Outer Space: Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 64th session, 1077th meeting General Assembly Date: 6 May 2025 Language: English Transcript: https://transcripts.un.org/ru/asset/k17/k171uzk5og?lang=en Transcripts available through this tool are created by using automatic speech recognition and are not official records nor official documents of the United Nations. Official records and official documents are available on the Official Document System of the United Nations. --- Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [27:09]: Good afternoon, distinguished delegates. I now declare open the 1,077th meeting of the Legal Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Distinguished delegates, as indicated this morning, this afternoon we will continue our consideration of Agenda Item 3, General Exchange of Views. We will then continue and hopefully suspend our consideration of agenda item 5, status and application of the 5 United Nations treaties on outer space and ways and means, including capacity building, to promote their implementation. While awaiting the outcome of deliberations in the working group, we will then begin our consideration We will now begin our deliberations on Agenda Item 6A, Matters Relating to the Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space. And we will also begin our consideration of Agenda Item 6B, Matters Relating to the Character and Utilization of the Geostationary Orbit, including consideration of ways and means to ensure the rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit without prejudice to the role of the International Telecommunication Union. Thank you. And we will then suspend the plenary meeting so that the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities can hold its first meeting. We will have no technical presentations this afternoon. Are there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule? If not, then we will proceed to take up the first item I referred to, which is the general exchange of views. Distinguished delegates, I now turn to the list of speakers, and the first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Ukraine. You have the floor. Ukraine [29:37]: Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, Ukraine aligns itself with statement delivered by European Union under this agenda item. In my national capacity, I would like to add the following remarks. Ukraine remains a committed member of COPUOS and its committee— subcommittees, which we regard as indispensable forum for promoting international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space and progressive development of space law. Regrettably, the full-scale war of aggression launched by Russian Federation against Ukraine in flagrant violation of the United Nations Charter and international law, now in, in 4th year, has severely disrupted our country's space activities. This war has damaged Ukraine's infrastructure, obstructed our scientific research, and hindered academic advancement in space law and related fields. Nonetheless, Ukraine remains committed to restoring and strengthening its role in the international space community. With the continued support of our partners, we are determined to rebuild our capabilities and contribute actively to the global efforts in advancing responsible behavior in outer space. International solidarity remains crucial. Russia must not be allowed to violate the sovereignty and independence of other states with impunity. Ukraine reiterates its strong opposition to granting UN affiliation to the so-called Regional Center for Space Science and Technology Education hosted in the Russian Federation. Accordingly, the Ukrainian delegation requests that this concern be duly reflected in the report of this Subcommittee. Mr. Chair, Ukraine is resolute in its pursuit of comprehensive, just, and lasting peace. We believe the only viable path forward lies in Ukrainian peace formula grounded in the principles of UN Charter and full restoration of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders. In today's evolving space environment, marked by growing reliance on space-based technologies in daily life and increasing accessibility of outer space, we must revisit and reaffirm the principle of peaceful use of outer space. This principle, a cornerstone of international space law, must be interpreted through a systemic lens, one that accounts for the safety, sustainability, and equitable use of outer space for all nations. The peaceful use of space should not be viewed solely in the contrast to hostile acts. It must instead be rooted in intent and compatibility of space activity with the broader goals of non-aggression, shared benefits, and the avoidance of harmful consequences. In this context, we are alarmed by attempts to instrumentalize space-based data for military targeting of civilian population, as well as by assertion that such data may become ground for classifying satellites and legal targets under international humanitarian law, as recently proposed by Russian Federation, without due regard for the humanitarian consequences of such actions. We also recall Principle 25 of Riyadh Declaration on Environment and Development: peace, development, and environmental protection are interdependent and indivisible. This principle applied equally to the space domain, especially as human activities expand toward the Moon and other celestial bodies. Therefore, from our perspective, the peaceful use of outer space must be guided first and foremost by compatibility of various space-related objectives. The meaningful participation from private sector actors, academia, civil society, and other relevant stakeholders where appropriate and applicable in intergovernment process aimed at enhancing the safety and sustainability of outer space is valuable, as had lied in the Pact of the Future. At the same time, we must not forget the value of law lie in its enforcement and impartiality, which means that dialogue must be sincere. The use of space activity and even spacefarers as tool of political propaganda by Russian Federation, particularly when they undermine use norms such as respect of sovereignty and the prohibition of the use of force must be categorically rejected. The simultaneous reorientation of space activities toward military purposes only creates the illusion of respect and compliance with international law. Dialogue with such actors must be based on genuine intention and verifiable action, not on proclamations that mask hostile intent. From Ukraine's perspective, any meaningful development of effective space law regime is only possible in both the letter and spirit of Outer Space Treaty, as well as the principles enshrined therein and set out in other relevant legal documents are fully respected. In conclusion, I would like to reiterate Ukraine's deep appreciation to all states that continue to support our struggle for freedom, independence, and human dignity in the face of of ongoing Russian aggression. Thank you, Mr. Chair. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [35:55]: I thank the distinguished representative of Ukraine for her statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of India. You have the floor. India [36:08]: Mr. Chair and distinguished delegates, the Indian delegation takes this opportunity to congratulate the Chair on leading the 64th LSE session and assures full cooperation and support to ensure the success of this session. We continue to support UNOOSA and its endeavors to fulfill the vision of UN Corpus. India remains steadfast in its commitment to major international treaties and regulations related to outer space, including Outer Space Treaty, the Rescue Agreement, the Liability Convention, and the Registration Convention. India also implements outer space-related non-legally binding instruments, including the UN Space debris mitigation guidelines and the guidelines on long-term sustainability of outer space activities. On December 30th, 2024, ISRO's PSLV-C60 launched twin Spadex satellites and the specially configured upper stage of PSLV-C60 called the PSLV Orbiter Experimental Module or POEM-4 in the same orbit. The POEM-4 hosting 24 non-separable payloads was deorbited and reentered the atmosphere within a span of 95 days. And impacted in the Indian Ocean. The safe re-entry of Home 4 is yet another accomplishment to ISRO's commitment to contain the growth of space debris, reaffirming the prominent role of ISRO in prioritizing sustainability in its space missions while adhering to the legal and non-legal bindings established, established by the United Nations. Similarly, to minimize the accidental breakup potential, all upper stages of recently launched missions namely GSLV-F14, SSLV-D3, PSLV-C59, were passivated by venting excess fuel. The upper stages of these will undergo natural orbital decay and would re-enter the atmosphere within 10 years. At its mission end, SCATSAT-1 was deorbited to a lower orbit, expending all leftover fuel, and decommissioned. Developing and demonstrating capabilities for on-orbit servicing and active debris mitigation and addressing their associated technological and policy-related challenges are important. India has made significant progress in reusable space technology, conducting successful landing experiments in 2024. These advancements are crucial in reducing the cost of access to space and ensuring sustainable operations. Mr. Chair, India hosted this 42nd IADC annual meet at Bengaluru, where nearly 100 delegates participated and deliberated over a wide range of topics on space debris observation, modeling, and mitigation. During this meet, India declared its intent to work towards debris-free space mission, DFSM, by undertaking necessary measures during design, operation, and disposal space— of space missions. This aligns with the ongoing global efforts for curtailing debris population. Chair, the renewed global interest in outer space has been accompanied by a surge in private sector participation, unlocking new opportunities for commercial applications of space products and services. India has embraced this revival, fostering innovation and collaboration through initiatives such as Indian Space Policy 2023 and the establishment of InSpace to regulate and promote private sector involvement. However, this rapid growth of private launches has also led to an increase in proliferation of space objects, especially small satellites, raising concerns about the safety and on-orbit collisions. Rideshare being the primary means for launching, there is a scope of ambiguity for the registration of an object when a launch involves multiple satellites from different states. The lack of contact details and registration also leads to serious spaceflight safety-related, safety-related, and hence demands necessary oversight by respective states and regulates such missions. It is also recommended to operate small satellites away from immediate neighborhood of inhabited orbital regime and others already densely populated orbital zones. India also advocates for wider engagements among states that can pave the way for a more harmonized framework for small satellite operations. Mr. Chair, the challenges of outer space and sustainability cannot be addressed in isolation. It is imperative for nations to overwork— work together, fostering a collective spirit of collaboration and shared responsibility. The Legal Subcommittee should continue to exchange views on legal mechanisms related to space debris mitigation, space traffic management, and the application of international laws to small satellites. A greater synergy with the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee would be invaluable in effectively tackling the above issues. India reiterates its commitment to working collaboratively, collaboratively with other nations to develop legally binding instruments and transparency measures that ensure the safety and sustainability of all space-based assets and activities. Together, we can preserve the benefits of space technology for future generations and ensure that outer space remains a domain of peace, progress, and prosperity for all. Thank you, Mr. Chair and distinguished delegates, for your kind attention. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [41:32]: I thank the distinguished representative of India for her statement. The following speaker on my list Is the distinguished representative of Belarus. Belarus [41:48]: Спасибо, господин президент. Thank you, Chairperson. The delegation of Belarus thanks COPROs for the outstanding organization of the session. We reiterate our readiness to provide every assistance to the work of this subcommittee. Belarus is committed to the key principles governing the exploration. And use by states of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, as reflected in the 1967 treaty. We believe that the provisions of this— or rather, we confirm that the provisions of this and other UN treaties on outer space that have been ratified by Belarus are enshrined in our national legislation. The 5 outer space treaties are the foundation of international space law. Law and remain as relevant as ever. At the same time, in view of the rapid development of space activities and the involvement of an increasing number of states, we believe it stands to be improved further. We welcome the efforts of the Legal Subcommittee to provide a legal framework for international space activity. A key task is to come to internationally agreed definitions of such terms as outer space, pollution of near-Earth space, space debris, space debris object, space resources, space resource utilization, and many other basic terms. In enhancing space activity governance, we should transition as far as possible from recommendatory to binding regulatory instruments. It's important that the Legal Subcommittee should focus efforts on developing an exhaustive set of concepts for the legal governance of the exploration and peaceful use of outer space. This can serve as a basis for future international treaties and agreements. International law governing space activity should be enhanced in line with the principles of equitable access to space exploration and space resources, irrespective of a state's degree of development. The wide use of space resources will require the consensual development of internationally agreed solutions to a broad range of issues related to space resource exploitation. In legally defining space resources and devising regulations governing their extraction and use, the principle of equal access of states should be applied since such resources belong to the realm of outer space, which in turn is the province of all humankind. Safety is the decisive factor in ensuring the long-term sustainability of space activities. The guidelines on space debris mitigation, the guidelines on the long-term sustainability of space activities adopted by COPROs carry out their functions of international governance of measures to combat space debris. The large-scale deployment of mega constellations of small satellites and the attendant heightened threats and challenges affecting the space activity of states due to increased rates of space debris formation in the form of defunct satellites and their components Necessitates the further improvement of the guidelines on the long-term sustainability of space activity. Belarus supports states' efforts in this regard. The long-term sustainability of space activities is imperiled by the militarization of outer space. Belarus consistently advocates for preserving outer space as a peaceful environment. This requires all states to refrain from placing weapons of any kind in outer. Space. As space activity rapidly develops, the unique role of COPROS and its subcommittees in seeking mutually agreeable solutions for peaceful purposes grows too. It's important that we preserve the status of COPROS as an intergovernmental body and consensus-based decision-making body as the proven Optimal way of this is the proven optimal way of doing business. We firmly believe that politicization of discussions is not aligned with the mandate of the subcommittee or the agenda, and negatively affects the outcomes of our work. Thank you. Speaker 7 [46:37]: De la gracias. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [46:38]: I thank the distinguished representative of Belarus for his statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Romania. Romania [46:51]: Mr. Chairman, distinguished Ambassador Santiago Ripoll Carola of Spain, let me congratulate you on behalf of the delegation of Romania on your chairmanship and convey the full support of my delegation for the successful accomplishment of your mandate. We warmly welcome and congratulate the UN OSA Director, Mr. Mrs. Artie Holomaini, for her role in the achievements of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, and for her crucial leadership as we navigate the evolving challenges and opportunities in space. It is with great regret that we learned of the passing of our distinguished colleague, Ambassador Andrzej Mistal, and would like to take this opportunity to convey our condolences to the delegation of Poland and through them to his family. Distinguished delegates, Romania reaffirms its commitment to multilateralism in space affairs. Our delegation is dedicated to upholding the principles of the Outer Space Treaty and ensuring that space activities are conducted for the benefit of all humanity. Romania reaffirms also its strong support for COPOS and its committees, recognizing these as essential platforms for fostering international collaboration in the peaceful uses of outer space. We acknowledge the significant role of UNOSA in supporting these efforts. As an active member of both the European Union and the European Space Agency, Romania participates in all major space programmes and initiatives on science and exploration, human spaceflight safety and security, Earth observation, telecommunications and integrated applications, navigation and space transportation. In the same time, the delegation of Romania fully aligns itself with the statements of the European Union at this recent session. We are also keen to contribute to the discussions on the legal aspects of space resources utilization. Romania encourages a constructive dialogue to ensure that such activities are carried out in a manner that benefits all countries and preserves the space environment for future generations. We also support the proposal made by Germany for the establishment of a study group on perspectives for space traffic management within the UN COPOS. We welcome and support the ongoing consultations towards Unispace 4 in 2027, which presents a timely opportunity to consolidate global governance mechanisms, enhance space sustainability and advance space-based solutions tailored to the needs of developing nations, ensuring that space activities continue to serve the peaceful benefit of all humankind. In the same time, the Romanian delegation is concerned about the financial limitations imposed by the reduced budget of the UN-OSA and the effect of these limitations on the volume and quality of activities activities carried out by OSA, in the context of the significant increase in cosmic activities worldwide and their impact on society. In line with our commitment to fostering international cooperation for the peaceful exploration and sustainable use of outer space, Romania is proud to co-chair the Action Team on Lunar Activities Consultation, ATLAC, within the framework of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, with a goal to establish an international consultative mechanism on sustainable lunar activities, to facilitate addressing numerous operational issues facing future missions, to share best practices and lessons learned, build capacities— capabilities, and identifying common needs and concerns of lunar operators. This initiative reflects Romania's proactive stance on supporting multilateral discussions that advance the sustainable exploration of the Moon, ensuring that space remains a domain for peaceful activities and scientific advancement for all humanity. To further continue the work within ATLAS and gather valuable feedback, we cordially invite all delegations to join us for informal consultations, looking forward to engaging in constructive discussions and working collaboratively to refine and advance these proposals. In conclusion, my delegation looks forward to engaging constructively in the discussions of this subcommittee and working together towards our common goals. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [51:27]: I would like to thank the distinguished representative of Romania for his statement. And the following speaker on my list Is the distinguished representative of Guatemala. You have the floor. Guatemala [51:41]: Thank you very much, Chair. Guatemala would like to express its gratitude to Mr. Santiago Ripoll Carulla of the Kingdom of Spain for his work at this 63rd session of the Legal Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. We are certain that this session will conclude successfully, and you can count on my delegation's full support. I would like to use this opportunity to thank Ms. Arti Holmaini, the Director of the Office of Outer Space Affairs, as well as the Secretariat of UNOSA for organizing this session. My delegation aligns itself with the statement delivered by the G77 in China And would like to make the following additional comments in its national capacity. Guatemala considers COPUS and its two subcommittees to be the main global fora for international cooperation in space activity, as well as for the dialogue and further development of international space law. My delegation believes that the work in the legal subcommittee is essential in order to deepen our understanding of the application of international law. To current and future space exploration. We recognize the fundamental role played by the United Nations treaties on outer space, and accordingly, I am pleased to inform you that Guatemala is currently working on and has indeed made progress to ensure its adherence based on the principles of promotion of cooperation and international understanding. Chair, my delegation calls on those countries with space capacity and on UNOOSA to promote technical cooperation programs, technology transfer, and capacity building to enable developing countries to fully participate in space activities and to benefit from space technologies and applications. And as such, we see the need to further strengthen UNOSA's initiative of space law for new space actors so that more states can develop or review their national space legislation and policies in keeping with the current international legal framework. We believe it is essential to address those issues that affect the long-term sustainability of activities in outer space, such as the impact of the accumulation of space debris, space traffic management, as well as space resource management. And here, my delegation sees the need to adopt ways and means to mitigate the associated risks. And finally, Guatemala reaffirms its commitment to preserving outer space as the common province of humankind, restating the need to avoid the militarization of space and to ensure its use is exclusively for peaceful purposes and for the benefit and in the interest of all nations. Thank you. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [54:41]: Muchas gracias, distinguished representative. Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Guatemala, for your statement. Ladies and gentlemen, distinguished delegates, we shall now proceed to take up our consideration of agenda item 5. We will continue our consideration of agenda item 3, General Exchange of Views, tomorrow morning, but now we shall proceed to take up our consideration of agenda item 5, Status and Application of the 5 United Nations treaties on outer space, and ways and means, including capacity building, to promote their implementation. And the first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Austria. Austria [55:29]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, Austria is a state party to all 5 UN treaties on outer space. We appreciate this opportunity to reaffirm our commitment to each of these treaties. Universal acceptance of and compliance with the UN treaties on outer space is of great importance to ensure the peaceful exploration and use of outer space for all humankind. We welcome the growing number of states parties and encourage all states that have not yet done so to ratify the treaties, including the Moon Agreement. This will strengthen the rule of international law in outer space. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, in December of last year, Austria became the 50th signatory to the Artemis Accords, which include important principles for cooperation in the civil exploration and use of the Moon, Mars, comets, and asteroids for peaceful purposes. The Artemis Accords reaffirm the commitment of the signatories to the peaceful, responsible, and sustainable exploration and use of outer space in accordance with the UN treaties and the UN guidelines for the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. In Austria's view, the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space is the primary multilateral body to promote the progressive development of international space law for the peaceful uses of outer space. Additional cooperation formats, such as the Artemis Accords, can complement and enrich the work of UN COPUOS. As expressed in Austria's signing statement, Austria will carry out its activities as an Artemis Accords signatory in accordance with its obligations under international law, in particular all 5 UN treaties on outer space, and with due regard to the relevant interests of all other states and regional organizations. Based on our signature, we will actively engage in the exchange of ideas among signatories to strengthen the application of the UN treaties on outer space in the context of activities in cislunar space and beyond, including on celestial bodies. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, the Working Group on the Status and Application of the 5 UN Treaties on Outer Space is doing important work to review the status of the treaties and to promote their implementation. We welcome the adoption of the multi-year work plan on the implementation of Article 11 of the Outer Space Treaty and thank the Secretariat for the comprehensive background paper and chair's summary. on the implementation of Article 11 prepared for this year's session. We look forward to continuing the exchange of views on this topic under the able leadership of the Working Group's Chair, Dr. Franziska Knurr, with a view to developing a model submission form for the communication of information on space activities as a concrete outcome. Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, finally, on the topic of capacity building in space law, we would like to highlight that the Austrian Federal Ministry for Innovation, Mobility, and Infrastructure supports the activities of the National Contact Point for Space Law of the European Center for Space Law at the University of Vienna, which coordinates the activities of Austrian universities in the field of space law. These activities include the ECSL Summer Course on Space Law and Policy, the Young Lawyers Symposium, the Practitioners Forum, and the European rounds of the Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition. In this context, we are pleased to announce that a team of 3 students from the University of Vienna won 2nd place in the European rounds of this year's Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court. We would like to congratulate the students and their faculty advisors and express our appreciation to ECSL and the European Space Agency for organizing and hosting the competition at ESA headquarters this year. Thank you for your kind attention. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [59:51]: Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Austria, for your statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Chile. Chile [1:00:02]: Thank you. Chair, good afternoon. Chile reaffirms its commitment to the 5 United Nations treaties on outer space, which are the core of the international legal regime applicable to the peaceful exploration and use of space. We believe, Chair, that broad and effective adherence to these instruments strengthens multilateralism and contributes to a safe, predictable, and sustainable space environment. We encourage those states that have not yet become party to these treaties to consider their adherence. At the same time, we underscore the need for space activities, both governmental as well as non-governmental, to be fully aligned with the treaties, in particular as regards authorization, supervision, and international liability for the activities of private actors. From our viewpoint, Chair, the promotion of these treaties must go hand in hand with substantial efforts made to build capacity, in particular among developing countries. And in this regard, we prize the efforts of the United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs in technical assistance and capacity-building programs. And call for the availability of appropriate and sustainable resources for their implementation. We restate the need to progress towards the effective implementation of existing legal instruments before starting new legislative development that could give rise to fragmentation or legal overlapping. Thank you. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:01:43]: Muchas gracias, distinguida representante. I thank the distinguished representative of Chile for her statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative. of Ghana. You have the floor. Ghana [1:01:59]: Mr. Chair, Ghana aligns itself with the statement delivered by the distinguished Ambassador and Permanent Representative on behalf of the Group of G77 and China. We thank you for the opportunity to share our national perspective on this important agenda item. Ghana reaffirms the enduring relevance of the 5 United Nations treaty on outer space, which form the foundation of international legal regime governing outer space activities. We acknowledge the importance of broad adherence to these treaties, especially in an era where the number of state and non-state space actors continues to expand. We view universal adherence as key to fostering a predictable, rule-based order that promotes peaceful cooperation and responsible behavior in outer space and commend the growing interest in these treaties. We welcome the ongoing work of the Working Group on the Status and Application of the 5 UN treaties and support the advance— and support efforts to advance the implementation of treaty obligations, including through capacity building and legal assistance to developing countries. Mr. Chair, Ghana places strong emphasis on practical measures that facilitate treaty implementation, especially in areas such as registration of space objects, transparency and confidence-building measures, and information sharing under Article 11 of the Outer Space Treaty. We believe tools such as model reporting templates and voluntary guidelines must be adaptable to the technical realities of emerging space nations. We also note Ghana appreciates the support extended by UNOSA in developing our national space law and encourages continual technical assistance that enables developing countries to enact effective domestic legislation aligned with the UN treaties. This is vital to ensuring coherence between international obligations and national capabilities. We also note the need for increased financial and technical support to facilitate the implementation of treaty obligations by countries with emerging space programs. In this regard, Ghana supports the call by the Group of 77 and China for adequate and sustainable funding of UNOSA's capacity-building mandate. These efforts are instrumental in helping developing countries leverage space law to advance the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 9, SDG 13, and SDG 17. Finally, Mr. Chair, Ghana reiterates the importance of inclusive and constructive dialogue under this agenda item. We encourage Member States to share best practices and continue to work collectively to ensure that international legal framework remains robust, inclusive, and fit for every evolving dynamic of outer space activities. I thank you, Mr. Chair. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:05:07]: Muchas gracias. Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Ghana, for your statement. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of Venezuela. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) [1:05:22]: Thank you very much, Chair. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela attaches relevance to ongoing work related to the review and updating of the 5 United Nations treaties on outer space to strengthen the principles governing the space activities of states and international cooperation to ensure that space technology remains in reach of our peoples and above all to Sustain relevant actions for the continuous peaceful use of outer space. Chair, the Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities, ABAE, promoted the establishment of the Technical Committee on Standardization for the Aerospace Sector in support of the decentralized service for standardization in Venezuela in order to develop, adapt, and adopt standards for the establishment of Venezuelan norms setting out the terminology, design, manufacture, maintenance, and development terms for aerospace projects, as well as definition and assessment of the technical competence required in human capital participating throughout these processes. Chair, undoubtedly the United Nations Treaties on Outer Space established a set of norms that have contributed towards guiding the actions of states in this area. However, we must note that technological and scientific progress in recent years has taken giant strides. That is why our delegation calls on this legal subcommittee to continue its efforts to examine the contents of these norms based on the premise of tackling current challenges derived from the diversification of space actors, the increase in privatization and commercialization of space activities. On this latter point, our delegation believes that the principle of the peaceful use of outer space has encountered challenges as a result of the normative asymmetries in the 1967 treaty. While military activities such as those involving military bases, weapons, or maneuvers are categorically prohibited on the Moon and on other celestial bodies. In outer space, only nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction are restricted, omitting regulations for emerging technologies. This legal ambiguity can facilitate the militarization of space and thus contradict the spirit of the treaty. Therefore, our delegation calls for the adoption of binding instruments to strengthen the principle of non-militarization, thus guaranteeing global space security, as well as underscoring the need to promote greater adherence to the legal regime governing activities in outer space. These are tasks which fall within the remit of this subcommittee. Chair, it is essential to have clear and updated regulations on matters of key importance such as space debris, space object collision, in particular those with nuclear power sources onboard, the equitable and rational use of the geostationary orbit, the use and exploitation of outer space resources, inter alia. And while international guidelines and norms on the mitigation of space debris are not binding, they may be considered to serve as a precedent when it comes to the responsibilities that are to be established in the set of norms. Thank you very much, Chair. Thank you. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:08:58]: Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Venezuela, of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of South Africa. South Africa [1:09:11]: South Africa strongly believes that adherence to the United Nations treaties contribute to creating a safer, secure, and sustainable environment for the development of outer space activities. As a party to 4 of the 5 United Nations space treaties, with the exception of Moon Agreement, South Africa places importance on aligning these treaties with national legislation and relevant regulatory frameworks. Chairperson, South Africa notes with appreciation the growing number of parties of the 5 United Treaties on Outer Space and encourage other states that have not ratified them to consider doing so. This treaty framework is further strengthened through the application of the non-legally binding guidelines on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. The committee currently chaired by India, has made commendable progress, which is essential in a domain where technological advancement often outpaces regulatory frameworks. In light of the growing presence of non-state actors in space, South Africa emphasized the need for all space activities, especially especially those promoting international and regional cooperation, to comply with international space law, UN declarations, and established guidelines. Chairperson, the African Union adopted its African space policy and strategy with the recent launch of the African Space Agency, which marks a significant milestone in Africa's effort to harness space science and technology as a powerful enabler of inclusive and sustainable development on the continent. This strategic framework reflects Africa's growing recognition of space as a vital tool for addressing pressing socioeconomic challenges and unlocking new opportunities for growth. Similarly, South Africa's National Space Policy affirms our space activities is informed by our socioeconomic growth and development. Accordingly, capacity building in the in-space law is critical in enhancing our understanding and knowledge of the legal implications of exploitation and exploration of space resources, as well as assisting countries in fulfilling their respective obligations under treaties. Chairperson, South Africa is committed to enhancing gender representativity and encourages member states to mainstream their equality in their programs to address current disparities and challenges women often face in the space sector. In this regard, my delegation expresses its appreciation to UNOSA for its efforts to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women across the continent. Chairperson, on the national front, Cape Peninsula University of Technology offers a new postgraduate weight qualification, namely a Master of Engineering in Satellite Systems Applications, which is designed to give students a more holistic understanding of the space sector, including the legal aspects and consideration of managing space technologies. To conclude, Chairperson, South Africa remains committed to strengthening conditions with the continent and fostering international partnerships. Thank you. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:13:27]: I thank the distinguished representative of South Africa for his statement. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of the European Space Agency. European Space Agency. ESA · ECSL [1:13:44]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. I would like to start by acknowledging your leadership and the exemplary way you have chaired the work of this subcommittee. I also wish to extend my gratitude to the Office for Outer Space Affairs for its thorough preparation, dedicated support and guidance, and to commend Ms. Olameini for her outstanding effort as Director of the Office. Distinguished delegates, on behalf of the European Center for Space Law, I would like to thank you for the opportunity to address this subcommittee under this item. The European Center for Space Law, also known as the ECSL, was established in 1989 under the auspices of the European Space Agency. Its objective is to foster, promote, and enhance knowledge on space law and policy in Europe and beyond. It does so through capacity-building initiatives such as workshops, symposia, seminars, and many other teaching, outreach, and networking events. The center brings together students, academics, professionals, and institutions and encourages interdisciplinary exchange. ECSL works to strengthen Europe in space law and supports the responsible, sustainable development of space activities under the rule of law. Its network of national points of contact in ESA member states helps ensure that knowledge and opportunities in space law reach diverse communities, building capacity and advancing the implementation of international space law at both national and regional levels. Allow me now to outline some of the center's recent initiatives and upcoming milestones. The European rounds of the Manfred Lack Space Law Moot Court, organized in partnership with the International Institute of space law gives students a valuable chance to explore public international law and space law in depth. Teams from across Europe compete, with the annual European champion going on to face other regional winners at the World Rounds held during the International Astronautical Congress. The 2025 edition, hosted at ESA headquarters in Paris this April, brought together 15 universities, more than 40 students and judges to debate the legality of space activities in conflicts. The University of Luxembourg won the European rounds and will represent Europe in Sydney during the ASC. The ESA ECSL Executive Course on Space Law and Policy offers a high-quality, tailored program designed for government representatives and industry professionals with a strong emphasis on the practical legal aspects of regulating and conducting space activities. activities. This course helps to raise awareness and promote the implementation of international space law in both the public and private sectors. The next edition will take place at ESA Space Operations Center in Darmstadt, Germany, next June, and will focus on the legal requirements involved in developing and managing a space mission. The ECSL Summer Course on Space Law and Policy is designed for students at all levels offering a comprehensive program of lectures delivered by academics, practitioners from international and national space institutions, and technical experts. Each year, the course covers a range of topics focused on international, regional, and domestic legal and policy frameworks governing space activities and applications, intending to spark participants' interest in this field and provide them with with a solid foundation for their future careers or academic research. The 2024 edition, held at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, brought together over 50 participants, while the next edition will take place at the University of Technology in Tallinn, Estonia, next August. The center also promotes the implementation of international space law through a range of symposia, notably the IASL-ECSL Symposium, co-organized annually with the International Institute of Space Law, bringing, bringing together academic experts and leading practitioners in the field of space law, policy, and regulation to discuss pressing issues and to propose solutions to the international community. Let me conclude by inviting you on behalf of the ECSL to this year's symposium held on the 14th during the morning session of this subcommittee, where a panel of prestigious speakers will discuss the principle of due regard in outer space and its current legal implications. Dear Mr. Chair, distinguished delegates, the ECSL is looking forward to the work of this subcommittee and will continue to foster collaboration and growth in the field of space law. Thank you. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:18:26]: Thank you very much to the representative of the European Space Agency for their statement. I would now like to give the floor to the distinguished representative of Mexico. Mexico [1:18:44]: Thank you very much, Chair. As this is the first time that our delegation has taken the floor, Mexico wishes to restate its commitment to actively cooperating with your work at the helm of this subcommittee. Chair, distinguished delegates, Mexico restates its commitment to the further strengthening of the international legal framework for the peaceful uses of outer space and recognizes the importance of multilateral cooperation accordingly. In this regard, we prize the efforts made in the subcommittee to promote dialogue and cooperation among states in order to guarantee the sustainable development and safe development of space activities. As a state party to the 5 United Nations outer space treaties, Mexico fulfills its international obligations and shall continue to promote universal adherence to these instruments. We deem it fundamental for states that have not yet adhered to or ratified these treaties do so in order to consolidate effective and equitable governance of outer space based on principles of transparency, cooperation, sustainability, and safety. In this context, Mexico welcomes the ratification of the Outer Space Treaty by Colombia on the 21st of March, 2025. Mexico has participated actively in debates on the implementation of Article 11 of the Outer Space Treaty, underscoring the need to share information regarding space activities in these spheres of international cooperation, safety, and security. Against this backdrop, the Mexican Space Agency has provided input that can facilitate and serve to structure the work of this group in the development of good practices and norms in the corresponding area of competence. The proliferation of space activities and the growing participation of public and private actors raises new challenges that require coordinated responses, in particular space debris mitigation, management of traffic in orbit, and the sustainable The exploration of the moon and other celestial bodies are matters of priority which require strengthened commitment by the international community. Mexico restates its readiness to continue cooperating with other states and international organizations in shaping a solid and up-to-date legal framework that will allow for the peaceful and safe and sustainable exploration of outer space for the benefit of all of humankind. Thank you very much, Chair. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:21:40]: Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Mexico, for your statement. We will now suspend our consideration of Agenda Item 5, Status and Application of the 5 United Nations Treaties on Outer Space and Ways and Means, including Capacity Building, to Promote Their Implementation. We will return to this agenda item tomorrow morning and to the questions that I raised this morning on the recurrent practice of producing documents. We shall now proceed to take up agenda item 6A. Matters relating to the definition and delimitation of outer space. And I shall now turn to the list of speakers. The first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Kenya on behalf of the G77 and China. Kenya · G77 + China [1:22:50]: Chair, The Group of 77 and China would like to thank the Secretariat for preparing the documentation on this agenda item, particularly the contributions from member states on their legal approaches in the definition and delimitation of outer space and suborbital flights, as well as the historical summary on the consideration of the question on the definition and delimitation of outer space. The group believes that the definition and delimitation of outer space is an important topic that should be kept on the agenda of this subcommittee and that more work should be done in this direction, considering the difference between legal regimes governing airspace and outer space. The group reiterates its commitment to continuing the discussion on issues related to definition and the limitation of outer space, including on the Working Group on Definition and the Limitation of Outer Space and invites other countries to contribute in order to reach consensus. I thank you. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:24:25]: Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Kenya who spoke on behalf of the G77 and China. The following speaker on my list Is the distinguished representative of South Africa. South Africa [1:24:46]: Thank you, Chair. The South African delegation affirms its commitment to contributing constructively to ongoing efforts aimed at reaching consensus on the definition and delimitation of outer space. The definition and delimitation of outer space intersects with various space-related domains, including airspace and outer space, and have a direct impact not only on the work of the subcommittee but also on that of other relevant international bodies, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Telecommunications Union. In this regard, my delegation believes that discussions on this matter would greatly benefit from conduct— from being conducted in close coordination with the International Civil Aviation Organization. We would therefore support establishing a collaborative framework comprising representatives from both the United Nations Office on Outer Space Affairs and the International Civil Aviation Organization. Chairperson, at the national level, the South African National Space Agency continues to maintain around-the-clock operational capabilities at its Space Weather Center, providing vital services, information on space weather impacts. These efforts are aimed at supporting African States in implementing space weather provisions, which are mandatory for all civilian flights, including suborbital flights. Chairperson, with rapid advancements in science and technology, particularly the emergence of suborbital flights for space tourism, the distinction between airspace and outer space is becoming increasingly important. These developments raise critical questions about which legal frameworks apply, who sets the relevant standards and regulations, and who holds responsibility for ensuring safety. As commercial operators move closer to launching manned space flights, it is clear we should have a clear definition and delimitation of outer space. In this context, and in line with the recommendations of the working group of the legal subcommittee, South Africa has submitted information on relevant national legislation and practices to support this work, this important work. Chairperson, South Africa distinguishes between national airspace and outer space activities. activities through separate legislative frameworks. Airspace activities are governed by the Civil Aviation Act, while outer space activities fall under the Space Affairs Act, which is currently under review. In South Africa, the applicable law is determined by the nature of the activity rather than altitude. However, with rapid technological advancements such as unmanned autonomous vehicles and supersonic aircraft, the boundaries between airspace and outer space are becoming increasingly blurred, underscoring the urgent need to clearly define and delimitate outer space in the South African context. South Africa is working towards adhering to certain provisions of the Chicago Convention, particularly in differentiating between civilian and military airspace, while considering the emerging concept of flexible airspace through harmonized planning. This approach aims to address current challenges while preparing for future participation in suborbital flights and space tourism. Our country envisions using designated upper airspace looked above a proposed flight level to accommodate suborbital activities. This approach can be realized through the clear definition and delimitation of outer space in relation to civilian airspace. South Africa looks forward to discussing the working group as we seek legal certainty and uniformity in the conduct of space activities across the relevant bodies. Thank you. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:28:12]: I thank the distinguished representative of South Africa and now give the floor to the distinguished representative of Canada. Canada [1:28:24]: Chair, thank you for the opportunity for Canada to share its views on this long-standing agenda item which has been on the agenda of Legal Subcommittee for many decades, Canada does not consider it necessary to elaborate an international definition or delimitation of outer space. The absence of a clear definition or delimitation has in no way hindered aviation or space activities. To the contrary, both have thrived over the last 60 to 80 years. Rather than focus on the altitude of an object or its presence in any particular physical area at a Given time. Canada prefers to focus on the function of the object to determine the applicable law. The functional approach is consistent with the outer space treaties. For example, Article 2, Paragraph 1 of the Registration Convention refers to a space object that is, quote, launched into Earth orbit or beyond, end quote. It does not specify an altitude, but rather a function. Speaker 32 [1:29:22]: Thank you. Canada [1:29:23]: To orbit the Earth or travel beyond the Earth's orbit. Article 1B of the Liability Convention defines launching to include attempted launching. There is no need for a launched space object to reach any specific altitude for the provisions of the Liability Convention to apply. Similarly, liability for damage caused by a space object applies regardless of the location of the object, whether it is in In orbit, airspace, or the surface of the Earth. To that, I would also add that the Convention on International Civil Aviation and its standards and recommended practices, which govern international civil aviation, similarly do not have a definition of airspace as such, but instead define aircraft to be a device that operates through reactions with the air other than reactions of the air with the surface of the Earth. And that is to exclude hovercraft from the definition of aircraft. Therefore, civil aviation also takes a functional approach to defining where its laws apply. Chair, distinguished delegates, in past sessions of the Legal Subcommittee, Canada invited delegations to share any information regarding instances where the lack of a definition or delimitation of outer space has resulted in a real legal uncertainty or challenge for its people. To date, the Canadian delegation is not aware of any delegation sharing such information, either in this session or through documents that were submitted. Therefore, from the Canadian perspective, there does not seem to be at this time a legal problem that arises from the lack of an international definition or delimitation of outer space that needs to be studied by the Legal Subcommittee. Moving on from this item, which has been on the agenda for several decades and has been adequately canvassed, could provide more time within this subcommittee to address emerging subjects or to dedicate to existing working groups on ongoing topics. Thank you. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:31:16]: Muchas gracias. Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Canada, for your statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of France. France [1:31:35]: Monsieur le Président, Chairperson, distinguished delegates, distinguished colleagues. France is of the view that the matter of delimitation of outer space should be addressed pragmatically and in a nuanced manner from a legal perspective. There is no scientific consensus on a definitive altitude. Speaker 36 [1:31:56]: Thank you. France [1:31:56]: The question is about the altitude at which outer space begins. This principle was recalled by the COPRO Scientific and Technical Subcommittee as early as the preparatory discussions on the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and has remained unchanged since. The boundary between airspace and outer space, presumptively situated between 100 and 120 kilometers above sea level, sea level is liable to change as scientific research advances. From the legal perspective, the underlying matter to the delimitation of outer space is that of determining the legal framework applicable to certain activities in development in high-altitude airspace and/or alternating between airspace and outer space, such as suborbital flights and airborne launches. The major challenge at stake with these activities is the ability to determine the applicable legal framework, especially in terms of authorization, jurisdiction, supervision, and liability. It's a matter of determining when aviation law and space law respectively are applicable. Chairperson, in view of the subcommittee's competence, France continues to support a functionalist approach to space law application. That approach considers any activity seeking to place a space object in Earth orbit or beyond it as a space activity. Only the purpose, characteristics, and legal specifics of the activity, especially in terms of liability, should determine the applicable law. And not the place or succession of places where the activity occurs. That approach is moreover fully consistent with the Convention on Registration of Space Objects Launched into Outer Space, notably Article 4 thereof, which characterizes a space object by its stabilized orbital parameters. It's also aligned with the spirit of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, and the 1972 Liability Convention, which establish a system of liability in the event of damage caused by a space object whereby the criterion of altitude of the space object is in no case applicable. There can be no doubt, therefore, that space law, notably the international treaties, applies to space object launch activities even when the launcher is airborne. Likewise, space law applies to satellite control activities, and international liability law applies to space activities if space object fragments fall back to Earth, and this by virtue of the Liability Convention of 1972. These examples demonstrate that most activities deemed to be space activities are so regardless of the altitude at which they occur and that there is no need to apply the criterion of altitude to determine the applicable law. The absence of the limitation creates no uncertainty as to whether space law or aviation law should be applicable. In the view of this delegation, functionalist application of space law has been befitting since the very inception of space activities. With this in mind, France does not deem it necessary at the present stage of space activities to delimit outer space and airspace. Thank you. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:35:42]: Muchas gracias. I would like to thank the distinguished representative of France for her statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of the United States. United States of America [1:35:55]: Thank you, Chair. The United States appreciates the opportunity to present its views on matters related to the definition and delimitation of outer space. The United States continues to hold the view that there is no need to seek a legal definition or delimitation for outer space. Activities in outer space are flourishing, as we have already heard this session. Given the situation, any attempt to define or delimit outer space would be an unnecessary theoretical exercise that could unintentionally complicate existing activities and prove inadaptable or even irrelevant to future technological developments. The current framework has served everyone well, and we should continue to operate under it until there is a demonstrated need and a practical basis for developing a definition or delimitation. It is worth noting that some in individual U.S. states within the United States, as well as U.S. government departments and agencies, have adopted or proposed definitions of outer space or related concepts for their own purposes, such as regulatory compliance, administrative clarity, or tax laws. It is our position that these actions do not relate to and are not evidence of the existence of a definition of outer space under international law. Thank you, Chair. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:37:18]: Thank you very much, distinguished representative of the United States. The next speaker is the distinguished representative of the, of the Russian Federation. Russian Federation [1:37:34]: Distinguished chairperson, Today, there is increasing demand for a legal solution to matters involving delimiting outer space and airspace, which are subject to very distinct international law systems. The demand stems from the need to clearly delimit the spatial limits of state sovereignty above its territory. And to protect national security, and also to foster conditions that favor the long-term sustainability of space activities and the safety of aviation. The Russian Federation continues to support as a matter of priority the definition of the limits or the delimitation of airspace and outer space. The ongoing uncertainty here creates potential threats to space activity and impairs states' realization of their sovereign rights vis-à-vis their national territory, a component part of which is their airspace. Delimitation means defining by agreement between states the location of a border or line that determines the extent of a territory. Thus, delimitation should be considered exclusively as the definition of the limits of territories subject to different legal systems, airspace and outer space. This can be achieved based to a significant degree on the 1983 proposal by the USSR as contained in document And AAC 105 C2 L139. The boundary between outer space and airspace is established by agreement between states at an altitude not exceeding 110 kilometers above sea level. And is legally enshrined through the conclusion of a binding instrument of international law. The instrument establishes also that space objects of any state retain the right to innocuous, fearful, or rather peaceful overflight of another state at altitudes lower than the agreed boundary when entering orbit or returning. To Earth. The Russian Federation views delimitation as one of the most important areas of work of the subcommittee. We firmly believe that the international community should focus efforts on crafting an agreed approach to this matter. We also emphasize that the lack of progress in achieving progress and consensus on this matter should not serve as an argument to stop work. Progress in delimitation may be achieved through cooperation between COPPOS and the UN Specialized Agency the International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO. Thank you. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:41:14]: I thank the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation for her statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Brazil. You have the floor. Brazil [1:41:33]: Thank you. Mr. Chair, the definition and delimitation of outer space remains an essential topic of this committee, as the increasingly important space sector and the adoption of new technologies pose new questions to the international community, leading to novel considerations on the delimitation of outer space for practical purposes. Purposes. Long debates at this subcommittee have not succeeded in achieving consensus on a multilateral delimitation of outer space. However, a legal border still undefined exists between the territorial airspace under national control and jurisdiction and outer space, where no claim of sovereignty is possible. The delimitation of outer space may clarify rights and obligations of space actors while providing further legal certainty regarding international liability and responsibility. Space activities imply actions taking place not only in outer space but also through airspace. Occasionally, space objects may cross other countries' territorial airspace, leading to questions regarding national security. Air traffic control, and general safety of aviation. Space traffic management mechanisms currently under consideration by this subcommittee would benefit from more clarity on the boundaries between airspace and outer space. Mr. Chair, since a multilateral delimitation of outer space has not yet been achieved, states may and in fact have regulated through their national laws the boundaries between airspace and outer space for domestic purposes. Nevertheless, comparative studies have identified different standards on that regard based on national interests and local demands. Without a universal delimitation of outer space, the international community may eventually face a challenging situation whereby the border between airspace space and outer space may differ from one state to another, leading to complex discussions and conflicts of jurisdiction. Mr. Chair, complex problems as the definition and the limitation of outer space require a holistic approach as well as coordinated action by the international community involving different stakeholders. For that matter, the Brazilian delegation supports current international dialogues towards the delimitation of outer space, considering space traffic mechanisms and regulating passage rights for the launching and return of space objects. Thank you for the attention. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:44:23]: Muchas gracias. Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Brazil. Following speaker on my list Mr. Distinguished Representative of China. China [1:44:43]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. China delegation supports the statement made by the delegate of Kenya on behalf of G77 and China. For many years, the Legal Subcommittee of the COPUS has conducted extensive discussions on the definition and demarcation of outer space. Although no consensus has been reached, these discussions are contributive to the advancement of space law research. China notes that the working group will convene again during this session, and we appreciate the preparations made by the chair of the working group and the secretariat. China supports the continuation of the discussion on this issue and would like to share the following views. The definition and delineation of outer space is a fundamental issue in space law involving the distinction between outer space and airspace, as well as the legal regimes applicable to each. It is also linked to the peaceful use of outer space and national sovereignty over airspace. Discussions on the subtopic should fully take into account the current state practices to ensure they will not only facilitate the free exploration and use of outer space, but will also preserve full respect for the principle of airspace sovereignty without prejudice to the rules of aviation law. At the same time, the rapid development of aerospace technology is one of the potential factors influencing the definition and demarcation. The Working Group should duly take this into account. Suborbital flights are an issue that has some relevance to the definition and delimitation. China agrees that the working group should continue to gather information on suborbital flights, believing that this will contribute to a more comprehensive study of the issue. Thank you, Mr. Chair. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:46:38]: I thank the distinguished representative of China for his statement. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of Pakistan. Pakistan [1:46:51]: Thank you, Chair. The need to define and delimit outer space arises from the increasing overlap between national airspace governed by state sovereignty and outer space governed by Outer Space Treaty. A clear boundary is essential to establish legal clarity, ensuring jurisdictional certainty and effective application of laws. It would enhance operational safety, particularly with the rise of suborbital flights and high-altitude platforms, and provide a structured framework for managing aerospace activities. Additionally, it would support space traffic management. Chair, with this in mind, Pakistan considers that a definition by any national entity or its practices that directly or indirectly define and/or delimit outer space and airspace do not relate to and are not evidence of the existence of a definition of outer space under international law. The orbits of all our planned satellites are far above the ambiguity of delimitation of outer space. Moreover, the current level of space activities within Pakistan and neighboring countries has not created a need to exercise jurisdiction over objects transiting through Pakistan's airspace en route to or returning from outer space. However, such a requirement may arise in the future due to technological advancements in the space and aviation sector. Particularly with the growth of suborbital flights, commercial spaceflight, and space tourism. At that stage, the need may arise to evaluate and clarify whether it is necessary to define outer space, delimit airspace and outer space, or follow an alternative approach to regulate such activities. I thank you, Chair. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:48:52]: Muchas gracias, señora. Thank you. Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Pakistan, for your statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Chile. Chile [1:49:06]: Chile recognizes that the matter of the definition and delimitation of outer space continues to be a matter of complex legal, technical, and political Complexity. Despite the technological progress made and operational progress in suborbital activities, there is as yet no consensus regarding a defined threshold to establish a clear legal distinction between airspace and outer space. However, we deem it necessary to retain this agenda item within the subcommittee, given that the resolution of this agenda item may have significant implications in terms of registration of space objects, international liability, and application of international treaties. We underscore the value of the work carried out by the Working Group on the Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space and encourage states to continue their active participation by presenting relevant legal and technical information with a view to forging a common basis of understanding. We believe that any future definition must fully uphold the principles enshrined in international law, avoiding unilateral interpretations that could affect peace, security, or equitable access to space. Thank you. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:50:20]: Thank you very much, distinguished representative of Chile, for your statement. I see a further request. Indeed, a speaker who was on the list under this agenda item, and the following speaker is the distinguished representative of Norway. You have the floor. Norway [1:50:42]: Thank you, Mr. Chair. In accordance with the recommendations of the Working Group on the Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space of the Legal Subcommittee, Norway has submitted a paper on matters relating to the definition and delimitation of outer space. This is available online as Conference Room Paper 21 for this meeting of the subcommittee. The paper briefly summarizes Norway's practice and opinion juries with regard to certain key issues. From the perspective of Norway, the pace of technological development currently ongoing and the increased involvement of non-state actors such as private commercial entities can be expected to lead to more activity at higher altitudes in the future. Increased activity and ambition raise the question of the need for adequate state regulation in order to ensure ensure safe and reliable airspace operations, and to maintain appropriate regard for the safety and security of states' populations and other protected interests. The paper addresses the issue of the vertical extent of sovereign airspace under applicable international law, as well as the question of transit passage through sovereign airspace for space objects or other objects. Now, I hope that our submission will be read with interest by other member states and the working group. Thank you, Mr. Chair. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:52:09]: I thank the distinguished representative of Norway for their statement. Now, we shall suspend our consideration of agenda item 6A, matters relating to the definition and delimitation of outer Thank you, Mr. President. Distinguished delegates, I would now like to begin consideration of agenda item 6B, matters relating to the character and utilization of the geostationary orbit, including consideration of ways and means to ensure the rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit without prejudice to the role of the International Telecommunication Union. And the first speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Kenya on behalf of the G77 and China. You have the floor. Kenya · G77 + China [1:53:12]: Chair, the Group of 77 and China firmly believes that geostationary orbit a limited national natural resource clearly in danger of saturation shall be used rationally and shall be made available to all states irrespective of their current technical capabilities. That would provide states with the possibility of gaining access to the geostationary orbit under equitable conditions, bearing in mind in particular the needs and interests of developing countries and the geographical position of certain countries, and taking into account the processes of the ITU and relevant norms and decisions of the United Nations. With the unprecedented rate at which developed countries are employing satellites to exploit the latest technology, there has been increasing awareness of the limitations of geostationary orbit. Despite the rapid development of certain developing countries in recent years, significant disparity between the ability to— the ability of developed and developing countries to utilize satellite technology generally remains, and it needs to be addressed appropriately. The group underscores that the geostationary orbit shall not be subject to national appropriation and that its utilization shall be governed by applicable international law and in accordance with the principle of non-appropriation of outer space in order to ensure the guaranteed and equitable access to orbitable positions of the geostationary orbit according to the needs of all countries, in particular developing countries and countries in certain geographical positions. Bearing in mind that communications communications satellites are an indispensable tool in the efforts to promote the development of all countries. The group is of the view that in order to develop adequate mechanisms to ensure equitable access to geostationary orbit, it is necessary to keep this issue on the agenda of this subcommittee. Thank you, Chair. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:55:25]: I thank the distinguished representative. of Kenya, who spoke on behalf of the G77 and China. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of Canada. Canada [1:55:42]: Chair, thank you for the opportunity to share Canada's views on this long-standing agenda item. Outer space, including the geostationary orbit, is not subject to national appropriation, and all states are free to use and explore outer space, including the geostationary orbit. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate activities to enable all states to safely exercise the freedom of use and exploration in outer space without harmful interference. The International Telecommunications Union, ITU, is the international organization responsible for coordinating the use of radio frequency spectrum and associated orbits, including in the geostationary orbit, taking into account the special needs of developing countries and the geographical situation of each state. The ITU process has been effective at finding a balance between the freedom to use and explore outer space and the need to avoid harmful interference that hinders that use and exploration. It would not be prudent for COPUIS or its subcommittees committees to engage in any endeavor that could disrupt a system that has functioned effectively for many years. Moreover, advances in the exploration and use of outer space have enabled space actors to conduct many of the activities once reserved exclusively for space objects in the geostationary orbit to be carried out in other orbits. These advances have changed to some extent the character and utilization of the geostationary orbit. Given these changes, it may be time to reconsider the focus of this agenda item or its continued inclusion on the agenda of the Legal Subcommittee. Thank you. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:57:26]: I thank the distinguished representative of Canada for their statement. The following speaker on my list is the representative of the United States. United States of America [1:57:36]: Chair, the United States appreciates the opportunity to present its views on matters relating to the character and utilization of the geostationary orbit without prejudice to the role of the International Telecommunications Union. With respect to the geostationary orbit, or GSO, and consistent with the ITU Constitution and Convention, the United States continues its commitment to the rational, efficient, and economic use of the GSO. It is clear that the GSO is part of outer space and that its use is governed by the 1967 Outer Space Treaty as well as by the ITU's treaties. As set forth in Article 1 of the Outer Space Treaty, outer space shall be free for exploration and use by all states without discrimination of any kind, on a basis of equality and in accordance with international law. Article 2 of this treaty provides that outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means. These articles make clear that a party to the Outer Space Treaty cannot appropriate a position in outer space, such as an orbital location in the GSO, either by claim of sovereignty or by means of use, or even by repeated use of such an orbital position. The United States has taken numerous actions to enable the use of the GSO and other orbits consistent with the Outer Space Treaty articles and ITU provisions. This includes the free provisioning of its Global Positioning System and the free provision of a variety of weather and other Earth observation data from its meteorological and environmental satellites operated by NOAA in polar and geostationary orbit. These NOAA satellites provide the world information about hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, and effluent flooding, droughts, and related environmental matters. Additionally, Additionally, the United States participates in the international satellite-aided search and rescue program known as COSPAS-SARSAT as a means for ships, aircraft, and others in distress to signal their need for help and their locations. Thank you, Chair. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [1:59:34]: I thank the distinguished representative of the United States for her statement. Following speaker is the distinguished representative Of the Russian Federation, Russian Federation [1:59:51]: distinguished chairperson. The geostationary orbit is a part is a part of outer space. Accordingly, its use is subject to the principles and norms of international space law as codified in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, including the principle. Of non-appropriation. The geostationary orbit is a finite space resource. It's in high demand, and equitable access must be assured. Existing requirements and procedures ensure its sustainable use. We are concerned at the steady accumulation of space debris in disposal orbits located above the geostationary orbit, the performance of in-orbit servicing and active removal of space vehicles in geostationary orbit, and also the possible creation of space vehicle containers to group together defunct satellites in disposal zones. All of the foregoing will require the future crafting of legal definitions, rules, and procedures. The rational and fair use of geostationary orbits should be assured by addressing issues as they arise using international law methods such as the following: enhancement of the operational regime, monitoring of observance of the provisions of the Constitution of the ITU of 1994, which states that radio frequencies and geostationary orbit are finite natural resources that should be used rationally, effectively, and sparingly in accordance with the terms of the radio regulations. The adoption of new rules governing the use of the geostationary Thank you. The Commission is also considering the use of geostationary orbit radio frequency resource to address emerging issues, meeting requirements for equipping geostationary orbit satellites with systems that remove them from orbit once their mission has ended, and also ensuring the safe functioning of satellites in geostationary orbit and aggregating space objects on common platforms so as to reduce the number of objects in geostationary orbit. Thank you. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [2:02:32]: I thank the distinguished representative of the Russian Federation for their statement. The following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of Pakistan. Pakistan [2:02:45]: Thank you, Chair. We believe that the geostationary orbit, GSO, is a limited natural resource which must be available to all member states of United Nations and International Telecommunication Union, ITU, on equitable basis irrespective of their technical capacities, and its use must be governed by Article 44 of the ITU EU Constitution and Outer Space Treaty of the United Nations. It is an integral part of outer space which is supposed to be made available to all countries on an equitable basis irrespective of their technical capacities. However, it is obvious that the current dispensation governing access to the geostationary orbit is far from perfect and is suboptimal in protecting the interest of developing countries, which are late entrants into the space arena and have fledging capacity capacities. Chair, access to GSO is crucial for communication and socioeconomic development, particularly for developing countries. However, equitable access to orbit and spectrum resources for geosatellite networks face a number of legal regulatory. And technological challenges such as rule of first come, first serve of International Radio Regulations, IRR, technological limitations of planned bands as defined in Appendices 30, 30A, and 30B of IRR, emergence of non-geostationary fixed satellite service constellations which is disrupting GSO marketing regime and capturing Limited spectrum resources, the gradual increase in sharing of GSO satellite spectrum with international mobile telecommunication, and certain provisions of ITU radio regulations, especially 4.4, 11.41, and 11.49, which are detrimental to the interest of developing countries. Chair, we believe that this subcommittee should play its due. Role in addressing this genuine and persistent issue that continues to negatively impact the access of developing countries to the geostationary orbit. We share the view that there are practices and technical regulations which, if adjusted in close coordination with the ITU, can lead to fairer and more equitable access to the geostationary orbit for space-emerging and aspiring nations. In this regard, we consider that in order to ensure sustainability of the optimum utilization of geostationary orbit, it is necessary to enhance resource allocations to the developing states. Applications of developing countries, including Pakistan, which lost their rights at ITU regarding GSO due to delays caused in the past, should be accepted for development of the ICT sector. I thank you, Chair. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [2:05:50]: I thank the distinguished representative of Pakistan for their statement. And the following speaker on my list is the distinguished representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) [2:06:04]: Thank you very much, Chair. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela restates its its staunch adherence to the principle of freedom of access to outer space in equal conditions for all states, free from discrimination, and in particular promotes the equitable and rational use of the various orbital positions of artificial satellites. Our delegation attaches the utmost importance to equitable access for all states— for all countries to the orbital spectral resource in the geostationary orbit, given its acknowledged potential for the implementation of social programs for the benefit of the most vulnerable peoples. On this basis, we are of the view that the various orbital positions, given that they are a natural limited resource and given the clear threat of saturation, should be used in a rational and sustainable manner, while at the same time seeking to strike a balance among all states regardless of the technical capacity that they may currently possess. As such, countries will have access to the geostationary orbit in equal conditions, recalling the needs and interests of all countries, and in particular, though, the developing countries. Consequently, we recommend the establishment of a legal regime that uses a method for the allocation of spectral segments based on the principles of international treaties and in keeping with the needs of states, taking into account the role played by the International Telecommunication Union in this regard. Chair, in order to ensure the peaceful and sustainable use of the geostationary orbit, it is necessary for the consideration of this agenda item to be maintained here within COP+US as well as on the agendas of its 2 subcommittees, while at the same time establishing a sub-item under the same agenda item under discussion focusing on the use of the geostationary orbit based on equal access for all countries in order to allocate priority to those requirements that are in line with the priorities of countries, in particular developing countries. Chair, the geostationary orbit must not be monopolized monopolized, nor is it the subject of national appropriation, either through sovereignty claims, repeated use, or occupation. The use of the geostationary orbit must be governed by the applicable provisions of international law and based on the principle of non-appropriation of outer space pursuant to the rules of the ITU, as well as the stipulations of the legal frameworks of the United Nations treaties. Thank you very much, Chair. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [2:08:42]: Thank you, I thank the distinguished representative of Venezuela for her statement. The following speaker is the distinguished representative of Ecuador. Ecuador [2:08:56]: Thank you, Chair. Ecuador will make the following comments under Agenda Item 6B. Chair, given its geographic location, Ecuador has a segment of 5,907 square kilometers of the segment, which equates to our territorial extension, with an orbital length of 6,629.6 kilometers square, which is equivalent to 1,012.8 kilometers. As a total, the country exercises sovereignty over 11,000 kilometers of the geostationary orbit, and an area which is currently being used by our satellites. The geostationary orbit is a limited natural resource and as such is at the growing risk of saturation. This imposes therefore the need to ensure rational, well-planned use based on these constraints. We recognize the inequality of capacity between developed and developing nations as regards access to and use of satellite technology operating in this orbit. As a result, it must be strictly governed by international law, guaranteeing and upholding the sovereign rights of states over this resource. As such, appropriate management of the geostationary orbit is equally a key component for regional integration, having clear sets of rules in order to define and harmonize the rights of equatorial states through international mechanisms in order to prevent the saturation of the geostationary orbit. Chair, located on the equator, Ecuador holds one of the most privileged positions globally for the launch of space vehicles. This location allows us to benefit from the terrestrial rotation, ensuring energy efficiency in order to meet geostationary and equatorial orbits, which in turn leads to a less costly use of fuel. Furthermore, our coastal regions provide direct access to the Pacific Ocean, guaranteeing safe launch passage and routes far from inhabited areas with stable meteorological conditions throughout most of the year. Finally, Chair, Ecuador is of the view that scientific research must be further developed as well as training of new generations of professionals and enhanced scientific cooperation to ensure that these benefits are accessible to all countries without discrimination. Spain · Chair · Santiago Ripoll Carulla [2:11:39]: I thank the distinguished representative of Ecuador for her statement. And I'll give the floor to the distinguished representative of Mexico. Mexico [2:11:53]: Muchas gracias, señor presidente. Thank you very much, Chair. Distinguished delegates, Mexico restates that the geostationary orbit is a strategic, valuable resource for telecommunications development, observation, Earth observation, climate change management, as well as other essential applications. Its limited nature and growing occupation make it necessary to enhance international cooperation in order to guarantee its rational and equitable use, and as such, we restate the validity of Article 2 of the Outer Space Treaty prohibiting national appropriation of outer space based on sovereignty claims and which is part of customary law. In this regard, Mexico is of the view that the debates held within this subcommittee supplement and further enrich the efforts that are being made in other specialized fora, such as the International Telecommunication Union, which provides a regulatory framework playing a decisive role in the management of radioelectric frequencies and related orbital resources. As we see it, the geostationary orbit must be used in conditions that promote inclusivity and sustainable development, recalling the specific needs of developing countries, and in full compliance with the precepts of applicable international laws applied to outer space. Thank you. I would like to reiterate the importance of respecting international treaties, in particular those that are set forth in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. Article 1 of the aforementioned Outer Space Treaty establishes that the exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, must be in the interest of all countries, regardless of their level of economic or scientific development. Mexico understands this precept as providing guidance to promote equity and shared responsibility in access to and use of orbital resources. In this backdrop, our country deems it important to continue our analysis of ways and means to enable a more inclusive and efficient management of the geostationary orbit, including further capacity building as well as exchange of experience and the promotion of initiatives that can help overcome technical, regulatory, and economic barriers that many states encounter in seeking to access this resource. We reaffirm our commitment to a constructive multilateral dialogue which will make it possible to forge consensus-based solutions respectful of the existing legal framework and which reflect the common interest in guaranteeing sustainability of space activities as well as equal access to the benefits derived from the use of outer space. Thank you very much. Chair [2:14:56]: I thank the distinguished representative of Mexico. We have concluded our agenda— our consideration of Agenda Item 6B, matters relating to the The character and utilization of the geostationary orbit, including consideration of ways and means to ensure the rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit without prejudice to the role of the International Telecommunication Union. Distinguished delegates, as there will be no technical presentations this afternoon, I will shortly adjourn this meeting. Thank you. Before doing so, I would like to inform delegates of our schedule of work for tomorrow morning. We will meet promptly at 10:00 a.m. to continue our consideration of agenda item 3, General Exchange of Views. We will continue and hopefully suspend our consideration of agenda item 5, Status and Application of the 5 United Nations Treaties on Outer Space. And ways and means, including capacity building, to promote their implementation. And we'll revert tomorrow morning to the questions that I raised this morning on the recurrent practice of producing documents. Time permitting, we will begin our consideration of agenda item 7. Thank you. Future role and method of work of the committee. We will then adjourn the plenary meeting so that the working group on the definition and delimitation of outer space can hold its first meeting. Following the adjournment of this first working group meeting, we will then Proceed with discussions on organizational matters led by the delegation of India before turning to technical presentations. We will have 4 technical presentations tomorrow morning, and delegates are reminded that the full schedule of technical presentations is available on the session's webpage. I would like to inform delegates that the informal consultations on the non-paper on a proposal for a study group on legal and policy aspects on space traffic will be held in Conference Room M3 Tomorrow morning from 9:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. Once again, consultations on the non-paper on a proposal for a study group on legal and policy aspects on space traffic will be held in Conference Room M3 tomorrow morning from 9:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. Are there any questions or comments on this proposed schedule? I see none. Then I shall take up the final item. Distinguished delegates, this meeting is adjourned until 10:00 a.m. tomorrow morning.