":"the","start":2747.61,"end":2747.69},{"text":"text.","start":2747.69,"end":2748.09}]},{"text":"Other delegations, including Norway, France and Singapore made similar proposals during informal consultations.","start":2748.73,"end":2754.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Other","start":2748.73,"end":2748.93},{"text":"delegations,","start":2748.93,"end":2749.65},{"text":"including","start":2749.65,"end":2750.09},{"text":"Norway,","start":2750.09,"end":2750.57},{"text":"France","start":2750.57,"end":2751.05},{"text":"and","start":2751.05,"end":2751.17},{"text":"Singapore","start":2751.17,"end":2751.77},{"text":"made","start":2751.77,"end":2752.01},{"text":"similar","start":2752.01,"end":2752.49},{"text":"proposals","start":2752.49,"end":2753.05},{"text":"during","start":2753.05,"end":2753.33},{"text":"informal","start":2753.33,"end":2753.77},{"text":"consultations.","start":2753.77,"end":2754.65}]},{"text":"We're ready to work on the basis of these formulations.","start":2754.65,"end":2757.37,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We're","start":2754.65,"end":2754.85},{"text":"ready","start":2754.85,"end":2755.09},{"text":"to","start":2755.09,"end":2755.21},{"text":"work","start":2755.21,"end":2755.53},{"text":"on","start":2755.53,"end":2755.69},{"text":"the","start":2755.69,"end":2755.77},{"text":"basis","start":2755.77,"end":2756.17},{"text":"of","start":2756.17,"end":2756.25},{"text":"these","start":2756.25,"end":2756.49},{"text":"formulations.","start":2756.49,"end":2757.37}]},{"text":"Paragraphs 41 and 42.","start":2758.09,"end":2759.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Paragraphs","start":2758.09,"end":2758.57},{"text":"41","start":2758.57,"end":2759.01},{"text":"and","start":2759.01,"end":2759.13},{"text":"42.","start":2759.13,"end":2759.69}]},{"text":"My country has no difficulty with these paragraphs as drafted.","start":2760.17,"end":2763.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":2760.17,"end":2760.33},{"text":"country","start":2760.33,"end":2760.73},{"text":"has","start":2760.73,"end":2760.97},{"text":"no","start":2760.97,"end":2761.13},{"text":"difficulty","start":2761.13,"end":2761.69},{"text":"with","start":2761.69,"end":2761.85},{"text":"these","start":2761.85,"end":2762.09},{"text":"paragraphs","start":2762.09,"end":2762.65},{"text":"as","start":2762.65,"end":2762.81},{"text":"drafted.","start":2762.81,"end":2763.45}]},{"text":"The recommendatory language and the qualifier, as much as possible, appropriately reflect that bias mitigation is a continuing technical effort rather than an absolute guarantee.","start":2763.81,"end":2774.21,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Discrimination Risks","description":"Multiple speakers addressed unintended bias, including dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and automation bias in human-machine interaction. The debate covered how bias can increase risks to civilians and reinforce discrimination, and what measures states should take to prevent or mitigate such harms."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2763.81,"end":2763.97},{"text":"recommendatory","start":2763.97,"end":2764.77},{"text":"language","start":2764.77,"end":2765.33},{"text":"and","start":2765.33,"end":2765.49},{"text":"the","start":2765.49,"end":2765.57},{"text":"qualifier,","start":2765.57,"end":2766.45},{"text":"as","start":2766.45,"end":2766.65},{"text":"much","start":2766.65,"end":2766.85},{"text":"as","start":2766.89,"end":2767.01},{"text":"possible,","start":2767.01,"end":2767.65},{"text":"appropriately","start":2768.05,"end":2768.65},{"text":"reflect","start":2768.65,"end":2769.09},{"text":"that","start":2769.09,"end":2769.25},{"text":"bias","start":2769.25,"end":2769.65},{"text":"mitigation","start":2769.65,"end":2770.37},{"text":"is","start":2770.37,"end":2770.53},{"text":"a","start":2770.53,"end":2770.57},{"text":"continuing","start":2770.57,"end":2771.41},{"text":"technical","start":2771.41,"end":2771.97},{"text":"effort","start":2771.97,"end":2772.33},{"text":"rather","start":2772.45,"end":2772.85},{"text":"than","start":2772.85,"end":2773.09},{"text":"an","start":2773.09,"end":2773.17},{"text":"absolute","start":2773.17,"end":2773.57},{"text":"guarantee.","start":2773.57,"end":2774.21}]},{"text":"We would only note for the record that measures to prevent and mitigate bias should not be read to discourage the development of AI models resilient to communications denial or jamming environments.","start":2774.85,"end":2787.49,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Discrimination Risks","description":"Multiple speakers addressed unintended bias, including dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and automation bias in human-machine interaction. 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Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":2792.17,"end":2792.33},{"text":"principle","start":2792.33,"end":2792.89},{"text":"that","start":2792.89,"end":2793.09},{"text":"responsibility","start":2793.09,"end":2794.17},{"text":"cannot","start":2794.17,"end":2794.57},{"text":"be","start":2794.57,"end":2794.65},{"text":"transferred","start":2794.65,"end":2795.17},{"text":"to","start":2795.17,"end":2795.29},{"text":"machines","start":2795.29,"end":2795.93},{"text":"and","start":2795.93,"end":2796.09},{"text":"remains","start":2796.09,"end":2796.49},{"text":"with","start":2796.49,"end":2796.65},{"text":"states,","start":2796.65,"end":2797.21},{"text":"parties","start":2797.45,"end":2797.85},{"text":"to","start":2797.85,"end":2797.93},{"text":"conflict,","start":2797.93,"end":2798.37},{"text":"and","start":2798.37,"end":2798.49},{"text":"individuals","start":2798.49,"end":2799.21},{"text":"is","start":2799.21,"end":2799.45},{"text":"well","start":2799.45,"end":2799.69},{"text":"established.","start":2799.69,"end":2800.41}]},{"text":"Now moving to paragraphs 44, 46, and 47, which are the crux of the matter for my delegation.","start":2801.05,"end":2806.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Now","start":2801.05,"end":2801.29},{"text":"moving","start":2801.29,"end":2801.61},{"text":"to","start":2801.61,"end":2801.77},{"text":"paragraphs","start":2801.77,"end":2802.33},{"text":"44,","start":2802.33,"end":2803.05},{"text":"46,","start":2803.05,"end":2803.77},{"text":"and","start":2803.77,"end":2803.89},{"text":"47,","start":2803.89,"end":2804.61},{"text":"which","start":2804.61,"end":2804.89},{"text":"are","start":2804.89,"end":2805.05},{"text":"the","start":2805.05,"end":2805.13},{"text":"crux","start":2805.13,"end":2805.45},{"text":"of","start":2805.45,"end":2805.53},{"text":"the","start":2805.53,"end":2805.65},{"text":"matter","start":2805.65,"end":2805.93},{"text":"for","start":2805.93,"end":2806.09},{"text":"my","start":2806.09,"end":2806.25},{"text":"delegation.","start":2806.25,"end":2806.97}]},{"text":"On these paragraphs, we maintain the graduated approach expressed in earlier sessions.","start":2807.77,"end":2812.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":2807.77,"end":2807.93},{"text":"these","start":2807.93,"end":2808.17},{"text":"paragraphs,","start":2808.17,"end":2808.81},{"text":"we","start":2808.81,"end":2808.97},{"text":"maintain","start":2808.97,"end":2809.49},{"text":"the","start":2809.49,"end":2809.57},{"text":"graduated","start":2809.57,"end":2810.17},{"text":"approach","start":2810.17,"end":2810.73},{"text":"expressed","start":2810.73,"end":2811.37},{"text":"in","start":2811.37,"end":2811.53},{"text":"earlier","start":2811.53,"end":2811.93},{"text":"sessions.","start":2811.93,"end":2812.65}]},{"text":"Our preference remains for should rather than must throughout.","start":2812.65,"end":2815.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Our","start":2812.65,"end":2812.81},{"text":"preference","start":2812.81,"end":2813.37},{"text":"remains","start":2813.37,"end":2813.85},{"text":"for","start":2813.85,"end":2814.01},{"text":"should","start":2814.01,"end":2814.41},{"text":"rather","start":2814.41,"end":2814.73},{"text":"than","start":2814.73,"end":2814.89},{"text":"must","start":2814.89,"end":2815.41},{"text":"throughout.","start":2815.41,"end":2815.93}]},{"text":"On paragraph 44 in particular, on individual accountability, the principle of individual criminal responsibility for international crimes is of course well established in customary international law.","start":2816.61,"end":2828.29,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. 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The discussion focused on ensuring that users understand system functions and limits well enough to make lawful decisions about use of force."},{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"What","start":2829.01,"end":2829.25},{"text":"remains","start":2829.25,"end":2829.73},{"text":"unsettled","start":2829.73,"end":2830.25},{"text":"in","start":2830.25,"end":2830.37},{"text":"our","start":2830.37,"end":2830.53},{"text":"view","start":2830.53,"end":2831.01},{"text":"is","start":2831.25,"end":2831.45},{"text":"its","start":2831.45,"end":2831.65},{"text":"application","start":2831.65,"end":2832.45},{"text":"to","start":2832.45,"end":2832.57},{"text":"engagements","start":2832.57,"end":2833.41},{"text":"in","start":2833.41,"end":2833.61},{"text":"which","start":2833.61,"end":2833.97},{"text":"a","start":2833.97,"end":2834.01},{"text":"system","start":2834.01,"end":2834.57},{"text":"identifies,","start":2834.57,"end":2835.29},{"text":"selects","start":2835.29,"end":2835.81},{"text":"and","start":2835.81,"end":2835.93},{"text":"engages","start":2835.93,"end":2836.37},{"text":"a","start":2836.37,"end":2836.45},{"text":"target","start":2836.45,"end":2837.01},{"text":"without","start":2837.01,"end":2837.37},{"text":"human","start":2837.37,"end":2837.65},{"text":"intervention.","start":2837.65,"end":2838.61}]},{"text":"In such cases, establishing which individual bears responsibility on what factual basis raises questions that this group's mandate has not resolved and that we would not wish this text to prejudge by using unconditional language.","start":2839.77,"end":2854.97,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":2839.77,"end":2840.01},{"text":"such","start":2840.01,"end":2840.25},{"text":"cases,","start":2840.25,"end":2840.89},{"text":"establishing","start":2840.89,"end":2841.69},{"text":"which","start":2841.69,"end":2842.01},{"text":"individual","start":2842.01,"end":2842.57},{"text":"bears","start":2842.57,"end":2842.89},{"text":"responsibility","start":2842.89,"end":2843.93},{"text":"on","start":2843.93,"end":2844.25},{"text":"what","start":2844.25,"end":2846.09},{"text":"factual","start":2846.09,"end":2846.61},{"text":"basis","start":2846.61,"end":2847.21},{"text":"raises","start":2847.53,"end":2848.01},{"text":"questions","start":2848.01,"end":2848.57},{"text":"that","start":2848.57,"end":2848.73},{"text":"this","start":2848.73,"end":2848.93},{"text":"group's","start":2848.93,"end":2849.25},{"text":"mandate","start":2849.25,"end":2849.61},{"text":"has","start":2849.61,"end":2849.85},{"text":"not","start":2849.85,"end":2849.97},{"text":"resolved","start":2849.97,"end":2850.65},{"text":"and","start":2850.65,"end":2850.89},{"text":"that","start":2850.89,"end":2851.05},{"text":"we","start":2851.05,"end":2851.21},{"text":"would","start":2851.21,"end":2851.37},{"text":"not","start":2851.37,"end":2851.69},{"text":"wish","start":2851.69,"end":2851.93},{"text":"this","start":2851.93,"end":2852.17},{"text":"text","start":2852.17,"end":2852.49},{"text":"to","start":2852.49,"end":2852.57},{"text":"prejudge","start":2852.57,"end":2853.05},{"text":"by","start":2853.05,"end":2853.21},{"text":"using","start":2853.21,"end":2853.61},{"text":"unconditional","start":2853.61,"end":2854.37},{"text":"language.","start":2854.37,"end":2854.97}]},{"text":"We believe this is best reflected through should with any residual concerns addressed in national statements.","start":2855.77,"end":2862.17,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":2855.77,"end":2855.93},{"text":"believe","start":2855.93,"end":2856.25},{"text":"this","start":2856.25,"end":2856.41},{"text":"is","start":2856.41,"end":2856.57},{"text":"best","start":2856.57,"end":2856.89},{"text":"reflected","start":2856.89,"end":2857.41},{"text":"through","start":2857.41,"end":2857.61},{"text":"should","start":2857.61,"end":2857.97},{"text":"with","start":2858.17,"end":2858.41},{"text":"any","start":2858.41,"end":2858.65},{"text":"residual","start":2858.65,"end":2859.13},{"text":"concerns","start":2859.17,"end":2860.41},{"text":"addressed","start":2860.41,"end":2860.89},{"text":"in","start":2860.89,"end":2861.09},{"text":"national","start":2861.09,"end":2861.45},{"text":"statements.","start":2861.45,"end":2862.17}]},{"text":"On that basis, we would ask that \"must ensure\" in paragraph 44 be replaced with \"should ensure\" to avoid the impression of a categorical result obligation in an area where the precise attribution of individual criminal responsibility for engagements carried out without human intervention in target identification and engagement remains, in our view, an evolving and not fully settled area of law.","start":2862.85,"end":2887.25,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly emphasized that human judgment and control must remain central to the use of autonomous weapon systems. The discussion focused on ensuring that users understand system functions and limits well enough to make lawful decisions about use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":2862.85,"end":2863.09},{"text":"that","start":2863.09,"end":2863.25},{"text":"basis,","start":2863.25,"end":2863.73},{"text":"we","start":2863.73,"end":2863.93},{"text":"would","start":2863.93,"end":2864.13},{"text":"ask","start":2864.13,"end":2864.45},{"text":"that","start":2864.45,"end":2864.61},{"text":"\"must","start":2864.61,"end":2864.93},{"text":"ensure\"","start":2864.93,"end":2865.41},{"text":"in","start":2865.41,"end":2865.65},{"text":"paragraph","start":2865.65,"end":2866.17},{"text":"44","start":2866.17,"end":2866.77},{"text":"be","start":2866.77,"end":2866.93},{"text":"replaced","start":2866.93,"end":2867.49},{"text":"with","start":2867.49,"end":2867.65},{"text":"\"should","start":2867.73,"end":2868.13},{"text":"ensure\"","start":2868.13,"end":2868.77},{"text":"to","start":2869.09,"end":2869.29},{"text":"avoid","start":2869.33,"end":2869.69},{"text":"the","start":2869.69,"end":2869.77},{"text":"impression","start":2869.81,"end":2870.37},{"text":"of","start":2870.37,"end":2870.49},{"text":"a","start":2870.49,"end":2870.53},{"text":"categorical","start":2870.53,"end":2871.41},{"text":"result","start":2871.41,"end":2871.93},{"text":"obligation","start":2871.97,"end":2872.85},{"text":"in","start":2873.01,"end":2873.13},{"text":"an","start":2873.13,"end":2873.33},{"text":"area","start":2873.33,"end":2873.77},{"text":"where","start":2873.77,"end":2873.97},{"text":"the","start":2873.97,"end":2874.09},{"text":"precise","start":2874.09,"end":2874.61},{"text":"attribution","start":2874.61,"end":2875.17},{"text":"of","start":2875.21,"end":2875.33},{"text":"individual","start":2875.33,"end":2875.89},{"text":"criminal","start":2875.89,"end":2876.29},{"text":"responsibility","start":2876.29,"end":2877.41},{"text":"for","start":2877.89,"end":2878.13},{"text":"engagements","start":2878.13,"end":2878.77},{"text":"carried","start":2878.77,"end":2879.25},{"text":"out","start":2879.25,"end":2879.41},{"text":"without","start":2879.41,"end":2879.73},{"text":"human","start":2879.73,"end":2880.05},{"text":"intervention","start":2880.05,"end":2880.69},{"text":"in","start":2880.69,"end":2880.85},{"text":"target","start":2880.85,"end":2881.25},{"text":"identification","start":2881.25,"end":2882.13},{"text":"and","start":2882.13,"end":2882.25},{"text":"engagement","start":2882.25,"end":2882.77},{"text":"remains,","start":2882.77,"end":2883.33},{"text":"in","start":2883.57,"end":2883.73},{"text":"our","start":2883.73,"end":2883.89},{"text":"view,","start":2883.89,"end":2884.13},{"text":"an","start":2884.25,"end":2884.57},{"text":"evolving","start":2884.57,"end":2885.17},{"text":"and","start":2885.17,"end":2885.37},{"text":"not","start":2885.37,"end":2885.57},{"text":"fully","start":2885.57,"end":2885.81},{"text":"settled","start":2885.81,"end":2886.21},{"text":"area","start":2886.21,"end":2886.61},{"text":"of","start":2886.61,"end":2886.93},{"text":"law.","start":2886.93,"end":2887.25}]},{"text":"Should the verb must be retained in this paragraph, we could accept must uphold as an intermediate formulation on the understanding that the existing reference to their obligations under IHL is preserved.","start":2888.17,"end":2900.65,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Should","start":2888.17,"end":2888.41},{"text":"the","start":2888.41,"end":2888.49},{"text":"verb","start":2888.49,"end":2888.89},{"text":"must","start":2888.89,"end":2889.33},{"text":"be","start":2889.33,"end":2889.45},{"text":"retained","start":2889.45,"end":2889.93},{"text":"in","start":2889.93,"end":2890.01},{"text":"this","start":2890.01,"end":2890.25},{"text":"paragraph,","start":2890.25,"end":2890.89},{"text":"we","start":2891.05,"end":2891.21},{"text":"could","start":2891.21,"end":2891.45},{"text":"accept","start":2891.45,"end":2892.09},{"text":"must","start":2892.25,"end":2892.65},{"text":"uphold","start":2892.65,"end":2893.29},{"text":"as","start":2893.69,"end":2893.93},{"text":"an","start":2893.93,"end":2894.01},{"text":"intermediate","start":2894.01,"end":2894.73},{"text":"formulation","start":2894.73,"end":2895.45},{"text":"on","start":2895.45,"end":2895.61},{"text":"the","start":2895.61,"end":2895.69},{"text":"understanding","start":2895.69,"end":2896.57},{"text":"that","start":2896.57,"end":2896.89},{"text":"the","start":2896.89,"end":2896.97},{"text":"existing","start":2896.97,"end":2897.53},{"text":"reference","start":2897.53,"end":2897.93},{"text":"to","start":2897.93,"end":2898.09},{"text":"their","start":2898.09,"end":2898.33},{"text":"obligations","start":2898.33,"end":2899.05},{"text":"under","start":2899.05,"end":2899.33},{"text":"IHL","start":2899.33,"end":2899.77},{"text":"is","start":2899.77,"end":2900.01},{"text":"preserved.","start":2900.01,"end":2900.65}]},{"text":"Turning to paragraph 46, which refers to violations of international law, including IHL, without qualification, we would ask that applicable be inserted before both international law and IHL.","start":2901.53,"end":2914.49,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":3041.65,"end":3041.89},{"text":"phrase","start":3041.89,"end":3042.29},{"text":"leaves","start":3042.29,"end":3042.61},{"text":"the","start":3042.61,"end":3042.69},{"text":"scope","start":3042.69,"end":3043.09},{"text":"of","start":3043.09,"end":3043.25},{"text":"expected","start":3043.25,"end":3043.81},{"text":"measures","start":3043.81,"end":3044.21},{"text":"undefined","start":3044.21,"end":3045.01},{"text":"and","start":3045.01,"end":3045.17},{"text":"open-ended","start":3045.17,"end":3045.77},{"text":"and","start":3046.17,"end":3046.41},{"text":"could","start":3046.41,"end":3046.53},{"text":"be","start":3046.53,"end":3046.69},{"text":"read","start":3046.69,"end":3046.93},{"text":"as","start":3046.93,"end":3047.09},{"text":"inviting","start":3047.09,"end":3047.57},{"text":"the","start":3047.57,"end":3047.69},{"text":"future","start":3047.69,"end":3048.05},{"text":"inclusion","start":3048.05,"end":3048.53},{"text":"of","start":3048.53,"end":3048.61},{"text":"measures","start":3048.61,"end":3049.09},{"text":"not","start":3049.09,"end":3049.33},{"text":"agreed","start":3049.33,"end":3049.65},{"text":"by","start":3049.65,"end":3049.81},{"text":"consensus.","start":3049.81,"end":3050.61}]},{"text":"We ask for its deletion.","start":3051.01,"end":3052.29,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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Chair.","start":3132.85,"end":3133.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3132.85,"end":3133.05},{"text":"you,","start":3133.05,"end":3133.13},{"text":"Chair.","start":3133.13,"end":3133.49}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"TUR","affiliation_full":"Türkiye","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":11,"start":3135.65,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=3136","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Turkey.","start":3135.65,"end":3138.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":3135.65,"end":3135.97},{"text":"me","start":3135.97,"end":3136.21},{"text":"thank","start":3136.21,"end":3136.49},{"text":"the","start":3136.49,"end":3136.57},{"text":"distinguished","start":3136.57,"end":3137.05},{"text":"representative","start":3137.05,"end":3137.89},{"text":"of","start":3137.89,"end":3137.97},{"text":"Turkey.","start":3137.97,"end":3138.61}]},{"text":"Just two remarks from my side.","start":3140.53,"end":3143.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Just","start":3140.53,"end":3140.93},{"text":"two","start":3141.17,"end":3141.61},{"text":"remarks","start":3141.61,"end":3142.13},{"text":"from","start":3142.13,"end":3142.33},{"text":"my","start":3142.33,"end":3142.53},{"text":"side.","start":3142.53,"end":3143.09}]},{"text":"I think we have to be a bit careful not introducing the concept of braces and belt in the text by changing a lot of verbs, referring to remarks by the Chair and delegations, and then also insert a clause, and all to cover the same 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think this is something we have to reflect on.","start":3169.37,"end":3172.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3169.37,"end":3169.41},{"text":"think","start":3169.41,"end":3169.77},{"text":"this","start":3169.77,"end":3170.01},{"text":"is","start":3170.01,"end":3170.09},{"text":"something","start":3170.09,"end":3170.57},{"text":"we","start":3170.57,"end":3171.09},{"text":"have","start":3171.09,"end":3171.29},{"text":"to","start":3171.29,"end":3171.77},{"text":"reflect","start":3171.93,"end":3172.45},{"text":"on.","start":3172.45,"end":3172.57}]},{"text":"Another remark with regard to what was said on establishing individual accountability and possible individual criminal responsibility is that it is difficult with 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think that is exactly why we have introduced terms such as traceability, predictability and reliability, as our Pakistani colleague explained very 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would really recommend also to read this as a set of elements.","start":3202.77,"end":3207.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":3202.77,"end":3202.93},{"text":"would","start":3202.93,"end":3203.09},{"text":"really","start":3203.17,"end":3203.49},{"text":"recommend","start":3203.49,"end":3204.05},{"text":"also","start":3204.05,"end":3204.45},{"text":"to","start":3204.45,"end":3204.93},{"text":"read","start":3206.05,"end":3206.41},{"text":"this","start":3206.41,"end":3206.69},{"text":"as","start":3206.69,"end":3206.93},{"text":"a","start":3206.93,"end":3206.97},{"text":"set","start":3206.97,"end":3207.37},{"text":"of","start":3207.37,"end":3207.49},{"text":"elements.","start":3207.49,"end":3207.97}]},{"text":"It's not just a loose number of faults.","start":3207.97,"end":3211.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"It's","start":3207.97,"end":3208.21},{"text":"not","start":3208.21,"end":3208.33},{"text":"just","start":3208.33,"end":3208.77},{"text":"a","start":3209.01,"end":3209.05},{"text":"loose","start":3209.05,"end":3209.81},{"text":"number","start":3209.89,"end":3210.53},{"text":"of","start":3210.57,"end":3210.65},{"text":"faults.","start":3210.69,"end":3211.57}]},{"text":"We try to give it some good considerations.","start":3213.41,"end":3218.29,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":3213.41,"end":3213.57},{"text":"try","start":3213.57,"end":3213.81},{"text":"to","start":3213.81,"end":3213.97},{"text":"give","start":3213.97,"end":3214.21},{"text":"it","start":3214.21,"end":3214.53},{"text":"some","start":3215.01,"end":3215.25},{"text":"good","start":3215.25,"end":3215.57},{"text":"considerations.","start":3217.25,"end":3218.29}]},{"text":"So that's from my side as a short reflection so 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The United Arab Emirates would like to submit the following observation regarding the paragraphs under discussion.","start":3244.45,"end":3252.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3244.45,"end":3244.65},{"text":"you,","start":3244.65,"end":3244.77},{"text":"Mr.","start":3244.77,"end":3245.09},{"text":"Chair.","start":3245.09,"end":3245.49},{"text":"The","start":3246.21,"end":3246.41},{"text":"United","start":3246.41,"end":3246.93},{"text":"Arab","start":3246.93,"end":3247.17},{"text":"Emirates","start":3247.17,"end":3247.73},{"text":"would","start":3247.73,"end":3247.89},{"text":"like","start":3247.89,"end":3248.13},{"text":"to","start":3248.13,"end":3248.25},{"text":"submit","start":3248.25,"end":3248.69},{"text":"the","start":3248.69,"end":3248.85},{"text":"following","start":3248.85,"end":3249.33},{"text":"observation","start":3249.33,"end":3250.05},{"text":"regarding","start":3250.05,"end":3250.69},{"text":"the","start":3250.69,"end":3251.21},{"text":"paragraphs","start":3251.25,"end":3251.81},{"text":"under","start":3251.81,"end":3252.05},{"text":"discussion.","start":3252.05,"end":3252.69}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 39, we approve the general approach of this paragraph, namely the importance of preserving the two expressions as appropriate and in accordance with their obligations under international law.","start":3253.37,"end":3270.29,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."},{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":3253.37,"end":3253.97},{"text":"paragraph","start":3253.97,"end":3254.57},{"text":"39,","start":3254.57,"end":3255.45},{"text":"we","start":3255.53,"end":3255.85},{"text":"approve","start":3255.85,"end":3256.65},{"text":"the","start":3256.89,"end":3257.13},{"text":"general","start":3257.37,"end":3258.17},{"text":"approach","start":3259.05,"end":3259.61},{"text":"of","start":3259.61,"end":3259.73},{"text":"this","start":3259.73,"end":3259.93},{"text":"paragraph,","start":3259.93,"end":3260.57},{"text":"namely","start":3260.57,"end":3261.13},{"text":"the","start":3261.13,"end":3261.25},{"text":"importance","start":3261.25,"end":3262.09},{"text":"of","start":3262.09,"end":3262.25},{"text":"preserving","start":3262.25,"end":3263.05},{"text":"the","start":3263.61,"end":3263.85},{"text":"two","start":3263.85,"end":3264.33},{"text":"expressions","start":3264.33,"end":3265.29},{"text":"as","start":3265.69,"end":3266.09},{"text":"appropriate","start":3266.09,"end":3266.89},{"text":"and","start":3266.89,"end":3267.13},{"text":"in","start":3267.13,"end":3267.25},{"text":"accordance","start":3267.25,"end":3267.77},{"text":"with","start":3267.77,"end":3268.01},{"text":"their","start":3268.01,"end":3268.13},{"text":"obligations","start":3268.13,"end":3268.81},{"text":"under","start":3268.81,"end":3269.17},{"text":"international","start":3269.17,"end":3270.21},{"text":"law.","start":3270.21,"end":3270.29}]},{"text":"These are very important and we prefer to keep them in the text regarding paragraph 39a.","start":3271.49,"end":3278.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"These","start":3271.49,"end":3271.85},{"text":"are","start":3271.85,"end":3272.09},{"text":"very","start":3272.09,"end":3272.41},{"text":"important","start":3272.41,"end":3272.97},{"text":"and","start":3272.97,"end":3273.13},{"text":"we","start":3273.13,"end":3273.29},{"text":"prefer","start":3273.29,"end":3273.85},{"text":"to","start":3273.85,"end":3274.01},{"text":"keep","start":3274.01,"end":3274.25},{"text":"them","start":3274.25,"end":3274.53},{"text":"in","start":3274.53,"end":3274.65},{"text":"the","start":3274.65,"end":3274.81},{"text":"text","start":3274.81,"end":3275.29},{"text":"regarding","start":3275.29,"end":3276.01},{"text":"paragraph","start":3276.17,"end":3276.81},{"text":"39a.","start":3276.81,"end":3278.17}]},{"text":"We approve the legal revisions or reviews during the examination of laws and developing them, adopting them according to the obligations applicable to countries as per IHL.","start":3278.89,"end":3294.41,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. 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approve the Uh, uh, voluntary exchange of practices between countries while preserving guarantees pertaining to national security and commercial considerations protected by intellectual property 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us in the UAA, these restrictions are very important in order to preserve the voluntary nature of the exchange of practices and to protect the legitimate interest pertaining to national security and sensitive technological 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39B, we approve the we can approve the full the current formulation and there is an importance of adding amendments that have a substantial impact on determining the objectives choosing them or engaging with them or their anticipated effects for us the substantial impact is as a criteria is important should be kept it secures the revision of amendments that can have a substantial impact on the performance of the system, its impact, rather than reviewing in an automatic way for a minor amendment.","start":3331.41,"end":3380.13,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"appropriate","start":3673.33,"end":3673.81},{"text":"and","start":3673.81,"end":3674.13},{"text":"consistent","start":3674.13,"end":3675.01},{"text":"with","start":3675.01,"end":3675.25},{"text":"States","start":3675.25,"end":3675.97},{"text":"obligations","start":3675.97,"end":3676.93},{"text":"under","start":3676.93,"end":3677.33},{"text":"international","start":3677.33,"end":3678.29},{"text":"law.","start":3678.29,"end":3678.37}]},{"text":"Mr. Chair, this should prevent us from creating an open expectation about measures that have not been defined or agreed upon clearly.","start":3680.37,"end":3693.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":3680.37,"end":3680.73},{"text":"Chair,","start":3680.73,"end":3681.17},{"text":"this","start":3681.33,"end":3681.81},{"text":"should","start":3681.89,"end":3682.37},{"text":"prevent","start":3682.37,"end":3683.41},{"text":"us","start":3683.41,"end":3683.81},{"text":"from","start":3683.97,"end":3684.53},{"text":"creating","start":3684.53,"end":3685.41},{"text":"an","start":3685.49,"end":3685.97},{"text":"open","start":3685.97,"end":3686.77},{"text":"expectation","start":3686.77,"end":3688.45},{"text":"about","start":3689.01,"end":3689.49},{"text":"measures","start":3689.49,"end":3689.89},{"text":"that","start":3689.89,"end":3690.13},{"text":"have","start":3690.13,"end":3690.53},{"text":"not","start":3690.53,"end":3690.85},{"text":"been","start":3690.85,"end":3691.09},{"text":"defined","start":3691.09,"end":3691.65},{"text":"or","start":3691.65,"end":3691.85},{"text":"agreed","start":3691.85,"end":3692.21},{"text":"upon","start":3692.21,"end":3692.61},{"text":"clearly.","start":3692.61,"end":3693.09}]},{"text":"We want a clear text that is based on legal revision, testing, evaluation, appropriate training, and a sufficient amount of predictability and reliability, and to have efficient accountability mechanisms at the national level.","start":3696.49,"end":3718.73,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. 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you, Mr. Chair.","start":3742.13,"end":3743.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":3742.13,"end":3742.33},{"text":"you,","start":3742.33,"end":3742.41},{"text":"Mr.","start":3742.41,"end":3742.73},{"text":"Chair.","start":3742.73,"end":3743.13}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"ARE","affiliation_full":"United Arab Emirates","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":13,"start":3746.69,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=3747","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of the United Arab Emirates for commenting on the text and making 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comes from our mandate.","start":3766.05,"end":3768.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":3766.05,"end":3766.29},{"text":"comes","start":3766.29,"end":3766.69},{"text":"from","start":3766.69,"end":3767.17},{"text":"our","start":3768.05,"end":3768.21},{"text":"mandate.","start":3768.21,"end":3768.77}]},{"text":"In the context of the objectives and purposes of the convention, the group is to further consider and formulate by consensus a set of elements of an instrument without prejudging its nature and other possible measures to address emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapon 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there it comes from.","start":3789.53,"end":3790.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":3789.53,"end":3789.93},{"text":"there","start":3789.93,"end":3790.17},{"text":"it","start":3790.17,"end":3790.25},{"text":"comes","start":3790.25,"end":3790.57},{"text":"from.","start":3790.57,"end":3790.81}]},{"text":"And there are already a few caveats in that, of course.","start":3791.57,"end":3795.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":3791.57,"end":3791.81},{"text":"there","start":3791.81,"end":3791.93},{"text":"are","start":3791.93,"end":3792.05},{"text":"already","start":3792.05,"end":3792.81},{"text":"a","start":3792.97,"end":3793.01},{"text":"few","start":3793.01,"end":3793.53},{"text":"caveats","start":3793.93,"end":3794.53},{"text":"in","start":3794.53,"end":3794.69},{"text":"that,","start":3794.69,"end":3794.89},{"text":"of","start":3794.89,"end":3795.05},{"text":"course.","start":3795.05,"end":3795.53}]},{"text":"So it's not that it's an open door, it's about what we 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A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"IHLII","start":3955.85,"end":3956.97},{"text":"also","start":3956.97,"end":3957.45},{"text":"welcomes","start":3957.45,"end":3957.85},{"text":"paragraph","start":3957.85,"end":3958.41},{"text":"39,","start":3958.49,"end":3959.21},{"text":"particularly","start":3959.73,"end":3960.57},{"text":"its","start":3960.57,"end":3960.81},{"text":"recognition","start":3960.81,"end":3961.45},{"text":"of","start":3961.45,"end":3961.53},{"text":"the","start":3961.53,"end":3961.65},{"text":"need","start":3961.65,"end":3961.85},{"text":"for","start":3961.85,"end":3962.09},{"text":"legal","start":3962.09,"end":3962.73},{"text":"reviews","start":3962.73,"end":3963.29},{"text":"as","start":3963.61,"end":3963.81},{"text":"appropriate","start":3963.81,"end":3964.41},{"text":"across","start":3964.41,"end":3964.77},{"text":"the","start":3964.77,"end":3964.85},{"text":"life","start":3964.85,"end":3965.13},{"text":"cycle","start":3965.13,"end":3965.57},{"text":"of","start":3965.57,"end":3965.69},{"text":"laws","start":3965.69,"end":3966.09},{"text":"and","start":3966.25,"end":3966.45},{"text":"in","start":3966.45,"end":3966.57},{"text":"accordance","start":3966.57,"end":3967.01},{"text":"with","start":3967.01,"end":3967.17},{"text":"states","start":3967.17,"end":3967.57},{"text":"obligations","start":3967.57,"end":3968.33},{"text":"under","start":3968.33,"end":3968.57},{"text":"international","start":3968.57,"end":3969.33},{"text":"law.","start":3969.33,"end":3969.45}]},{"text":"In this context, we would like to reiterate an issue that IHLII has consistently raised in its previous interventions concerning the role and responsibilities of private sectors across actors of private sector actors across the life cycle of L.O.S.S.","start":3970.89,"end":3986.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":3970.89,"end":3971.05},{"text":"this","start":3971.05,"end":3971.29},{"text":"context,","start":3971.29,"end":3971.85},{"text":"we","start":3971.93,"end":3972.05},{"text":"would","start":3972.05,"end":3972.17},{"text":"like","start":3972.17,"end":3972.41},{"text":"to","start":3972.41,"end":3972.53},{"text":"reiterate","start":3972.53,"end":3973.97},{"text":"an","start":3973.97,"end":3974.17},{"text":"issue","start":3974.17,"end":3974.41},{"text":"that","start":3974.41,"end":3974.61},{"text":"IHLII","start":3974.61,"end":3975.53},{"text":"has","start":3975.53,"end":3975.77},{"text":"consistently","start":3975.77,"end":3976.57},{"text":"raised","start":3976.57,"end":3976.97},{"text":"in","start":3976.97,"end":3977.09},{"text":"its","start":3977.09,"end":3977.25},{"text":"previous","start":3977.25,"end":3977.65},{"text":"interventions","start":3977.65,"end":3978.33},{"text":"concerning","start":3978.33,"end":3978.97},{"text":"the","start":3978.97,"end":3979.09},{"text":"role","start":3979.09,"end":3979.53},{"text":"and","start":3979.73,"end":3979.85},{"text":"responsibilities","start":3979.85,"end":3980.73},{"text":"of","start":3980.73,"end":3980.89},{"text":"private","start":3980.89,"end":3981.25},{"text":"sectors","start":3981.25,"end":3981.69},{"text":"across","start":3981.69,"end":3982.09},{"text":"actors","start":3982.09,"end":3982.73},{"text":"of","start":3983.57,"end":3983.61},{"text":"private","start":3983.61,"end":3984.01},{"text":"sector","start":3984.01,"end":3984.41},{"text":"actors","start":3984.41,"end":3984.81},{"text":"across","start":3984.81,"end":3985.09},{"text":"the","start":3985.09,"end":3985.21},{"text":"life","start":3985.21,"end":3985.53},{"text":"cycle","start":3985.53,"end":3985.81},{"text":"of","start":3985.81,"end":3985.89},{"text":"L.O.S.S.","start":3985.89,"end":3986.41}]},{"text":"We recognize and appreciate that the current text already addresses the development, use, testing, evaluation, responsibility and accountability of L.O.S.S. across the life cycle.","start":3987.37,"end":3997.77,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. 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therefore do not seek to introduce a fundamental change to the structure or substance of the current 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lifecycle approach provides an important opportunity to clarify how the responsibilities and relevant actors beyond traditional defense institutions can be addressed in 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development of autonomous and AI-enabled military technologies increasingly involves technology companies, software developers, data providers, research institutions, and other private sector 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contributions may affect the design, capabilities, testing, reliability, and eventual use of these systems.","start":4032.49,"end":4040.09,"topics":[{"key":"testing-simulations","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Realistic Simulations","description":"A major topic was the need to test and evaluate systems, including through simulations that reflect expected operational conditions. 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believe that a clearer understanding of these roles will strengthen the implementation of existing elements without requiring a fundamental change to the 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we wish to express our gratitude for the efforts of the Chair and would like to add that a copy of this statement will be shared with the 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you, Chair.","start":4091.45,"end":4092.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4091.45,"end":4091.65},{"text":"you,","start":4091.65,"end":4091.73},{"text":"Chair.","start":4091.73,"end":4092.09}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"IHLYI","affiliation_full":"IHLYI","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":18,"start":4093.29,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=4094","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of IHL-YI.","start":4093.29,"end":4096.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":4093.29,"end":4093.41},{"text":"me","start":4093.41,"end":4093.69},{"text":"thank","start":4093.69,"end":4093.93},{"text":"the","start":4093.93,"end":4094.01},{"text":"distinguished","start":4094.01,"end":4094.49},{"text":"representative","start":4094.49,"end":4095.29},{"text":"of","start":4095.29,"end":4095.53},{"text":"IHL-YI.","start":4095.53,"end":4096.85}]},{"text":"And next on my list is the ICRC, to be followed by New Zealand, Brazil, Ireland, and the Philippines.","start":4096.85,"end":4102.65,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4096.85,"end":4097.37},{"text":"next","start":4097.61,"end":4097.93},{"text":"on","start":4097.93,"end":4098.01},{"text":"my","start":4098.01,"end":4098.09},{"text":"list","start":4098.09,"end":4098.33},{"text":"is","start":4098.33,"end":4098.49},{"text":"the","start":4098.49,"end":4098.57},{"text":"ICRC,","start":4098.57,"end":4099.53},{"text":"to","start":4099.69,"end":4099.85},{"text":"be","start":4099.85,"end":4100.01},{"text":"followed","start":4100.01,"end":4100.29},{"text":"by","start":4100.29,"end":4100.41},{"text":"New","start":4100.41,"end":4100.57},{"text":"Zealand,","start":4100.57,"end":4100.97},{"text":"Brazil,","start":4100.97,"end":4101.45},{"text":"Ireland,","start":4101.45,"end":4101.85},{"text":"and","start":4101.85,"end":4101.97},{"text":"the","start":4101.97,"end":4102.05},{"text":"Philippines.","start":4102.05,"end":4102.65}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of the ICRC.","start":4102.65,"end":4106.49,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":4102.65,"end":4102.89},{"text":"let","start":4102.89,"end":4103.01},{"text":"me","start":4103.01,"end":4103.13},{"text":"first","start":4103.13,"end":4103.45},{"text":"pass","start":4103.45,"end":4103.77},{"text":"the","start":4103.77,"end":4103.85},{"text":"floor","start":4103.85,"end":4104.13},{"text":"to","start":4104.13,"end":4104.21},{"text":"the","start":4104.21,"end":4104.29},{"text":"distinguished","start":4104.29,"end":4104.81},{"text":"representative","start":4104.81,"end":4105.45},{"text":"of","start":4105.45,"end":4105.61},{"text":"the","start":4105.77,"end":4105.85},{"text":"ICRC.","start":4105.85,"end":4106.49}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":4106.49,"end":4107.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":4106.49,"end":4106.65},{"text":"have","start":4106.65,"end":4106.85},{"text":"the","start":4106.85,"end":4106.93},{"text":"floor.","start":4106.93,"end":4107.17}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":19,"start":4109.93,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=4110","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":4109.93,"end":4110.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4109.93,"end":4110.05},{"text":"you,","start":4110.05,"end":4110.21},{"text":"Chair.","start":4110.21,"end":4110.53}]},{"text":"We welcome the paragraphs in this section.","start":4110.93,"end":4112.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4110.93,"end":4111.09},{"text":"welcome","start":4111.09,"end":4111.41},{"text":"the","start":4111.41,"end":4111.49},{"text":"paragraphs","start":4111.49,"end":4111.97},{"text":"in","start":4111.97,"end":4112.05},{"text":"this","start":4112.05,"end":4112.25},{"text":"section.","start":4112.25,"end":4112.77}]},{"text":"In particular, we support the inclusion of the paragraph on legal reviews, as well as the language in your additional suggestions, which aligns with existing IHL language in Article 36 of Additional Protocol I. We also echo the remarks made by Pakistan and the UAE on the importance of retaining paragraph 39, which helps ensure that legal reviews continue to serve the purpose for which they were designed, including in addressing the challenges posed by new technologies.","start":4112.93,"end":4139.17,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."},{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":4112.93,"end":4113.09},{"text":"particular,","start":4113.09,"end":4113.81},{"text":"we","start":4113.81,"end":4113.97},{"text":"support","start":4113.97,"end":4114.25},{"text":"the","start":4114.25,"end":4114.33},{"text":"inclusion","start":4114.33,"end":4114.73},{"text":"of","start":4114.73,"end":4114.85},{"text":"the","start":4114.85,"end":4114.93},{"text":"paragraph","start":4114.93,"end":4115.41},{"text":"on","start":4115.41,"end":4115.57},{"text":"legal","start":4115.57,"end":4115.81},{"text":"reviews,","start":4115.81,"end":4116.37},{"text":"as","start":4116.85,"end":4117.01},{"text":"well","start":4117.01,"end":4117.17},{"text":"as","start":4117.17,"end":4117.25},{"text":"the","start":4117.25,"end":4117.33},{"text":"language","start":4117.33,"end":4117.69},{"text":"in","start":4117.69,"end":4117.77},{"text":"your","start":4117.77,"end":4117.89},{"text":"additional","start":4117.89,"end":4118.29},{"text":"suggestions,","start":4118.29,"end":4119.09},{"text":"which","start":4119.09,"end":4119.33},{"text":"aligns","start":4119.33,"end":4119.69},{"text":"with","start":4119.69,"end":4119.81},{"text":"existing","start":4119.81,"end":4120.37},{"text":"IHL","start":4120.37,"end":4120.93},{"text":"language","start":4120.93,"end":4121.41},{"text":"in","start":4121.41,"end":4121.53},{"text":"Article","start":4121.53,"end":4121.89},{"text":"36","start":4121.89,"end":4122.53},{"text":"of","start":4122.53,"end":4122.61},{"text":"Additional","start":4122.61,"end":4123.01},{"text":"Protocol","start":4123.01,"end":4123.57},{"text":"I.","start":4123.57,"end":4123.65},{"text":"We","start":4124.85,"end":4125.01},{"text":"also","start":4125.01,"end":4125.25},{"text":"echo","start":4125.25,"end":4125.49},{"text":"the","start":4125.49,"end":4125.57},{"text":"remarks","start":4125.57,"end":4125.97},{"text":"made","start":4125.97,"end":4126.13},{"text":"by","start":4126.13,"end":4126.29},{"text":"Pakistan","start":4126.29,"end":4127.01},{"text":"and","start":4127.01,"end":4127.13},{"text":"the","start":4127.13,"end":4127.21},{"text":"UAE","start":4127.21,"end":4127.89},{"text":"on","start":4128.33,"end":4128.45},{"text":"the","start":4128.45,"end":4128.57},{"text":"importance","start":4128.57,"end":4129.09},{"text":"of","start":4129.09,"end":4129.17},{"text":"retaining","start":4129.17,"end":4129.57},{"text":"paragraph","start":4129.57,"end":4129.97},{"text":"39,","start":4129.97,"end":4130.61},{"text":"which","start":4131.09,"end":4131.37},{"text":"helps","start":4131.37,"end":4131.65},{"text":"ensure","start":4131.65,"end":4132.13},{"text":"that","start":4132.13,"end":4132.33},{"text":"legal","start":4132.33,"end":4132.61},{"text":"reviews","start":4132.61,"end":4133.01},{"text":"continue","start":4133.01,"end":4133.65},{"text":"to","start":4133.65,"end":4133.77},{"text":"serve","start":4133.77,"end":4134.01},{"text":"the","start":4134.01,"end":4134.09},{"text":"purpose","start":4134.09,"end":4134.41},{"text":"for","start":4134.41,"end":4134.53},{"text":"which","start":4134.53,"end":4134.77},{"text":"they","start":4134.77,"end":4134.85},{"text":"were","start":4134.85,"end":4135.01},{"text":"designed,","start":4135.01,"end":4135.65},{"text":"including","start":4136.29,"end":4136.81},{"text":"in","start":4136.81,"end":4136.97},{"text":"addressing","start":4136.97,"end":4137.41},{"text":"the","start":4137.41,"end":4137.49},{"text":"challenges","start":4137.49,"end":4137.97},{"text":"posed","start":4137.97,"end":4138.21},{"text":"by","start":4138.21,"end":4138.29},{"text":"new","start":4138.29,"end":4138.45},{"text":"technologies.","start":4138.45,"end":4139.17}]},{"text":"Moreover, we welcome paragraph 40a, however, we would advocate for retaining the concept of realistic simulations to capture the need for these to match as closely as possible the ultimate environment of operation.","start":4140.33,"end":4153.61,"topics":[{"key":"testing-simulations","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Realistic Simulations","description":"A major topic was the need to test and evaluate systems, including through simulations that reflect expected operational conditions. Speakers debated how realistic such simulations must be and how clearly the text should link testing to anticipated environments of use."}],"words":[{"text":"Moreover,","start":4140.33,"end":4141.05},{"text":"we","start":4141.13,"end":4141.33},{"text":"welcome","start":4141.33,"end":4141.65},{"text":"paragraph","start":4141.65,"end":4142.13},{"text":"40a,","start":4142.13,"end":4142.73},{"text":"however,","start":4143.29,"end":4143.85},{"text":"we","start":4143.85,"end":4144.01},{"text":"would","start":4144.01,"end":4144.25},{"text":"advocate","start":4144.25,"end":4144.81},{"text":"for","start":4144.81,"end":4145.01},{"text":"retaining","start":4145.01,"end":4145.41},{"text":"the","start":4145.41,"end":4145.49},{"text":"concept","start":4145.49,"end":4146.01},{"text":"of","start":4146.01,"end":4146.17},{"text":"realistic","start":4146.17,"end":4146.73},{"text":"simulations","start":4146.73,"end":4147.69},{"text":"to","start":4148.01,"end":4148.13},{"text":"capture","start":4148.13,"end":4148.57},{"text":"the","start":4148.57,"end":4148.65},{"text":"need","start":4148.65,"end":4148.89},{"text":"for","start":4148.89,"end":4149.05},{"text":"these","start":4149.05,"end":4149.53},{"text":"to","start":4149.53,"end":4149.61},{"text":"match","start":4149.61,"end":4149.89},{"text":"as","start":4149.89,"end":4150.01},{"text":"closely","start":4150.01,"end":4150.45},{"text":"as","start":4150.45,"end":4150.57},{"text":"possible","start":4150.57,"end":4151.21},{"text":"the","start":4151.69,"end":4151.89},{"text":"ultimate","start":4151.89,"end":4152.29},{"text":"environment","start":4152.29,"end":4152.73},{"text":"of","start":4152.73,"end":4152.81},{"text":"operation.","start":4152.81,"end":4153.61}]},{"text":"That said, we've also listened to the proposal by the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation with interest and wonder if the following formulation could be an acceptable alternative suggestion.","start":4154.61,"end":4164.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"That","start":4154.61,"end":4154.81},{"text":"said,","start":4154.81,"end":4155.29},{"text":"we've","start":4155.29,"end":4155.53},{"text":"also","start":4155.53,"end":4155.77},{"text":"listened","start":4155.77,"end":4156.09},{"text":"to","start":4156.09,"end":4156.17},{"text":"the","start":4156.17,"end":4156.25},{"text":"proposal","start":4156.25,"end":4156.69},{"text":"by","start":4156.69,"end":4156.81},{"text":"the","start":4156.81,"end":4156.93},{"text":"distinguished","start":4156.93,"end":4157.53},{"text":"representative","start":4157.53,"end":4158.17},{"text":"of","start":4158.17,"end":4158.25},{"text":"the","start":4158.25,"end":4158.33},{"text":"Russian","start":4158.33,"end":4158.65},{"text":"Federation","start":4158.65,"end":4159.13},{"text":"with","start":4159.13,"end":4159.29},{"text":"interest","start":4159.29,"end":4159.93},{"text":"and","start":4160.49,"end":4160.73},{"text":"wonder","start":4160.73,"end":4161.05},{"text":"if","start":4161.05,"end":4161.17},{"text":"the","start":4161.17,"end":4161.29},{"text":"following","start":4161.29,"end":4161.69},{"text":"formulation","start":4161.69,"end":4162.57},{"text":"could","start":4162.73,"end":4162.93},{"text":"be","start":4162.93,"end":4163.01},{"text":"an","start":4163.01,"end":4163.13},{"text":"acceptable","start":4163.13,"end":4163.69},{"text":"alternative","start":4163.69,"end":4164.17},{"text":"suggestion.","start":4164.17,"end":4164.81}]},{"text":"It could read as simulations that to the extent feasible, are representative of and can assess the loss performance within the expected operational environment.","start":4165.45,"end":4178.45,"topics":[{"key":"testing-simulations","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Realistic Simulations","description":"A major topic was the need to test and evaluate systems, including through simulations that reflect expected operational conditions. 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Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly emphasized that human judgment and control must remain central to the use of autonomous weapon systems. The discussion focused on ensuring that users understand system functions and limits well enough to make lawful decisions about use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"including","start":4195.69,"end":4196.17},{"text":"by","start":4196.17,"end":4196.29},{"text":"enabling","start":4196.29,"end":4196.81},{"text":"users","start":4196.81,"end":4197.17},{"text":"to","start":4197.17,"end":4197.25},{"text":"anticipate","start":4197.25,"end":4198.01},{"text":"and","start":4198.01,"end":4198.13},{"text":"limit","start":4198.13,"end":4198.37},{"text":"the","start":4198.37,"end":4198.45},{"text":"effects","start":4198.45,"end":4198.81},{"text":"of","start":4198.81,"end":4198.89},{"text":"the","start":4198.89,"end":4198.97},{"text":"weapon","start":4198.97,"end":4199.21},{"text":"system.","start":4199.21,"end":4199.69}]},{"text":"We also welcome your additional changes to the paragraph, Chair, which improve its clarity and precision and clarify that all four bridging concepts relate to both the system's functioning and its effects.","start":4200.57,"end":4211.85,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"More","start":4212.81,"end":4213.13},{"text":"broadly,","start":4213.13,"end":4213.61},{"text":"we","start":4213.93,"end":4214.13},{"text":"consider","start":4214.13,"end":4214.57},{"text":"that","start":4214.57,"end":4214.69},{"text":"the","start":4214.69,"end":4214.77},{"text":"objective","start":4214.77,"end":4215.53},{"text":"of","start":4215.57,"end":4215.69},{"text":"the","start":4215.69,"end":4215.81},{"text":"Group's","start":4215.81,"end":4216.13},{"text":"work","start":4216.13,"end":4216.49},{"text":"is","start":4216.65,"end":4216.81},{"text":"not","start":4216.81,"end":4217.01},{"text":"only","start":4217.01,"end":4217.37},{"text":"to","start":4217.37,"end":4217.45},{"text":"restate","start":4217.45,"end":4217.97},{"text":"existing","start":4217.97,"end":4218.41},{"text":"IHL","start":4218.41,"end":4218.81},{"text":"rules.","start":4218.81,"end":4219.45}]},{"text":"but to also clarify how they apply in the context of autonomous weapons and to articulate additional specific measures that respond to the particular challenges raised by such systems.","start":4220.09,"end":4230.45,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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thank you, Chair.","start":4252.33,"end":4253.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4252.33,"end":4252.49},{"text":"thank","start":4252.49,"end":4252.65},{"text":"you,","start":4252.65,"end":4252.73},{"text":"Chair.","start":4252.73,"end":4253.05}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"ICRC","affiliation_full":"ICRC","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":20,"start":4255.05,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=4256","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"I thank the distinguished representative of the ICRC for commenting on the text and making 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Brazil.","start":4260.25,"end":4263.93,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4260.25,"end":4260.73},{"text":"on","start":4260.81,"end":4260.93},{"text":"my","start":4260.97,"end":4261.61},{"text":"list","start":4261.61,"end":4261.93},{"text":"is","start":4261.93,"end":4262.17},{"text":"New","start":4262.17,"end":4262.41},{"text":"Zealand,","start":4262.41,"end":4262.73},{"text":"to","start":4262.73,"end":4262.81},{"text":"be","start":4262.81,"end":4262.97},{"text":"followed","start":4262.97,"end":4263.33},{"text":"by","start":4263.33,"end":4263.53},{"text":"Brazil.","start":4263.53,"end":4263.93}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of New 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is a little difficult to follow, let alone react to all of the proposals that have been made thus far this morning, so I'm not going to attempt to do that at this 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need to try and digest some of those and come back to you later.","start":4293.61,"end":4297.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We'll","start":4293.61,"end":4293.85},{"text":"need","start":4293.85,"end":4293.97},{"text":"to","start":4293.97,"end":4294.05},{"text":"try","start":4294.05,"end":4294.21},{"text":"and","start":4294.21,"end":4294.49},{"text":"digest","start":4295.01,"end":4295.53},{"text":"some","start":4295.53,"end":4295.69},{"text":"of","start":4295.69,"end":4295.81},{"text":"those","start":4295.81,"end":4296.05},{"text":"and","start":4296.05,"end":4296.25},{"text":"come","start":4296.29,"end":4296.53},{"text":"back","start":4296.53,"end":4296.69},{"text":"to","start":4296.69,"end":4296.81},{"text":"you","start":4296.81,"end":4296.93},{"text":"later.","start":4296.93,"end":4297.41}]},{"text":"But just to note, we would support comments from Pakistan and ICRC about the importance of some of those various 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just wanted to note two issues that we had with your texts, and that's in paragraph 39B.","start":4306.21,"end":4311.57,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4306.21,"end":4306.29},{"text":"just","start":4306.29,"end":4306.45},{"text":"wanted","start":4306.45,"end":4306.81},{"text":"to","start":4306.81,"end":4306.89},{"text":"note","start":4306.89,"end":4307.13},{"text":"two","start":4307.13,"end":4307.37},{"text":"issues","start":4307.37,"end":4307.73},{"text":"that","start":4307.73,"end":4307.89},{"text":"we","start":4307.89,"end":4307.97},{"text":"had","start":4307.97,"end":4308.21},{"text":"with","start":4308.21,"end":4308.45},{"text":"your","start":4308.45,"end":4308.57},{"text":"texts,","start":4308.57,"end":4309.17},{"text":"and","start":4309.17,"end":4309.33},{"text":"that's","start":4309.33,"end":4309.65},{"text":"in","start":4309.73,"end":4310.13},{"text":"paragraph","start":4310.13,"end":4310.61},{"text":"39B.","start":4310.61,"end":4311.57}]},{"text":"We continue to have concerns about the undefined threshold of substantial impact in that paragraph.","start":4312.45,"end":4318.13,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4312.45,"end":4312.77},{"text":"continue","start":4312.77,"end":4313.17},{"text":"to","start":4313.17,"end":4313.25},{"text":"have","start":4313.25,"end":4313.45},{"text":"concerns","start":4313.45,"end":4313.97},{"text":"about","start":4313.97,"end":4314.29},{"text":"the","start":4314.29,"end":4314.49},{"text":"undefined","start":4314.53,"end":4315.13},{"text":"threshold","start":4315.13,"end":4315.65},{"text":"of","start":4315.65,"end":4315.81},{"text":"substantial","start":4315.81,"end":4316.69},{"text":"impact","start":4316.69,"end":4317.17},{"text":"in","start":4317.25,"end":4317.37},{"text":"that","start":4317.37,"end":4317.49},{"text":"paragraph.","start":4317.49,"end":4318.13}]},{"text":"A review may itself be necessary to determine whether a modification has a substantial impact.","start":4318.69,"end":4324.13,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"A","start":4318.69,"end":4318.73},{"text":"review","start":4318.73,"end":4319.33},{"text":"may","start":4319.33,"end":4319.49},{"text":"itself","start":4319.49,"end":4319.97},{"text":"be","start":4319.97,"end":4320.05},{"text":"necessary","start":4320.05,"end":4320.69},{"text":"to","start":4320.69,"end":4320.77},{"text":"determine","start":4320.77,"end":4321.37},{"text":"whether","start":4321.37,"end":4321.69},{"text":"a","start":4321.69,"end":4321.73},{"text":"modification","start":4321.73,"end":4322.53},{"text":"has","start":4322.53,"end":4322.77},{"text":"a","start":4322.77,"end":4322.85},{"text":"substantial","start":4322.93,"end":4323.61},{"text":"impact.","start":4323.61,"end":4324.13}]},{"text":"So our preference would therefore be to delete that qualifier or to refer instead to modifications that may affect the relevant functions or anticipated effects.","start":4324.81,"end":4334.73,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":4324.81,"end":4324.89},{"text":"our","start":4324.89,"end":4324.97},{"text":"preference","start":4325.05,"end":4325.53},{"text":"would","start":4325.53,"end":4325.77},{"text":"therefore","start":4325.77,"end":4326.13},{"text":"be","start":4326.13,"end":4326.33},{"text":"to","start":4326.33,"end":4326.45},{"text":"delete","start":4326.45,"end":4326.89},{"text":"that","start":4326.89,"end":4327.05},{"text":"qualifier","start":4327.05,"end":4327.85},{"text":"or","start":4327.93,"end":4328.41},{"text":"to","start":4328.89,"end":4329.05},{"text":"refer","start":4329.05,"end":4329.45},{"text":"instead","start":4329.45,"end":4330.09},{"text":"to","start":4330.09,"end":4330.49},{"text":"modifications","start":4330.49,"end":4331.33},{"text":"that","start":4331.33,"end":4331.53},{"text":"may","start":4331.53,"end":4331.65},{"text":"affect","start":4331.65,"end":4332.17},{"text":"the","start":4332.17,"end":4332.37},{"text":"relevant","start":4332.37,"end":4332.89},{"text":"functions","start":4332.89,"end":4333.45},{"text":"or","start":4333.45,"end":4333.53},{"text":"anticipated","start":4333.53,"end":4334.13},{"text":"effects.","start":4334.13,"end":4334.73}]},{"text":"We could, for example, use something like material impact.","start":4335.65,"end":4339.05,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4335.65,"end":4335.73},{"text":"could,","start":4335.77,"end":4336.01},{"text":"for","start":4336.17,"end":4336.29},{"text":"example,","start":4336.29,"end":4336.73},{"text":"use","start":4336.73,"end":4336.93},{"text":"something","start":4336.93,"end":4337.21},{"text":"like","start":4337.21,"end":4337.53},{"text":"material","start":4337.77,"end":4338.49},{"text":"impact.","start":4338.49,"end":4339.05}]},{"text":"On paragraph 48, we would continue to prefer must over should, but we could probably live with should.","start":4339.73,"end":4348.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":4339.73,"end":4339.85},{"text":"paragraph","start":4339.85,"end":4340.29},{"text":"48,","start":4340.29,"end":4340.89},{"text":"we","start":4342.01,"end":4342.25},{"text":"would","start":4342.25,"end":4342.41},{"text":"continue","start":4342.41,"end":4342.81},{"text":"to","start":4342.81,"end":4342.97},{"text":"prefer","start":4342.97,"end":4343.41},{"text":"must","start":4343.53,"end":4344.01},{"text":"over","start":4344.09,"end":4344.33},{"text":"should,","start":4344.33,"end":4344.73},{"text":"but","start":4345.21,"end":4345.61},{"text":"we","start":4346.73,"end":4346.93},{"text":"could","start":4346.93,"end":4347.13},{"text":"probably","start":4347.13,"end":4347.69},{"text":"live","start":4347.69,"end":4347.85},{"text":"with","start":4347.85,"end":4348.05},{"text":"should.","start":4348.05,"end":4348.41}]},{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":4348.73,"end":4349.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4348.73,"end":4348.93},{"text":"you,","start":4348.93,"end":4349.01},{"text":"Chair.","start":4349.01,"end":4349.25}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"NZL","affiliation_full":"New Zealand","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":22,"start":4351.33,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=4352","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of New Zealand.","start":4351.33,"end":4354.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":4351.33,"end":4351.49},{"text":"me","start":4351.49,"end":4351.65},{"text":"thank","start":4351.65,"end":4351.89},{"text":"the","start":4351.89,"end":4351.97},{"text":"distinguished","start":4351.97,"end":4352.45},{"text":"representative","start":4352.45,"end":4353.25},{"text":"of","start":4353.37,"end":4353.45},{"text":"New","start":4353.69,"end":4353.81},{"text":"Zealand.","start":4353.81,"end":4354.45}]},{"text":"And next on my list is Brazil to be followed by Ireland.","start":4355.41,"end":4358.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4355.41,"end":4355.69},{"text":"next","start":4355.69,"end":4355.93},{"text":"on","start":4355.93,"end":4356.01},{"text":"my","start":4356.01,"end":4356.13},{"text":"list","start":4356.13,"end":4356.45},{"text":"is","start":4356.45,"end":4356.61},{"text":"Brazil","start":4356.61,"end":4357.01},{"text":"to","start":4357.01,"end":4357.09},{"text":"be","start":4357.09,"end":4357.25},{"text":"followed","start":4357.25,"end":4357.49},{"text":"by","start":4357.49,"end":4357.85},{"text":"Ireland.","start":4357.85,"end":4358.13}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to distinguished representative of Brazil.","start":4358.13,"end":4361.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":4358.13,"end":4358.25},{"text":"let","start":4358.25,"end":4358.41},{"text":"me","start":4358.41,"end":4358.53},{"text":"first","start":4358.53,"end":4358.77},{"text":"pass","start":4358.77,"end":4359.01},{"text":"the","start":4359.01,"end":4359.09},{"text":"floor","start":4359.09,"end":4359.29},{"text":"to","start":4359.29,"end":4359.37},{"text":"distinguished","start":4359.37,"end":4359.89},{"text":"representative","start":4359.89,"end":4360.61},{"text":"of","start":4360.61,"end":4360.69},{"text":"Brazil.","start":4360.69,"end":4361.05}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":23,"start":4364.37,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=4365","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chair, and good morning.","start":4364.37,"end":4366.77,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":4364.37,"end":4364.69},{"text":"you.","start":4364.69,"end":4364.85},{"text":"Thank","start":4365.01,"end":4365.17},{"text":"you,","start":4365.17,"end":4365.25},{"text":"Mr.","start":4365.25,"end":4365.49},{"text":"Chair,","start":4365.49,"end":4365.97},{"text":"and","start":4365.97,"end":4366.25},{"text":"good","start":4366.25,"end":4366.37},{"text":"morning.","start":4366.37,"end":4366.77}]},{"text":"Turning to the paragraphs that we have not addressed yet on paragraph 39, my delegation, like those of Pakistan and the ICRC, believe that this is one of the essential elements of the text.","start":4368.37,"end":4383.85,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"Turning","start":4368.37,"end":4368.69},{"text":"to","start":4368.69,"end":4368.77},{"text":"the","start":4368.77,"end":4368.85},{"text":"paragraphs","start":4368.85,"end":4369.25},{"text":"that","start":4369.25,"end":4369.61},{"text":"we","start":4369.61,"end":4370.05},{"text":"have","start":4370.21,"end":4370.41},{"text":"not","start":4370.41,"end":4370.69},{"text":"addressed","start":4370.69,"end":4371.17},{"text":"yet","start":4371.17,"end":4371.81},{"text":"on","start":4372.29,"end":4372.53},{"text":"paragraph","start":4372.53,"end":4373.17},{"text":"39,","start":4373.33,"end":4374.29},{"text":"my","start":4374.77,"end":4374.93},{"text":"delegation,","start":4374.97,"end":4375.57},{"text":"like","start":4375.57,"end":4376.05},{"text":"those","start":4376.21,"end":4376.73},{"text":"of","start":4376.73,"end":4376.93},{"text":"Pakistan","start":4377.13,"end":4377.81},{"text":"and","start":4377.81,"end":4377.93},{"text":"the","start":4377.93,"end":4378.05},{"text":"ICRC,","start":4378.21,"end":4379.09},{"text":"believe","start":4379.81,"end":4380.09},{"text":"that","start":4380.09,"end":4380.53},{"text":"this","start":4380.53,"end":4380.81},{"text":"is","start":4380.81,"end":4380.97},{"text":"one","start":4380.97,"end":4381.17},{"text":"of","start":4381.17,"end":4381.29},{"text":"the","start":4381.29,"end":4381.41},{"text":"essential","start":4381.41,"end":4382.17},{"text":"elements","start":4382.17,"end":4382.81},{"text":"of","start":4382.81,"end":4383.05},{"text":"the","start":4383.05,"end":4383.17},{"text":"text.","start":4383.17,"end":4383.85}]},{"text":"We believe that is particularly true with regards to 39 which addresses how the obligation of legal reviews applies specifically to laws which are systems that have a nature of continuous evolution and development.","start":4385.53,"end":4406.57,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4385.53,"end":4385.93},{"text":"believe","start":4386.33,"end":4386.81},{"text":"that","start":4386.81,"end":4387.29},{"text":"is","start":4387.29,"end":4387.37},{"text":"particularly","start":4387.45,"end":4388.65},{"text":"true","start":4388.65,"end":4389.21},{"text":"with","start":4389.21,"end":4389.37},{"text":"regards","start":4389.37,"end":4389.69},{"text":"to","start":4389.69,"end":4389.85},{"text":"39","start":4389.85,"end":4390.49},{"text":"which","start":4391.37,"end":4391.93},{"text":"addresses","start":4392.61,"end":4393.45},{"text":"how","start":4393.69,"end":4394.01},{"text":"the","start":4394.01,"end":4394.21},{"text":"obligation","start":4394.49,"end":4395.05},{"text":"of","start":4395.05,"end":4395.25},{"text":"legal","start":4395.25,"end":4395.53},{"text":"reviews","start":4395.53,"end":4396.09},{"text":"applies","start":4396.09,"end":4396.53},{"text":"specifically","start":4396.53,"end":4397.17},{"text":"to","start":4397.17,"end":4397.29},{"text":"laws","start":4397.29,"end":4397.73},{"text":"which","start":4397.73,"end":4398.01},{"text":"are","start":4398.01,"end":4398.41},{"text":"systems","start":4399.13,"end":4399.93},{"text":"that","start":4399.93,"end":4400.33},{"text":"have","start":4400.81,"end":4401.13},{"text":"a","start":4401.13,"end":4401.29},{"text":"nature","start":4401.45,"end":4401.93},{"text":"of","start":4401.93,"end":4402.09},{"text":"continuous","start":4402.09,"end":4403.05},{"text":"evolution","start":4403.05,"end":4403.77},{"text":"and","start":4404.25,"end":4404.65},{"text":"development.","start":4405.57,"end":4406.57}]},{"text":"We appreciate the delegation of the US for proposing alternative language for this paragraph.","start":4407.81,"end":4413.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":4407.81,"end":4408.29},{"text":"appreciate","start":4408.45,"end":4409.33},{"text":"the","start":4409.49,"end":4409.61},{"text":"delegation","start":4409.61,"end":4410.09},{"text":"of","start":4410.09,"end":4410.21},{"text":"the","start":4410.21,"end":4410.49},{"text":"US","start":4410.49,"end":4410.69},{"text":"for","start":4410.69,"end":4410.85},{"text":"proposing","start":4410.85,"end":4411.37},{"text":"alternative","start":4411.37,"end":4411.89},{"text":"language","start":4411.89,"end":4412.37},{"text":"for","start":4412.37,"end":4412.69},{"text":"this","start":4412.69,"end":4413.01},{"text":"paragraph.","start":4413.09,"end":4413.81}]},{"text":"At first sight, that formulation might help circumvent the long debate we have had on the issue of what constitutes a substantial impact on the operational function of laws.","start":4414.77,"end":4427.17,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"At","start":4414.77,"end":4414.93},{"text":"first","start":4414.93,"end":4415.29},{"text":"sight,","start":4415.29,"end":4416.05},{"text":"that","start":4416.85,"end":4417.09},{"text":"formulation","start":4417.09,"end":4417.57},{"text":"might","start":4417.57,"end":4417.81},{"text":"help","start":4417.81,"end":4418.21},{"text":"circumvent","start":4418.69,"end":4419.37},{"text":"the","start":4419.37,"end":4419.45},{"text":"long","start":4419.45,"end":4419.65},{"text":"debate","start":4419.65,"end":4420.09},{"text":"we","start":4420.09,"end":4420.21},{"text":"have","start":4420.21,"end":4420.45},{"text":"had","start":4420.45,"end":4420.93},{"text":"on","start":4421.41,"end":4421.65},{"text":"the","start":4421.65,"end":4421.77},{"text":"issue","start":4421.77,"end":4422.09},{"text":"of","start":4422.09,"end":4422.21},{"text":"what","start":4422.21,"end":4422.49},{"text":"constitutes","start":4422.49,"end":4423.25},{"text":"a","start":4423.25,"end":4423.29},{"text":"substantial","start":4423.29,"end":4423.89},{"text":"impact","start":4423.89,"end":4424.45},{"text":"on","start":4425.01,"end":4425.17},{"text":"the","start":4425.17,"end":4425.29},{"text":"operational","start":4425.29,"end":4425.81},{"text":"function","start":4425.81,"end":4426.29},{"text":"of","start":4426.37,"end":4426.61},{"text":"laws.","start":4426.61,"end":4427.17}]},{"text":"And while we remain attached to this language, we will study the proposal by the US carefully.","start":4427.57,"end":4434.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":4427.57,"end":4427.89},{"text":"while","start":4428.29,"end":4428.77},{"text":"we","start":4428.77,"end":4429.17},{"text":"remain","start":4429.17,"end":4429.57},{"text":"attached","start":4429.57,"end":4430.09},{"text":"to","start":4430.09,"end":4430.17},{"text":"this","start":4430.17,"end":4430.45},{"text":"language,","start":4430.45,"end":4430.93},{"text":"we","start":4431.41,"end":4431.81},{"text":"will","start":4431.89,"end":4432.21},{"text":"study","start":4432.21,"end":4432.61},{"text":"the","start":4432.61,"end":4432.73},{"text":"proposal","start":4432.73,"end":4433.21},{"text":"by","start":4433.21,"end":4433.41},{"text":"the","start":4433.41,"end":4433.69},{"text":"US","start":4433.69,"end":4433.97},{"text":"carefully.","start":4433.97,"end":4434.45}]},{"text":"Turning now to paragraph 40, also like Pakistan and the CRC, we believe that these elements in this paragraph, in particular the concepts of predictability and reliability, explainability and traceability, are also central to our discussions on regulation of laws.","start":4436.29,"end":4456.05,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."}],"words":[{"text":"Turning","start":4436.29,"end":4436.61},{"text":"now","start":4436.61,"end":4436.77},{"text":"to","start":4436.77,"end":4436.93},{"text":"paragraph","start":4436.93,"end":4437.45},{"text":"40,","start":4437.45,"end":4437.89},{"text":"also","start":4438.45,"end":4438.85},{"text":"like","start":4438.85,"end":4439.17},{"text":"Pakistan","start":4439.21,"end":4439.77},{"text":"and","start":4439.77,"end":4440.01},{"text":"the","start":4440.01,"end":4440.09},{"text":"CRC,","start":4440.09,"end":4440.85},{"text":"we","start":4440.85,"end":4441.05},{"text":"believe","start":4441.05,"end":4441.41},{"text":"that","start":4441.41,"end":4441.65},{"text":"these","start":4441.65,"end":4442.21},{"text":"elements","start":4442.69,"end":4443.41},{"text":"in","start":4443.73,"end":4443.93},{"text":"this","start":4443.93,"end":4444.13},{"text":"paragraph,","start":4444.13,"end":4444.93},{"text":"in","start":4445.21,"end":4445.33},{"text":"particular","start":4445.33,"end":4445.81},{"text":"the","start":4445.81,"end":4445.89},{"text":"concepts","start":4445.89,"end":4446.69},{"text":"of","start":4446.69,"end":4447.09},{"text":"predictability","start":4447.09,"end":4448.05},{"text":"and","start":4448.05,"end":4448.37},{"text":"reliability,","start":4448.37,"end":4449.33},{"text":"explainability","start":4449.41,"end":4450.21},{"text":"and","start":4450.21,"end":4450.33},{"text":"traceability,","start":4450.33,"end":4451.01},{"text":"are","start":4451.01,"end":4451.41},{"text":"also","start":4451.57,"end":4452.13},{"text":"central","start":4452.37,"end":4453.01},{"text":"to","start":4453.49,"end":4453.73},{"text":"our","start":4454.21,"end":4454.37},{"text":"discussions","start":4454.37,"end":4454.93},{"text":"on","start":4454.93,"end":4455.01},{"text":"regulation","start":4455.01,"end":4455.53},{"text":"of","start":4455.53,"end":4455.61},{"text":"laws.","start":4455.61,"end":4456.05}]},{"text":"We believe that the concepts of predictability and reliability stem directly from the requirement of IHL on the need to anticipate and limit effects of the use of weapons.","start":4457.37,"end":4468.89,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. 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take note of the concerns raised by the delegation of Turkey with regard to the reference to other possible measures and we might consider those comments 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thank you, Chair.","start":4576.81,"end":4577.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":4576.81,"end":4576.97},{"text":"thank","start":4576.97,"end":4577.21},{"text":"you,","start":4577.21,"end":4577.29},{"text":"Chair.","start":4577.29,"end":4577.61}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"BRA","affiliation_full":"Brazil","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":24,"start":4582.33,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=4583","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative from 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Philippines.","start":4584.97,"end":4588.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4584.97,"end":4585.45},{"text":"on","start":4585.45,"end":4585.53},{"text":"my","start":4585.53,"end":4585.69},{"text":"list","start":4585.69,"end":4586.09},{"text":"is","start":4586.09,"end":4586.33},{"text":"Ireland","start":4586.41,"end":4586.85},{"text":"to","start":4586.85,"end":4586.93},{"text":"be","start":4586.93,"end":4587.05},{"text":"followed","start":4587.05,"end":4587.33},{"text":"by","start":4587.33,"end":4587.41},{"text":"the","start":4587.41,"end":4587.49},{"text":"Philippines.","start":4587.53,"end":4588.25}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of 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on my list is the Philippines, to be followed by France, India, the ROK and Armenia.","start":4814.65,"end":4822.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":4814.65,"end":4815.05},{"text":"on","start":4815.09,"end":4815.17},{"text":"my","start":4815.21,"end":4815.61},{"text":"list","start":4815.69,"end":4816.09},{"text":"is","start":4816.09,"end":4816.41},{"text":"the","start":4816.41,"end":4816.53},{"text":"Philippines,","start":4816.53,"end":4817.13},{"text":"to","start":4817.13,"end":4817.29},{"text":"be","start":4817.29,"end":4817.45},{"text":"followed","start":4817.45,"end":4818.09},{"text":"by","start":4818.25,"end":4818.73},{"text":"France,","start":4819.85,"end":4820.49},{"text":"India,","start":4820.57,"end":4820.93},{"text":"the","start":4821.21,"end":4821.41},{"text":"ROK","start":4821.61,"end":4821.93},{"text":"and","start":4821.93,"end":4822.17},{"text":"Armenia.","start":4822.17,"end":4822.61}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished 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Chair, allow me to use this opportunity to express that my delegation supports the June 5 version of the rolling text as we deemed it to be a balanced and well-structured version of the said document.","start":4844.69,"end":4855.77,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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we understand that It is through paragraph 34 that those prohibitions apply to prohibited systems under paragraph 34, that is to say, those that cannot be used in compliance with international humanitarian law.","start":5020.05,"end":5041.61,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Obligations","start":5204.53,"end":5206.05},{"text":"under","start":5207.05,"end":5207.85},{"text":"the","start":5208.17,"end":5208.41},{"text":"rest","start":5208.41,"end":5208.81},{"text":"of","start":5208.81,"end":5208.89},{"text":"international","start":5208.89,"end":5209.85},{"text":"law","start":5209.85,"end":5209.93},{"text":"are","start":5209.93,"end":5210.01},{"text":"worded","start":5210.01,"end":5210.53},{"text":"differently.","start":5210.53,"end":5211.29}]},{"text":"We therefore believe it would be preferable to draw a distinction between wording taken directly from IHL on the one hand and those coming from international law on the other.","start":5211.93,"end":5225.05,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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President, I thank you.","start":5270.61,"end":5273.05,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Mr","start":5270.61,"end":5270.93},{"text":"President,","start":5271.85,"end":5272.49},{"text":"I","start":5272.49,"end":5272.61},{"text":"thank","start":5272.61,"end":5272.93},{"text":"you.","start":5272.93,"end":5273.05}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"FRA","affiliation_full":"France","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":30,"start":5275.53,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=5276","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"And let me thank distinguished French Ambassador for commenting on the text and making 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Federation.","start":5280.61,"end":5287.09,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":5280.61,"end":5281.17},{"text":"on","start":5281.17,"end":5281.25},{"text":"my","start":5281.25,"end":5281.41},{"text":"list","start":5281.41,"end":5281.73},{"text":"is","start":5281.73,"end":5281.97},{"text":"India","start":5281.97,"end":5282.37},{"text":"to","start":5282.37,"end":5282.49},{"text":"be","start":5282.49,"end":5282.61},{"text":"followed","start":5282.61,"end":5283.17},{"text":"by","start":5283.17,"end":5283.49},{"text":"the","start":5283.49,"end":5283.61},{"text":"Republic","start":5283.61,"end":5284.13},{"text":"of","start":5284.13,"end":5284.29},{"text":"Korea,","start":5284.29,"end":5284.65},{"text":"Armenia,","start":5284.65,"end":5285.17},{"text":"Bangladesh,","start":5285.17,"end":5285.65},{"text":"Israel,","start":5285.65,"end":5286.13},{"text":"the","start":5286.13,"end":5286.25},{"text":"Russian","start":5286.25,"end":5286.53},{"text":"Federation.","start":5286.53,"end":5287.09}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of India.","start":5287.49,"end":5290.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":5287.49,"end":5287.61},{"text":"let","start":5287.61,"end":5287.73},{"text":"me","start":5287.73,"end":5287.89},{"text":"first","start":5287.89,"end":5288.13},{"text":"pass","start":5288.13,"end":5288.45},{"text":"the","start":5288.45,"end":5288.53},{"text":"floor","start":5288.53,"end":5288.73},{"text":"to","start":5288.73,"end":5288.81},{"text":"the","start":5288.81,"end":5288.89},{"text":"distinguished","start":5288.89,"end":5289.49},{"text":"representative","start":5289.57,"end":5290.13},{"text":"of","start":5290.13,"end":5290.29},{"text":"India.","start":5290.29,"end":5290.69}]},{"text":"You have the 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want to appreciate you and your team's work, and we also want to thank you for convening us in formal and informal sessions in steering our work 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delegation has a few preliminary observations to offer on the paragraphs that we are discussing, and we will pay heed to your plea, which is that we will not introduce a lot of proposals and deletions given the paucity of time, but we will indicate what is of necessary importance to my 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Chair, on para 34, which refers to the scope of prohibitions, we have been conveying our reservations on the expansion of prohibitions from use to cover manufacturing, acquisition, stockpiling and transferring, particularly given the manner in which this formulation is made.","start":5329.25,"end":5352.61,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. 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suggestion would be that we could also avoid repetition given that para 48 covers a large part of the concern that is addressed, that is stated in paragraph 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Chairperson, on legal reviews in para 39, we want to suggest a minor editorial reordering of the chapeau dealing with the legal reviews.","start":5422.93,"end":5433.81,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. 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A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5434.93,"end":5435.09},{"text":"chapeau","start":5435.09,"end":5435.33},{"text":"part","start":5435.33,"end":5435.81},{"text":"should","start":5436.57,"end":5436.69},{"text":"start","start":5436.69,"end":5437.13},{"text":"as","start":5437.37,"end":5437.53},{"text":"follows,","start":5437.53,"end":5438.01},{"text":"which","start":5438.01,"end":5438.17},{"text":"is","start":5438.17,"end":5438.41},{"text":"in","start":5438.41,"end":5438.49},{"text":"accordance","start":5438.49,"end":5438.97},{"text":"with","start":5438.97,"end":5439.29},{"text":"their","start":5439.29,"end":5439.41},{"text":"existing","start":5439.41,"end":5439.85},{"text":"obligations","start":5439.85,"end":5440.49},{"text":"under","start":5440.49,"end":5440.77},{"text":"applicable","start":5440.77,"end":5441.21},{"text":"international","start":5441.21,"end":5441.89},{"text":"law,","start":5441.89,"end":5441.97},{"text":"states","start":5442.49,"end":5442.89},{"text":"must","start":5442.89,"end":5443.17},{"text":"across","start":5443.17,"end":5443.49},{"text":"the","start":5443.49,"end":5443.57},{"text":"life","start":5443.57,"end":5443.73},{"text":"cycle","start":5443.73,"end":5444.05},{"text":"of","start":5444.05,"end":5444.17},{"text":"laws,","start":5444.17,"end":5444.57},{"text":"and","start":5444.97,"end":5445.09},{"text":"then","start":5445.09,"end":5445.45},{"text":"we","start":5446.05,"end":5446.17},{"text":"can","start":5446.17,"end":5446.29},{"text":"continue","start":5446.29,"end":5446.65},{"text":"with","start":5446.65,"end":5446.81},{"text":"the","start":5446.81,"end":5446.89},{"text":"sub","start":5447.13,"end":5447.41},{"text":"paragraphs.","start":5447.41,"end":5447.93}]},{"text":"Our views that this will bring more clarity to it and clearly state the differential obligations that states have as per the applicable international law.","start":5448.89,"end":5458.37,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national 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also want to state that paragraph 39A makes a reference to voluntary exchange of relevant best practices.","start":5459.29,"end":5464.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5459.29,"end":5459.45},{"text":"also","start":5459.45,"end":5459.65},{"text":"want","start":5459.65,"end":5459.81},{"text":"to","start":5459.81,"end":5459.89},{"text":"state","start":5459.89,"end":5460.17},{"text":"that","start":5460.17,"end":5460.33},{"text":"paragraph","start":5460.33,"end":5460.81},{"text":"39A","start":5460.81,"end":5461.61},{"text":"makes","start":5461.61,"end":5461.85},{"text":"a","start":5461.85,"end":5461.89},{"text":"reference","start":5461.89,"end":5462.25},{"text":"to","start":5462.25,"end":5462.37},{"text":"voluntary","start":5462.37,"end":5462.89},{"text":"exchange","start":5462.89,"end":5463.25},{"text":"of","start":5463.25,"end":5463.45},{"text":"relevant","start":5463.69,"end":5464.09},{"text":"best","start":5464.09,"end":5464.33},{"text":"practices.","start":5464.33,"end":5464.89}]},{"text":"and this understanding has been agreed by all states under the GGE on laws.","start":5466.45,"end":5474.45,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"and","start":5466.45,"end":5466.93},{"text":"this","start":5468.93,"end":5469.13},{"text":"understanding","start":5469.13,"end":5469.65},{"text":"has","start":5469.65,"end":5469.77},{"text":"been","start":5469.81,"end":5469.93},{"text":"agreed","start":5469.93,"end":5470.45},{"text":"by","start":5470.45,"end":5470.69},{"text":"all","start":5470.69,"end":5470.85},{"text":"states","start":5470.85,"end":5471.25},{"text":"under","start":5471.25,"end":5471.69},{"text":"the","start":5472.37,"end":5472.65},{"text":"GGE","start":5473.69,"end":5474.13},{"text":"on","start":5474.13,"end":5474.21},{"text":"laws.","start":5474.21,"end":5474.45}]},{"text":"So we would also support taking out the second sentence of paragraph 39a as 39 bis which applies to all states, which is that these exchange of relevant best practices should be encouraged bearing in mind the national security considerations and commercial restrictions on proprietary 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Chair, we can support the Russian edit on paragraph 40a, which seeks to embed the simulation in realistic environment, and we also are happy to support the edit proposed by the ICRC on ensuring that these weapon systems are better tested in the realistic environment to better understand and improve the weapon performance.","start":5494.21,"end":5517.33,"topics":[{"key":"testing-simulations","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Realistic Simulations","description":"A major topic was the need to test and evaluate systems, including through simulations that reflect expected operational conditions. Speakers debated how realistic such simulations must be and how clearly the text should link testing to anticipated environments of use."}],"words":[{"text":"Mr.","start":5494.21,"end":5494.69},{"text":"Chair,","start":5494.69,"end":5494.81},{"text":"we","start":5495.41,"end":5495.89},{"text":"can","start":5496.13,"end":5496.45},{"text":"support","start":5496.45,"end":5497.01},{"text":"the","start":5497.01,"end":5497.13},{"text":"Russian","start":5497.17,"end":5497.49},{"text":"edit","start":5497.49,"end":5497.81},{"text":"on","start":5498.21,"end":5498.53},{"text":"paragraph","start":5498.53,"end":5498.93},{"text":"40a,","start":5498.93,"end":5499.49},{"text":"which","start":5500.29,"end":5500.61},{"text":"seeks","start":5500.61,"end":5500.93},{"text":"to","start":5500.93,"end":5501.05},{"text":"embed","start":5501.05,"end":5501.49},{"text":"the","start":5501.73,"end":5501.93},{"text":"simulation","start":5501.97,"end":5502.69},{"text":"in","start":5502.69,"end":5502.85},{"text":"realistic","start":5502.85,"end":5503.25},{"text":"environment,","start":5503.25,"end":5503.73},{"text":"and","start":5503.73,"end":5503.93},{"text":"we","start":5503.93,"end":5504.05},{"text":"also","start":5504.05,"end":5504.61},{"text":"are","start":5505.09,"end":5505.41},{"text":"happy","start":5505.49,"end":5505.81},{"text":"to","start":5505.81,"end":5506.13},{"text":"support","start":5506.45,"end":5507.01},{"text":"the","start":5507.09,"end":5507.29},{"text":"edit","start":5507.49,"end":5507.73},{"text":"proposed","start":5507.73,"end":5508.13},{"text":"by","start":5508.13,"end":5508.29},{"text":"the","start":5508.29,"end":5508.37},{"text":"ICRC","start":5508.37,"end":5509.09},{"text":"on","start":5509.53,"end":5509.61},{"text":"ensuring","start":5509.61,"end":5510.29},{"text":"that","start":5510.29,"end":5510.69},{"text":"these","start":5510.77,"end":5511.01},{"text":"weapon","start":5511.01,"end":5511.33},{"text":"systems","start":5511.33,"end":5511.81},{"text":"are","start":5511.81,"end":5512.13},{"text":"better","start":5512.21,"end":5512.45},{"text":"tested","start":5512.45,"end":5512.85},{"text":"in","start":5512.85,"end":5512.93},{"text":"the","start":5512.93,"end":5513.01},{"text":"realistic","start":5513.01,"end":5513.37},{"text":"environment","start":5513.37,"end":5513.97},{"text":"to","start":5514.25,"end":5514.33},{"text":"better","start":5514.33,"end":5514.65},{"text":"understand","start":5514.65,"end":5515.25},{"text":"and","start":5515.37,"end":5515.57},{"text":"improve","start":5515.97,"end":5516.37},{"text":"the","start":5516.37,"end":5516.49},{"text":"weapon","start":5516.49,"end":5516.77},{"text":"performance.","start":5516.77,"end":5517.33}]},{"text":"On paragraph 40c, see, my delegation would just like to add that we are in the spirit of flexibility willing to work on terms predictable and reliable.","start":5519.81,"end":5532.53,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":5519.81,"end":5520.05},{"text":"paragraph","start":5520.05,"end":5520.69},{"text":"40c,","start":5521.65,"end":5522.05},{"text":"see,","start":5522.77,"end":5523.09},{"text":"my","start":5523.57,"end":5523.73},{"text":"delegation","start":5523.73,"end":5524.45},{"text":"would","start":5524.61,"end":5524.81},{"text":"just","start":5524.81,"end":5525.01},{"text":"like","start":5525.01,"end":5525.17},{"text":"to","start":5525.17,"end":5525.33},{"text":"add","start":5525.33,"end":5525.81},{"text":"that","start":5526.69,"end":5527.17},{"text":"we","start":5527.93,"end":5528.05},{"text":"are","start":5528.05,"end":5528.21},{"text":"in","start":5528.61,"end":5528.73},{"text":"the","start":5528.73,"end":5528.81},{"text":"spirit","start":5528.81,"end":5529.09},{"text":"of","start":5529.09,"end":5529.17},{"text":"flexibility","start":5529.17,"end":5529.73},{"text":"willing","start":5529.73,"end":5529.97},{"text":"to","start":5529.97,"end":5530.05},{"text":"work","start":5530.05,"end":5530.45},{"text":"on","start":5530.45,"end":5530.85},{"text":"terms","start":5531.01,"end":5531.41},{"text":"predictable","start":5531.41,"end":5531.89},{"text":"and","start":5531.89,"end":5532.05},{"text":"reliable.","start":5532.05,"end":5532.53}]},{"text":"I think a point was made that there is a need to ensure that human judgment and control is able to ensure that weapon performance is consistent with the anticipated effects of the attack.","start":5533.57,"end":5544.21,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly emphasized that human judgment and control must remain central to the use of autonomous weapon systems. The discussion focused on ensuring that users understand system functions and limits well enough to make lawful decisions about use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"I","start":5533.57,"end":5533.73},{"text":"think","start":5533.73,"end":5534.05},{"text":"a","start":5534.05,"end":5534.21},{"text":"point","start":5535.01,"end":5535.25},{"text":"was","start":5535.25,"end":5535.41},{"text":"made","start":5535.41,"end":5535.73},{"text":"that","start":5535.73,"end":5535.97},{"text":"there","start":5535.97,"end":5536.21},{"text":"is","start":5536.21,"end":5536.29},{"text":"a","start":5536.29,"end":5536.37},{"text":"need","start":5536.37,"end":5536.69},{"text":"to","start":5536.69,"end":5537.09},{"text":"ensure","start":5537.69,"end":5538.13},{"text":"that","start":5538.13,"end":5538.33},{"text":"human","start":5538.33,"end":5538.61},{"text":"judgment","start":5538.61,"end":5538.93},{"text":"and","start":5538.93,"end":5539.05},{"text":"control","start":5539.05,"end":5539.57},{"text":"is","start":5540.05,"end":5540.21},{"text":"able","start":5540.25,"end":5540.41},{"text":"to","start":5540.41,"end":5540.49},{"text":"ensure","start":5540.49,"end":5540.85},{"text":"that","start":5540.85,"end":5540.97},{"text":"weapon","start":5540.97,"end":5541.25},{"text":"performance","start":5541.25,"end":5541.89},{"text":"is","start":5542.13,"end":5542.29},{"text":"consistent","start":5542.29,"end":5542.77},{"text":"with","start":5542.77,"end":5542.89},{"text":"the","start":5542.89,"end":5542.97},{"text":"anticipated","start":5542.97,"end":5543.49},{"text":"effects","start":5543.49,"end":5543.81},{"text":"of","start":5543.81,"end":5543.89},{"text":"the","start":5543.89,"end":5543.97},{"text":"attack.","start":5543.97,"end":5544.21}]},{"text":"So we're willing to work on these two terms, although this would require some reformulation.","start":5544.21,"end":5549.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"So","start":5544.21,"end":5544.37},{"text":"we're","start":5544.37,"end":5544.53},{"text":"willing","start":5544.53,"end":5544.81},{"text":"to","start":5544.81,"end":5544.89},{"text":"work","start":5544.89,"end":5545.17},{"text":"on","start":5545.17,"end":5545.25},{"text":"these","start":5545.25,"end":5545.45},{"text":"two","start":5545.45,"end":5545.61},{"text":"terms,","start":5545.61,"end":5545.97},{"text":"although","start":5547.65,"end":5548.05},{"text":"this","start":5548.05,"end":5548.33},{"text":"would","start":5548.33,"end":5548.53},{"text":"require","start":5548.53,"end":5548.81},{"text":"some","start":5548.81,"end":5549.01},{"text":"reformulation.","start":5549.01,"end":5549.89}]},{"text":"However, we at this stage have reservations on the term explainable and traceable in the present form.","start":5550.61,"end":5556.13,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"First","start":5685.13,"end":5685.41},{"text":"is","start":5685.41,"end":5685.53},{"text":"that","start":5685.53,"end":5685.85},{"text":"unlike","start":5685.85,"end":5686.17},{"text":"states,","start":5686.17,"end":5686.65},{"text":"non-state","start":5686.65,"end":5687.21},{"text":"actors,","start":5687.21,"end":5687.69},{"text":"including","start":5688.01,"end":5688.45},{"text":"terrorists,","start":5688.45,"end":5688.81},{"text":"do","start":5688.81,"end":5688.89},{"text":"not","start":5688.89,"end":5689.01},{"text":"have","start":5689.01,"end":5689.13},{"text":"to","start":5689.13,"end":5689.21},{"text":"comply","start":5689.21,"end":5689.53},{"text":"with","start":5689.53,"end":5689.69},{"text":"IHL.","start":5689.69,"end":5690.01}]},{"text":"And second is that concerns regarding laws, particularly that come from autonomous targeting, apply more in the case of terrorist and non-state armed groups.","start":5691.05,"end":5699.01,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Such","start":5699.25,"end":5699.57},{"text":"actors","start":5699.57,"end":5699.85},{"text":"have","start":5699.85,"end":5699.97},{"text":"no","start":5699.97,"end":5700.13},{"text":"intention","start":5700.13,"end":5700.61},{"text":"to","start":5700.61,"end":5700.69},{"text":"limit","start":5700.69,"end":5701.09},{"text":"civilian","start":5701.09,"end":5701.49},{"text":"casualties.","start":5701.49,"end":5702.13}]},{"text":"In fact, by design, they intend to target civilians.","start":5702.61,"end":5704.85,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5702.61,"end":5702.77},{"text":"fact,","start":5702.77,"end":5703.01},{"text":"by","start":5703.01,"end":5703.13},{"text":"design,","start":5703.13,"end":5703.49},{"text":"they","start":5703.49,"end":5703.61},{"text":"intend","start":5703.61,"end":5703.89},{"text":"to","start":5703.89,"end":5703.97},{"text":"target","start":5703.97,"end":5704.25},{"text":"civilians.","start":5704.25,"end":5704.85}]},{"text":"And third, the group has already acknowledged these risks.","start":5705.65,"end":5707.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5705.65,"end":5705.85},{"text":"third,","start":5705.85,"end":5706.13},{"text":"the","start":5706.13,"end":5706.29},{"text":"group","start":5706.29,"end":5706.53},{"text":"has","start":5706.53,"end":5706.65},{"text":"already","start":5706.69,"end":5707.01},{"text":"acknowledged","start":5707.01,"end":5707.37},{"text":"these","start":5707.37,"end":5707.57},{"text":"risks.","start":5707.57,"end":5707.97}]},{"text":"The guiding principle F talks about the risk of acquisition of laws by terrorist groups, as well as the risk of proliferation.","start":5708.85,"end":5714.29,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":5708.85,"end":5708.97},{"text":"guiding","start":5708.97,"end":5709.25},{"text":"principle","start":5709.25,"end":5709.65},{"text":"F","start":5709.65,"end":5709.89},{"text":"talks","start":5709.89,"end":5710.13},{"text":"about","start":5710.13,"end":5710.45},{"text":"the","start":5710.45,"end":5710.53},{"text":"risk","start":5710.53,"end":5710.77},{"text":"of","start":5710.77,"end":5710.85},{"text":"acquisition","start":5710.85,"end":5711.33},{"text":"of","start":5711.33,"end":5711.41},{"text":"laws","start":5711.41,"end":5711.73},{"text":"by","start":5711.73,"end":5711.81},{"text":"terrorist","start":5711.81,"end":5712.17},{"text":"groups,","start":5712.17,"end":5712.45},{"text":"as","start":5712.69,"end":5712.89},{"text":"well","start":5712.89,"end":5713.09},{"text":"as","start":5713.09,"end":5713.17},{"text":"the","start":5713.17,"end":5713.29},{"text":"risk","start":5713.29,"end":5713.49},{"text":"of","start":5713.49,"end":5713.57},{"text":"proliferation.","start":5713.57,"end":5714.29}]},{"text":"This is further complemented by paragraphs 23A of the 2019 report that further emphasizes such concerns.","start":5714.69,"end":5720.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"This","start":5714.69,"end":5714.89},{"text":"is","start":5714.89,"end":5715.01},{"text":"further","start":5715.01,"end":5715.25},{"text":"complemented","start":5715.25,"end":5715.89},{"text":"by","start":5716.05,"end":5716.29},{"text":"paragraphs","start":5716.29,"end":5716.73},{"text":"23A","start":5716.73,"end":5717.09},{"text":"of","start":5717.09,"end":5717.17},{"text":"the","start":5717.17,"end":5717.25},{"text":"2019","start":5717.25,"end":5718.09},{"text":"report","start":5718.09,"end":5718.41},{"text":"that","start":5718.41,"end":5718.61},{"text":"further","start":5718.61,"end":5718.93},{"text":"emphasizes","start":5718.93,"end":5719.45},{"text":"such","start":5719.45,"end":5719.65},{"text":"concerns.","start":5719.65,"end":5720.21}]},{"text":"So overall our suggestion would be that states should undertake obligations committing not to transfer laws to terrorists and terrorist groups and non-state armed groups.","start":5720.81,"end":5732.01,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. 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would be happy to share this formulation to you and we'll be happy to work with other delegations in having this enshrined in the 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with this, Mr. Chairperson, I conclude my intervention.","start":5750.29,"end":5753.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":5750.29,"end":5750.69},{"text":"with","start":5750.69,"end":5750.85},{"text":"this,","start":5750.85,"end":5751.05},{"text":"Mr.","start":5751.05,"end":5751.29},{"text":"Chairperson,","start":5751.29,"end":5751.65},{"text":"I","start":5751.65,"end":5751.73},{"text":"conclude","start":5751.73,"end":5752.13},{"text":"my","start":5752.13,"end":5752.37},{"text":"intervention.","start":5752.69,"end":5753.41}]},{"text":"And we have not addressed many proposals that were made, but I am sure that once these are reflected on to the next text that you will propose, we will come back and suggest our 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on my list is the Republic of Korea, to be followed by Armenia and Bangladesh.","start":5783.89,"end":5789.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":5783.89,"end":5784.45},{"text":"on","start":5784.73,"end":5784.85},{"text":"my","start":5785.25,"end":5785.49},{"text":"list","start":5785.49,"end":5785.73},{"text":"is","start":5785.73,"end":5785.89},{"text":"the","start":5785.93,"end":5786.01},{"text":"Republic","start":5786.01,"end":5786.53},{"text":"of","start":5786.53,"end":5786.61},{"text":"Korea,","start":5786.61,"end":5787.09},{"text":"to","start":5787.09,"end":5787.25},{"text":"be","start":5787.25,"end":5787.41},{"text":"followed","start":5787.41,"end":5787.69},{"text":"by","start":5787.69,"end":5787.77},{"text":"Armenia","start":5787.77,"end":5788.33},{"text":"and","start":5788.33,"end":5788.77},{"text":"Bangladesh.","start":5788.77,"end":5789.33}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of the ROK.","start":5789.49,"end":5793.97,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":5789.49,"end":5789.73},{"text":"let","start":5789.73,"end":5789.85},{"text":"me","start":5789.85,"end":5790.05},{"text":"first","start":5790.05,"end":5790.29},{"text":"pass","start":5790.29,"end":5790.61},{"text":"the","start":5790.61,"end":5790.69},{"text":"floor","start":5790.69,"end":5790.93},{"text":"to","start":5790.93,"end":5791.09},{"text":"the","start":5791.21,"end":5791.29},{"text":"distinguished","start":5791.33,"end":5791.93},{"text":"representative","start":5791.93,"end":5792.69},{"text":"of","start":5792.69,"end":5792.85},{"text":"the","start":5793.09,"end":5793.29},{"text":"ROK.","start":5793.57,"end":5793.97}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":33,"start":5797.09,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=5798","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":5797.09,"end":5797.81,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":5797.09,"end":5797.33},{"text":"you,","start":5797.33,"end":5797.41},{"text":"Chair.","start":5797.41,"end":5797.81}]},{"text":"My delegation is once again ready to join the consensus on the rest of the text you have proposed with the only exception of paragraph 34.","start":5798.29,"end":5807.33,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. 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Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":5808.17,"end":5808.25},{"text":"paragraph","start":5808.29,"end":5808.69},{"text":"34,","start":5808.69,"end":5809.17},{"text":"let","start":5809.17,"end":5809.33},{"text":"me","start":5809.33,"end":5809.65},{"text":"reiterate","start":5809.65,"end":5810.13},{"text":"our","start":5810.13,"end":5810.37},{"text":"position.","start":5810.37,"end":5810.93}]},{"text":"My delegation does not object to the general purpose of this paragraph.","start":5811.49,"end":5814.73,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. 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Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"Without","start":5839.73,"end":5839.97},{"text":"a","start":5839.97,"end":5840.05},{"text":"similar","start":5840.05,"end":5840.37},{"text":"exception","start":5840.37,"end":5840.77},{"text":"clause,","start":5840.77,"end":5841.09},{"text":"the","start":5841.09,"end":5841.25},{"text":"paragraph","start":5841.25,"end":5841.61},{"text":"is","start":5841.61,"end":5841.73},{"text":"too","start":5841.73,"end":5841.89},{"text":"definitive.","start":5841.89,"end":5842.45}]},{"text":"Therefore, during the informal consultation, I just suggested replacing the verb \"shall\" with \"may.\"","start":5843.73,"end":5848.85,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. 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Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5854.17,"end":5854.33},{"text":"also","start":5854.33,"end":5854.69},{"text":"suggest","start":5854.69,"end":5855.09},{"text":"retaining","start":5855.21,"end":5855.69},{"text":"only","start":5855.69,"end":5855.93},{"text":"manufacturing","start":5855.93,"end":5856.69},{"text":"and","start":5856.69,"end":5856.81},{"text":"stockpiling","start":5856.81,"end":5857.45},{"text":"and","start":5857.85,"end":5858.01},{"text":"deleting","start":5858.01,"end":5858.49},{"text":"acquisition","start":5858.61,"end":5859.41},{"text":"and","start":5859.41,"end":5859.53},{"text":"transfer,","start":5859.53,"end":5860.17},{"text":"given","start":5860.49,"end":5860.77},{"text":"the","start":5860.77,"end":5860.89},{"text":"latter","start":5860.89,"end":5861.21},{"text":"two","start":5861.21,"end":5861.53},{"text":"issues","start":5862.09,"end":5862.81},{"text":"require","start":5862.81,"end":5863.21},{"text":"further","start":5863.21,"end":5863.57},{"text":"discussion","start":5863.57,"end":5864.17},{"text":"to","start":5864.49,"end":5864.61},{"text":"address","start":5864.61,"end":5864.97},{"text":"the","start":5864.97,"end":5865.09},{"text":"concerns","start":5865.09,"end":5865.61},{"text":"expressed","start":5865.61,"end":5866.13},{"text":"by","start":5866.13,"end":5866.33},{"text":"our","start":5866.33,"end":5866.57},{"text":"Turkish","start":5866.57,"end":5866.89},{"text":"colleagues","start":5866.89,"end":5867.37},{"text":"and","start":5867.37,"end":5867.65},{"text":"others.","start":5867.81,"end":5868.25}]},{"text":"So the paragraph could read as, States should refrain from manufacturing or stockpiling laws that cannot be used in compliance with IHL.","start":5869.13,"end":5877.13,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW 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this context, I found the comments made by our US colleagues on various paragraphs helpful.","start":5907.69,"end":5912.89,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"In","start":5907.69,"end":5907.73},{"text":"this","start":5907.73,"end":5907.93},{"text":"context,","start":5907.93,"end":5908.49},{"text":"I","start":5908.49,"end":5908.65},{"text":"found","start":5908.65,"end":5908.97},{"text":"the","start":5908.97,"end":5909.05},{"text":"comments","start":5909.05,"end":5909.45},{"text":"made","start":5909.45,"end":5909.69},{"text":"by","start":5909.69,"end":5909.85},{"text":"our","start":5909.85,"end":5910.21},{"text":"US","start":5910.21,"end":5910.33},{"text":"colleagues","start":5910.33,"end":5910.81},{"text":"on","start":5911.25,"end":5911.37},{"text":"various","start":5911.37,"end":5911.69},{"text":"paragraphs","start":5911.69,"end":5912.25},{"text":"helpful.","start":5912.25,"end":5912.89}]},{"text":"If we could see those proposed edits on the screen, it would make it easier for delegations to 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not today, but later this week we can work on these proposals.","start":5921.13,"end":5926.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Maybe","start":5921.13,"end":5921.45},{"text":"not","start":5921.45,"end":5921.65},{"text":"today,","start":5921.65,"end":5921.93},{"text":"but","start":5921.93,"end":5922.17},{"text":"later","start":5922.17,"end":5922.45},{"text":"this","start":5922.45,"end":5922.65},{"text":"week","start":5922.65,"end":5922.89},{"text":"we","start":5922.89,"end":5923.05},{"text":"can","start":5923.05,"end":5923.29},{"text":"work","start":5923.77,"end":5924.05},{"text":"on","start":5924.05,"end":5924.17},{"text":"these","start":5924.17,"end":5924.41},{"text":"proposals.","start":5925.77,"end":5926.33}]},{"text":"Also, given the difficulties we are facing in finding language on the 39, We should consider drawing the agreed language contained in Guiding Principle E as suggested by the US.","start":5927.13,"end":5940.81,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Also,","start":5927.13,"end":5927.45},{"text":"given","start":5927.45,"end":5927.69},{"text":"the","start":5927.69,"end":5927.81},{"text":"difficulties","start":5927.81,"end":5928.49},{"text":"we","start":5928.49,"end":5928.69},{"text":"are","start":5928.69,"end":5928.77},{"text":"facing","start":5928.77,"end":5929.17},{"text":"in","start":5929.17,"end":5929.37},{"text":"finding","start":5929.37,"end":5929.77},{"text":"language","start":5929.77,"end":5930.25},{"text":"on","start":5930.33,"end":5930.81},{"text":"the","start":5932.17,"end":5932.33},{"text":"39,","start":5932.41,"end":5933.13},{"text":"We","start":5935.21,"end":5935.29},{"text":"should","start":5935.29,"end":5935.53},{"text":"consider","start":5935.53,"end":5936.09},{"text":"drawing","start":5936.09,"end":5936.49},{"text":"the","start":5936.49,"end":5936.61},{"text":"agreed","start":5936.61,"end":5936.89},{"text":"language","start":5936.89,"end":5937.37},{"text":"contained","start":5937.37,"end":5937.85},{"text":"in","start":5937.85,"end":5937.93},{"text":"Guiding","start":5937.93,"end":5938.25},{"text":"Principle","start":5938.25,"end":5938.69},{"text":"E","start":5938.69,"end":5938.97},{"text":"as","start":5938.97,"end":5939.21},{"text":"suggested","start":5939.21,"end":5940.29},{"text":"by","start":5940.29,"end":5940.37},{"text":"the","start":5940.37,"end":5940.45},{"text":"US.","start":5940.45,"end":5940.81}]},{"text":"We also found the comments made by our Russian colleagues helpful on a number of paragraphs, including the proposed edits to paragraph 40a, which we can consider positively.","start":5942.49,"end":5951.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":5942.49,"end":5942.65},{"text":"also","start":5942.65,"end":5942.97},{"text":"found","start":5942.97,"end":5943.33},{"text":"the","start":5943.33,"end":5943.49},{"text":"comments","start":5943.53,"end":5943.93},{"text":"made","start":5943.93,"end":5944.09},{"text":"by","start":5944.09,"end":5944.25},{"text":"our","start":5944.25,"end":5944.41},{"text":"Russian","start":5944.41,"end":5944.69},{"text":"colleagues","start":5944.69,"end":5945.05},{"text":"helpful","start":5945.05,"end":5945.49},{"text":"on","start":5945.49,"end":5945.57},{"text":"a","start":5945.57,"end":5945.61},{"text":"number","start":5945.61,"end":5946.01},{"text":"of","start":5946.01,"end":5946.09},{"text":"paragraphs,","start":5946.09,"end":5946.57},{"text":"including","start":5946.57,"end":5947.05},{"text":"the","start":5947.05,"end":5947.13},{"text":"proposed","start":5947.13,"end":5947.69},{"text":"edits","start":5947.69,"end":5948.13},{"text":"to","start":5948.13,"end":5948.33},{"text":"paragraph","start":5948.33,"end":5948.77},{"text":"40a,","start":5948.81,"end":5949.53},{"text":"which","start":5949.97,"end":5950.21},{"text":"we","start":5950.21,"end":5950.33},{"text":"can","start":5950.33,"end":5950.45},{"text":"consider","start":5950.45,"end":5950.81},{"text":"positively.","start":5950.81,"end":5951.53}]},{"text":"On paragraph 40c, we understand that some delegations have concerns about the concepts expressed in this paragraph.","start":5952.53,"end":5958.53,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":5952.53,"end":5952.65},{"text":"paragraph","start":5952.65,"end":5953.17},{"text":"40c,","start":5953.17,"end":5953.85},{"text":"we","start":5953.85,"end":5954.01},{"text":"understand","start":5954.01,"end":5954.53},{"text":"that","start":5954.53,"end":5954.65},{"text":"some","start":5954.65,"end":5954.97},{"text":"delegations","start":5954.97,"end":5955.49},{"text":"have","start":5955.49,"end":5955.61},{"text":"concerns","start":5955.61,"end":5956.09},{"text":"about","start":5956.09,"end":5956.29},{"text":"the","start":5956.29,"end":5956.37},{"text":"concepts","start":5956.37,"end":5956.97},{"text":"expressed","start":5956.97,"end":5957.77},{"text":"in","start":5957.77,"end":5957.93},{"text":"this","start":5957.93,"end":5958.09},{"text":"paragraph.","start":5958.09,"end":5958.53}]},{"text":"My delegation can be flexible.","start":5959.05,"end":5960.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":5959.05,"end":5959.29},{"text":"delegation","start":5959.29,"end":5959.77},{"text":"can","start":5959.77,"end":5959.93},{"text":"be","start":5959.93,"end":5960.01},{"text":"flexible.","start":5960.01,"end":5960.73}]},{"text":"First, we could address this concern by moving this sub-paragraph to a separate paragraph and using more general language, such as states are encouraged to, or states should seek to ensure, as our Turkish delegation suggested.","start":5961.21,"end":5975.69,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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we are approaching the midpoint of our week-long journey, I would like to reiterate that my delegation attaches great importance to our collective work, which has been built over past three years under the guidance of our 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therefore hope all the delegations show some flexibility so that we can achieve something meaningful by end of this week, and we can build on this working going 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also, I agree with our Irish colleague that I chair is not the ceiling, but the floor or the starting point.","start":6009.25,"end":6015.21,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW 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should strive to strike the right balance between the two.","start":6025.21,"end":6028.33,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6025.21,"end":6025.37},{"text":"should","start":6025.37,"end":6025.61},{"text":"strive","start":6025.61,"end":6025.93},{"text":"to","start":6025.93,"end":6026.09},{"text":"strike","start":6026.09,"end":6026.49},{"text":"the","start":6026.49,"end":6026.57},{"text":"right","start":6026.57,"end":6026.89},{"text":"balance","start":6026.89,"end":6027.45},{"text":"between","start":6027.65,"end":6027.97},{"text":"the","start":6027.97,"end":6028.09},{"text":"two.","start":6028.09,"end":6028.33}]},{"text":"I thank you, Chair.","start":6028.33,"end":6029.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6028.33,"end":6028.49},{"text":"thank","start":6028.49,"end":6028.65},{"text":"you,","start":6028.65,"end":6028.73},{"text":"Chair.","start":6028.73,"end":6029.13}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"KOR","affiliation_full":"Republic of 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on my list is Armenia, to be followed by Bangladesh and Israel.","start":6049.17,"end":6052.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":6049.17,"end":6049.41},{"text":"on","start":6049.41,"end":6049.49},{"text":"my","start":6049.49,"end":6049.57},{"text":"list","start":6049.57,"end":6049.81},{"text":"is","start":6049.81,"end":6050.05},{"text":"Armenia,","start":6050.05,"end":6050.53},{"text":"to","start":6050.53,"end":6050.65},{"text":"be","start":6050.65,"end":6050.77},{"text":"followed","start":6050.77,"end":6051.09},{"text":"by","start":6051.09,"end":6051.25},{"text":"Bangladesh","start":6051.29,"end":6051.81},{"text":"and","start":6051.81,"end":6051.97},{"text":"Israel.","start":6051.97,"end":6052.41}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Armenia.","start":6052.41,"end":6055.69,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":6052.41,"end":6052.57},{"text":"let","start":6052.57,"end":6052.69},{"text":"me","start":6052.69,"end":6052.85},{"text":"first","start":6052.85,"end":6053.09},{"text":"pass","start":6053.09,"end":6053.37},{"text":"the","start":6053.37,"end":6053.45},{"text":"floor","start":6053.45,"end":6053.69},{"text":"to","start":6053.69,"end":6053.77},{"text":"the","start":6053.77,"end":6053.85},{"text":"distinguished","start":6053.85,"end":6054.37},{"text":"representative","start":6054.37,"end":6055.01},{"text":"of","start":6055.05,"end":6055.17},{"text":"Armenia.","start":6055.17,"end":6055.69}]},{"text":"You have the 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Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"Armenia","start":6063.05,"end":6063.41},{"text":"welcomes","start":6063.41,"end":6063.89},{"text":"the","start":6063.89,"end":6064.09},{"text":"attention","start":6064.09,"end":6064.61},{"text":"given","start":6064.61,"end":6064.85},{"text":"to","start":6064.85,"end":6064.97},{"text":"the","start":6064.97,"end":6065.09},{"text":"question","start":6065.09,"end":6065.65},{"text":"of","start":6065.69,"end":6065.89},{"text":"transfer","start":6065.89,"end":6066.69},{"text":"in","start":6067.01,"end":6067.25},{"text":"the","start":6067.25,"end":6067.37},{"text":"discussion","start":6067.37,"end":6067.93},{"text":"of","start":6067.93,"end":6068.13},{"text":"paragraph","start":6068.21,"end":6068.65},{"text":"34.","start":6069.01,"end":6069.65}]},{"text":"We attach particular importance to the responsible transfer of military technologies incorporating autonomous capabilities.","start":6070.05,"end":6076.93,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6070.05,"end":6070.25},{"text":"attach","start":6070.25,"end":6070.53},{"text":"particular","start":6070.53,"end":6071.09},{"text":"importance","start":6071.09,"end":6071.81},{"text":"to","start":6071.97,"end":6072.13},{"text":"the","start":6072.13,"end":6072.29},{"text":"responsible","start":6072.29,"end":6073.17},{"text":"transfer","start":6073.17,"end":6073.57},{"text":"of","start":6073.57,"end":6073.65},{"text":"military","start":6073.65,"end":6074.13},{"text":"technologies","start":6074.13,"end":6074.85},{"text":"incorporating","start":6074.93,"end":6075.73},{"text":"autonomous","start":6075.73,"end":6076.13},{"text":"capabilities.","start":6076.13,"end":6076.93}]},{"text":"In our view, the existing provision could usefully be complemented to reflect that in considering the transfer of laws, states should in accordance with their applicable international obligations and national procedures assess the risk that such systems could be used to commit or facilitate serious violations of international humanitarian law and take appropriate measures to prevent the diversion to unauthorized end users.","start":6078.13,"end":6106.77,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6078.13,"end":6078.29},{"text":"our","start":6078.29,"end":6078.53},{"text":"view,","start":6078.53,"end":6078.93},{"text":"the","start":6078.93,"end":6079.05},{"text":"existing","start":6079.05,"end":6079.57},{"text":"provision","start":6079.57,"end":6080.13},{"text":"could","start":6080.13,"end":6080.45},{"text":"usefully","start":6080.77,"end":6081.33},{"text":"be","start":6081.33,"end":6081.57},{"text":"complemented","start":6081.57,"end":6082.25},{"text":"to","start":6082.25,"end":6082.41},{"text":"reflect","start":6082.41,"end":6083.01},{"text":"that","start":6083.09,"end":6083.49},{"text":"in","start":6083.89,"end":6084.05},{"text":"considering","start":6084.05,"end":6084.61},{"text":"the","start":6084.61,"end":6084.77},{"text":"transfer","start":6084.77,"end":6085.41},{"text":"of","start":6085.45,"end":6085.57},{"text":"laws,","start":6085.57,"end":6086.05},{"text":"states","start":6086.29,"end":6086.93},{"text":"should","start":6086.93,"end":6087.33},{"text":"in","start":6087.73,"end":6087.81},{"text":"accordance","start":6087.81,"end":6088.25},{"text":"with","start":6088.25,"end":6088.41},{"text":"their","start":6088.41,"end":6088.69},{"text":"applicable","start":6088.69,"end":6089.25},{"text":"international","start":6089.25,"end":6089.89},{"text":"obligations","start":6089.89,"end":6090.69},{"text":"and","start":6091.01,"end":6091.29},{"text":"national","start":6091.29,"end":6091.73},{"text":"procedures","start":6091.73,"end":6092.37},{"text":"assess","start":6092.61,"end":6093.01},{"text":"the","start":6093.01,"end":6093.21},{"text":"risk","start":6093.21,"end":6093.65},{"text":"that","start":6093.81,"end":6094.01},{"text":"such","start":6094.01,"end":6094.37},{"text":"systems","start":6094.37,"end":6094.93},{"text":"could","start":6095.33,"end":6095.57},{"text":"be","start":6095.57,"end":6095.73},{"text":"used","start":6095.73,"end":6096.09},{"text":"to","start":6096.09,"end":6096.17},{"text":"commit","start":6096.17,"end":6096.61},{"text":"or","start":6096.69,"end":6096.93},{"text":"facilitate","start":6096.93,"end":6097.65},{"text":"serious","start":6098.05,"end":6098.61},{"text":"violations","start":6098.61,"end":6099.17},{"text":"of","start":6099.17,"end":6099.29},{"text":"international","start":6099.29,"end":6099.85},{"text":"humanitarian","start":6099.85,"end":6100.37},{"text":"law","start":6100.37,"end":6100.77},{"text":"and","start":6101.09,"end":6101.25},{"text":"take","start":6101.25,"end":6101.57},{"text":"appropriate","start":6101.57,"end":6102.13},{"text":"measures","start":6102.13,"end":6102.69},{"text":"to","start":6102.93,"end":6103.09},{"text":"prevent","start":6103.09,"end":6103.57},{"text":"the","start":6103.73,"end":6103.93},{"text":"diversion","start":6103.97,"end":6104.85},{"text":"to","start":6104.93,"end":6105.17},{"text":"unauthorized","start":6105.17,"end":6105.89},{"text":"end","start":6105.89,"end":6106.09},{"text":"users.","start":6106.09,"end":6106.77}]},{"text":"We remain flexible as to the precise wording and stand ready to contribute constructively to further consideration of this issue.","start":6107.33,"end":6115.41,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6107.33,"end":6107.49},{"text":"remain","start":6107.49,"end":6107.81},{"text":"flexible","start":6107.81,"end":6108.53},{"text":"as","start":6108.85,"end":6109.09},{"text":"to","start":6109.09,"end":6109.33},{"text":"the","start":6109.33,"end":6109.49},{"text":"precise","start":6109.49,"end":6110.05},{"text":"wording","start":6110.05,"end":6110.61},{"text":"and","start":6110.61,"end":6110.81},{"text":"stand","start":6110.81,"end":6111.09},{"text":"ready","start":6111.09,"end":6111.41},{"text":"to","start":6111.41,"end":6111.49},{"text":"contribute","start":6111.49,"end":6112.29},{"text":"constructively","start":6112.53,"end":6113.49},{"text":"to","start":6113.65,"end":6113.81},{"text":"further","start":6113.81,"end":6114.09},{"text":"consideration","start":6114.09,"end":6114.77},{"text":"of","start":6114.77,"end":6114.85},{"text":"this","start":6114.85,"end":6115.01},{"text":"issue.","start":6115.01,"end":6115.41}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 39, Armenia attaches importance to retaining a clear reference to legal reviews in paragraph 39.","start":6116.53,"end":6124.45,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":6116.53,"end":6117.01},{"text":"paragraph","start":6117.25,"end":6117.73},{"text":"39,","start":6117.73,"end":6118.53},{"text":"Armenia","start":6118.93,"end":6119.37},{"text":"attaches","start":6119.37,"end":6119.81},{"text":"importance","start":6119.81,"end":6120.37},{"text":"to","start":6120.37,"end":6120.61},{"text":"retaining","start":6120.69,"end":6121.37},{"text":"a","start":6121.37,"end":6121.41},{"text":"clear","start":6121.41,"end":6121.81},{"text":"reference","start":6121.81,"end":6122.21},{"text":"to","start":6122.21,"end":6122.37},{"text":"legal","start":6122.37,"end":6122.69},{"text":"reviews","start":6122.69,"end":6123.25},{"text":"in","start":6123.25,"end":6123.49},{"text":"paragraph","start":6123.49,"end":6123.85},{"text":"39.","start":6123.85,"end":6124.45}]},{"text":"Effective legal review procedures are an important safeguard for ensuring that the development and use of laws remain consistent with applicable international law.","start":6125.29,"end":6134.73,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"Effective","start":6125.29,"end":6125.73},{"text":"legal","start":6125.73,"end":6126.05},{"text":"review","start":6126.05,"end":6126.29},{"text":"procedures","start":6126.29,"end":6126.93},{"text":"are","start":6126.93,"end":6127.17},{"text":"an","start":6127.17,"end":6127.25},{"text":"important","start":6127.25,"end":6127.69},{"text":"safeguard","start":6127.69,"end":6128.21},{"text":"for","start":6128.45,"end":6128.69},{"text":"ensuring","start":6128.69,"end":6129.25},{"text":"that","start":6129.33,"end":6129.49},{"text":"the","start":6129.49,"end":6129.61},{"text":"development","start":6129.61,"end":6130.37},{"text":"and","start":6130.37,"end":6130.61},{"text":"use","start":6130.61,"end":6130.89},{"text":"of","start":6130.89,"end":6130.97},{"text":"laws","start":6130.97,"end":6131.49},{"text":"remain","start":6131.65,"end":6132.05},{"text":"consistent","start":6132.05,"end":6132.93},{"text":"with","start":6132.93,"end":6133.25},{"text":"applicable","start":6133.25,"end":6133.81},{"text":"international","start":6133.81,"end":6134.65},{"text":"law.","start":6134.65,"end":6134.73}]},{"text":"We remain flexible as to the precise formulation with a view to accommodating different legal obligations and national procedures.","start":6135.65,"end":6143.57,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6135.65,"end":6135.89},{"text":"remain","start":6135.89,"end":6136.25},{"text":"flexible","start":6136.25,"end":6136.85},{"text":"as","start":6136.85,"end":6137.09},{"text":"to","start":6137.09,"end":6137.25},{"text":"the","start":6137.25,"end":6137.33},{"text":"precise","start":6137.33,"end":6137.81},{"text":"formulation","start":6137.81,"end":6138.53},{"text":"with","start":6138.53,"end":6138.77},{"text":"a","start":6138.77,"end":6138.81},{"text":"view","start":6138.81,"end":6139.17},{"text":"to","start":6139.17,"end":6139.41},{"text":"accommodating","start":6139.41,"end":6140.37},{"text":"different","start":6140.37,"end":6140.85},{"text":"legal","start":6140.85,"end":6141.25},{"text":"obligations","start":6141.25,"end":6142.05},{"text":"and","start":6142.21,"end":6142.37},{"text":"national","start":6142.37,"end":6142.81},{"text":"procedures.","start":6142.81,"end":6143.57}]},{"text":"As for paragraph 42, we attach particular importance to ensuring the reliability of such systems through appropriate testing and safeguards aimed at mitigating the risks of malfunction and unintended outcomes.","start":6144.85,"end":6160.93,"topics":[{"key":"testing-simulations","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Realistic Simulations","description":"A major topic was the need to test and evaluate systems, including through simulations that reflect expected operational conditions. Speakers debated how realistic such simulations must be and how clearly the text should link testing to anticipated environments of use."},{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6144.85,"end":6144.93},{"text":"for","start":6144.93,"end":6145.17},{"text":"paragraph","start":6145.17,"end":6145.81},{"text":"42,","start":6145.89,"end":6147.33},{"text":"we","start":6147.73,"end":6147.97},{"text":"attach","start":6147.97,"end":6148.21},{"text":"particular","start":6148.21,"end":6148.89},{"text":"importance","start":6148.89,"end":6149.49},{"text":"to","start":6149.57,"end":6149.77},{"text":"ensuring","start":6149.77,"end":6150.29},{"text":"the","start":6150.29,"end":6150.41},{"text":"reliability","start":6150.41,"end":6152.29},{"text":"of","start":6152.45,"end":6152.53},{"text":"such","start":6152.53,"end":6152.77},{"text":"systems","start":6152.77,"end":6153.33},{"text":"through","start":6153.49,"end":6153.81},{"text":"appropriate","start":6153.81,"end":6154.53},{"text":"testing","start":6154.53,"end":6154.97},{"text":"and","start":6154.97,"end":6155.09},{"text":"safeguards","start":6155.09,"end":6155.81},{"text":"aimed","start":6156.13,"end":6156.45},{"text":"at","start":6156.45,"end":6156.61},{"text":"mitigating","start":6156.61,"end":6157.29},{"text":"the","start":6157.29,"end":6157.41},{"text":"risks","start":6157.41,"end":6157.89},{"text":"of","start":6157.93,"end":6158.05},{"text":"malfunction","start":6158.05,"end":6158.85},{"text":"and","start":6159.17,"end":6159.49},{"text":"unintended","start":6159.49,"end":6160.21},{"text":"outcomes.","start":6160.29,"end":6160.93}]},{"text":"In this regard, we consider the references to predictability, reliability, traceability and explainability to be useful elements of the text.","start":6161.97,"end":6171.33,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":6161.97,"end":6162.13},{"text":"this","start":6162.13,"end":6162.25},{"text":"regard,","start":6162.25,"end":6162.77},{"text":"we","start":6162.85,"end":6163.17},{"text":"consider","start":6163.17,"end":6163.73},{"text":"the","start":6163.73,"end":6163.89},{"text":"references","start":6163.89,"end":6164.61},{"text":"to","start":6164.61,"end":6164.77},{"text":"predictability,","start":6164.93,"end":6166.05},{"text":"reliability,","start":6166.37,"end":6167.41},{"text":"traceability","start":6167.41,"end":6168.17},{"text":"and","start":6168.17,"end":6168.37},{"text":"explainability","start":6168.37,"end":6169.49},{"text":"to","start":6169.49,"end":6169.65},{"text":"be","start":6169.65,"end":6169.77},{"text":"useful","start":6169.77,"end":6170.29},{"text":"elements","start":6170.29,"end":6170.69},{"text":"of","start":6170.69,"end":6170.77},{"text":"the","start":6170.77,"end":6170.85},{"text":"text.","start":6170.85,"end":6171.33}]},{"text":"We also support retaining the provisions addressing unintended and autonomous bias.","start":6172.01,"end":6176.49,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Discrimination Risks","description":"Multiple speakers addressed unintended bias, including dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and automation bias in human-machine interaction. The debate covered how bias can increase risks to civilians and reinforce discrimination, and what measures states should take to prevent or mitigate such harms."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6172.01,"end":6172.13},{"text":"also","start":6172.13,"end":6172.33},{"text":"support","start":6172.33,"end":6172.81},{"text":"retaining","start":6172.81,"end":6173.21},{"text":"the","start":6173.21,"end":6173.33},{"text":"provisions","start":6173.33,"end":6173.93},{"text":"addressing","start":6173.93,"end":6174.49},{"text":"unintended","start":6174.57,"end":6175.21},{"text":"and","start":6175.21,"end":6175.45},{"text":"autonomous","start":6175.45,"end":6175.97},{"text":"bias.","start":6175.97,"end":6176.49}]},{"text":"As for paragraphs 43 to 44, Armenia strongly supports the retention of paragraphs 43 and 44 for Armenian responsibility and accountability for decisions concerning the use of laws must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines.","start":6177.53,"end":6197.77,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":6177.53,"end":6177.77},{"text":"for","start":6177.77,"end":6178.09},{"text":"paragraphs","start":6178.09,"end":6178.73},{"text":"43","start":6179.37,"end":6180.17},{"text":"to","start":6180.17,"end":6180.49},{"text":"44,","start":6180.49,"end":6181.53},{"text":"Armenia","start":6182.33,"end":6182.73},{"text":"strongly","start":6182.73,"end":6183.09},{"text":"supports","start":6183.09,"end":6183.53},{"text":"the","start":6183.53,"end":6183.65},{"text":"retention","start":6183.65,"end":6184.21},{"text":"of","start":6184.21,"end":6184.33},{"text":"paragraphs","start":6184.33,"end":6185.61},{"text":"43","start":6185.61,"end":6186.33},{"text":"and","start":6186.33,"end":6186.49},{"text":"44","start":6186.49,"end":6187.05},{"text":"for","start":6187.37,"end":6187.53},{"text":"Armenian","start":6187.53,"end":6187.85},{"text":"responsibility","start":6187.85,"end":6188.69},{"text":"and","start":6188.69,"end":6188.89},{"text":"accountability","start":6188.97,"end":6189.93},{"text":"for","start":6190.09,"end":6190.49},{"text":"decisions","start":6190.49,"end":6191.37},{"text":"concerning","start":6191.61,"end":6192.17},{"text":"the","start":6192.17,"end":6192.29},{"text":"use","start":6192.29,"end":6192.53},{"text":"of","start":6192.61,"end":6192.73},{"text":"laws","start":6192.73,"end":6193.13},{"text":"must","start":6193.37,"end":6193.85},{"text":"remain","start":6193.85,"end":6194.49},{"text":"with","start":6194.65,"end":6194.89},{"text":"human","start":6194.89,"end":6195.21},{"text":"actors","start":6195.21,"end":6195.69},{"text":"and","start":6195.69,"end":6195.93},{"text":"cannot","start":6196.09,"end":6196.41},{"text":"be","start":6196.41,"end":6196.57},{"text":"transferred","start":6196.57,"end":6197.01},{"text":"to","start":6197.01,"end":6197.13},{"text":"machines.","start":6197.13,"end":6197.77}]},{"text":"We also attach particular importance to maintaining a well defined and responsible human chain of command and control as an essential component of effective accountability.","start":6198.69,"end":6208.13,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. 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you, Mr. Chair.","start":6208.45,"end":6209.25,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6208.45,"end":6208.65},{"text":"you,","start":6208.65,"end":6208.73},{"text":"Mr.","start":6208.73,"end":6208.97},{"text":"Chair.","start":6208.97,"end":6209.25}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"ARM","affiliation_full":"Armenia","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":36,"start":6210.97,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=6211","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"And I thank the distinguished representative of Armenia for sharing the views of his delegation and also referring to proposals made by other delegations.","start":6210.97,"end":6219.73,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":6210.97,"end":6211.09},{"text":"I","start":6211.09,"end":6211.25},{"text":"thank","start":6211.25,"end":6211.45},{"text":"the","start":6211.45,"end":6211.53},{"text":"distinguished","start":6211.53,"end":6212.05},{"text":"representative","start":6212.05,"end":6212.77},{"text":"of","start":6212.77,"end":6212.85},{"text":"Armenia","start":6212.85,"end":6213.45},{"text":"for","start":6213.81,"end":6214.05},{"text":"sharing","start":6214.05,"end":6214.29},{"text":"the","start":6214.29,"end":6214.37},{"text":"views","start":6214.37,"end":6214.69},{"text":"of","start":6214.69,"end":6214.77},{"text":"his","start":6214.77,"end":6214.89},{"text":"delegation","start":6214.89,"end":6215.53},{"text":"and","start":6215.53,"end":6215.69},{"text":"also","start":6215.69,"end":6216.13},{"text":"referring","start":6217.17,"end":6217.73},{"text":"to","start":6217.73,"end":6217.85},{"text":"proposals","start":6217.85,"end":6218.37},{"text":"made","start":6218.37,"end":6218.53},{"text":"by","start":6218.53,"end":6218.77},{"text":"other","start":6218.77,"end":6218.97},{"text":"delegations.","start":6218.97,"end":6219.73}]},{"text":"Next on my list is the distinguished representative of Bangladesh, to be followed by Israel, the Western Federation and Belgium.","start":6220.61,"end":6227.21,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":6220.61,"end":6220.93},{"text":"on","start":6220.93,"end":6221.01},{"text":"my","start":6221.01,"end":6221.33},{"text":"list","start":6221.41,"end":6221.81},{"text":"is","start":6221.89,"end":6222.21},{"text":"the","start":6222.29,"end":6222.41},{"text":"distinguished","start":6222.41,"end":6222.93},{"text":"representative","start":6222.93,"end":6223.65},{"text":"of","start":6223.69,"end":6223.81},{"text":"Bangladesh,","start":6223.81,"end":6224.33},{"text":"to","start":6224.33,"end":6224.49},{"text":"be","start":6224.49,"end":6224.69},{"text":"followed","start":6224.69,"end":6225.01},{"text":"by","start":6225.01,"end":6225.25},{"text":"Israel,","start":6225.25,"end":6225.57},{"text":"the","start":6225.57,"end":6225.69},{"text":"Western","start":6225.69,"end":6225.97},{"text":"Federation","start":6225.97,"end":6226.53},{"text":"and","start":6226.53,"end":6226.73},{"text":"Belgium.","start":6226.73,"end":6227.21}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor now to the distinguished representative of Bangladesh.","start":6227.21,"end":6231.13,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":6227.21,"end":6227.49},{"text":"let","start":6227.49,"end":6227.61},{"text":"me","start":6227.61,"end":6227.81},{"text":"first","start":6227.81,"end":6228.05},{"text":"pass","start":6228.05,"end":6228.37},{"text":"the","start":6228.37,"end":6228.45},{"text":"floor","start":6228.45,"end":6228.69},{"text":"now","start":6228.69,"end":6228.85},{"text":"to","start":6228.85,"end":6228.93},{"text":"the","start":6228.93,"end":6229.01},{"text":"distinguished","start":6229.01,"end":6229.65},{"text":"representative","start":6229.65,"end":6230.45},{"text":"of","start":6230.45,"end":6230.53},{"text":"Bangladesh.","start":6230.53,"end":6231.13}]},{"text":"You have the floor, sir.","start":6231.13,"end":6231.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":6231.13,"end":6231.21},{"text":"have","start":6231.21,"end":6231.33},{"text":"the","start":6231.33,"end":6231.45},{"text":"floor,","start":6231.45,"end":6231.69},{"text":"sir.","start":6231.73,"end":6231.85}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":37,"start":6233.81,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=6234","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":6233.81,"end":6234.85,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6233.81,"end":6234.05},{"text":"you,","start":6234.05,"end":6234.13},{"text":"Mr.","start":6234.13,"end":6234.45},{"text":"Chair.","start":6234.45,"end":6234.85}]},{"text":"My delegation has carefully listened to the viewpoints expressed by the delegations this morning.","start":6236.21,"end":6241.17,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":6236.21,"end":6236.37},{"text":"delegation","start":6236.37,"end":6236.97},{"text":"has","start":6236.97,"end":6237.17},{"text":"carefully","start":6237.17,"end":6237.65},{"text":"listened","start":6237.65,"end":6238.05},{"text":"to","start":6238.05,"end":6238.13},{"text":"the","start":6238.13,"end":6238.25},{"text":"viewpoints","start":6238.25,"end":6238.85},{"text":"expressed","start":6238.85,"end":6239.49},{"text":"by","start":6239.49,"end":6239.65},{"text":"the","start":6239.65,"end":6239.77},{"text":"delegations","start":6239.77,"end":6240.45},{"text":"this","start":6240.45,"end":6240.61},{"text":"morning.","start":6240.61,"end":6241.17}]},{"text":"We are concerned to hear calls for diluting language in a number of paragraphs.","start":6242.21,"end":6246.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6242.21,"end":6242.37},{"text":"are","start":6242.37,"end":6242.45},{"text":"concerned","start":6242.45,"end":6242.97},{"text":"to","start":6242.97,"end":6243.05},{"text":"hear","start":6243.05,"end":6243.33},{"text":"calls","start":6243.33,"end":6243.73},{"text":"for","start":6243.73,"end":6243.97},{"text":"diluting","start":6243.97,"end":6244.57},{"text":"language","start":6244.57,"end":6245.13},{"text":"in","start":6245.17,"end":6245.37},{"text":"a","start":6245.37,"end":6245.41},{"text":"number","start":6245.41,"end":6245.77},{"text":"of","start":6245.77,"end":6245.89},{"text":"paragraphs.","start":6245.89,"end":6246.61}]},{"text":"that aim to strengthen individual accountability for the use of laws.","start":6247.49,"end":6251.09,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"that","start":6247.49,"end":6247.73},{"text":"aim","start":6247.73,"end":6247.89},{"text":"to","start":6247.89,"end":6248.05},{"text":"strengthen","start":6248.05,"end":6248.57},{"text":"individual","start":6248.57,"end":6249.13},{"text":"accountability","start":6249.13,"end":6249.89},{"text":"for","start":6249.89,"end":6250.13},{"text":"the","start":6250.13,"end":6250.25},{"text":"use","start":6250.25,"end":6250.45},{"text":"of","start":6250.45,"end":6250.53},{"text":"laws.","start":6250.53,"end":6251.09}]},{"text":"My delegation categorically explains why we advocate the use of must instead of should.","start":6252.13,"end":6258.61,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"My","start":6252.13,"end":6252.29},{"text":"delegation","start":6252.29,"end":6253.09},{"text":"categorically","start":6253.49,"end":6254.21},{"text":"explains","start":6254.21,"end":6255.01},{"text":"why","start":6255.01,"end":6255.57},{"text":"we","start":6255.57,"end":6255.77},{"text":"advocate","start":6255.77,"end":6256.25},{"text":"the","start":6256.25,"end":6256.37},{"text":"use","start":6256.37,"end":6256.61},{"text":"of","start":6256.61,"end":6256.77},{"text":"must","start":6256.77,"end":6257.33},{"text":"instead","start":6257.33,"end":6257.97},{"text":"of","start":6257.97,"end":6258.13},{"text":"should.","start":6258.13,"end":6258.61}]},{"text":"Bangladesh approaches the question of individual accountability from a broader concern, the integrity of international legal order and the preservation of individual responsibility within the broader framework of state responsibility.","start":6260.53,"end":6273.89,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. 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Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":6459.35,"end":6459.59},{"text":"autonomy","start":6459.59,"end":6460.15},{"text":"must","start":6460.15,"end":6460.47},{"text":"never","start":6460.47,"end":6460.79},{"text":"become","start":6460.79,"end":6461.11},{"text":"a","start":6461.11,"end":6461.15},{"text":"pathway","start":6461.15,"end":6461.59},{"text":"to","start":6461.59,"end":6461.71},{"text":"impunity.","start":6461.71,"end":6462.47}]},{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair.","start":6462.87,"end":6463.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6462.87,"end":6463.11},{"text":"you,","start":6463.11,"end":6463.19},{"text":"Mr.","start":6463.19,"end":6463.43},{"text":"Chair.","start":6463.43,"end":6463.63}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"BGD","affiliation_full":"Bangladesh","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":38,"start":6463.63,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=6464","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Bangladesh for commenting on the text and earlier proposals by delegation and sharing the views of his delegation with regard to those.","start":6463.63,"end":6475.67,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":6463.63,"end":6463.75},{"text":"me","start":6464.79,"end":6465.07},{"text":"thank","start":6465.07,"end":6465.27},{"text":"the","start":6465.27,"end":6465.35},{"text":"distinguished","start":6465.35,"end":6465.83},{"text":"representative","start":6465.83,"end":6466.47},{"text":"of","start":6466.47,"end":6466.55},{"text":"Bangladesh","start":6466.55,"end":6467.27},{"text":"for","start":6467.51,"end":6467.83},{"text":"commenting","start":6467.83,"end":6468.27},{"text":"on","start":6468.27,"end":6468.35},{"text":"the","start":6468.35,"end":6468.43},{"text":"text","start":6468.43,"end":6468.79},{"text":"and","start":6468.87,"end":6469.11},{"text":"earlier","start":6469.95,"end":6470.31},{"text":"proposals","start":6470.31,"end":6470.87},{"text":"by","start":6470.87,"end":6471.03},{"text":"delegation","start":6471.03,"end":6471.83},{"text":"and","start":6471.91,"end":6472.31},{"text":"sharing","start":6472.71,"end":6473.07},{"text":"the","start":6473.07,"end":6473.15},{"text":"views","start":6473.15,"end":6473.59},{"text":"of","start":6473.59,"end":6473.71},{"text":"his","start":6473.75,"end":6474.07},{"text":"delegation","start":6474.07,"end":6474.71},{"text":"with","start":6474.71,"end":6474.87},{"text":"regard","start":6474.87,"end":6475.23},{"text":"to","start":6475.23,"end":6475.35},{"text":"those.","start":6475.39,"end":6475.67}]},{"text":"Next on my list is the distinguished representative of Israel to be followed by Russian Federation, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy and 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let me first pass the floor to distinguished representative of Israel.","start":6484.35,"end":6487.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":6484.35,"end":6484.51},{"text":"let","start":6484.51,"end":6484.63},{"text":"me","start":6484.63,"end":6484.75},{"text":"first","start":6484.75,"end":6485.03},{"text":"pass","start":6485.03,"end":6485.35},{"text":"the","start":6485.35,"end":6485.43},{"text":"floor","start":6485.43,"end":6485.75},{"text":"to","start":6485.75,"end":6485.83},{"text":"distinguished","start":6485.83,"end":6486.39},{"text":"representative","start":6486.55,"end":6487.11},{"text":"of","start":6487.11,"end":6487.19},{"text":"Israel.","start":6487.27,"end":6487.75}]},{"text":"Sir, you have the floor.","start":6487.75,"end":6488.75,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sir,","start":6487.75,"end":6488.15},{"text":"you","start":6488.15,"end":6488.23},{"text":"have","start":6488.23,"end":6488.43},{"text":"the","start":6488.43,"end":6488.51},{"text":"floor.","start":6488.55,"end":6488.75}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":39,"start":6490.43,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=6491","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you so much, Sarah, and good morning, colleagues.","start":6490.43,"end":6492.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":6490.43,"end":6490.67},{"text":"you","start":6490.67,"end":6490.83},{"text":"so","start":6490.83,"end":6490.99},{"text":"much,","start":6490.99,"end":6491.23},{"text":"Sarah,","start":6491.23,"end":6491.59},{"text":"and","start":6491.59,"end":6491.71},{"text":"good","start":6491.71,"end":6491.87},{"text":"morning,","start":6491.87,"end":6492.27},{"text":"colleagues.","start":6492.27,"end":6492.83}]},{"text":"Chair, allow me to begin by saying that we will concentrate now on our main comments on these parts of the 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paragraph 32, as we previously stated, and similarly to other delegations, we have serious concerns with this paragraph.","start":6502.83,"end":6511.31,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":6600.15,"end":6600.63},{"text":"paragraph","start":6600.63,"end":6601.11},{"text":"33,","start":6601.11,"end":6601.83},{"text":"we","start":6602.31,"end":6602.47},{"text":"recommend","start":6602.47,"end":6603.03},{"text":"preserving","start":6603.03,"end":6603.67},{"text":"the","start":6603.67,"end":6603.79},{"text":"original","start":6603.83,"end":6604.31},{"text":"language","start":6604.31,"end":6604.87},{"text":"of","start":6604.95,"end":6605.19},{"text":"Article","start":6605.19,"end":6605.59},{"text":"51","start":6605.59,"end":6606.31},{"text":"of","start":6606.67,"end":6606.79},{"text":"the","start":6606.79,"end":6606.87},{"text":"First","start":6606.87,"end":6607.19},{"text":"Additional","start":6607.19,"end":6607.59},{"text":"Protocol","start":6607.59,"end":6608.23},{"text":"that","start":6608.79,"end":6608.95},{"text":"this","start":6608.95,"end":6609.11},{"text":"paragraph","start":6609.11,"end":6609.67},{"text":"draws","start":6609.67,"end":6609.99},{"text":"from","start":6609.99,"end":6610.39},{"text":"in","start":6610.71,"end":6610.87},{"text":"order","start":6610.87,"end":6611.11},{"text":"to","start":6611.11,"end":6611.23},{"text":"ensure","start":6611.23,"end":6611.59},{"text":"clarity","start":6611.59,"end":6612.23},{"text":"regarding","start":6612.23,"end":6612.87},{"text":"the","start":6612.87,"end":6612.99},{"text":"legal","start":6613.11,"end":6613.43},{"text":"obligation","start":6613.43,"end":6614.15},{"text":"and","start":6614.31,"end":6614.51},{"text":"to","start":6614.51,"end":6614.59},{"text":"avoid","start":6614.59,"end":6614.87},{"text":"further","start":6614.87,"end":6615.23},{"text":"confusion","start":6615.23,"end":6615.91},{"text":"on","start":6616.15,"end":6616.23},{"text":"the","start":6616.23,"end":6616.35},{"text":"implications","start":6616.35,"end":6617.11},{"text":"of","start":6617.39,"end":6617.51},{"text":"the","start":6617.51,"end":6617.63},{"text":"deviations","start":6617.67,"end":6618.47},{"text":"between","start":6618.47,"end":6618.87},{"text":"this","start":6618.87,"end":6619.19},{"text":"paragraph","start":6619.19,"end":6619.67},{"text":"and","start":6619.67,"end":6619.87},{"text":"Article","start":6619.87,"end":6620.23},{"text":"51","start":6620.23,"end":6621.59},{"text":"language.","start":6621.59,"end":6622.15}]},{"text":"Therefore, we suggest, I quote, the civilian population as such, as well as individual civilians, shall not be the object of attack by laws.","start":6622.67,"end":6631.63,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Therefore,","start":6622.67,"end":6623.07},{"text":"we","start":6623.07,"end":6623.19},{"text":"suggest,","start":6623.19,"end":6623.79},{"text":"I","start":6623.87,"end":6624.03},{"text":"quote,","start":6624.03,"end":6624.43},{"text":"the","start":6624.67,"end":6624.83},{"text":"civilian","start":6624.83,"end":6625.15},{"text":"population","start":6625.15,"end":6625.75},{"text":"as","start":6625.75,"end":6625.83},{"text":"such,","start":6625.83,"end":6626.27},{"text":"as","start":6626.27,"end":6626.51},{"text":"well","start":6626.51,"end":6626.75},{"text":"as","start":6626.75,"end":6626.87},{"text":"individual","start":6626.87,"end":6627.39},{"text":"civilians,","start":6627.39,"end":6627.95},{"text":"shall","start":6628.19,"end":6628.51},{"text":"not","start":6628.51,"end":6628.75},{"text":"be","start":6628.75,"end":6629.07},{"text":"the","start":6629.07,"end":6629.35},{"text":"object","start":6629.35,"end":6629.87},{"text":"of","start":6630.03,"end":6630.19},{"text":"attack","start":6630.19,"end":6630.59},{"text":"by","start":6630.91,"end":6631.15},{"text":"laws.","start":6631.15,"end":6631.63}]},{"text":"Civilian objects shall not be the object of attacks by laws.","start":6631.87,"end":6636.11,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Civilian","start":6631.87,"end":6632.43},{"text":"objects","start":6632.43,"end":6632.83},{"text":"shall","start":6632.83,"end":6632.99},{"text":"not","start":6632.99,"end":6633.31},{"text":"be","start":6633.31,"end":6633.71},{"text":"the","start":6633.71,"end":6633.91},{"text":"object","start":6633.91,"end":6634.43},{"text":"of","start":6634.71,"end":6634.83},{"text":"attacks","start":6634.83,"end":6635.31},{"text":"by","start":6635.47,"end":6635.71},{"text":"laws.","start":6635.71,"end":6636.11}]},{"text":"End of quote.","start":6636.43,"end":6637.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"End","start":6636.43,"end":6636.55},{"text":"of","start":6636.55,"end":6636.67},{"text":"quote.","start":6636.67,"end":6637.07}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 34, similarly to the request by other delegations, we also have serious concerns with this paragraph.","start":6638.91,"end":6646.75,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."},{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":6638.91,"end":6639.31},{"text":"paragraph","start":6639.31,"end":6639.87},{"text":"34,","start":6640.11,"end":6640.83},{"text":"similarly","start":6640.83,"end":6641.39},{"text":"to","start":6641.39,"end":6641.63},{"text":"the","start":6641.71,"end":6641.87},{"text":"request","start":6641.87,"end":6642.43},{"text":"by","start":6642.51,"end":6642.79},{"text":"other","start":6642.79,"end":6643.03},{"text":"delegations,","start":6643.03,"end":6643.71},{"text":"we","start":6643.71,"end":6643.87},{"text":"also","start":6643.87,"end":6644.27},{"text":"have","start":6644.51,"end":6644.75},{"text":"serious","start":6644.75,"end":6645.31},{"text":"concerns","start":6645.31,"end":6645.87},{"text":"with","start":6645.87,"end":6646.03},{"text":"this","start":6646.03,"end":6646.19},{"text":"paragraph.","start":6646.19,"end":6646.75}]},{"text":"and we ask it to be deleted as in our view the text should maintain its focus on the use of laws and not other actions regarding it like manufacturing, stockpiling, etc. as they stray from the CCW's objective and expertise as an IHL focused treaty.","start":6647.47,"end":6666.91,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."},{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":6647.47,"end":6647.75},{"text":"we","start":6647.87,"end":6648.11},{"text":"ask","start":6648.11,"end":6648.43},{"text":"it","start":6648.43,"end":6648.79},{"text":"to","start":6648.79,"end":6648.91},{"text":"be","start":6648.91,"end":6649.03},{"text":"deleted","start":6649.03,"end":6649.63},{"text":"as","start":6649.99,"end":6650.11},{"text":"in","start":6650.11,"end":6650.23},{"text":"our","start":6650.23,"end":6650.43},{"text":"view","start":6650.43,"end":6650.91},{"text":"the","start":6651.15,"end":6651.31},{"text":"text","start":6651.31,"end":6651.63},{"text":"should","start":6651.63,"end":6651.95},{"text":"maintain","start":6652.03,"end":6652.51},{"text":"its","start":6652.51,"end":6652.67},{"text":"focus","start":6652.67,"end":6653.07},{"text":"on","start":6653.07,"end":6653.15},{"text":"the","start":6653.15,"end":6653.31},{"text":"use","start":6653.55,"end":6653.87},{"text":"of","start":6653.87,"end":6654.03},{"text":"laws","start":6654.03,"end":6654.51},{"text":"and","start":6654.79,"end":6654.91},{"text":"not","start":6654.91,"end":6655.23},{"text":"other","start":6655.47,"end":6655.79},{"text":"actions","start":6655.79,"end":6656.35},{"text":"regarding","start":6656.35,"end":6656.91},{"text":"it","start":6656.91,"end":6657.23},{"text":"like","start":6657.59,"end":6657.75},{"text":"manufacturing,","start":6657.75,"end":6658.59},{"text":"stockpiling,","start":6658.59,"end":6659.31},{"text":"etc.","start":6659.31,"end":6659.95},{"text":"as","start":6660.95,"end":6661.07},{"text":"they","start":6661.07,"end":6661.23},{"text":"stray","start":6661.23,"end":6661.63},{"text":"from","start":6661.63,"end":6661.87},{"text":"the","start":6661.87,"end":6661.95},{"text":"CCW's","start":6661.95,"end":6662.67},{"text":"objective","start":6662.67,"end":6663.15},{"text":"and","start":6663.15,"end":6663.31},{"text":"expertise","start":6663.31,"end":6664.11},{"text":"as","start":6664.19,"end":6664.39},{"text":"an","start":6664.39,"end":6664.67},{"text":"IHL","start":6664.75,"end":6665.47},{"text":"focused","start":6665.47,"end":6666.19},{"text":"treaty.","start":6666.43,"end":6666.91}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 39, consistent with our comments on paragraph 35 and 36, We will also suggest replacing reference to international law with applicable law, sorry, applicable IHL.","start":6668.67,"end":6684.15,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":6668.67,"end":6669.23},{"text":"paragraph","start":6669.23,"end":6669.95},{"text":"39,","start":6669.95,"end":6670.67},{"text":"consistent","start":6670.91,"end":6671.55},{"text":"with","start":6671.55,"end":6671.71},{"text":"our","start":6671.71,"end":6671.95},{"text":"comments","start":6671.95,"end":6672.43},{"text":"on","start":6672.47,"end":6672.59},{"text":"paragraph","start":6672.59,"end":6673.07},{"text":"35","start":6675.71,"end":6676.27},{"text":"and","start":6676.27,"end":6676.43},{"text":"36,","start":6676.43,"end":6677.07},{"text":"We","start":6677.35,"end":6677.55},{"text":"will","start":6677.55,"end":6677.75},{"text":"also","start":6677.75,"end":6677.91},{"text":"suggest","start":6677.91,"end":6678.47},{"text":"replacing","start":6678.47,"end":6679.11},{"text":"reference","start":6679.43,"end":6679.87},{"text":"to","start":6679.87,"end":6680.07},{"text":"international","start":6680.07,"end":6680.95},{"text":"law","start":6680.95,"end":6681.03},{"text":"with","start":6681.03,"end":6681.23},{"text":"applicable","start":6681.75,"end":6682.35},{"text":"law,","start":6682.35,"end":6682.43},{"text":"sorry,","start":6682.79,"end":6683.07},{"text":"applicable","start":6683.07,"end":6683.59},{"text":"IHL.","start":6683.59,"end":6684.15}]},{"text":"I will repeat this, sorry.","start":6684.79,"end":6685.83,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":6684.79,"end":6684.87},{"text":"will","start":6684.87,"end":6684.99},{"text":"repeat","start":6684.99,"end":6685.31},{"text":"this,","start":6685.31,"end":6685.47},{"text":"sorry.","start":6685.47,"end":6685.83}]},{"text":"Consistent with our comments on paragraphs 35 and 36, we will suggest replacing reference to international law with applicable IHL.","start":6685.83,"end":6694.15,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Consistent","start":6685.83,"end":6686.39},{"text":"with","start":6686.39,"end":6686.55},{"text":"our","start":6686.55,"end":6686.79},{"text":"comments","start":6686.79,"end":6687.19},{"text":"on","start":6687.19,"end":6687.27},{"text":"paragraphs","start":6687.27,"end":6687.79},{"text":"35","start":6687.79,"end":6688.51},{"text":"and","start":6688.51,"end":6688.67},{"text":"36,","start":6688.67,"end":6689.27},{"text":"we","start":6689.51,"end":6689.63},{"text":"will","start":6689.63,"end":6689.75},{"text":"suggest","start":6689.75,"end":6690.31},{"text":"replacing","start":6690.31,"end":6690.95},{"text":"reference","start":6690.95,"end":6691.43},{"text":"to","start":6691.43,"end":6691.55},{"text":"international","start":6691.55,"end":6692.43},{"text":"law","start":6692.43,"end":6692.51},{"text":"with","start":6692.71,"end":6692.99},{"text":"applicable","start":6693.07,"end":6693.59},{"text":"IHL.","start":6693.59,"end":6694.15}]},{"text":"This will preserve consistency throughout the text and avoid introducing a broader legal standard in the context of laws.","start":6694.95,"end":6702.15,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"This","start":6694.95,"end":6695.19},{"text":"will","start":6695.19,"end":6695.43},{"text":"preserve","start":6695.43,"end":6696.07},{"text":"consistency","start":6696.07,"end":6696.87},{"text":"throughout","start":6696.87,"end":6697.19},{"text":"the","start":6697.19,"end":6697.31},{"text":"text","start":6697.31,"end":6697.63},{"text":"and","start":6697.63,"end":6697.79},{"text":"avoid","start":6697.79,"end":6698.03},{"text":"introducing","start":6698.03,"end":6698.71},{"text":"a","start":6699.19,"end":6699.23},{"text":"broader","start":6699.23,"end":6699.67},{"text":"legal","start":6699.67,"end":6700.07},{"text":"standard","start":6700.07,"end":6700.63},{"text":"in","start":6700.79,"end":6701.03},{"text":"the","start":6701.03,"end":6701.15},{"text":"context","start":6701.15,"end":6701.55},{"text":"of","start":6701.55,"end":6701.67},{"text":"laws.","start":6701.67,"end":6702.15}]},{"text":"Accordingly, the paragraph will read, I quote, \"States must, as appropriate, across the life cycle of laws and in accordance with their obligations under applicable IHL, et cetera, et cetera.\"","start":6702.87,"end":6714.87,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Accordingly,","start":6702.87,"end":6703.91},{"text":"the","start":6703.91,"end":6704.07},{"text":"paragraph","start":6704.07,"end":6704.55},{"text":"will","start":6704.55,"end":6704.67},{"text":"read,","start":6704.67,"end":6705.11},{"text":"I","start":6705.35,"end":6705.51},{"text":"quote,","start":6705.51,"end":6705.91},{"text":"\"States","start":6706.07,"end":6706.55},{"text":"must,","start":6706.55,"end":6707.11},{"text":"as","start":6707.19,"end":6707.35},{"text":"appropriate,","start":6707.35,"end":6707.91},{"text":"across","start":6707.91,"end":6708.23},{"text":"the","start":6708.23,"end":6708.43},{"text":"life","start":6708.43,"end":6708.71},{"text":"cycle","start":6708.71,"end":6709.03},{"text":"of","start":6709.03,"end":6709.11},{"text":"laws","start":6709.11,"end":6709.59},{"text":"and","start":6709.83,"end":6710.03},{"text":"in","start":6710.03,"end":6710.11},{"text":"accordance","start":6710.11,"end":6710.63},{"text":"with","start":6710.63,"end":6710.91},{"text":"their","start":6710.91,"end":6711.19},{"text":"obligations","start":6711.31,"end":6711.99},{"text":"under","start":6711.99,"end":6712.35},{"text":"applicable","start":6712.35,"end":6712.95},{"text":"IHL,","start":6712.95,"end":6713.51},{"text":"et","start":6713.83,"end":6713.91},{"text":"cetera,","start":6713.91,"end":6714.35},{"text":"et","start":6714.35,"end":6714.43},{"text":"cetera.\"","start":6714.43,"end":6714.87}]},{"text":"We will also support the US suggestion to remove \"must\" from the chapeau and to add \"new\" in paragraph A. Regarding paragraph 40 B, we suggest deleting the word in before control of laws.","start":6716.15,"end":6733.15,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly emphasized that human judgment and control must remain central to the use of autonomous weapon systems. The discussion focused on ensuring that users understand system functions and limits well enough to make lawful decisions about use of force."},{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6716.15,"end":6716.23},{"text":"will","start":6716.23,"end":6716.47},{"text":"also","start":6716.47,"end":6716.79},{"text":"support","start":6716.79,"end":6717.11},{"text":"the","start":6717.11,"end":6717.31},{"text":"US","start":6717.31,"end":6717.39},{"text":"suggestion","start":6717.39,"end":6717.87},{"text":"to","start":6717.87,"end":6718.11},{"text":"remove","start":6718.11,"end":6718.55},{"text":"\"must\"","start":6718.55,"end":6719.11},{"text":"from","start":6719.11,"end":6719.39},{"text":"the","start":6719.39,"end":6719.47},{"text":"chapeau","start":6719.47,"end":6720.07},{"text":"and","start":6720.23,"end":6720.43},{"text":"to","start":6720.43,"end":6720.59},{"text":"add","start":6720.59,"end":6720.79},{"text":"\"new\"","start":6720.79,"end":6721.35},{"text":"in","start":6721.67,"end":6721.99},{"text":"paragraph","start":6721.99,"end":6722.47},{"text":"A.","start":6725.43,"end":6725.47},{"text":"Regarding","start":6725.47,"end":6725.83},{"text":"paragraph","start":6725.83,"end":6726.47},{"text":"40","start":6726.55,"end":6727.43},{"text":"B,","start":6727.43,"end":6727.91},{"text":"we","start":6728.59,"end":6728.67},{"text":"suggest","start":6728.67,"end":6729.15},{"text":"deleting","start":6729.31,"end":6729.95},{"text":"the","start":6729.95,"end":6730.03},{"text":"word","start":6730.03,"end":6730.43},{"text":"in","start":6730.59,"end":6731.15},{"text":"before","start":6731.15,"end":6731.79},{"text":"control","start":6731.87,"end":6732.47},{"text":"of","start":6732.47,"end":6732.59},{"text":"laws.","start":6732.59,"end":6733.15}]},{"text":"The term is unclear in this context as it breaks up the acceptable term of chain of command and control.","start":6733.87,"end":6740.19,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly emphasized that human judgment and control must remain central to the use of autonomous weapon systems. The discussion focused on ensuring that users understand system functions and limits well enough to make lawful decisions about use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6733.87,"end":6733.99},{"text":"term","start":6734.03,"end":6734.27},{"text":"is","start":6734.27,"end":6734.51},{"text":"unclear","start":6734.51,"end":6735.15},{"text":"in","start":6735.15,"end":6735.23},{"text":"this","start":6735.23,"end":6735.47},{"text":"context","start":6735.47,"end":6736.03},{"text":"as","start":6736.35,"end":6736.55},{"text":"it","start":6736.55,"end":6736.63},{"text":"breaks","start":6736.63,"end":6737.07},{"text":"up","start":6737.07,"end":6737.23},{"text":"the","start":6737.23,"end":6737.35},{"text":"acceptable","start":6737.35,"end":6738.03},{"text":"term","start":6738.03,"end":6738.27},{"text":"of","start":6738.31,"end":6738.51},{"text":"chain","start":6738.75,"end":6739.07},{"text":"of","start":6739.07,"end":6739.15},{"text":"command","start":6739.15,"end":6739.47},{"text":"and","start":6739.47,"end":6739.59},{"text":"control.","start":6739.59,"end":6740.19}]},{"text":"Furthermore, it may unnecessarily reintroduce the broader debate concerning the issue of human control.","start":6740.67,"end":6748.03,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly emphasized that human judgment and control must remain central to the use of autonomous weapon systems. The discussion focused on ensuring that users understand system functions and limits well enough to make lawful decisions about use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":6740.67,"end":6741.39},{"text":"it","start":6741.39,"end":6741.55},{"text":"may","start":6741.71,"end":6742.19},{"text":"unnecessarily","start":6742.19,"end":6743.23},{"text":"reintroduce","start":6743.63,"end":6744.51},{"text":"the","start":6744.51,"end":6744.75},{"text":"broader","start":6744.75,"end":6745.23},{"text":"debate","start":6745.23,"end":6745.79},{"text":"concerning","start":6745.95,"end":6746.59},{"text":"the","start":6746.59,"end":6746.71},{"text":"issue","start":6746.71,"end":6747.03},{"text":"of","start":6747.03,"end":6747.23},{"text":"human","start":6747.23,"end":6747.47},{"text":"control.","start":6747.47,"end":6748.03}]},{"text":"The purpose of this provision appears more practical to ensure that the relevant personnel receive appropriate guidance, training and instructions.","start":6748.83,"end":6756.91,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly emphasized that human judgment and control must remain central to the use of autonomous weapon systems. The discussion focused on ensuring that users understand system functions and limits well enough to make lawful decisions about use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6748.83,"end":6748.99},{"text":"purpose","start":6748.99,"end":6749.43},{"text":"of","start":6749.43,"end":6749.55},{"text":"this","start":6749.55,"end":6749.79},{"text":"provision","start":6749.79,"end":6750.51},{"text":"appears","start":6750.59,"end":6751.07},{"text":"more","start":6751.07,"end":6751.31},{"text":"practical","start":6751.31,"end":6751.95},{"text":"to","start":6752.19,"end":6752.39},{"text":"ensure","start":6752.39,"end":6752.75},{"text":"that","start":6752.75,"end":6752.91},{"text":"the","start":6752.91,"end":6753.03},{"text":"relevant","start":6753.03,"end":6753.51},{"text":"personnel","start":6753.51,"end":6754.11},{"text":"receive","start":6754.11,"end":6754.59},{"text":"appropriate","start":6754.67,"end":6755.19},{"text":"guidance,","start":6755.19,"end":6755.71},{"text":"training","start":6755.71,"end":6756.11},{"text":"and","start":6756.11,"end":6756.23},{"text":"instructions.","start":6756.23,"end":6756.91}]},{"text":"We therefore believe it will be clearer to refer simply to those in the responsible chain of command and control without introducing an additional concept of being in control of the system.","start":6757.35,"end":6769.43,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly emphasized that human judgment and control must remain central to the use of autonomous weapon systems. The discussion focused on ensuring that users understand system functions and limits well enough to make lawful decisions about use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6757.35,"end":6757.51},{"text":"therefore","start":6757.51,"end":6757.79},{"text":"believe","start":6757.79,"end":6758.07},{"text":"it","start":6758.07,"end":6758.31},{"text":"will","start":6758.31,"end":6758.63},{"text":"be","start":6758.87,"end":6759.03},{"text":"clearer","start":6759.03,"end":6759.51},{"text":"to","start":6759.75,"end":6759.91},{"text":"refer","start":6759.91,"end":6760.15},{"text":"simply","start":6760.15,"end":6760.51},{"text":"to","start":6760.51,"end":6760.79},{"text":"those","start":6761.03,"end":6761.51},{"text":"in","start":6761.51,"end":6761.63},{"text":"the","start":6761.63,"end":6761.71},{"text":"responsible","start":6761.71,"end":6762.31},{"text":"chain","start":6762.31,"end":6762.59},{"text":"of","start":6762.59,"end":6762.71},{"text":"command","start":6762.71,"end":6763.07},{"text":"and","start":6763.07,"end":6763.19},{"text":"control","start":6763.19,"end":6763.67},{"text":"without","start":6764.31,"end":6764.71},{"text":"introducing","start":6764.71,"end":6765.31},{"text":"an","start":6765.31,"end":6765.43},{"text":"additional","start":6765.43,"end":6765.91},{"text":"concept","start":6765.91,"end":6766.43},{"text":"of","start":6766.95,"end":6767.11},{"text":"being","start":6767.11,"end":6767.51},{"text":"in","start":6767.59,"end":6767.79},{"text":"control","start":6767.79,"end":6768.39},{"text":"of","start":6768.67,"end":6768.79},{"text":"the","start":6768.79,"end":6768.87},{"text":"system.","start":6768.87,"end":6769.43}]},{"text":"So it will read, I quote, ensuring appropriate guidance, training and instructions for those in the responsible chain of command and control of laws.","start":6769.43,"end":6779.35,"topics":[{"key":"human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly emphasized that human judgment and control must remain central to the use of autonomous weapon systems. The discussion focused on ensuring that users understand system functions and limits well enough to make lawful decisions about use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":6769.43,"end":6769.83},{"text":"it","start":6769.83,"end":6769.99},{"text":"will","start":6769.99,"end":6770.15},{"text":"read,","start":6770.15,"end":6770.47},{"text":"I","start":6770.47,"end":6770.55},{"text":"quote,","start":6770.55,"end":6770.95},{"text":"ensuring","start":6771.31,"end":6771.99},{"text":"appropriate","start":6772.19,"end":6772.79},{"text":"guidance,","start":6772.79,"end":6773.27},{"text":"training","start":6773.27,"end":6773.71},{"text":"and","start":6773.71,"end":6773.83},{"text":"instructions","start":6773.83,"end":6774.55},{"text":"for","start":6775.19,"end":6775.35},{"text":"those","start":6775.35,"end":6775.75},{"text":"in","start":6775.75,"end":6775.99},{"text":"the","start":6776.23,"end":6776.39},{"text":"responsible","start":6776.39,"end":6776.95},{"text":"chain","start":6776.95,"end":6777.43},{"text":"of","start":6777.59,"end":6777.75},{"text":"command","start":6777.75,"end":6778.19},{"text":"and","start":6778.19,"end":6778.31},{"text":"control","start":6778.31,"end":6778.83},{"text":"of","start":6778.83,"end":6778.95},{"text":"laws.","start":6778.95,"end":6779.35}]},{"text":"Regarding paragraph 40c, We continue to have serious concerns with the reference to explainable and traceable.","start":6781.27,"end":6788.27,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":6781.27,"end":6781.75},{"text":"paragraph","start":6781.75,"end":6782.43},{"text":"40c,","start":6782.43,"end":6783.11},{"text":"We","start":6783.71,"end":6783.75},{"text":"continue","start":6783.75,"end":6784.27},{"text":"to","start":6784.27,"end":6784.35},{"text":"have","start":6784.35,"end":6784.67},{"text":"serious","start":6784.75,"end":6785.27},{"text":"concerns","start":6785.27,"end":6785.71},{"text":"with","start":6785.71,"end":6785.99},{"text":"the","start":6785.99,"end":6786.07},{"text":"reference","start":6786.07,"end":6786.59},{"text":"to","start":6786.59,"end":6786.79},{"text":"explainable","start":6786.79,"end":6787.51},{"text":"and","start":6787.51,"end":6787.67},{"text":"traceable.","start":6787.67,"end":6788.27}]},{"text":"It remains unclear what precise standards of these terms establish or how they relate to compliance with IHL.","start":6788.83,"end":6795.95,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."}],"words":[{"text":"It","start":6788.83,"end":6788.99},{"text":"remains","start":6788.99,"end":6789.23},{"text":"unclear","start":6789.23,"end":6789.71},{"text":"what","start":6789.71,"end":6790.03},{"text":"precise","start":6790.03,"end":6790.63},{"text":"standards","start":6790.63,"end":6791.19},{"text":"of","start":6791.19,"end":6791.39},{"text":"these","start":6791.55,"end":6791.79},{"text":"terms","start":6791.79,"end":6792.27},{"text":"establish","start":6792.35,"end":6792.99},{"text":"or","start":6793.31,"end":6793.47},{"text":"how","start":6793.47,"end":6793.71},{"text":"they","start":6793.71,"end":6793.87},{"text":"relate","start":6793.87,"end":6794.47},{"text":"to","start":6794.47,"end":6794.55},{"text":"compliance","start":6794.59,"end":6795.15},{"text":"with","start":6795.15,"end":6795.31},{"text":"IHL.","start":6795.39,"end":6795.95}]},{"text":"We are also concerned with requiring the effects of loss to be predictable, which may suggest a degree of certainty that IHL does not require.","start":6797.15,"end":6805.87,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. 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Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"Regarding","start":6832.11,"end":6832.67},{"text":"paragraph","start":6832.67,"end":6833.15},{"text":"46,","start":6833.23,"end":6834.19},{"text":"Chair,","start":6834.19,"end":6834.59},{"text":"we","start":6835.15,"end":6835.31},{"text":"see","start":6835.31,"end":6835.63},{"text":"some","start":6835.63,"end":6836.03},{"text":"overlap","start":6836.03,"end":6836.59},{"text":"with","start":6837.15,"end":6837.27},{"text":"the","start":6837.27,"end":6837.39},{"text":"preceding","start":6837.39,"end":6837.83},{"text":"provisions","start":6837.83,"end":6838.39},{"text":"on","start":6838.39,"end":6838.51},{"text":"responsibility","start":6838.51,"end":6839.31},{"text":"and","start":6839.31,"end":6839.79},{"text":"accountability.","start":6839.79,"end":6841.23}]},{"text":"and would therefore support further streamlining.","start":6841.91,"end":6844.51,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"and","start":6841.91,"end":6842.07},{"text":"would","start":6842.07,"end":6842.19},{"text":"therefore","start":6842.19,"end":6842.59},{"text":"support","start":6842.59,"end":6843.15},{"text":"further","start":6843.15,"end":6843.63},{"text":"streamlining.","start":6843.63,"end":6844.51}]},{"text":"If this paragraph is retained, we believe it should be more closely anchored to the subject of this group.","start":6845.31,"end":6851.71,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"If","start":6845.31,"end":6845.55},{"text":"this","start":6845.55,"end":6845.79},{"text":"paragraph","start":6845.79,"end":6846.27},{"text":"is","start":6846.27,"end":6846.43},{"text":"retained,","start":6846.43,"end":6847.03},{"text":"we","start":6847.03,"end":6847.19},{"text":"believe","start":6847.19,"end":6847.55},{"text":"it","start":6847.55,"end":6847.67},{"text":"should","start":6847.67,"end":6847.95},{"text":"be","start":6847.95,"end":6848.27},{"text":"more","start":6848.75,"end":6848.99},{"text":"closely","start":6848.99,"end":6849.39},{"text":"anchored","start":6849.39,"end":6849.95},{"text":"to","start":6850.27,"end":6850.43},{"text":"the","start":6850.43,"end":6850.51},{"text":"subject","start":6850.51,"end":6851.03},{"text":"of","start":6851.03,"end":6851.15},{"text":"this","start":6851.15,"end":6851.39},{"text":"group.","start":6851.39,"end":6851.71}]},{"text":"The phrase violations of international law, including IHL relating to laws, is very broad and relating to does not clearly identify the relevant legal obligations.","start":6852.67,"end":6863.39,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":6852.67,"end":6852.87},{"text":"phrase","start":6852.87,"end":6853.31},{"text":"violations","start":6853.31,"end":6854.03},{"text":"of","start":6854.03,"end":6854.11},{"text":"international","start":6854.11,"end":6854.91},{"text":"law,","start":6854.91,"end":6854.99},{"text":"including","start":6854.99,"end":6855.55},{"text":"IHL","start":6855.55,"end":6856.11},{"text":"relating","start":6856.11,"end":6856.59},{"text":"to","start":6856.59,"end":6856.71},{"text":"laws,","start":6856.71,"end":6857.07},{"text":"is","start":6857.15,"end":6857.39},{"text":"very","start":6857.39,"end":6857.67},{"text":"broad","start":6857.67,"end":6858.19},{"text":"and","start":6858.51,"end":6858.83},{"text":"relating","start":6859.23,"end":6859.79},{"text":"to","start":6859.79,"end":6860.03},{"text":"does","start":6860.11,"end":6860.43},{"text":"not","start":6860.43,"end":6860.67},{"text":"clearly","start":6860.67,"end":6861.07},{"text":"identify","start":6861.07,"end":6861.71},{"text":"the","start":6861.71,"end":6861.83},{"text":"relevant","start":6861.83,"end":6862.35},{"text":"legal","start":6862.35,"end":6862.63},{"text":"obligations.","start":6862.63,"end":6863.39}]},{"text":"We therefore suggest referring specifically to IHL obligations applicable to laws So it will read, I quote, \"States must take all appropriate steps to prevent and suppress violations of IHL obligations applicable to laws by persons on the territory under their jurisdiction.\"","start":6864.43,"end":6885.15,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":6864.43,"end":6864.59},{"text":"therefore","start":6864.59,"end":6865.15},{"text":"suggest","start":6865.15,"end":6865.67},{"text":"referring","start":6865.67,"end":6866.19},{"text":"specifically","start":6866.19,"end":6866.99},{"text":"to","start":6866.99,"end":6867.11},{"text":"IHL","start":6867.11,"end":6867.71},{"text":"obligations","start":6867.75,"end":6868.43},{"text":"applicable","start":6868.43,"end":6869.23},{"text":"to","start":6869.23,"end":6869.31},{"text":"laws","start":6869.31,"end":6869.79},{"text":"So","start":6870.19,"end":6870.59},{"text":"it","start":6870.59,"end":6870.75},{"text":"will","start":6870.75,"end":6870.99},{"text":"read,","start":6870.99,"end":6871.31},{"text":"I","start":6871.39,"end":6871.43},{"text":"quote,","start":6871.43,"end":6871.95},{"text":"\"States","start":6872.75,"end":6874.35},{"text":"must","start":6874.35,"end":6874.79},{"text":"take","start":6874.79,"end":6875.07},{"text":"all","start":6875.07,"end":6875.31},{"text":"appropriate","start":6875.31,"end":6875.79},{"text":"steps","start":6875.79,"end":6876.35},{"text":"to","start":6876.43,"end":6876.55},{"text":"prevent","start":6876.55,"end":6877.03},{"text":"and","start":6877.03,"end":6877.15},{"text":"suppress","start":6877.15,"end":6877.55},{"text":"violations","start":6877.55,"end":6878.23},{"text":"of","start":6878.23,"end":6878.51},{"text":"IHL","start":6878.59,"end":6879.27},{"text":"obligations","start":6879.27,"end":6879.95},{"text":"applicable","start":6879.95,"end":6880.59},{"text":"to","start":6880.59,"end":6880.67},{"text":"laws","start":6880.67,"end":6881.07},{"text":"by","start":6881.55,"end":6881.79},{"text":"persons","start":6881.79,"end":6882.35},{"text":"on","start":6882.47,"end":6882.67},{"text":"the","start":6882.67,"end":6882.79},{"text":"territory","start":6882.79,"end":6883.55},{"text":"under","start":6883.55,"end":6883.95},{"text":"their","start":6883.95,"end":6884.27},{"text":"jurisdiction.\"","start":6884.27,"end":6885.15}]},{"text":"Finally, Chair, regarding paragraph 48, we believe that this paragraph may unintentionally, intentionally, sorry, create legal and practical ambiguity, which is which its new placement may further complicate.","start":6886.35,"end":6902.19,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."},{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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paragraph 31, We still have the same concerns that we voiced regarding paragraph 33 in the context of the use of the terms \"it is prohibited\".","start":7026.11,"end":7041.99,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":7361.67,"end":7361.91},{"text":"is","start":7361.91,"end":7362.23},{"text":"not","start":7362.23,"end":7362.55},{"text":"possible,","start":7362.63,"end":7363.11},{"text":"because","start":7363.11,"end":7363.83},{"text":"there","start":7363.91,"end":7364.47},{"text":"are","start":7364.71,"end":7364.95},{"text":"clear","start":7364.95,"end":7365.43},{"text":"legal","start":7365.43,"end":7365.95},{"text":"obligations","start":7365.95,"end":7366.63},{"text":"to","start":7366.63,"end":7366.71},{"text":"carry","start":7366.71,"end":7367.03},{"text":"out","start":7367.03,"end":7367.27},{"text":"such","start":7367.27,"end":7367.59},{"text":"legal","start":7367.59,"end":7367.87},{"text":"reviews","start":7367.87,"end":7368.47},{"text":"so","start":7368.63,"end":7369.11},{"text":"as","start":7369.19,"end":7369.27},{"text":"not","start":7369.35,"end":7369.87},{"text":"to","start":7369.87,"end":7369.95},{"text":"allow","start":7369.95,"end":7370.51},{"text":"the","start":7370.51,"end":7370.59},{"text":"development","start":7370.59,"end":7371.51},{"text":"and","start":7371.51,"end":7371.91},{"text":"production","start":7371.91,"end":7372.95},{"text":"of","start":7372.95,"end":7373.35},{"text":"weapon","start":7373.67,"end":7373.99},{"text":"systems","start":7373.99,"end":7374.47},{"text":"that","start":7374.47,"end":7374.71},{"text":"would","start":7374.71,"end":7374.95},{"text":"breach","start":7374.95,"end":7375.27},{"text":"international","start":7375.27,"end":7375.79},{"text":"humanitarian","start":7375.79,"end":7376.39},{"text":"law.","start":7376.39,"end":7376.67}]},{"text":"So in the context of paragraph 39, paragraph 34 appears to be nonsense and we consider it to be absolutely necessary to remove paragraph 34 as it contradicts paragraph 39.","start":7377.59,"end":7396.47,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."},{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":7377.59,"end":7378.07},{"text":"in","start":7378.07,"end":7378.23},{"text":"the","start":7378.23,"end":7378.35},{"text":"context","start":7378.35,"end":7379.15},{"text":"of","start":7379.15,"end":7379.27},{"text":"paragraph","start":7379.27,"end":7379.91},{"text":"39,","start":7379.99,"end":7380.95},{"text":"paragraph","start":7381.91,"end":7382.43},{"text":"34","start":7382.43,"end":7383.35},{"text":"appears","start":7383.51,"end":7384.07},{"text":"to","start":7384.07,"end":7384.19},{"text":"be","start":7384.19,"end":7384.63},{"text":"nonsense","start":7384.95,"end":7385.67},{"text":"and","start":7388.07,"end":7388.79},{"text":"we","start":7389.67,"end":7390.07},{"text":"consider","start":7390.07,"end":7390.87},{"text":"it","start":7390.95,"end":7391.23},{"text":"to","start":7391.23,"end":7391.31},{"text":"be","start":7391.31,"end":7391.51},{"text":"absolutely","start":7391.51,"end":7392.07},{"text":"necessary","start":7392.07,"end":7392.63},{"text":"to","start":7392.63,"end":7392.83},{"text":"remove","start":7392.83,"end":7393.43},{"text":"paragraph","start":7393.43,"end":7393.95},{"text":"34","start":7393.95,"end":7394.51},{"text":"as","start":7394.51,"end":7394.63},{"text":"it","start":7394.63,"end":7394.79},{"text":"contradicts","start":7394.79,"end":7395.35},{"text":"paragraph","start":7395.35,"end":7395.75},{"text":"39.","start":7395.75,"end":7396.47}]},{"text":"Moreover, Chairman, We would like to suggest for paragraph 44 after the part of the sentence individual accountability for we would like to suggest adding employment of because we consider that individual accountability applies also to the sphere of the use of the means or methods of warfare.","start":7400.31,"end":7433.83,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. 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paragraph 45, We consider it necessary to correct the chapeau in order to ensure that it relates to strictly possible measures that are brought up in the sub-paragraphs of power 45 as measures that are voluntary, that are applicable on a voluntary 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that we are speaking about measures that states could undertake at the national level, we do not believe it is 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set of measures could be different depending on the specificities of the country and the national practices that exist, and imposing an adoption of all those measures would not be advisable in our 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our view, this wording would allow for the possibility of the adoption of relevant national measures without pre-determining or prescribing in a mandatory fashion what specific measures states could take on armaments at the national 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sub-paragraph, we have a small or minor correction suggestion.","start":7565.31,"end":7571.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":7565.31,"end":7565.55},{"text":"sub-paragraph,","start":7565.55,"end":7566.23},{"text":"we","start":7566.23,"end":7566.59},{"text":"have","start":7567.95,"end":7568.51},{"text":"a","start":7569.31,"end":7569.35},{"text":"small","start":7569.35,"end":7569.95},{"text":"or","start":7569.95,"end":7570.03},{"text":"minor","start":7570.03,"end":7570.47},{"text":"correction","start":7570.47,"end":7570.99},{"text":"suggestion.","start":7570.99,"end":7571.79}]},{"text":"We continue to suggest removing the words in brackets, because in the national practice of the Russian Federation, there are no rules as of such like this, we have similar measures that are somewhat different and they're in other documents and other 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we believe it would be justified for the word doctrine to be used in the plural doctrines.","start":7604.91,"end":7615.95,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":7604.91,"end":7605.71},{"text":"we","start":7605.71,"end":7605.95},{"text":"believe","start":7605.95,"end":7606.43},{"text":"it","start":7606.43,"end":7606.67},{"text":"would","start":7606.67,"end":7606.83},{"text":"be","start":7606.83,"end":7607.47},{"text":"justified","start":7608.67,"end":7609.55},{"text":"for","start":7609.55,"end":7609.71},{"text":"the","start":7609.71,"end":7609.79},{"text":"word","start":7609.79,"end":7610.03},{"text":"doctrine","start":7610.03,"end":7610.83},{"text":"to","start":7612.91,"end":7613.11},{"text":"be","start":7613.11,"end":7613.39},{"text":"used","start":7613.39,"end":7613.75},{"text":"in","start":7613.75,"end":7613.87},{"text":"the","start":7613.87,"end":7613.95},{"text":"plural","start":7613.95,"end":7614.75},{"text":"doctrines.","start":7615.15,"end":7615.95}]},{"text":"As the other words in those brackets are policies and procedures, they are both in the 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on my list is Belgium, to be followed by Switzerland and Italy.","start":7637.99,"end":7641.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":7637.99,"end":7638.31},{"text":"on","start":7638.31,"end":7638.39},{"text":"my","start":7638.39,"end":7638.55},{"text":"list","start":7638.55,"end":7638.79},{"text":"is","start":7638.79,"end":7638.95},{"text":"Belgium,","start":7638.95,"end":7639.35},{"text":"to","start":7639.35,"end":7639.47},{"text":"be","start":7639.47,"end":7639.67},{"text":"followed","start":7639.67,"end":7639.91},{"text":"by","start":7639.91,"end":7640.07},{"text":"Switzerland","start":7640.07,"end":7640.63},{"text":"and","start":7640.63,"end":7640.79},{"text":"Italy.","start":7640.79,"end":7641.27}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of 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paragraph 39, we would like to see it retained as it is for reasons that were very well explained by other delegations, I think Pakistan, ICRC, Brazil, New Zealand, among 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can also consider the change proposed by New Zealand on the issue of substantial impact.","start":7668.83,"end":7673.63,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7668.83,"end":7668.95},{"text":"can","start":7668.95,"end":7669.07},{"text":"also","start":7669.07,"end":7669.23},{"text":"consider","start":7669.23,"end":7669.63},{"text":"the","start":7669.63,"end":7669.79},{"text":"change","start":7669.79,"end":7670.11},{"text":"proposed","start":7670.11,"end":7670.51},{"text":"by","start":7670.51,"end":7670.67},{"text":"New","start":7670.67,"end":7670.83},{"text":"Zealand","start":7670.83,"end":7671.39},{"text":"on","start":7671.39,"end":7671.63},{"text":"the","start":7671.63,"end":7671.75},{"text":"issue","start":7671.75,"end":7672.19},{"text":"of","start":7672.19,"end":7672.43},{"text":"substantial","start":7672.43,"end":7673.07},{"text":"impact.","start":7673.07,"end":7673.63}]},{"text":"On paragraph 40, we like very much the formulation that was proposed by ICRC to amend this 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A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national 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on my list is Switzerland to be followed by Italy, Sweden and Austria.","start":7767.75,"end":7773.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":7767.75,"end":7768.07},{"text":"on","start":7768.07,"end":7768.15},{"text":"my","start":7768.15,"end":7768.39},{"text":"list","start":7768.39,"end":7768.63},{"text":"is","start":7768.63,"end":7768.87},{"text":"Switzerland","start":7769.03,"end":7769.71},{"text":"to","start":7769.71,"end":7769.79},{"text":"be","start":7769.79,"end":7770.15},{"text":"followed","start":7770.15,"end":7770.71},{"text":"by","start":7770.71,"end":7771.03},{"text":"Italy,","start":7771.03,"end":7771.59},{"text":"Sweden","start":7771.59,"end":7772.23},{"text":"and","start":7772.31,"end":7772.55},{"text":"Austria.","start":7772.55,"end":7773.11}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of 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floor.","start":7776.91,"end":7777.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":7776.91,"end":7776.99},{"text":"have","start":7776.99,"end":7777.19},{"text":"the","start":7777.19,"end":7777.27},{"text":"floor.","start":7777.27,"end":7777.59}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":45,"start":7779.67,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=7780","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Mr. Chair, for giving me the floor.","start":7779.67,"end":7781.59,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":7779.67,"end":7779.91},{"text":"you,","start":7779.91,"end":7779.99},{"text":"Mr.","start":7779.99,"end":7780.23},{"text":"Chair,","start":7780.23,"end":7780.47},{"text":"for","start":7780.47,"end":7780.67},{"text":"giving","start":7780.67,"end":7780.91},{"text":"me","start":7780.91,"end":7781.03},{"text":"the","start":7781.03,"end":7781.15},{"text":"floor.","start":7781.15,"end":7781.59}]},{"text":"Switzerland would like to briefly share some considerations regarding the following paragraphs that have been questioned by some delegations on Paris 30, 31 and 33.","start":7783.03,"end":7795.83,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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Together with the CHAPO, we are very close to Guiding Principle E, which is now adapted to specifically address laws.","start":7820.15,"end":7839.75,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":7820.15,"end":7820.35},{"text":"paragraph","start":7820.35,"end":7820.87},{"text":"39,","start":7820.91,"end":7822.43},{"text":"We","start":7823.11,"end":7823.27},{"text":"support","start":7823.27,"end":7823.71},{"text":"the","start":7823.71,"end":7823.83},{"text":"proposed","start":7823.83,"end":7824.39},{"text":"amendments","start":7824.71,"end":7825.59},{"text":"and","start":7825.59,"end":7825.79},{"text":"the","start":7825.79,"end":7825.87},{"text":"alignment","start":7825.87,"end":7826.31},{"text":"with","start":7826.31,"end":7826.51},{"text":"the","start":7826.51,"end":7826.59},{"text":"text","start":7826.59,"end":7826.95},{"text":"of","start":7826.95,"end":7827.03},{"text":"Article","start":7827.03,"end":7827.51},{"text":"36","start":7827.51,"end":7828.19},{"text":"of","start":7828.19,"end":7828.31},{"text":"Additional","start":7828.31,"end":7828.79},{"text":"Protocol","start":7828.79,"end":7829.51},{"text":"I.","start":7829.51,"end":7829.55},{"text":"Together","start":7829.55,"end":7829.95},{"text":"with","start":7831.07,"end":7831.31},{"text":"the","start":7831.31,"end":7831.39},{"text":"CHAPO,","start":7831.39,"end":7832.15},{"text":"we","start":7832.15,"end":7832.47},{"text":"are","start":7832.47,"end":7832.71},{"text":"very","start":7832.95,"end":7833.35},{"text":"close","start":7833.35,"end":7833.67},{"text":"to","start":7833.67,"end":7833.79},{"text":"Guiding","start":7833.83,"end":7834.23},{"text":"Principle","start":7834.23,"end":7834.87},{"text":"E,","start":7834.87,"end":7835.35},{"text":"which","start":7835.35,"end":7835.67},{"text":"is","start":7835.67,"end":7835.91},{"text":"now","start":7835.91,"end":7836.23},{"text":"adapted","start":7836.79,"end":7837.35},{"text":"to","start":7837.35,"end":7837.51},{"text":"specifically","start":7837.51,"end":7838.39},{"text":"address","start":7838.39,"end":7839.03},{"text":"laws.","start":7839.03,"end":7839.75}]},{"text":"Switzerland cannot support proposals to delete paragraph B. In our view, the further development of or modifications to existing weapon systems is not explicitly covered in paragraph A, which is why we consider the addition of paragraph B necessary for the same reasons highlighted by the delegation of Pakistan and others.","start":7841.11,"end":7865.87,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"Switzerland","start":7841.11,"end":7841.67},{"text":"cannot","start":7841.67,"end":7842.07},{"text":"support","start":7842.07,"end":7842.55},{"text":"proposals","start":7842.55,"end":7843.19},{"text":"to","start":7843.19,"end":7843.35},{"text":"delete","start":7843.35,"end":7843.75},{"text":"paragraph","start":7843.75,"end":7844.39},{"text":"B.","start":7845.03,"end":7845.51},{"text":"In","start":7845.91,"end":7846.15},{"text":"our","start":7846.15,"end":7846.27},{"text":"view,","start":7846.31,"end":7846.71},{"text":"the","start":7846.79,"end":7847.03},{"text":"further","start":7847.03,"end":7847.47},{"text":"development","start":7847.47,"end":7848.15},{"text":"of","start":7848.15,"end":7848.63},{"text":"or","start":7848.71,"end":7849.19},{"text":"modifications","start":7849.27,"end":7850.23},{"text":"to","start":7850.23,"end":7850.47},{"text":"existing","start":7850.47,"end":7851.11},{"text":"weapon","start":7851.11,"end":7851.43},{"text":"systems","start":7851.43,"end":7852.15},{"text":"is","start":7852.59,"end":7852.83},{"text":"not","start":7852.83,"end":7853.55},{"text":"explicitly","start":7853.71,"end":7855.47},{"text":"covered","start":7855.47,"end":7855.87},{"text":"in","start":7855.87,"end":7856.03},{"text":"paragraph","start":7856.03,"end":7856.59},{"text":"A,","start":7857.23,"end":7857.27},{"text":"which","start":7857.27,"end":7857.63},{"text":"is","start":7857.63,"end":7857.71},{"text":"why","start":7857.71,"end":7858.03},{"text":"we","start":7858.03,"end":7858.19},{"text":"consider","start":7858.19,"end":7858.87},{"text":"the","start":7858.87,"end":7858.95},{"text":"addition","start":7858.95,"end":7859.55},{"text":"of","start":7859.55,"end":7859.63},{"text":"paragraph","start":7859.63,"end":7860.11},{"text":"B","start":7860.11,"end":7860.35},{"text":"necessary","start":7860.35,"end":7861.15},{"text":"for","start":7861.47,"end":7861.71},{"text":"the","start":7861.71,"end":7861.79},{"text":"same","start":7861.79,"end":7862.11},{"text":"reasons","start":7862.11,"end":7862.63},{"text":"highlighted","start":7862.63,"end":7863.23},{"text":"by","start":7863.23,"end":7863.39},{"text":"the","start":7863.39,"end":7863.51},{"text":"delegation","start":7863.51,"end":7864.11},{"text":"of","start":7864.11,"end":7864.19},{"text":"Pakistan","start":7864.19,"end":7864.91},{"text":"and","start":7864.91,"end":7865.15},{"text":"others.","start":7865.23,"end":7865.87}]},{"text":"On paragraph 43, we support the proposed wording as it partially reflects Guiding Principle B and thus builds on language and principles that have already been agreed upon.","start":7867.35,"end":7881.87,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":7867.35,"end":7867.47},{"text":"paragraph","start":7867.47,"end":7868.15},{"text":"43,","start":7868.15,"end":7869.15},{"text":"we","start":7870.11,"end":7870.27},{"text":"support","start":7870.27,"end":7870.83},{"text":"the","start":7871.23,"end":7871.39},{"text":"proposed","start":7871.39,"end":7872.23},{"text":"wording","start":7872.23,"end":7872.67},{"text":"as","start":7872.67,"end":7872.91},{"text":"it","start":7872.91,"end":7873.03},{"text":"partially","start":7873.03,"end":7873.63},{"text":"reflects","start":7873.63,"end":7874.27},{"text":"Guiding","start":7875.11,"end":7875.47},{"text":"Principle","start":7875.47,"end":7876.11},{"text":"B","start":7876.11,"end":7876.51},{"text":"and","start":7876.51,"end":7876.79},{"text":"thus","start":7876.79,"end":7877.07},{"text":"builds","start":7877.07,"end":7877.55},{"text":"on","start":7877.55,"end":7877.71},{"text":"language","start":7877.71,"end":7878.23},{"text":"and","start":7878.23,"end":7878.39},{"text":"principles","start":7878.39,"end":7879.15},{"text":"that","start":7879.47,"end":7879.71},{"text":"have","start":7879.71,"end":7879.87},{"text":"already","start":7879.87,"end":7880.27},{"text":"been","start":7880.27,"end":7880.59},{"text":"agreed","start":7880.75,"end":7881.23},{"text":"upon.","start":7881.31,"end":7881.87}]},{"text":"Paragraph 44, we appreciate that the wording remains close to the guiding principle D and consider that it reflects general IHL principles and regarding principles regarding responsibility of the chain of human command and control.","start":7883.35,"end":7900.71,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly emphasized that human judgment and control must remain central to the use of autonomous weapon systems. The discussion focused on ensuring that users understand system functions and limits well enough to make lawful decisions about use of force."}],"words":[{"text":"Paragraph","start":7883.35,"end":7883.87},{"text":"44,","start":7883.87,"end":7884.55},{"text":"we","start":7884.63,"end":7884.91},{"text":"appreciate","start":7884.91,"end":7885.67},{"text":"that","start":7885.91,"end":7886.11},{"text":"the","start":7886.11,"end":7886.23},{"text":"wording","start":7886.23,"end":7886.63},{"text":"remains","start":7886.63,"end":7887.15},{"text":"close","start":7887.15,"end":7887.51},{"text":"to","start":7887.51,"end":7887.67},{"text":"the","start":7887.67,"end":7887.75},{"text":"guiding","start":7887.75,"end":7888.15},{"text":"principle","start":7888.15,"end":7888.71},{"text":"D","start":7888.71,"end":7889.19},{"text":"and","start":7889.35,"end":7889.63},{"text":"consider","start":7889.63,"end":7890.23},{"text":"that","start":7890.55,"end":7890.95},{"text":"it","start":7890.95,"end":7891.43},{"text":"reflects","start":7891.91,"end":7892.55},{"text":"general","start":7892.55,"end":7893.03},{"text":"IHL","start":7893.03,"end":7893.51},{"text":"principles","start":7893.51,"end":7894.31},{"text":"and","start":7894.31,"end":7894.51},{"text":"regarding","start":7894.51,"end":7895.19},{"text":"principles","start":7896.31,"end":7896.79},{"text":"regarding","start":7896.79,"end":7897.43},{"text":"responsibility","start":7897.43,"end":7898.31},{"text":"of","start":7898.31,"end":7898.39},{"text":"the","start":7898.39,"end":7898.55},{"text":"chain","start":7898.55,"end":7898.83},{"text":"of","start":7898.83,"end":7898.91},{"text":"human","start":7898.91,"end":7899.27},{"text":"command","start":7899.27,"end":7899.75},{"text":"and","start":7899.83,"end":7900.03},{"text":"control.","start":7900.03,"end":7900.71}]},{"text":"We would, however, recommend staying closer to the wording of guiding principle D, in particular that accountability must be ensured in accordance with applicable international law, not just IHL.","start":7901.27,"end":7915.39,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. 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Chair.","start":7981.11,"end":7981.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":7981.11,"end":7981.19},{"text":"thank","start":7981.19,"end":7981.43},{"text":"you,","start":7981.43,"end":7981.51},{"text":"Mr.","start":7981.51,"end":7981.79},{"text":"Chair.","start":7981.79,"end":7981.99}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"CHE","affiliation_full":"Switzerland","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":46,"start":7983.63,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=7984","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"And I would like to thank the distinguished representative of Switzerland for sharing the views of his 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delegations.","start":7990.35,"end":7993.15,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"reacting","start":7990.35,"end":7990.83},{"text":"to","start":7990.83,"end":7990.91},{"text":"proposals","start":7990.91,"end":7991.55},{"text":"made","start":7991.55,"end":7991.79},{"text":"by","start":7991.79,"end":7992.07},{"text":"other","start":7992.07,"end":7992.23},{"text":"delegations.","start":7992.23,"end":7993.15}]},{"text":"We have still 13 requests for the floor.","start":7993.15,"end":7997.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":7993.15,"end":7994.27},{"text":"have","start":7994.27,"end":7994.83},{"text":"still","start":7994.83,"end":7995.39},{"text":"13","start":7995.39,"end":7996.27},{"text":"requests","start":7996.27,"end":7996.75},{"text":"for","start":7996.75,"end":7996.87},{"text":"the","start":7996.87,"end":7996.95},{"text":"floor.","start":7996.95,"end":7997.31}]},{"text":"Let me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Italy, to be followed by Sweden.","start":7999.87,"end":8004.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":7999.87,"end":7999.99},{"text":"me","start":7999.99,"end":8000.11},{"text":"now","start":8000.11,"end":8000.35},{"text":"pass","start":8000.35,"end":8000.79},{"text":"the","start":8000.79,"end":8000.87},{"text":"floor","start":8000.87,"end":8001.15},{"text":"to","start":8001.15,"end":8001.27},{"text":"the","start":8001.27,"end":8001.35},{"text":"distinguished","start":8001.35,"end":8001.83},{"text":"representative","start":8001.83,"end":8002.43},{"text":"of","start":8002.43,"end":8002.59},{"text":"Italy,","start":8002.59,"end":8003.07},{"text":"to","start":8003.07,"end":8003.19},{"text":"be","start":8003.19,"end":8003.31},{"text":"followed","start":8003.31,"end":8003.63},{"text":"by","start":8003.63,"end":8003.75},{"text":"Sweden.","start":8003.75,"end":8004.19}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":47,"start":8007.79,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=8008","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair, for giving me the floor and allowing me to comment on these paragraphs.","start":8007.79,"end":8013.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8007.79,"end":8007.99},{"text":"you,","start":8007.99,"end":8008.11},{"text":"Chair,","start":8008.11,"end":8008.43},{"text":"for","start":8008.43,"end":8008.99},{"text":"giving","start":8009.07,"end":8009.35},{"text":"me","start":8009.35,"end":8009.47},{"text":"the","start":8009.47,"end":8009.63},{"text":"floor","start":8009.63,"end":8010.27},{"text":"and","start":8010.35,"end":8010.83},{"text":"allowing","start":8010.83,"end":8011.51},{"text":"me","start":8011.51,"end":8011.75},{"text":"to","start":8011.75,"end":8011.95},{"text":"comment","start":8011.95,"end":8012.43},{"text":"on","start":8012.43,"end":8012.59},{"text":"these","start":8012.59,"end":8012.91},{"text":"paragraphs.","start":8012.91,"end":8013.79}]},{"text":"With regard to part 39, we support the current formulation, which emphasizes the need to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law through legal review mechanisms applied throughout the entire life cycle of lethal autonomous weapon systems, including in the event of any significant changes affecting their core functions.","start":8014.39,"end":8042.39,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"With","start":8014.39,"end":8014.55},{"text":"regard","start":8014.55,"end":8014.91},{"text":"to","start":8014.91,"end":8015.35},{"text":"part","start":8015.35,"end":8015.71},{"text":"39,","start":8015.71,"end":8016.71},{"text":"we","start":8016.95,"end":8017.35},{"text":"support","start":8017.35,"end":8018.07},{"text":"the","start":8018.07,"end":8018.39},{"text":"current","start":8018.39,"end":8019.11},{"text":"formulation,","start":8019.27,"end":8020.31},{"text":"which","start":8020.55,"end":8020.95},{"text":"emphasizes","start":8020.95,"end":8021.83},{"text":"the","start":8021.83,"end":8021.91},{"text":"need","start":8021.91,"end":8022.23},{"text":"to","start":8022.23,"end":8022.55},{"text":"ensure","start":8022.55,"end":8023.03},{"text":"compliance","start":8023.03,"end":8023.91},{"text":"with","start":8023.91,"end":8024.19},{"text":"international","start":8024.47,"end":8025.35},{"text":"humanitarian","start":8025.35,"end":8026.03},{"text":"law","start":8026.03,"end":8026.55},{"text":"through","start":8026.99,"end":8027.27},{"text":"legal","start":8027.27,"end":8027.67},{"text":"review","start":8027.67,"end":8028.31},{"text":"mechanisms","start":8028.31,"end":8029.35},{"text":"applied","start":8029.43,"end":8030.35},{"text":"throughout","start":8030.35,"end":8030.75},{"text":"the","start":8030.79,"end":8030.91},{"text":"entire","start":8030.91,"end":8031.59},{"text":"life","start":8031.59,"end":8031.91},{"text":"cycle","start":8031.91,"end":8032.71},{"text":"of","start":8032.71,"end":8032.83},{"text":"lethal","start":8032.83,"end":8033.39},{"text":"autonomous","start":8033.39,"end":8033.91},{"text":"weapon","start":8033.91,"end":8034.31},{"text":"systems,","start":8034.31,"end":8035.03},{"text":"including","start":8035.43,"end":8036.23},{"text":"in","start":8036.23,"end":8036.47},{"text":"the","start":8036.55,"end":8036.63},{"text":"event","start":8036.67,"end":8037.27},{"text":"of","start":8037.27,"end":8037.51},{"text":"any","start":8037.51,"end":8037.83},{"text":"significant","start":8037.83,"end":8038.75},{"text":"changes","start":8038.75,"end":8039.59},{"text":"affecting","start":8039.87,"end":8040.55},{"text":"their","start":8040.55,"end":8040.95},{"text":"core","start":8040.95,"end":8041.35},{"text":"functions.","start":8041.35,"end":8042.39}]},{"text":"With regard to paragraph 40a, we remain flexible.","start":8042.91,"end":8049.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":8042.91,"end":8043.15},{"text":"regard","start":8043.15,"end":8043.79},{"text":"to","start":8043.79,"end":8044.51},{"text":"paragraph","start":8044.75,"end":8045.67},{"text":"40a,","start":8045.67,"end":8046.75},{"text":"we","start":8047.31,"end":8047.95},{"text":"remain","start":8047.95,"end":8048.27},{"text":"flexible.","start":8048.27,"end":8049.07}]},{"text":"We support the new formulation while remaining open to possible simplification of the text.","start":8049.55,"end":8057.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8049.55,"end":8050.03},{"text":"support","start":8050.03,"end":8050.67},{"text":"the","start":8050.67,"end":8050.83},{"text":"new","start":8050.83,"end":8051.07},{"text":"formulation","start":8051.07,"end":8052.11},{"text":"while","start":8052.35,"end":8052.75},{"text":"remaining","start":8052.75,"end":8053.47},{"text":"open","start":8053.47,"end":8054.11},{"text":"to","start":8054.11,"end":8054.43},{"text":"possible","start":8054.43,"end":8055.31},{"text":"simplification","start":8055.31,"end":8056.59},{"text":"of","start":8056.59,"end":8056.75},{"text":"the","start":8056.75,"end":8056.87},{"text":"text.","start":8056.87,"end":8057.55}]},{"text":"At the same time, we consider it necessary to retain the reference to testing and evaluation, including simulations reflecting the operational environment, prior to employment.","start":8058.11,"end":8073.11,"topics":[{"key":"testing-simulations","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Realistic Simulations","description":"A major topic was the need to test and evaluate systems, including through simulations that reflect expected operational conditions. 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Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":8100.15,"end":8100.31},{"text":"our","start":8100.31,"end":8100.55},{"text":"view,","start":8100.55,"end":8101.03},{"text":"traceability","start":8101.03,"end":8102.23},{"text":"and","start":8102.23,"end":8102.59},{"text":"explainability","start":8102.59,"end":8103.75},{"text":"are","start":8103.75,"end":8104.31},{"text":"important","start":8104.39,"end":8105.15},{"text":"safeguards","start":8105.15,"end":8105.99},{"text":"for","start":8106.47,"end":8106.91},{"text":"ensuring","start":8106.91,"end":8107.75},{"text":"responsible","start":8107.75,"end":8108.63},{"text":"use","start":8108.63,"end":8109.11},{"text":"and","start":8109.11,"end":8109.35},{"text":"accountability","start":8109.35,"end":8110.39},{"text":"and","start":8110.63,"end":8110.87},{"text":"for","start":8110.87,"end":8111.19},{"text":"preventing","start":8111.19,"end":8112.19},{"text":"unintended","start":8112.51,"end":8113.43},{"text":"engagements.","start":8113.71,"end":8114.71}]},{"text":"In addition, understanding how an autonomous system operates and reaches an outcome helps those responsible for its development and use to identify potential biases, assess their implications, and take appropriate measures to prevent and mitigate them.","start":8115.19,"end":8135.51,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Discrimination Risks","description":"Multiple speakers addressed unintended bias, including dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and automation bias in human-machine interaction. 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The debate covered how bias can increase risks to civilians and reinforce discrimination, and what measures states should take to prevent or mitigate such harms."}],"words":[{"text":"Furthermore,","start":8136.15,"end":8137.11},{"text":"explainability","start":8137.19,"end":8138.39},{"text":"is","start":8138.39,"end":8138.71},{"text":"necessary","start":8138.71,"end":8139.59},{"text":"to","start":8139.59,"end":8139.79},{"text":"mitigate","start":8139.79,"end":8140.55},{"text":"unintended","start":8140.55,"end":8141.43},{"text":"biases.","start":8141.43,"end":8142.23}]},{"text":"We recognize that these terms and the related legal considerations are understood differently and do not command consensus in the room.","start":8142.91,"end":8154.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8142.91,"end":8143.47},{"text":"recognize","start":8143.47,"end":8144.27},{"text":"that","start":8144.27,"end":8144.75},{"text":"these","start":8144.75,"end":8145.07},{"text":"terms","start":8145.07,"end":8145.71},{"text":"and","start":8145.71,"end":8146.19},{"text":"the","start":8146.19,"end":8146.27},{"text":"related","start":8146.27,"end":8146.91},{"text":"legal","start":8146.91,"end":8147.31},{"text":"considerations","start":8147.31,"end":8148.51},{"text":"are","start":8148.51,"end":8148.99},{"text":"understood","start":8148.99,"end":8149.67},{"text":"differently","start":8149.67,"end":8150.43},{"text":"and","start":8150.67,"end":8151.15},{"text":"do","start":8151.39,"end":8151.63},{"text":"not","start":8151.63,"end":8152.27},{"text":"command","start":8152.59,"end":8153.07},{"text":"consensus","start":8153.07,"end":8154.11},{"text":"in","start":8154.11,"end":8154.31},{"text":"the","start":8154.31,"end":8154.43},{"text":"room.","start":8154.43,"end":8154.91}]},{"text":"Nevertheless, we remain flexible and ready to work towards a formulation acceptable for all delegations.","start":8155.39,"end":8162.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Nevertheless,","start":8155.39,"end":8156.19},{"text":"we","start":8156.19,"end":8156.35},{"text":"remain","start":8156.35,"end":8156.75},{"text":"flexible","start":8156.75,"end":8157.47},{"text":"and","start":8157.71,"end":8157.91},{"text":"ready","start":8157.91,"end":8158.19},{"text":"to","start":8158.19,"end":8158.31},{"text":"work","start":8158.31,"end":8158.75},{"text":"towards","start":8158.75,"end":8159.23},{"text":"a","start":8159.23,"end":8159.31},{"text":"formulation","start":8159.39,"end":8160.43},{"text":"acceptable","start":8160.43,"end":8161.39},{"text":"for","start":8161.55,"end":8161.83},{"text":"all","start":8161.83,"end":8162.03},{"text":"delegations.","start":8162.03,"end":8162.99}]},{"text":"And I thank you, Chair.","start":8163.15,"end":8164.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8163.15,"end":8163.35},{"text":"I","start":8163.35,"end":8163.39},{"text":"thank","start":8163.39,"end":8163.67},{"text":"you,","start":8163.67,"end":8163.75},{"text":"Chair.","start":8163.75,"end":8164.11}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":"ITA","affiliation_full":"Italy","group":null,"function":"Representative"}},{"statement_number":48,"start":8165.91,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=8166","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Let me thank the distinguished representative of Italy for commenting on the text and reacting to remarks by 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followed by Austria.","start":8172.15,"end":8175.23,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":8172.15,"end":8172.43},{"text":"on","start":8172.43,"end":8172.51},{"text":"my","start":8172.51,"end":8172.63},{"text":"list","start":8172.67,"end":8172.87},{"text":"is","start":8172.87,"end":8172.99},{"text":"Sweden,","start":8172.99,"end":8173.67},{"text":"to","start":8173.67,"end":8173.83},{"text":"be","start":8173.83,"end":8173.99},{"text":"followed","start":8173.99,"end":8174.39},{"text":"by","start":8174.39,"end":8174.63},{"text":"Austria.","start":8174.63,"end":8175.23}]},{"text":"Let me now pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Sweden.","start":8175.27,"end":8178.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Let","start":8175.27,"end":8175.51},{"text":"me","start":8175.51,"end":8175.63},{"text":"now","start":8175.63,"end":8175.71},{"text":"pass","start":8175.71,"end":8176.11},{"text":"the","start":8176.11,"end":8176.23},{"text":"floor","start":8176.23,"end":8176.51},{"text":"to","start":8176.51,"end":8176.63},{"text":"the","start":8176.63,"end":8176.79},{"text":"distinguished","start":8177.19,"end":8177.75},{"text":"representative","start":8177.75,"end":8178.47},{"text":"of","start":8178.47,"end":8178.63},{"text":"Sweden.","start":8178.63,"end":8178.99}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":49,"start":8179.99,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=8180","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you very much, Chair.","start":8179.99,"end":8181.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8179.99,"end":8180.15},{"text":"you","start":8180.15,"end":8180.23},{"text":"very","start":8180.23,"end":8180.39},{"text":"much,","start":8180.39,"end":8180.75},{"text":"Chair.","start":8180.75,"end":8181.03}]},{"text":"Sweden appreciates and supports many of the changes made in the additional suggestions.","start":8181.75,"end":8186.87,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Sweden","start":8181.75,"end":8182.31},{"text":"appreciates","start":8182.31,"end":8183.19},{"text":"and","start":8183.19,"end":8183.31},{"text":"supports","start":8183.31,"end":8183.75},{"text":"many","start":8183.75,"end":8184.07},{"text":"of","start":8184.07,"end":8184.15},{"text":"the","start":8184.15,"end":8184.23},{"text":"changes","start":8184.23,"end":8184.79},{"text":"made","start":8184.79,"end":8185.07},{"text":"in","start":8185.07,"end":8185.19},{"text":"the","start":8185.19,"end":8185.31},{"text":"additional","start":8185.35,"end":8185.91},{"text":"suggestions.","start":8185.91,"end":8186.87}]},{"text":"We are also open to reformulations, provided that they do not significantly change the scope and the substance of these elements.","start":8187.43,"end":8195.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8187.43,"end":8187.59},{"text":"are","start":8187.59,"end":8187.75},{"text":"also","start":8187.75,"end":8188.07},{"text":"open","start":8188.15,"end":8188.55},{"text":"to","start":8188.55,"end":8188.75},{"text":"reformulations,","start":8188.75,"end":8190.07},{"text":"provided","start":8190.39,"end":8190.91},{"text":"that","start":8190.91,"end":8191.11},{"text":"they","start":8191.11,"end":8191.27},{"text":"do","start":8191.27,"end":8191.43},{"text":"not","start":8191.43,"end":8191.67},{"text":"significantly","start":8191.67,"end":8192.55},{"text":"change","start":8192.55,"end":8192.95},{"text":"the","start":8192.95,"end":8193.11},{"text":"scope","start":8193.11,"end":8193.55},{"text":"and","start":8193.55,"end":8193.67},{"text":"the","start":8193.67,"end":8193.75},{"text":"substance","start":8193.75,"end":8194.43},{"text":"of","start":8194.43,"end":8194.51},{"text":"these","start":8194.51,"end":8194.79},{"text":"elements.","start":8194.79,"end":8195.43}]},{"text":"Generally, we prefer text that remains close to existing international law, reflects how it relates to laws and ensures that existing international law is not undermined.","start":8196.31,"end":8206.63,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Generally,","start":8196.31,"end":8197.03},{"text":"we","start":8197.03,"end":8197.27},{"text":"prefer","start":8197.27,"end":8197.67},{"text":"text","start":8197.67,"end":8197.99},{"text":"that","start":8197.99,"end":8198.15},{"text":"remains","start":8198.15,"end":8198.55},{"text":"close","start":8198.55,"end":8199.03},{"text":"to","start":8199.03,"end":8199.35},{"text":"existing","start":8199.35,"end":8199.91},{"text":"international","start":8199.91,"end":8200.79},{"text":"law,","start":8200.79,"end":8200.87},{"text":"reflects","start":8201.03,"end":8201.59},{"text":"how","start":8201.59,"end":8201.83},{"text":"it","start":8201.83,"end":8202.07},{"text":"relates","start":8202.07,"end":8202.47},{"text":"to","start":8202.47,"end":8202.63},{"text":"laws","start":8202.63,"end":8203.11},{"text":"and","start":8203.59,"end":8203.91},{"text":"ensures","start":8203.91,"end":8204.31},{"text":"that","start":8204.31,"end":8204.47},{"text":"existing","start":8204.47,"end":8204.99},{"text":"international","start":8204.99,"end":8205.55},{"text":"law","start":8205.55,"end":8205.67},{"text":"is","start":8205.67,"end":8205.83},{"text":"not","start":8205.83,"end":8205.99},{"text":"undermined.","start":8205.99,"end":8206.63}]},{"text":"As regards paragraph 34, we support the aim to prevent manufacture and proliferation of laws that are incapable of being used in line with international law.","start":8207.75,"end":8217.15,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8207.75,"end":8207.95},{"text":"regards","start":8207.95,"end":8208.63},{"text":"paragraph","start":8208.63,"end":8209.27},{"text":"34,","start":8209.27,"end":8210.07},{"text":"we","start":8210.07,"end":8210.23},{"text":"support","start":8210.23,"end":8210.63},{"text":"the","start":8210.63,"end":8210.75},{"text":"aim","start":8210.75,"end":8211.03},{"text":"to","start":8211.03,"end":8211.23},{"text":"prevent","start":8211.23,"end":8211.83},{"text":"manufacture","start":8211.83,"end":8212.67},{"text":"and","start":8212.67,"end":8212.79},{"text":"proliferation","start":8212.79,"end":8213.55},{"text":"of","start":8213.55,"end":8213.67},{"text":"laws","start":8213.67,"end":8214.07},{"text":"that","start":8214.07,"end":8214.23},{"text":"are","start":8214.23,"end":8214.31},{"text":"incapable","start":8214.31,"end":8214.87},{"text":"of","start":8214.87,"end":8214.95},{"text":"being","start":8214.95,"end":8215.27},{"text":"used","start":8215.27,"end":8215.63},{"text":"in","start":8215.63,"end":8215.75},{"text":"line","start":8215.75,"end":8216.07},{"text":"with","start":8216.07,"end":8216.23},{"text":"international","start":8216.23,"end":8217.07},{"text":"law.","start":8217.07,"end":8217.15}]},{"text":"However, similar to France and as we have previously stated, The current formulation of paragraph 34 causes us some concern.","start":8217.99,"end":8227.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"However,","start":8217.99,"end":8218.63},{"text":"similar","start":8218.63,"end":8219.11},{"text":"to","start":8219.11,"end":8219.23},{"text":"France","start":8219.27,"end":8219.99},{"text":"and","start":8220.07,"end":8220.31},{"text":"as","start":8220.31,"end":8220.55},{"text":"we","start":8220.55,"end":8220.63},{"text":"have","start":8220.63,"end":8220.79},{"text":"previously","start":8220.79,"end":8221.39},{"text":"stated,","start":8221.39,"end":8221.99},{"text":"The","start":8222.43,"end":8222.59},{"text":"current","start":8222.59,"end":8222.91},{"text":"formulation","start":8222.91,"end":8223.63},{"text":"of","start":8223.63,"end":8223.79},{"text":"paragraph","start":8223.79,"end":8224.59},{"text":"34","start":8224.75,"end":8225.55},{"text":"causes","start":8225.55,"end":8226.03},{"text":"us","start":8226.03,"end":8226.55},{"text":"some","start":8226.55,"end":8226.71},{"text":"concern.","start":8226.71,"end":8227.47}]},{"text":"We reiterate that this paragraph must not be understood as preventing the potential need to be able to deal with such systems in smaller quantities and for legitimate purposes.","start":8228.19,"end":8239.23,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8228.19,"end":8228.59},{"text":"reiterate","start":8228.59,"end":8229.35},{"text":"that","start":8229.35,"end":8229.51},{"text":"this","start":8229.51,"end":8229.71},{"text":"paragraph","start":8229.71,"end":8230.35},{"text":"must","start":8230.35,"end":8230.63},{"text":"not","start":8230.63,"end":8230.99},{"text":"be","start":8230.99,"end":8231.11},{"text":"understood","start":8231.11,"end":8231.71},{"text":"as","start":8231.71,"end":8231.87},{"text":"preventing","start":8231.87,"end":8232.51},{"text":"the","start":8232.51,"end":8232.59},{"text":"potential","start":8232.59,"end":8233.23},{"text":"need","start":8233.23,"end":8233.55},{"text":"to","start":8233.55,"end":8233.71},{"text":"be","start":8233.71,"end":8233.87},{"text":"able","start":8233.87,"end":8234.19},{"text":"to","start":8234.19,"end":8234.35},{"text":"deal","start":8234.35,"end":8234.67},{"text":"with","start":8234.67,"end":8234.83},{"text":"such","start":8234.83,"end":8235.23},{"text":"systems","start":8235.23,"end":8236.27},{"text":"in","start":8236.27,"end":8236.43},{"text":"smaller","start":8236.43,"end":8236.87},{"text":"quantities","start":8236.87,"end":8237.63},{"text":"and","start":8237.63,"end":8237.79},{"text":"for","start":8237.79,"end":8237.91},{"text":"legitimate","start":8237.91,"end":8238.47},{"text":"purposes.","start":8238.47,"end":8239.23}]},{"text":"For example, research for protective measures or accountability.","start":8239.95,"end":8243.79,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"For","start":8239.95,"end":8240.15},{"text":"example,","start":8240.15,"end":8240.83},{"text":"research","start":8240.91,"end":8241.63},{"text":"for","start":8241.63,"end":8241.79},{"text":"protective","start":8241.79,"end":8242.27},{"text":"measures","start":8242.27,"end":8242.75},{"text":"or","start":8242.75,"end":8242.95},{"text":"accountability.","start":8242.95,"end":8243.79}]},{"text":"Legal review is a key issue for Sweden and therefore we consider that para 39a is an essential part of the text.","start":8246.59,"end":8255.39,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"Legal","start":8246.59,"end":8246.87},{"text":"review","start":8246.87,"end":8247.47},{"text":"is","start":8247.47,"end":8247.63},{"text":"a","start":8247.71,"end":8247.75},{"text":"key","start":8247.75,"end":8248.03},{"text":"issue","start":8248.03,"end":8248.43},{"text":"for","start":8248.43,"end":8248.63},{"text":"Sweden","start":8248.63,"end":8249.23},{"text":"and","start":8249.59,"end":8249.71},{"text":"therefore","start":8249.71,"end":8250.27},{"text":"we","start":8250.27,"end":8250.43},{"text":"consider","start":8250.43,"end":8250.95},{"text":"that","start":8250.95,"end":8251.23},{"text":"para","start":8251.23,"end":8251.87},{"text":"39a","start":8252.43,"end":8253.39},{"text":"is","start":8253.39,"end":8253.59},{"text":"an","start":8253.59,"end":8253.71},{"text":"essential","start":8253.71,"end":8254.27},{"text":"part","start":8254.27,"end":8254.59},{"text":"of","start":8254.59,"end":8254.67},{"text":"the","start":8254.67,"end":8254.79},{"text":"text.","start":8254.79,"end":8255.39}]},{"text":"We welcome the changes made in paragraph 39a of the Chair's additional suggestions with the proposed insertion in the study development acquisition or adoption of laws.","start":8256.11,"end":8269.23,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. 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A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8270.43,"end":8270.91},{"text":"we","start":8271.07,"end":8271.23},{"text":"support","start":8271.23,"end":8271.71},{"text":"the","start":8271.71,"end":8271.79},{"text":"proposals","start":8271.79,"end":8272.51},{"text":"to","start":8272.51,"end":8272.67},{"text":"add","start":8272.67,"end":8272.91},{"text":"the","start":8272.91,"end":8273.03},{"text":"word","start":8273.03,"end":8273.31},{"text":"new.","start":8273.31,"end":8273.87}]},{"text":"As others have mentioned, this reflects language that this group has already found consensus on, both in the 2019 Guiding Principle E and in the 2023 report para 23.","start":8276.03,"end":8289.87,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8276.03,"end":8276.27},{"text":"others","start":8276.27,"end":8276.75},{"text":"have","start":8276.75,"end":8276.91},{"text":"mentioned,","start":8276.91,"end":8277.47},{"text":"this","start":8277.47,"end":8277.79},{"text":"reflects","start":8277.79,"end":8278.27},{"text":"language","start":8278.27,"end":8278.91},{"text":"that","start":8278.91,"end":8279.11},{"text":"this","start":8279.11,"end":8279.31},{"text":"group","start":8279.31,"end":8279.55},{"text":"has","start":8279.55,"end":8279.71},{"text":"already","start":8279.71,"end":8280.11},{"text":"found","start":8280.11,"end":8280.35},{"text":"consensus","start":8280.35,"end":8281.15},{"text":"on,","start":8281.15,"end":8281.47},{"text":"both","start":8281.55,"end":8281.87},{"text":"in","start":8281.87,"end":8282.07},{"text":"the","start":8282.07,"end":8282.19},{"text":"2019","start":8282.19,"end":8283.55},{"text":"Guiding","start":8283.95,"end":8284.27},{"text":"Principle","start":8284.27,"end":8284.91},{"text":"E","start":8284.91,"end":8285.39},{"text":"and","start":8285.99,"end":8286.19},{"text":"in","start":8286.19,"end":8286.35},{"text":"the","start":8286.35,"end":8286.47},{"text":"2023","start":8286.47,"end":8287.59},{"text":"report","start":8287.59,"end":8288.35},{"text":"para","start":8288.35,"end":8288.91},{"text":"23.","start":8289.07,"end":8289.87}]},{"text":"Notably, these formulations include both the word \"must\" and references to states obligations under international law.","start":8291.23,"end":8298.95,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. 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also support placing paragraph 48 at the end of the elements.","start":8343.11,"end":8347.35,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8343.11,"end":8343.27},{"text":"also","start":8343.27,"end":8343.55},{"text":"support","start":8343.55,"end":8343.99},{"text":"placing","start":8343.99,"end":8344.55},{"text":"paragraph","start":8344.55,"end":8344.99},{"text":"48","start":8344.99,"end":8345.67},{"text":"at","start":8345.67,"end":8345.75},{"text":"the","start":8345.75,"end":8345.95},{"text":"end","start":8345.95,"end":8346.23},{"text":"of","start":8346.23,"end":8346.39},{"text":"the","start":8346.39,"end":8346.55},{"text":"elements.","start":8346.71,"end":8347.35}]},{"text":"Thank 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ICRC has made an important general point that we would like to re-emphasize, that we see our work here in the fulfillment of our mandate, not only to repeat existing obligations of IHL, but also to clarify and further develop how IHL applies to autonomous weapon systems and their specific characteristics.","start":8381.47,"end":8400.83,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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of hard work have been invested by this group in doing this.","start":8401.23,"end":8404.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Years","start":8401.23,"end":8401.63},{"text":"of","start":8401.67,"end":8401.79},{"text":"hard","start":8401.79,"end":8402.15},{"text":"work","start":8402.15,"end":8402.43},{"text":"have","start":8402.43,"end":8402.59},{"text":"been","start":8402.59,"end":8402.75},{"text":"invested","start":8402.75,"end":8403.39},{"text":"by","start":8403.39,"end":8403.63},{"text":"this","start":8403.63,"end":8403.87},{"text":"group","start":8403.87,"end":8404.11},{"text":"in","start":8404.11,"end":8404.27},{"text":"doing","start":8404.27,"end":8404.59},{"text":"this.","start":8404.59,"end":8404.91}]},{"text":"Many comments and suggestions were made.","start":8406.23,"end":8408.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Many","start":8406.23,"end":8406.55},{"text":"comments","start":8406.55,"end":8407.03},{"text":"and","start":8407.03,"end":8407.15},{"text":"suggestions","start":8407.15,"end":8407.83},{"text":"were","start":8407.83,"end":8407.99},{"text":"made.","start":8407.99,"end":8408.39}]},{"text":"We will study part of them further and for the moment refer to some of 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enshrined in the basic principles of IHL.","start":8413.11,"end":8429.03,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8413.11,"end":8413.27},{"text":"heard","start":8413.27,"end":8413.51},{"text":"comments","start":8413.51,"end":8413.91},{"text":"on","start":8413.91,"end":8413.99},{"text":"the","start":8413.99,"end":8414.07},{"text":"prohibitions","start":8414.07,"end":8414.95},{"text":"in","start":8414.95,"end":8415.03},{"text":"para","start":8415.03,"end":8415.55},{"text":"32,","start":8415.83,"end":8417.03},{"text":"which","start":8417.03,"end":8417.27},{"text":"not","start":8417.27,"end":8417.51},{"text":"only","start":8417.51,"end":8417.83},{"text":"has","start":8417.83,"end":8417.99},{"text":"been","start":8417.99,"end":8418.23},{"text":"there","start":8418.23,"end":8418.47},{"text":"in","start":8418.47,"end":8418.55},{"text":"the","start":8418.55,"end":8418.67},{"text":"text","start":8418.67,"end":8419.03},{"text":"for","start":8419.03,"end":8419.19},{"text":"a","start":8419.19,"end":8419.23},{"text":"long","start":8419.23,"end":8419.43},{"text":"time,","start":8419.51,"end":8419.99},{"text":"not","start":8420.55,"end":8420.95},{"text":"put","start":8420.95,"end":8421.15},{"text":"into","start":8421.15,"end":8421.35},{"text":"question","start":8421.35,"end":8421.91},{"text":"by","start":8421.99,"end":8422.15},{"text":"any","start":8422.19,"end":8422.39},{"text":"delegation,","start":8422.39,"end":8423.03},{"text":"but","start":8423.03,"end":8423.27},{"text":"also","start":8423.27,"end":8423.59},{"text":"fully","start":8423.59,"end":8423.91},{"text":"reflects","start":8423.91,"end":8424.55},{"text":"existing","start":8424.55,"end":8425.19},{"text":"IHL","start":8425.19,"end":8425.55},{"text":"obligations","start":8425.55,"end":8426.39},{"text":"enshrined","start":8426.39,"end":8426.99},{"text":"in","start":8426.99,"end":8427.07},{"text":"the","start":8427.07,"end":8427.19},{"text":"basic","start":8427.19,"end":8427.51},{"text":"principles","start":8427.51,"end":8428.31},{"text":"of","start":8428.31,"end":8428.47},{"text":"IHL.","start":8428.47,"end":8429.03}]},{"text":"And it is hard for us to understand the concerns raised about this.","start":8429.43,"end":8432.79,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8429.43,"end":8429.63},{"text":"it","start":8429.63,"end":8429.71},{"text":"is","start":8429.71,"end":8429.87},{"text":"hard","start":8429.87,"end":8430.15},{"text":"for","start":8430.15,"end":8430.31},{"text":"us","start":8430.31,"end":8430.47},{"text":"to","start":8430.47,"end":8430.59},{"text":"understand","start":8430.59,"end":8431.07},{"text":"the","start":8431.07,"end":8431.19},{"text":"concerns","start":8431.19,"end":8431.75},{"text":"raised","start":8431.75,"end":8432.11},{"text":"about","start":8432.11,"end":8432.51},{"text":"this.","start":8432.51,"end":8432.79}]},{"text":"We attach great importance to this reference to remain as it is.","start":8433.47,"end":8437.07,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8433.47,"end":8433.71},{"text":"attach","start":8433.71,"end":8434.03},{"text":"great","start":8434.03,"end":8434.27},{"text":"importance","start":8434.27,"end":8434.83},{"text":"to","start":8434.83,"end":8434.95},{"text":"this","start":8434.95,"end":8435.15},{"text":"reference","start":8435.15,"end":8435.71},{"text":"to","start":8435.71,"end":8435.87},{"text":"remain","start":8435.87,"end":8436.39},{"text":"as","start":8436.39,"end":8436.51},{"text":"it","start":8436.51,"end":8436.67},{"text":"is.","start":8436.67,"end":8437.07}]},{"text":"We likewise attach great importance to the prohibitions in para 33 and 34.","start":8438.11,"end":8443.55,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8438.11,"end":8438.27},{"text":"likewise","start":8438.27,"end":8438.75},{"text":"attach","start":8438.75,"end":8439.15},{"text":"great","start":8439.15,"end":8439.35},{"text":"importance","start":8439.35,"end":8439.83},{"text":"to","start":8439.87,"end":8440.03},{"text":"the","start":8440.03,"end":8440.19},{"text":"prohibitions","start":8440.19,"end":8440.91},{"text":"in","start":8440.91,"end":8441.07},{"text":"para","start":8441.07,"end":8441.47},{"text":"33","start":8441.47,"end":8442.51},{"text":"and","start":8442.51,"end":8442.71},{"text":"34.","start":8442.71,"end":8443.55}]},{"text":"We would be prepared to look at technical language tweaks in para 33 if this helps.","start":8443.95,"end":8449.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8443.95,"end":8444.11},{"text":"would","start":8444.11,"end":8444.27},{"text":"be","start":8444.27,"end":8444.39},{"text":"prepared","start":8444.39,"end":8444.95},{"text":"to","start":8444.95,"end":8445.11},{"text":"look","start":8445.11,"end":8445.31},{"text":"at","start":8445.31,"end":8445.43},{"text":"technical","start":8445.43,"end":8445.99},{"text":"language","start":8445.99,"end":8446.35},{"text":"tweaks","start":8446.35,"end":8446.83},{"text":"in","start":8446.83,"end":8447.07},{"text":"para","start":8447.23,"end":8447.59},{"text":"33","start":8447.59,"end":8448.43},{"text":"if","start":8448.43,"end":8448.59},{"text":"this","start":8448.59,"end":8448.83},{"text":"helps.","start":8448.83,"end":8449.31}]},{"text":"And we see para 34 fully in line with para 39 and appreciate the paragraph following the logic of Article 36 that weapons systems that have been reviewed as not complying with IHL would not be acquired, stockpiled or transferred.","start":8450.27,"end":8466.11,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."},{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"And","start":8450.27,"end":8450.43},{"text":"we","start":8450.43,"end":8450.59},{"text":"see","start":8450.59,"end":8450.75},{"text":"para","start":8450.75,"end":8451.31},{"text":"34","start":8451.39,"end":8452.11},{"text":"fully","start":8452.11,"end":8452.47},{"text":"in","start":8452.47,"end":8452.59},{"text":"line","start":8452.59,"end":8453.07},{"text":"with","start":8453.07,"end":8453.27},{"text":"para","start":8453.27,"end":8453.63},{"text":"39","start":8453.63,"end":8454.59},{"text":"and","start":8454.59,"end":8454.83},{"text":"appreciate","start":8454.83,"end":8455.43},{"text":"the","start":8455.43,"end":8455.55},{"text":"paragraph","start":8455.55,"end":8456.35},{"text":"following","start":8456.59,"end":8457.15},{"text":"the","start":8457.15,"end":8457.27},{"text":"logic","start":8457.27,"end":8457.71},{"text":"of","start":8457.71,"end":8457.87},{"text":"Article","start":8457.87,"end":8458.35},{"text":"36","start":8458.35,"end":8458.99},{"text":"that","start":8458.99,"end":8459.23},{"text":"weapons","start":8459.23,"end":8459.59},{"text":"systems","start":8459.59,"end":8460.15},{"text":"that","start":8460.15,"end":8460.31},{"text":"have","start":8460.31,"end":8460.55},{"text":"been","start":8460.55,"end":8460.75},{"text":"reviewed","start":8460.75,"end":8461.31},{"text":"as","start":8461.55,"end":8461.71},{"text":"not","start":8461.71,"end":8461.95},{"text":"complying","start":8461.95,"end":8462.59},{"text":"with","start":8462.59,"end":8462.75},{"text":"IHL","start":8462.75,"end":8463.27},{"text":"would","start":8463.31,"end":8463.55},{"text":"not","start":8463.55,"end":8463.95},{"text":"be","start":8463.95,"end":8464.11},{"text":"acquired,","start":8464.11,"end":8464.63},{"text":"stockpiled","start":8464.63,"end":8465.23},{"text":"or","start":8465.23,"end":8465.39},{"text":"transferred.","start":8465.39,"end":8466.11}]},{"text":"That we assess also has the necessary exceptions included to accommodate the concerns raised about small quantities for testing.","start":8468.91,"end":8479.63,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."},{"key":"testing-simulations","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Realistic Simulations","description":"A major topic was the need to test and evaluate systems, including through simulations that reflect expected operational conditions. Speakers debated how realistic such simulations must be and how clearly the text should link testing to anticipated environments of use."}],"words":[{"text":"That","start":8468.91,"end":8469.39},{"text":"we","start":8470.11,"end":8470.43},{"text":"assess","start":8470.51,"end":8471.07},{"text":"also","start":8471.07,"end":8471.55},{"text":"has","start":8471.55,"end":8471.91},{"text":"the","start":8471.91,"end":8471.99},{"text":"necessary","start":8471.99,"end":8472.75},{"text":"exceptions","start":8472.75,"end":8473.71},{"text":"included","start":8473.71,"end":8474.35},{"text":"to","start":8474.35,"end":8474.55},{"text":"accommodate","start":8474.55,"end":8475.31},{"text":"the","start":8475.35,"end":8475.47},{"text":"concerns","start":8475.47,"end":8476.11},{"text":"raised","start":8476.11,"end":8476.59},{"text":"about","start":8476.59,"end":8476.99},{"text":"small","start":8476.99,"end":8477.39},{"text":"quantities","start":8477.39,"end":8478.27},{"text":"for","start":8478.75,"end":8478.99},{"text":"testing.","start":8478.99,"end":8479.63}]},{"text":"On paragraph 39 itself, we stress the importance of fleshing out the elements of legal reviews in the text and ensuring continued review regarding new developments or modification of existing laws as reflected in the chair's text.","start":8480.39,"end":8495.19,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"On","start":8480.39,"end":8480.51},{"text":"paragraph","start":8480.51,"end":8480.95},{"text":"39","start":8480.95,"end":8481.87},{"text":"itself,","start":8481.87,"end":8482.59},{"text":"we","start":8482.59,"end":8482.79},{"text":"stress","start":8482.79,"end":8483.23},{"text":"the","start":8483.23,"end":8483.31},{"text":"importance","start":8483.31,"end":8484.07},{"text":"of","start":8484.07,"end":8484.15},{"text":"fleshing","start":8484.15,"end":8484.67},{"text":"out","start":8484.67,"end":8485.03},{"text":"the","start":8485.03,"end":8485.11},{"text":"elements","start":8485.11,"end":8485.71},{"text":"of","start":8485.71,"end":8485.87},{"text":"legal","start":8485.87,"end":8486.19},{"text":"reviews","start":8486.19,"end":8486.91},{"text":"in","start":8486.91,"end":8487.07},{"text":"the","start":8487.07,"end":8487.15},{"text":"text","start":8487.15,"end":8487.67},{"text":"and","start":8487.67,"end":8487.83},{"text":"ensuring","start":8487.83,"end":8488.35},{"text":"continued","start":8488.35,"end":8488.91},{"text":"review","start":8488.91,"end":8489.31},{"text":"regarding","start":8489.31,"end":8489.99},{"text":"new","start":8489.99,"end":8490.11},{"text":"developments","start":8490.11,"end":8490.99},{"text":"or","start":8490.99,"end":8491.15},{"text":"modification","start":8491.15,"end":8492.19},{"text":"of","start":8492.19,"end":8492.35},{"text":"existing","start":8492.35,"end":8492.91},{"text":"laws","start":8492.91,"end":8493.31},{"text":"as","start":8493.31,"end":8493.55},{"text":"reflected","start":8493.55,"end":8494.15},{"text":"in","start":8494.15,"end":8494.27},{"text":"the","start":8494.27,"end":8494.35},{"text":"chair's","start":8494.35,"end":8494.75},{"text":"text.","start":8494.75,"end":8495.19}]},{"text":"The chapeau already includes a qualifier to refer to the legal obligations that apply for states.","start":8495.87,"end":8501.39,"topics":[{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."}],"words":[{"text":"The","start":8495.87,"end":8495.99},{"text":"chapeau","start":8496.03,"end":8496.39},{"text":"already","start":8496.39,"end":8496.87},{"text":"includes","start":8496.87,"end":8497.31},{"text":"a","start":8497.31,"end":8497.35},{"text":"qualifier","start":8497.35,"end":8498.07},{"text":"to","start":8498.07,"end":8498.23},{"text":"refer","start":8498.23,"end":8498.67},{"text":"to","start":8498.67,"end":8498.83},{"text":"the","start":8498.83,"end":8498.91},{"text":"legal","start":8498.91,"end":8499.27},{"text":"obligations","start":8499.27,"end":8499.99},{"text":"that","start":8499.99,"end":8500.11},{"text":"apply","start":8500.19,"end":8500.67},{"text":"for","start":8500.67,"end":8500.91},{"text":"states.","start":8500.91,"end":8501.39}]},{"text":"There may be language tricks to further reinforce this point and keep the essence as it is.","start":8501.87,"end":8506.99,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"There","start":8501.87,"end":8502.07},{"text":"may","start":8502.07,"end":8502.27},{"text":"be","start":8502.27,"end":8502.43},{"text":"language","start":8502.43,"end":8502.83},{"text":"tricks","start":8502.83,"end":8503.23},{"text":"to","start":8503.23,"end":8503.35},{"text":"further","start":8503.35,"end":8503.67},{"text":"reinforce","start":8503.67,"end":8504.31},{"text":"this","start":8504.31,"end":8504.51},{"text":"point","start":8504.51,"end":8505.07},{"text":"and","start":8505.23,"end":8505.47},{"text":"keep","start":8505.47,"end":8505.71},{"text":"the","start":8505.71,"end":8505.83},{"text":"essence","start":8505.83,"end":8506.43},{"text":"as","start":8506.43,"end":8506.67},{"text":"it","start":8506.67,"end":8506.83},{"text":"is.","start":8506.83,"end":8506.99}]},{"text":"On para 40 we attach great importance to the concepts of reliability, predictability, explainability and traceability as safeguards reflected here, and we fully support keeping them.","start":8508.19,"end":8522.03,"topics":[{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be 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are open to look at language proposals to further accommodate the concerns we heard.","start":8522.11,"end":8527.55,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8522.11,"end":8522.35},{"text":"are","start":8522.35,"end":8522.43},{"text":"open","start":8522.43,"end":8522.83},{"text":"to","start":8522.83,"end":8522.95},{"text":"look","start":8522.95,"end":8523.11},{"text":"at","start":8523.11,"end":8523.23},{"text":"language","start":8523.23,"end":8523.71},{"text":"proposals","start":8523.71,"end":8524.51},{"text":"to","start":8524.67,"end":8524.83},{"text":"further","start":8524.83,"end":8525.27},{"text":"accommodate","start":8525.27,"end":8525.87},{"text":"the","start":8526.19,"end":8526.27},{"text":"concerns","start":8526.27,"end":8526.95},{"text":"we","start":8526.95,"end":8527.07},{"text":"heard.","start":8527.07,"end":8527.55}]},{"text":"On para 47, We think this para leaves it up to states to decide on how to implement it.","start":8528.15,"end":8535.27,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":8528.15,"end":8528.23},{"text":"para","start":8528.27,"end":8529.03},{"text":"47,","start":8529.07,"end":8529.95},{"text":"We","start":8531.19,"end":8531.35},{"text":"think","start":8531.35,"end":8531.67},{"text":"this","start":8531.67,"end":8531.83},{"text":"para","start":8531.83,"end":8532.15},{"text":"leaves","start":8532.15,"end":8532.43},{"text":"it","start":8532.43,"end":8532.55},{"text":"up","start":8532.55,"end":8532.79},{"text":"to","start":8532.79,"end":8532.91},{"text":"states","start":8532.91,"end":8533.35},{"text":"to","start":8533.35,"end":8533.51},{"text":"decide","start":8533.51,"end":8534.07},{"text":"on","start":8534.07,"end":8534.15},{"text":"how","start":8534.15,"end":8534.31},{"text":"to","start":8534.31,"end":8534.39},{"text":"implement","start":8534.39,"end":8535.11},{"text":"it.","start":8535.11,"end":8535.27}]},{"text":"We therefore believe the national prerogative is well taken into 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made.","start":8540.55,"end":8544.71,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Finally,","start":8540.55,"end":8541.19},{"text":"on","start":8541.27,"end":8541.47},{"text":"para","start":8541.47,"end":8541.83},{"text":"48,","start":8541.83,"end":8542.71},{"text":"different","start":8542.71,"end":8543.07},{"text":"suggestions","start":8543.07,"end":8543.83},{"text":"have","start":8543.83,"end":8543.99},{"text":"been","start":8543.99,"end":8544.23},{"text":"made.","start":8544.23,"end":8544.71}]},{"text":"We see the need for a bottom line for a formulation that takes into account of the different categories of elements reflected here and particularly not to undermine the prohibition part of the 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is Canada, to be followed by Greece and China.","start":8567.79,"end":8572.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Next","start":8567.79,"end":8568.19},{"text":"is","start":8568.27,"end":8568.83},{"text":"Canada,","start":8569.23,"end":8569.75},{"text":"to","start":8569.95,"end":8570.15},{"text":"be","start":8570.15,"end":8570.35},{"text":"followed","start":8570.35,"end":8570.67},{"text":"by","start":8570.67,"end":8570.83},{"text":"Greece","start":8570.83,"end":8571.31},{"text":"and","start":8571.31,"end":8571.63},{"text":"China.","start":8571.63,"end":8572.11}]},{"text":"But let me first pass the floor to the distinguished representative of Canada.","start":8572.35,"end":8576.11,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"But","start":8572.35,"end":8572.51},{"text":"let","start":8572.51,"end":8572.63},{"text":"me","start":8572.63,"end":8572.83},{"text":"first","start":8572.83,"end":8573.07},{"text":"pass","start":8573.07,"end":8573.43},{"text":"the","start":8573.43,"end":8573.51},{"text":"floor","start":8573.51,"end":8573.75},{"text":"to","start":8573.75,"end":8573.83},{"text":"the","start":8573.83,"end":8573.91},{"text":"distinguished","start":8573.91,"end":8574.51},{"text":"representative","start":8574.67,"end":8575.47},{"text":"of","start":8575.47,"end":8575.55},{"text":"Canada.","start":8575.55,"end":8576.11}]},{"text":"You have the floor.","start":8576.19,"end":8576.91,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"You","start":8576.19,"end":8576.31},{"text":"have","start":8576.31,"end":8576.55},{"text":"the","start":8576.55,"end":8576.63},{"text":"floor.","start":8576.67,"end":8576.91}]}]}],"speaker":{"name":null,"affiliation":null,"affiliation_full":null,"group":null,"function":"Chair"}},{"statement_number":53,"start":8580.71,"pageUrl":"/ru/asset/k12/k12hptpwu5?lang=en&t=8581","paragraphs":[{"sentences":[{"text":"Thank you, Chair.","start":8580.71,"end":8581.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Thank","start":8580.71,"end":8580.91},{"text":"you,","start":8580.91,"end":8580.99},{"text":"Chair.","start":8580.99,"end":8581.31}]},{"text":"My delegation would like to contribute to this discussion and has recommendations to make in five of the paragraphs that we're looking 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firstly, in paragraph 34, Canada supports the intervention delivered by the Republic of Korea and supported by others for the reasons that have been outlined already.","start":8591.55,"end":8600.83,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. Some delegations supported such restrictions, while others warned they go beyond existing IHL practice or require exceptions for research, training, and countermeasures."}],"words":[{"text":"So","start":8591.55,"end":8591.79},{"text":"firstly,","start":8591.79,"end":8592.15},{"text":"in","start":8592.15,"end":8592.27},{"text":"paragraph","start":8592.27,"end":8592.67},{"text":"34,","start":8592.67,"end":8593.39},{"text":"Canada","start":8593.39,"end":8593.79},{"text":"supports","start":8593.79,"end":8594.27},{"text":"the","start":8594.27,"end":8594.35},{"text":"intervention","start":8594.35,"end":8594.99},{"text":"delivered","start":8594.99,"end":8595.47},{"text":"by","start":8595.47,"end":8595.63},{"text":"the","start":8595.63,"end":8595.79},{"text":"Republic","start":8596.43,"end":8596.87},{"text":"of","start":8596.87,"end":8596.99},{"text":"Korea","start":8596.99,"end":8597.39},{"text":"and","start":8597.39,"end":8597.63},{"text":"supported","start":8597.63,"end":8598.03},{"text":"by","start":8598.03,"end":8598.23},{"text":"others","start":8598.23,"end":8598.75},{"text":"for","start":8598.91,"end":8599.07},{"text":"the","start":8599.07,"end":8599.19},{"text":"reasons","start":8599.19,"end":8599.59},{"text":"that","start":8599.59,"end":8599.71},{"text":"have","start":8599.71,"end":8599.83},{"text":"been","start":8599.83,"end":8599.95},{"text":"outlined","start":8599.95,"end":8600.35},{"text":"already.","start":8600.35,"end":8600.83}]},{"text":"Confirm that we also insist on the terms may or should be used rather than shall.","start":8601.63,"end":8606.51,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Confirm","start":8601.63,"end":8602.11},{"text":"that","start":8602.11,"end":8602.27},{"text":"we","start":8602.27,"end":8602.39},{"text":"also","start":8602.39,"end":8602.67},{"text":"insist","start":8602.67,"end":8603.11},{"text":"on","start":8603.11,"end":8603.23},{"text":"the","start":8603.23,"end":8603.31},{"text":"terms","start":8603.31,"end":8603.79},{"text":"may","start":8603.79,"end":8604.19},{"text":"or","start":8604.19,"end":8604.43},{"text":"should","start":8604.43,"end":8604.91},{"text":"be","start":8604.91,"end":8605.03},{"text":"used","start":8605.03,"end":8605.31},{"text":"rather","start":8605.31,"end":8605.71},{"text":"than","start":8605.71,"end":8605.95},{"text":"shall.","start":8605.95,"end":8606.51}]},{"text":"Jumping ahead to paragraph 38A, Canada supports the objective of this subparagraph.","start":8610.03,"end":8616.03,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"Jumping","start":8610.03,"end":8610.39},{"text":"ahead","start":8610.39,"end":8610.67},{"text":"to","start":8610.67,"end":8610.91},{"text":"paragraph","start":8610.91,"end":8611.39},{"text":"38A,","start":8611.39,"end":8612.59},{"text":"Canada","start":8613.23,"end":8613.71},{"text":"supports","start":8613.71,"end":8614.23},{"text":"the","start":8614.23,"end":8614.35},{"text":"objective","start":8614.35,"end":8614.83},{"text":"of","start":8614.83,"end":8614.91},{"text":"this","start":8614.91,"end":8615.19},{"text":"subparagraph.","start":8615.19,"end":8616.03}]},{"text":"We have concerns with the reference to ethical considerations.","start":8616.47,"end":8620.39,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8616.47,"end":8616.67},{"text":"have","start":8616.67,"end":8616.87},{"text":"concerns","start":8616.87,"end":8617.35},{"text":"with","start":8617.35,"end":8617.47},{"text":"the","start":8617.47,"end":8617.59},{"text":"reference","start":8617.59,"end":8618.15},{"text":"to","start":8618.15,"end":8618.55},{"text":"ethical","start":8618.79,"end":8619.27},{"text":"considerations.","start":8619.27,"end":8620.39}]},{"text":"International humanitarian law does not impose an obligation to consider ethics in the operation of weapons systems.","start":8620.39,"end":8628.15,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"International","start":8620.39,"end":8620.87},{"text":"humanitarian","start":8620.87,"end":8621.75},{"text":"law","start":8621.75,"end":8621.99},{"text":"does","start":8621.99,"end":8622.31},{"text":"not","start":8622.31,"end":8622.51},{"text":"impose","start":8622.51,"end":8623.15},{"text":"an","start":8623.15,"end":8623.35},{"text":"obligation","start":8623.35,"end":8624.15},{"text":"to","start":8624.15,"end":8624.27},{"text":"consider","start":8624.27,"end":8624.87},{"text":"ethics","start":8625.03,"end":8625.67},{"text":"in","start":8625.75,"end":8625.95},{"text":"the","start":8625.95,"end":8626.03},{"text":"operation","start":8626.03,"end":8626.87},{"text":"of","start":8626.87,"end":8627.03},{"text":"weapons","start":8627.03,"end":8627.39},{"text":"systems.","start":8627.39,"end":8628.15}]},{"text":"As drafted, the phrase introduces an undefined normative concept that may blur the distinction between legal obligations and broader policy considerations.","start":8631.27,"end":8641.11,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8631.27,"end":8631.51},{"text":"drafted,","start":8631.51,"end":8632.07},{"text":"the","start":8632.07,"end":8632.19},{"text":"phrase","start":8632.19,"end":8632.55},{"text":"introduces","start":8632.55,"end":8633.27},{"text":"an","start":8633.27,"end":8633.43},{"text":"undefined","start":8633.43,"end":8634.19},{"text":"normative","start":8634.19,"end":8634.63},{"text":"concept","start":8634.63,"end":8635.27},{"text":"that","start":8635.27,"end":8635.59},{"text":"may","start":8635.59,"end":8635.83},{"text":"blur","start":8635.83,"end":8636.23},{"text":"the","start":8636.23,"end":8636.31},{"text":"distinction","start":8636.31,"end":8636.95},{"text":"between","start":8636.95,"end":8637.43},{"text":"legal","start":8637.43,"end":8637.91},{"text":"obligations","start":8637.91,"end":8638.87},{"text":"and","start":8638.95,"end":8639.19},{"text":"broader","start":8639.19,"end":8639.59},{"text":"policy","start":8639.59,"end":8640.07},{"text":"considerations.","start":8640.07,"end":8641.11}]},{"text":"Canada would therefore prefer to delete the reference to ethical considerations, but to demonstrate flexibility, my delegation would be open to introducing this concept in paragraph 45b as an applicable guidance or instruction.","start":8644.27,"end":8658.11,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Canada","start":8644.27,"end":8644.59},{"text":"would","start":8644.59,"end":8644.75},{"text":"therefore","start":8644.75,"end":8645.23},{"text":"prefer","start":8645.23,"end":8645.79},{"text":"to","start":8645.79,"end":8645.95},{"text":"delete","start":8645.95,"end":8646.43},{"text":"the","start":8646.43,"end":8646.51},{"text":"reference","start":8646.51,"end":8646.95},{"text":"to","start":8646.95,"end":8647.07},{"text":"ethical","start":8647.07,"end":8647.39},{"text":"considerations,","start":8647.39,"end":8648.35},{"text":"but","start":8648.51,"end":8648.71},{"text":"to","start":8648.71,"end":8648.79},{"text":"demonstrate","start":8648.79,"end":8649.35},{"text":"flexibility,","start":8649.35,"end":8650.11},{"text":"my","start":8650.11,"end":8650.27},{"text":"delegation","start":8650.27,"end":8650.99},{"text":"would","start":8650.99,"end":8651.15},{"text":"be","start":8651.15,"end":8651.31},{"text":"open","start":8651.31,"end":8651.63},{"text":"to","start":8651.63,"end":8651.75},{"text":"introducing","start":8651.75,"end":8652.59},{"text":"this","start":8652.91,"end":8653.15},{"text":"concept","start":8653.15,"end":8653.63},{"text":"in","start":8653.63,"end":8653.79},{"text":"paragraph","start":8653.79,"end":8654.31},{"text":"45b","start":8654.31,"end":8655.63},{"text":"as","start":8656.03,"end":8656.27},{"text":"an","start":8656.27,"end":8656.35},{"text":"applicable","start":8656.35,"end":8657.07},{"text":"guidance","start":8657.07,"end":8657.55},{"text":"or","start":8657.55,"end":8657.67},{"text":"instruction.","start":8657.67,"end":8658.11}]},{"text":"Turning to paragraph -- we consider that the current wording could be more legally precise.","start":8662.27,"end":8667.87,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"Turning","start":8662.27,"end":8662.59},{"text":"to","start":8662.59,"end":8662.67},{"text":"paragraph","start":8662.67,"end":8663.07},{"text":"--","start":8664.03,"end":8664.07},{"text":"we","start":8664.07,"end":8664.19},{"text":"consider","start":8664.19,"end":8664.91},{"text":"that","start":8664.91,"end":8665.11},{"text":"the","start":8665.11,"end":8665.23},{"text":"current","start":8665.23,"end":8665.55},{"text":"wording","start":8665.55,"end":8665.95},{"text":"could","start":8665.95,"end":8666.11},{"text":"be","start":8666.11,"end":8666.27},{"text":"more","start":8666.27,"end":8666.59},{"text":"legally","start":8666.59,"end":8667.03},{"text":"precise.","start":8667.03,"end":8667.87}]},{"text":"As drafted, the obligations for states to ensure individual accountability could be understood as requiring states to guarantee a particular outcome.","start":8668.19,"end":8677.95,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. Speakers also discussed individual accountability, chain of command, investigations of alleged violations, and the need for effective domestic mechanisms to respond to incidents."}],"words":[{"text":"As","start":8668.19,"end":8668.43},{"text":"drafted,","start":8668.43,"end":8668.99},{"text":"the","start":8668.99,"end":8669.19},{"text":"obligations","start":8669.19,"end":8669.87},{"text":"for","start":8669.87,"end":8670.03},{"text":"states","start":8670.03,"end":8670.43},{"text":"to","start":8670.43,"end":8670.67},{"text":"ensure","start":8670.99,"end":8671.55},{"text":"individual","start":8671.55,"end":8672.27},{"text":"accountability","start":8672.27,"end":8673.31},{"text":"could","start":8673.63,"end":8673.83},{"text":"be","start":8673.83,"end":8673.95},{"text":"understood","start":8673.95,"end":8674.59},{"text":"as","start":8674.67,"end":8675.07},{"text":"requiring","start":8675.07,"end":8675.71},{"text":"states","start":8675.71,"end":8676.03},{"text":"to","start":8676.03,"end":8676.15},{"text":"guarantee","start":8676.15,"end":8676.67},{"text":"a","start":8676.67,"end":8676.75},{"text":"particular","start":8676.75,"end":8677.39},{"text":"outcome.","start":8677.39,"end":8677.95}]},{"text":"In our view, existing international humanitarian law requires states to establish and maintain appropriate legal and institutional mechanisms to give effect to individual accountability, including, where appropriate, through the investigation and prosecution of alleged violations.","start":8679.55,"end":8696.67,"topics":[{"key":"accountability-mechanisms","label":"Responsibility, Accountability, and Investigations","description":"A core theme was that legal responsibility for autonomous weapons use must remain with human actors and cannot be transferred to machines. 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This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."}],"words":[{"text":"We","start":8733.23,"end":8733.39},{"text":"consider","start":8733.39,"end":8733.87},{"text":"that","start":8733.87,"end":8734.07},{"text":"the","start":8734.07,"end":8734.15},{"text":"drafting","start":8734.15,"end":8734.67},{"text":"could","start":8734.67,"end":8734.83},{"text":"be","start":8734.83,"end":8734.91},{"text":"more","start":8734.91,"end":8735.15},{"text":"closely","start":8735.15,"end":8735.79},{"text":"reflect","start":8735.87,"end":8736.51},{"text":"existing","start":8737.31,"end":8737.87},{"text":"treaty","start":8737.87,"end":8738.19},{"text":"language.","start":8738.19,"end":8738.75}]},{"text":"In particular, we would prefer the following formulation, take the measures necessary rather than take all appropriate steps.","start":8738.75,"end":8749.23,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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you, Chair, and apologies for the length of my 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is essential in order to ensure compliance with IHL and we would not wish for it to be reduced to technical or very broad terms.","start":9247.31,"end":9255.47,"topics":[{"key":"ihl-scope","label":"Existing IHL Versus Additional Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. 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The debate covered how bias can increase risks to civilians and reinforce discrimination, and what measures states should take to prevent or mitigate such harms."}],"words":[{"text":"In","start":9255.79,"end":9256.19},{"text":"paragraph","start":9256.27,"end":9256.87},{"text":"41,","start":9256.87,"end":9257.31},{"text":"we","start":9257.31,"end":9257.47},{"text":"support","start":9257.47,"end":9257.83},{"text":"the","start":9257.83,"end":9257.91},{"text":"adoption","start":9257.91,"end":9258.27},{"text":"of","start":9258.27,"end":9258.35},{"text":"measures","start":9258.35,"end":9258.67},{"text":"to","start":9258.67,"end":9258.79},{"text":"mitigate","start":9258.79,"end":9259.87},{"text":"as","start":9259.87,"end":9260.03},{"text":"much","start":9260.03,"end":9260.27},{"text":"as","start":9260.27,"end":9260.35},{"text":"possible","start":9260.35,"end":9260.99},{"text":"unintended","start":9260.99,"end":9261.55},{"text":"bias,","start":9261.55,"end":9262.19},{"text":"including","start":9262.59,"end":9263.63},{"text":"bias","start":9263.63,"end":9264.39},{"text":"stemming","start":9264.39,"end":9264.83},{"text":"from","start":9264.83,"end":9265.07},{"text":"datasets","start":9265.07,"end":9266.03},{"text":"and","start":9266.47,"end":9266.67},{"text":"artificial","start":9266.67,"end":9267.11},{"text":"intelligence","start":9267.11,"end":9267.59},{"text":"models.","start":9267.59,"end":9268.19}]},{"text":"which are used by the system.","start":9268.75,"end":9270.47,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"which","start":9268.75,"end":9269.19},{"text":"are","start":9269.19,"end":9269.35},{"text":"used","start":9269.35,"end":9269.63},{"text":"by","start":9269.63,"end":9269.75},{"text":"the","start":9269.75,"end":9269.87},{"text":"system.","start":9269.87,"end":9270.47}]},{"text":"We believe this is a due diligence requirement and not an absolute guarantee for eliminating all bias here.","start":9271.11,"end":9280.79,"topics":[{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Discrimination Risks","description":"Multiple speakers addressed unintended bias, including dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and automation bias in human-machine interaction. 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paragraph 34, we support the current formulation but could also support the French proposal for a reformulation.","start":9578.19,"end":9588.07,"topics":[{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. 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still have one to... three, four, five, six, seven requests for the floor.","start":10018.15,"end":10025.43,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10018.15,"end":10018.31},{"text":"still","start":10018.31,"end":10018.63},{"text":"have","start":10018.63,"end":10019.03},{"text":"one","start":10019.27,"end":10019.59},{"text":"to...","start":10019.59,"end":10019.99},{"text":"three,","start":10020.75,"end":10021.11},{"text":"four,","start":10021.11,"end":10021.59},{"text":"five,","start":10021.59,"end":10022.23},{"text":"six,","start":10022.23,"end":10022.83},{"text":"seven","start":10022.83,"end":10023.27},{"text":"requests","start":10024.31,"end":10024.67},{"text":"for","start":10024.67,"end":10024.79},{"text":"the","start":10024.79,"end":10024.87},{"text":"floor.","start":10024.87,"end":10025.43}]},{"text":"So we will continue this discussion this 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regard to the comments so far, let me just make a few remarks.","start":10040.47,"end":10045.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"With","start":10040.47,"end":10040.67},{"text":"regard","start":10040.67,"end":10041.03},{"text":"to","start":10041.03,"end":10041.15},{"text":"the","start":10041.15,"end":10041.23},{"text":"comments","start":10041.23,"end":10041.67},{"text":"so","start":10041.67,"end":10041.91},{"text":"far,","start":10041.91,"end":10042.31},{"text":"let","start":10043.07,"end":10043.19},{"text":"me","start":10043.19,"end":10043.43},{"text":"just","start":10043.43,"end":10043.67},{"text":"make","start":10043.67,"end":10043.95},{"text":"a","start":10043.95,"end":10043.99},{"text":"few","start":10043.99,"end":10044.39},{"text":"remarks.","start":10044.39,"end":10045.19}]},{"text":"Yes, one of the issues we have been facing all the time is that we have different obligations under international law and international humanitarian law, in particular among 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we have always tried to reflect that by applicable, appropriate, and words like that.","start":10058.51,"end":10065.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"And","start":10058.51,"end":10058.63},{"text":"we","start":10058.63,"end":10058.75},{"text":"have","start":10058.75,"end":10058.91},{"text":"always","start":10058.91,"end":10059.23},{"text":"tried","start":10059.23,"end":10059.59},{"text":"to","start":10059.59,"end":10059.75},{"text":"reflect","start":10059.75,"end":10060.31},{"text":"that","start":10060.31,"end":10060.67},{"text":"by","start":10060.67,"end":10061.15},{"text":"applicable,","start":10061.27,"end":10062.11},{"text":"appropriate,","start":10062.87,"end":10063.63},{"text":"and","start":10063.71,"end":10064.39},{"text":"words","start":10064.43,"end":10064.75},{"text":"like","start":10064.75,"end":10064.95},{"text":"that.","start":10064.95,"end":10065.31}]},{"text":"Where we have not been consistent, where we have not been entirely clear, we will have to do something about it, 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the other hand, we cannot fiddle with existing obligations.","start":10077.75,"end":10083.19,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"On","start":10077.75,"end":10077.83},{"text":"the","start":10077.87,"end":10077.95},{"text":"other","start":10077.95,"end":10078.11},{"text":"hand,","start":10078.11,"end":10078.47},{"text":"we","start":10078.95,"end":10079.27},{"text":"cannot","start":10079.27,"end":10079.91},{"text":"fiddle","start":10080.15,"end":10080.63},{"text":"with","start":10080.63,"end":10080.95},{"text":"existing","start":10081.71,"end":10082.31},{"text":"obligations.","start":10082.31,"end":10083.19}]},{"text":"So there we have made certain choices with regard to the wording and it will be difficult to change that because otherwise we would change obligations of state 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you all know it by heart, so please reflect again on that, whether that is indeed the case or 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said that, I wish you a good lunch break and look forward to seeing you back at 4 o'clock in this 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have an announcement to make regarding side events.","start":10205.99,"end":10210.31,"topics":[],"words":[{"text":"I","start":10205.99,"end":10206.03},{"text":"have","start":10206.03,"end":10206.63},{"text":"an","start":10206.71,"end":10206.91},{"text":"announcement","start":10207.55,"end":10208.27},{"text":"to","start":10208.27,"end":10208.35},{"text":"make","start":10208.35,"end":10208.63},{"text":"regarding","start":10208.63,"end":10209.27},{"text":"side","start":10209.43,"end":10209.83},{"text":"events.","start":10209.83,"end":10210.31}]},{"text":"And that's organized by Stop Killer Robots on autonomous weapon systems in conversation with 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clear enforceable global rulebook on autonomous weapons, I would 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Rules","description":"A broad policy divide emerged over whether the text should merely restate existing international humanitarian law or also clarify and develop additional measures tailored to autonomous weapons. This debate shaped positions on many paragraphs, especially where delegations disagreed over mandatory language, scope, and the CCW mandate."},{"key":"human-control","label":"Meaningful Human Control and Human Judgment","description":"Delegations and observers repeatedly emphasized that human judgment and control must remain central to the use of autonomous weapon systems. The discussion focused on ensuring that users understand system functions and limits well enough to make lawful decisions about use of force."},{"key":"legal-reviews","label":"Legal Reviews of Autonomous Weapons","description":"Many speakers discussed weapons review obligations, including whether and how Article 36-style legal reviews should apply to new systems, later modifications, and different stages of a system’s life cycle. A recurring issue was how to reflect existing legal obligations while accommodating differences among states’ treaty commitments and national procedures."},{"key":"bias-mitigation","label":"Bias and Discrimination Risks","description":"Multiple speakers addressed unintended bias, including dataset bias, algorithmic bias, and automation bias in human-machine interaction. The debate covered how bias can increase risks to civilians and reinforce discrimination, and what measures states should take to prevent or mitigate such harms."},{"key":"testing-simulations","label":"Testing, Evaluation, and Realistic Simulations","description":"A major topic was the need to test and evaluate systems, including through simulations that reflect expected operational conditions. Speakers debated how realistic such simulations must be and how clearly the text should link testing to anticipated environments of use."},{"key":"system-predictability","label":"Predictability, Reliability, Traceability, and Explainability","description":"Several statements focused on whether autonomous systems should meet standards of predictability and reliability, and whether traceability and explainability should also be required. Supporters viewed these as essential safeguards for lawful use and accountability, while others argued the concepts remain undefined or should be qualified."},{"key":"transfer-and-stockpiling","label":"Manufacture, Stockpiling, and Transfer Restrictions","description":"Paragraph 34 prompted extensive discussion on whether rules should cover not only use, but also manufacture, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of systems that cannot be used lawfully. 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